Eliminating CFC-113 ar1d Methyl Chloroforrrin Precision Clea1ning Oper,ations I 

June "1991 

Revised Oct~ober 1994 

IPrinted on Recycled Paper 

ELIMINATING CFC-1~3 AND METHYL CHLOROFORM 

IN PRECISION CLEA"IING OPERA1r10NS 

by 

ICOLP Technical! Committee* 

Bryan Baxter (Chairman) 

Abyd Kaxmali 

Farzan l=tiza 

John Stenrmiski 

Ron Stephenson 

Richard Szymanowski 

David Vic:kers 

Bob WooFtwell 

, Stephen 0. Jl~ndersen 

U.S. Environment;:tl Protection Agency ' I 

Revised by I 

Stephen 0. Andersen, U.S. Environmental Protectio1n Agency 

Nina Bonnelycke, U.S. Environmental Protection .~gency 

John Sparks, U.S. Environmental Protection A~tency 

Michael Zatz, ICF Incorporated 

• I<"OLI' ll> the International Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection ICOLP corporate membc!r compame!. mclude AT&T. Bnush 

··Aero, pace l>elen:.e, Ford Motor Company, Hitachi, Honeywell, IBM Corporauon. Mitsub1sh1 Electnc Corporation, Motorola CorporatiOn, 

Ontann Hydro. Northern Telecom, Texas Instruments, and Tosh1ba, Corporation. Industry assocmuon affll;ines mclude -Amencan 

I~Jcctrnmc:. A'-'ocmuon. A~socmuon Pour Ia Research et Development des Methodes et Processus lndustnel!., CANACINTRA (Mex1co). 

Center lor Ctlobal Change. Electromc lndustnes AssoCJallon. Halogt!nated Solvents Industry AHmnce (U.S.), lndustnal Technology 

Ke,earch ln,utute ofTa1wan. Japan Electncal Manufacturers AssocJallon. Korea Anu-PollutJon Mov·~ment, and Korea Specialty Chem1cal 

lndu!.lry A!.!.ocJallon Government 'and NGO affiliates include the City of lrvme (CA). Nauonal Academy of Engmeenng, Re:.earch 

Tnanglc ln:.utute, Ru!.!.Jan Institute of.Apphed Chem1stry, Russmn Mm1stry of Environmental Protection and Natural Re:.ource:.. Swed1sh 

Nat10nal Environmental Protection Agency. Technology Development F~undauon ofTurkey, Turkish M1mstry of the Environment. llnited 

Nation' E:.nv1rnnment Programme. U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Environmt~ntal ProtectJOn•Agency (EPA) 

' 

Bryan Baxter 11. employed by-Bnush Aerospace; Ron Stephenson IS employed by Boemg Company; 1Dav1d V1ckers IS employed by D1g1tal 

Eqmpment Corporation. John Stemmsklts employed by Draper Laboratory, Bob Woodwell i!. employed by Honeywell, Abyd Karmah and 

Farz,m KIZll are employed by ICF Incorporated; and Richard Szymanowski 1s employed by Northern Telecom We would hke to thank 

the many mdtvJdual:. and companies that provided 1ns1ght and informauon that helped produce th1s· manual Th1s manual wa~> funded by 

the li.S. EPA and ICOLP 

,' 

.· 

Disclaimer 

The -U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EP }~), the International Cooperative for Ozone 

Layer Protection (ICOLP), the ICOLP committee members, and the counpanies that employ 

the ICOLP committee members do not endorse lthe cleaning performance, worker safety, or 

environmental acceptability of any of the t~clmical options discussed. Every cleaning 

operation requires. consideration of worker safety and p~oper disposal 1Jf contaminants and 

waste products generated from the cleani.Jng processes. Moreover, as work continues, 

including additional toxicity testing and evalualion under Section 612 (Safe Altern!ltives 

Policy) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and elsewhere, more: information on the 

health, environmental and safety effects of alte-rnatives will become .available for use in 

selecting among the alternatives discussed in this document. ' I 

I 

EPA and ICOLP, in furnishing or distributil1lg this information, do not make any warranty 

or representation, either express or implied, witlt1 respect to its accura•;y, completeness, or 

utility; nor does EPA and ICOLP assume any liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from 

the use of, or reliance upon, any information, material, or procedure contained herein, 

including but not limited to any, claims regarding health, safety, environmental effects or fate, 

efficacy, or performance, made by the source of the information. 

Me~tion of any company or product in this documlent is for informational purposes only, and 

does not constitute a recommendation of any su~h company or produ<~t, either express or · 

implied by EPA, ICOL!', ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ the 

ICOLP committee members. 1 

v 

Table o1t" (:ontents 

List of EXhibits I •• 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• -. • • • • • • • • VII 

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . ;. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . 1 

' . ' I 'The Montreal Protocol ...•...................... ,. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 1 

lntemationa] Phaseout Schedules . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . .. : . . . . . . . . 1 

Excise-Tax ...................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s· . Cooperative Efforts . . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . • . :. . . . . . . . . . . _. . ·. . . ~ . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . 6 

Structure of the Manual . . ; . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. /. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

I 

Introduction to Precision Cleaning . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Industries Using CFC-113 and Methyl <;Jtloroform for Predsion Cleaning . .. . . 12 

Industrial Dependence on CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform .............. · 12 

Existing Cleaning Proce~s-Characterizatiolll .: . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . ·. . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . 17 

I , 

Analyze Existing Cleaning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

Determine if Solv:ent Cleaning is Neces:sary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

Analyze Solvent Disposal Procedures .' ..... " ..... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

Characterize the Soils and Their Sourcc::s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .... ~ . . . 21 

Characterize the Substrate ........................................ 22 

Methodology for Selecting an Alternative Cleaning Process .................... 25 I 

Organizational .................. : ........... 0 ••• : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 

Policy and Regulatory . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Technical ............. 0 •••••••• :. • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 

Economic . . . . . . . . . . o • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 30 

Environmental, Health, and Safety . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . 0 • 30 

~ Review of the Program ...................................... ,· . . . . . . . . 33 I 

Alternatives to CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform ........................... 35 

' "G oo d H k ouse eepmg ' . II p . i 37 ract1ces . . 0 • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

Aqueous Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 

Semi-Aqueous Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 • I 

Pressurized Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . 51 
.. 

.. 

.. 

vi 

Table of Contents (Continued) 

Supercritical Fluids ........................ ·-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

Gas Plasma Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

Ultraviolet Ught/Ozone Cleaning Method · .......... : ............ ~ .. . . . 61 

C02 Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . , . . . . . 65 

Perfluorocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

Alcohol Qeaning with Perfluorocarbon . . . . . . . ·. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 69 

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons for Essential Applications ....... ~ ........... 71 

N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Other Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 ' 

Other Chlorinated Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

Volatile Methyl Siloxanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 87 

) 

Wastewater Minimization and Treatment ...... : . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

Pre-Treatment of Water .... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

Post-Treatment of Water ....................... -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

Wastewater Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 

Wastewater Minimization ......... r • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92 

Wastewater Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 

Conceptual Design of a Wastewater Treatment System ................... 97 

Contract Hauling of Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

' 

Summary and Review .............•................. ~ · ... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

Case Studies of Industrial Practices .... ~ .......................... ·. . . . . 101 

Case Study #1: Aqueous Process for Cleaning Disk Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

· Case Study #2: Alcohol with Perfluorocarbon Cleaning Process . . . . . . . . . . 105 

Case Study #3: Aqueous Processes for Cleaning Inertial System Parts . ~ ... 109 

References . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . ~ . . 1111 

.. Glossary .....•....... · ........ : ............... ·. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . 115·· 

Appendix A - lntematipnal Cooperative for Ozone Larer Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 

Appendix B - List of Vendors for CFC-113 and Methyl_Chloroform Solvent 

Cleaning Substitutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

,, 
Exhibit 1 

Exhibit 2 

.Exhibit 3 

Exhibit 4 

Exhibit 5 

Exhibit 6 

Exhibit 7 

Exhibit 8 

Exhibit 9 

Exhibit 10 

Exh~bit 11 

Exbibit 12 

Exhibit 13 

Exhibit 14 

Exhibit 15 

Exhibit · 16a 

Exhibit 16b 

Exhibit 16c 

Exhibit 17 

Exhibit 18 

Exhibit 19 

Exhibit 20 

Exhibit 21 

Exhibit 22 

Exhibit 23 

Exhibit 24 

Exhibit 25 

I Exhibit 26 

Exhibit 27 

Exhibit 28 

vii 

List of :IDdlibits 

Parties·to the Montreal Protocol .............................. 2 

Successful Corporate Ozone-Depleting Solvent Phaseouts .... r ••••••• 3 

Size Comparison of Computer Disk Drive Head Cleatrance with 

Various Contaminants .........................•...... 4 • • • • 13 

Principal Properties of CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform ..... : . . . . . 15 

CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform Usage Profile .. .'. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Aqueous Cleaning: Advantages and Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . 40 

Aqueous Cleaning Process Equipment ..... ~·· ................... 42 

Configuration of Aqueous Cleaniing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . 44 

Semi-Aqueous Process for Immiscible Hydrocarbon Solvent . . ·. . . . . . . 49 

Data for Typical Supercritical Solvents . . . . . . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Applications .· . . . .. ~ . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . 57 

Basic Model Design for ·Carbon Dioxide Supercritical Oeaning System . 58 

Properties of Aliphatic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Compatibility with Various Materials ..... · ·. . . 68 

Physical Properties of HCFCs a11;d Other Solvent Bnends ........... 71 

Advanced Design Degreaser for Use with Low Boiling Point 

Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :. . . . ". . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 

Advanced Design Degreaser for .Use with Low Boiling Point 

Solvents ................. · ........... · .......... :. . . . . . . . 75 

Stac!'ed Low Emission I;>egreaser With Solvent Saving 

Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Summary of Properties of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone , ................ 77 

NMP Cleaning Processes . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 / ' 

Properties of Ketones ....... :. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . 

Properties of Alcohols ..................... · .............. ·. . 82 

Control Equipment Combinations and Alternative ldling Limits 

under NESHAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 

Alternative Total Emissions Limits under NESHAP's ...... :· ....... 85 

Properties of Chlorinated Solvents . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 85 

Properties of Sample VMS Blends ..... ' .. : . . , .................. 88 

Compatibility of Sample VMS B'ends with Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 

Compatibility of Sample VMS Blends with Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 

Semi-Continuous Wastewater Treatment Process· ....... .' ......... 98 

Diagram of F~nctional Prototype~ Alcohol with Per:fluorocarbon 

Cleaning ,Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 
viii 
FOREWORD 

This manual has been developed jointly by the 

International Cooperative for Ozone Layer 

Protection (ICOLP) and the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) to aid the phas~ut of 

ozone-depleting substances. (ODSs) in precision 

cleaning applications. It will prove useful to 

manufacturers world-wide because the procedures 

used to precision clean parts apply to all 

manufacturers, regardless of location or size. The 

manual has been prepared by the U.S. EPA and an 

international committee of experts from the 

solvent cleaning industry. Committee members 

represent both developed and developing countries. 

The manual .describes a step-by-step approach for 

· characterizing the use of ozone-depleting solvents 

and identifying and evaluating alternatives. It is a 

"how-to" document which describes all of the steps 

necessary to successfully phase out the use of CFC11.3 and methyl chloroform (MCF) in precision 

cleaning applications. Many of the alternatives 

described are currently in use at major companies 

around the world. The manual addresses primary 

cleaning applications and gives brief,descriptions of 

the commercially available alternatives to <::FC-113 

' and MCF. The manual provides sufficient 

technical information on the solvent alternatives to 

enable users to gather more detailed information 

on their alternatives of choice. A · list of 

equipment and materials vendors is provided to 

facilitate such further research. 

The Montreal Protocol 

The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that 

~Deplete the Ozone Layer and subsequent 1990 and 

1992 amendments and adjustments control the 

production and consumption of ODSs 

internationally. As a result of the most recent 

meetings in Copenhagen in J'lovember 1992, two 

chemicals commonly used as solvents are scheduled 

to be phased out. The chlorofluorocarbon 1,1,2-

trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (commonly referred 

to as CFC-113) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane 

(commonly referred to as methyl chloroform. or 

1 

1 

MCF), will be complf~tely phased out in developed 

countries by 1996, and in developing countries 1 between 2006 and 2015, depending on decisions 

f taken by the Parties to the Protocol in 1995. In 

1 addition, the 1992 amendments,. include a 

developed country pmduction freeze and reduction 

schedule for hydrocblorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), 

with a phaseout in de:veloped countries by the year 

! ,2030. 

Exhibit 1 lists the cotLJntries that are Parties to ·the 

Montreal ProtocOl as of February 1994. In 

, addition, many companies world-wide have 

corporate policies to expedite the phaseout of 

ozone-depleting ch~emicals. · Exhibit 2 lists 

' corporations arournd the world that have 

: successfully phased out their use of ODSs. 

In addition to providing regulatory schedules for 

the phaseout of ODSs, the Montreal Protocol 

established a fund that will finance the agreed 

1 incremental costs of phasing out ODSs by eligible 

developing countries that are Party to the Protocol. 

Eligible countries ar·e defined as those developing 

'· countries having a 1total annual consumption of 

1 CFCs of less than 0.3 kg per person, and of MCF 

and carbon tetrachloride of less than 0.2 kg per 

1 person. 

lnternationcnl Phaseout 

Schedules 

Several countries have passed legislation to phase 

I out CFC-113 and MCF earlier than target dates set 

: by the Montreal Protocol in an effort to slow 

ongoing depletion o[ the stratospheric ozone layer. 

Their policies are summarized below. 

' Canada · 

Environment., Canada, the federal agency 

responsible for environmental protection in 

Canada, enacted a CFC phaseout program more 

stringent than the Montreal Protocol. 

\ 
. 

• 

' 

.. 

·. .. 

2 

.... 

Environment canada has also announced a series 

of target dates for the phaseout of CFCs in specific 

end uses. For solvent cleaning applications such as 

metal and precision cleaning, it mandates a 

phaseout of CFC-113 . by the end of 1994. 

Production, imports, and exports of CFCs are to be · 

eliminated by Januacy 1;·1996, with a 75 percent 

reduction by Januacy 1, 1994. · For carbon 

tetrachloride, the phaseout date is Januacy 1, 1~5 

- one year earlier than that mandated by the 

. Montreal Protocol. Halons were. eliminated by 

· Januacy 1, 1994. Production; imports, and exports 

of MCF will be halted by Januacy 1, 1996, with 

- interim reductions of 50 percent by Januaty 1, 

1994, and 85 percent by Januacy 1, 1995. 

European Community 

Under the Single European Act of 1987, lhe tw~lve 

members of the European Commun\ty (EC) are 

Exhibit 1 

PARTBES TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL . 

Algeria Ecuador Luxembourg Seychelles 

Antigua and Barbuda Egypt Malawi Singapore 

Argentina El Salvador Malaysia Slovakia 

Australia EEC Maldives Slovenia 

Austria Fiji Malta Solomon Islands 

Bahamas Fmland Marshall Islands South Africa 

Bahrain France :Mauntius Spam 

Bangladesh Gambia Mexico Sn Lanka 

Barbados Germany Monaco Sudan - Belarus Ghana Morocco Swaziland 

Belgium Greece Myanmar Sweden 

Benin · -Grenada Namibia SWitzerland 

Bosnia/Herzegovina Guatemala Netherlands Syrian Arab Repubhc 

Botswana Guinea New Zealand Tanzama 

Brazil Guyana Nicaragua Thailand 

Brunei Darussalam Honduras N1ger Togo 

Bulgaria Hungary N1gena Trinidad & Tobago 

Burkina Faso Iceland Norway Tums1a 

Cameroon India Pakistan Turkey 

Canada Indonesia Panama Turkmemstan 

Central African Iran Papua New Gumea Tuvalu 

Republic Ireland Paraguay Uganda 

Chile Israel Peru Ukrame 

China Italy ' Philippines United Arab 

Colombia Jamaica Poland Emirates 

Congo Japan Portugal United Kmgdom 

Costa Rica Jordan Romama · Umted States 

Cote d'lvoire Kenya Republic of Korea Uruguay. 

Croatia Kiribati Russian Federation Uzbe~tan 

Cuba Kuwait St. Kitts and Nevis Venezuela 

Cyprus Lebanon St. Luc1a V1et'Nam 

Czech Republic Libyan Arab · Samoa Yugoslavia 

Denmark Jamahiriya Saud1 Arabia Zambia 

Dominica Liechtenstein Senegal Zimbabwe 

'• 

Date: February 1994 

,. 

, . 
3 

Exhibit 2 

,SUCCESsFUL CORPORATE OZONE-DEPLETING SOLVENT PHASEOUTS 

A-dec Motorola 

ADC Telecommumcations Murata Erie N.A 

.Advanced Micro Devices Murata Manufacturing 

Alcatel Network Systems National Semiconductor' 

Apple Computer NEC 

Appbed Magnetics NHKSpnng 

Alshm Seikl _ Nlhon Dempa Kogyo 

Alps Electnc . Nissan 

AT&T Ntssan Diese:l Motor 

Cadillac Gage Northern Telecom 

Calsomc NRC 

Canon NSK 

Corbin Russwin Hardware Olympus Optical 

Casio Computer Om ron 

Ch1p Supply OTC/SPX 

CitiZen Watch Pacific SCientific EKD 

Clarion R1coh I 

Compaq Computers Robm 

Conner Peripherals Sanyo MEG 

Commins Engine Sanyo Energy 

D1atek Seagate Technology 

Fuji Photo Film Seiko Epson 

Fujitsu Seiko-sha 

Funac Sharp 

HarriS Semiconductors Shm-etsu Polymer 

Hewlett Packard SMC 

HitaChi Sony 

Hitachi Metals Stanley Electric 

IBM Sym1tomo Electnc 

lkl Electnc Sumltomo S peC!al Metals 

Isuzu Motors Sun M1crosy.stems 

ITT Cannon Suzuki Motor 

Japan Aviation Electronics Symmons Industnes 

Kilovac Tai}'O Yuden 

Kohyo Seiko Talley Defense Systems 

Kyocera Thomson Consumer Electromcs 

Mabuchi -Motor 3M 

Matsushita Toshiba 

MDM Toshiba DISplay Devices 

Mmebea Toyota Motor • 

Minolta Camera UmsiaJECCS 

MitsubiShl Electric VIctor Japan 

Mitsub!Shl Heavy, Industry Yamaha 

MitsubiShi Motors Yokogawa Electnc 

MitsUI High-tech Zexel 
\ ' 

4 

. ... subject to environmental directives issu~d by the 

EC Governing Council. Members of the EC are 

Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Greece, 

Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the 

Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Council 

Regulation number 594l91 of March 4, 1991 

includes regulatory provisions for the production 

of substances that deplete the ozone layer. The 

EC phaseout schedule for CFC-113 production is 

more exacting than the Montreal Protocol. It 

called for an 85 percent reduction of CFC-113 

production by January 1, 1994 and a complete 

phaseout by January 1, 1995. For MCF, the 

schedule called for a 50 percent cut in production 

by January 1, 1994 ana a complete phaseout by 

January 1, 1996. While all members must abide by 

these directives, Council Regulation number 

3322/88 of October 31, 1988 states · that EC 

members may take even more extensive unilateral 

measures to protect the ozone layer. 

European Free ·Trade Agreement 

Countries 

The European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA) 

countries of Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, 

Sweden, and Switzerland, have each adopted 

measures to completely phase out fullyhalogenated ODSs. Austria, Finland, Norway, and 

Sweden will completely phase out their use of 

CFC-113 in all applications by January 1, 1995. 

Sweden plans to Dbase out MCF by this date as 

well. In addition, some EFTA countries have set 

sector-specific interim phaseout dates for certain 

solvent uses. Austria phased out CFC-113 in a 

number of solvent cleaning applications by January 

1, 1994. Norway and Sweden eliminated their use 

of CFC-113 on July 1, 1991 and January 1, 1991, 

respectively for all applications except textile dry 

cleaning. 

'Japan 

On May 13, 1992, the Ministry of International 

Trade and Industry (MIT!) requested its 72 

Industrial Associations to phase out CFC and 

MCF usage by t?e end of 1995. 

United States 

The U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA), ,as amende~ in 

1990, contains several provisions pertaining to 

stratospheric ozone protection. ODSs are 

categorized by the CAA as either Class I or Class 

II substances. Class I suostances include MCF, 

three types of batons, carbon tetrachloride, and all 

fully-hatogenated CFCs, including CFC-113. Class 

II substances include 33 . types of 

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).· The sections 

of the CAA important to users of this manual ~re 

discussed below. 

• Section 112: National Emission Standards for 

Ha:zordous Air Pollutants 

This section of the CAA requires the EPA to 

develop emissions standards for 189 chemical 

compounds listed as hazardous air pollutants 

(HAPs). The list of' HAPs includes the 

chlorinated solvents as well as many organi'? 

solvents likely to be used in precision cleaning 

parts. 

• Section 604 and Section 605: Phaseout of 

Pf!Jduction and Consumption of Class I and Class 

II SubstattceS. 

These sections detail the phaseout schedule for 

both Class I and Class II substances. EPA 

accelerated the schedule in response to both 

former President George Bush's call for a more 

rapid .phaseout and the recent amendments 

made to the Protocol in Copenhagen. 

• Section 610: Nonessential Products Containing 

Chlorofluorocarbons ' 

This provision dir,~cts EPA to _promulgate 

regulations that prohibit the sale or distribution 

of certain "nonessential" products that release' 

Class I and Class II substances 'during their 

manufacture, use, storage, or disposal. ' 

o Section 611: Labeling 

" This section directed EPA to issue regulations 

requiring the labeling of products that contain 

or wen~ manufactured with Class I and Class II 

substances. Containers in which Class I and 

Class II substances are stored must also be 
I 

"\ 

labeled. · The label will read "Warning: 

Contains or manufactured with (insert name of 

substance], a substance which harms public 

health and environment by destroying ozone in 

the upper atmosphere". The label must clearly 

identify the ODS by . chemical name for easy 

recognition by average consumers,.and must be 

placed . so thilt it is clearly legible and 

conspicuous. 

Labeling regulations affecting Class I substances 

took effect on May 15, 1993. Products 

containing or manufactured with a Class II 

substance must be labeled no later than January 

1,.2015. ' 

• Section 612: Safe Alternatives Policy 

Section 612 establishes a framework for 

evaluating the overall environmental and human 

health impact of current and future alternatives 

to ozone-depleting solvents. Such regulation 

ensures that ODSs will be replaced by 

, substitutes that reduce overall risks to human 

health and the environment. As a result of 

provisions set in Section 612, the Environmental 

Protection Agency: 

• Issued rules in November 1992 that make it 

unlawful to replace any Class I and Class II 

substance with a substitute that may present 

adverse effects to human health and the 

environment when the EPA has identified 

an available or potentially available 

alternative that can reduce the overall risk 

to human health and the environment. 

• Has published a list of prohibited 

substitutes, organized by use sector, and a 

list of the corresponding alte~atives; 

• Will accept petitions to add or delete a 

substance previously listed as a prohibited 

substitute or an acceptable alternative; 

• Requires any company that produces a 

chemical substitute for a Class I substance 

to notify EPA 90 days before the new or 

existing . chemical is introduced into 

commerCe as a significant new use of that 

chemical. In addition, EPA must be 

provided with the unpublished health and 

safety studies/data on the substitute. 

5 

To implement Section 612 EPA has (1) 

conducted envimnmental risk characterizations 

for substitutes in each end use and (2) 

established the Significant New Alternatives 

Program (SNAP)! to evaluate the substitutes for 

Class I substances. EPA also initiated 

discussions with NIOSH, OSHA, and other 

. governmental and nongovelnmentalassociations 

to develop a consensus process for establishing 

occupational exposure limits for the most 

significant substitute chemicals. · : 

The environmental risk characteritations for the 

substitutes invol!ve a comprehensive analysis 

based on the following criteria: ozone-depleting 

,potential, fl~mmability, toxicity, exposure effects, 

energy efficiency, degradation impacts, air, 

water, and solid waste/hazardous waste pollution 

effects~ and global warming potential. 

Economic factors are also considered. EPA has 

organized these assessments by use sector (i.e. 

solvents, refrigeration, etc). ·The risk 

characterizatioru, result in risk-management 

strategies for eat:h sector and substitute. EPA 

has also cate,gorized each substance as 

·unacceptable, acr.eptable with limitations on use 

or qu~ntity, aci:eptable without comme,nt, or 

delayed pending further study. Petitions are 

allowed to change a substance's status with the 

burden of proof on the petitioner. 

In early 1994, the EPA issued a list of 

alternatives it found to be acceptable and 

unacceptable acc::ording to this framework in its 

Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) 

Program ruling. The list will be updated 

regularly as new alternatives become available. ' / 

-Excise Tax 

As an incentive to reduce the production and' 

consumption of ODSs in the U.S., Congress placed 

an excise tax on ODSs manufactured or imported 

for use in the U.S. Taxes do not apply to recycled 

chemicals. This tax provides a further incentive to 

use alternatives and substitutes to CFC-113 and 

MCF and to recycle used chemicals. The tax 

amounts are based on each chemical's ozonedepleting, potential. These, taxes have recently 

been increased as a paft of the U.S. Congress' 

comprehensive em:rgy bill of 1992. 

·. 

._ 
•' 

.. 

•' 

6 

· Calendar Year 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

'\ 

Tax Amount 

Per Pound 

CFC-113 MCF 

$1.096 

"$1.336 

$268 

$3.48 

$4.28 

$0.137 

$0.167 

'$0.211 

$0.435 

·sos35 

Cooperative Efforts 

Japan 

The Japanese Ozone Layer Protection Act gives its 

Ministty of International Trade and ·lndustty 

(Mm) the authorization to issue restrictions on 

ODSs. Mm and the Environmental Agency have 

established ·the · "Guidelines for Discharge 

Reduction and Use Rationalization." Based upon 

these guidelines, various government agencies have 

provided administrative guidance and advice to the 

,industries under their respective jurisdictions. 

Specifically, MITI worked with the Japan Industrial 

Conference for Ozone Layer Protection (JICOP) 

to prepare two manuals that provide technical 

information on alternatives to CFC113 and MCF. 

The manualS are titled: · 

• Manual for Phasing-Out 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; 

and 

• Manual for Reduction in the Use of Ozone7 

Depleting Substances. 

Mm ·also encourages industry to reduce 

consumption of ODSs through· economic measures 

such as tax incentives to promote the use of 

•• equipment to recover and reuse solvents. 

Sweden 

The Government/Industry/Research Institution 

sectors are conducting two major cooperative 

efforts targeting the phaseout of ODSs and 

chlorinated solvents: 

• The TRE-project (Technology for Clean 

Electronics); and 

• The AMY -project (Cleaning of Metallic 

surfaces). 

In addition, direct support is being provided to 

industry ·for industrial scale introduction of new 

technologies. These are, to name a few, closed 

loop systems, microbiological cleaning systems, ion 

exchange technologies, electmcheniical cleaning 

systems, vacuum evaporation systems, reverse 

osmosis, and alternative solvent-based systems. 

United States 

EPA has been working with industry to 

disseminate information on technically-feasible, 

cost-effective, and environmentally-sound 

alternatives to ODSs. As part of this effort, the' 

Agency, along with ICOLP, prepared a series of 

manuals that provide .technical information on 

alternatives to CFC113 and MCF.· Additional 

information about ICOLP can be found in 

Appen(_lix A The manuals are based on actual 

industrial experiences and setve as a guide to users 

of CFC113 and MCF worldwide. These manualS 

will be updated periodically as technical 

developments occur. 

The complete set of manuals produced includes: 

• Alternatives for CFC-113 and Methyl 

Chloroform in Metal Cleaniing. 

• Aqueous and Semi-Aqueous Alternatives to 

CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform Cleaning of 

Printed Circuit Board Assemblies. 

• Consetvation and Recycling Practices for CFC113 and Methyl Chloroform. 

• Eliminating CFC1~3 and Methyl Chloroform in' 

Aircraft Malntenance Procedures. 

• Eliminating CFC-113 and Metpyl Chloroform in 

Precision Cleaning Ope~ations. 

• No-Clean Soldering to Eliminate CFC-113 and 

Methyl Chloroform Cleaning of Printed Circuit 

Board Assemblies. 
. ' Th,is particular manual provides those in an 

organization currently cleaning with ODSs with a 

simply-structured program to help eliminate their 

use of CFC-113 and/or MCF. Moreover, it 

'presents alternative processes that can lie used in 

~ precision cleaning. Many of these processes. are 

currently in use around the world. The goal of the 

manual is to: 

.. 

/ .. 

• Warn users of CFC-113 and MCF of the 

impending halt in production and the 

consequences to their operations; 

• Identify the currently available and emerging 

alternatives for CFC-113 and MCF; 

. . • Provide an overview of the tasks. that are 

required . to . succes~fully implement an 

alternative process or chemical; 

• · Provide an overview · of the environmental, 

health, safety, and other factors associated with 

alternatives and the benefits achievable from the 

phaseout of CFC-113 and MCF; , 

• Present detailed case studies on the actual 

industrial applications of these technologies to: 

Identify unresolved problems in eliminating 

CFC-113 and MCF; and 

\ 

Describe the equipment configuration of a 

typical facility after it has eliminated its use 

of CFC-113 and MCF. 

This manual will benefit all users of CFC-113 and 

MCF in the prec1s1on cleaning industry. 

UltimateJy, however, the success of a CFC-113 and 

MCF elimination strategy will depend upon how 

effectively reduction and elimination programs are 

organized. Experience has also shown that a 

strong education and training program for workers 

using new processes results in greater efficiency 

,. and a smooth transition away from CFC-113 and 

MCF. The development and implementation of 

alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF for precision 

cleaning present a challenge · for most 

organizations. The rewards for success are the 

contribution to global environmental protection 

and an in~ease in industrial efficiency. 

7 
8 
•' 

.. 

$TRUCTURE OF THE MANUAL 

,-.,' 

. ' 

This manual is divided into the following sections: 

• INTRODUCTION TO PRECISION CLEANING 

: 

This section provides some historical background on precision cleaning. In 

particular, it explains the reasons for, industry's dependc::nce on CFC-113 and 

MCF, and describes the factors that define precision cle~ming applications. 

• EXISTING CLEANING PROCESS qHARACTERl[ZATJ'ON 

This section presents the Initial steps a' facility must take in order to reduce and 

eliminate CFC-113 and MCF usage in cleaning procedur1es., It emphasizes the 

importance, of being familiar with the different aspects of the cleaning ·processes. 

• . METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTING AN ALTERNATIVE CLEANING 

PROCESS 

This section discusses various organizational, policy, technical, economic, and 

environment, health, and safety issues that should be considered when selecting 

a precision cleaning process. 

• ALTERNATIVES TO CFC-113 AND ~~ETHYL CHLOROi~'ORM 

· This section describes the operational principles, costs,' and advantages and 

disadvantages of several alternative tec;hnologies. 

• WASTEWATER MINIMIZATION AND TREATMENT . 

• 

' This section presents methods to minimize and treat wastewater from aqueous 

and semi-aqueous cleaning processes. · 

CASE STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL PJ!MCTICES 

This section provides examples of successful applications of alternative 

technologies. 

9 

·. 
10 
I 

11 

INTRODUCTION TO PRI:CISION (!LEANING 

Precision cleaning is not easy to define. For this 

reason, we will briefly examine the histocy of, and 

requirements for, precision cleaning. This 

information will describe the characteristics that 

help to define precision cleaning applications. 

.CFC-113 and, to a lesser degree, MCF have been 

the solvents of choice within the precision cleaning 

industcy. In order to assist a plant in finding 

alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF, this manual will 

first explain the reasons for industry's historical 

dependence on these solvents. This understanding 

will be useful in evaluating alternatives later on. 

Historical Per~pective 

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, 

industcy has been required to clean mechanical 

components. Before assembling manufactured 

parts, machining-lubricants and metallic residue 

(swart) ·must be removed. Aliphatic hydrocarbons 

(paraffin, white mineral spirit, Stoddard solvent) 

were widely used in heavy engineering such as 

railroads, bridges, mining, shipbuilding, civil 

engineering, and chemical plants where 

dimensional tolerances were large and assemblies 

were not critically sensitive to contamination. This 

technology lasted unchanged for about 150 years. 

But the technology gradually changed with a 

growi~g concern for industrial safety, the need for 

increased solvep.t power, and the manufacturing of 

more precise components. 

Precision component cleaning required the use of 

more effective cleaning technologies than those 

traditionally employed in heavy industries. The 

mass production of watches provided the basis for 

the ·modem precision engineering industry. The 

watch industcy required a pure, chemically inert, 

nonflammable, and reasonably nontoxic solvent. 

This solvent would be us~ to clean small parts 

and finished assemblies, so that particles (dusts, 

metal swarf, etc.) and organic residues (oils, skin 

fats, etc.) were removed, and contaminant-free final 

assemblies could b~ made cheaply and quickly. 

Pure synthetic solvents filled this requirement. 

1, 

17 

From th~ precision engineering basis, the modem 

precision engineering industcy has grown. , The 

specifications of defense and space technology 

require this industry to achieve high levels of 

sophistication. Yet, the basic concepts of precision · 

cleaning are still the same in modem industries. 

Precision cleaning requires solvents with the 

following characteristics: 

I 

o A volatile solvent-that leaves no residues; 

' 

o Sufficient solvent power to remove organic soils; 

• Low surface tension to penetrate small spaces; 

• High density to assist the lift-off of small 

particles; 

• Rapid dcying; 

• Low cost; 

• Low toxicity; 

• Nonflammability. 

The next section discusses the applications which 

require these ch~racteristics. 

' I 
I 

12 

... 

Industries Using CFC-113 

and Methyl Chloroform for 

Precision Cleaning 

Although precision. cleaning is needed in a wide 

range of industries, several key factors define the 

applications where precision cleaning is required: 

These include those applications in which: 

• Critical cleanliness standards of 

particulate and/or organic contaminants need to be satisfied; 

• ~ Components have sensitive compatibilities; 

• Components have physic~al 

characteristics such as geometry and 

porosity which make dewatering 

crucial in the cleaning process; and 

• Components being cleaned are 

costly. 

The following list provides an indication of the 

wide and varied applicability of precision cleaning 

operations. 

• Electronics industry 

Microelectronics 

Recording heads and components for disk 

drives 

Microswitches 

Miniature precision potentiometers 

Plastic electronics packaging 

Servo motors 

Solenoids 

Slip ring assemblies. 

'• Medical 

Heart pacemakers 

Prosthesis manufacture 

Contact lenses 

Hospital oxygen systems 

Kidney dialysis capillaries 

Hypodermic needles. 

• Defense 

Inertial sensors and platforms 

Hydraulic,systems for ·aircraft and missiles 

Decontamination of nuclear systems 

Decontamination of chemical agents 

Flushing fuel systems 

Ball bearing manufacture and assembly. 

. • Aerospace 

Manufacture of airframe components 

Maintenance of avionics, auxiliary power 

generators, oxygen systems, undercarriages, 

flight controls, fuel systems. 

\ 

A variety of particulate and nonparticulate 

contaminants are removed in precision cleaning ' 

operations. Particulate . contamination includes 

' scrap material created during cutting, drilling, 

grinding, and buffing of precision parts (e.g., 

silicon wafers and aluminum storage disk 

substrates). Nonparticulate contamination includes waxes (used to hold sinicon wafers during 

semiconductor manufacturing), fingerprint oils, 

and other contaminants. 

As the term suggests, precision cleaning involves 

cleaning components to extremely strict standards 

of cleanliness. A good indication of the cleaning 

ability required for precision cleaning processes is 

provided in Exhibit 3, which shows the clearance 

on a computer disk drive relative to the size of 

various contaminants. 

Industrial Dependence on 

CFC-1.13 and Methyl 

Chloroform 

Although CFC-113 and MCF have relatively high 

~ ozone-depleting potentials, they possess other 

properties that. have made them ideal fo.r precision 

cleaning. 

The characteristics that made CFC-113 the 

precision . cleaning solvent of choice are its 

remarkable chemical stability (manifested directly 

·. 
~-

f 

.... 

- ' 

Exhibit 3 

13 -

SIZE COMPARISON Of ~COMPUTEFt DISK DRIVE 

HEAD CLEARANCE WITI-1 1VARIOUS C!ONTAMINANTS 

FLYING HEAD 

HEIGHT=15 

MICRO INCHES 

Source: Digital Equipment Corporation 

SMOKE PARTIC:LE 

250 MICRO INCII-IES 

DIAMETER 

FINGER PRINT 

SMUDGE 

HUN,IAN HAIR 

.003> INCHES 

DI,~METER 

~ 

047034-1 
.. 

.. 

. -

.. ' 

14 

.... 

in its compatibility to structural materials), its low 

toXicity, and nonflammability. These properties 

have allowed closed, superclean white-room 

assembly areas to be operated safely and 

effectively. 

Probably the best example of the benefits of 

solvent compatibility is in the cleaning of 

beryllium, specifically in the inertial sensor 

industry. As the performance requirements of 

gyros increased for both defense and aerospace 

applications, there was a need for a structural 

material that combined low density with high 

dimensional stability. Hot pressed beryllium 

satisfied those requirements, with properties 

unique among metals. It has one distinct 

disadvantage - chemical reactivity, especially with 

ionic chlorine. The availability of CFC-113 as a· 

pure, stable cleaning solvent has allowed betyllium 

to be widely used as a structural material. 

Another advantage of CFC-113 is its solvent 

abilities with high densitypolychlorofluoroethylene 

and polybromofluoroethylene comP-ounds: liquids 

with densities of 1.8 to 2.4 g/cm3 (at 158°F to 

176°F). These compounds are-used as flotation 

fluids in the gyro industcy and are not soluble in 

common solvents. Furthermore, flotation fluids 

may contain other polymeric additives as property 

modifiers that must not be affected by whatever 

solvent is used. CFC-113 is compatible with all 

current flotation fluids and is extremely useful in 

this application. 

MCF is also used in some precision cleaning 

applications (e.g., medical). Its physical properties, 

mcluding its solvency, evaporation rate, and higher 

hailing point, make it an ideal product for 

removing certain soils. Like CFC-113, MCF is 

both nonflammable and low in toxicity. The lower 

cost of MCF is also a Teason for its use as a 

cleaner • 

.. Exhibit 4 provides a comprehensive list of the 

principal properties of CFC-113 and MCF . 

•. 

·. 
,, 

.. 

,, 

Exhibit 4 

PRINCIPAL PROPEF~TIES OF CFC··113 

AND METHYL C:HLOROFORM 

CFC-113 MCF 

Formula CCI2FCCIF2 CH3-CCI3 

' 

' Molecular Weight 187.39 133.4 

Pounds Per Gallon at 68"F ' I 13.16 11.16 

Boiling Point °F 117.63 165.20 

Freezing Point op { ' -31 -30.4 

Coefficie~t of Expansion Per °F 0.00089 0.00008 

Surface Tension At 68°F: Dynes/em _ ' 19.6 25.56 

Solubility % By Weight at 68°F -

In Water Q.017 0.15 

Of Water 0.0086 0.03 

Flash Point (Tag Closed Cup) op None None 

Flammable Limits% By Volume in Air: 

Lower Nonflammable 8.0 

Upper Nonflammable 10.5 

Toxicity P.E.L. in PPM* 1000 350 

Specific Heat Liquid At 68°F 

Btu/(Ib >eF) 0.22 0.43 

Latent Heat of vaporization at 

B.P. Btu/lb 63.12 103.18 

Kauri-Butanol Value 31 124 

* P.E.L. is the Permissible Exposure Limit as defined under the Occupational 

Safety and Bealth Act. · 

I . Source: DuPont Company, Handbook of Standards for Solvents. 

15 
16 
-y, 

/ 

I 

17 

EXISTING CLEANING PIROCESS 

CHARACTERIZATION 

The first step in reducing and eventually 

eliminating the use of CFC-113 and _MCF in 

precision cleaning is designating a team to 

coordinate the effort. Team members should 

. represent various plant functions including process 

design, production and production engineering, 

environmental control, occupational health and 

safety, quality control, and purchasing. 

In order for the team to develop an effective 

program, it must first acquire a good overall 

knowledge of existing cleaning processes within its 

facility. This knowledge will help the team to 

identity and prioritize the cleaning operations to 

which it must direct its attention. Once these 

op~rations are identified, the team can analyze the 

processes to reduce CFC-113/MCF usage and 

determine cleaning requirements so that an 

optimal alternative may be selected for each 

al:'plication. 

Acquiring an adequate knowledge of the precision 

cleaning processes in a facility can be accomplished 

through the use of surveys. The team should 

determine the -quantities of CFC-113 and MCF 

used in every aspect of the plant's bperations. If 

possible, the team should also visit the cleaning 

shop(s) to observe existing procedureS, interview 

operators, and collect substrate and soil samples 

for laboratory tests. The study should include a 

flow chart of each manufacturing or maintenance 

process as well as tabular summaries of soils, 

substrates, and part geometry. Conducting the 

survey will allow the team to establish contacts and 

develop rapport with the individuals who will 

, ultimately be affected by the process change. The 

cooperation and input of these individuals is 

essential to the success of the phaseout program. 

' ' After the study has been ,completed, the team 

should be able to characterize the different · 

cleaning operations in the plant. The following 

sections suggest typical questions the team should 

be able to answer about existing cl~aning 

I 

processes, disposal · practices, th'C soils being 

removed, and the substrates being cleaned. 

Analyze E~xisting Cleaning 

Methods 

In order to reduce and eliminate the use of CFC113 and MCF in pr~ecision cleaning, the team must 

identity and analyze all of the processes that use 

these substances. Questions the team should .be 

able to answer include: 

• What processes incorporate CFC113 and MCF? 

• What quantity ofCFC-113 and MCF 

is used i1n each process? 

• Where do CFC-113·and MCF losses 

occur? 

• Where does cleaning take place in 

the facillity? 

• What percentage of the time are the 

cleaning machines in use? 

• How many parts are cleaned per day 

per maclhine? 

\ 

An effective way to collect such information is 

through a written survey. Exhibit 5 shows an 

example of a Slllrvey that ·can be used to 

characterize CFG-113 and MCF usage in all 

aspects of the plant's operations. Of course, this 

survey shoul~ be modified to fit each individual 

plant. 

·. 
' I 

, 

18 

... In .facilities 'where CFC-113 and MCF use is 

extensive, the information gathered using sutveys 

and other ·means can be stored in an electronic 

database for future use. The creation of a 

comprehensive database will allow the team to 

monitor progr~ and t<?. pinpoint areas in the 

facility where consumption of ODSs remains high. 

Facilities may choose to design the t~cking system 

themselves, hire a firm to create a custom system, 

or purchase an existing system. 

