[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-14876

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cv-23110-BB

CHRISTOPHER MAURICE MCDOWELL, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

 versus

JOSE GONZALEZ,

DAVID COLON, 

a Miami Sheriff's Officer,

 Defendants - Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(July 30, 2020)

Before JORDAN, LAGOA and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Christopher McDowell, proceeding pro se, appeals following the district 

court’s dismissal of his civil rights action, brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 1 of 8
2

The district court dismissed the complaint with prejudice because it was a “shotgun” 

pleading and because the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. On 

appeal, McDowell argues that the district court incorrectly granted the officers 

qualified immunity, but does not argue the shotgun pleading issue. After careful 

review, we affirm.

When appropriate, we review de novo “the district court’s grant of a motion 

to dismiss under [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 12(b)(6) for failure to state a 

claim, accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the 

light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Hill v. White, 321 F.3d 1334, 1335 (11th Cir. 

2003). To properly raise a claim or issue on appeal, however, a party must plainly 

and prominently address the matter in his appellate brief, or else it is abandoned. 

Univ. of Ala. Bd. Of Trustees v. New Life Art, Inc., 683 F.3d 1266, 1280 (11th Cir. 

2012). Moreover, a district court’s judgment should be affirmed if an appellant fails 

to challenge each of the court’s independent, alternative grounds for its ruling. 

Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 680 (11th Cir. 2014).

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for a dismissal of a 

complaint that fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient 

factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 2 of 8
3

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotations omitted).

1 While pro se

pleadings are liberally construed and held to less stringent standards than those 

drafted by attorneys, they still must suggest some factual basis for a claim. Jones v. 

Fla. Parole Comm’n, 787 F.3d 1105, 1107 (11th Cir. 2015). 

Rule 8(a)(2), in turn, provides that a pleading that states a claim for relief must 

contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled 

to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). So-called “shotgun” pleadings do not provide a 

short and plain statement of a claim under Rule 8. Magluta v. Samples, 256 F.3d 

1282, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). Shotgun pleadings include complaints that: (1) contain 

multiple counts where each count adopts the allegations of all preceding counts; (2) 

are “replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected 

to any particular cause of action”; (3) do not separate each cause of action or claim 

for relief into separate counts; or (4) assert multiple claims against multiple 

defendants without specifying which of the defendants are responsible for which 

acts or omissions. Weiland v. Palm Beach Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 792 F.3d 1313, 

1 When considering a motion to dismiss, the district court generally must limit its 

consideration to the pleadings and any exhibits attached. Grossman v. Nationsbank, N.A., 225 

F.3d 1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000). Typically, if the parties present, and the court considers, 

evidence outside of the pleadings, the motion to dismiss is converted into a motion for summary 

judgment. Finn v. Gunter, 722 F.2d 711, 713 (11th Cir. 1984). However, under the “incorporation 

by reference” doctrine, a court may consider a document attached to a motion to dismiss without 

converting the motion into one for summary judgment if the attached document is central to the 

plaintiff’s claim and is undisputed. Horsley v. Feldt, 304 F.3d 1125, 1134 (11th Cir. 2002). A 

document is “undisputed” in this context if its authenticity is unchallenged. Id. 

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 3 of 8
4

1321-23 (11th Cir. 2015). These types of shotgun pleadings are all characterized by 

their failure “to give the defendants adequate notice of the claims against them and 

the grounds upon which each claim rests.” Id. at 1323. If a plaintiff had “fair notice 

of the defects [in his shotgun pleading] and a meaningful chance to fix them [through 

an amended complaint]” but did not do so, the court is justified in dismissing the 

case with prejudice on shotgun pleading grounds. Jackson v. Bank of Am., N.A., 

898 F.3d 1348, 1358 (11th Cir. 2018).

A complaint is also “subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) when its 

allegations, on their face, show that an affirmative defense bars recovery on the 

claim.” Douglas v. Yates, 535 F.3d 1316, 1321 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotations 

omitted). Qualified immunity is an affirmative defense. Kesinger v. Herrington, 

381 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th. Cir. 2004). Qualified immunity shields government 

officials from civil liability in their individual capacities when the government 

official acted within the scope of his discretionary authority and the official’s 

conduct did not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights. Id. at 

1247-48. A police officer generally acts within the scope of his discretionary

authority when making an arrest. Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1194 (11th Cir. 