Through familiarizing itself. with current usage 

patterns, the team will not only know which 

cleaning operations can utilize currently available 

alternative clealiing methods, but also which . 

operations can reduce their use of CFC-113 and 

MCF until an acceptable method becomes 

available. . · 

If the team finds that CFC-113 and MCF losses are 

fairly high, they may suggest ways tO' curb the loss, 

such as using covers on vapor degreasers and using 

wipe cloths and storage bags to save spilled CFC113/MCF. Taking such measures will help the 

. plant reduce its use of ozone depleting substances 

until an alternative, .ODS-free method is chosen. 

Determine if Solvent 

Cleaning Is Necessary 

After identifying the processes where solvents are 

being used, the next step is to determine whether 

each cleaning step is necessacy. The goal is to 

pinpoint ways the plant can: 

• improve housekeeping to eliminate ODS 

use 

• • change production materials or processes to 

reduce or eliminate the soiling of parts 

• change production materials so the soils can 

be cleaned using non-ODS cleaning 

technologies. 

• consolidate operations 

Practicing good, housekeeping measures involves 

identifying all the CFC-113 and MCF uses within 

a plant and determining whether these solvents 

were intended for use in each application. In 

many cases, the ozone-depleti111g substances are 

used unnecessarily because of their convenience 

and excellent cleaning , characteristics. By 

restricting CFC-113 and MCF use to intendetl or 

essential applications, a pl~nt can significantly 

reduce its use of these solvents. Further discussion 

of good housekeeping ·practices can be found in 

the Alternative Materials and Processes section of 

the manual. 

Another way a plant can reduce or eliminate the 

use of CFC-113 or MCF is by evaluating the 

process that occurs before solvent cleaning, to see 

if changing tbe materials or the process itself can 

eliminate the soiling of parts or change the nature 

of the soil. In doing this, a plant may render 

'precision cleaning with CFC-113 or MCF 

unnecessacy. 

Whenever it is possible, a plant should separate 

components that require precision cleaning from 

those n~ing only gross cleaning. 

Once all · the unnecessacy selvent cleaning 

operations are eliminated, the plant may want to 

consider consolidating remaining operations into 

one or a few locations. This will free-up floor 

space within the plant, make it (>..asier to keep track 

of CFC-113 and MCF consumption, and possibly 

lower operating costs through reduced 

1

electricity 

and solvent use. . 

Analyze Solvent Disposal 

Procedures 

In addition to analyzing the cleaning processes, the 

team should also analyze the facility's disposal 

practices. Being familiar with disposal practices 

will aidJhe team in further reducing CFC-113 and 

MCF usage. Questions the team should be able to1 

answer include: 

• How is CFC-113 and MCF 

reclaimed/disposed of after use? 

• How often is the CFC-113 and MCF 

replaced in degreasing processes? 

' ' ' 

' 

' :..~ 

·. 

/ 

·. 
.. 

Exhibit 5 

J 

CFC-113 AND METHYL CHlqROFORM USAGE PROFILE 

SHOP NAME & LOCATION: -------:-----------------

NAME OF CONTACf IN SHOP: 

A. :PROCESS IDENTIFICATION 

Parts Cleaned (be as specific as possible): 

Current Cleaning Method (e.g. open-top vapor degreasing, conveyorized vapor degreasing, cold 

cleaning, dip tank, hand-wipe, aerosol, etc.): , 

Number of Cleaning Machines in Shop Which Use CFC-113 or MCF: 

Controls on Cleaning Equipment (e.g. cove~, ex~ended freeboard, cooling coils, etc.): 

Other Uses (e.g., carriers, drying): 

Substrates 'JYpically Cleaned: 

Soils 'JYpicall~ Removed (e.g., dirt, oil, grease) (~lttach MSDS for the soil if available): 

Standards to be met (e.g., military; ASTM): '• 

19 
20 

B. PRODUCI'S USED 

Generic Name of Solvent (circle one; use one survey for each chemical): 

CFC-113 . ;MCF (1,1,1-tricbloroetbane) 

Trade Name of Solvent (e.g. Daiflon 113, Freon Tf', Chlorothene SM, Triethane) (see Appendix 

C for additional tradenames): · · . 

Manufacturer (e.g. Daikin, DuPont, Dow, PPG) (see Appendix C for additional manufacturers): 

C. USE HISTORY 

Quantity Purchased and Used Yearly; specify units (e.g. liters, gallons): 

PURCHASED (quantity of solvent USED ~uantity of solvent . purchased or requisitioned_ by this cons~m in this shop for cleaning ) 

shop for cleanink) 

1991 

1992 . 1993 

1994 I 

D. CFC-113 AND MCF DISPOSAL PRACTICES 

1991 1992 1993 1994 

Quantity shipped out as 

waste for disposal {specify units): 

Disposal costs: 

Quantity shipped out for recvclin~ (specify units): '• 

Cost of recvclin_.g: ' 

Quantity recycled on site 

(specify· unitS): 

- Quantity los\ to the 

environment (through leakage, spillage, testmg, I 

d~~out, evaporation, etc. (speciey'units) I 

1 This quantity can be calculated as follows: Quantity Lost = Quantity Purchased - Quantity 

shipped out as waste.' · · 

NOTE: The total quantity of CFC-113 and MCF used should be divided by the quanuty of goods produced to obtam the 

ratio of kilograms or pounds of CFC-113 and MCF used per production unn, Th1s value can be a benchmark for 

rcduct!on and elimination programs. 

... 
.... 

The team should ensure that the used -cFC-113 

and MCF is being treated and disposed of safely. 

-An evaluation of disposal techniques will allow the 

team to investigate whether these solvents can be 

used for longer periods of tiJ!le prior to disposal, 

thus further reducing the facility's usage of CFC113 and MCF. In addition, the team will be able 

to evaluate the possibility of using spent solvent in 

subsequent cleaning operations where pure solvent 

is not needed. 

Characterize the Soils and 

Their Sources 

An impor\ant step in characterizing exJSllng 

cleaning processes is identifYing the soils to be 

removed and their sources. The purpose of this 

step is either to: 1) identify ways to eliminate the 

need for cleaning or reduce the amount of soil to 

be removed, or 2) select an alternativ~ that can 

remove the identified soil from parts. A plant 

· should be able to answer the following questions 

when identifying·soils: 

• What type of soils are being removed? 

• Where are the soils coming from? 

• What are the performance conditions 

around the substrate and soil (e.g. heat, 

cold, high stress)? 

• Why is the soil being removed (e.g. 

performance requirements, inspection, 

appearance)? 

Soils removed through precision cleaning can be 

generally classified into two groups: 

• Particulate contamination often must be 

identified With methods such as optical ' 

microscopy. Most optical and microchemical 

methods are sensitive to the nanogram or 

picogram level. It is better to perform the 

laboratory analysis of soils in-house. Sending 

contamination samples out risks further 

contamination of the sample. The following list 

': 

, I 

I 

21 

presents some physical characteristics that can 

be used to identify and compare particula~es. 

Morphological 

• Size 

• Shape factor 

• Crystal structure 

• Interface angles 

• Ratios 

• Cleavage 

• Invariants derived from fourier 

transform coefficients 

• Surface features 

Optical Propt~rties 

• Refractive index 

• . Dispersion (variation and refractive 

index with frequency or wavelength) 

• Isotropy vc~rsus anistropy 

• Birefringence 

• Extraction angles 

•- Pleochroism 

Microchemistry 

• Precipitation reactions 

• Recrystalli:zation 

• Solubility data 

• Electronic,series (plate out) of metals 

A matrix of characteristics can be gradually 

developed for eac:h type of particle contaminant 

found. A publication known .as "The Particle 

Atlas" (see refenmce list) can help narrow the 

range of possibilities to be evaluated. 

• Thin film chemncal contamination occurs in 

many ·precision c:omponents. Sources of thin 

film chemicals include outgassing from sources 

such as lubricants; adhesives, coatings, polymeric 

\ ' 

and elastomeric materials. , Chemical residues· 

can also originate from sources such ' as 

fingerprints, mac;hining fluids, coolants, and 

packaging. Methods to test the ability of the 

cleaning process m removing thin film chemical 

contamination ar~~ discussed later in the manual. 

There are five additionaJ categories of soils that 

are more often associated with gross cleaning 

rather than precision cleaning operations, but are 
22 

"\. 

d~cribed below for completeness. 

• ·Pigmented drawing compounds are used · in . 

process steps where the metal is extruded 

through dies to produce parts. The most 

. , commonly used pigm~~ted compounds contain 

one or more of the following substances: 

whiting. lithopone, mica, zinc oxide, bentonite, 

flour, graphite, white lead, molybdenum 

disulfide, titanium dioxide, and soaps. 

• Unpigmented oil and grease include common 

shop oils and greases such as drawing lubricants, 

rust preventive oils, and -quenching oils. 

• Forming lubricants , and fluids used for 

machining can be classified into three 

subgroups: (1) hydrocarbon-based oils: plain 

or sulfurized mineral and fatty · oils (or a 

combination of the two), chlorinated mineral 

oils, and sulfurized chlorinated mineral oils, (2) 

soluble/emulsifiable oils: conventional or heavy 

duty soluble oils containing sulfur or other 

compounds, glycol ethers,. glycols or other 

emulsifiers added, and (3) water soluble 

(synthetics): chemical cutting fluids that are 

water soluble and contain soaps, amines, sodium 

salts of sulfonated fatty alcohols, and alkyl 

aromatic salts of sulfonates. 

• Polishing and buffing compounds ean also be 

classified into three subgroups: (1) liquids: 

mineral oils and oil-in-water emulsions or 

animal and vegetable· oils with abrasive 

materials, (2) semi-solids: oil-based containing 

abrasives and emulsions or water-based 

containing abrasive and dispersing agents, ~nd 

(3) solids: grease containing stearic acid, 

hydrogenated fatty acids, tallow, hydrogenated 

glyceride, petroleum waxes, and combinations 

that produce either saponifiable or 

nonsaponifiable materials in addition to 

abrasive materials. 

• Miscellaneous surface contaminants such as 

lapping compounds, residue from magnetic 

particle inspection, hand oils, shop dirt, chips, 

airborne dust, finger grease, ink marks, barrier 

cream, or hand protective cream and metal 

pieces also ~st. · 

Once the soils are identified, their sources should 

be determined. Soils are often 

·• received as raw material 

• received with vendor parts 

• produced in forming/stamping operations 

• produced in general machining operations 

• produced in sub-assembly 

The handling, packaging, and routing of parts 

through the production process should be 

reassessed to minimize the number of times a part 

is soiled and cleaned. If several similar cleaning 

operations exist throughout the plant, the team 

may choose to consolidate some of them into a 

central location. This could also allow for more 

efficient use of the cleaning materials and facilities 

and improved control of waste and emissions. 

Segregation and precleaning of parts can extend 

bath life and make cleaning more efficient. 

Heavily soiled parts should be routed separately 

' through a single precleaning system, thereby 

concentrating soils in one cleaning process. 

Characterize the Substrate· 

When studies are conducted regarding alternative 

cleaning methods, it is critical that the team is 

familiar with the substrates being' cleaned in each 

operation. Often, cleaning processes that are 

effective on \lne substrate cannot be used o~ 

another substrate, even if the soil is identical. 

Questions that the team should consider include: 

• What material/subst~ate is being 

cleaned? 

• What degree of cleanliness is 

required? 

• What is the surface finish required? 

• What coatings are on the surface? 

As the team learns more about the supstrates that 

are being cleaned, it will become aware of the 
.... 

• What coatings are on the surface? 

• What is the size . and geometric 

configuration of the part? Is there 

solvent entr.apment potential 

associated with the part? How rough 

is the surface of the part? 

• To what level of assembly has the part 

been dismantled? 

properties that .it must look for and the choices 

that it will be limited to in choosing a new 

cleaning chemical or process. 

As mentioned earlier, precision components that 

are made of beryllium are chemically reactive, 

especially with ionic chlorine. Care must be taken 

to select an alternative that is compatible with the 

substrate. 

Metals such as aluminum and alloys containing 

magnesium, lithium, and zinc require special 

consideration because of their sensitivity to attack 

by certain chemicals. For example, cleaners for 

aluminum and zinc are mildly alkaline 

(approximately 9-10 pH) or contain inhibitors such 

as silicate to prevent alkaline attack on these soft 

- metals, while those for magnesium and steel are 

best used above 11 pH. Zinc and cadmium are 

su'>ject to corrosion and pitting by alkaline 

solutions. 

•' 

Another material that requires special attentipn is 

titanium (and its alloys). It can be sensitive to 

attack (e.g., stress corrosion cracking) by residual 

chlorinated and fluorinated solvents, particularly if 

subjected to processes at temperatures greater than 

662°F (350°C). Therefore, the team should be 

familiar with 'the parts that contain this metal. 

Composite materials, which are used in aircraft 

~nd other products that require high strength and 

stiffness and low density, also warrant special 

attention. Examples of , composite materials 

include Kevlar, graphite/epoxy, and 

Kevlar/graphite. 

Parts with excessive porosity, parts that have 

severely rough surfaces, parts that have permanent 

23 

overlapping joints, and parts with blind holes and 

tubing can retain cleaning solution, which may 

cause corrosion. Ctre must be taken to thoroughly 

dry these parts aft~r cleaning. · 

Special care is also required during cleaning prior 

to nondestructive testing procedures such as 

penetrant inspection. In ·order to conduct an 

accurate penetrant inspection test, the product 

surface must be con:tpletely free of residual surface 

contamination. Th(~ presence of cleaner residue or 

other contaminants may shie~d flaws in the 

structure ~nd prev:ent the inspection fluid from 

penetrating surface flaws or cracks. Therefore, 

care must be exerciliied ~o ensure that the cleaning 

method employed results in a sufficiently clean 

surface prior to insJ~ec;:tion. 

--

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24 

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25 

METHODOLOGY FOR SIELECTI_NG AN 

ALTERNATIVE CLEANING PROCESS 

In developing and selecting an alternative chemical 

or process for precision cleaning, several criteria 

should be considered. · These criteria can be 

broadly grouped into the following categories: 

• Organizational 

• Policy and Regulatory 

• Technical 

• Economic 

• Environmental, Health, and Safety 

Organizational 

The most important aspect of a corporate 

phaseout o(ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) is 

the commitment of the corporate management to 

· such a program. Without such _a commitptent, a 

facility woulG be bard-pressed to ~successfully 

complete its phaseout. Important considerations 

which pertain to the corporate organization 

mclude: 

• Compatibility with other corporate goals. 

Corporate policy may not allow the use of 

particular solvents if the company is sensitive to 

public opinion. This would res~lt from a 

corporate policy in which the opinions of the 

general public are to be considered in all 

decision-making. 

• Compatibility with corporate environmental policy. 

Some alternatives gener'ate other forms of 

emissions, effluents, or wastes that are also the 

subject of corporate environmental goals. 

! • Feasibility given eJdsting organizational structure. 

Enyironmental concerns may already be the 

responsibility of a particular task· force within 

the company. Some companies have made 

environmental performance a criterion for 

evaluating manag,erial performance. 

• W'dlingness to provide' capitaL Corporate 

management must be willing to make capital 

investments in lllew equip~ent in order to 

facilitate a phaseout of ODSs. They should 

understand that a .capital outlay at the -present 

time !Day result 1in significant cost savings in 

future years. 

Policy and l:tegulatory 

Any potential alternattive chemical or process must 

, be examined for ~ompliance with a variety of 

i ·government regulations ~nd laws. At the very 

,. least, alternatives must comply with the mandates 

of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that 

Deplete the Ozone Layer and its subsequent 

a,mendments and adjustments. In addition, 

alternatives must meet federal and local 

regulations that apply in the country where the 

alternative is to be implemented. In the United 

States for example, alternatives must comply with 

' the sections pertaiining to stratospheric ozone 

protection in the Clc~n Air Act Amendments of 

1990. These include Section 608: National 

'· Emissions Reduction Program, Section 611: 

, Labeling, and Section 612: Safe Alternatives 

' Policy. Alternatives must also follow strict 

regulations on emnssions of, volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs) in some metropolitan areas. 

1 Technical 

The technical feasibility of_ an alternative process is 

dependent on a number of important 

: cOnsiderations. Whlle these considerations will 

·-
.· 

. · 

26 

.... 

WI)! from facility to facility depending on location 

and function, a number of these considerations are 

universal in their applicability. Important criteria 

to consider when evaluating an alternative cleaning 

process for its technical adequacy include the 

following: 

• Cleaning ability 

• Compliance to specifications 

• Material compatibility 

.. Effe'tt on subsequent processes 

• Process control 

• Throughput of the cleaning process 

• Ease of new process installation 

• Floor space requirements 

• Operating and maintenance requirements. 

Cleaning Ability 

The degree of cleanliness required when cleaning 

a pan varies from industry to industry and from 

process to pro~s. In general, precision cleaning 

is performed when cleanliness requirements -are 

fairly stringent and/or component materials are 

sensitive. 

The successful removal of contamination from a 

surface is not a property of the solvent alone, but 

a combined relations~p 'of the cleaner, the 

. substrate, the soils, and the cleaning conditions . 

• Characteristics of the cleaner or solvent that 

greatly affect its cleaning ability include wetting, 

capillary action, detergency, solubility, and 

emulsification. 

Several standard tests can be used to determine the 

cleaning ability of an alternative chemical or 

process. Some of these tests can be run on the 

shop floor (visuals, tissue paper test, water break, · 

and acid copper test), whereas other tests would 

have to be perform~ in a laboratory. 

• .VISfUll Inspection. These tests are conducted 

under high-intensity or long-wave ultraviolet 

lamps primarily on large production parts, 

rather than test coupons. Examination reveals 

. water-spotting, streaking OJr haze that might 

indicate insufficient rinsing. 

• Electron or Optical Microscopy. Tliese tests can 

be co~ducted with test coupons or production 

parts to examine contamination residues, obtain 

photographic documentation, and· observe 

crystal propenies. When using electron 

microscopy, panicular care must be taken to 

prevent the test coupon from introducing 

external contamination. 

• Microchemistry. · This method characterizes 

microscopic residues on surfaces. This 

techtiique involves dissolving the residue with a 

drop of liquid, transferring the drop (and the 

dissolved contamination) to a microscopic slide, 

and performing the chemical analysis under a 

microscope. The most common residues 

analyzed are the crystal precipitates that form as 

a result of the reactions between specific 

contaminants and reagents. 

• X-Ray Plwtoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) or 

Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis 

(ESCA). XPS is a surface analysis technique 

that is panicularly useful for identifying thin 

films on surfaces. The system can examine an 

area of one millimeter or more in diameter or, 

with small-spot ESCA, can be focused to a fine 

spot micrometers in diameter. Other useful 

chemical analysis techniques include Auger 

electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion 

mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and microscopic 

Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (micro. 

Fr-IR) . 

'• 

• Tissue Paper· Test. The cleaned surface is rubbed 

with white tissue paper and the tissue is 

-observed for discoloration. This test is simple 

and can be done in the production/plant 

enviromnent. 

• Water Break. If the last clean rinse forms a 

continuous water film on the part as it is 

removed, the surface can be ~nsidered clean. 

,,, 

·. 
' 

I , I 

I 

27 

----------------------------------·--~--------------------------------- .... 

• Acid Copper Test. A ferrous panel is immersed 

In a copper sulfate solution. On clean surface 

areas, copper will be deposited by chemical 

activity, forming a strong adherent, semi-bright 

coating that is spot free. 

• Residue Level. The tesi' panel is rinsed with an 

appropriate solvent after cleaning. The solvent 

is then evaporated and the residue analyzed 

quantitatively and qualitatively using analytical 

instrumentation (EDS, SEM, IR, etc.). I 

· • Atomizer Test. Water mist is applied to a clean 

dry surface with an atomizer. The cleanliness is 

determined by the value of .the advancing 

contact angle. 

• Co11lact AnQle of Water Drop. A drop of water is 

placed on the test surface; the contact angle is 

then measured either photographically or by a 

contact angle goniometer. Although this is an 

accurate method of determining relative surface 

cleanliness, it can only be used under laboratory 

conditions. In addition, the presence of a 

surfactant on the test surface may result in a 

false reading. · 

• Kerosene Viewing of Water Break. The ~est panel 

is withdrawn from water and is immediately 

submerged in ·a transparent container of 

kerosene that is lighted from the bottom. 

Water breaks are displaced by kerosene. 

(Because kerosene is combustible, care must ~e 

taken when using thir method.) 

• Radioactive Tracer. A radioactive soiling 

compound is applied to the test piece, and the 

residual radioactivity is }Ileasured after cleaning. 

This is the most sensitive of the quantitative 

tests now available. Standard precautions 

should be taken when working with radioactive 

materials. 

: • Ekmental Analysis. A surface carbon 

determination is one of the most accurate 

methods of identifying small amounts of organic 

residues such as oils remaining after the 

cleaning of metal parts. A test part is placed in 

an electric resistance furnace and carbon'dioxide 

is introduced at 958°F (500°C). Measurements 

are taken using a non-dispersive infrared 

analyzer (wave length = 4240 nm} The_ 

sensitivity of this method is 0.01 mg/m and the 

· accuracy is 0.5 percent carbon ~ontent. 

• Fluo~cent Dye. An oil soluble fluorescent dye 

is mixed with 210 oily soiling material and 

.applied to the tes.t panels. After the panels are 

; · cleaned, the retained soil is visible under 

ultraviolet or black light.· Note that some 

.cleaners may st~lectively remove tracer or 

fluorescent d~es. 

• Gravimetric. The test panels are weighed before 

and after cleaning. The srnsitivity of the 

method depends upon the sensitivity of the 

balance and the size of the panel. 

• Oil Spot. A drop of solvent is used to degrease 

an area the size o:f t~e drop. The drop is picked , 

up with a pipette and evaporated on ground 

glass. An evaporation ring indicates 

contamination. 

o Particulate Contamination. A thin film of 

polyvinyl chloridt~ is pressed against the test 

surface, heated to 240°F (ll5°C), and cooled. It 

is then carefully stripped from the surface and 

examined under the microscope. The 

particulate contaJ:ninants will be embedded in 

the vinyl sheet. 

• Partick Removal Test. Particle removal can be 

tested by artificially contaminating surfaces with 

known particles of various size5 down to and 

below the size of interest for removal. Precision 

particles from submicron to tens of microns in 

size can be obtained. Nephelometric methods 

and membrane filtration methods such as 

ASTM-F24 are useful low-cost techniques for 

evaluating gene!al cleaning. 

. Compliance to .Specifications 

, Many precision cleaiJting applications are subject to 

military or other specification~. Standards and · 

specifications often complicate the search for 

alternative chemical£, or processes by requinng the 

use of a specific cleaner or solvent for a specific 

· cleaning application. In such instances, it is 

necessary to negotiat'e existing specifications before 

switching to alternative technologies. 

.· 
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28 

' M£!terlal Compatibility 

In the selection of an alternative process, material 

compatibility is a5 important as the cleaning ability 

of 'the cleaner itself. Issues to be considered 

include: the possibility f'?~ corrosion or chemical 

attack of metals, plastics, composites, and other 

sensitive materials; swelling or deformation of 

elastomers; and damage to coatings or adhesives 

present on the surface. 

Compatibility can be evaluated by performing a 

number of tests including: 

• Intergranular attack testing determines if the 

cleaning solution unacceptably weakens the test 

metal by selectively removing material along 

grain boundaries. 

• Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) (AS1M-G38) 

of parts can occur when susceptible materials 

(from which the parts are made) are corrosion 

sensitized during cleaning and are subsequently 

·aged in a tension stress application, possibly 

with variations in temperature. In general sec. 

tests are run by subjecting a test specimen of 

the same composition and heat treatment as the 

pan to a constant tension stress load after being 

exposed to the corrosive medium. A number of 

ASTM test methods specify complete test 

details for specimen configuration and stress 

loading. See 1M-01-69 MACE standard 

"Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals for the 

Process Industry." 

• Total immersion corrosion (AS1M 483) testing 

evaluates the general corrosive attack of a 

cleaner which can cause unacceptable 

dimensional changes in a metal surface: A 

number of specifications describe variations on 

this test (MIL-C-87936, AS1M F483). Metal 

cleaners for aluminum and aluminum alloys can 

be evaluated in accordance with AS1M D930. 

Cleaners for all other metals can be evaluated 

using AS1M D1280. For example, the test can 

be conducted by completely immersing a tared 

specimen into the test solution so that there is 

'DO air/Solution interface~ The specimen is 

allowed to sit undisturbed for 24 hours after 

which it is removed, · rinsed, dried, and 

reweighed.. Corrosion is measured as weight 

loss or gain. The amount of allowable loss 

should be predetermined depending on the kind 

of material a~d use, but should be restricted to 

a few milligrams. 

• Sandwich corrosion (AS1M FlllO) testing 

measures the corrosivity of a cleaner confined 

between fraying surfaces and periodically 

exposed to specified temperature and humidity 

conditions. 

o Hydrogen , embrittlement (AS1M F519-77) 

testing is conducted Jo determine if cleaners will 

adversely affect high strength steel. Testing can 

be conducted in accordance with AS1M F519, 

using both cadmium plated and unplated Type 

lA steel specimens. The specimens are 

subjected to 45 percent of their ultimate tensile 

strength while immersed in the test solution. 

The specimens must not brea~ for a minimum 

of 150 hours. 

• Accelerated testing involves the use · of 

. temperature, humidity, and chemical accelerants 

in environmental test chamoers. Optical and 

electron microscopy, Auger- electron 

spectroscopy' (AES), and ESCA are useful 

, analytical t~ols. 

Effect on ·subsequent Processes 

Since Cl~ning is an integral part of ~anufacturing 

processes, it is critical to examine cleaning 

effectiveness and the effect of cleaners on 

subsequent manufacturing steps. Process steps that 

may follow precision cleaning include: 

• Inspection. Inspections may be numerous, 

making speed and ease of handling of parts very 

important. Parts are cleaned to meet customer 

requirements and must be inspected to identify 

any defects. 

• Assembly. Assembly requires that parts be free 

from inorganic and organic cpntaminants. The · 

cleaning process· should leave the parts clean 

and dry, ready for assembly and/or subsequent 

finishing: 

"• Packaging. Final cleaning prepares parts for 

packing and shipping. Precision cleaning may 

not malCe sense if packaging contaminates the 

parts. 

·. 
' .... • Application of Protective Coatings. Cleaning is 

lised extensively before and after the application 

of protective and/or decorative finishes. For 

example, surfaces cleaned before painting, 

enameling, or lacquering, give better adhesion 

of finishes. Similarly, cleaning is used to 

remove large amounts of oil contamination, 

prior to electroplating and passivation of 

ferrous metaJ alloys, and anodizing and chemical 

conversion coating of aluminum. 

• Further Metal Working or Treatment. In ,many 

instances, parts must be prepared for 

subsequent operations such as welding, heat 

treating, or further machining. Cleaning 

between steps allows the operator to start eac~ 

new step with cleari, dry parts. Before heat 

treatment, all traces of processing oils should be 

removed from the surfaces, since their presence 

causes smoking, nonuniform ~ardening, and 

heat treatment discoloration on certain metals. 

Residual contaminants remaining on a surface 

during heat treatment can cause intergranular 

attack, which leads to stress corrosion or loss of 

fatigue strength. 

Potential residues remaining after cleaning with an 

alternative product or process mtis( be e~luated 

for their compatibility with subsequent processes. 

This is especially important in cleaning prior to 

nondestructive testing (ND1) inspection. 

Process Control 

Process control, is part of a quality assurance 

program. Precision cleaning operations must be 

controlled to maintain the required level of 

cleanliness. One example of good, process· control 

is checking cleaner solution concentration on a 

routine basis. Maintaining proper solution 

concentration by making small, frequent additions 

is much more effective than making a few large 

: additions. The proper automated chemical 

dispensing equipment, which can be activated by a 

timer or by conductivity of the solution, is a good 

method for control. 

29 

Throughput of the Cleaning Process 

Cleaning process throughput can be an important 

parameter, especiaftly if cleaning is part of a 

· , continuous productJion process. Some alternative 

' cleaning processes may have slower throughput 

due to optimized operations and special drying 

I stages. For examplle, if, a plant switches from a 

· solvent cleaning to aqueous cleaning process, it 

must allow more time for drying. This added 

I drying time reduces lthe throughput of the cleaning, 

and possibly manufacturing, process. If enough 

time is not given to dry parts, subsequent 

I operations can be adversely affected. For batch 

cleaning processes, throughput may not be critical. 

' Ease of New P1·ocess Installation 

The ease with whic:h a solvent cleaning process 

using CFC-113 or MCF can be converted to or 

replaced by an ,alte:rnative cleaning process will 

have a direct bearing on the choice of alternative. 

Issues associated with -the installation of the new 

I process include facility preparation, production/ 

service downtime, user awareness/education, 

qualification testing, and transition between the 

two processes. In some 'cases, the addition of 

wastew~~er treatment facilities may be necessary. 

Floor Space Requirements 

Equipment must be compatible witli the plan and 

space constraints oJ the facility's manufacturing 

floor. A new procc~ss might require rearranging 

~ubsequent processe:s to optimize the floor plan. 

In some cases, alternatives ~ake up more space 1 than solvent cleaning processes. For example, 

compared to a si:ngle vapor degreaser, most 

aqueous cleaning processes include a minimum of 

two wash/rinse tanr.s and a drying device. The 

result often is an increase in the amount of floor 

space required. However, some cabinet spray 

washers are designed to wash, rinse, and dry in the 

' same cabinet, thereby minimizing the need for 

multiple ~anks. Rea1;ranging existing equipment or 

installing a new process also may trigger additional 

permitting requirements. 
. ,, 

.. 

.. 

•' 

30 

' Operating and Maintenance 

Rf!qulre~ents 

Each new process may require a modification of 

cleaning procedures. In these cases, not only will. 

there be the need to develop and test the new 

procedures, but special operator t~ining may be· 

needed to familiarize operators with the proper 

techniques for.use with new cleaning technologies. 

Due to the fact that process parameters are 'likely 

to require more close control when substituting an 

alternative pro~, maintenance of process 

equipment on a regular basis is critical. For 

example, cleaning of spray nozzles is necessary to 

remove soil contamination, and pumps and valves 

should be checked regularly. 

In some alternative processes, as the concentration 

of soils in the cleaning solution increases, parts 

may leave the cleaning solution with unacceptable 

amounts of residual soil. Therefore, plan~ should 

consider ·monitoring solutions regularly, using 

filtration, and having a post-rinse/waSh step. , . 

Economic 

Process economics is a key factor in the selection 

of alternative processes. Initial costs associated 

with an alternative process include capital costs of 

equipment, possible costs associated .with waste. 

treatment/handling equipment and costs for permit· 

changes for ne\v construction or new operating· 

procedures. In addition, operating cost equations 

include material, labor, maintenance, and utility 

costs. Cost estimates for an alternative process can 

be developed through preliminary process design. 

One simple approach is to calculate net present 

value (NPV) based on the discount rate and period 

of investment your company uses. The NPV is 

•• calculated as follows, where (n) is the number of 

years, and (i) is the discount rate. 

NPV = Costf/1 + Cost

11(1 +i) + 

Cos~(l +i)2 + •.. + Costn/(1 +i)n 

While traditional economic considerations such as 

rate of return and payback period a!e important, 

the CFC-113 and MCF reduction program can be 

justified on a basis of environmental protection 

and solvent supply reliability. It is important to 

·recognize that the price of CFC-113 and MCF will 

continue to rise rapidly as the supplies are reduced 

and higher taxes are imposed.. Because of the 

considerable difference in ozone-depleting 

potential, the price increases of CFC-:113 and MCF 

will vary. The cost savings resulting from savings 

in solvent consumption should be included in all 

cost calculations. Many of the alternative 

processes can be much less expensive than the 

current CFC-113 and MCE processes being used,. 

Environmental, Health,. and 

Safety 

Important environment, health, and safety issues to 

consider when evaluating an alternative cleaning 

process include: 

• Compatibility with appropriate federa~ state, and 

local reguloJions. State and nocal regulations on 

ozone-depleting chemicals, VOCs, effluents of 

waste can be more stringent than their federal 

counterparts. For example, in the United 

States, some cities have taken steps to phase out 

ozone-depleting compounds (ODCs) more 

quickly than the U.S. Clean Air Act requires. 

Other areas have strict laws regulating the use 

of VOCs. In addition to · the phaseout 

requirements under the Clean Air Act, there are 

a number of provisions in effect that will also 

· impact the selection of · alternatives. These 

provisi,ons include Section 608: National 

Emissions Reduction Program, Section 610: 

Nonessential Products Containing 

Chlorofluorocarbons, Section 611: Labeling, 

and Section 612: Significant New Alternatives 

Policy. , These and other ,provisions must be 

considered before selecting alternatives. In 

Europe, "Best Available Technology (BAT)" 

guidelines have been developed in order to 

eontrol VOC emissions from solve~t cleaning 

processes. These guidelines outline 

recommended equipment design and operating 

practices for use iJ,l cold cleaning, vapor 

degreasing, and "in-line" cleaning., The 

guidelines also address treatment and disposal 

. ' 
.... 

of waste materials from solvent cleaning 

operations. This includes not only spent 

solvent, 'but contaminants such as solids and oils 

as well. 

• CompaJibility with regu/lltory trends. Since new 

environmental policy is emp~asizing pollution 

prevention and risk reduction, it is prudent to 

move to cleaner products and processes that are 

less polluting, less energy-intensive, less toxic, 

and less dependent on raw materials. 

' 

• Public perceptions. Legislation such as "right-toknow" laws. has proYided the public with more 

information about the chemicals used by specific 

plants and their associated risks. Public 

information has made plants more accountable 

to the concerns of neighboring communities. 

• Potential of altenuitives to contribute to ozone 

depletion and. global warming. Each potential 

alternative must be evaluated for its 

contribution to ozon~ depletion as w~ll as 

global warming. In most cases, it will be 

considered unacceptable to replace a high ozone 

depletor with a nonozone-depleting substance 

that has a high global warming potential 

(GWP). . The focus during the phaseout of 

ozone-depleting substances should be on finding 

substitutes that do not contribute significantly 

to other environmental problems. The U.S. 

EPA is evaluating the ozone-depleting potential 

(O~P) and GWP of alternatives as a part of its 

overall risk characterization under Sectiora/)12 

of the Clean Air Act. 

• Energy eff~eiency. As energy costs rise, it is 

important to consider th~ en,ergy requirements 

of each alternative. The energy efficiency of an 

alternative cleaning process will have direct 

impacts on both the cost of maintaining a 

process as well as on the environment via global 

warming concerns. Energy issues are being 

,. evaluated by the U.S. EPA as part ofthe overall 

risk characterization under Section 612 of the 

Clean Air Act. 

• Effects on emissions, e./]luenls, and wastes 

generated. Every alternative has different effects 

on water, air, and land pollution. It is 

preferable to eliminate environmental problems, 

rather than to transfer them from one medium 

to another. The phaseout of CFC-113 and 

- i 

31 

'MCF in cleaning operations will reduce or 

eliminate the need to dispose of spent solvent. 

However, processes such as aqueous cleaning, 

which are sometimes used in precision cleaning, 

will create large amounts of wastewater that 

may 'have to be treated before being discharged 

to a POTW. The emissipns, effluents, and 

waste s'rea~D:S of alternatives are being evaluated 

as part of the OV(!rall risk characte~tion that 

the U.S. EPA is ~conducting for Section 612 of 

the Clean Air Act. _ ' 

• VOC concerns. Limitations on VOC emissions 

may influence the selection of an alternative. In 

many areas, switching solvents requires 

repermitting and 1the adopti<?n of more stringent 

controls. In the U.S., for example, certain stateS 

have legislation that restricts the use of solvents 

that at:e VOCs. Some states also ban the use of 

certain substances (e.g., methylene chloride in 

New Jersey) because of possible toxic health 

effects. Application-specific exemptions and 

containment criteria may also exist, so VOC 

· regulatory provif;ions should be · researched · 

thoroughly. The air toxics provisions of the 

1990 Clean Air Act Amendments target 189 

ioxic air pollutanJts. Of these, 149 are organic 

compounds. 

• Toxicity and Work41r Safety. Alternatives should 

minimize occupational exposure to hazardous 

chemicals where P'Ossible. Exposure limits such 

as those determim:d by the Occupational Safety 

and Health Admiilistration (OSHA) in the U.S. 

should be coutsidered before selecting 

alternatives. The American Conference of 

Governmental and Industrial Hygienists also 

provides threshold limit values (TLVs) for 

different chemicals. Personal protective 

equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and 

shop aprons can be used to increase' worker 

safety. Work procedures and practices should 

be reviewed and modified to accommodate the 

properties of the alterna~.ive cleaner. A 

toxicologist should also be consulted if the 

· cleaner or cleaninJ~ process is new to the facility. 

As part of the ·Implementation strategy for 

Section 612 of the Clean Air Act Amendments, 

the U.S. EPA has initiated discussions with 

NIOSH, OSHA, and other govemmen~al and 

nongovernmental asso.ciations to develop a 

consensus process for establishing occupational 
, 

32 

. .... ~osure limits for the most significant 

substitute chemicals. 

• Flammability. Fire and explosion hazards are 

very imponant considerations. In some 

instances, changes in a material or process will 

require the review, of fire protection engineers 

and insurance carriers. Flammability should be 

evaluated and ~dequate. fire control measures 

implemented before switching to a cleaning 

process which involves potentially :flammable 

substances. Flammability is being evaluated as 

pan of the overall risk characterization that is 

being conducted by the U.S. EPA under Section 

612 of the Clean Air AcL 

. ' 

·. 
33 

' ' -

REVIEW OF THE PROGI:tAM 

The following sequence of activities should be performed to develop a maintenance cleaning 

program that eliminates the use of CFG-113 apd MCF in precision cleaning: 

• Determine where and why CFC-113 alCld methyl chloroform are consumed in 

precision cl~aning operations; · - -

• Characterize existing cleaning processes. This activity will help rev~al how 

precision cleaning integrates with other manufacturing processes and determine 

whether cleaning is necessary; . I 

I • 

• Characterize current solvent materia], process control methods, operating 

procedures, and disposal practices, and determine the sources of any solvent 

losses. This step will help identify "housekeeping" measures to reduce solvent 

consumption at little or no net cost fro the facility; 1 • 

I 

• Characterize the substrate materials being cleaned. This stf:p includes identifying 

the type and geometry of materials being cleaned; ' 

. • Characterize the sojls and their sources; and 

. • Establish criteria that must be considered before selecting an alternative cleaning 

process. These criteria inclupe organizational, policy, technical, economic, 

environmental, health, and safety issues. 

These steps will provide a plant with a better understat:tding of its cleaning needs, allow f<;>rthe elimination and/or consolidation of certain deaning operations, and develop a systematic · 

, procedure fc;>r selecting an alternative clealCling process. With this understanding, the next. 

· section describes some major alternative processes to solvent cleaning using CFC-113 and 

methyl chloroform. . · 

·. 

ALTERNATIVES TO 

CHLOROFORM 

A number of alternative cleaning processes and 

alternative solvents to eliminate CFC-113 and 

MCF are now available for precision cleaning 

operations. The choice of an alternative depends 

on a variety of factors, including the cleanliness 

required and economic, technical, health, safety, 

and environmental issues. 

It may also be possible to reduce and/or eliminate 

deposition 'of soils which require cleaning, allowing 

the use of a less aggressive cleaning method. 

Therefore, the conversion to an alternative 

cleaning process may be made simpler ~y 

evaluating the ability to reduce contam~ation. 

The following sections describe the major 

advantages, disadvantages, and key process details 

associated with the most promisi~g alte~atives. 

Provision of this material in no way constitutes -

EPA or ICOLP recommendation or approval of 

any company or specific offering. These 

technologies should be evaluated on a case-by-ca8e 

hasis. A list of vendors and references at the end 

of this manual may be a useful additional source of 

information. The following alternatives are 

addressed in this manual: 

35 

CF=C-113 "-AIND METHYL ' i 

, "Good Houseke(:ping" Practices 

Alternative Clea111ing P.rocesses: 

• Aqueous 

• Semi-Aque0111S 

• Pressurized Gases 

• Supercritical Fluids 

• Gas Plasma Cleaning 

• Ultraviolet/Ozone 

• · C02 Snow 

Alternative Solve:nts: 

• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 

• Perfluorocarbons 

• Alco·'ol Cleaning with 

Pertluorocarbon 

• Hydroc~loroJfluorocarbons 

• N-Methyl:2-l'yrrolidone 

0 Othe,r Organic Solvents 

• Other Chlorinated Solvents 

I 

• Volatile Metillyl Siloxanes 

--
36 
, 

37 

.. GOOD HOUSEKEEPIN(;•i PRACTICES 

As ·previously mention~, one of the primary 

components of a successful phaseout strategy is the 

identification of uses of the solvent to be 

eliminated. An accurate picture of solvent usage 

will allow the phaseout team to focus itS efforts on 

those areas where large quantities of selvent are 

used and where alternatives are readily available. 

This solvent use characterization can also be, used 

to decrease consumption' immediately through the 

classification of uses as either, legitimate and 

improper uses. 

Many of the precision cleaning applications in 

which CFC-113 and MCF are being used are 

neither necessary nor intended uses. When these 

substances were introduced to plants years ago, 

they were intended for specific applications. 

However, their excellent cleaning ability, coupled 

with the availability of these solvents, often 

resulted in their extensive use. 

One method of significantly reducing a plant's 

usage of CFC-113, and especially MCF, is the 

·implementation of "good housekeeping" measures. 

These measures should be designed to limit use of 

these substances to applications for which they are 

intended, and to eliminate their use in other 

convenience applications. The first step in this 

"good housekeeping" procedure is to identify all 

uses of the solvents. 

Use of CFC-113 and MCF should be evaluated 

using surveys, shop inspections, and whatever 

additional means are necessary. The resulting data 

should be cataloged so that it can be compared 

with future data. Computerizing the cataloging 

system may make tracking usage patterns easier in 

.- the long run. 

Once the survey of current uses is completed, the 

solvent substitution team should evaluate each of 

the uses to determine whether or not the solvent 

being used was intended for use in that 

application. In cases where it is decided that the 

solvent was not meant to be used in a 'specific 

application, this usage should be eliminated 

immedia~ely and replaced with the originally ' 

I 

I·, 

intended solvent or cleaning process. 

Investigations should also be conducted to learn 

bow CFC113 or MCF came to be used for the 

unintended application. The results of this 

investigation sboul~ help to preven\ the same 

problem from occurring in other applications or 

witli other cbemical\s. 

After the cataloging system is in place, 

arrangements can be made to monitor and log all 

future purchases and dispersements of CFC-113, 

MCF, and all other :solvents. Several players in the 

airline industry, using an approach such as this, 

have bad substantial success in controlling their 

consumption not only of ozone-depleting solvents, 

but of other solvents as well, thereby experienCing 

significant cost savings. One major airline in 

Europe bas reporte:d a reduction in CFC-113 and 

MCF u8age ofniore than 50 percent through "good 

housekeeping" measures alone. 

~. 
38 
AQUEOUS CLEANING 

Aqueous cleaners use water as the primary s~lvent. 

They often incorporate surfactants and builders 

with special additives such as pH buffers, corrosion 

. inhibitors, chelates, saponifiers, emulsifiers, 

deflocculants, complexing agents, antifoaming 

agents, and other materials. These ingredients cap 

be formulated, blended, and concentrated in 

varying degrees to accommodat~ the user's cleaning 

needs. Exhibit 6 _ presents an overview of the 

advantages and disadvantages of aqueous cleaning. 

' . Process Chemistry 

Aqueous cleaners, are made up' of three basic 

components: (1) the builders which make up the 

largest portion of the cleaner and create stable soil 

emulsions once soils are removed from a surface, 

(2) the organic and inorganic additives which 

promote cleaning and cleaner ~tability, and (3) the 

surfa~tants and wetting agents which are the key 

constituents and remove or displace soils from 

surfaces and initiate the emulsification process. As 

noted earlier, being able to tailor the cleaner 

formulation gives aqueous cleaning great flexibility. 

Molecular structure, which has significant effects 

on the properties, can be varied over a wide range. 

For example, the number of carbons on the 

molecule (whether straight chain, branched chain, 

or ring structure) and the ratio of the hydrophilic 

to hydrophobic moiety can be tailored to achieve 

the desired cleaning requirements. 

Bui/Jlers are the alkaline salts in aqueous cleaners. 

They are usually a blend selected from the 

following groups: alkali metal orthophosphates, 

pyrophosphates, and condensed phosphates, alkali 

"' metal hydroxides, silicates, carbonates 

bicarbonates, and borates. A blend of two or mor~ builders is typically used in aqueous cleaners. _ 

Although phosphates are the best overall builders, 

discharge of cleaning solutions containing 

phosphates is .often subject to environmental 

regulations, thereby limiting their use. Chelating 

agents such as the sodium salt of ethylenediamine 

39 

tetra acetic acid (EDTA), the trisodium salt of 

-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and gluconates used 

with other builders can be employed instead of 

phosphates. Silicates are sometimes difficult to 

rinse and may cause! tt:ouble in subs~uent plating 

and painting operations if not completely removed. 

They may also caus,e fouling in process equipment 

such as filters and pumps. Hydroxides are effective 

on difficult soils. Tl!ley saponify effectively because 

of their high pH. Carbonates are an inexpensive 

alkaline source but less effective than phosphates. 

L' Additives . are eilther organic or inorganic 

compounds that provide additional cleaning or 

surface modifications. Glycols, glycol ethers, 

chelating agents, and polyvaleni metal salts are 

common additives. 

Surfactants are organic compounds that provide 

detergency, emulsification! and wetting in alkaline 

cleaners. Surfactants are unique because of their 

characteristic cl!emical structure. They have two 

distinct structural components attached together as 

a single molecule. A hydrophobic half has little 

attraction for the solvent (water) and is insoluble. 

The other half is hydrophilic and is polar, having 

a strong attraction for the solvent (water) which 

· carries the molecule into solutio'l. Their unique 

chemical structure provides high affinity for surface 

adsorption. Surfac:tants are classified as anionic, 

cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic (amphoteric). 

Surfactants most useful in metal cleaning are 

anionic and nonicmic. The use of surfactants 

reduces the surface tension of water, allowing the 

water to penetrate into tightly spaced areas where 

it could not otherwise reach. ' 

The use of a nonfoaming cleaner is extremely 

important in allkaline cleaning applications 

performed using .a spray technique. 

Nonionic surfactan1t is generally the only type of 

surfactant that results in minimum foaming and 

provides good detc!rgency. Therefore, it is often 

used in spray applkation~. All types of surfactants 

can be used for immersion cleaning, although 

cationic surfactants are rarely used. 
40 

II 

, 

; , 

' 

Exhibit 6 

AQUEOUS CLEANING 

ADVANTAGES 

Aqueous cleaning has several advantages over orgamc 

solvent cleaning. 

• Safety -AqUeous systems have fewer worker safety 

problems compared to many solvents. They are not 

fbmmable or explosive. Consult material safety 

data sheets for information on health and safety. 

' . • Cleaning - Aqueous systems can be designed to 

• 

clean particles and films better than solvents. 

Flexibility - Aqueous systems have multiple 

degrees-of-freedom in process design, formulation 

and copcentration. This freedom helps aqueous 

cleaning provide superior cleaning for a wider 

variety or contamination. 

• Removal of Inorganic or Polar Soils - Aqueous 

cleaning is particularly good for cleaning inorganic 

or polar materials. Many machine shops are using 

water-based lubricants and coolants to replace oilbased lubricants for environmental and other 

reasons. Water-based lubricants are well suited to 

aqueous cleaning processes. 

• • Oil and Grease Removal - Organic films, oils, and 

~ can be effectively removed by aqueous 

chemistry. 

• Multiple Cleaning Mechanism - Aqueous cleaning 

(unctions by several mechanisms rather than just 

dissolution. These include saj:Kmification (chemical 

reaction), displAcement, emulsification, diSpersion, 

and others. Particles are effectively removed by 

surface activity coupled with the application of 

mechanical energy. 

• Ultrasonics Applicability - Ultrasonics are much 

more effective in water-based solvents than m CFC113 or MCF solvents. · 

• Material and Waste Disposal Cost - Aqueous 

cleaning solutions are generally less expensive than 

solvents and, when properly handled, will reduce 

waste disposal costs. 

DISADVANTAGES 

Depending upon the specific cleanmg applicatiqn.there are 

also dJSadvantages. 

• Cleamng Difficulty Parts with blind boles, small 

crevices, and tubmg may ~e difficult to clean and/or dry, 

and may require process optimization. -

Process Control -- Solvent cleaning is a very forgMng 

process. To be effectiVe, aqueous processes requ1re 

careful engineering and control. 

• Rinsing - Some aqueous cleaner residues, particularly 

from surfactants, can be difficult to nnse. Trace residues 

may be detrimental for some applications and matenals. 

SpecJal caution should be taken for parts requinng 

subsequent vacuum deposition, liquid oxygen contact, etc. 

_!Unsing can be Improved usmg Dl water or alcohol nnse. 

• Drymg -- It may be dJfficult to dry certam part 

geometnes WJth crevices and blind boles. Drymg 

equipment 1s often requ1red. 

• Floor Space -- In some mstances aqueous cleamng 

equipment may require more floor space. 

• Capital Cost -- In some cases, new facilities will need to 

be constructed. ' 

• Material Compatibility - Corrosion of metals or delayed 

environmental stress crackmg of certam polymers may 

occur. 

• Water -- In some apphcatlons h1gh punty water JS needed. 

Pure water can be expensive. 

• Energy Consumption -- Energy consumption may be 

h1gher than solvent cleaning if applications requ1re heated 

nnse and drymg stages. ' 

• Wastewater D1sposal -- In some mstances, wastewater 

may require treatment pnor to discharge. 

/ 

·. 
.. 

... 

Process Equipment 

Typical aqueous cleaning equipment can be 

classified into two general categories: in-line and 

batch. . In-line equipment is generally highly. 

automated and allows for·oontinuous processing of 

. the product being cleaned. Batch cleaning requires 

that. operators load and unload the cleaning 

eqwpment after each cycle is completed. Given 

equal cleaning cycle times, in-line cleaners allow 

for a significantly higher throughput than ·batch 

cleaners. 

The in-line and batch equipment can be further 

classified according to the method by which the 

cleaner is applied to the part to be cleaned. The 

!hree ~asic methods of aqueous cleaning are 

ImmersiOn, spray, and ultrasonic. Exhibit 7 

p~esents an overview of the advantages and 

diSadvantages of these three types of equipment. 

Immersion equipment cleans by immersing parts in 

an aqueous solution and using agitation or heat to 

displace and float away contaminants. Agitation 

can be ~ither mechanical or ultrasonic. 

Spray equipment cleans parts wiJh a solution 

spra~ed at medium-to-high pressure. Spray 

pressure can vary from as low as 2 psi to 400 psi or 

more. In general, higher spray pressure is more 

effective in removin_g soil from metal surfaces. 

Aqueous cleaners that are specifically designed for· 

spray application are prepared with low foaming 

·detergents. · · 

The spray design should be able to reach all part 

surfaces by mechanically manipulating the part or 

the s~ray nozzl~. Although spray cleaning is 

effective on a Wide variety of parts, some part 

configurations may be difficult to clean using 

current!~ availa~le spray technology. For example, 

parts With capillary spaces and blind holes may 

trap low surface tension cleaning solutions. This 

·· is P?rti~ularly a co!'cern in precision cleaning 

?PPhcations. Sometimes, high velocity sprays can 

Impr~ve the flushing action to remove the cleaning 

solution. However, in other cases, immersion 

cleaning may be more effective. / 

A number of disk drive and aerospace 

manufacturers currently use high velocity sprays for 

critical cleaning. It has been found that these 

41 

.sprays are effectiv<~ in removing .surface active 1 agents when high purity water is used, and when 

the sprays have an increased turbulent layer and 

reduced laminar sublayer. , · 

A high pressure spray is an effective final rinse 

step. . . Pressur~ ~nay range from lQO psi in 

noncntical applicahons to 500 - 2000 psi in critical 

applicatipns. Optimiza~ion of nozzle design such 

as spray pattern, drop size and formation 

. ,pressure~elocity, and yolume have a ·major impac; 

, on effectiveness. A final spray is much cleaner 

than a~ immersion rinse, since the water spray 

contactmg the part c:an ·be highly pure and filtered. 

Ultrasonics equipment works well with water-based 

processes. Because the cavitation efficiency is 

higher for water tha.n for CFC-113 and MCF, the 

1 

removal of particles from surfaces is usualiy more 

effective in aqueous versus organic solvent media. 

A plant should exeJrcise .caution in the design of 

the cleaning process to insure that cavitation 

erosion of part surfaces is not a problem. Certain 

, part geometries an: also sensitive to ultrasonic 

agitation. 

' It is important to optimize system operations 

when using ultrasonic · systems. The current 

industry practice is to use a 40 kHz operating 

frequency for delicate operations: Since good 

ultrasonic cleaners have few standing waves 

reflection from the surface and the walls is a~ important considera1tion. The number of parts and 

their orientation to walls, fixtures, and other ?arts 

will impact cleaning performance. 

The fixtures on the ultrasonic equipment should be 

lo~ m?ss, lo~·surface energy, and nonabsorbing 

1 cavttauon reststant material such as a stainless 

steel wire frame. Avoid using plastics for fixtures 

because of leaching a.nd absorption of soni~ energy. 

Both ultrasonic and spray equipment can be used 

together to great advantage, ~pecially in rinsing.·· 

Low pr~sure ( 40-80 psi) spray at relatively high 1 volumes ts good for initial rinsing. It is critical to 1 keep the part wet at all times prior to final drying. 

A secondary immersion-ultrasonic rinse is 

especially useful for parts with complex geometry 

or blind holes. · _ · 
42 

.... 

- - - -

Exhibit 7 

AQUEOUS CLEANING PROCESS EQUIPMEN1" 

IMMERSION WITH IMMERSION 

ULTRASONIC WITH MECHANICAL 

AGITATION; AGITATION SPRAY WASHER 

ADVANTAGES 

. High lever of cleanliness; Cleans complex parts , High level of cleanliness 

cleans complex parts/ .and configurations 

configurations · Inexpensive 

Will flush out chips 

Can be automated Will flush out chips 

Usable with parts on 

Simple to operate 

Simple to operate 

trays Usable with parts on , , trays High volume 

Low. maintenance 

Can use existing vapor Spray unit may be 

May be performed at degreasing equipment portable 

ambient temperature with some modifications.' 

DISADVANTAGES 

High cost Requires rinse water for Requires rinse water for 

Requires rinse water for 

some applications some applications 

some applications Harder to automate Not effective in cleaning 

Requires new basket Requires proper part 

complex parts 

, design orientation and/or May require separate 

changes while in solution dryer 

, : Limits part size and tank ~ volumes May require separate 

May require separate 

dryer 

dryer 
\ 

, 

Ef(ective ' rinsing is a key part of aqueous cleaning 

in precision applications. Residues of water-based 

cleaning media, such as synthetic detergents, 

surfactants, and additives, may have a detrimental 

effect on component performance and reliability. 

Elements such as sodium and sulfur are common 

synthetic detergent materials th:at may remain on 

surfaces. Substances such as phosphorus, calcium, 

magnesium, chlorides, hydrocarbon films, amines, 

and nitrates are also potential residues of aqueousbased systems-. Rinsing is particularly critical in 

parts with capillaries or complex geometry, where 

aqueous cleaning solutions might easily be trapped. 

In some instances final rinsing with DI water or an 

alcohol, such as isopropanol; can remove residues 

and prevent water spots. 

Process Details 

The aqueous cleaning procedure used in precision 

cleaning consists of three general process steps: 

• Wash Stage 

• Rinse Stage 

• Dry Stage 

Exhibit 8 provides a conceptual diagram of the 

different stages that make up the aqueous cleaning 

process. The following is a description of the 

three stages. _ 

Wash Stage. ~e 'Yash stage in an aqueous 

cleaning process refers to , the application of a 

water-based cleaner, often containing detergents 

and surfactants. The method of cleaner 

application is primarily dependent on the part or 

surfact? being cleaned. -

Relatively small assemblies may be immersed in a 

tank which contains the clean_ing agent. Often this 

' solution will be heated to improve cleaning. If 

immersion tanks are used, contamination build-up 

in the cleaning solution must be monitored. When 

the level of contamination beco111es too high, the 

cleaner should be treated and reused or disposed 

of. Parts which are too large for immersion tanks 

may be cleaned using a hand-held wand-type spray 

washer. 

43 

Rinse Stage. In th1i:\ rinse stage of the aqueous 

, cleaning process, all of the cleaning solution 1 • applied during the wash stage is removed from the 

' . part being cleaned. As the cleaner is removed, all 

: . of the contaminants which have been displaced 

I and/or solubilized a1;e also removed from the part. 

The rinse is often performed using water with n'o 

additives or, in some cases, deionized water. 

However, rinse aids are sometimes added to water 

1 to cause the water to form a sheet rather than 

I "bead up." This sllleeting action reduces water 

_ , spots and aids in quicker, more uniform drying. \ 

I The rinse processes used (n precision cleaning .are 

identi~l to those e~mployed in the wash stage - 1 immersion or spray. In some cases, several rinse 

stages are required. 

Dry Stage. The dry stage is a vital part of an 

aqueous cleaning process. For simple parts, drying 

may be relatively j~y, but for complex parts, 

drying is often' more: difficult. 

There 'fire several drying methods· currently 

employed after the aqueous cleaning of parts. The 

first is the use of a drying oven. These units 

: evaporate excess water through the application of 

; heat and can accommodate a wide variety of parts. 

The second drying option is a manual wipe with a 

dry cloth or mop to absorb the excess water from 

the clean part. This method is not adequate for 1 parts with small crevices and/or closely spaced 

components since a cloth or mop may not be able 1 to fit into the small spaces where water may be 

1 trapped. A third method for removing excess 

water is through fon:ed air drying. In this method, 

hot air is blown onto the cleaned part to force 

water off the part. Applicati9ns where the air is 

blown at an angle of approximately 45° are known 

as air knives. A fourth method for drying parts 

after cleaning is the use of dewatering oils. These 

oils, when placed on a cleaned surface, displace_ 

moisture and provide a thin film preservative on 

1 the part. As an alternative tq these four drying • 

I methods, some plants choose to let the cleaned 

1 

parts dry in air. Given enough drying time, all 

1 residual water should evaporate, leaving a clean, 

dry part. However, air drying increases the risk of 

I corrosion and may leave residual salts from 

evaporation on the •component. 

I 

I I 

If the forced air drying ~ethod is used,· compact 

turbine blowers with filtered outputs may be used 

·. 
.. 

.. . .. 

,. 

44 

Exhibit8 

CONFIGURATION OF AQUEOUS CLEANING·PROCESS 

Patts'trom 

'MinUfacturlng 

Proceaa 

Wah Rinse 

Stage:· Stage: 

._.~ Heated Detergent Water: 

SOlution 

Recirculation: 

Altering, Skimming 

Solution: Spray, Spray, Immersion 

lrncnaralon 

' Ultnlsonics, etc. 

Dryer: 

Room Temp Nr 

or Heated Nr 

Cleaned 

1-..... Parts Ready 

for Continued 

Production 

.__ __ P_er_l_od_l_c_R_em_o_va_I __ ___.H WateTreatment ~~ 

Source: EPA 1989 F4JIIIMo1 

.. 

I 
/ 

... as . a source of air. Blowers are capable of 

removing 90 percent or more of water from parts. 

Design options in blowers include variation of 

pressure, velocity, and volume flow. Other sources 

of air include dedicated compressors and plant air. 

Plants should use filters to remove -oil, particles, 

and moisture to achieve the desired level of air 

quality. When using the forced air drying method, 

issues such as _noise, humidity, and air conditioning 

may have to be considered. 

Regardless of the drying method selected, a plant 

should test the method's effectiveness before it is 

implemented. 

_Other Process Details 

The foll~wing are additional process details that 

will influence a facility's decision regarding the 

feasibility of aqueous cleaning. 

Removal of Cleaning Fluids. Care should be taken 

to prevent cleaning fluids from becoming trapped 

in holes and capillary spaces. Low surface ten~ion 

cleaners sometimes penetrate spaces and are not 

easily displaced by a higher surface tension, pure 

water rinse. Penetration into small spaces is a ~ 

function of both surface tension and capillary 

forces. 

Improving Process ControL Water-based cleaning is 

sometimes not as forgiving as CFC-113 and MCF 

cleaning. A plant may have to experiment with , 

process control in order to achieve optimal 

washing with aqueous cleaning. Different 

parameters that may need to be varied include 

bath 'temperatures, pH, agitation, rinse water 

quality, and cleaning bath quality. Parts can be 

inspected for cleanliness using tests such as the 

Contact Angle test or ASTM-F24 test, as described 

in the Technical section of the Methodology for 

Selecting an Alternative Cleaning Process. . - Wastewater Issues. · One of the major drawbacks 

associated with the use of aqueous cleaning is the 

fact that wastewater. treatment may be required 

prior to discharging spent cleaner and rinse water. 

In some applications the cleaning bath is changed 

infrequently and a relatively low volume of 

wastewater is discharged. In others, the water can 

be evaporated to leave only a small volume of 

45 

, concentrated waste for recycling. Plants that make 1 , extensive_ use of .aqueous cleaning may find 1 themselves with substantial wastewater treatment 

needs. Facilities considering a switch to aqueous 

I cleaning should consult with their local water • 

authorities to determine the need for pretreatment of wastewater prior to discharge. 

Wastewater minimization and treatment is 

'discussed in further detail later in this manual. 

Water Recycling. Re:cycling or regeneration of the 

cleaner/detergent solution is feasible and should be 

1 considered. This c::an be accomplished using a 

r combination of oil sltimming techniques, coalescing 

separators, and membrane filtration (ceramic or 

polypropylene membranes). Vendors of aqueous 

cleaners sometimes pick-up spent cleaner from 

customers, recycle it, and re-sell it. 

/ 
46 
, 

•I 

47 

' . ' -

SEMI-AQUEOUS CLEANING 

Semi-aqueous cleaning involves the use of a 

, nonwater-based cleaner with a water rinse. While 

it is most frequently used in metal cleaning, it is 

also used in electronics and preCision cleaning. 

Semi-~queous cleaners can consist of a wide variety 

of chemical constituents. Examples of semiaqueous cleaning formulations are 

hydrocarbon/surfactant mixtures, alcohol blends, 

terpenes, and petroleum distillates. 

The advantages of semi-aqueous ~leaning solutions 

include the follo\Ying: 

• Good cleaning ability; typically superior to 

aqueous cleaning for heavy grease, tar, waxes, 

and hard-to-remov~ soils; 

• Compatible with most metals and plastics; 

• Suppressed vapor pressure (especially if used in 

emulsified forin); 

• Non-alkalinity of' process prevents etching of 

metals,_thus helping to keep metals out of the 

waste stream -and minimizing potential adverse 

impact to the ·substrate; 

• Reduced evaporative loss; 

• Potential decrease in solvent purchase cost; 

• A rust inhibitor can be included in the 

formulation to protect parts from rusting. 

Drawbacks associated with the use of semi-aqueous 

cleaning processes include: 

• Rinsability problems; thus residues may remain 

on the part; 

• Disposal of spent solvent after water recycling 

may increase costs; 

• Flammability concerns, particularly if a 

concentrated cleaner is used in a spray 

application. -However, the flammability issue 

can be solved with proper equipment design; 

• Some cleaners have objectionable odors; 

• Some of the cleaners are VOCs; 

• Drying equipmen.t ~ay be required in some 

applications; 

• Some cleaners can auto-oxidize in the presence 

of air. One example of such a cleaner is dlimonene (~ terpene hydrocarbon isomer). This 

can be reduced using an antioxidant ~ddi~ive; 

• Some constituent£, pose potential exposure risks 

to workers. For e};ample, ethylene. glycol methyl 

ether has displayed evidence of potential risk in 

laboratory animaLs. 

Process Equipment 

-

The equipment nonnally used in a typical semiaqueous cleaning process is similar to that used in 

aqueous applicatioru.: immersion equipment and 

1 spray equipment. 

While equipment that has been designed 

specifically for use with concentrated semi-aqueous 

cleaners is available, some vapor degreasing units 

' can be modified to bt~me immersion wash tanks. 

Howev~r, rinse tanks are usually also required. 

Immersion equipment is still the simplest method 

of cleaning parts. The primary distinction of semi-

' aqueous immersio111 cleaning from aqueous 

1 immersion cleaning is that, due to. the high 

· solvency of hydroc~ubon/surfactant blends, less 

mechanical energy may be required to achieve a 

satisfactory 'level of cleanlin~s. However, to · 

achieve a higher level of cleanliness, agitation must 

be added to the process, either mechanically or 

' wit~ ultrasonics, or the cleaning solution must be 

heated. 

As with aqueous cle~nning, a mechanical spray can 

, improve the cleaning performance of the semiaqueous cle;aning solution. It is important to note 

·. 
·. 

48 

that, if a spray is used' with a concentrated 

hydrocarbon/surfactant blend, the atomized 

solution is prone to combustion and special care 

must be taken to prevent fire risks. One such 

prevention measure is the use of a nitrogen 

blanket which displaces oxygen from the spray 

chamber, thereby reducintffire risk. 

One semi-aqueous cleaning option,. called "sprayunder immersion," combines both immersion and 

spray cleaning techniques. In this equipment, high 

pressu!e spray nozzles are placed below the surface 

of the liquid. This prevents the formation of 

atomized solution and decreases risk associated 

with flammability. Workpiece mmiement may also 

be used to enhance cleaning without increasing the 

flammability hazard of the semi-aqueous cleaner. 

Process Details 

Just as the equipment used in semi-aqueous 

cleaning processes is similar to that used in 

aqueous cleaning, so tpo are the cleaning stages. 

The semi-aqueous cleaning process consists of a 

w:lSh stage, a rinse stage, and a dry stage. Exhibit 

9 shows a schematic for a typical semi-aquoous 

cleaning process. 

There are two primary differences between the 

aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning processes. The 

first is the cleaner which is used in the wash stage. 

As mentioned, rather than the simple detergent 

and water mixtm-e used in aqueous cleaning, semiaqueous processes make use of any one of a 

number of cleaning agents, including hydrocarbons, 

ulc:ohuls. and terpenes. 

The cleaner is applied to the part being cleaned 

using some form of mechanical energy. As 

mentioned, however, due to the fact that semiaqueous cleaners generally havl? higher solvency 

power than aqueous cleaners, less mechanical 

~energy is usually needed to achieve an acceptable 

level of cleanliness. 

Low flash point hydrocarbon/surfactant cleaners 

are generally not heated; 'however, some are 

slightly warmed when the cleaner is used in a 

diluted form. .High flash point hydrocarbon/ 

surfactant cleaners may be heated to within 20 to 

30"F (-7 to -1°C) of their flash point to remove 

difficult soils. When ·using clea~ers that are 

ignitable, it is best to apply them using methods 

that do not mist such as spray-under immersion or 

ultrasonics. If the cleaners are used in vapor- or 

spray cleaning, they should be used with an inert 

atmosphere or other protective equipment. 

Th~ second difference between the aqueous and 

semi-aqueous cleaning process liies in the addition 

of a second, emulsion wash stage after the initial 

wash and before the ri~se. In this stage, the part 

is immersed in an emulsion which further cleans 

the part and helps to.remove soils from the part's 

surface. This step results in less contamination of 

the rinsewater, making recycling of the rinsewater · 

easier than it would be otherwise. The emulsion , 

cleaner is sent to a decanter where the soils are 

removed from the cleaner. The cleaner can then 

be reused in the emulsion wash. / 

A rinse with clean water removes the residues left 

' by the wash step(s). The rinse step is necessary 

when concentrated cleaners are used because of 

their low volatility (which prevent them from 

evaporating from the parts cleaned in the wash 

, stage). However, the rinse step may not be 

necessary when a dilute hydrocarbon emulsion is 

used, provided the level of cleanliness needed does 

not require removal of the residue from the wash 

stage. In ' some instances, a fast evaporating 

alcohol is used as a final rinse st~p. The rinse step 

may also serve as a finishing process and, in some 

instances, is used to apply rust inhibitors to the 

parts. 

The drying step serves the same function as in 

aqueous cleaning. The removal of excess 'water 

from the part prepares it for further processing 

and prevents it from rusting. The same types of 

drying methods used in aqueous cleaning -- heat; 

forced air, manual wipe, dewatering oils, ambient 

air drying are also used in semi-aqueous 

processes. 

Another similarity between a(}ueous and semiaqueous processes is the possible need for 

_ wastewater treatment. In order to avoid processing 

excessive quantities of wastewater, some plants may 

choose to recycle their spent cleaners. Some 

currently available semi-aqueous cleaners can be 

easily separated from the rinse water. This allows 

the rinse water to be recycled or reused. The 

waste cleaner can then be burned as fuel. 

t 
' 

. " 

, 

Parts to 

beet.ned 

I 

Exh:ibit 9 

SEMI-AQUEOU~S PROCESS FOR 

IMMISC~BLE HYDRC)CARBON SIOLVENT 

Hydrocllrbonl -

. Surfactant 

Wah Stage 

-

Emulsion 

Rl ... 

Hydrocarbon/ ........... -.,._......., 

Rl ... lkyer 

Forcnd Hot Air 

CINned 

Parts 

Surfllctant ,...-L-----..., 

Reuse 

Dispose or 

Recycle 

0ao• Loop water 

T...rm.nt 

~._------·--~--~ G)a.w•• TI'Mtm.ntor 

{DDirectto Dnlln 

F4711M-2 

~----------------------------------------------------------~ 

I ~ I 

' 
50 
PRESSURIZED GASES 

When removing particulate contamination, 

pressurized gases can serve as an alternative to 

cleaning with CFC-113 and MCF. Gases that are 

typically used include air, rare gases, carbon 

dioxide, chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), and 

nitrogen. These gases, which may be stored at 

room temperature, are readily available in bulk 

and smaller quantities, and in numerous grades of 

purity. 

Depending upon the pressurized gas that is used in 

the cleaning application, the advantages of cleaning 

with pressurized gases may include the following: 

• Low viscosity 

• Low toxicity 

• High diffusitivity 

• Nonflammability 

• Low capital cost 

The drawbacks associated with the use of 

pressurized gases may include: 

• I .ow density 

• High pressure (may cause rupturing of seals) 

• Often not effective for removing microscopic 

particles 

• May not be appropriate for -cleaning some 

critical components. 

Process Chemistry 

Air. Dry air is produced using ordinary air by 

removing hydrocarbons through oxidation. Carbon 

dioxide is removed from the air, and the air is then 

compressed and dried. 

51 

Clean dry air may be economically produced from 

pressurized air in-bouse. Specifically designed 

diaphragms and other noncontaminating pumps 

are available for tlllis -purpose. High efficiency 

filters, drying agents,, and other equipment are also I useful. · · 

' Rare Gases. Helium, --neon, argon, krypton, and 

xenon are all rare gases. Unlike air, which reacts 

1 with many substan1oos du.e_ to its high oxygen 

1 content, rare earth gases are noted for their 

extreme chemical inactivity. These monatomic 1 gases are obtained by fractionation of liquid air. 

Argon, the most abundant of the rare earth gases, 1 is commercially available in cylinders ranging from 

1,775 to 6,000 psig 2lt 2l.l 0C.' Argon is not toxic, 

but is an asphyxiant. 

A problem inherent in cleaning with high pressure 

gases is the development of static charges. 

Ionizing guns are. available from clean room 

equipment suppliers ·that can alleviate this 

problem. 

1 

Car~on Dioxide. , Q~rbo~ dioxide, whic~ can be 

recovered from a number of processes, is colorless, 

I- odorless, nonflammable, and slightly acidic. When 

1 used in pressurized deaning, carbon dioxide does 

not contribute to global warming since its primary 

source is the air itself. 

i I 

The gas is stable under most conditions, but will 

dissociate into carbon dioxide and carbon 

monoxide in the pre.sence of free carbon at high 

temperatures. For example, at l000°C, the 

I equilibrium ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon 

monoxide is 0.7 percent to 99.3 percent. 

Above the critical te:mperature of -31°C, all solid 

carbon dioxide convc~rts to a gas. The gas can be 

shipped under its ovm vapor pressure of 830 psig 

at 21.1°C. Care must be taken when handling 

carbon dioxide because it is an asphyxiant, and 

1 cumulative amounts of th~ gas are poisonous. 
, 

52 

!fO::C-22. Chlorodifluoromethane, or HCFC-22, 

1S colorless and nonflammable. Continued 

flooding of localized areas with liquid l-ICFC-22 

causes rapid chilling, which helps to remove more 

tenacious contaminants. 

At high temperatures, various metals may catalyze 

decomposition of HCFC-22. Silver is the most 

reactive with HCFC-22, followed by brass, broi"tte, 

' ,aluminum, 1340 steel, copper, nickel, 18-8 stainless 

steel, and inconel. Magnesium and aluminum 

alloys with 2 percent or more magnesium are also 

particularly reactive with HCFC-22 in the presence 

of water. Natural rubber may also become swollen 

and degraded by the solvent. 

HCFC-22 is often shipped as a liquified gas under 

its own pressure of 123'psig at 21.1°C. The gas is 

available in bulk and small disposable cans. Direct 

cuntact with liquid HCFC-22 may cause frostbite. 

The gas is considered to be nontoxic, but high 

concentrations can produce dizziness, narcosis, and 

nausea. 

HCFC-22 has an .ozone depletion potential (ODP) 

uf U.OS. In comparison, MCF and CFC-113 have 

OOPs ofO.l and 0.8 respectively. Because HCFC22 is an ozone-depleting chemical, it's use is slated 

fur reduction and elimination by the year 2030 

under the 1992 amendments to the Montreal 

Protocol. The solvent is also subject to production 

c:nntrol requirements under the Clean Air Act 

Amendments of 199{}. Therefore, while HCFC-22 

may he a Viable short-term substitute to CFC-113 

ur MCF, its long-term use is limited. 

Tn reduce the health and environmental impacts of 

HCFC-22, a plant should take measures to reduce 

emissions during use. · . Nilrogen. Nitrogen can react with hydrogen, 

nxygen, and some metals at elevated temperatures. 

Reactive m~tals include calcium, barium, and 

,magnesium. A very reactive form of nitrogen, 

called active nitrogen, is produced when it is 

passed through a glow discharge at low pressure. 

Active nitrogen combines with mercury, arsenic, 

7jnc, calcium, sodium, phosphorous, and sulphur to 

pmduce nitrides. 

Equipment Considerations 

Typically, clean, dry, inert gas or air is fed to a 

pressurized gas gun at 100 psi. Many models offer 

0.3 to 0.5 micron particle filtration with a 

m~um ~u~l~t pressure of ionized gas at 30 psi. 

Differe.nt. Iomzmg an~ filtration techniques have 

been designed for specific needs. , One model is 

reported to remove 3.0 micron size particles with 

99 percent efficiency from bare silicoq wafers. 

Whether the ejected material produced .by 

pressurized gas will damage surrounding surfaces 

depends on the composition of the contaminant 

and substrate. For .example, metal dust can be 

easily removed from an assembly using pressurized 

gas. However, if the assembly includes an optical 

component with a sensitive coating, the component 

m.ay be scratched by impinging particles. Particles 

With low mass may not damage the sensitive 

surfaces. Likewise, ~arder components may be 

resistant to scratching and indentation by particles. 

Dislodged particles may also be a cause for 

concern because clean room requirements as well 

as surrounding structure may not tolerate increased 

levels of contamination. Ejected debris can be 

contained when small parts are being cleaned by 

· performing the cleaning process in a larpinar flow 

work station equipped with ··a high efficiency 

particulate air filter or an ultra-now penetration air 

filter. A vacuum may also be used with 

pressurized gas on some parts to capture dislodged 

CO~ltamination. 

Process Details 

Some ~f the primary COnSiderations in choosi~g pressunzed gases for precision cleaning include 

following properties: . 

• Surface chemistry. This factor is ultimately 

responsible for the nature ol the el~ctrostatic 

forces between surfaces; 

f 

• Porosity. Porous (and rough) surfaces possess 

the potential to mechanically lock contaminant 

· and substrate and further hinder' the cleaning 

process;· 

·. 

·. 
, 

-• Roughness of surface. 'Large particles on :;t 

smooth surface may be rem~ved , more easily 

than small particles on a rough surface for the 

same reason; 

• Size, shape, and homogeneity of the contaminant. 

On a microscopic level, all surfaces possess 

ridges and valleys that make intimate contact 

between surfaces difficult. Adsorbed 

contamination on particles and other_ surfaces 

also hinders contact and prevents relatively 

,short-range molecular interactions from 

occurring; 

• Sensitivity of the slUTOunding area to ej~ted 

material. Relatively inert gases and mixtures are 

most often used with specially designed 

equipment to meet cleanliness requirements 

without damaging the surrounding area. 

J 

I 

I 

I • 

,_ 

53 

', 

--

I ' 

,-
54 
55 

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID~; 

Supercritical fluids (SCFs)·are a special categocy of 

pressurized gases. Specifically, they are fluids that 1 are above their critical values for temperature and 

pressure. The critical region is characterized by 

the f~llowing conditions: 

0.9 < Tr < 1.2 and 

1.0 < Pr < 3.0 

where Tr and Pr are the reduced 

temperature and pressure, respectively. 

(Tr = T/I' ~tical; and Pr = PIP cnucaJ) 

, The technique of supercritical gas extraction 

exploits the powerful solvent abilities of such fluids 

at high temperatures and pressures. Relatively 

small adjustments to the temperature and pressure 

of supercritical fluids produce significant changes 

in density and solvent power. Exhibit 10 lists some 

of the properties of typical supercritical solvents. 

SCFs have high diffusitivity and low density ana 

viscosity compared to liquid solvents such as CFC113 and MCF. This combination of characteristics 

allows for rapid extraction of contaminants and 

phase separation. Supercritical gas extraction has 

been found to be particularly effective for 

removing substances with me<Iium molecular 

weight and relatively low polarity. In cleaning 

applications, the fluid itself can be easily recovered 

because of its high volatility. 

The advantages of SCFs are similar to those of 

pressurized gases. Some additional advantages of 

SCFs include: . 

• Flexibility in altering the properties of the 

solvent; 

• Ability to achieve cleaning selectivity; 

• Rapid phase separations, which results in rapid _ 

cleaning time; 

• Low operating ~llts (e.g., utilities). 

The greatest drawback of cleaning with SCFs is the 

need to operate at high pressures, which can 

introduce significantly higher capital costs than 

cleaning with pnlSsiu:ized g~. Anoth,er 

I disadvantage is the possibility that substrates may 

, be adversely effected by the requisite high 

temperature and pressure conditions. 

Initial results of the application of SCFs to 

I precision cleaning indicate significant promise. 

Exhibit 11 presents the applications of supercritical 

, carbon dioxide that lllave been tested so far as a 

I potential replacement for precision cleaning with 

· CFC-113 and MCF. It is important to confirm 

, that the cleanliness achieved in each application 

' matches the precision cleaning requirements. 

; 

: Process Cht!mistry 

' Exhibit 12 shows a schematic diagram of the 

' •carbon dioxide superc:ritical cleaning process. The 

: solvent fluid is pressurized and then heated to its 

supercritical state. It is thtm introduced Into the 

, extraction vessel at thte selected extractor operating 

: conditions. The carbon dioxide in the.~extractor 

can either be in solid or liquid phase. In the 

extractor, the supercritical fluid selectively 

: ·solubiliies one or. more contaminants from the 

' source material. The solute-rich SCF exits the 

' extractor and under;goes a temperature and/or 

' pressure change. This change decreases the 

solubility of the solu1te in the fluid, which causes 

' the salute and fluid Ito separate in the separator 

vessel. 

.. 

Process Details 

' In order to determine whether SCF is a technically 

' feasible and economically viable alternative; a plant 

must evaluate the ph21se equilibrium properties of 

~the SCF~. This is important because fluids in 

high-pressure phase often exhibit complex 

-------------------------------------------·~1 ----------------·~-------------------
. I 

I 

56 

behavior. Phase equiUbrfum and mass transport 

data are used to size equipment, determine utility 

requirements, and estimate costs. . Important 

parameters to consider include: 

• the number of phases present; 

Exhibit 10 

-• the composition and density of each phase; 

.. the equilibrium changes associated with 

temperature, pressure, and composition 

variation. 

DATA FOR TYPICAL SUPERCRITICAL SOLVENTS 

critical Critical 

Temperature Pressure Density 

Solvent (deg. C) (atm)· (g/cm3) 

Methane -83 45.4 0.16 

Ethylene 9 49.7 0.22 

Chlorotrifluoromethane 29 38.7 0.58-

Carbon dioxide 31 72.8 0.47 

Ethane 32 48.2 0.20 

Nitrous oxide 36 ' 71.5 0.45 

Sulfur hexafluoritle 45 37.1 0.74 

Propylene 92 '45.6 0.23 

Propane 97 41.9 0.22 

Ammonia 132 111.3 0.24 

Trichlorofluoromethane 198 43.5 0.55 

n-Hexane 2.14 29.3 0.23 

Isopropanol . 235 47.0 0.27 

Ethanol 243 63.0 0.28 

Toluene 318 40.6 0.29 

Water 374 217.7 0.32 I 
" 

) ' 

Exhibit 11 

SUPERCRITICAL CARBON I:UOXIDE APPLI~~ATIONS 

Hardware 

Spacecraft , 

Radar 

Laser 

Gas SY-stem 

Cleaning aid 

. ' 

Materials/Compon~nts Cleaned Con1taminants Removed 

High voltage cables 

Bearings 

Rivets 

Connectors 

Transformers 

Cables 

Optical benches 

0-rings 

Seals 

Cotton ball/wipers 

Cotton tipped applicators 

I -

! 

Silicone oils 

LubJricants 

Flux residues 

Dielectric oils 

MaC'hine oils 

Plasticizers 

Plasti~izers 

Monomers • 

Organic extractables 

Triglycerides 

Adhesive residues 

57 

'I 
58 

. , 

, 

Exhibit 12 

BASIC MODEL DESIGN FOR CARBON DIOXIDE 

. . SUPERCRITICAL CLEANING SYSTEM 

Pruaure Regulator 

, .. 

Carbon Dioxide 

Gas Supply 

Conditioner 

Source: Jackson 1987 

St1parator. 

·. 

F4~ 
59' 

GAS PLASMA CLEANIN1G 

Gas plasma cleaning is iypically used as a final 

clean in a multi-stage process to achieve surfaces 

completely free of organic contamination. It is 

_ used in a variety of industries, including electronic, 

aut_omotive,. medical, textiles, and plastics to clean 

and surface treat microelectronic devices, plastic 

automotive bumpers, stainless steel syringe needles, 

angioplasty balloon catheters, plastic lenses, golf 

balls, lawnmower distributor covers, and other 

products. 

Gas plasma cleaning involves using -electrically 

excited, nontoxic gas such as oxygen or air to 

remove thin layers , of organic residues. The 

electrically excited, gas, called plasma, is made up 

of electrons, ionized atoms, and neutral molecular 

fragments (free radicals). The molecular fragments 

combine with the organic surface films to form 

small quantities of volatile gaseous by-products 

such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and trace 

amounts of carbon monoxide and other 

hydrocarbons. 

The advantages of using plasma cleaning include 

the following: 

• Process gases are relatively cheap, nontoxic, and 

noncaustic. Examples of gases are air, oxygen, 

argon, helium, and silicon tetrafluori{le; 

• Because the , reactions occur on the surface of 

the part, the bulk of the part is unaffected; 

• Gas plasma cleaning is compatible with most 

metals, ceramics, and glass materials; 

• Plasma cleaning offers a high level of worker 

safety because cleaning takes place in a closed 

vacuum -chamber and the reaction by-products 

are evacuated through a vacuum pump as .soon 

as they are formed; 

•• Operating costs are low compared to solvent 

cleaning because there is no need to regularly 

monitor, replenish, and dispose of chemicals; 

• The plasma cleaning process cleans and surface 

treats at the same time. Gas removes organic, 

contaminants an<ll chemically combines with the 

material surface: to enhance its chemical 

propenies for adlllesive bonding -- it makes the 

surfaces more polar_ and allows adhesives to fill 

surface micro-pores and form stronger covalent 

bond$; 

• By-product vapors do not require scrubbing and 

can be vented to the atmosphere through 

• t standard hose exhaust.· 

1 There are also several disadvantages to using gas 

, plasma cl~ning. These include the following: 

• Capital costs ~1re initially high and the 

equipment is higlllly specialized. Reactor costs 

are typically $20,000 to $130,000. 