2002). Once an officer shows that he acted within the scope of his discretionary 

authority, the plaintiff must attempt to overcome the qualified immunity defense by 

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 4 of 8
5

showing that: (1) the defendant violated a constitutional right, and (2) the violation 

of the right was clearly established. Kensinger, 381 F.3d at 1248.

An arrest without a warrant and probable cause violates the clearly established 

Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures. Brown v. City of 

Huntsville, Ala., 608 F.3d 724, 734 (11th Cir. 2010). However, if an officer had 

probable cause at the time of an arrest, a subsequent constitutional challenge to the 

arrest is barred. Id. Probable cause exists where the facts within the collective 

knowledge of law enforcement officials, derived from reasonably trustworthy 

information, are sufficient to cause a person of reasonable caution to believe that a 

criminal offense has been committed. Id. Moreover, to receive qualified immunity, 

an officer need not have actual probable cause, but only arguable probable cause, 

which means that reasonable officers in the same circumstances and possessing the 

same knowledge as the defendant could have believed that probable cause existed to 

arrest the plaintiff. Id. The existence of probable cause does not depend on the 

stated reasoning an officer provided to an arrestee when explaining why the 

individual is under arrest. Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 153-56 (2004). 

Additionally, the fact that the state later dismisses an arrestee’s charges does not 

negate the existence of probable cause at the time of arrest. Marx v. Gumbinner, 

905 F.2d 1503, 1507 (11th Cir. 1990). Instead, whether an officer possesses 

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 5 of 8
6

probable cause or arguable probable cause depends on the elements of the crime and 

the surrounding facts at that moment. Brown, 608 F.3d at 735. 

Here, we are unpersuaded by McDowell’s argument that the district court 

erred in granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss his amended complaint. For 

starters, liberally construing his brief on appeal, see Jones, 787 F.3d at 1107, 

McDowell challenges only one of the two grounds relied on by the district court --

whether the defendants, Officers Jose Gonzalez and David Colon, were entitled to 

qualified immunity -- and does not address whether his amended complaint was a 

“shotgun” pleading. Thus, because McDowell did not challenge each of the district 

court’s independent, alternative grounds for its ruling, the judgment of the district 

court is due to be affirmed and the case was properly dismissed with prejudice. See

Sapuppo, 739 F.3d 680.

In any event, and as alternative and independent holding, the district court 

properly dismissed the case on qualified immunity grounds. In reviewing 

McDowell’s complaint to determine whether it should be dismissed under Rule 

12(b)(6), the district court properly considered both the amended complaint and 

body camera footage that was attached to the motion to dismiss because the body 

camera footage was central to the amended complaint and was undisputed. Horsley, 

304 F.3d at 1134. Taken together, the complaint and body camera footage reveal 

that Officers Gonzalez and Colon were investigating an alleged petit theft at Dunkin 

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 6 of 8
7

Donuts when they arrested McDowell, and, thus, were acting in their discretionary 

capacity at the relevant time. Lee, 284 F.3d at 1194. The burden of proof then 

shifted to McDowell to show that the officers violated a constitutional right in 

making the arrest and that the right was clearly established. Kesinger, 381 F.3d at 

1248.

However, McDowell failed to adequately allege that either defendant had 

violated his clearly established constitutional right against unreasonable seizure. 

According to McDowell’s amended complaint, Officer Colon did not participate in 

any complained-of action, so there was no valid claim against Colon. As for Officer 

Gonzalez, McDowell also failed to make a plausible claim. Gonzalez’s body camera 

footage reflected that before arresting McDowell, Gonzalez interviewed the Dunkin 

Donuts employee who said she had witnessed the petit theft at the store, spoke to 

other eyewitnesses to the event, and confirmed McDowell’s identity as being the 

suspected thief. Based on this pre-arrest investigation, Gonzalez had reasonably 

trustworthy information that could sufficiently cause a reasonable person to believe 

that, at that moment, McDowell knowingly deprived Dunkin Donuts of its property 

worth less than $100 with the intent to at least temporarily deprive the business of 

that property. Brown, 608 F.3d at 734; Fla. Stat. § 812.014(1), (3)(a). On this record, 

it is irrelevant if Gonzalez had somehow lied to McDowell about the reasoning 

behind the arrest or that the charges against McDowell were subsequently dismissed. 

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 7 of 8
8

Because, at the moment of McDowell’s arrest, Gonzalez had at least arguable 

probable cause to arrest McDowell, both he and Colon were entitled to qualified 

immunity. Accordingly, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.

Case: 19-14876 Date Filed: 07/30/2020 Page: 8 of 8