• For space systems such as satellite optical 

components that must be cleaned during use, 

the plasma gases must be provided at launch or 

P!oduced chemicillly; 

• It may be difficult to determine exactly how 

long the process should last. Outer 

contaminant -laye:rs are stripped faster and at 

lower energies than layers close to the original 

surface. A possible reason for this could be 

that the inner contaminant layers are exposed to 

more UV radiation fiom the plasma itself, and 

therefore cross-polymerize and form stronger 

6onds with the surface of the pan. This 

uncenainty oould lead to overuse of process gas 

supplies; 

o Using oxygen as a process gas produces a visible 

film on the surfac:e of gold mirrors. Such a film,. 

may be difficult to remove'and, if left on the 

mirror, can incre:ase light scattering; 

t • • Plastics may be superficially etched by oxygen . ' after extended clc~ning; 

I 

l · • The energy of tbe process must be limited to 

avoid sputtering, a ··phenomenon that can 

damage the elements being cleaned; ! ' 
60 

• ~~us: 'C!eaning capaCity is low, gross 

contammauon must be removed prior to plasma 

cleaning. 

Process Chemistry 

aeaning occurs through the combined action of 

UV light and atomic oxygen fragments reacting 

with organic residues on the part. Although some 

chemical reactions between the plasma and 

contaminan~ are not understood, most of the byproducts formed are the result of conventional 

chemical reactions. The reaction is similar to the 

normal combustion of bydroearbons, but at lower 

temperatures (25°C - SO"C). The highly energized 

ions and UV · light help , break apart the 

hydrocarbons and provide the activation energy 

necessary to start the chemical reactions. The 

formula for the two stages of reactions may be 

written as: ' 

Oz + RF energy_. ,20 + ions + electrons + 

UV light & visible light 

<;Hy + 0 plasma _. C02 + H20 + CO + 

smaller hydrocarbons 

. The quantity of by-product gas generated is so low 

that. one year of plasma cleaning produces tlle 

equiValent of approximately 10 minutes of 

automobile exhaust. 

Process Equipment 

A typical plasma cleaning system consists of a 

vacuum chamber made of aluminum, a vacuum 

pump, a radio-frequency generator, a gas flow 

module, and a microprocessor-based controller. 

The vacuum chamber, which can be cylindrical or 

planar. holds the components for cleaning. Within 

the vacuum chamber is ·a set of electrodes, 'which 

1 may be in the form of a cage or removable shelves. 

During cleaning, the radio-frequency source is 

connected across these electrodes. The radiofrequency generator supplies the energy for 

creating plasma. The contrQl equipment governs 

the composition of the reagent gas, the flow-rate of 

the reagent gas, the radio-frequency power, the 

reactor's op~rating pressure, and the processing 

time. Most applications use the closed-vacuum 

chambers in batch mode, but continuous cleaning 

is also possible. · 

Many sizes of systems are currently available .for 

cleaning applications, ranging from small, modified 

microwave ovens to large chambers designed to 

hold several car bumpers. As mentioned earlier 

.the initial cost of a plasma cleaning system ~ relatively high: one medium-sized system is 

approximately $60,000. However, the operating 

costs are fairly low. 9!te. tank of industrial grade 

oxygen gas .costs approximately $20, and will last 

more than a year for light cleaning: Furthermore . . . . ' trammg tlDle IS low because of the ease of using 

plasma cleaning equipment. 

Process Details 

To use the gas plasma cleaning system, parts are 

placed on the electrodes inside the vacuum 

chamber. The vacuum is then pumped down to 

about 0.05 Torr. While pumping continues, the 

gas is introduced to the system at a regulated 

pressure of 0.1 to 1 Torr. The ·radio frequency 

generator, operating at 13.56 MHz, supplies the 

excitation power. A pale blue gas occurs when the 

radio-frequency source is -connected across the 

electrodes. 

The p~wer, time, pressure, gas flow rate, and gas 

type can be varied to optimize the' cleaning 

process. Most systems offer automatic control of 

these process variables. Multi··Step processes can 

be stored in the controller memory, which allows 

for high consistency and repeatability. 

The cleaning time depends greatly on the specific 

process, but generally ranges from a few seconds to 

a few hours. Sophisticated plasma systems are 

ca?able of strip rates exceeding 1 micron per 

,mmute at temperatures near 200°C. Lower cost 

industrial systems are capable of rates up to 0.2 

microns per minute at 100°G or less. Most 

cleaning can occur in less than 15 minutes 

assuming larger contaminants have already bee~ removed through another cleaning process such as 

hot water rinsing or wiping. Thicker organic 

residues up to 0.001 inches may be removed in 

about 30 minutes at 150°C. · 

.· 

--
•' 

.. 

. · .. 

61 

ULTRAVIOLET. LIGHT /OZONE 

CLEANING METHOD 

The UV /ozone cleaning process bas been used 

successfully to remove thin organic films from a 

number ·Of different surfaces, including glass, 

quartz, mica, sapphire, ceramics, metals, 'silicon, 

gallium arsenide, and polyamide cement. 

Process Overview 

UV/ozone cleaning is a simple process that is 

relatively inexpensive to set up and operate. 

Under the proper conditions, the process can 

produce clean surfaces in less than one minute. 

Furthermore, these surfaces will remain clean 

during storage under UV /ozone. 

The basic UV /ozone cleaning process involves the 

exposure of a contaminated surface to UV light in 

the presence of ozone. Cleaning occurs as a result 

of various photosensitized oxidation processes. 

Contaminant molecules are excited and/or 

dissociated by the absorption of short-wavelength 

l!V light. These molecules and the free radicals 

produced by dissociation react with atomic oxygen 

to form simpler, volatile molecules such as carbon 

dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen that can easily 

leave the surface. -

There are several variables that determine the 

effectiveness ofUV/ozone cleaning. These include: 

contaminants present, precleaning procedure, UV 

waveh~ngths emitted, distance and atmosphere 

between the UV source and the surface to be 

, cleaned, contact angle of the light, ~nd length of 

time of the exposure. 

Testing must be performed to determine optimal 

oondiliOnS for different surfaces tO be cleaned -and 

contaminants to be removed. The part being 

cleaned should be kept as close as practicable to 

the UV light source, to maximize the rate of 

cleaning. Surfaces that have multiple contaminants 

or thick layers of contaminants require precleaning 

in order for the UV/ozone process to work. 

UV/ozone will efficiently clean organic 

contamination, but particles and inorganic 

'components are moJre difficult to remove with this 

process. 

Because the UV /ozone process requires no moving 

parts, it is easy to maintain and operate. However, 

both the use of uv light and the presence of 

excessive ozone can be dangerous to humans. UV 

light can cause ey~~- injuries, and ozone eauses -

1 respiratory dist~ess. Special design considerations 

are necessary to acc::ommodate the low workplace 

limits for ozone (0. il ppm). 

The l!V /ozone proc:ess may also cause damage to 

, the surface beinJ~ cleaned. Staining and 

' discoloration of materials can result from improper 

wavelengths and exposure times. Overexposure of 

materia~ to UV li,ght can also cause corrosion. 

One positive side effect of the UV/ozone process 

is the neutralization of static charges on insulator 

surfaces. 

Possible Applications 

The UV/ozone cleaning process has numerous 

applications. Its primary use is substrate cleaning 

prior to thin film deposition, such as is necessary 

in the production or quartz crystal resonators. The 

process_is also used for cleaning and storing metal 

tools, masks, resonator parts, and storage 

containers. Other applications that have been 

identified for UV/ozone cleaning include: 

photoresist removal, the cleaning of vacuum 

chamber walls, photomasks, sil!con wafers, lenses,· 

mirrors, solar panells, and gallium-arsenide wafers. 

Future Developments 

Future developments in UV/ozone cleaning 

procedures will come from further testing and 

------------------------------------·~· --------------·--------------------
•' 

62 

experimentation with specific appliCations. 

' Cleamng techniques can be refined considerably. 

.. ... 
C02 SNOW 

C02 snow is a relatively ·new cleaning technique 

that can be uSed to replace CFC-113 and MCF in 

a variety of cleaning applications. C02 so~ is 

produced when liquid C02, which is stored at high 

pressure (> 800 psi) at ambient temperature, 

moves through specially designed orifices, or "jets". 

The C02 expands and cools rapidly, generating a 

combination of solid C02 particles,.or "snow", and 

gas. During cleaning, the snow is directed at the 

contaminated surface, and cleaning occurs as a 

result of the momentum transfer between the solid 

C02 particles and particulate contamination. The 

collisions loosen the particulates from the surface, 

and the gaseous C02 sweeps them away. The level 

of cleaning can be controlled by adjusting the spray 

force, and the size of the area to be cleaned is 

changed by vatying the spray pattern. 

C02 snow removes particulate and ·organic 

contamination from pans ranging from small, 

extremely delicate items to large structures. 

Examples of military applications of C02 snow 

cleaning include restoring silicon wafers to original 

optical performance; removing thin molecular films 

-.uch as Krytox, T-15u, and pump oil; and cleaning 

optical components such as glass mirrors, reflective 

optical elements, optical filters, and windows. 

Commercial applications include removing sanding 

~csidue from automobile body panels, nylop 

residue from disk drive parts, laser ablated metal 

lrom sunshields, cleanroom debris from light 

valves, and carbon epoxy dust from UV coatings., 

The following are several advantages to cleaning 

using C02 snow: 

• Does not damage sensitive surfaees (e.g., gold 

:' coatings and pristine silicon); 

• Does not degrade material or change internal 

properties; 

• Leaves no detectable residue; 

• Meets stringent cleaning requirements 

provides superior cleaning performance 

I 

'I 

63' 

compared to t:onventional solvent spray 

~eihods; 

• Environmentally compatible. C02 does not 

damage the ozont~ l~yer and is not· hazardous; 

• Does not generatt~ waste or residue, so clean-up 

and disposal problems are eliminated; 

• Cost effective, since C02 is readily available and 

inexpensive compared to most solvents; 

• Efficient. Spraying time is significantly shorter 

in comparison to solvent spray cleani¥g 

methods. For example, C02 reduced the 

cleaning time of aircraft windows from three 

days to one hour, thus saying $1.~ million a 

year. 

I As mentioned earlier, C02 snow is dispensed 

1 through specially designed orifices or jets. In some 

cases the nozzle is a part of a hand-held gun, while 

in other cases, nozzlt~ are placed inside automated 

jet spray cleaning systems. · 

1 There are several va.riations of the hand-held gun 

· currently commercially available, including the 

fixed-orifice gun antd variable-orifice gun. The 

fixed-orifice gun emits a constant stream of C02 

snow. The nozzle determines the spray pattern 1 and force, and snowflake size. · Various 

interchangeable nozzles are available for use with 

this gun. 'The open1tor can clean large quantities 

of similarly sized pans, achieving consistent results 

with a fixed-orifice gun. The variable-orifice gun 

1 has an adjustable otifice that allows the operator 

to vary the snowflake size and spray force. It is ' 

useful when varimus contaminants need to be, 

removed from~ wid.e range of'parts composed of 

different materials. · 

The semi- and fully-automateQ jet spray cleaning 

, systemsoffermoisture-free, temperature-controlled 

cleaning environmeJnts. Because nozzle location 

and nozzle motion can be programmed, these 

systems offer high repeatability with. minimal • , 

. operator interaction~ Often, these cleaning systems 

•, 
, 

• 

64 

are ~uipped W\th multiple nozzle capabilities that 

allow for a wide range of applications (e.g., C02 

jet spray, hot N2 gas). 

·. 

/ 
.. 

65 

' -. I 

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARlBONS 

There is a wide range of aliphatic hydrocarbon 

s~lvents that can be used in precision cleaning (see 

Exhibit 13). Petroleum fractions, commonly 

known as mineral spirits or kerosene, are derived 

from the distillation of petroleum and are used 

extensively in maintenance cleaning (e.g., auto 

repair). They are most often used in single-stage . 

cleaning operations in open-top equipment using 

ambient air drying. Synthetic aliphatic 

hydrocarbons, which offer closer control of 

composition, odor, boiling range, evaporation rate, 

etc., are employed ·in manufacturing cleaning 

processes as well as in maintenance operations. 

The advantages of aliphatic hydrocarbon cleaners 

include: 

• Superior cleaning ability for a wide variety of 

soils, especially heavy grease, tar, waxes and 

hard to remove soils. Low surface tension 

allows good penetration into areas with closely 

spaced parts or components; 

• Compatible (non-corrosive) with most rubbers, 

plastics and metals; 

• They employ no water and can therefore clean 

water-sensitive parts; 

• Reduced evaporative loss; 

• No wastewater is produced; 

• Waste streams from those products with flash 

points greater than 140°F (60°C) may be 

classified as nonhazardo9s; 

• Synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbons are not 

regulated as hazardous air pollutants under the 

U.S. Clean Air Act; 

• Recyclable _by distillation. High stability and 

recovery. 

The disadvantages of using aliphatic hydrocarbons 

include: 

• Flammability concerns. However,_ these 

concerns can be mitigated with proper 

equipment desijgn and some products are 

available with flash points greater than 200°F 

(93°C); 

• Slower drying tirnes than CFC-113 and MCF. 

• VOC control maty be required. 

• Some grades have low Occupational Exposure 

Limits. 

• Odors may caust~ some worker discomfort. 

The steps in a 1typical _ aliphatic hydrocarbon 

cleaning process .~re analogous to those for 

aqueous or semi-aqueous processes, with the 

exception that the Iinse step may be repl~ced with 

additional wash steps. 'Equipment designs for use 

with aliphatic hydrQcarbons are modified aqueous 

equipment designs, primarily to account for 

flammability and VOC concerns. 

The major steps in the cleaning process are 

typically:· 

• Wash steps (1 to 3 stages depending on degree 

of cleaning 11eeded) with an aliphatic 

hydrocarbon cleaner; 

• Drying step, oftc~n using forced air; 

• voc emission control by destruction or 

recovery from solvent laden air, if required; and ' ' 

• Waste solvent recovery and/or disposal. 

The wash' steps involve liquid-phase cleaning at 

temperatures suffic~iently below the flash point of 

the fluid. Ultrasoriics or other agitation. processes 

such ' as immersion spraying can be used to 

augment cleaning action. Spraying or misting 

processes, where fime droplets are formed, should 

be employed only ln an inert environment or with 

equipment that can provide protection against 

ignition conditions. This protection is required 

____ ._ __________________________________ ,~, ----------------·-----------------------

·. 
I 

' I 

66 

because fine· droplets can' ignite at temperatures 

below the bulk fluid flash point. . 

Fluids with flash points below approximately l04°F 

(4Q'lC) should be operated in unheated equipment, 

at ambient temperatures. For higher flash points, 

hot cleaning can be employed to boost cleaning 

action. For systems with good temperature control 

(independent temperature sensors, cutouts, level 

·.indicators, etc.), a safety margin of S<JOF (l5°C)· 

between the fluid flash point and the cleaning 

temperature is recommended. For systems· with 

poor temperature control, .a larger margin should 

be employed. . .. 

Each wash step should be followed by a drain 

period, preferably with parts rotation, to minimize 

solvent dragout frcm stage to stage. 

In multistage processes, fluid from one bath is 

periodically transferred to the preceding bath as its 

soil level builds up. Fresli solvent is added only to 

the final bath to ensure the highest cleanliness of 

parts, and spent -solvent is removed only from the 

first stage. The drying step normally uses forced 

air, which may h~ heated. If the dryer is not 

operating at S<JOF (l5°C) below the flash point of 

the fluid, sufficient air flow should be provided so 

that the effluent air composition is ~ell below the 

Lower Exj>losive Limit of the system. 

' 

Regardless of whether or not it is required by law, 

the VOC recovery step is an important part of the 

cleaning process. Depending on the aliphatic 

hydrocarbon solvent chosen, either carbon 

adsorption .or condensation are the best 

technologies for capturing solvent vapors from 

spent drying air. Numerous vendors market this 

type of recovery equ_ipment. In •some cases, 

however, the VOC concentration in the air may be 

too low to facilitate recovery and catalytic 

incineration may be necessarJ to · destroy the 

voes. 

For waste recovery, the best reclamation 

technology for aliphatic hydrocarbons is -usually 

filtration and distillation. One of the ·advantages 

of some .of the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with 

few impurities and a narrow distillation range is 

the high recovery rate in distillation. Should some 

dispo,sal of residual solvent be necessary, fuel 

substitution or incineration are good options. 

Some companies specialize in the service of 

recycling these solvents and their services may be 

contracted by a solvent user. 

Exhibit 13 

PROPERTIES OF ALIPHATIC SOLVENT$ 

I PRODUCT 

Mineral Spirits 

Odorless Mineral Spirits 

140 Solvent 

C1 O/C11 lsoparaffin 

C13 N-Paraffin 

C10 Cycloparaffin 

Kerosene ' 

1 n-Butyl Acetate=1 

Note: KB = Kauri Butanol Value 

Fl. Pt. = Flash Point 

Lb./Gal. 

60°F 

6.37 

6.33 

6:54 

6.25. 

6.35 

6.75 

6.60 

Sp. Gr. Boiling, Fl. Pt. 

60°/60°F Range °F °FTCC 

0.764 305-395 105 

0.760 350-395 128 . 0.786 360-410 .140 

0.750 320-340 107 

. 0.760 320-340 200 

0.810 330-360 105 

0.790 330-495 130 

Evap 

KB Rate1 

32 0.1 

27 01 

30 0.1 

29 0.3 

22 0.1 

54 0.2 

30 -

·. 
" 

·. 

PER FLUOROCARBONS, 

67 

I 

chemicals having a very significant global warming 

potential. Another drawback of PFCs is their very 

low solvency power, which makes them unlikely to 

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) offer possible solutions to 

current CFC-113 and MCF users, particularly in 

cleaning parts for high accuracy gyros, before 

assembly and during strip down and rework. 

Because of the ·extremely high global warming 

potential of perfluorocarbons, their use is b~ing 

severely restricted in many countries, including the 

United States. Acceptable applications of 

perfluorocarbons are being limited to only those 

applications in which no other currently available 

altematiye that is not an ozone-depleting substance 

is acceptable. A new line of chemicals known as 

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is currently being 

developed for use in general cleaning applications 

and to replace perfluorocarbons. 

, - be very useful for removing oils. 

Process Chemistry 

The PFCs are a group of compounds in which all 

the hydrogen atoms- of a hydrocarbon are 

substituted by fluorine. Because of the extreme 

electronegativity of the fluorine atom, this total 

substitution results in extreme chemical stability in 

all of the compounds. The compounds are 

virtually inert chemically, have low toxicity, are 

completely nonflammable, and have no ozone 

-·epletion potential. As a result of this very le-w. 

chemical activity, PFCs can be used- in medical 

applications and are safe in contact with pure 

oxygen at higJ:t pressures. The excellent chemical 

· stability of these fluids also makes them 

compatible with all gyro construction materials 

including-beryllium. Exhibit 14 summarizes ~he 

compatibility of PFCs with various other materials. 

Because their base hydrocarbons can vary, PFCs 

·, can have a wiae range of molecular weights and 

structures. This results in a wide range of ~oiling 

points. One manufacturer identified six 

compounds available commercially with boiling 

points ranging from 29°C to,160°~, at 1 atm. 

All the PFC compounds are strong infrared 

absorbers. This capa-bility, coupled with the PFCs' 

extremely long atmosphere' lifetimes, result in the 

Another major disl:Jdvantage of PFCs is their high 

cost, resulting from complex synthetic production 

processes. A typical low to mid-range boiling PFC, 

for example, is approximately $90 US per kg (late 

1990). 

Process Ec1uipment 

Design of equipment for gyroscope or other 

precision parts cleaning must be specific to each 

application. One requirement for all equipment, 

however, is that it must be hermetically sealed. 

Unless effective se:aling is achieved, the loss of 

PFC will be p1rohibitively expensive (even 

considering the high cost and strategic importance 

of the products) and environmentally unacceptable 

because of its high global warming potential. 

Process D_t!tails 

All current high delllSity flotation fluids are soluble 

in certain PFCs, allowing them to be used for 

flushing filled assemblies. 

High pressure spraying with PFCs appears to be a 

very effective method of particle removal. 
68 

.. 

Exhibit 14 

PERFLUOROCARBON ·(PFC) COMPATIBILITY 

WITH VARIOUS MATERIALS 

Class of Material 

Rubbers 

Polyethylene, polypropylene 

Nylons. 

Polystyrene 

"Perspex" ("Plexiglass") 

FIFE (unfilled) 

PVC (Rigid) 

PVC (Flexible) 

Electronic circuit boards* 

Copper and brass 

Other Common metals 

Silicone and microcircuit chips 

Adhesives 

Adhesive tapes 

Paper 

Enamelled wires 

Insulating tapes 

Paints 

Other surface coatings and sealants 

( Observation 

< 1% linear swell, + 1% change in weight 

< 1% shrinkage, zero change in weight 

Negligible change in dimensions or weight 

Variable, generally negligible, shrinkage (e.g., 0.2%) 

<0.2% shrinkage, slight loss in·weight 

2-3% linear swell, 'UP to 10% increase in weight 

Negligible change 

Extraction of plasticizer, loss of flexibility (in hot Flutec) 

± <0.1% dimensional change, zero change in weight 

Slight tarnishing (from dissolved oxygen) 

· No efff -:t detectable 

No known effect 

l 

I 

I No adverse effects detected in any samples 'tested up to 

} the present time ' 

I 

I 

J 

* Including: SRBP, Epoxy, DAP, Silicone, Melamine, Polyester, with filler materials of all common 

types. 

,. 
.69 

ALCOHOL C.LEANING VVITti 

PERFLUOROCARBON 

Alcohols such as methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl have 

·been used extensively for cleaning printed circuit 

boards and precision components. They are very 

effective in removing rosin and polar activators 

commonly used in flux. 

Safety is the primary difficulty in using alcohols, 

which are ~ighly flammable. Both flame and 

explosion propfing are necessary equipment 

characteristics to prevent operator injury and 

equipment damage. Using a perfluorocarbon 

(PFC) "blanket" adequately suppresses the 

flammability of the alcohol yapor, thereby allowing 

for temperatures sufficiently high for distillation. 

PFCs are relatively immiscible with alcohol; the 

two may be used together with little or no mixing. 

There are several advantages to using alcOhol as a 

solvent for precision cleaning. These include the 

following: 

• Alcohol, being extremely polar, has great 

solvency and a!lows for greater freedom in 

removing particulate and organic contamination 

than CFC-113. -

• PFCs are nol!_flammable, have low toxicity and 

rea~t!vity, and have no ozone-depleting 

potential. 

• Relatively small amounts of alcohol are 

required for each cleaning. This amount varies 

with the process. 

• The nonflammable nature of the alcohol-PFC 

vapor allows for continuous distillation, thus 

permitting clean rinses. 

• Since alcohol and PFC ,have different boiling 

points, an operating temperature between the 

two will allow for selective boiling and will 

prevent the percentage of alcohol in the vapor 

. from rising to a point where the vapor becomes 

flammable. Adding water to the alcohol raises 

·the alco~ol's flash point above the PFC's boiling 

point. 

• Alcohol and PF'C are "clean" agents; i.e., they 

leave no residue.. They also evaporate readily at 

low temperaturc::s. 

There are aliso several drawbacks associated with 

the use of alcohol/PFC cleaning. These include 

the following: 

• SafetY systems must be designed to 

automatically cease operations if the PFC level 

drops below the level necessary to prevent 

explosion. 

• PFCs have a hil~h global warming pot~ntial. 

• PFCs are expensive. 

• Pure alcohols :are not effective at removing 

nonpolar contaminants lik~ grease. 

• High capital cost of equipment. 

• Uncertain devel.opment time and costs. 

• 
70 

' ·-
71 

HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONSFOR 

ESSENTIAL APPLICATIC)NS 

Faced with the phaseout of CFC-113 and MCF, 

some users of these solvents have looked toward 

several hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) (e.g., 

HCFC-225ca, HCFC-225cb, HCFC-141b, and 

HCFC-12.'l) as possible substitutes. Exhibit 15 

presents physical properties of these chemicals. 

HCFCs have been attractive alternatives due to 

their good cleaning performance, and their 

similarity in application method to CFC-113 and 

MCF. ·However, due to their environmental and 

health impacts, the use of these substances in 

solvent cleaning applications will be severely 

- ,• 

limited. At the present time, the only HCFC that 

, can be used legally in metal cleaning in the U.S. is 

' HCFC-141b. Under the SNAP rule (described in · 

, the Forewor<ll), HCFC-i41b use will be allowed in 

existing equipment until Januacy 1, 1996. After 

' Januacy 1, 1996, the use of HCFC-141b in any 

, metal cleaning application will be allowed only ~ 

a replacement for CFC-113, and then only with a 

special exemption ~:ranted by the U.S. EPA. At 

the time of revision of this manual, the use of 

HCFC-225 had not yet been approved for metal 

cleaning applications, although a SNAP submission 

was pending. 

Exhibit 15 

PHYSICAL PROPER'TIES OF HCFCs 

AND OTHER SOLVENT BLENDS 

CFC-113 MCF H<~FC-225ca HCFC-225cb HCFC-14lb 

Chemical Formula CCI2FCCIF2 CH3CCI3 CF C~ CHC1:! CCIF 2CF 2CiiCIF CH3CFCI2 

Ozone Depleting 0.8 0.1 -o.o5 -o.o5 0.11 

Potent1al I 

I 

Boiling Point (0 C) 47.6 73.9 51.1 ' 56.1 321 

ViscositY (cps) 0.68 0.79 0.59 0.61 0.43 

@25°C 

Surface Tension 17.3 25.56 16.3' 17.7 184 

(dyne/em) 

Kauri-Butanol 31 124 34 30 76 

Value 

Flash Pomt oc None None None' None None 

TOXICity Low Low Unde,rway Underway Near Completion 
·. 

72 

Therefore, these substan~ are no longer being 

recciinmended · for use in solvent cleaning 

applicatio~ where workers will be exposed to the . 

chemicals for long periods of time. In addition, 

two major manufacturers have withdrawn all of 

their HCFC-123 formulations previously marketed 

for solvent cleaning applieations. HCFC-14lb is 

currently available and is manufactured by several 

chemical companies for use in solvent cleaning 

applications. Previous formulationsofHCFC-14lb 

included mixtures with HCFC-12.1 and methanol, 

but current formulations have dropped the use of 

HCFC-123. The major drawback associated with 

the use ofHCFC-141b is its relatively high ODP of _ 

0.11. This is only slightly below the ODP of MCF 

(0.12), a product which HCFC-14lb is to be 

replacing. Because of the similarity in ODP, 

HCFC-14lb is generally seen as an unacceptable 

substitute to MCF. In ·the U.S., for example, the 

Environmental Protection Agency has banned the 

use of HCFC-14lb as a "substitute for MCF in 

solvent cleaning applications, and has limited its 

use as a substitute for CFC-113. For these 

reasons, it is unlikely that HCFC-141b will be a 

suitable substitute for MCF in precision cleaning 

applications. 

At the present time, it appears HCFC-225 is a 

good substitute for CFC-1 n in general metal and 

precision cleaning. It is similar to CFC-113 in its 

chemical and physical properties and compatible 

with most plastics, elastomers, and metals. Thus, 

HCFC-225 has been applied as a CFC-113 

repla!"!ment, where other alternatives can not be 

applied, with relatively few changes in equipment 

or process operations. lts ability to replace MCF, 

however, is limited because the solvency of HCFC225 is low compared with that of MCF. When 

'combined with other solvents such as petroleum, 

HCFC-225 may serve as an adequate substitute to 

MCF. All of the toxicological testings of HCFC225ca and HCFC-22Scb planned under PAFT-IV 

were completed in early 1994. Data from acute 

~toxicity studies indicate that HCFC-225cb has very 

low toxicity. As a result, an Acute Exposure Limit 

(AEL) of 250 ppm has been set for HCFC-225cb, 

while the more toxic HCFC-225ca has an AEL of 

25 ppm. 1\venty-eight day inhalation studies also 

demonstrate no significant effects, and evidence 

from several genotoxicity studies indicates that 

neither isomer is a genetic hazard. At present, 

there is a capacity for the commercial production 

of a few thousand metric tons HCFC-225 (as a 

mixture of HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb). It is 

anticipated that this capacity will 'increase soon to 

· meet worldwide demand. 

As a means of addressing the O])P of HCFCs, the 

Parties to the Montreal Protocol developed a 

phaseout schedule for HCF~ at their November 

1992 meeting in Copenhagen. Under the new 

amendment, HCFC consumption must be frozen at / 

the base level by 1996; cut by 90 percent from the 

base level by 2015; cut_ by 99.5 percent by 2020; 

and cut by 100 percent by 2030. The base level is 

equal to 3.1 percent of 1989 CFC consumption 

plus 100 percent of 1989 · HCFC consumption. 

This phaseout is prompting many potential users 

of HCFCs to switch directly to other alternatives. 

If HCFCs must be used, it is important to oonsider 

the process design changes that may be required in 

order to reduce emissions. For example, on 

conventional degreasers, freeboards should be 

extended and condenser temperatures should be 

lowered. In addition, provisions such ~ -

superheated-vapor drying or increased dwell times 

i~ freeboard are desirable to redu~ dragout losses. 

The high volatility of HCFC cleaning solutions 

requires special equipment design criteria. In 

addition, the econo!JliC use of HCFCs may require 

special emission control features for vapor 

.degreasers (see Exhibit 16a, 16b, and 16c). These 

include: 

• Automated work transport facilities; 

• Hoods and/or automated covers on top entry 

machines; 

• Facilities for work handling that minimize 

solvent entrapment; 

• Facilities for superheated vapor drying; 

• Freeboard deepened to width ratios of 1.0 to 

2.0; ,, f 

• Main condenser operating at 45o to 55°F (7° to 

l3°C); 

• Secondary condenser operating at -30° to -20°F 

( -34° to -29°C); 

.. 
73 

---------------------------------------·---~' ----------------·------------------------ • Dehumidification condenser operating at -30 to 

-20°F (-34° t~ -29"C)(optional); ' 

• Seals and gaskets of chemically compatible 

materials; 

• Stainless steel construction; 

• Welded piping containing a minimum of flanged 

joints; 

·• A gasketed water separator or refrigerated 

desiccant dryer for me!hanol blends; -

• A cool room to work in ~ recomm~nded; 

• Controlled exhaust from refrigeration unit to 

prevent excessive heat from reaching the 

separator chambers. · 

Material compatibility is • another important 

consideration. Certain HCFC blends may require 

compatibility testing with titanium, magnesium, 

zinc and other metals. Solvent blends have shown 

some adverse effects with plastics such as ABS, 

acrylic, and Hi-Impact Styrene. Therefore, plastics 

also need to be tested on an individual basis. 

,. 
74 

.. 

Hood 

Exhibit 16a 

ADVANCED DESIGN DEGREASER FOR 

' USE WITH LOW BOILING POINT SOLVE·NTSI 

Hooded Work Transporter on Opem-Top Degreaser 

-

-

Work Transporter 

Additional 

Freeboard 

Turned-In 

Anti-Diffusion 

Lip 

Freeboard 

Depth--... 

~·;/'~ '" ~"""M"+ .. ':.> 

~ ,: :- -~~ j. ~ .. '* ... ~~ 

~' .> • ... ' " 4 ., J~ ~..... • 

.... .., f· " 

.; : ,.·;.:-~" .. ::. ... · 

Dry 

Chamber 

Dehumidifier 

Coli 

· ·20"F 

Main 

Condenser 

40• • 50"F 

/ 

Source: DuPont 

I I 
Exhibit 16b 

' . 

ADVANCED DESIGI\j DEGREASER FOR 

USE WITH LOW BOIILI.NG.POINT SiOLVENTS 

Turned-In -. · 

Anti-Diffusion 

Lip ~-

Vapor Trap ---...,.~-,. ... (optional In 

many cases} 

-200 F to -400 F 

Main Condensor / 

350f 

Vapor Generator 

Sump 

-4-- Freeboard 

Depth=1* 

r---------.~1 --~--------~ 

Heating Elemen·ts , 

•. *Machine Width= w; w = 11ndicates 100o/o_,Freeboard 

Source: Allled.Signal 

' 

\ ' I 

I 

Gasketed 

Desiccant 

Dryer with 

P·Trap 

+ 

75 

I F47034-4 

~-------------------------------------·-------------------
76 

.. 

Exhibit 16c 

STACKED LOW EMISSION DEGREASER WITH 

SOLVENT SAVING FEATURES 

Source: ICI 

eon·vectlon 

Closing Ud --..:.Jiii~Zi:Zi:~ilZZ!:DilZZ!:~~il!JI c:.::t 

0 

0 

Free 0 

Board· 0 

Standby 

Mode 

Inter Coli ~ o F.B.R. = 1 

Baffle 

Four Sided 

Cascade 

Condensing Vapor 

.. 

! 

-

c 

CD 

u 

c 

0 

() 

Solvent Saving 

Features 

(not shown) , 

Screwed pipe joints 

Correct sealing material 

Correct pump seals 

Minimu~ number of 

pipe joints 

Degreaser enclosure • 

Mechanical handling with 

, optional rotation 

Correct size. basket . F47034-5 
77 

' 

N:..METHYL-2~PYRROLEDONE 

N-Methyi-2-Pyrrqlidone, also referred to as MPyrol® or NMP, is miscible with water and mosf 

other organic solvents including esters, ethers, 

alcohols, ketones, aromatic and , chlorinated 

hydrocarbons, and vegetable oils. It has powerful 

solvent properties as evidenced by its physiochemical properties. These properties include a 

solubility parameter of 11.0, high purity, high flash 

point, and low volatility. 

'effective in ultrason1ics applications and ptvitates at 

1 both room temperature and elevated temperatures 

in its 100 percent active form. Metal substrates 

Testing of NMP for specific cleaning applications 

i~ underway. Initial results indicate that NMP is 

1 tha( have been successfully tested with NMP 

include carbon steels, stainless steel 304, 316, 317, 

Carpenter 20CB3 Adniiralty brass, Cupro-Nickel 

and ferralium. Several polymeric materials such as 

Epoxy-Urethane are: sensitive to NMP. Exhibit 17 

summarizes the solvent's principal properties. 

Exhibit 18 shows two typical process eq_uipment 

designs that have been used successfully for both 

batch and ·in-line operations. 

I 

Exhibit 17 

SUMMARY OF PROPERTIES· 

OF N-METHVL-2-PVRROLIDONE 

Empincal Formula -

Molecular Weight 

Freezing Point 

Boiling Point 

Vapor Pre;sure (20°C) 

Viscosity {25°C) 

Specific Gravity 

Interfacial Surface Tension (25°q 

Flash Point (open cup) -

(closed cup) 

Explosive limits 

Heat of Combustion 

Specific Heat 

Heat of Vaporization 

Miscibility with Other Solvents 

Source: GAF Chemical 

C5R,NO 

99.1 ' 

-24.4••c (-11.9°F} 

202°C (395°F) @ 760 mm 

0.29 J

1

·1m 

1.65 <:p . 

1.027· 

40.7 dynes/em 

95°C (204°F) 

93°C (l99°F) 

0.058' grams/filter - lower lirnit 

2.18% vapor in air- 3600F (182°C) 

0.323 grams/liter - upper limit 

12.24% vapors in air- 370°F (188~C) 

719 K cal/mol 

0.40 K cal/kg at 20°C · 

127.3 K cal/kg (230 BTU/lb) 

ComJ)leteiy miscible with water and most organic 

solveJilts including alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatic 

and chlorinated hydrocarbons and veg~table oils. 
78 ,. 

Exhibit 18 

- NMP CLEANING PROCESSES 

NMP 

Ambient to 180° F. 

20 to 30 Pslg. 

(_~PRAY WASH CLEANING I 

(Spray under lmmerelon recommended.) 

Rinse Tanks 

Deionized Water. 

120° F, 12 Pslg 

(iMMERSION TANK CLEANIN:I 

Drying 

Forced 

Hot Air 

or 

Vacuum. 

Cleaning Tanks Rinse Tanks Drying 

~---~~----~~~---~~ ~---0-,~~~~~~ Stow~uu® or Capillary 

Drytng. 

NMP 

• Ambient to 180° F. 

With or without Ultrasonics 

0 May be spray rinsed. 

® Slow Incremental removal from Dl water. 

Effective on flat surfaces. 

Source: GAF Chemicals Corporation 

--1 ':11nitJf':":l'l --1 "y 1~min:-,· 'I 

-- -- Deionized Water: 

~00°F. 

.. 

Forced Hot 

Air. 

,., 

F4703411 
79 

OTHER ORGANIC SOL,fENTS 

The precision cleaning industry has always used a 

wide range of miscellaneous solvents. In most 

applications,- such solvents are used in manual 

operations. They are often applied using camel or 

sable hair brushes during assembly or rework. 

Typical solvent cleaning applications include: 

• Local defluxing after solder rework operations; 

• Defluxing after special solder operations (e.g., 

strain gauge lead attachment); 

• Varnish applications (e.g., small scale in-situ 

coil impregnations). 

Some of the solvents commonly used include 

organic solvents such as ketones, alcohols, ethers, 

and esters, and chlorinated solvents such as 

trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and 

methylene chloride. Chlorinated solvents will be 

described in further detail in the next section. 

Organic solvents can be used in either a heated 

state or at room temperature in a dip tank, or in 

hand-wipe operations. However, due to the fact 

that most are flammable, these types of organic 

solvents are most often used at room temperature 

in a process commonly known as cold cleaning. 

The ketones form a group of very powerful 

solvents (see Exhibit 19). In ,particular, acetone 

(dimethyl ketone) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 

are ·good solvents for polymers and adhesives. In 

addition, acetone is an efficient dewatering agent. 

However, the flammability of both solvents (note 

that acetone has a flash point of 0°F) and their 

incompatibility with many structural polymers (e.g., 

stress cracking of polyether sulphone, polyether 

ketone, and polycarbonate) mean that they should 

only be used with care and in small quantities. It 

is important to note that MEK is often classified 

as a hazardous air pollutant, as it is in the U.S. 

Even so, it is extremely widely used in a v~riety of 

applications. 

Alcohols such as ethanol .and isopropanol, and 

several glycol ethers are used alone and in blends 

I 

in a number of applications. These solvents are 

chosen for their high polarity and for their 

effective solvent p1Jwer. However, certain glycol 

ethers, can cause swelling, cracking, and structural 

degradation of pol:Ymeric and · elastomeric 

materials. The alcohols have a range of flash 

points. Extreme care must be exercised while 

using the lower flash point alcohols (see Exhibit 

20). 

As mentioned earlier, one method of organic 

cleaning involves the use of an alcohol vapor zone 

to clean the parts, and a perfluorocarbon vapor 

blanket above the tto reduce the flammability risk 

of the heated alcohol. A different class of alcopol 

vapor degreasing e<Juipment does not make use of 

an inerting agen1t such as perfluorocarbons. 

Instead, these systems have numerous safety 

devices built into .the equipment, including air 

monitors, automatic sprinkler sy5tems, and 

automatic shutoff capabilities. Nevertheless, when 

using both types of equipment, workers must 

exercise extreme caution to reduce the risk of 

explosion. 

Esters, such as dibasic esters and aliphatic mono 

esterS, have good solvent properties. They offer 

good clf>.aning for a variety of grimes and soils. 

Most esters are readily soluble in alcohols, 

ketones, ethers, and hydrocarbons, but are only 

slightly soluble in water and in high paraffinic 

hydrocarbons. Dibasic esters generally have a high 

flash point and low vapor pressure. In fact, dibasic 

esters are so low in' vapor pressure that a residual 

film may remain on a surface after application, 

thereby necessitating a water rinse stage. Aliphatic 

esters, generally acetates, range in formula fiom 

ethyl acetate to tridcecyl acetate. The higher grades 

(hexyl a~tate and heavier) ar~ commonly used in 

degreasing. They fall into the combustible or 

noncombustible· fl:ash point range, and have 

acceptable compalibility with most polymers. 

These esters can be dried from a surface by for~d 

air drying with no Jesidual film. 

Many of the organic solvents are toxic a'nd have 

low worker exposur1e limits. Prior to implementing 

-------------------------------------------·-~----------------·------------------------
, 

80 . 

.... sue~ products, a plant should coordinate a review 

by an occupational health professional to ensure 

that the products are being used in a safe manner. 

All possible efforts should be made to protect 

workers from prolonged exposure to toxic 

chemicals. 

Many organic solvent alternatives to CFC-113 and 

MCF also have problems with odor. Even though 

wlatility and airborne concentrations can be 

reduCed, the relatively strong odors of some of 

these solvents may build up. Without adequate 

ventilation and possibly masks for workers, these 

odors may reach a level which will cause 

discomfort for workers. Therefore, care should be 

taken to reduce the odor build-up in any location. 

Other issues to consider when evaluating organic 

solvents as ~FC-113 and MCF substitutes include 

VOC emissions and waste disposal. In many 

locations, most of the organic solvents will be 

considered VOCs, and their use will require 

emissions control. In addition, spent solvent may 

he considered hazardous waste. If it is, the solvent 

will require special handling and disposal practices. 

'• 

' . 

.· 

, . .. 
, 

'81 

Exhibit 19 

PROPERTIES ~:>F KETONES 

' Evap Coefficient Surface ' lbs 

KETONES Formula Moi.Wt. B.P. !=.P. Rate of Tens1on@ 

per Of Of CCI4 Expansion 68°F 

: gal =.100 Per °F Dynes/em 

ACETONE CH3COCH3 58.08 6.58 132-134 -138.6 139 0.00080 23.7 

- METHYL ETHYL KETONE CH3COC2H5 72.10 6.71 174-177 -123.5 97 0.00076 24.6 

DIETHYL KETONE C2H5COC2H5 El6.13 6.80 212-219 -43.5 - 0.00069 24.8 

METHYL n-PROPVL KETONE CHaCOC ~ 86.13 6.72 214-225 -108.0 66 0.00062 25.2 

CYCLOHEXANONE (CH2)5CO / 98.14' 7.88 266-343 -49.0 12 0.00051 - METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE (CHa)2CHCH2COCH3 100.16 6.68 234-244 -1:20.5 47 0.00063 22.7 

METHYL n-BlTTYL KETONE CH3COC4H9 100.16 6.83 237-279 -'70.4 32 0.00055 25.5 

METHYLCYCLOHEXANONE (CH:JCsHgCO 112.17 7.67 237-343 7 0.00042 (Mixed Isomers) ' - -

ACETONYL ACETONE CH3COC2H4COCH3 114.14. 8.10 - 365-383 '15.8 - 0.00052 39.6 

DIISOPROPYL KETONE (CHa)2CHCOCH(CHa)2 114.18 6.73 237-261 - - - - - METHYL n-AMYL KETONE CH3 (CH2)4COCH3 114.18 6.81 297-309 ..:S1.9 15 0.00057 - DIACETONE ' (CH:J C(OH)C~COCH3 116.16 7.82 266-356 -iS5.2 4 0.00055 29.8 

' Fl~1mmable 

Sol % by Wt. @ 68°F Flash Llmlts Lment 

Pt %by Volume Toxicity Spec. Heat Heat 

KETONES Formula (TCC) mAtr MAC Liq. @68°F -@ 

Of in ppm Btu/(lbWF) , B.P. 

In Water O'Water Lower Upper Btu/lb 

ACETONE CH3COCH3 Ill ' CD 0 2.Ei 12.8 1000 0.51 224 

METHYL-ETt1'YD<EiONE CH3COC2H5 26.8 11.8 28 Ul 11.5 250 0.53 191 

DIETHYL KETONE C2H5COC2H5 

104nF 3.4 4.6 55 - - 250 0.56 163 

METHYL n-PROPYL KETONE CH3COC3H7 4.3 3.3 45 1.Ei 8.2 200 - 180 

CYCLOHEXANONE (CH~ CO 2.3 8.0 145 1.1 - 100 0.49 . , METHYL ISOBlTTYL KETONE (CHa)2CHCH2COCH3 2.0 1.8 64 1A~ 7.5 100 0.55 148 

METHYL n-BlTTYL KETONE CH3COC4H9 3.4n•l= 3.7n•F 73 1 ,, 

.. 8.0 100 0.55 148 

METHYLCYCLQHEXANONE (CH:JC5H9CO 0.2 ' 3.0 118 - . '100 0.44ss•F - (Mixed Isomers) 

ACETONYL ACETONE CH3COC2H4COCH3 CD CD 174 . - . . . 

DIISOPROPYL KETONE (CHa)2CHCOCH(CHa)2 0.6 - 75 . . - . . 

METHYL n-AMYL KETONE CH3(CH2)

4COCH3 04 I 1.5 120 . . 100 - 149 

DiACETONE (CHa)2C(OH)CH2COCH3 CD CD ·_ 48 - . 50 o.5o58·F 200 

Source. DuPont Company, Handbook of Standards for Solvents 
82 

Exhibit 20 

PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS 

CHEMICAL 

Methanol 

Ethanol, Prop. Anhydrous 

Ethanol, Spec. Industrial Anhydrous 

' 

I Isopropanol, Anhydrous 

n-Propanol 

' 2-Butanol 

Jsobutanol 

n-Butanol 

, Amyl Alcohol (primary) 

' Methyl Amyl Alcohol 

Cyclohexanol 

2-Ethylhexanol 

Texanol 

1 n-Butyl Acetate=1 

2C.O.C. 

, Lb./Gal. 

60°F 

6.60 

6.65 

6.65 

6.55 

6.71 

6.73 

6.68 

6.75 

6.79 

6.72 

7.89 

6.94 

7.90 

Sp. Gr. Boiling 

20•t20•c Range •F 

0.792 147-149 

0.799 165-176 

0.795 167-178 

0.786 179-182 

0.806 205-208 

0.809 207-215 

0.803 , 225-228 

0.811 241-245 

0.815 261-282 

0.808 266-271 

0.949 320-325 

0.834 360-367 

0.950 I 471-477 

Source: Southwest Chemical Company, Solvent Properties Reference Manual 

Fl. Pt. °F 

TCC Evap. Rate1 

54 3.5 

. 49 1.8 

50 1.8 

53 ' 1.7 

74 1.0 

72 0.9· 

85 0.6 

97 0.5 

120 9.3 

103 0.3 

142 0.05 

164 0.01 

' 2482 0.002 : 

.. ' 
, 

I' 

I 

83 

OTHER CHLORINATED :SOLVENT~S 

One of the moit appealing substitutes for CFC-113 

and MCF in terms of process similarity is the use 

of ~mother chlorinated solvent which does not 

contribute to ozone-d~plet'ion. The solvents 

normally used in cleaning applications are 

trichloroethylene, perchloreethylene, and 

methylene chloride. While these substances_ are 

ideal due to the fact that they can be used in vapor 

, degr~ing applications, as are CFC-113 and MCF, 

they may have significant health and environment~ 

impacts which, if not properly addressed, make 

their use less attractive. 

These thr~ cleaning solvents have undergone 

extensive testing in recent years for safety, health, 

and environmental impacts. As a result pf this 

testing, two of the solvents -- trichloroethylene and 

perchloroethylene -- have been classified as VOCs 

(although the U.S. EPA has recently proposed that 

perchloroethylene be exempted4

from regulation as 

a VOC), and all three have been classified as 

hazardous air pollutants in· the U.S. These 

classifications have significant implications for 

chlorinated solvent use in the U.S. since they 

require that emissions control "measures be 

employed and extensive records be kept when 

using these solvents. In November 1993, the U.S. 

EPA proposed national· emission standards for 

·hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPs) used in 

existing and new halogenated solyent cleaning · 

applications. The standards, which were developed 

under the requirements of Title III (Hazardous Air 

Pollutants) of the Clean Air Act, cover both vapor 

degreasing and immersion cleaning with 

trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and 

methylene chloride, as well as with MCF. The 

standards are expected to be finalized by November 

,1994. After that time, companies operating 

existing equipment will have two years to comply 

with the requirements. 

Under the proposal, comp~nies are required to 

install emission control equipment and to 

implement automated parts handling and specified 

work practices in order to meet emission 

standards. Alternatively, companie~ may choose to 

comply with either an idling mode emission limit, 

, in conjunction with parts handling and work 

! practice requireme.nts, or a limit on total 

emissions. Exhibi~ 21 presents the proposed 

control equipment Combinations and the 

alternative idling limits for different types of 

equipment. Exhibit 22 lists the alternati':e total 

emissions limits. 

I Within 90 days of the finalization of the standards, 

, companies must submit an initial ·notification of 

each solvent cleaning machine. Companies are 

expected , to implement one of the compliance 

options· within two years, and_ to submit at! initial 

compliance report within 30 days of the end of the 

two-year period. Cleaning machines that begin 

operation after the ]proposal date are' expected to 

, comply with the sta11idards upon start-up or on the 

I date the standards are finalized, whichever is later. 

Following the submission of the initial compliance 

report, companies are required to submit annual 

compliance reports. Noncompliance reports, ifnecessary, are submitted quarterly. The operators 

of batch vapor and in-line vapor and cold cleaning 

machines are required to o~tain an operating 

permit from the EPA or the operator's state, if the 

I , ' state has an EPA-approved permitting program. 

Companies that _choose to comply with the 

alternative emission limit are required to keep a 

monthly log of solvent additions dOd removals, and 

1 to use mass-balance equations to calculate th~ir 

total emissions. Tht: emissions, based on a three1 month rolling average, must be equal or less t~an 

the total' emissions limit. 

: -In addition to bein~: VOCs and/or hazardous air 

1 pollutants, two of the nonozone-depleting 1 chlorinated solvents have been shown to be · 

, carcinogenic to animals in extensive toxicity , 

i testing. This . discovery has prompted the 

International Agen~y for Research-on Cancer to 1 

f classify both perchloroethylene and methylene 

chloride as "possibly carcinogenic to humans." In 

addition, many gov1ernments have set very low 1 permissible worker exposure limits for all three 

1 chlorinated solvents. The U.S. Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration (OSHA) has set worker 

! exposure limits at lCIO parts per million (ppm) for 

-------------------------------------·~-------------------------------- 1-

I 

I 

I -
84 

perchloroethylene and tri~loroethylene, and 500 

ppm for methylene chloride. A proposal has been 

submitted to lower the permissible exposure limit 

(PEL) for methylene chloride to 25 ppm. 

with all regulations governing use •. storage, and 

disposal of these materials. 

Despite the many possible environmental and 

safety effects associated with the use of chlorinated 

solvents, they are feasible substitutes for CFC-113 

and MCF in precision cleaniqg provided adequate 

control measures are used. Exhibit 23 summarizes 

the solvent properties of these other chlorinated 

solvents. 

Chlorinated solvents are subject to hazardous 

waste regulations in some l!reas, including the U.S. 

where 'they are covered under the Resource · 

Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Users 

of these solvents must be aware of and comply 

Exhibit 21 

CONTROL EQUIPMENT COMBINATIONS AND 

ALTERNATIVE IDLING LIMITS UNDER NESHAPs 

II Cleaner Type (m2 solvent/air 

1,1 ·interface area) 

Control Equipment 

Combination Optionsa,b 

Batch Vapor.(~ 1.21 m2) 1. FBR=1.0, FRO, RRO 

2. FBR=1.0, BPC, RRO 

3. BPC,FRO,RRO 

4. CVR,FRO,RRO 

' Batch Vapor(> 1.21 m2) 1. BPC, FRO RRO 

2. BPC, OWL, RRO 

3. OWL, FRO, RRO 

4. BPC,FRO,SHV 

5. BPC,RRO,SHV 

6. FBR=1.0, RRO, SHV 

7. OWL, RRO, SHV 

ln-Linec (Existing) FBR=1.0, FRO 

ln-Unec (New) SHV, FRO 

Batch Cold Cleaning CVR, Water Layer 

a FBR - freeboard ratio 

FRO - freeboard refrigeration device 

RRD - reduced room draft 

BPC - blparting cover 

CVR - manual cover 

OWL- dwell. , 

Alternative Idling Limit 

(kg/hr)b 

~ 

0.15 

0.15 

-

0.10 

0.10 

N/A 

SHV - superheated vapor 

b Compliance with the proposed equipment or idling emtssion standard also requires automated parts handling 

and work practices 

c Includes both vapor and cold cleaning equipment 

-· 
85 

Exhibit 22 

' ALTERNATIVE TOTAL EMISSIC~NS LIMITS UNDER NESHAPs 

(BASED ON THREE-MONTH ROI;-LJNG AVERAGE) 

'Average Emission (kg/ 

Batch Vapor (Existing and New) 109.8 

ln-Une Vapor and Cold Cleaning (Existino) 1153.2 

ln-Une Vapor and Cold Cleaning (New) Sl8.5 

Batch Cold Cleaning "N/A 

Exhibit 23 

PROPERTIES OF CHLC)RINATED SOL.VENTS 

Trichloro- Perchloro- ·Methylene 

Physical Properties CFC-113 MCF ethylene ethylene Chloride 

Ozone Depletmg 

Potential 0.8 0,12 0 0 0 

Chemical Formula CCt2FCCtF2 CH3CCI3 CHCICCI2 CGI2CCI2 CH2CI2 

Molecular Weight 187.38 133.5 131.4 1Ei5.9 84.9 

Boiling Point (DC) 47.6 '73.8 87 1::•1 4.0 

Density (g/cm3,} 1.56 1.34 146 1.152 1.33 

Surface Tension 

(dyne/em} 17.3 25.4 29.3 31.3 N/A 

.. Kauri Butanol Value 31 124 130 91' 132 

U.S. OSHA PEL 8 hr. 

,. TWA (ppm) 1000 3508 100 1Cl0 5oob 

Flash Po1nt (

0 C} None None None None None .. 

8 . Obtained from HSrA White Paper 1989 I 

I - b A proposal has been submitted to lower the PEL for methylene chlonde to 25 ppm. _ ! ' 

Source: UNEP 1991. 

\. 
86 
67 

VOLATILE METHYL SILC:>XANES 

Volatile metbyi siloxanes (VMSs) are relatively 

new alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF in precision 

and electronics cleani~g. They remove most 

surface contaminants in precision metal working 

and optics processing, as well as most nonionic 

soils in electronics processing. 

VMSs are low molecular weight silicone fluids that 

occur in both li~ear and cyclic form. Commercially 

available formulations are often made up of blends 

of several different VMS fluids. VMSs have been 

used for many years as ingredients in cosmetics and 

a variety of personal care products, but have not 

been traditionally used in solvent cleaning 

applications. 

The primary benefits associated with the use of 

VMSs in cleaning applications include: 

• Good cleaning capabilities for a variety of 

contaminants, including oils, greases, cutting 

fl'uids, silicone fluids, and waxes (when heated); 

• Ability to evaporate without leaving a residue; 

• Low surface tension allows VMSs, like CFC113, to spread rapidly and penetrate tightlyspaced 'areas; 

- ' 

• Compatibility with a wide. variety of substrates, 

including most plastics and elastomers; 

• Easily recoverable and reusable. VMSs are 

recycled by distillation and/or filtration, 

depending on the contaminants present; 

• No rinsing is needed, thereby eliminating any 

wastewater concerns. 

The major dr~wbacks associated with the use of 

VMSs in precision .cleaning include: " . 

• Flammability. The most flammable VMS blend 

currently available has a flash point of 30°F-and 

is classified as flammable. The least flammable 

blend bas a flash point of 135°F and is classified 

as combustible. 

• Longer drying tumes than CFC-113 and MCF. 

The evaporatio1n rates of VMS blends are 

comparable to that of butyl acetate. -

• Soine constituents of VMS blends Jtave very low 

recommended e:qmsure limits on the order of 

10 ppm. Overall toxicity testing on VMS blends 

is not yet complete. ,, 

The VMS blends us.ed in cleaning are pur.e distilled 

methyl polysiloxanclS that contain no additives and 

are clear in color. ]Because VMSs have low KauriButanor values, they are excellent solvents for 

surface soils such as oils, greases, cutting fluids, 

silicone fluids, yet harmless on most elastomers 

and plastics., Exhibit 24 presents the pfoperties of 

three VMS blends as compared to CFC-113 and 

MCF. Exhibits 25 and 26 list the compatibility of 

VMS fluids with a:rtain elastomers and plastics. 

VMSs are used as cleaning and rinsing agents. 

The most volatile VMS blend can alSo function as 

a drying agent. Parts rinsed with this blend will 

dry in less-than on'e minute at room temperature. 

_Less volatile VMS blends 'take longer to dry. 

Moderate beat m~ty be applied to speed up the 

drying 'process. 

VMSs can be used in existing cleaning equipment 

that is designed to safely handle flammable or 

combustible liquids. For example, equipment that 

uses isopropyl alcohol. can be easily adapted for 

use with VMS fluids. In addition, CFC-113 or 

MCF vaRor degrel!ISers can be modified for VMS 

use. Mechanical agitation or ultrasonics can be 

added to enhance 1::>r speed the cleaning process. 
88 

Exhibit 24 

PROPERTIES OF SAMPLE VMS BLENDS 

' CFC-113 MCF VMS Blend 1 VMS Blend 2 VMS Blend3 = ~ " 

Molecular Weight 187 133 162 236 310 

. ' Flash Point (• F) none none 30' .94 135 . Freezing Point (-C) -35 -37 -68 -86 ·-76 

Bolling Point (° C) 47 74 100 149 192 

' 

Evaporation Rate 17 6 3 1 0.1 

{butyl acetate = 1.0) -

Viscosity at 25•c 0.68 '0.79 0.65 1.0 1.5 

Speclflc Gravity at 25•C 1~56 1.31 0.76 0.82 0.85 

Surface Tension at 25°C 17.3 25.5 15.9 16 18 I 

(dynes/em) 

lieat of Vaporization at 35 56.7 46 44 36 

1so•F (caVgm) 

Kauri-Butanol Value 31 124.8 16.6 15.1 13.4 

Exhibit 25 .· 

COMPATIBILITY OF SAMPLE VMS BLENDS WITH .ELASTOMERS 

1 wee~- Jmmersion at sooc (pereem swell) 

Polymer Common Name VMS Blend VMS Blend VMS Blend 

1 2 3 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene BunaN 8.1 0 .4 

'• 

Chlorosulfonated Hypalon 2.4 -1.8 -1.9 

Polyethylene 

' EPDM Rubber Nordel -3.9 -6.6 -8.6 

Fluoroelastomer Viton A -1.7 0 0 

Viton B -1.2 -1.2 .. 0 

lsobutylene-lsoprene Butyl Rubb~r 3.5 -5.8 . -4.0' 

Natural Polyisoprene Natural Rubber 16.0 11.5 4.9 

Polychloroprene Neoprene 58.5 '56.9 53.9 

Polyslloxane Silicone -7.1 -8.3 .. -8.3 
, 

Exhibit 26 

I 

COMPATIBILITY OF SAryiPLE V'MS BLEND$ V\fiTH PLASTICS 

1 day immersion at sooc (percent weight chan~1e) 

Polymer 

Nylon 

Ac.-yhc \ 

Polysulphone 

PET 

Polycarbonate 

Polyvinyl Chloride 

Acetal 

AE!_S 

Polypropylene 

PBT 

Polyetherimide 

PVDF 

Polystyrene 

Chlorinated Polyvinyl 

Chlonde 

PTFE 

lonomer 

Acrylic Clear 

High Impact Polystyrene 

- Polycarbonate B 

Polypro 

PVC 

.Nylon B 

WHMW Polyethylene .. 

HPDE ' 

VMS Blend 'I 

-0.5 I 

I 

- -0.2 I 

I 

-0.1 

' 0 

- -0.1 1 

I 

- -0.1 I 

' 

l 

-0.2 I 

-0.3 ! 

0.6 I 

-0.3 l 

-0.1 I 

- I 

0 I 

0.4 i 

I 

I 

0 I 

0 : 

0.6 I 

I 

-0.2 I 

0 I 

I 

I 

-0.1 I 

- - 0.3 

-0.1. 

-0.2 

0.6 

0.2 

I 

I 

I 

; 

I 

I 

I 

• 

I 

VMS Blend 2 VMS Blend3 

,0 -0.3 ' 

- 0 -0.1 

0 -0.1 

0 0 

0 -0.1 

0 0 ' 

0 -0.1 

0 -0.1 

0 0.1 

0 -0.1 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0.1 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 -0.1 

0 01 

0 0 

0 0.2 . 

0 0.1 

0 -0.6 

I 

89 
90 
i ~ 

91 

WASTEWATER MINIMIZ~ATION ANID 

TREATMENT 

Pre-Treatment of Water 

Because the cleanliness of precision components 

rinsed with water is largely determined by the 

quality of the rinsewater, a plant should 

understand its requiJ:ements for water supply and 

quality of water. For example, plants should 

remember that in some areas, water is in short 

supply and in othC?rs areas, the quality of water is 

not suitable for precision cleaning. Other factors 

to consider regarding water supply, quality, and 

pre-treatment include: 

• Water supply requirements vary between 

ma~hines and with ·various recycling schemes; · 

I 

• Water supply requirements range from 0.5 gpm 

to 10 gpm with 3 to 5 gpm being most common. 

Systems that recycle water require additional 

water only to make up for evaporation; 

• Pre-treatment of water may be requir~ to 

teduce hardness and suspended particulates, or 

to reduce machine maintenance. Water 

softening can be done with off-the-shelf water 

softening packages; 

• Water with hardness greater than four should 

not be used with saponifiers; 

• Tap water costs less and wets better than 

purified deionized water, but can introduce 

contaminants or interfere with the cleaning 

chemistry; 

~ • Highly deionized water can 4=3use problems. 

Typically, aqueous and semi-aqueous ·<;Jeaning use 

tap water and/or deionized water. If the tap or 

deionized water is inadequate for the specific 

application, water treatment may be required. 

The following treatment methods and equipment 

can be used to adjust water quality: 

• Mechanical filtr.ation to remove suspended 

particles; 

• Sedimentation (t1::> allow suspended particles to 

settle); 

- • Coagulation (to remove fine ~articles in 

colloidal suspens1ion ); 

• Carbon filtration (to adsorb gases, vapors, 

organic substana:s, and colloidal solids); 

• Bacteria filtratiollt (to remove bacteria and other 

microorganisms); 

• Irradiation with ultraviolet light (to. destroy 

•

1 bacteria and other microorganisms); 

' . 

• Water softening (to remove calcium and 

magnesium); 

• Reverse osmosis (to r~move diss!llved solids, 

colloids, and microorganisms). 

Depending on the initial water quality, different 

combinations of the above units are used to 

achieve the desired 1~uality l~vel. 

I 

Post-Treatrr1ent of Water 

In order to meet lo~1l, state, or federal regulations, 

, wastewater gene!atc~d from aqueous and semi- . 

aqueous based cleaning processes may require , 

, pretreatment prior to discharge to a publicly 

o~ed treatment works (PO'f,W) or the sewer· 

system. The type of treatment technology used 

' depends primarily on the quality and quantity of 

the wa~tewater generated. 

-------------------------------------------,~~----------------·-----------------------

.· 

' 
.. 

• 

92 

Wastewater QualitY 

Wa5tewatet may contain organic contaminants 

along with dissolved or suspended metals. 

Additionally, when using alkaline cleaners, 

wastewater can have a pH that is too high for 

discharge to a POTW or sewer. 

Organic Matter 

Organic matter in the wastewater results from the 

removal of oil and grease from the parts being 

cleaned and from the chemical constituents of the 

cleaners. 

Oil and grease are generally considered a single 

type of pollutanL They are not categorized by any 

chemical formula, but rather as a semi-liqqid 

material that may contain fatty acids, fats, soaps, 

and other similar materials. Oily wastewater can 

be placed ·into five categories: 

• Free oil: oil which rises rapidly to the surface 

under quiescent conditions; 

• Mechanical dispersions: fine oil droplets ranging 

in size from microns to a few millimeters in 

diameter that are stabilized by electrical charges 

or other forces but not through the influence of 

surface active agents; 

• Chemically stdhiliwl emulsions: oil droplets 

similar to mechanical dispersions but with 

enhanced stability resulting from surface active 

agents at the oil/water interface; 

• "Dissolved" oil: truly soluble chemical species 

plus finely di'1ded oil droplets (typically less 

than S microns diameter). This form generally 

defies removal by normal physical means; 

• Oil-wet soUds: oil adhering to the surface of 

particulate m~terial in. the wastewater. 

Organic matter such as oil and grease c'teate visual 

and olfactory problems in th~ water, interfere with 

normal oxygen transfer from air to water, and exert 

both a biochemical oxygen demand '(BOD) and a 

chemical oxygen demand (COD). BOD is a 

measure of the oxygen consuming characteristics of 

organic matter. COD measures the total 

oxidizable carbon in the wastewater .. BOD differs 

from COD in that BOD relates to the dissolved 

oxygen in water, while COD relates to the 

chemically bound oxygen in the .water. The 

measure of organic matter in a waste stream is 

generally characte~d by measuring the BOD and 

COD. ' 

Most aqueous and semi-aqueous chemicals used in 

their cleaner formulations are biodegradable. The 

term "biodegradable" ~ay be misleading, however, 

because it may take too long for them to break 

'down into ·their constituent , elements to be 

eqvironmentally acceptable. 

Metals 

Metals can exist either in suspension or solution. 

Metals in suspension are chips and fines removed . 

from the parts being cleaned. Dissolved m~tals in 

aqueous-based wastewater generally arise from 

metals that are etched off parts as a result of the 

alkalinity of the·solution. 

, pH 

A high pH, or alkaline content, can harm aquatic 

life. Aqueous cleaning wastewater generated in the 

precision cleaning industry is generally alkaline 

(i.e., has a pH greater than 7). In most instances, 

the wastewater has a pH ranging from 9 to 12, and 

mus~ be neutY 11ized prior to discharge 'o a POTW 

or sewer. 

Wastewater Minimization 

Before considering wastewater treatment options, 

a plant should investigate methods to minimize the 

amount of wastewater generated from aqueous and ' 

semi-aqueous cleaning processes. One important, 

step in minimizing wastewater is optimizing the 

cleaning process. 

Optimizing the cleaning process includes: 

• Avoiding unnecessary loading 

• Removing sludge promptly 

"' 

''• 
.. 

• Monitoring the cleaning solution 

• Maintaining equipment 

• Designing more effici:nt process featu~~ 

Avoid Unnecessary Loading 

In addition to cbnsuming more of the cleaner, an 

excessive amount of loading will cause the soils 

rem(,lved 'from the parts to interfere with cleaning. 

These soils can form scale on the heating tubes 

and reduce heat transfer . efficiency. Excessive 

loading requires regular maintenance and increased 

discharge of wastewater. · 

· When using alkaline cleaners, alkalinity may be 

unintentionally reduced by 'the acidity of the soils 

being removed, reaction of the alkali with the 

· carbon dioxide in the air used for agitation, and 

reaction of the cleaner components with the hard 

water salts. This reduction in alkalinity consumes 

the cleaner and reduces bath life. Solutions to 

such problems include using mechanical agitation, 

soft water, demineralized water, or deionizeq 

water, and replacing the used alkaline cleaner 

tJ:equently. 

Remove Sludge and Soils Promptly 

Removing sludge and soils promptly from cleaning 

tanks reduces cleaner use by increasing the time 

before the entire tank needs to be cleaned out. 

Alkaline cleaners are available that allow the 

separation of excess oily soils from the cleaning 

solution. These formulations use surfactants that 

are good detergents but poor emulsifiers. 

Agitation ,of the bath keeps the soils suspended . 

After a period of inactivity (e.g. overnight), the oily 

soils float to the surface and can be skimmed off. 

•.Although this method is effective with mineral oil, 

it is less effective with fatty oils. 

.. Similarly, there are also semi-aqueous cleaning 

systems that have a hydrecarbon phase that 

dissolves the soils but does not dissolve in the 

wa~er phase. When allowed to stand without 

agitation, this hydrocarbon phase easily separates 

out. 

I ' I 

i 

93 

· l Monitor CleanJ:ng SolUtion Roc!fi~ely 

If solution strengtllls are analyzed on a routine 

basis, solution strength can be maintained Diore 

effectively by makiing small and frequent additions 

rather than a few large ones. Analyses can be 

performed by the operator using simple titration 

techniques (for example, the addition of a given 

amount of reagent to a known volume -of cleaner 

and indicator can r·esult in a color change). Full 

scale titration tesrts may be performed by a 

laboratory on a less frequent basis. The plant 

should keep an accurate log of all tests and cleaner 

additions. 

Maintain Equipment 

All equipment should be regularly maintained. 

' Metal tanks that arle not fabricated with stainless 

steel should be properly coated . with protective 

finishes. ·Tanks that hold deionized water s~ould 

be stainless steel or lined with plastic lining in 

order to .prevent ~apid rusting. Spray nozzles 

s~ould be inspected r~gularly to avoid clogging: 

, Additional imponant items to maintain are the 

' float valves that supply make-up water. Leaks in 

these valves can cause dilution of cleaner. It is 

also imponant to determine . whether plastic 

r material used in equipment is compatible with the 

hydrocarbon materi:al used in· the semi-aqueous 

_process. 

( 

1 Consider Other Process Design 

Features 

Other process design ..features that can reduce 

wastewater dischargf: include: 

I • Use of demineralized water during rinsing, to 

clean pans that cannot tolerate minor residue. 

This water reduces the amount of sludge 

generated during wastewater treatment and may 

allow the direct use of rinse water as make-up 

water for the wash tank; 

1 • Counterflow rinse systems should alw<Jys be 

. used to reduce overall water consumption and 

subsequent treatment requirements; 

.-
94 

• Fog nozZles use much less water than 

ro.nventional spray systems. 

Wastewater Treatment 

Technologies ~ 

. Wastewater generated from preCISion cleaning 

,processes can have a wide range of pollutants. 

Therefore, the treatment technologies applied will 

depend on the type of pollutant present and the 

quantity of wastewater being generated. The 

wastewater treatment equipment and processes 

discussed below are categorized based on the type 

of pollutant being treated. 

011 and Grease 

Gravity SeparaJor. 'This treatment technology takes 

. advantage of the difference in specific gravity 

between water and oil and grease. The process 

involves retaining the oily waste in a holding tank 

and allowing gravity separation of the oily material, 

which is then skimmed from the wastewater 

surface. Gravity separators are the most common 

devices employed in waste treatment to separate 

grease and nonemulsified oils. The technique does 

not always remove very finely divided (colloidal) 

oily or scummy material. The process generates an 

oily dispersion that may have to be treated prior to 

disposal. Relative energy requirements are low. 

In instances where the quantity of wastewater to be 

treated is small, a simple skimmer attached to a 

tank can be used to remove the free floating oils. 

The oil skimmers are either operated continuously 

during cleaning or are operated once a day before 

the cleaning process is started. It should be noted 

that during the removal of oil, other suspended 

solids like metal fines and chips are also removed. 

s The treatment of wastewater from a semi-aqueous 

cleaning process should not involve the removal of 

gross amounts of oil and grease if a ,pecanter is 

used with properly designed cleaning equipment. 

The removal of dissolved organic material and 

small amount~ of suspended oils may be required. 

UllraflllraJion. Ultrafiltration is a low pressure (10-

150 psi) membrane process for separating high 

molecular weight emulsified oils and particulate 

matter less than 0.2 microns in d.iameter from 

liquids. A semi-permeable membrane, 

incorporated in membrane modules, performs the 

separation. The wastewater (eed is pumped across 

the membrane surface at high velocity. Water and 

low-molecular weight solutes such as· salts . and 

~orne surfactants pass through the membrane pores 

as permeate. This solution may be, reused or 

further treated prior to disposal. Emulsified oil 

and suspended solids cannot pass through the 

membra~e pores and a..:e retaine.d as a· concentrate. 

The cross-flow characteristic of ultrafiltration 

differs from the perpendicular flow of ordinary 

filtration, where "cake" builds up on the filter 

surface, requiring frequent filter replaceme"t and 

cleaning. Tangential-flow prevents filter cake 

buildup, resulting in high filtration rates that can 

be .maintained continuously, eniminating the cost 

for frequent membrane cleaning. 

Data from aerospace industry investigators indicate 

that a ceramic ultrafiltration system can tie used to 

recover the entire cleaner (builder ~nd surfactant 

package) used in aqueous cleaning systems, and 

that the efficiency of oil removal is best when 

using ultrafiltration. However, the ultrafiltration 

process must be specifically tailored to the aqueous 

cleaner used in order to prevent excessive loss of 

specific components. 

'fhe capital cost of ultrafiltration equipment and 

operating costs associated with pumping 

w~stewater at high pressure are greater than the 

costs of other treatment methods. Material and 

disposal cost savings can provide an acceptable 

return on investment in cases where recycling of 

the permeate solution is possible. ' 

Coalescing. During the coalescence process, oil 

droplets wet a coalescing medium. As the oil 

droplets combine to form larger particles, they rise . 

to the surface of the spluuon. The most important 

properties of the coalescing media are its ability to 

, absorb oil and its large surface area. 

Polypropylene and monofilament line are 

sometimes used as coalescing media. Floating 

absorption blankets ·or pillows are available from 

a number of suppliers. The active material is 

generally a blown polypropylene that is highly 

oleophilic but will not remove active ingredients 

from the cleaner. ~ ' 
Because of its simplicity, coalescing provides high 

reliability and low capital and operating costs. It 

cannot be used, however, to remove emulsified 

oils; if emulsified oils are present, the wastewater 

··must be pretreated before being sent to the 

coalescing unit. 

Chemical Treatment, Chemical treatment is often 

used to break down stable oil-water emulsions. 

Chemical treatment consists of three steps: (1) 

coagulation -- breaking of the emuJ&ion; (2) 

flocculation -- agglomeration of the tiny oil 

droplets to· form . larger droplets; and (~) 

sedimentation-- the removal of oil from water. 

Coagulants (e.g., polymers, alum, ferric chloride, 

and organic ~mulsion breakers) break emulsions by 

neutralizing repulsive charges between particles, 

precipitating or salting .out emulsifying agents, or 

altering the interfacial 'film between the oil and 

water so it breaks down. After the addition of the 

coagulant, the flocculent is added to bring the tiny 

oil droplets together to form larger oil drops, so · 

that they can easily be separated from the 

wastewater. Typical flocculents are high molecular 

weight polymers. 

The disadvantage of this process is that chemical 

treatments used to break the emulsions generate 

sludge that bas to be disposed. The cost of 

chemicals and sludge disposal can be high. 

Organics 

Organics present in the_ wastewater from aqueous 

and semi-aqueous based processes are generated 

from contaminants like the hydrocarbon chemicals 

and surfactants used in the chemical cleaners and 

from the finishing and pigment compounds used in 

the processing of precision components. Although 

oil and grease are organic in nature, they are not 

considered organic pollutants under this definition. 

, It is known that many organic compounds are 

eliminated during the treatment steps for the 

removal of waste oil and grease. Hig.b molecular 

weight organics are much more soluble in oil than 

m the water and are skimmed off with the removed 

oil. 

Carbon adsorption. This system involves passing 

wastewater through a chamber containing activated 

carbon in order to remove the dissolved organic 

95 

material irom the wastewate;. carbpn adsorption 

is one of the most efficient organic removal 

' processes available. In addition, it iS reversible, 1 thus allowing activated carbon to be regenerated by 

the application of b(mt and·steam_ and then reused. 

Some general rules regarding carbon adsorption 1 capacitY include: 

• Higher surface ar,ea provides greater adsorption· 

capacity; 

~ • Larger pore size provides greater adsorption 

capacity; 

1 • Adsorptivity inCrl~eS as the solubility of the 

solute decreases. For hydrocarbons, adsorption 

increases with molecular weight; 

• Ad~orption capa<:ity decreases with increasing 

temperature; 

• For solutes with ionizable groups, maximum 

adsorption is achileved at a pH corresponding to 

the minimum ionization. 

The same factors 1can also affect ' the rate of 

I adsorption. For _example, while adsorption 

I capacity is greater when removing higher molecular 

I weight hydrocarbons, the rate of adsorption is 

1 decreased. Similarly, while higher temperat~res 

decrease capacity, they may increase the rate of 

removal of solute from solution. 

I Before carbon adsorption is performed, wastewater 

should be pretreated\ to remove excess suspended 

solids, oil, ~nd grea:se. Suspended solids in the 

1 stream entering the c::arbon adsorption bed should 

be less than 50 parts per million (ppm) to 

minimize backwash requirements. Oil and grease 

should be less than 10 ppm. High levels of oil and 

grease can block the pores of the activated carbon, 

making the carbon ineffective in the adsorption of 

1 organic matter. 

Activated carbon collumns are typically placed in 

1 series or parallel in wastewater treatment plants. 

A minimum of two ~Iumns is generally used in 

continuous operation: when the activated carbon 

in one column is US(!d up and being regenerated, 

the other column removes the 'COntaminants. 
.. 

96 

carbon adsorption is an ... economical treatment 

process. The greatest cost associated With the 

tecluiotogy is regenerating the activated carbon. 

pH 

Aqueous cleaning wastewater is alkaline and can 

have a pH rapging from 7 to 12, depending upon 

the cleaning process and, in particular, on the type 

and strength of the chemical cleaner used. Adding 

sulfuric or hydrochloric acid adjus~ the pH of 

wastewater. The major investment cost associated 

with this treatment is the cost of the mixing tank. 

The operating costs, which are primarily. the cost 

of material, are low. 

Dissolved Metals 

Precipilalwn. The most commonly used technique 

to treat dissolved metals consists of hydroxide 

precipitation followed by sedimentation. Reagents 

used to effect the precipitation include alkaline 

compounds such_ as lime and sodium hydroxide. 

The treatment chemicals may be added to a mix 

tank or, if a clarifier or similar device is being 

used, directly to the sedimentation device. The 

greatest advantage of using a clarifier is the short 

retention time it takes for meuil precipitates to 

settle. However, the cost of installing and 

maintaining a clarifier are high. The sludge that is 

generated must be disposed according to federal, 

state and social regulations. 

The performance of hydroxide precipitation 

depends on several variables. The ~ost important 

factors affecting precipitation effectiveness are: 

• Addition of sufficient excess hydroxide to drive 

the precipitation reaction to completion; 

. • Maintenance of an alkaline pH throughout the 

" precipitation reaction and subsequent settling; 

• Effective removal of precipitation s~lids. 

In some instances flocculatirtg agents are added to 

enhance the sedimentation process. 

!t is important to note that 'the us~ of hydroxide 

precipitation produces sludge that must be 

disposed, thus increasing treatment cost. 

In Japan, ferrite precipitation is frequently ,used in 

place o( hydroxide ·precipitation. It has the 

advantages of precipitating the metals at lower 

concentrations _(by a factor o~ about two). 

Furthermore, a market already exists for the 

'precipitates in the technical ceramics industry. Its 

disadvantages are higner operating costs and the 

considerable quantities of dissolved iron left in the 

effluent water. Regulatidns on ferrous and ferric 

ions should be investigated. ' 

lon=Exchange. Ion exchange is used in a number of 

wastewater treatment applications, particularly in 

water softening and deionization, to remove 

dissolved metals from solution. The process 

involves the reversible interchange of ions between 

a solid, called the ion-exchange material, and a 

liquid so that there is no permanent change in the 

structure of the solid. The utility of ion exchange 

rests with the ability to reuse the ion-exchange 

materials. Eventually, the resilll beds will lose their 

efficiency and have to be eitltler regenerated or 

replaced, thereby producing either concentrated 

wastewater or a volume of contaminated resin to 

be disposed of properly. For example, in the 

wastewater treatment reaction to remove lea~ (Pb ): 

" 

The exchanger R in the sodium-ion form, is able to · 

exchange for lead, and thus, remove lead from the 

wastewater and replace it with 'an equivalent 

quantity of sodium. Subsequently, the le~d-loaded 

resin may be treated with a sodium chloride 

solution, which regenerates the sodium form so 

that it is ready for another cycle o~ operation. The , 

regeneratio_n reaction is reversible and the ion · 

exchanger is not permanently changed. Relative, 

energy costs for this system are low. 
Conceptual Design of a 

Wastewater Treatment' 

System 

In most aqueous and .. semi-aqueous cleaning 

systems, the wash and rinse water is recycled and 

reused for a certain period of time before being 

discarded. Because of stringent environmental 

regulations, high water costs, ·and high energy 

costs, recycling of wastewater is recommended. 

Exhibit 27 presents a conceptual design o( a semi-

. continuous wastewater treatment system that treatS 

wastewater generated from precision cleaning 

industries. 

The system consists of six unit operations. Unit 1 

is a holding tank where the wastewater generated 

is periodically discharged. Unit 2 is an enhanced 

gravity separator that removes free floating oil and 

suspended solids. Unit 3 is a ultrafiltration device 

that removes the emulsified-dissolved oils. Unit 4 

is an ion-exchange column used to remove 

dissolved metals. Unit 5 is an activated carbon bed 

used to remove organic matter. Unit 6 is a pH 

adjusting tank. The final wastewater discharged 

from this system' can be either reused as process 

water for an aqueous or ,semi-aqueous cleaning 

process or discharged to the POTW. 

Contract Hauling of 

Wastewater 

For small users of aqueous and semi-aqueous 

cleaning processes, it may be more economical to 

contract wastewater treatment rather than treating 

it in-house. In some cases, the volume of the 

wastewater can be reduced' to make , it more 

.. · economical for shipment (hauling) by evaporating 

excess water. Most companies that contract haul 

waste generally treat it in large treatment facilities 

such as large wastewater treatment plants or large 

incinerators where it is burned as fuel. Waste 

from semi-aqueous processes can be a-fuel source 

for incinerators. ' 

97 
.. 

••' '98 

Exhibit 27 

SEMI-CONTINUOUS WASTEWATER TREATMENT 

PROCESS 

Wastewater 

Holding 

Tank 

Enhanced 

Gravity 

Separator 

Removal of 

FreeOII& 

Suspended Solids 

Source: EPA 1989 

Membrane 

Rltnltion 

Removal of 

DlnoludEmulslfled 011 

.. 

Carbon 

Adsorption 

Removal of 

Organics 

I on 

Exchange 

pH Adjusting 

Tank 

~Removal of 

IDiuolved Metals 

Publici 

Municipal 

Waste 

Treatment 

Facility 

Reuse asProcess Water · 
gg 

I 

SUMMARY AND REVIE\J\1 

' 

The manual has described the necessary steps to develop a progr:am to eliminate the use of 

CFC-113 and MCF in precision cleaning operations. In doing so, it has: , 

• Summarized the reasons for the ~~recision cleaning industry's historical 

dependence on CFC-113 and MCF; 

• Outlined the steps necessary to characterize existing manufacturing processes and 

precision cleaning needs; · · ; ' 

• Detailed the key organizational, technical, economic, and cmvironmental criteria 

to consider when developing a phaseout program; I 

• Discussed the many new alternative clea~ning prpcesses and solvents for precision 

cleaning, and summarized their operational principles, advantages and 

disadvantages; 

• Presented methods and options to minir~ize wastewater fr(]Jm the use of aqueous 

and semi-aqueous cleaning processes. 

I 

The next section presents some case studies tlhat provide examples of successful programs 

on alternatives beh;;g implemented in industry.' The case studies atre followed by references 

at;td a list of vendors that may seiVe as an additional source of infoflllation . 

... 
100 
101 

CASE STUDIES OF INDIJSTRIAL -F,RACTICES l 

l 

The following section presents case studies of industrial experiences of some of the 

alternative technologies discussed earlier. 

Mention pf any company or product in this document is for informatipnal,purposes only and 

does not constitute a recommendation of any such company or product, either express or 

implied by EPA or ICOLP, ICOLP committee members, and the companies that e:rnploy the 

ICOLP committee members. ' 

' ' 

• Case Study # 1: Aqueous Process for Clleaning Disk Drive~;. -

• Case Study #2: Alcohol with Perfluorocarbon Process for Qeaning Various 

Precision Components. ' 

I 

• Case Study #3: Aqueous Process for Clteaning Inertial System Parts . 

•I 

.. 

------------------------------------·~, --~~------------------------~ 

I . 
102 
... 

- 103 

--------------------------------------·---~~--------------------------------------

CASE STUDY #1: 

AQUEOUS PROCESS 

FOR CLEANING DISK 

DRIVES 

, Case study #1 describes the work conducted by 

Digital Equipment cOrporation (Digital) at its 

Colorado Springs Facility, to significantly reduce 

CFC-113 use and to identify alternative solvents. 

Introduction 

Digital designs and manufactures a· variety t>f disk 

drives and controllers. The products range from 5 

1/4" to 14" disks, from a few hundred megabytes to 

more than 1.5 gigabytes per spindle. 

Disk drives are manufactured in cleanroom 

environments. The electromechanical components 

require precision cleaning from panicles to 

submicron sizes and from jonic and organic film 

residues. 

Digital previously used CFC-113 extensively for 

precision cleaning of components. In 1987, Digital 

adopted an overlapping, three-phased approach to 

reduce and eventually eliminate CFCs from its 

manufacturing operations. CFC consumption for 

1987 was 62 ton~. Early conservation effons have 

led !o substantial reductions - to 56 tons ill 1989 

and 45 to~s in 1990. Projections for 1991 are 15 

to_ 20 tons. The goal is for virtually complete 

elimination by the end of 1991. 

Phases I and II -- CFC 

Reductions 

.. Phase I was designed to achieve immediate 

reductions through engineering enhancements, 

process improvements, and operating discipline. 

Phase I efforts which have been implemented 

successfully, focused on short lead time and low 

cost immediate reduction in CFC emissions. 

Phase II is a strategy during transition to 

alternatives. ' It accommodates near and mid-term 

efforts to achieve significant reductions in CFC 

. . · : consumption beyond ~hat of the ~base I effon. 

Phase II addresses longer lead time and higher cost 

solutions. In this phase, Digital has implemented 

carbon adsorption columns, closed or nearly-clased 

systems, balloon ~ccumulators, and other 

conservation devices. 

Phase Ill --. CFC Alternatives 

Feasibility StuCJry 

Phase Ill efforts have been targeted to finding a 

permanent alternative to ozone-depleting CFCs in 

manufacturing operations. Initial efforts focused 

on an extenSive feasibility study. This part of the 

project involved literature searphes, vendor 

searches, and laboratmy work with potential 

alternatives. Laboratory studies included testing a 

variety of organic, semi-aqueous, and aqueous 

solvent systems for panicle removal, film removal, 

residues; and material compatibility with the 

variety of metal and polymer parts, coatings, and 

platings used in disk drive hardware. The decision 

was made to pursue an aqueous cleaning 

alternative for the bulk of precision cleaning. 

Internal Conso.rtium 

,Digital has several other plants that assemble disk 

drives or provide component hardware to be used 

in the drives. 'The company established a 

cooperative effon that allowed better utilization of 

funding, knowledge, and resources in a division of· --

labor. 

Process Design 

The initial activity involved the selection of specific 

aqueous chemistry ~or process parameters and then 

an optimization of these variables. Primary design· 

activnies focussed on material compatibility, such 

as corrosion of metals and effects on polymers. 

·, 
104 

Te~ Program For Cleaning 

Effectiveness 

Cleaning effectiveness was evaluated using a' variety 

of tools. Optical microscopy, a very valuable 

method, can be used to l;9Unt and s~ particles 

down to about one micron. · 

Particles made of a variety of materials such as 

aluminum oxide, stainless steel, nickel, glass, and 

polystyrene latex can be obtained in sizes from 

submicron to several tens of microns. These 

particles were used to artificially contaminate test 

coupons. Coupons were cut from disk drive· 

materials, providi!lg the same surface material and 

structure as actual production hardware. The 

particles were counted and sized to obtain initial 

frequency distributions either manually with a 

microscope or by lising image analysis equipment. 

The contaminated parts were subjected to the 

treatment combination of fractional · factorial 

e:q>epments, and the effectiveness of the various 

combinations evaluated. 

Similar testing was conducted using chemical film 

contamination where hydrocarbon oils and ionic 

contamination were used to contaminate the parts. 

Measurement can be conducted using optical 

microscopy or surface energy measurements 

(contact angle) or by more sophisticated methods 

such as X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). . ' 

Test Program For Rinsing 

A key element of aqueous cleaning is removal of 

cleaning chemistry from the parts. Trace residues 

of ionic and . organic films left behind can be 

detrimental to product function. 

, Experiments using contact angle, optical and 

chemical microscopy, and XPS are useful for 

identifying process residues and quantities in 

'testing optimum methods of rinsing. 

' .. Test Program tor Material 

Compatibility ' 

Material compatibility was tested by evaluation 

before and after cleaning using optical microscopy, 

scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS (energy 

. dispersive x-ray spectrometer), and XPS. Metals· 

were tested for corrosion by acceleration in 

environmental chambers. Plastics were 

mechanically and environmentally stressed and 

cycled tQ evaluate the effects of surfactants on 

specific polymers. 

Implementation 

Digital is.adopting an aqueous cleaning alternative· 

for the majority of the precision cl~ning 

requirements for disk drive cleaning. Based on the 

testing described above, a synthetic detergent blend 

of nonionic and anionic surfactants with additives 

(such as builders, inhibitors, dispersing agents, 

buffers, and others) .will be used in an ultrasonic 

immersion process. 

Rinsing will be conducted in three stages: an 

initial high-volume, low-pressure spray; a second. 

stage immersion-ultrasonic rinse; and a final highpressure spray rinse. The nozzle used in the sprays 

will be optimized for pressure1 flow-rate, spray , 

pattern, and other parameters. · 

Drying will be performed using a mechanical 

dewatering stage with high velocity and high 

volume of filtered air to remove the bulk water, 

followed by evaporative drying of residual 

moisture . 
- . CASE STUDY #2: 

ALCOHOL WITH 

PER FLUOROCARBON 

CLEANING PROCESS 

• 

Case study #2 ,discusses the work carried out by 

British Aerospace (Dynamics) Ltd. (BADL) to 

develop two prototype cleaning systems that could 

use an alternative' solvent and eliminate the use of 

CFC-113. 

Introduction 

BADL designs and manufactures a wide range of 

defensive missile systems which involves the 

manufacture of many subsystems. These include 

flight and ground equipment, electronics, guidance 

equipment, and control systems - all of which 

require the use of CFC-113 as a precision cleaning 

agent. 

In common with most companies in the aerospace 

industry, BADL has set up an extensive Design 

Support Laboratory. Other organizations refer to 

these groups as Materials and Process Laboratories 

(M + PL ). Their function is varied and is 

concerned with the fine tuning of designs which, 

among many other factors, includes contamination 

and the means of its prevention. 

- ' Company Requirements 

The following characteristics. of BADL's business 

defined the options and alternatives to CFC-113: 

• Many of the manufacturing activities were 

relatively small. No single, large, highthroughput plant existed, especially in the 

electronics and precision engineering areas. .. • As a major military contractor, BADL's 

manufacturing contracts 'often run for many 

years and thus represent technologi~ of varying 

dates. Changes to long-standing designs to 

enable different cleaning techniques to be 

introduced would require expensive 

-

105 

requalification and would not be_ supported by 

customers. 

• Considerable amounts of c;FC-113 were used in 

dewatering processes to giye rapid spot-free 

drying of ·electronics, small parts, and optics . 

• DADL's business. is supported by large numbers 

of subconltractors, many of whom are relatively 

small and use small scale batch cleaning 

methods. 

• The bulk of BADL's CFC-113 applications were 

carried out in superclean, white room working 

conditions. 

• Certain special materials such as beryllium, were 

used in both the sensor manufacture and in the 

space component divisions. -These ·would 

require a careful choice of cleaning solvent, 

because of the stmsitivity to corrosive attack. 

Company Flesponse 

, Following the apjproach by one of BADL's 

suppl~ers of CFC-113, ~he alcohol/perfluorocarbon 

cleaning process was considered as a useful 

alternative to CFC-113 for both- electronics and 

small parts cleaning. 

The process, which is described in the previous 

section, is based on the principle· of adding a 

perfluorocarb-on (PFC) to isopropanol (IP A). 

Components are immersed in the hQt alcohol, 

cleaned by ultrasonnc agitation, and ,then removed 

through the vapor resulting in a warm, dry, 

alcohol-free product. Alternatively, parts can be 

held within the vapor and spray cleaned with pure 

alcohol. 

In order to move from the conceptual phase to 

design and implementation, BADL formed a 

cooperative ventune with several partners: its 

supplier of perfluorocarbon, an industrial p~rtner 

who could assist in the design of cleaning 

equipment and provide the industrial environment 

for the realistic evaluation of the process, and an 

industrial partner with experience in the 

manufactu_re of solvent cleaning machines. 
·. 

106 

Through this cooperative venture, BADL was able 

to <ie;;ign two prototype machines: 

·• A printed circuit board (PCB) cleaner; and 

• A general purpose clea.ner. 

PCB Cleaner 

This prototype was designed primarily to clean 

PCBs of all 'types including single sided throughhole, SMT and hybrids. The basic principles of the 

machine are shown in Exhibit 28. Mixed PFC and 

lP A vapor, generated by remote h~t water heating 

of a PFC/IP A sump (A), volatilizes and the mixed 

vapors rise into a cleaning tank (B). This tank is 

closed, by hermetic lid (C). The vapors condense 

on the cooling coils (D), with the condensate 

returning to the .three tanks (El ), (E2), and (E3) 

each of which contains IP A and PFC. An inner 

gauze lid, (F), interconiiected to the main lid is 

fitted to break up aerosols of alcohol from the 

spray, and vapors rising above the cooling coils are 

condensed on the refrigerated panel (G). Air and 

vapor displaced by the thermal expansion of the air 

in the cleaning tank passes via valves to the 

pressure balancing volume (H) thus preventing loss 

of vapors on heat-up and cool-down. 

To operate the system, a holder containing the test 

circuits is fitted manually and the interlocked lidsclosed. Clean alcohol is pumped via pneumatic 

pump (J) from tank (El) to spray heads (K) 

arranged on both sides of the PCBs; ,dirty alcohol 

flows back via the appropriate valve to (El ). The 

boards can then be rinsed with PFC (also from El) 

to remove residues of contaminated alcohol from 

the first cleaning stage. This process of alcohol 

and PFC spray cleaning can be repeated twice 

more from tanks (E2) and (E.1), so that the work 

pieces are cleaned with successively cleaner solvent. 

-. In common with all vapor degreasing systems, this 

PFC /alcohol machine is self-cleaning. The 

majority of the solvent distillate retUTDS to tank 

(E.1) and the overflow weirs over into (E2) and 

(El) and t\)en into the sump. By this means, the 

soil is collected in the sump and tank (E3) always 

remains clean. .The working fluid in the tank is 

the alcohol; dirty alcohol can be removed from the 

sump and replaced automatically by clean materi~l 

pumped into tank (E3). ~el sens<?rs deteCt and 

automatically adjust both the PFC and al~hol 

levels throughout the system. 

General Purpose Cleaner 

• During the development of _the first prototype 

machine results of a research program on the 

effects of ultrasonic cleaning on microelectronics 

,was published. This work showed that ultrasonic 

cleaning carried out under nonnal conditions did 

not damage electronic 'components. nor sensitize 

them to long-term detenoratiolt. 

In the design of the first prototype, ultrasonic 

cleaning was not incorporated because of concerns 

· about possible long-term damage. However, recent 

research has documented that ultrasonics do not 

have damaging impacts on properly designed 

boards. These results have greatly simplified the 

design of the second cleaner. 

The second cleaner is also a batch opera~ion with 

fully automatic under-lid handling of components. 

Parts are cleaned by an automatically programmed 

combination of bot alcohol immersion and 

ultrasonic cleaning; parts are ,dried before leaving 

the machine with heated PFC. Clean, dry, warm 

components are presented at the end of the 

sequence. Like the first prototype, this machine is 

also fitted with a hermetic lid system to eliminate 

solvent loss. 

.. 
.. 

'• 

. ' 

107 

\ • Exhibit 28 

. . 

DIAGR·AM OF FUNc·riONAL P~tOTOTYPE -

ALCOHOL WITH PER FLUORC,CARBON 

CLEANING MACHINE: 

Hot Water 

Heater.· 

OS 625 8858 0990 

Vapour 

Source: British Aerospace 

047034-2 

K 

Spray Heads B 

J l 

.. 

I 

' I • 

H 

Pressure 

Balance 

Volume 
108 
109 

----------------------------·~--------------------------

CASE.STUDY #3: 

AQUEOUS PROCESSES 

FOR CLEANING 

INERTIAL SYSTEM 

PARTS 

Case study #3 details the work carried out at a 

U.S. Air Force Base technical center to identify 

~queous processes that could replace the use of 

CFC-113 and MCF. 

Introduction 

The Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center 

(The Center), located at the Newark Air Force 

Base in Ohio, repairs a variety of inertial guidance 

and navigation systems and related components. 

The repair processes require extensive cleaning to 

remove contamination from parts made of 

aluminum, copper, beryllium, steel, and other 

materials. The contamination includes particulates 

and non particulates. Many assemblies have critical 

tolerances that mandate precision cleaning of the 

component parts before reassemply. The critical 

tolerances of some devices are such that particulate 

contamination as small as 0.5 microns can cause 

the device to fail. 

Traditionally, CFC-113 and MCF have been the 

solvents most frequently used to meet The Center's 

stringent cleaning requirements. Prior to 1989, the 

Center purchased over 600,000 pounds of CFC-113 

annually. The policy of The Center is to 

completely eliminate the useofCFC-113and MCF 

for cleaning by the end of 1995. 

Several cleaning procedures previously based on 

CFC-113 and/or MCF were changed' to aqueous 

"processes in late 1989 and early 1990. This 

conversion has resulted in many . benefits in 

addition to reduced solvent use. " Work is 

continuing to extend the use,~f'aqueous processes 

throughout The Center's cleaning operations. as a 

major contribution to achieving the goal in its 

military policy. 

. Aqueous P1rocess as an 

Alternative 

Aqueous cleaning was considered as an attractive 

alternative to CFC-113 and MCF for several 

I reasons. First, Thle Center already possessed a 

sophisticated ultrasonic cleaning device specifically 

designed to use water and biodegradable detergents 

for cleaning metal ])arts. The Center's engineers 

believed that many of. the parts that were being 

cleaned with CFC·113 and/or MCF could be 

precision cleaned in the ultrasonic cleaner. 

I. 

Another reason involved perceived 'difficulties in 1 obtaining approval to change processes. Since any 

procedural change in the repair practices 

performed by The_ Genter must be approved by the 

1 appropriate military office, it is normally difficult 

to make changes. One such office, however, had 

originally required aqueous cleaning but 'subse1 quently authorized CFC-113 and MCF to be used 

instead. Therefore, 'The Center expected that they 

1 would be willing to approve aqueous cleaning if it 

were demonstrated to clean equal io or better than 

I the CFC-113/MCF based processes. It was felt this 

should provide a basis for approaching other 

I military offices to pc:~rmit changes. 

Finally, the aqueous processes using biodegradable 

detergents were attnnctive because of their relative 

low cost, their availalbility, and their nonhazardous 

nature. 

Testing andl Implementation 

1 of Aqueous Procedures 

1 Teams were formed to investigate and develop an 

acceptable aqueous process for each cleaning 

operation selected as a candidate for conversion 

from CFC-113 or MCF. The team members were 

from engineering, production, and quality , 

assurance sections. 1be team concept proved to be 

very effective. One reason for thJs was that the 

cross feed of ideas contributed significantly to the 

solution of many of the original (and inevitable) 

problems encounter~ed. In addition, , the new 1 processes were read1ly accepted when they were 

subsequently approved for jmplementation because 

all the participating se~tions had been involved in 

the design stage. 
. ' 

110 

Th~.teams experimented u"'ntil they~e~e able to fit 

an aqueous cleaning process .to the specific 

procedure being examined. For the experiment to 

be a success, it bad to produce results that were at 

least as good as the CFC-113 or MCF based 

process. These experiments proved that high 

quality deionized water was essential to the success 

of the aqueous process. The many other factors 

that came into play included: process development 

of proper techniques for drying the parts, 

development of a procedure to bag the parts after 

cleaning to ensure cleanliness during travel from 

the cleaning site to the reassembly site, 

.development , of fixtures to permit proper 

orientation of the parts within the ultrasonic 

cleaning chamber, and controls to prevent the 

effects of electrostatic charge in the cleaning area 

from causing recontamination of the cleaned parts. 

Extensive testing and evaluation were performed to 

convince the team itself and local management that • 

the new process should be substituted for the old. 

The thoroughness of the tes"ting and evaluation 

proved adequate to convince the military office to 

approve the process changes. 

Personnel from the physical science laboratory at 

The Center were instrumental in determining the 

effects of aqueous cleaning and in providing 

documentation. A variety of tests were used to 

evaluate the cleanliness achieved from the aqueous 

procedures and, also, to determine if the part was 

damaged by the procedure, either chemically or 

metallurgically. Testing had to be tailored to the 

geometry and composition of the parts involved. 

It included, as applicable, optical microscopy, 

scanning electron microscopy, particle counts, 

water break tests, · and other techniques. 

Functional tests were also used on some parts as 

-an indicator to ·deterinine if the parts were clean 

and damage free. Once it was determined that a 

part could be successfully cleaned with an aqueous 

process, the part was subjected to a cleaning time . 

; in the ultrasonic environment that would ~ 

approximate the expected cumulative cleaning time · 

of the part's life. This test was to ell\ure that no 

damage would be experienced as a result of the 

new cleaning process during- the life of the part. 

The lab also conducted controlled tests with a 

variety of metals common to The Center's parts 

and a variety of commercially available 

biodegradable detergents to determine the amount 

. of metal that would be removed thr'?ugh exposure 

to each detergent. This information was used to 

select an appropriate detergent for application 

where minimum metal removal was desired. r· 

Results 

To date, eight cleaning operations that previously 

used CFC-113 and/or MCF have bee~ successfully 

-COnverted to aqueous processes using the 

ultrasonic cleaner; no CFC-113, MCF, or other 

solvents are no\v used in these operations. The 

aqueous processes are sophisticated and require 

technici~n care to insure that parameters such as 

deionized water quality, water temperature,· 

vacuum oven drying time, and temperature are 

maintained. 

Benefits from the conversion include not only 

decreased solvent usage, but also improved yields, 

, reduced process time, and redur.ed exposure of the 

technicians to h~~dous chemicals. 

Future Plans 

The results of its experience witb aqueous 

processes has encouraged The Center to continue 

converting CFC-113 and MCF based processes to 

aqueous processes. However, not all future 

conversions will be. centered around the specific 

ultrasonic cleaner used with the original process 

conversions. Additional testing in The Center's 

laboratory has produced successful results using 

aqueous processes involving water spray booths, 

conventional ultrasonic cleaners, and other 

equipment. The Center has learned that the 

process must be tailored to the specific cleaning 

operation to obtain the least expensive and most 

practical solution that meets the process 

requirements. 
111 

REFERE:NCES 

I 

~ Baran, V. Yu, A.M. Ovsyankin, V.V. Ushakov, and G.~n. Franchuk. 1986. <~leaning metal surfaces with 

electroaerodynamic aerosol jets. 

I 

· ~ Benzing Technologies. 1987 (May). Plasma cleaning,of LPCVD tubes. Solid State Technology: 81-83. 

' Braker, W. and A. Mossman. 1980. Matheson Gas Data Book. 

Burow, Richard_ F. ·1993. Volatile methyl siloxanes (\IMS) as replacements for CFCs 'and methyl 

chloroform in precision and electronics cleaning. 1993 CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference: 654-661. ' 

Chrastil, J. 1982. Solubility of solids and liquids in supercritical gases. Journal of Physical Chemistry 

86: 3016-3021. , I 

Cohen, LE., and J.A. Hook. 1987 (February). Corr()sion of anodized aluminum by alkaline cleaners: 

causes and cures. Plating and Surface Finishing: 73-'76. 

Cohen, R.S. 1984 (May 2). High pressure equipment selection and capita( cost considerations in the 

design of supercritical extraction, pilot plants, and commercial units. Presented at the American Oil 

Chemist Society. Dallas, TX. · 

\ 

I • 

Crutcher, E. R. 1986 (May 9). Analysis of particulate c:ontaminants: microsc~opical methods. Presented 

at the technical meeting of the IES. Dallas, TX. 

Daufin, G., J.P. Labbe, and J. Pagetti. 1977. Corrosion inhibition of an aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy 

in alkaline media. Corrosion Science 17: 901-912. 

I 

Deguchi, T.J., G.R. Sasaki and R.J. Champetier. 1986. :Oxygen ion cleaning Clf organic contaminant films. 

Stray Radiation V. SPIE 675: 287-294. 

Deguchi, T.J., and C.B. Kalem. 1987. Oxygen ion cleaning of organic cbntarninant films. Optical System , 

Contamination: Effects, Measurement, Control. SPIE 777: 333-338. 

' I 

Gahrs, H.J. 1985. High pressure extraction - increase. of range of application by use of multicomponent 

gaseous solvents. Ger. Chemical Engineering 8: 1-7.· 

Hoyer, G.G. 1985 (July). Extraction with supercritical fluids: why, how, and so what. Chemtech. 

' ' 

Hughes Aircraft Company. 1993. Eliminate CFC clleaning with Ec~nowTM (a presentation of the 

-company's C02 snow cleaning product). 1 1 /· ' ' Jackson, D.P. 1987 (May 15). Dense phase carbon dioxide cleaning proce1ss. Presented at the Tenth 

Contamination Control Working Group Meeting. Dan\l:ers; MA. 

Jansen, G. and J. Tervoort. 1984 (November). Longe:r bath life in alltaline cleaning. Product fimshing 

: 6-10. 
112 

Koretskle, A. F., A.V. Smirnova, V.A. Kolosanova, and T.A. Koretskaya. Detergency Of nonioni<? surfactants,, 

pp. ~5-940. 

Uston, T. 1986. Plasma cleaning and surface treatment of hybrids to improve bonding. Proceedings· of 

Circuit Expo'86. pages 41-43. 

Mason, C. w. 1986 (May 9). Handbook of Chemical Microscopy., Volume I. 4th Editiof,1. Wiley 

lntersclence Scienc~ Technical Meeting. Dallas, TX. 

McCrone, W. C. 1972 (December). Detection and measurement with the microscope. American 

Laboratory. 

MCCrone, W.O. and J. Deily. 1973. The Particle Atlas. Volume I. Ann Arbor Science Publications. 

American Society for Metals. 1964. Metals Handbook. Volume 2. pages 317.:325. 

American Society for Metals. Surface cleaning, furnishing and coating. in Metal Handbook. 9th Edition. 

Volume 5, 

Motyl, K.M. 1988. Cleaning metal substrates using liquid/supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Rockwell 

International Paper RFP-4150. 

O'Kane, D.F., and K.L Mittal. 1974. Plasma cleaning of metal surfaces. J.Vac. Sci. Ter;:hnol. 11:3 567: 

569. . 

Paquin, Don. 1994 (March). The gas plasma alternative to wet cleaning. Precision Cleaning: 45-48. -

Risotto, Stephen. 1994 (March). Regulatory watch: Summary of EPA's proposed NESHAPs for solvent 

cleaning. · Prf!cision Cleaning: so. · 

Rose, P. W ., and S.L Kaplan. 1985. Plasma treatment of plastics. Branson International Plasma 

Corporation Paper. 

Schrantz, J. 1990. Rinsing - a key part of pretreatment. industrial Finishing : 24-29. 

Sclslowski, S. 1990 (February). Cleaning basics part 2-- soils. Metal Finishing :43-46. 

Shlng, K.S., and S.T. Chung. 1987. Computer simulation methods for the calculation of solubility in 

supercritical extraction systems. Physical Chemistry 91: 1674-1681. · 

Sllnn, D.S.L, and B.H. Baxter. 1987. Alcohol cleaning under a non-flammable perfluorocarbon vapor 

blanket. ISO Chemicals Publication. pages 1810-1819. 

,Stemnlski, J.R., and R.L. King, Jr. '1980 (June 24-25). Ultraviolet cleaning: an alternative to solvent . 

' cleaning. Presented at Adhesives for Industry. El Segundo, GA. . ' 

.. UNEP (1989), "Electronics Cleaning, Degreasing, and Dry Cleaning: Solvents Technical Options Report.• 

UNEP Solvents Technical Options Committee. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989 (December). Technical assessment of aqueous and 

hydrocarbon/surfactant based cleaning processes in the electronics, precision instruments, and metal 

cleaning industries- Draft Report. Office of Toxic Substances. Washington, D.C. 
113 

U.S. Environmental ProteCtion Agency. 1990 (March).' Manual of practices to reduce and-Eil_irt:Jinate CFC113 use in the electronics industry. Office of Air and Radiation. EPA 400/:~90-003. Washington, D.C. - ' 

Vig, J.R. 1986. UV/ozone cleaning of surfaces. U.S. Army Laboratory Technical Report SLCET-Tfl-86-6. 

I 

., Vig, J.R. 1987. UV/ozone cleaning Of surfaces. in Treatise on Clean Surface Technology, Volume One 

- ., 

.. 

-. •, 

edited by. K.L Mittal. NeVI York: Plenum Press. 

Williams, D.F. 1981. Extraction with supercritical gasel3. t:?hemica/ Engineering Science 36:11 1769-1788. 

Wright, B.W., and R.D. Smith. 1986. Investigation of ~)alar modifiers in carbon ~ioxide mobile phases for 

capillary supercritical fluid chromotagraphy. Joumalt'Jf Chromatography 3Si5: 367-373. 

·v 

I ' ,• 

.. 
114 
115 

I 

GLOSSARY 

Adsorption -- Not to be confused with absorj>tion. Adl!orption is a surface phenomenon which some products 

can exhibit, whereby they can form a physicochemical bond with many substances. , L 

Aerosol spray -- A means of atomizing liquids by proJ~elllng them from a pr.essurized container by a soluble 

gas. Apart from the fact that CFC gases can be Wfed as the propellant, CFC-113 mixtures may be the 

propelled liquid. 

I 

Alcohols -- A series of hydrocarbon derivatives with a;t least one hydrogen atom replaced by an -OH group. 

The simplest alcohols (methanpl, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol) are good solvents for some organic 

soils, notably rosin, but are flammable and can form c~xplosive mixtures witb air: their use requires caution 

and well-designed equipment. ' 

Aqueous cleaning -- Cleaning parts with water to whicl1 may be added suitable: detergents, saponifiers or other 

additives. 

' ' 

Azeotrope-- A mixture of chemicals is azeotropic if t~e vapor composition is identical to that of the liquid 

· phase. This means that the distillate of an azeotrope·is theoretically identical to the solvents from which it 

is distilled. In practice, the presence of contaminants in the solvent slightly upsets the azeotropy. ' I ' 

' Biodegradable -- Products in wastewater are classed ~Is biodegradable if they can be easily broken down or 

digested by, for example, sewage treatment. · · 

i 

BOD -- An abbreviation for biochemical oxygen demand. • I 

r 

CFC -- An abbreviation for chlorofluorocarbon. I 

I 

CFC-113 -- Acommon designation for the most popular CFC solvent, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 

with an ODP of approximately 0.8. ~ · 

Chlorocarbon -- An organic chemical composed of chlorine and carbon, e.g .. , i;arbon tetr~chloride. 

' ' Chelation -- is the solubilization of a metal salt by forming a chemical complex or sequestering. One way of 

doing this is with ethylenediaminetetr~-acetic acid (EDTA) salts which have a multi-dentate spiral 'ligand form 

that can surround metallic and other ions. 

Chlorofiuorocarbon -- An organic chemical composed of chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms, usually 

characterized by high stability contributing to .a high ODP. 

COD -- An abbreviation for chemical oxygen demand. 

Deftuxing -- The removal of flux residues after a soldering operation. Defluxing is a part of most high-

.reliability electronics production. " · · 

' 

Detergent-- A product designed to render, for example, oils and greases soluble in water, usually made from 

synthetic surfactants. 

Flux-- An essential chemical employed in the soldering process to facilitate the production·of a solder JOint. 

It is usually a liquid or solid material, frequently based on rosin (colophony). 
, 

, 

116 

. ... G~nhouse effect-A thermodynamic effect whereby energy absorbed at the earth's surface, which is normally 

able. to radiate back out to space in the form of long-wave infrared radiation, is retained by gases in the 

atmosphere, causing. a rise in temperature. The gases in question are partially natural, but man-made pollution 

is thought to increasingly contribut~ to the effect. The same CFCs that cause ozone depletion are known to 

be "greenhouse gases", with a single CFC molecule having the same estimated effect as 10,000 carbon dioxide 

molecules. 

HCFC - An abbreviation for hydrocblorofluorocarbon. 

Hydrocarbon - An organic chemical composed only of hydrogen and carbon. Gaseous or volatile 

hydrocarbons are flammable. · 

- Hydrocarbon derivative - An organic hydrocarbon whose molecule has been modified by adding atoms other 

than hydrogen and carbon, e.g., alcohols. 

Hydrocarbon/surfactant blend -A mixture of low-volatile hydrocarbon solvents with surfactants, allowing the 

use of a two-phase cleaning process. The first phase is solvent cleaning in the blend and the second phase is 

water cleaning to remove the reSidues of the blend and any other water-soluble soils. The surfactant ensures 

the water-solubility of the otherwise insoluble hydrocarbon. Terpenes are often used in this application. 

Hydrochlorocarbon -An organic chemical composed of hydrogen, chlorine and carbon, e.g., trichloroethylene. 

Bydroc:hloroDuorocarbon -An organic chemical composed of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms. 

These chemicals are less stable than pure CFCs, thereby having generally lower ODPs. 

Metal cleaning- General cleaning or degreasing of metallic components or assemblies, wilthout specific quality 

requirements or with low ones. 

Methyl chloroform-- See 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 

ODP - An abbreviation for ozone depletion potential. 

Ozone - A gas formed when oxygen is ionized' by, for example, the action of ultraviolet light or a strong 

electric field. It bas the property of blocking the passage of ·dangerous wavelengths of '''traviolet light. 

Whereas it is a desirable gas in 'the stratosphere, it is toxic to living organisms at ground level (see volatile 

organic compound). · 

Ozone depletion -- Accelerated chemical destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer by the presence of 

substances produced, for the most part, by human activities. The most depleting species for the ozone layer 

are the chlorine and bromine free radicals generated from relatively stable chlorinated, fluorinated, and 

brominated products by ultraviolet radiation. ~ 

Ozone depletion potential -- f.. relative index indicating the extent to which a chemical product may cause 

.. ozone depletion. The reference level of 1 is the potential of CFC-11 and CFC-12 to caU:Se ~zone depletion: 

If a product bas an ozone depletion potential of 0.5, a given weight of the pro.duct in the atmosphere would, 

in time, deplete half the ozone that the.same weight of CFC-11 would deplete. The ozone depletion potentials 

are calculated from mathematical models which take into account factors such as the stability of the product, 

the rate of diffusion, the quantity of depleting atoms per molecule, and the effect of ultraviolet light and other 

radiation on the molecules. 

Ozone layer-- A layer in the stratosphere, at an altitude of approximately 10-50 km, where a relatively strong 

concentration of ozone shields the earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation. 
117 

PeJ?taftuoropropanol -, A fluorinated alcohc;>l. 

Perchloroethylene -- A perhalogenated chlorocarbon solvent used extensively 1in industrial degreasing and Jor 

dry cleaning. · 

Precision cleaning -- Though not a perfect definitioll, this term refers to !the cleaning of high-precision 

mechanical parts and eleCtronic sensory devices, as opJ•osed to general metal cleaning. This is usually done 

under controlled atmospheres, notably in "clean-rooms" with low particulate 1:ontamination. ~ : I 

Printed circuit -- A printed circuit is an electronic ·component designed fqr interconnecting the other 

components. It usually conSists of a metallic conductor pattern on an organic insulating substrate. After 

fabrication, it is known- as a printed circuit board (PCB); after assembiy whe1re ,components are added, it is 

known as a p~ted wiring assembly (PWA). 

Saponifier - A chemical designed to react with organic: fatty acids, such as ro:sin, some oils and greases etc., 

in order to form a water-soluble soap. This is a solvent-free method of defluxilng and degreasing many parts. 

Saponifiers are usually alkaline and may be mineral (based on sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) or 

, organic (based on water solutions of monoethanolamin:e ). 

' Solvent-- Although not a strictly correct definition. in this context a product (aqueo.us or organic) designed 

to clean a component or assembly by dissolving the contaminants present on its surface. 

Solvent containment - Means of preventing or redualng the emission of CFC or-other solven~ ~nto the 

environment. Jbis technique usually involves improvin,g the design of the equipment in which the solvent is 

used and preventing-losses. / 

I 

Surfactant -- A product designed to reduce the surface~ tension of water. Also referred to as tensio-active 

agents/tensides. Detergents are made up principally from surfactants. 

I 

Terpene -- Any of many homocyclic hydrocarbons witl~ the empirical formula C10H16, characteristic odor. 

Turpentine is mainly a mixture of terpenes. See hydrm:arbon/surfactant blend!s. 

' 1,1,1-trichloroethane --A hydrochlorocarbon solvent with an estimated ODP of 0.1. Also known as methyl 

chloroform. ' · 

Vapor phase cleaning -- A cleaning process, usually WJith CFC-113 solvent or hydrochlorocarbon solvents, 

where the final rinse o( the parts being cleaned is achie~ed by condensing solvent vapors on the parts. 

Volatile organic compound (VOC) -- These are constituents. that will evapora1te at their temperature of use 

and which, by a photochemical reaction, will cause atmospheric oxygen to be converted into potential smogpromoting tropospheric ozone under favorable climatic' conditions. 

' 

.. 

" 

------------------------------------------·-----------------------------------------

.-
118 
, 

' . 

·I 

I 

119 

APPENIDIXA 

INTERNATIONAL~ COOPERATIVE 

FOR OZONE LAYI:R PROTECTJ()N 

The International Cooperative for Ozone Layer 

Protection (ICOLP), was formed by a gr~up of 

industries to protect the ozone layer. The primary 

role of ICOLP is to coordinate the exchange of 

non-proprietary information on alternative 

technologies, substances, and processes to 

eliminate ozone-depleting solvents. By working 

closely with solvent users, suppliers, and other 

interested organizations worldwide, ICOLP seeks 

the widest and most effective dissemination of 

informa~ion harnessed through its member 

companies and other sources. 

ICOLP corporate members include: 

AT&T 

British Aerospace Defense 

Ford Motor Company 

'Hitachi 

Honeywell 

IBM Corporation 

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 

Motorola Corporation 

Ontario Hydro 

Northern Telecom 

Texas Instruments 

Toshiba Corporation 

In addition, ICOLP has a number of industry 

association and government organization affiliates. 

' Industry association affiliates include American 

Electronics Association, Association Pour Ia 

Research et Development des Methodes et 

Processus lndustriels, CANACINTRA (Mexico), 

Center for Global Change, Electronic Industries 

Association, Halogenated Solvents Industry 

Alliance (U.S.), Industrial Technology Research 

Institute of Taiwan, Japan Electrical Manufacturers 

Association, Korea Anti-Pollution Moveme~t, and 

,-

. _ Korea Specialty Chemical Industry Association. 

Government and NGO affiliates include the City 

of Irvine (CA), National Academy of Engineering, 

Research Triangle Institute, Russian Institute of 

- Applied Chemistry, Russian Ministry of 

Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, 

Swedish National Environmental Protection 

Agency, Technology Development Foundation of 

Turkey, Turkish Ministry of the Environment,· 

United Nations Environment Programme, U.S. Air 

Force, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA). The American Electronics Association, 

Electronic Industries Association, City of Irvine, 

california, Japan Electrical Manufacturers 

Association, U.S. EPA, U.S. Air Force, Swedish 

National Environmental Protection Agency, and 

I • Russian Institute of Applied Chemistry have signed 

formal Memqrandums of Understanding with 

ICOLP. ICOLP will work with the U.S. EPA to. 

disseminate information on technically feasible, 

cost . effective, ~nod environmentally sound 

alternatives for ozone depleting solvents. 

ICOLP is also working with the National Academy 

of Engineering to hold a series of workshops to 

identify promising research directions and to make 

most efficient use of research funding. 

The goals of ICOL!P are to: 

• Encourage the prompt adoption· of safe. 

environmentally acceptable, non-proprietary 

alternative substances, processes, · and 

technologies to replace current ozone-depleting 

.1 solvents; I 

• ' Act as an int,ernational clearinghouse for 

information on 2lltermitives; 

' 

• Work with existing private, national, and 

international trade groups, organizations, and 

government bodies to develop the most efficient - , r 

•, 
'120 

pteans of creating, gathering, and distributing 

~ormation on alternatives. 

One example of ICOLP's activities is the 

development .and support of an alternative 

technologies electronic database "OZONET." 

OZONEr is accessible worldwide and has relevant 

information on the alternatives to ozone-depleting 

solvents. OZONEr not only contains technical 

publications, conference papers, and reports on the . 

most recent developmen~ of alternatives to the 

current uses of ozone-depleting solvents, but it also 

contains: 

• Information on the health, safety, and 

environmental effects of alternative chemicals 

and processes; 

• Information supplied by companies developing 

alternative chemicals and technologies; 

• Names, addresses, and telephone numbers for 

technical experts, government contacts, 

institutions and associations, and other key 

contributors to the selection of alternatives; 

• Dates and places of forthcoming conferences, 

seminars, and workshops; and 

• Legislation that bas been enacted or is in place 

internationally, nationally, and locally. 

Information about ICOLP can be obtained from: 

Ms. Allison Morrill 

Project Manager 

ICOLP 

2000 L Street, N.W. 

Suite 710 . 

Washington, D.C. 20036 

Tel: (202) 737-1419 

Fax: (202) 296-7472 

.. 

·. 

' . . 
-· 

APPENDIX B 

LIST OF VENDORS FOR CFC-11.3 AND -METHVIL CHLOROFORM 

. SOLVENT CLEANING SUBSTITU.rES 

121 

This is not an exhaustive list of vendors. Vendors can be cited in any subsequept editions of this document 

by sending information to ICOLP. ICOLP's address liS provided in Appendix A Listing is for information 

purposes only, and does not constitute any vendor endorsement by EPA, ICOLP, or the committee members, 

either express or implied, of any product or service offered by such entity. 

' ' . 

.. 

AOUEQUS CLEANERS 

3D. Inc. 

2053 Plaza Drive 

Benton Harbor. MI 49022-2211 

Tel: (800) 272-4326 

Fax: (616) 925-1922 

Altos Engineering. Inc. 

6009 N. 61 Ave 

Glendale. AZ 85301 

T~l: (602) 931-8434 

Fax: (602) 937-6396 

Ambassador Marketing 

Route 1-Box 207 

S~. David, AZ 85630 

Tel: (602) 720-4310 

Fax: (602) 720-4068 

Amtrex Technologies Inc. 

3361 boulevard Griffith 

Saint-Laurent QC 

Canada H4T 1W5 

Tel: (514) 739-0233 

Fax: (514)739-1581 

Ardrox 

16961 Knott Avenue 

La Mirada, CA 90638 

Tel: (714) 739-2821 

Fax: (714) 670-6480 

AT-CHEM 

1225 W. Main St. 

Wilmington, OH 4~177 

Tel: (513) 362-7511 

(800) 443-2436 

Fax: (513) 362-8038 

., AtoChem North America 

3 Parkway 

Philadelphia, PA 19102 

Tel: (215) 587-7000 , .. 

Betz Metcbem 

508 Prudential Rd. 

Horsham, PA 19044 

Tel: (800) 775-7175 

.. 

Bat1:h and inline cleaning equipment with non-chemical,. 

thmmal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent 

fonnulations available with and without glycol ethers. 

Aqueous. and alcoboi-)Jased cleaners for low residue 

degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are 

noJllflammable and nonfuming. 

Aq111eous ultrasonic cleallling/degreasing systems for the 

metalworking, aerospace, automotive, military, and 

plating industries. 

Fulll range of aqueous-based formulations as well as 

aliJ)batic hydrocarbon-lbased blends, terpene-based 

formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and 

otlner cleaning altemativ1=s and equipment. 

.. 

: 
. . 

. ' 

Blue Wave Ultrasonics~ 

Div. of Alpheus Cleaning 

':fechnologies Corp. 

960 S. Rolff St. 

Davenport, lA 52802 

Tel: (319) 322..0144 

(800) 373..()144 

Fax: (319)322-7180 

Branson Ultrasonics Corp. 

41 Eagle Rd. 

Danbury, cr 06810 

Tel: (203) 796-0400 

Fax: (203) 796-0381 · 

The Brolin Corporation 

P0Box270 . 

2920 Dr. Andrew J. Brown Ave. 

Indianapolis, IN 46206 

Tel: (317) 923-3211 

Fax: (317) 925-4596 

Buckeye International, Inc. 

2700 Wagner Place 

Maryland Heights, MO 63043 

1'el: (800) 321-2583 

Fax: (314) 298-2850 . 

Chem-Tecb International 

1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600 

Alexandria, VA 22314 

Tel: (703) 549-1001 

Fax: .(703) 549-1003 

Chemtronics, Inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kennesaw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404) 424-4888 

Fax: (404) 424-4267 

· Circle-Prosco, Inc. 

2017 Yost Ave. 

Bloomington, IN 47403 

Tel: (812) 339-3653 

Fax: (812) 331-2566 

· Ultrasonic cleaning equipment -built for various 

applications specific to the customer's needs. Effective 

in cleaning different products and materials throughout 

the scope of fabricated metals, plal;tics, and ceramics. 

Also offer aqueous-based detergents that are 

environmentally safe. · 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning 

systems for metal, electronic, and preeision cleaning 

requirements. Manual and fully automated material 

handling/transport systems. Equipment for aqueous, 

semi-aqueous and BOlv~nt chemistry. 

Advanced technology aqueous detergent systems for 

spray, immersion, ultrasonic, and passive process 

cleaning of fabricated metal or plastic parts. 

Aqueous cleaners made ·with new patented chemistry 

have successfully replaced MEK, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 

acetone, . and other hydrocarbon solvents in ~~;laDY 

different applications. 

Aqueous-based fonnulations containing detergents with 

and . without glycol ethers as well as blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers which, when used in 

combination, provide residue-free cleaning. Can be used ' 

on all metals, teflon, plastic, and t>ainted coatings. Also 

specially designed cleaning equipment. 

. Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals. 

Aqueous, alkaJine, etchant cleaners for ferrous and non·· 

ferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral, and 

alkaJine oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol 

ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous appligations. Water 

miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning). 

Water emulsifiable cleaners containing aliphatic and 

terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for no clean 

applications. 
.. 

Container Products Colj>. 

POBox3767 

Wilmington, NC 28406 

Tel: (919) 392-6100 ' 

Fax: (919) 392-6778 

Crest Ultrasonics 

Scotch Rd.- Mercer County Airport 

POBox 7266 

Trenton, NJ 08628 

Tel: (609) 883-4000 

(800) 441-9675 

Fax: (609) 883-6452 

Deii-Chem of Arizona 

7119 E. Shea Blvd.,- Suite 106-224 

Scottsdale, AZ 85254 

Tel: (602) 951-5812 

Fax: (602) 948-4172 

Delta-Omega Technologies, Ltd. 

PO Box 81518 

Lafayette, LA 70598-1518 

Tel: (318) 237-5091. 

Fax: (318) 237-5131 

Detrex Corp. 

4000 Town Center, Suite 1100 

Southfield, MI 48175 

Tel: (313) 358-5800 

Fax: (313) 358-5803 

Dow U.S.A. 

~idland, MI 48674 

Tel: (800) 447-4369 

Fax: (517) 832-1465 

Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

·· Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 ' 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 

Electrolube Corporation USA 

8200 Sa'int James Ave. 

Elmhurst, NY 11373 

Tel: (718) 565-5200 

Fax: (718) 565-5715 

"' 

Systems incorporating a variety ·of aqueous cleaning 

techn1iques whicb include filtered negative preSsure 

c:humers, high pressure chambers~ and mobile cleaning 

systc:ms. 

llrecision _ cleaning equipment (primarily ultrasonic 

systc:ms) from standard w;JSh-rinse-dry cleaning consoles 

to large custom automated batch cleaning equipment. 

Ultr.asonic generator is sweep frequency generator 

capable of cavitating bo1h aqueous and 'semi-aqueous 

chellllistries. FulK line of aqueous-based cleaning 

r.be11mstries for ultrasonic applications as well. 

Aqueous and alcohol-bm;ed cleaners for low residue 

deg~·easing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are 

oon1flammable and nonfulilling. 

I 

f 

I 

Fully aqueous, biodegradable, non-toxic cleaning 

_solutions. ProduCts leavl' no residue following proper 

cleaning ·and rinsing, nlJ fumes or odors, are nonflalllmable, and contain no hazardous or reportable 

' oomponentsoc 

Aqllleous micro-emulsion solution for gross metal 

cleaning and equipment for use with the cleaning 

sohlltion. Altemative/vapc)r degreasing process~ specialty 

equiipment and solvents for metals and electronics 

·cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous 

and' semi-aq~•eous solven1.s. 

Mulltiple formulations composed of blends of anionic and 

nonionic surfactants wiith corrosion inhibitors and 

builders. 

I 

Wiele range of aqueous, :semi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

chemistries. Formulations include a variety - of 

hydrocarbon, NMP, · DBJE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone depleting halbgenated solvents. 

Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for 

use' with these solvents. 

I 

N011a-toxic, non-flammable, biodegradable aqueous 

soh•ents suitable for in-li1ne and batch equipment without 

modification. Also ideall for, screen -and pallet cleaning 

andl precision metal degreasing (ferrous and nonfenrous). 
Environmental Solvents "'Coi-p. 184o Southside Blvd. 

JaCksonville, FL 32216 

Tel: (904) 724-1990 

Fax: (904) 724-2508 

ETUS, Inc. 

1511 Kastner Place 

Sanford, FL 32771 

Tel: (407) 321-7910 

Fax: (407) 321-3098 

rme,Orpnics Corp. 

205 Main St. ' 

POBox687 

Lodi, NJ 07644-0687 

Tel: (201) 472-6800 

(800) 526-7480 

Fax: (201) 472-6810 

·. 

Fremont Industries, Inc. 

4400 Valley Industrial Park 

Shakopee, MN 55379 

Tel: (612) 445-4121 

Fax: (612) 496-3027 

Hubbard-Hall, Inc. 

POBox 790 

Waterbury, CT 06725 

Tel: (203} 754-2171 

(800) 648-3412 

Fax: (203} 596-9544 

(203) 756-9017 

Hurricane Systems, Inc. 

2080 BrookJyn Rd. 

POBox 867 

Jackson, MI 49204 

Tel: (517} 787-3481 

Fax: (517) 787-2349 

Hurri-Kleen Corp. 

POBox29 

Trussville, AL 35173 

Tel: (205) 655-8808 

Fax: (205) 655-5392 

.. 

Blend of coniferous (pine) terpenes, surfactants, and rust 

inhibitor. Alternative to conventional alkaline 

detergents. Removes hydrocarbon grease/oil where it 

floats to the surface and is skimmed off. 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons· and blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based 

formulations containing detergents with and without 

glycol ethers. 

Non-hazardous and biodegradable solvent and solvento 

emulsion based alternatives. ProduCts ~e applicable to 

the ttansportation,' aviation, electronics, and coatings ' 

industries. Also offer water-based alte~tive products. 

Aqueous-based metal cleaning and non-metallic substrate 

~ cleaning formulations and application equipment. 

Includes spray, soak, and ultrasonic cleaners in rinse and 

no-rinse formulations. 

I 

Wide range of "off-the-shelf", semi-custom, and custom 

parts cleaning systems using water-based cleaning 

compounds. Systems include: belt, rotary and overhead 

conveyors for continuous and batch processing; carousel, 

cabinet, and agitation tank washers; multi-stage wash, 

rinse, oxidation inhibit, and dry; oil removal and -on 

skimming devices; electric, gas, and steam beat 

packages. 1 

Aqueous-based biodegradable cleaners with and without 

glycol ethers. 
.. 

Industrial Chemical Products 

15378 Proctor Ave. 

City of Industry, CA 91745 

Tel: (818) 961-9581 

(800) 331-1197 

Fax: (818) 333-6736 

lnsitu Environmental Chemical Co. 

8402 East R~wing Rd. 

. Scottsdale, AZ 85250-5740 

Tel: (602) 948-9209 

Fax: (602) 951-()715 

JnJ Industries 

195 E. Main St. 

Suite 303 

Milford, MA 01757 

Tel: (800) 554-9994 

Fax: (508) 478-2221 

.Lewis q>rp. 

102 Willenbrock Rd . 

. Oxford, CT 06478-1033 

Tel: (203) 264-3100 

Fax: (203) 264-3107 

MacDennid, Inc. 

245 Freight St. 

Waterbury, CT 06702 

Tel: (203) 575-5700 

Fax: (203) 575-5630 -

Modem Chemical Inc. 

PO Box 368 

Jacksonville, AR 72076 

Tel: (501) 988-1311 

Fax: (501) 682-7691 

Neozyme International, Inc. 

3333 W. Pacific Coast Hwy. 4th Floor 

·· Newport Beach, CA 92663 

Tel: (714) 65G-9131 

Fax: (7)4) 642-3005 

I • 

I 

' . Aqueous and alcohol-bast~ cleaners for low residue · 

degr«:asing and dewaxing 3Jpplications. Formulations are 

nonflammable and nonfuming • 

' I 

' 

Manufacturer of eight D0111-CFC formulations including 

a SUJltersaturated wipe SOIYent. 

Man11facturer of industrial cleaning systems, specializing 

it1 aqueous-based chemistries. Both ultrasonic and nonultra:sonic washers availablle. 

Non--toxic, non-corrosive, and non-flammable alkaline 

· aqueous-based cleaner. Can be used in band sprayers, 

cllip tanks, ultrasonic, and spray wash cabinets. 

Deg1r~ing formulations 11nade of plant derived enzymes 

and , fully biodegradable emulsifiers in. an aqueous 

wlu1tion. Unique applications- in water treatment 

systc,ms. · Can be used in conjunction with ultrasound 

micro-wave, and other 1ypes of mechanical cleaning 

devices. 

•, 

-. 
North American Enviroiunental Oil 

lii ~eaning Supply Company 

270A Route 46, Suite Bl 

Rockaway, NI 07866 

Tel: (201) 627-D722 

(201) 627~1503 

Fax: .(201) 627-2982 

Oakite Products, Inc. 

SO Valley Rd. 

Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922 

Tel: (201) 464-6900 

O.C.S. Systems 

POBox370 

429 Madera St. 

San Gabriel, CA 91778-0370 

Tel: .(818) 458-247i 

Fax: (818) 458-2437 

Parker-Amchem 

32100 Stephenson Highway 

Madison Heights, MI 48071 

Tel: (313) 583-9300 

PPG Chemfil 

1330 Piedmont 

Troy, MI 48083 

Tel: (313) 689-0720 

PPG Industries, Inc. 

Chemicals Group 

1 PPG Place 

' Pittsburgh, PA 15272 

Tel: (800) 243-6774 

Fax: (412) 434-2401 

Quaker Chemical Corp. 

Elm & Lee Streets 

Conshohocken, PA 19428-0809 

' Tel: (215) 828-4250 

Fax: (215) 828-1817 

Qual-Tech Enterprises, Inc. 

1485 Bayshore Blvd. 

San Francisco, CA 94124 

Tel: (415) 467-7887 

Fax: (415) 467-7092 

.. 

\ 

Offer aqueous-based formulation containing detergents 

with and without EGBE. Biodegradable, sewerable. 

Ultrasonics, spray wash systems, dishwashers, cabinet 

washers for cleaning, detluxing any and all parts. · 

Complete closed loop systems, including D.I. water 

systems. . . ' 

Micro-emulsion cleaning system suitable for many metal 

cleaning applications. System is neutral, non-ionic, low 

VOC, non-combustible and biodegradable. A!so 

contains a rust inhibitor package and features long bath 

life and low waste generation. 

'•! 
R.G. Hanson Co., Inc. ' 

703 E. Lincoln 

BloomingtOn, n. 61701 

Tel: (309) 828-5070 

(800) 392-0903 

Fax: (309) 829-3294 

Rochester Midland Corp. 

333 Hollenbeck St. 

Rochester, NY 14621 

"Tel: (716) 336-2200 

Fax: (716) 467-4406 

Selig Chemical Industries 

P0Box43106 

840 Selig Dr. SW 

Atlanta, GA 30378 

Tel: (404) 691-9220 

Fax: (404) 699-7024 

Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems 

2373 Teller Rd., #107 

Newbury Park, CA 91320 

Tel,: (805) 499-7440 

Fax: (805) 375-5781 

SONICOR Instrument Corp. 

100 Wartburg Ave. 

Copiague, NY 11726 

Tel: (516) 842-3344 

Fax: (516) 842-3389 

Storchem Inc. 

3600 Billings Court, Suite 110 -

BurlingtOn, Ontario 

Canada L7N 3N6 

Tel: (416) 639-9700 

Fax: (416) 639-5244 

• Sunshine Makers, Inc./Simple Green 

15922 Pacific Coast Highway 

HuntingtOn Harbor, CA 92649 .. 

Tel: (310) 795.(;000 

(800) 228-0709 

Fax: (310) 592-3034 

Aque>us cleaning chemicals and· equipment. New 

equip.ment using only steam to. clean also available. r' 

' 

-Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terj,ene 

solvents. Some also contailn surfactants. -Many contain 

alkaline builders and chelants as well as glycol ethers. 

Some: aqueous-based or water-co~patible formulations 

exhibit good biodegradablli\ty. Many products allow for 

good oil/grease separation upon standing. ' .. 

Form1ulations made of hydrocarbons and blends ,of 

hydr()carbons and emulsifiElrs. Also offer aqueous-based 

, form111lations containing ~letergents with and without 

gRyc(Jtl ethers and some containing d-limonene. 

Automated ultrasolllic and spray batch cleaners fOr 

precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts. 

Systt1ms clean oils, particulate and other contaminates. 

Optiunal waste evaporator. l 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, automated aqueous 

clearaing systems. Environmentally safe alternatives to 

clear~ing with hazardous solvents. 

' . Aqu,eous-based terpene formulations containing 

dete1rgents and emulsifier:s; semi-aqueous cleaners and 

degreasers based on terpen1e alcohols and hydrocarbons; 

terpt~ne alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as nonwate:r soluble solvents. 

--, 

I 

Concentrated aqueops-based non-toxic, biodegradabl~. 

non··flammable cleaner/dElgreaser cOntaining a blend of 

high-grade penetrants and surfactants whici) are activated 

by water. 

\, 

I 
Ter13ene Technologies bic. 

3409 Ridge Rd. W, Suite 293 

Rochester, NY 14626 

Tel: (716) 546-8455 . 

(7t6)m-moo 

Fax: (716) 227-3834 .. 

Texo Corp. 

2801 Highland Ave. 

Cincinnati, OH 45212 

Tel: (513) 731-3400 

Fax: (513) 731-8113 · 

Thierlca 

900 Clancy Ave. 

Grand Rapids, MI 49503 

Tel: (616)458-1538 

Fax: (616)458-7120 

Totlay & Beyond 

PO Box 690 

'Ashland, OH 44805 

Tel: (419) 945-2628, 

Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc. 

1 Maple St. 

Shelton, CT 06484 

Tel: (203) 924-1624 

Fax: (203) 924-1625 

Unitech Industrial Inc. 

PO Box330 

16 South Ave, 

Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 

Tel: (914) 297-0745 

(800) 271-5522 

Fax: (914) 297-2919 

' United Laboratories, Inc. 

320 37th Ave. 

St. Charles, n. 60174 

Tel: (708) 773-0252 

Fax: (708) 773-0595 

Tetpene alcohol and hydrocarbon· blends used as nonwater soluble solvents, semi-aqueous · cleaners and 

degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons. 

Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing 

detergents and emulsifiers. 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous, and various solvent cleaners for 

replacement of vapor degreasing and ·handwiping with 

solvents. Applications of 'cleaners Can be sprny 

immersion, ultrasOnic or handw~pipg. Cleaners can be 

multimetal safe and contain corrosion inhibitors if 

necessary. 

New low ·cost spray equipment manages extremely 

· difficult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts 

containing baked grease and paint soils. Designed to be 

safe and 'environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and 

aqueo115 cleaning agents. Stainless steel construction. 

Specialty industrial cleaners formulated utilizing SPC to 

.meet the needs and cleaning requil:ements for the 

aerospace, aircraft, automotive, electronics, marine, 

militarj and nuclear industries. Existing vapor tanks can 

be used with minor modification in most cases. 

Ultrasonic parts washing systems with standard taliJk 

volumes of 5, 10, 20, and t30 gallons, as well as special 

sizes if required. Systems provide for ultrasonic 

washing, spray or different types of immersion rinsing 

and hot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts. 

Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers, 

batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and . 

pretreatment systems available in new equipment and 

retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100% oil 

removal from the cleaning process. 

Aqueous cleaners for use on most metals. Can be used 

from ambient temperatures to 200'0 , direct spray, spray 

under immersion, ,or in ultrasonic operatio~. 
W.R. Grace &. Co. 

Metalworkhig Fluids Group 

55 Hayden Ave. 

Lexington, MA 02173 

Tel: (617) 861~ 

Fax: (617) ~1-9066 

Zelman lntemational Ltd. 

POBox 1112 

Studio City, CA 91614 

Tel: (818) 786-9488 

(310) 576-6830 sales 

Fax: (818) 787-8560 

(310) 576-6832 

Zip-Cbem Products 

1860 Dobbin Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-0291 

(800) 648-2661 

Fax: (408) 272-8062 

AQUEOUS CLEANING EQUIPMENT 

ACCEL 

1825 E. Piano Parkway 

Piano, TX 75074-8129 

Tel: (214) 424-3525 · 

Fax: (214) 424-7526 

ACME-FAB 

Div. of A-F Industries 

11337 Williamson Rd. 

Cincinnati, OH 45249 

Tel: (513) 489-3060 

Fax: (513) 489-6018 

Advanced Curing Systems, Inc. 

3701 S. Ashland Ave. 1 " 

Chicago, IL 60609 

Tel: (312) 247-3600 

Wid1e range of aqueous cl1~ng formulations for metal. 

precision, and mainte~nance cleaning. Includes 

fom1ulations that are phosphate-free. Suitable for 

agiultion, soak, spray, ultrasonic and band wipe 

applications. 

IioDlogeneous blend of colloids, surfactants, hyperwetting agents and water in an industrial non-toxic, noncaustic cleaner designecll to clean commercial and 

mili1tary aircraft, as well as metal surfaces· such as 

alunlinum and magnesium alloys, removing mDI 

marlangs, mill inks and slnop sons such as dirt, coolants, 

lubricants, forming and Cllltting olls, and other common 

shOJI contaminants. Higbly dlluted, it is also used in 

ultniSOnic and precnsion cleaning and degreasing. 

Aqu.eous, semi-aqueous ;nlipbatic hydrocarbon, terpene 

and , alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented 

pacl~ing like wipes, aemsols, specialty containers, and 

_ otbE~ d~livery systems available. 

I 

Sys1tem utilizing centrifugal cleaning to provide superior 

washing, effective rinsil:~g, and drying of populated 

prit1ted circuit boards a1nd hybrid circuits. . Includes 

auunnatic solvent recyclintg and rinse water purification 

with no required drain. Compatible with cblorocarbons, 

fluorocarbons, H20, and 1terpenes. 

BatCh and conveyonized SJpray cleaning systems, standard 

mac:bines, or custom de~;igned equipment. Also offer 

aut«Jmatic immersion systems incorporating rotation 

agitation and pump turbu1lation. I 

' I ,, 

I 

' ' 

' . 

., 

·. 
I 

Advanced Deburring ana Finishing 

25 Marianne Dr. 

PO'Box2491 

Yor~ PA 17405 

Tel: (717) 767-4843 

(800) 553-7060 

Altos Engineering, Inc. 

6009 N. 61 Ave 

Gn~e.~ 85301 

Tel: (602) 931-8434 

Fax: (602) 937-6396 

American Metal Wash, Inc. 

POBox26S 

360 Euclid Ave. 

Cannonsburg, ·PA 15317 

Tel: (412) 746-4203 

Fax: (412) 746-5738 

Amtrex Technologies Inc. 

3361 Boulevard Griffith 

Saint-Laurent QC 

Canada H4T 1W5 

Tel: (514) 739-0233 

Fax: (514)739-1581 

Ardrox 

16961 Knott Avenue 

La Mirada, CA 90638 

Tel: (714) 739-2821 

Fax: (714) 670-6480 

ATCOR Corp. 

150 Great Oaks Blvd. 

San Jose, CA 95119-1367 

Tel: (408) 629-6080 

(800) 827-6080 

Fax: (408) 629-9009 

Baron-Blakeslee, Inc. 

1500 West 16th St. 

Long Beach, CA 90813 

Tel: (800) 548-4422 

Fax: (310) 491-1091 

.. 

,. 

Batch and inline cleaning equipment with non-chemical, 

·thermal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent 

formulations available with and without glycol ethers. . 

Bearing washer for precision cleaning of final assembled 

race bearings, including points of contact. Equipment 

can be provided in single or m1;1lti-stages . for 

accommodations of washing, rinsing, rust inhibiting, and 

thorough drying of each bearing. Can accommodate 

l?earing diameters of 718" to 20" and can be setup for 

use with aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning solutions. 

"queous ultrasonic ~leaning/degreasing systelll!! for the 

metalworking, aerospace, automotive, military, and 

plating industries. 

Full range of aqueous-based foriiDulations as well as 

aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based 

formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and 

other cleaning alternatives and equip-nent. 

Full line of cleaning equipment for use with aqueous, 

semi-aqueous, HCFC\ and,chlorinated solvents. Closed 

loop system incorporating vacuum drying available (near 

zero emissions). 
Barrett Centrifugals 

Box 15059 

Worcester, MA 01615-0059 

Tel: (SOB) 755-4306 

(800) 228-6442 

Fax: (508) 753-4805 

Better Engineering Mfg, Inc. 

8361 Town Center Court 

Baltimore, MD 21236 

'Tel: (410) 931-oooo 

(800) 229-3380 

Blackstone Ultrasonics, Inc. 

9 North Main St. 

J~estown, NY 14701 

Tel: (716) 665-2620 

(800) 766-66o6 

Fax: (716) 665-2480 

- Blue Wave Ultrasonics 

Div. of Alpheus Cleaning 

T.echnologies Corp. 

960 S. Rolff St. , 

Davenport, lA 52802 

_ lei: (319) 322-0144 

{800) 373-0144 

Fax: (319) 322-7180 

Bowden Industries Inc. 

1004 Oster Dr. NW 

,HuntsviJie, AL 35816 

Tel:'(800) 553-3637 , 

Branson Ultrasonics Inc. 

41 Eagle Rd. 

Danbury, cr 06810 

Tel: (203J 796-0400 

Fax: (203) 796-0381 

Cbem-Tech International 

1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600 

Alexandria, VA 22314 .. 

Tel: (703) 549-1001 

Fax: (703) 549-1003 

Centrifugal equipment f(],r washing and drying small, 

iirreJpliarly shaped parts 1l1Sing detergent/water solution. 

Wida custom fixturing, am be adapted for larger, more 

complex parts or assemblies. 

' I 

_, 

Colloplete range of ultrasonic cleaning products from 

staJid-alone and benCh-top heated tanks to wash/multiple 

riDseJdry console systems with optional material handling 

and automation. Also, tlnxless ultrasonic solder pots for 

timlling leads and electrottics. 

i ' - Ultrasonic cleanilllg ecplipment built for various 

applications specific to the customer's needs. Effective 

in c:leaning differelllt products and materials throughout, 

the scope of fabricated m~s. plastics, and ceramics. 

Also offer aqueous-based detergents that are 

environmentally safe. 

- Ultrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning. 

systems for metal, electronic, and preeision cl~ing 

, requirements. Manual and fully automated material 

ba11dling/transport syste1ms. Equipment for aqueous, 

selllli-aqueous and solve111t chemistry. - II I ' 

I 

Aqueous-based formulations containing detergents with 

and without glycol etthers as 'well as blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers which, when used in 

co~nbination, provide residue-free cleaning. Can be used 

on ,all metals, teflon, plastic, and painted coatings. Also 

sptlCially designed cleanitng equipment. ' ' 

r 
Cincinnati Industrial MaChinery 

roBox62027 

3280 Hageman St. 

Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street add.) 

45262 (PO Box) 

Tel: (513) 769-0700 

Fax: (513) 769-o697 

Container Products Corp. 

P0Box3767 

Wilmington, NC 28406 

Td: (919) 392-6100 

'Fax:, (919) 392-6778, 

Creative Enterprize& 

3$60 Springwood, Suite 811 

Ponca City, OK 74604 

Tel: (405) 765-0879 

Fax: (405) 765.0879 

Crest Ultrasonics 

Scotch Rd. - Mercer County Airport· 

POBox 7266 

Trenton, NJ 08628 

Tel: (609) 883-4000 

(800) 441-9675 

Fax: (609) 883-6452 

Detrex Corporation 

4000 Town Center, Suite 1100 

Southfield, MI 48075 

Tel: (313) 358-58oo· 

Fax: (313) 358-5803 

DURR Industries, Inc. 

10301 Enterprises Dr. 

Davisburg, MI 48350 

Tel: (313) 625-5400 

Fax: (313) 625-5966 I f 

Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 

.. 

Custom designed machines for cleaning, surface 

preparation & other processing of metal and non-metallic 

parts. 

Systems incorporating a variety of aqueous cleaning 

techniques which include faltered negative pressure 

chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning 

systems.· 

Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to r 

safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or 

custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design 

environmentally secure drying equipment and processes. 

Precision cleaning equipment (primarily ultrasonic 

systems) from standard wash-rinse-dry cleaning consoles 

to large custom automated batch cleaning equipment. 

Ultrasonic generator is sweep frequency generator 

capable of cavitating both aqueous and semi-aqueous 

chemistries. Full line of aqueous-based cleaning 

chemistries for ultrasonic applications as well. 

Aqueous micro-emulsion solution for gross- metal 

cleaning and equipment for use with the .cleaning 

solution. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty 

equipment and S;Olvents for metals and electronics 

cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous 

and semi-aqueous solvents. 

All aqueous and semi-aqueous systems recycle and reuse 

process water. Solvent systems reduce emissions by 

991% over conventional degreasing systems. 

Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueOus md non-aqu~us chemistries. Formulations include a variety of 

hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents. 

Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaping units for 

use with these solvents. 
. . 

Electronic Controls Design, Inc. 

4287-A SE International Way 

Milwaukie, OR 97006 

Tel: (503) 659-6100 

(800) 323-4548 

Fax: (503) 659-4422 

Environmental Recovery Resources, Inc. 

POBox36 

South Salem, NY 10590 

Tel: (914) 533-6175 

Fax: (914) 533-6275 -

FMT Inc. (Findlay Machine &. Tool) 

1950 Industrial Dr. 

Findlay, OH 45840 

Tel: (419) 422-0768 

(800) 878-8011 

Fax: (419) 422-0072 

Finishing Equipment Inc. 

3640 Kennebec Dr. 

St.'Paul, MN 55122 

,Tel:_ (612) 452-1860 

Fax: (612) 452-9851 

Forward Technology Ind. Inc. 

-13500 County Rd. 6 

Minneapolis, MN 55441 

Tel: (612) 559-1785 

Fremont Industries, Inc. 

4400 Valley Industrial Park 

Shakopee, MN 55379 ' 

Tel: (612) 445-4121 

Fax: (612) 496-3027 

George Koch Sons Inc. 

10 South 11th Ave. 

Evansville, IN 47744 

Tel: (812) 426-9600 

Fax: (812) 465-9724 

I -I 

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Floating, dispersed, and dissolved hydrocarbon 

contaminants removed to 11urface water discharge limits, 

lllSinJ~: no coalescing platt=s, DO centrifugal, no carbon 

1\bsorption, DO sorbent WllSte. Also offer· systems and 

serv1ices to extend cleaning bath 'life' for more cost 

effec:tive aqueous systems and waste water processing, 

mel ' waste-minimized l!>ettling-pond and separator 

mailateDance/remediation. 

Cus1Dm engineered parts cleaning equipment, standard 

partl; cleaning equipm.,nt, and pollution control 

equipment. · 

' Aqu.eous, semi-aqueous :and solvent cleaning systems 

available. Frpm manual systems to automated highproduction cleaning lines, with ultrasonics available as 

l!leeded. Specialize-- in automated enclosed vapor 

deg~reasers for efficient use of the non-ozone depleting 

chlorinated solvents. 

I -

Aqueous-based metal cleaning and non-metallic substrate 

clea10ing formulations and application equipment. 

Includes spray, soak, and ultrasonic cleaners in rinse and 

no-dose formulations. 

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Gray MiJJs 

37bs N. Lincoln Ave. 

Gbieago,.n. 60613 

Tel: (312) 268-6825 

The Hotsy Corp. 

... 

21 Inverness Way E. 

Englewood, CO 80112-5796 

Tel: (303) 792-5200 

Hurricane Systems, Inc. 

2080 Brooklyn Rd. 

POBox 867 

Jackson, Ml 49204 

Tel: (517) 787-3481 

Fax: (517) 787-2349 

Burri-Kleen Corp. 

POBox29 

Trussville, AL 35173 

Tel: (205) 655-8808 

Fax: (205) 655-5392 

Jensen Fabricating Engineers, Inc. 

PO Box 307 

East Berlin, CT 06023 

Tel: (203) 828-6516 · 

J.M. Ney Co. 

Neytech Division 

Bloomfield, CT 06002 

Tel: (203) 342-2281 

Fax: (203) 242-5688 · 

K.E.W. Cleaning Systems, Inc. 

130B E. St. Charles Rd. ' 

Carol Stream, n. 60188 

Tel: {708) 690-3000 

Kleer-Fio Company 

15151 Technology Dr. 

Eden Prairie, MN 55344 

Tel: (612) 934;.2555 

(800) 328-7942 

Fax: (612) 934-3909 

.. 

Wide range of •off-the-shelf' ~ semi-custom, and custom 

parts ·cleaning systems using water-based cleaning 

compounds. Systems include: belt, rotary and overhead 

conveyors for continuous and batch processing; carousel, 

cabinet, and agitation tank washers; multi-:Stage wash, 

rinse, oxidation inhibit, and dry; oil removal and oil 

. skimming devices; electric, gas, and steam heat 

PE~es. , 

Aqueous-based biodegradable cleaners with and without 

glycol ethers. 

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Lewis COrp. 

102 WDlenbrock Rd. 

Oxford, cr 06478-1033 

Tel: (203) 264-3100 

Fax: (203) 264-3102 · 

NAPCO 

Plymouth Industrial Park 

Terryvllle, Cl' 06786 

Tel: (203) 589-7800 

Fax: (203) 589-~04 

O.C.S. Systems 

P0Box370 

429 Madera St. 

San Gabriel, CA 91778-0370 

Tel: (818) 458:·247l 

.Fax: (818) 458-2437 

Proceco 

7300 Tellier St. 

Montreal, Quebec 

Canada H1N 3T7 

Tel: (514) 254-8494 

Fax: (514)254-8184 

(514) 254-6922 

RAMCO Ecluipment Corp. 

32 Montgomery St. 

Hillside, NJ 07205 

Tel: (908) 687-6700 

(800) 553-3650 

Ransohoff Co. 

North 5th St at Ford Boulevard 

Hamilton, OH 45011 

Tel: (513) 863-5813 

(800) 248-W ASH 

Fax: (513) 863-8908 

R.G. Hanscin Co., Inc. 

703 E. Lincoln 

Bloomington, n.. 61701 

Tel: (309) 828-5070 

(800) 392-0903 

Fax: (309) 829-3294 

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Mmnufacturer of industrial cleaning· systems, specializing . 

in aqueous-based chemistries. Both ultrasonic and nonultniSOnic washers available. 

Aqueous-based forir.nulati1>n containing detergents with 

and . without EGBE. Biodegradable, sewerable. 

Ultrasonics, spray wash systems, dishwashers. cabinet 

washers for cleaning, defluxing any and all parts. 

Con!plete closed loop systems, including D.I. water 

systems. 

Acpneous spray washers I( turntable, belt conveyor, aDd 

imDlersion types). Also supply conwninated cleaning 

:sol11dons recycling systell:lS. 

Sta!ldard and custom aquoous and. semi-aqueous cleaning 

equipment for small tlnrough high production. parts 

cleaning requirements, as well as very small to large part 

configurations and various part materials. Expertise in 

precision cleaning. P~ltented, mechariically agitated 

aqueous technology for llligh volume intricately shaped 

or machined parts as a direct replacement of ~lvent 

vapor degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning systems. ' . 

Aqu1eous cleaning chemicals and equipment. New 

eq11iipment using only ste:am to clean also available. I 
RotoJet ... 

2Sl9 San Fernando Blvd. 

Buiban.k_ CA 91504 

Tel: (818) 841-1520· 

Fax: (818) 841-6448 

s & c Co., Ltd. 

North America Division 

PO Box 902141 · Palmdale, CA 93590-2141 -

Tel: (80S) 267..()799 

Fax:. (80S) 267-2324 

Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems 

2373 Teller Rd., #107 

Newbury Park, CA 91320 

Tel: (80S) 499-7440 

Fax: (80S) 375-5781 

SONICOR Instrument Corp. 

100 Wartburg Ave. 

Copiague, NY 11726 

Tel: (516) 842-3344 

Fax: (516) 842-3389 

Sonitech Inc. 

239 East Stephenson St. 

Freepon, JL 61032 

Tel: (815) 235-2400 

Fax: (815) 232-2150 

Stoelting 

502 Highway 67 

Kiel, WI 53042 

Tel: (414) 894-2293 

' • (800) 558-5807 

• 

Fax: (414) 894-7029 

• Surface Dynamics Inc. 

9185 General Coun 

Plymouth, MI 48170 " 

Tel: (313) 459...0010 

SURfTRAN (Bosch Group) 

30250 Stephenson Highway 

Madison Heights, MI 48071 

Tel: (313) 547-3133 

Four frequency ultrasonic generator :arid ultrasonic spray 

cleaner suited for the cleaning of sUir.on waters and other 

precision parts. 

. Automated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for 

precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts. 

Systems clean oils, particulate and other contaminates. 

Optional waste evaporator. 

' 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, automated aqueous 

cleaniDg systems. Environmentally safe alternatives to 

cleaning with hazardous solvents. · · 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment using aqueous or semio 

aqueous chemistries {or a wide range of applications. 

Complete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, ~, 

dryers and closed loop rinse water recirculation systems. 

System uses alcohol or other solvents with pertluorinated 

chemistry for ' rinsing 'and drying non-water contact 

appli .'.atioos. 

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Swen Sonic Corp. 

P0Box4347 

Davenport, lA 52808 

Tel: (319) 322-0144 

Fax: (319) 322-7180 

Tally Cleaning Systems 

Division of Metfab Engineering · 

332 John Diestch Blvd. 

Attleboro Falls, MA 02763 

Tel: (508) 695-1007 

Fax: (508) 695-6335 

1bierica 

900 Clancy Ave. 

Grand Rapids, MI 49503 

Tel: (616)458-1538 

Fax: (616)458-7120 

Tiyoda MFG. U.S.A., Inc. 

· 1613 Lockness Place 

Torrance, CA 90501 

Tel: {310) 539-5471 

Fax: {310) 539-5881 

Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc. 

1 Maple St. 

Shelton, CI' 06484 

lel: (203) 924-1624 

Fax: (203) 924-1625 

Unique IndUstries, Ind., 

PO Box 417 

Mohawk Ave. Extension 

Derby, CT 06418 

Tel: (203) 735-8751 

Unitech Industrial Inc. 

POBox 330 

16 South Ave, 

Wappingers Falls, NY 

Tel: (914) 297-0745 

(800) 277-5522 

Fax: (914) 297-2919 

12590 ' 

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SinJ~le and multiple stage ultrasonic cleaning systems 

which utilize aqueous-based cleaning formulations. 

Co1nplete systems available which include· ultrasonic, 

wash, rinse, rustinhibit, hot air dry, particle filtration, 

, oil21eparation, etc. Stand:ard.or custom engineered units. 

New low cost spray equipment manages extremely 

difticult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts 

containing baked grease ~md paint soils. Designed to be 

safe' and environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and 

aqueous cleaning agents. S~ess steel construction. 

Vac:uum desiring ultrasonic batch cleaning system 

pro,vides instantaneous cleaning solution penetration into 

small tubes and holes and promotes superior cleaning. 

Vat:~~um drying system 1liSes vacuum, hat air, ultra-pure 

s~un heating and far-infrared beater. 

Ultrasonic parts washing systems with standard tank 

volumes of 5, 10, 20, and 30 gallons, as well as special 

sizes if required. Systems provide .for ultrasonic 

washing, spray or different types of immersion rinsing 

and bot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts. 

I 

Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers, 

batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and 

pretreatment systems available in new equipment and 

retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 1Q0$ oil 

removal from the c~eaniing process. 

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Vitronics Corp. 

Forbes Rd. 

NeWmarket Industrial Park 

Newmarket, NH 03857 

Tel: (603) 659-6550 

Fax: (603) 659-7194 , · 

SEMI-AOUEQUS CLEANEBS 

Aliphatic Hydrocamon-Base4 

ARCO Chemical Co. 

3801 West Chester Pike 

Newtown Square, PA 19073-2387 

Tel: (215) 359-2441 

Fax: (215) 359-5753 

Ardrox 

16961 Knott Avenue 

La Mirada, CA 90638 

Tel: (714) 739-2821 

Fax: (714) 670-6480 

Brolin Corporation 

PO Box270 

2920 Dr. Andrew J. Brown" Ave. 

Indianapolis, IN 46206 

Tel: (317) 923-3211 

Fax: (317) 925-4596 

Chemtronics, Inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kennesaw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404) 424-4888 

Fax: (404) 424-4267 

Circle-Prosco, Inc. 

2017 Yost Ave. 

Bloomington, IN 47403 

Tel: (812) 339-3653 

Fax: (812) 331-2566 

Creative Enterprizes 

3560 Spring-Wood, Suite 811 

Ponca City, OK 74604 

Tel: (405) 765-0879 

Fax: (405) 765-0879 . ' 

.. 

lnline. aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning ·equipment 

with closed loop water treatment systems. 

Full range of aqueous-based fommlations as well as 

aliphatic bydrocarbon-:based blends, terpene-based 

formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and 

other cleaning alternatives· and equipment. 

Advanced technology aqueous detergent systems for 

spray, immersion, ultrasonic, and passive process 

cleaning of fabricated metal or plastic parts. 

Ultra-pure. cleaners for electronics and metals. 

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Aqueous, alkaline, etchant cleanE--rs for ferrous and non~ 

ferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral, and 

alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol 

ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water 

miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics clean~g). 

Water emulsifiable cleaners corltaining aliphatic and 

terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for n0 clean 

applications. 

- ' Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to 

safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or 

custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also desit'll 

environmentally secure diying equipment and processes.· 
Dow U.S.A. 

Midland, MI 48674 

Tel: (800) 4474369 

Fax: (517) 832~1465 

Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone MoUntain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 

ETIJS, Inc •. 

1~11 Kastner Place 

Sanford, FL 32771 

Tel:(407) 321-7910 

Fax: (407) 321-3098 

Fine Organics Corp. 

205 Main St. 

POBox 687 

Lodi, NJ 07644-0687 

Tel: (201) 472-6800 

(800) 526-7480 

Fax: (201) 472-6810 

JnJ Industries 

195 E. Main St. 

Suite 303 

Milford, MA 01757 

Tel: (800) 554-9994 

Fax: (508) 478-2221 ' 

Kleer-Flo Company 

15151 Technology Dr. 

Eden Prairie, MN 55344 

Tel: (612) 934-2555 

(800) 328-7942 

Fax: (612) 934-3909 

·· MacDermid, Inc. 

245 Freight St. 

Waterbury, CT 06702 

Tel: (203) 575-5700 

Fax: (203) 575-5630 

Fonnulations composed oir paraffinic hydrocarbons and 

glycol ethers and blends of paraffinic hydrocarbons, 

glycol ethers, and swfactants. 

Wid1~ range of aqueous, s~emi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

cllen:listries. Formulations include a variety of 

hydr·ocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents. 

Man.ufacture a complete liine of batch cleaning units for 

use •with these solvents. · 

Fonnulations made of lllydrocarbons. and blends of 

byd!iOcarbons and emulsifilers .. Also offer aqueous-based 

fom1ulations containing detergents with and ·without 

glycol ethers. 

Nml-hazardous and biodugradable solvent and solventem1lllsion based alternatives. Products are applicable to 

the transportati_on, aviatilon, electronics, and coatings 

industries. Also offer wat:er-based alternative products. 

_,. 

Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including 

a supersaturated wipe sollvent. 

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Micro Care Corp. 

~ ... 'Ronzo Road 

= "iStot, cr 06010 

0 .:1:' (203) 585-7912 

Fax: (203) 585-7378 

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North American Environmental Oil 

& Cleaning Supply Company 

270A Route 46, Suite B1 

Rockaway, NJ 07866 

Tel: (201) 627..{)722 

(201) 627-1503 

Fax: (201) 627-2982 

Petrofenn Inc. 

5415 First Coast Highway 

Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 

Tel: (904) 261-8286 

Fax: (904) 261-6994 

P-T Technologies, Inc. 

108 4th Ave. South 

Safety Harbor, FL 34695 

Tel: (800) 441-7874 

Fax: (813) 726-9544 

The Rission Group Inc. 

13349 Michigan Ave. 

Dearborn, Ml 48126 

Tel: (313) 581-2620 

Fax: (313) 581-3758 

Rochester Midland Corp. 

333 Hollenbeck St. 

Rochester, NY 14621 

Tel: (716) 336-2200 

• Fax: (716) 467-4406 

Selig Chemical Industries 

PO Box43106 

840 Selig Dr. SW 

Atlanta, GA "30378 

Tel: (404) 691-9220 

Fax: (404) 699-7024 

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Solvent cleaners bas~ on but not limited to terpene 

hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC · technologies. 

Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated 

band cleaning applications where rin.t;ing is not available. 

Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning and precision 

cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and 

grime. 

Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and . 

aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic 

solvents with surfactants. Products are used for cold 

(band) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning 

equipment. Pioducts can be removed by evaporation, 

water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents. 

Both products and rinse m~ia can be recycled. 

' 

Nonhalogenated hydrocarbon-based and water based 

degreasers and cleaners. Specialty formulations for 

electronics, cable manufacturing, process cleaning, 

utility applications general cleanup. 

Aqueous and non-aqueous fonnulations containing 

surfactants with and without glycol ethers. 

Hydrocarbons and blends of hydrocarbons with 

emulsifiers also available. 

Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene 

solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain 

alkaline builders and chelants as well as glycol ethers. 

Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations 

exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow. for 

good oil/grease separation upon standing . 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. , Also offer aqueous-based 

formulations containing detergents with and without 

glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene. · 

... 
Texo Corp. -

2801 Highland Ave. 

. Cincinnati, OH 45212 

Tel: (513) 731-3400 

Fax: ·(513) 731-8113 

Zip-Chem Products 

1860 Dobbin Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-0291 

(800) 648-2661 

Fax: (408) 272-8062 

Temene-Based 

3D, Inc. 

2053 Plaza Drive 

Benton Harbor, MI 49022-2211 

Tel: (800) 272-4326 

Fax: (616) 925-1922 

Ardrox 

16961 Knott Avenue 

La Mirada, CA 90638 

Tel: (714) 739-2821 

Fax: (714) 67~80 

Chemtronics, Inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kenneuw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404) 424-4888 

Fax: (404) 424-4267 

Circle-Prosco, Inc. 

2017 Yost Ave. 

Bloomington, IN 47403 

Tel: (812) 339-3653 

Fax: (812) 331-2566 

Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 

.. . 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous, and various solvent cleaners for 

t•eplllcement of vapor· deJ:reasing and handwiping with 

llOlVtents. · Applications of cleaners can be spray -

imBIIersion, ultrasonic or ibandwiping. Cleaners can be 

multimetal safe aud COllltain corrosion inhibitors if 

necessary. 

Aqu~us, semi-aqueous aliphatic. hydrocarbon, terpene 

and alcohol-based cleatters. Application· oriented 

paci:aging like wipes, aer<Jsols~ specialty containers, and 

other delivery syst~ av.ailable. · 

Full! range of aqueous-based formulations as well as 

aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based 

fonnulations, hydrocarb:>n-based solvent blends and 

oth•~ cleaning alternatives and equipment. 

I -

Ultlra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals. 

' I ' 

AQl.Jeous, alkaline, etchant cleaners for ferrous and nonferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral, and 

alkaline oil. rejecting cl•~ers with or without glycol 

eth1m for ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water 

mis1cible, semi-aqueous 1:leaners (electronics cleaning). 

Wa.ter, emulsifiable ch~~111ers containing aliphatic and· 

ter)>ene solvents. Evaporative 'oils for no clean 

applications . 

Wide range of aqueous,, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

chemistries. Formulations include a variety of 

hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene prOducts as well 

as non-ozone depleting .· halogenated solvents. 

M~mufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for · 

use~ with these solvents. 
. . 

Environmental Solvents"'Corp. 

184o Southside Blvd. · 

laWonvUle, FL 32216 

Tel: (904) 12-c-1990 

Fax: (904) 724-2508 

Envirosolutions Inc. 

335 Post Road West 

Westport, CT 06880 

Tel: (203) 454-5902 

Fax: (203) 222-0190 

Fine Organics Corp. 

205 Main St. 

POBox687 

Lodi, NJ 07644-0687 

Tel: (201) 472-6800 

(800) 526-7480 

Fax: (201) 472-6810 

Glidco Organics 

P0Box389 

Jacksonville, FL. 32201 

Tel: (800) 231-6728 

(904) 768-5800 

Fax: (904) 768-2200 

MacDermid, Inc. 

245 Freight St. 

Waterbury, CT 06702 

Tel: (203) 575-5700 

Fax: (203) 575-5630 

Micro Care Corp. 

34 Ronzo Road 

Bristol, CT 06010 

Tel: (203) 585-7912 

Fax: (203) 585-7378 

Pettoferm Inc. .. 

5415 First Coast Highway 

Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 

Tel: (904) 261-8286 

Fax: (904) 26.1-6994 

Blend of coniferous (pine) terpeftes with and without 

surfactants. Non-surfactant-containing solvent is very 

easy and inexpensive to use with closed-loop water 

recyclng. All fl~ points over l40°F. Very. high 

solvency for hydrocarbon sons. 

Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral pH cleaner which is 

used in a closed loop parts washing system. Several 

different formulations developed tl> suit a variety of 

cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is 

matched to the cleaning chemicals w en5ure optimum 

performance. 

Non-hazardous and biodegradable solvent' and splventemulsion based alternatives. Products are applicable to 

the transportation, aviation, electronics, and coatings 

industries. Also offer water-based alternative products. 

Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene 

hydrocarbon, · alcohol, or HCFC technologies . 

Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated 

hand cleaning applications where t'insing is not available. 

Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning an~ precision 

cleaning of aU types of flux residues, oils, grease and 

grime. 

Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and 

aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic 

solvents with surfactants. Products are used for cold 

(hand) cleaning and in combination with v~ious cleaning 

equipment. Products can be removed by evaporation, 

water, alcohols or nonflammal>le fluorinated solvents. 

Both products and rinse media can be recycled. 
Rochester Midland Corp. 

333 Hollenbeck St. 

Rochester, NY 14621 

Tel: (716) 336-2200 

Fax: (716) 467-4406 

" 

Selig Chemical Industries , POBox43106 

840 Selig Dr. SW 

Atlanta, GA 30378 

Tel: (404) 691-9220 

Fax: (404) 699-7024 

Storcbem Inc. 

3600 Billings Court, Suite 110 

Burlington, Ontario 

Canada L7N 3N6 

Tel: (416) 639-9700 

Fax: (416) 639-5244 

Terpene Technologies Inc. 

~ Ridge Rd. W, Suite 293 

Rochester, NY 14626 

·Tel: (716)·546-8455 

(716) 777-0790 

Fax: (716) 227-3834 

Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc. 

1 Maple St. 

Shelton, CT 06484 

Tel: (203) 924-1C24 

Fax: (203) 924-1625 

Union Camp Corp. 

Bush Boake Allen Division 

PO Box 37617 

Jacksonville, FL 32236 

Tel: (904) 783-2180 

(800) 874-9220 

Fax: (904) 786-6495 

Zip-Chem Products 

1860 Dobbin Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-0291 

(800) 648-2661 ' 

Fax: (408) 272-8062 

.. 

Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene 

sol,lents. Some also con1tain surfactants. · Many contain 

alkllline builders and cbEllants as well as glycol ethers. 

So1:11e aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations 

exhibit good biodegradability. Many prodl}cts allow for 

good oil/grease separation upon standing. 

Fo11mulations made of hydrocarbons and blends, of 

hydlrocarbons and emulsi11iers. Also offer aqueous-based 

fonoulations containing detergents with and without 

gly1,col .ethers and some containing d-limohene. 

Aquaeous-based terpene formulations containing 

detl=rgents and emulsifiers; semi-aqueous cleaners and 

des:reasers based on terpl~ne alcohols and hydrocarbons; 

teq,ene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as nonwater soluble solvents. 

. ' ' 

J'mpene .alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as ,nonwater soluble solvents,. semi-aqueous cleaners and 

degrreasers based on terptane alcohols and hydrocarbons. 

Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing 

detergen~ and emulsifim'S. 

Ultrasonic parts washin,g systems with standard tank 

volumes of 5, 10, 20, and 30 gallons, as well as special 

. sizlas if required. Systems provide for ultrasonic 

washing .• spray or different types of imm~rsion rinsing 

and hot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts. 

Ral11ge of wood terpene-based alternative solvents for 

se1111i-aqueous. and solve1:1t only cleaning processes and 

maintenance cleaning applications. High solvency and · 

high soil loading propertiies for removal of solder fluxes, 

he21vy oils and greases, polishing compounds, 

carbonaceous deposits l~c. to the highest cleanliness 

s~ndards. · 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene 

and · alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented 

pac:kaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and 

otiner delivery systems available. I 

·. 
. . 

AJ~boi-Based 

Ambassador Marketing 

Route 1-Box 207 

St. David, AZ 85630 

Tel: (602) 7204310 

Fax: (602) 72()..4()68 

ARCO Chemica] Co. 

3801 West Chester Pike 

Newtown Square, PA 19073-2387 

Tel: (215) 359-2441 

Fax: (215) 359-5753 

Chemtronics, Inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kennesaw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404) 424-4888 

Fax: (404) 424-4267 

Conceptronic, Inc. 

6 Post Rd. 

Portsmouth, NH 03801 

Tel: (603) 431..()262 

Fax: (603) 431-3303 

Dell-chem of Arizona 

7119 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 106-224 

Scottsdale, AZ 85254 

Tel: (602) 951-5812 

Fax: (602) ~48-4172 

· lnsitu Environmental Chemical Co. 

8402 East Redwing Rd. 

Scottsdale, AZ 852So-5740 

Tel: (602) 948-9209 

Fax: (602) 951-0715 

JnJ Industries 

' 195 E. Main St. . 

Suite 303 

· Milford, MA 01757 

Tel: (800) 554-9994 · 

Fax: (508) 478-2221 

.. 

Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue 

degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are 

uonflamrnable and nonfuming. 

Ul~-pure cleaners for electronics a111d metals. 

· Semi-aqueous,· spray-based, totally closed-loop modular 

batch cleaning systems utilizing non-flammable, naturally 

derived alcohol solvents in solution with water. Also 

have an ultrasonic batch cleaning system for metallic and 

non-metallic electronic surfaces and other difficult-toclean non-electronic pans of unusual geometric shape. 

Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue 

degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are 

nonflammable and nonfuming. 

Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue 

degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are 

nonflammable and nonfuming. 

Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including 

a supersaturated wipe Solvent . 
.. 

.. 

.. 

Ken Seika Corp. 

314 Wnlow Dr. 

Little Silver, NJ ·07739 

Tel: (908) 741-4920 

Fax: (908) 758-9531 

Kyzen Corp. 

413 Harding Industrial Dr. 

Nashvllle, TN 37211 

Tel: (615) 831~888 

(800) 845-5524 

Fax: (615) 831~889 

' Micro Care Corp. . 

34 Ronzo Road 

Bristol, CT 06010 

Tel: (203) 585-7912 

Fax: (20~) 585-7378 

The Rission Group Inc. 

13349 Michigan Ave. 

Dearborn, MI 48126 

Tel: (313) 581-2620 

Fax: (313) 581-3758 

Selig Chemical Industries 

PO Box 43106 

840 Selig Dr. SW 

Atlanta, GA 30378 

Tel: (4o4) 691-9220 

Fax: (404) 699-7024 

Ultrasound FabriCations, Inc. 

1 Maple St. 

Shelton, CT 06484 

Tel: (203) 924-1624 

Fax: (203) 924-1625 

Zip-Ctiem Products 

1860 DObbin Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-0291 

(800) 648-2661 

Fax: (408) 272-8062 

.. 

Orgamc· intermediates, specialty monomers-polymers, 

olig(ltmers, etc. MMB for metal cleaning .applications. 

Solv·ent cleaners based on . but not limited to terpene 

' / laydl'ocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies. 

Fonnulations· are engineered for use in non-automated 

hand cleaning applications. where rinsing is not available. 

C:le;nners are effective in t4luch-up cleaning and precision 

cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and 

grime. 

Acpneous and non-aqueous fonnulations containing 

surfactants with and without glycol ethers. 

Hydrocarbons and blends o( hydrocarbons with 

emtnlsifiers also available. 

I 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based 

fonnulations containing detergents with and without 

glyt:ol ethers and some o:>ntaining d-limonene. I 

Ult~nic parts washin,g systems with standard tank 

volumes of 5, 10, 20, and 30 gallons, as well as special 

sizl~ if required. Systems provide for -ultrasonic 

wal;hing, spray or different -types of immersion rinsing 

and bot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free ~arts. 

I 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene· 

and alcohol-based cle;mers. Application oriented 

pac:kaging like wipes, aeroSols, specialty containers, and 

otber delivery systems. available. 

I, 

I 

I 
SEMI-AOUEOIJS 'CLEANING 

l!QpiEMENI 

ACCEL 

1825 E. Piano Parkway 

Piano, TX 75074-812~ 

Tel: (214) 424-3525 

Fax: (214) 424-7526 

Altos Engineering, Inc. 

6009 N. 61 Ave 

Glendale, AZ 85301 

Tel: (602) 931-8434 

Fu: (602) 937-6396 

American MetaJ Wash, Inc. 

POBox265 

360 Euclid Ave. 

CannQnsburg, PA 15317 

Tel: (412) 746-4203 

Fax: (412) 746-5738 

Baron-Blakeslee, Inc. 

1500 West 16th St. 

Long Beach, CA 90813 

Tel: (800) 548-4422 

Fax: (310) 491-1001 

Blackstone Ultrasonics, Inc. 

9' Nonh Main St. 

Jamestown, NY 14701 

Tel: (716) 665-2620 

(800) 766-6606 . 

Fax: (716) 665-2480 

Blue Wave Ultrasonics 

, Div. of Npheus Cleaning 

Technologies Corp. 

.. 960 S. Rolff St. 

Davenport, lA 52802 

Tel: (319) 322..0144 

(800) 373 . ..0144 

Fax: (319) 322-7180 

.. 

System utilizing centrifugal cleaning to provide superior 

washing, effective rinsing, and drying of populated 

printed circuit boards and hybrid circuits. Includes 

automatic solvent recycling and rinse water purification 

with no required drain. Compatible with chlorocarbons, 

fluorocarbons, H20, and terpenes. 

Batch aDd inline cleaning equipment with' non-chemical, 

thermal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent 

formulations avaUable with and without glycol ethers. 

Bearing washer for' precision cleaning of final assembled 

race bearings, including points of contact. Equipment 

can be provided in single or multi-stages for 

accOmmodations of washing, rinsing, rust inhibiting, and 

thorough drying of each bearing. Can accommodate 

bearing diameters of 7/8" to 20" and can be setup for 

use with aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning solutions. 

Full line of cleaning equipment for use with· aqueous, 

semi-aqueous, HCFC, and chlorinated solvents. Closed 

loop system incoll'pOtating vacuum drying available (near 

zero emissions). · 

Complete range of ultrasonic cleaning products from 

stand-alone and bench-top heated tanks to wash/multiple · 

rinse/dry console systems with optional material handling 

and automation. Also, fluxless ultrasonic solder pots for 

tinning leads and electronics. 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment built for various 

applications specific to the customer's needs. Effective 

in cleaning different products and materials throughout 

the scope of fabricated metals, plastics, and ceramics. 

Also offer aqueous-based detergents that · ar~ 

environmentally safe . 

•, 

-. 
.. 

Branson Ultrasoni~ Inc: 

41 Eagle Rd. 

Danbury, CT 06810 

Tel: (203) 796-0400 

Fax: (203) 796-0381 

.. ' 

Cincinnati Industrial Machinery 

PO Box 62027 ' 

3280 Hageman St. 

Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street add.) 

45262 (PO Box) 

'Tel: (513) 769..0700 

Fax: (513) 769-0697 

Con~tronic, Inc. 

6 Post Rd. 

Portsmouth, NH 03801 

Tel: (603) 431-6262 

Fax: (603) 431-3303 

Container Products Corp. 

PO Box3767 

Wilmington, NC -28406 

Tel: (919) 392-6100 

Fax: (919)392-6778 

Creative Enterprizes 

3560 Springwood, Suite 811 

Ponca City, OK 74604 

Tel: (405) 765-0879 

Fax: (405) 765-0879 

Crest Ultrasonics . 

Scotch Rd.- Mercer County Airport 

PO Box 7266 

Trenton, NJ 08628 

Tel: (609) 883-4000 

(800) 441-9675 

Fax: (609) 883-6452 

· DURR Industries, Inc. 

10301 Enterprise Dr. 

· Davisburg, MI 48360 

Tel: (313) 625-5400 

Fax: (313) 625-5966 

Ultr.asonic cleaning equip,ment and integrated cleaning 

s;ysb9DS for metal, elecu·onic, and precision cleaning 

requirements. Manual and fully automated material 

laandling/transport systeliiS. Equipment for aqueous, 

llelllii-aqueous and solvent chemistry. 

Cus1tom designed mach,ines for cleaning, surface 

t,reJ]taration and other p1rocessing of metal and nonmetallic parts. 

Smli-aqueous, spray-based, totally closed-loop modular 

lbatc:h cleaning systems ut~lizing non-flammable, naturally 

derived alcohol solvents in solution with water. Also 

haVl~ an ultrasonic batch cleaning system for metallic and 

non-metallic electronic surfaceS ana other difficult-toclean non-electronic parts of unusual geometric shape. 

Systems incorporating a variety. of aqueous cleaning 

tectmiques which include filtered negative pressure 

chambers, high pressure 1chambers, and mobile cleaning 

sys1tems. ' 

Spc::cialize in low cost COJIIversion of existing facilities to 

saft~y use alternative clElaDing agents. Design new or 

custom cleaning equipmElnt and processes. Also design 

environmentally secure d1rying equipment and processes. 

Pn~eision cleaning equipment (primarily ultrasonic 

systems) from standard "iash-rinse-dry cleaning consoles 

to large custom autoina1 ed batch cleaning equipment. 

Ul1rasonic generator iii sweep frequency generator 

capable of cavitating both aqueous and semi-aqueous 

ch«,mistties. Full line of aqueous-based cleaning 

cbt,mistties for ultrasonic applications as well. 

Alll aqueous and semi-aq·11eous systems recycle and reuse 

pr,)cess water. Solvent systems reduce emissions by 

99% over conventional degreasing systems. 

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1 

I-
·Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 ' . 

.Electronic Controls Design, Inc. 

4287-A SE IntenwioDal Way 

Milwaukie, 'OR 97006 

Tel: (503) 659-6100 

(800) 323-4548 

Fax: (503) 659-4422 

Envirosolutions lnc. 

335 Post Road Wesf · 

Westpon, ·cr 06880 

Tel: (203) 454-5902 

Fax: (203) 222.0190 

Finishing Equipment Inc. 

3640 Kennebec Dr. 

·St. Paul, MN 55122 

Tel: (612) 452-1860 

Fax: (612) 452-9851 

Hurri-Kleen Corp. 

POBox29 

Trussville, AL 35173 

Tel: (205) 655-8808 

Fax: (205) 655-5392 

The J .M. Ney Co. 

Ney Industrial Park 

Bloomfield, CT 06002 

Tel: (203) 286-6149 

Fax: (203) 242-5688 

' Kleer-Flo Company 

15151 Technology Dr. 

Eden Prairie, MN 55344 .. · 

Tel: (612) 934-2555 ' 

(800) 328-7942 

Fax: (612) 934-3909 

Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous· 

chemistries. Formulations include -a variety of 

,·hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone depleting halogenated solv.ents. 

Manufacture a complete-line of batc1ll cleaning units for 

use with these solvents. 

·Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral Ph cleaner which is 

used in a closed loop parts washing system. Several 

different formulations developed to suit a variety of 

cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is 

matched to the cleaning chemicals to ensur.e optimum 

perfofi!Wlce. 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous and solvent cleaning systems 

available. From manual systems to automated highproduction cleaning Jines, with ultrasonics available as 

needed. Specialize in automated enclosed vapor 

degreasers for efficient use of the non:.Ozone depleting 

chlorinated solvents. 

.· 

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' ' 

.. ' 

Ransohoff Co. 

North 5th St at Ford Boulevard 

Hamilton, OH 45011 

Tel: (513) 863-5813 

(800) 248-WASH 

Fax: (513) 863-8908 

S&K Products International 

80 Red Schoolhouse Rd. #102 

Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977 

Tel: (914) 425-6200 

Fax: (914) 425-760 

Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems 

, 2373 Teller Rd., #107 · 

Newbury Park, CA 91320 

Tel: (80S) 499-7440 

Fax: (805) 375-5781 

SONICOR Instrument Corp. 

100 Wartburg Ave. 

Copiague, NY 11726 

Tel: (516) 842-3344 

Fax: (516) 842-3389 

Sonitech Inc. 

239 East Stephenson St. 

Freepon, IL 61032 

Tel: (815) 235-2400 

Fax: (815) 232-2150 

Tiyoda MFG. U.S.A., Inc. 

1613 Lockness Place 

Torrance, CA 90501 

Tel: (310) 539-5471 

Fax: (310) 539-5881 

Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc. 

1 Maple St. " 

Shelton, CT 06484 

Tel: (203) 924-1624 

Fax: (203) 924-1625 

- ' Stmldard and custom aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning 

equipment for small through high production parts 

cleallling requirements, as well as very small to large part 

configurations and variollJS part materials. Expertise in 

prec:ision cleaning. Patented, mechanically agitated 

aqueous technology for bigh volume intricately shaped 

or 1machined parts as a direct replacement of solvent 

vapor .degreasing and ultliiSonic clqning systems. 

Sol·vent wash followed b:y one or more aqueous rinses, 

including formulated sudactants; then to si>ot free, stain 

frec:~. particulate free dryiiDg via isopropyl alcohol. 

Automated ultrasonic and spray' batch cleaners for 

precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts. 

Sys:tems clean olls, particulate and other ~ntaminate5. 

Op1tional waste evaporatc:tr. · · 

Ultrasonic cleanilllg eq,uipment, .automated aqueous 

cle:ming systems. Environmentally safe alternatives to 

cle:ming with hazardous solvents. 

Ultrasonic cleaning equilpment using aqueous or semi-

~queous chemistries for a wide range of applications. 

Complete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, tanks, 

dryers and closed Uoop rinse water recirculation systems. 

, Sy:stem uses alcohol or o1ther solyents with pertluorinated 

cbl,mistry for rinsing and drying non-water contact 

apJ!llications. 

Va1cuum desiring ultr~JSOnic batch cleaning system 

provides instantaneous· cleaning sOlution penetration into 

small nabes and boles and promotes superior cleaning . 

V;1cuum drying system 1l1Ses vacu~m, hot air, ultra-pure 

· ste:am heating and far-infrared heater. I 

Ultrasonic parts washi1.1g systemS with standard tank 

vo,lumes of 5, 10, 20, and 30 gallons, as well as special 

su:es if required. · Systems provide for ultrasonic 

washing, spray or different types of immersion rinsing 

and bot air drying to achieve clean, dry, ~pot free parts. 

•, 

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.. 

• 

Unitech Industrial Inc .... 

POBox330 

16 South Ave, , 

Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 

Tel: (914) 297-0745 

(800) 277-5522 

Fax: (914) 297-2919 

Vitronics Corp. 

Forbes Rd. 

Newmarket Industrial Park 

Newmarket, NH 03857 

Tel: (603) 659-6550 

Fax: (603) 659-7194 

HYDROCARBON-BASED SOLVENTS 

Advanced Research Technologies 

312 South Vine St. 

Park Ridge, n. 60068 

Tel: {708) 696-9371 

FAX: {708) 696-4984 

ARCO Chemica] Co. 

3801 West Chester Pike. 

Newtown Square, PA 19073-2387 

Tel: (215) 359-2441 

Fax: (215) 359-5753 

Ardrox Inc. 

16961 Knott Avenue 

i.a Mirada, CA 90638 

· Tel: {714) 739-2821 

Fax: {714) 670-6480 

BASF Corp. 

100 Cherry Hill Rd • 

Parsippany, NJ 07054 

.. The Brulin Corporation 

P0Box270 

2920 Dr. Andrew J. Brown Ave ... 

Indianapolis, IN 46206 

Tel: (317) 923-3211 

Fax: (317) 925-4596 

Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers, 

batch cleaning systems, vapor · degreasing, and 

pretreatment systems available in new equipment and 

retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling. 100% oil 

removal from the cleaning process. 

Inline aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning equipment 

wit!- closed loop water-treatment systems: · 

Ultra-low residue, high purity terpene hydrocarbon 

cleaning agents. Used in vapor degreasing applications 

for metals cleaning, electronics cleaning, and precision 

cleaning. 

Full range of aqueous-based formulations as well as 

aliphatic hydror.arbon-based bRends, terpene-based 

formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and 

other cleaning alternatives and equipment. 

Advanced technology aqueous detergent systems,, for 

spray, immersion, ultrasonic, lmd passive process 

cleaning of fabricated metal or plastic parts. 

' - . 
Chemical Solvents, Inc. ' 

3751 Jennings Rd. 

Clev~and, OH 44109 

Tel: (216) 741-9310 

(800) 362-0693 ~ Fax: (216) 741-4080 

Cbem-Tech International 

.1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600 

Alexandria, VA 22314 

Tel: (703) 549-1001 

Fax: (703) 549-1003 

Cbemtronics, Inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kennesaw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404) 424-4888 

Fax: (404) 424-4267 

CRC Industries, Inc. 

885 Louis Dr. 

Warminster, PA 18974 

Tel: (215) 674-4300 

Fax: (215) 674-2196 

Creative Enterprizes 

3560 Springwood, Suite 811 

Ponca City, OK 74604 

· Tel: (405) 765-0879 

Fax: (405) 765-0879 

Detrex Corp. 

4000 Town Center, Suite 1100 

' Southfield, Ml 48175 

Tel: (313) 358-5800 

Fax: (313) 358-5803 

Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 

Fax: ,(404). 621-8245 

" 

I 

, I 

I 

' ' 

·. 

Aqu1=ous-based formulations containing detergents with 

and without glycol ethers as well as blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers which, when used in 

c:omll)ination, provide residlue.free cleaning: Can be used 

on alii metals, teflon, plastiic, and painted coatings. Also 

specially designed cleanin;g equipment. , 

' . Ultr.a-pure cleaners for eltmonics and metals. 

. - Mix·tures of hydrocarbon solvents with and without 

glyc,ol ~ers. Package types include aerosols and bulk. 

I 

Spe4:ialize in low cost co11version of existing facilities to 

safely use alternative cle;ming agents. Design new or 

custom cleaning equipme11t and processes. Also design 

envilronmentally secure drying equipment and processes.-

Aq1J1eous · micro-emulsion solution for gross metal 

cleaning and equipment for use with the cleaning 

soi1J1tion. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty 

equiipment and solvents for metals and electronics 

cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous 

and, semi-aqueous solvents. 

Wiele range of aqueous, l&emi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

cheliDistries. Formulations include a variety of· 

hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well 

as ' non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents. 

Ma11ufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for 

use with these solvents. 
.. 

. . 

El~lube Corporation USA 

8200 Saint James Ave. 

Elolhurst. NY 11373 

Tel: (718) 565-5200 

Fax: (718) 565-5715 

EnviroD.mental RecoverY Resources, Inc. 

POBox36 

South Salem, NY 10590 

Tel: (914) 533-6175 

Fax: (914) 533-6275 

Enviro Tech International 

2201 Clement Ave. #43 

Alameda, CA 94501-1487 

Tel: (510) 436-7603 

Fax: (510) 436-7345 

ETUS, Inc. 

1511 Kastner Place 

Sanford, FL 32771 

Tel:(407) 321-7910 

Fax: (407) 321:.3098 

EXXON Chemical Co. 

PO Box3272 . 

Houston, TX 77253-3272 

Tel: (800) 526-0749 

Fax: (713) 870-6661 

Fine Organics Corp. 

205 Main St. 

PO Box 687 

~ Lodi, NJ Q7644-0687 

Tel: (201) 472-6800 

(800) 526-7480 

Fax: (201) 472-6810 

International Specialty Products 

1361 Alps· Rd. 

Wayne, NJ 07470 

Tel: (201) 628-3000 

Fax: (210) 628-4117 · 

Non-toxic, non-flammable, biodegradable · aqueous 

solvents suitable for in-line and batch equipment without 

modification. Also ideal for screen and pallet cleaning 

aod precision metal degreasing (ferrous and nonferrous). · 

Floating, dispersed, and dissolved ' hydrocarbon 

contaminants removed to surface water discharge limits, 

using: no coalescing plates, no centrifugal, no carbon 

absorption, no sorbent waste. Also offer systems and 

services to extend cleaning bath 'life • for more cost 

effective aqueous systems and waste water processing, 

aod waste-minimized settling-pond and separator 

maintenance/remediation. 

Non-flammable, drop-in replacement solvent for vapor 

degreasing o( metals, electronics, and precision 

components. Leaves no residue. Requires no additional 

cleaning. For use in existing vapor degreasers. Also, 

cold or wipe cleaning applications of metals, high 

voltage circuits, ·oxygen system cleaning, and spot 

cleaning of electronics. 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends ·of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based 

formulations containing detergents with and without 

glycol ethers. 

Cleaners comprised of narrow boiling range, high flash 

point aliphatic hydrocarbons. Low olefin and aromatic 

content. Low residue, low corrosivity to metals, low 

odor, low toxicity. Require no water ' handling, 

recyclable by distillation. Effective against a wide range 

of waxes, oils and greases found in metal and precision 

cleaning. 

Non-hazardous and biodegradable solvent and solvent-

~mulsion based alternatives. Products are applicable to 

the transportation, aviation, electronics, and coatings · 

industries. Also offer water-based alternative products. 

Specialty solvents comprised of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 

(NMP) and gamma-butyrolactone (BLO) 'as well as other 

proprietary ingredients. Products are biodegradable, 

water soluble, and recyclable. · 

32 

jl 

·. 
'r 

JnJ Industries 

19S E. Main St., Suite 303 

Milford, MA 01757 

Tel: (800) 554-9994 

Fax: (SOB) 47B-2221 

Micro Care Corp. 

34 Ronzo Road. 

Bristol, cr 06010 

Tel: (203) SBS-7912 

Fax: (203) SBS-737B 

North American Environmental Oil 

&. Cleaning Supply Company 

270A Route 46, Suite B1 

Rockaway, NJ 07866 

Tel: (201) 627o{TI22 

(201) 627-1503 

Fax: (201) 627-29B2 

Occidental Chemical Corp. 

Technical Center · 

PO Box 344 

Niagara Falls, NY 14302 

Tel: (BOO) 733-1165 

Fax: (716) 27B-7297 

Petroferm Inc. 

'5415 First Coast Highway 

Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 

Tel: (904) 261-B286 

Fax: (904) 261-6994 

P-T Technologies, Inc. 

10B 4th Ave. South 

Safety Harbor, FL 34695 

Tel: (800) 441-7B74 

Fax: (813) 726-9544 

QO Chemicals,lnc. 

POBox 2500 

2801 Kent Ave. 

West Lafayette, IN 47906 

Tel: (317) 497-6100 

... 

Manufacturer of eight no1.t-CFC formulations including 

a SUJ!'efS3tllrated wipe solvent. 

, Sohl;ent cleaners based Clln but not limited to terpene 

hydl~n, alcohol, or HCFC ·technologies. 

1Fonnulations are engineel'ed for use in non-automated 

hancl cleaning applicatiom> where rinsing is not available. 

Cl~mers are effective in tlJuch-up cleaning' and precision 

clealling of all .types of nux residues, oils, grease and 

griu1e. · 

, I 

Specially stabilized methylene cblQride for a wide variety 

of ;applications. Formulations of halogenated toluenes 

and benzotritluorides fo1r cold cleaning of metals and . 

elec:tronics. Ethylene based glycol ethers for use in 

IDIIIIY cleaning formulations. ,I 

Br,•ad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and 

aliJ,hatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic 

solvents with suifactantn. Products are used for . cold 

(hand) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning 

equipment. Products ~Ill be removed by evaporation, 

water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents. 

Bo.tb products and rinse media can be recycled. 

N(ltnbalogenated hydroc:arbon-based and water based 

deJ~easers and cleaner.;. Specialty formulations for 

ele:;ttonics, cable manufacturing, proces~ cleaning, 

utility applications gene1ral cleanup. 
The Rission Group Inc .... 

13349 Michigan Ave. 

Dearborn, Ml 48126 

Tel: (313) 581-2620 

Fax: (313) 581-3758 

.. Rochester Midland Corp. 

333 Hollenbeck St. 

Rochester, NY 14621 

':fel: (716) 336-2200 

Fax: (716) 467-4406 

Selig Chemical Industries 

POBox43106 

840 Selig Dr. SW 

Atlanta, GA 30378 

Tel: (404) 691-9220 

Fax: (404) 699-7024 

Storcbem Inc. 

3600 Billings Court, Suite 110 

Burlington, Ontario 

Canada L7N 3N6 

- Terpene Technologies Inc. 

3400 Ridge Rd. W, Suite 293 

Rochester, NY 14626 

Tel: (716) 546-8455 

(716) 777-0790 

Fax: (716) 227-3834 

Thierica 

900 Clancy Ave. 

., Grand Rapids, Ml 49503 

Tel: (616) 458-1538 

Fax: (616) 458-7120 

Union Camp Corp. 

Bush Boake Allen Division 

PO Box 37617 

Jacksonville, FL 32236 

Tel: (904) 783-2180 

(800) 874-9220 

Fax: (904) 786-6495 

"' 

Aqueous and non-aqueous formulations containing 

surfactants with and without glycol ethers. 

Hydrocarbons and blends of 'ltydrocarbons with 

emulsifiers also available. 

Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene 

solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain 

alkaline builders and chelants as ·well as glycol ethers. 

Some aqueous-based or water-Compatible formulations 

exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for 

good oil/grease separation upon standing. 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based 

formulations containing detergents with and without 

glycol ethers and some containing,tl-limonene. 

Aqueous-based terpene formulations containing 

detergents and emulsifiers; semi-aqueous cleaners and 

degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons; 

terpene alcohol· and hydrocarbon blends used as nonwater soluble solvents. 

Terpene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as nonwater soluble solvents, semi-aqueous cleaners and 

degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons. 

Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing 

detergents and emulsifiers. 

New low cost spray equipment manages extremely 

difficult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts 

containing baked grease and paint soils. Designed to be 

safe and environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and 

aqueous cleaning agents. StainleSs steel construction. 

Range of wood terpene-based alternative solvents for 

semi-aqueous and solvent only cleaning processes and 

maintenance cleaning applications:· High solvency and 

high soil loading properties for removal of solder fluxes, 

heavy oils and greases, polishing compounds, 

carbonaceous deposits etc. to the highest cleanliness 

standards. 

.. 
w:R. Grace &. Co. 

Metalworking Fluids Group 

55 Hayden Ave. 

Lexington, MA 02173 

Tel: (617) 861-6600 ~ Fax: (617) 861-6600 

Zip-Chem Products 

1860 Dobbin Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-0291 -

(800) 648-2661 

Fax: (408) 272-8062 

NON-OZQ~ D~LE"IINg 

CHU>RINATED SQLVENTS 

Asabi Glass America, Inc. 

450 Lexington Ave., Suite 1920 

New York, NY 10017-3911 

Tel: (212) 687-4600' 

Fax: (212)·687-4663 

Chemical Solvents. Inc. 

3751 Jennings Rd. 

Cleveland, OH 44109 

Tel: (216) 741-9310 

(800) 362-()693 

Fax: (216) 741-4080 

Chemtronics, Inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kennesaw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404) 424-4888 

Fax: (404) 424-4267 

Container Products Corp. 

PO Box 3767 

Wilmington, NC 28406 

Tel: (919) 392-6100 

Fax: (919) 392-6778 

Detrex Corp. 

4000 Town Center, Suite 1100 

Southfield, MI 48175 

Tel: (313) 358-5800 

Fax: (313) 358-5803 

\ 

.. 

' . 

• 

Wide range of aqueous cle:aning formulations for metal. 

p!iecilsion, and mainterumce cleaning; Includes 

form11lations that are phosphate-free. Suitable for 

agita1ion, soak, spray, ultr.asonic and hand wipe 

appUcations. I • 

I 

AquEous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene 

and alcohol-based clean1ers. , Application oriented 

packaging like wipes, aerosols, sp_ecialty containers, and 

other delivery systems avaJlable. 1 • 

Methylene chloride for gtmeral metals~ electronics and 

precision cleaning. 

I 

Ultra-pure cleaners for ellectronics and metals. I 

Sy~;tems incorporating' a variety of aqueous cleaning 

tecllmiques which include filtered negative pressure 

chambers. high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning 

systems. 

I 

AG1ueous micro-emulsion solution for gross metal 

cle:aning and equipment for use with the cleaning 

sollution. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty 

equip~ent and , solven1ts for metals. ahd electronics 

clE:aning, chlorinated a11d HCFC solvents, and aqueous 

and semi-aqueous solvents. · 

·. 
Dow U.S.A. 

Mldland, MI 48674 

Tel! (800) 337-4369 

Fax: (517) 832-1465 

Ecolink •. 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 

Electrolube Corporation USA 

8200 Saint James Ave. 

Elmhurst, NY 11373 

Tel: (718) 565-5200 

Fax: (718) 565-5715 

Hubbard-Hall, Inc. 

PO Box. 790 

Waterbury, CT 06725 

Tel: ('203) 754-2171 

(800) 648-3412 

Fax: (203) 596--9544 

(203) 756--9017 

Occidental Chemical Corp. 

Technical Center 

POBox344 

Niagara Falls, NY 14302 

Tel: (800) 733-1165 

Fax: (716) 278-7297 

Rochester Midland Corp: 

333 Hollenbeck St. 

Rochester, NY 14621 

Tel: (716) 336--2200 

Fax: (716) 467-4406 

• Selig Chemical Industries 

PO Box 43106 

840 Selig Dr. SW 

Atlanta, GA 30378 

Tel: (404) 691-9220 

Fax: (404) 699-7024 

.. 

' 

Trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, and 

percbloroetbylene. 

Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

chemistries. Formulations include a variety of 

hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents. 

Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for 

use with these solvents. ' 

Non-toxic, non-flammable,_ biodegradable ·aqueous 

solvents suitable for in-line and batch equipment without 

modification. Also ideal for screen and pallet cleaning 

and precision m~ degreasing (ferrous and nonferrous). 

Specially stabilized methylene chloride for a wide variety 

of applications. Formulations of halogenated toluenes . 

and benzotrifluorides for cold cleaning of metals and 

eleCtronics. Ethylene based glycol ethers for use in 

many cleaning formulations. 

Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene 

solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain 

alkaline builders and chelants as well as glycol ethers. 

Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations 

exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for 

good oil/grease separation upon standing. 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends. of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Alsb offer aqueous-based 

formulations containing detergents with and without 

glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene. 

.. 
Zip-Chem Products 

1860 Dobbin Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-()291 

(800) 648-2661 ... Fax: (408) 272-8062 

:i 

HCfCS 

Allied-Signal 

POBox 1139R 

Morristown, NJ 07960 

Tel: (201) 455-4848 

Fax: (201) 455-2745 

Asabi Glass America, Inc. 

450 Lexington ,Ave., Suite 1920 

New York, NY 10017-3911 

Tel: (212) 687-4600 , 

Fax: (212) 687-4663 

Atochem North America 

Three Parkway 

Philadelphia, PA 19102 

Tel: (215) 587-7192 

Fax: (215) 587-7199 

Chemtronics, inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kennesaw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404) 424-4888 

Fax: (404) 424-4267 

CRC Industries, Inc._ 

885 Louis Dr. 

Warminster, PA 18974 

Tel: (215) 674-4300 

Fax: (215) 674-2196 

Detrex Corp~ 

4000 Town Center, Suite 1100 

Southfield, MI 48175 

Tel: (313) 358-5800 

Fax: (313) 358-5803 

.. 

Aqut~us. semi-aqueous al!iphatic hydrocarbon, terpene . . 

and alcohol-based clean.ers. Application oriented 

packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and 

other delivery systems av1lilable. 

HCJ:C-22Scalcb' caJil ~ w;ed as a single product as well 

as 210 alcohol mixmre o·r with surface active agents. 

Compatible with most metals and plastics, and applicable 

for degreasing, detluxing; particle-removing, drying and 

dry--cleaning, with low to'tal energy consumption. 

Ultlra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals. 

Aerosol an4_ bulk packages of HCFCs. Nonflammable 

and! leaves no residue. May not be compatible with 

soll.~e plastics such as pollycarbonates and polystyrene. 

Aqueous micro-emulsi(ln solution for gross metal· 

cleaning and equipmer1t for use with the cleaning 

· solution. Alternative/vcq)()r degreasing process, specialty 

equipment and solvents for metals and electronics _ 

cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous 

and semi-aqueous solvents. 

• I 

--
.. 

Ecolink 

t48t.Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 . 

Td: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-8240 . 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 .. 

Electrolube Corporation USA 

8200 Saint James Ave. 

Elmhurst, NY· 11373 

Td: (718) S6S-S200 · 

Fax: (718) 565-5715 

Micro Care Corp. 

34 Ronzo Road 

Bristol, cr 060to 

Tel: (203) 585-7912 

Fax: ('203) 585-7378 

Selig Chemical Industries 

840 Selig Dr. SW 

Atlanta, GA 30336-2240 

Tel: {404) 691-9220 

Fax: {404) 699-7024 

OUlER CLEANINGAL TERN A TIVES 

AND EQUIPMENT 

3D, Inc. 

2053 Plaza Drive 

Benton Harbor, MI 49022-2211 

Tel: (800) 272-4326 

Fax: (616) 925-1922 

3M Company 

Specialty Chemicals Division 

Building 223-65..()4 

•. St. Paul, MN 55144 

Tel: (612) 733-3735 

(800) 833-5045 

ACCEL 

1825 E. Piano Parkway 

Piano, TX 75074-8129 

Tel: ('214) 424-3525 

Fax: .(214) 424-7526 

.. 

Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

chemistries. Formulations include ·a variety of 

hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone depleting halo1:enated solv.ents. 

Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for 

use with'these solvents. 

Non-toxic, non-tllmmable, biodegradable aqueous 

solventS suitable for in-line and batch equipment without 

modification. Also ideal for screen and pallet cleaning 

and precision metal degreasing (ferroUs and nonferrous). 

Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene 

hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HC:FC technologies. 

Formulations are engineered for U'Se in non-automated 

hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available. 

Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning and precision 

/cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and 

grime. . 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based 

formulations containing detergents with and without 

glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene. 

Pertluorocarbon-based fluids used as rinsing ma~erials in 

specialty niche cleaning applications. These fluids are 

especially designed for cleaning processes for high-vatue 

parts when aqueous or semi-aqu~us cleaning are , not 

viable options. ·· 

System utilizing centrifugal cleaning to provide superior 

washing, effective rinsing, 'and drying of populated 

printed circuit boards and hybrid circujts. Includes 

automatic solvent recycling and rinse water purificatio111. 

with no required drain. Compatible with chlorocarbons~ 

fluorocarbons, H20, and terpenes. 

I~ 

., 

·. 
Altos Engineering, Inc. , 

6009 N. 61 Ave 

Glendale, AZ 85301 

Tel: (602) 931-8434 

Fax: (602) 937~396 

Ambassador Marketing 

Route 1-Box 207 

St. David, AZ 85630 

Tel: (602) 7.20-4310 

Fax: (602) 720-4068 

Ardrox Inc. 

16961 Knott Avenue 

La Mirada, CA 90638 

Tel: (714) 739-2821 

Fax: (714) 67()..6480 

Baron-Blakeslee, Inc. 

1500 West 16th St. 

Long Beach, CA 90813 

Tel: (800) 548-4422 

Fax: (310) 491-1091 

Branson Ultrasonics Inc. 

41 Eagle Rd. 

Danbury, CT 06810 

Tel: (203) 796-0400 

Fax: (203) 796-0381 

CF TECHnologies, Inc. 

1 Westinghouse Plaza, Suite 200 

Hyde Park, MA 02136-2059 

Tel: (617) 364-2500 · 

Fax: (617) 364-2550 

- Chem-Tecb International 

1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600 

Alexandria, VA 22314 

Tel: (703) 549-1001 

Fax: (703) 549-1003 

Church & Dwight Co., Inc. 

469 N. Harrison St. 

Princeton, NJ 08543-5297 

Tel: (609) 497-7230 

... 

Batd!. 3l'ld inline cleaning equipment with non-chemical, 

themlal vacuum drying Cllf rinse waters. Detergent 

formulations availabne with and without glycol ethers. 

• 1, ' 

Aqueous and alcohol-bastd cleaners for low residue 

degrc~asing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are 

nonflammable and nonfu~ing. 

Full range of aqueous-based fonnulat~ons as well as 

alliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based 

formlllations, hydrocarbont-based solvent blends and 

' other· cleaning alternatives and equipment. 

Full line of 'cleaning equipment for use with aqueous, 

semi·~aqueous, HCFC, and chlorinated solvents. Closed 

loop system incorporating ·~cuum drying availablt: (near 

zero emissions). 

' I 

Ultr~lSOnic cleaning equipment and integrated. cleaning 

SyStems for metal, electronic, and precision cleaning 

requirements. Manual ;10d fully automated material 

lnandlling/transport systems. Equipment for aqueous, , 

semi-aqueous and solvent chemistry. 

' Sup«~rcritical fluid extr;1ction cleaning process for 

removing organic solven1t, oil and lubricant residues. 

May also be effective for ]particulate removal when used in ce>njunctio.n with agitatilon and/or ultrasonics. I 

' 

Aqueous-based formulations containing detergents with 

and, without glycol etlners as well as blends of 

bydirocarbon.S and emuldfiers which, when used in 

combination, provide residue-free cleaning. Can be used 

on a~l metals, teflon, plast:ic, and painted coatings. Also· 

specially designed cleaning equipment. I 

--
• 

Cincinnati Industrial Machinery 

P6Box62027 

32Bo Hageman St. 

Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street add.) 

45262 (PO Box) 

Tel: (513) 769-0700 

Fax: (513) 769-0097 

Circle-Prosco, Inc. 

2017 Yost Ave. 

BloomingtOn, IN 47403 

Tel: (812) 339-~653 

Fax: (812) 331-2566 

CoJd Jet, Inc. 

455 Wards Comer Rd. 

Loveland, OH 45140 

Tel: (513)831-3211 

Fax: (513)831-1209 

. Conceptronic, Inc. 

6 Post Rd. . 

Ponsmouth, NH 03801 

Tel: (603) 431-6262 

Fax: (603) 431-3303 

Container Products.Corp. 

POBox3767 · 

WilmingtOn, NC 28406 

Tel: (919) 392-6100 

Fax: (919) 392-6778 

Creative Enterprizes 

3560 Springwood, Suite 811 

Ponca City, OK 74604 

Tel: (405) 765-0879 

Fax: (405) 765-0879 .. 

Custom designed machines for cleaning, · surface 

preparation and other processing of metal and nonmetallic parts. 

Aqueous, alkaline, etchant cleaners for ferrous and nonferrous appli~ions. Aqueous, acidic,· neutral, and 

alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol 

ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water 

miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning). 

Water emulsifiable cleaners containing aliphatic and 

terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for no clean 

applications. 

DrY ice blasting process using small pellets of carbon 

dioxide (dry ice) as the blasting media. Pellets sublimate 

on contact leaving no media for containment or disposal. 

Process currently being used in molded products, 

baking/food production, hazardous cleaning, automotive, 

aerospace (military and commt~rcial) and contract 

cleaning industries. · 

Semi-aqueous, spray-based, totally closed-loop modular 

batch cleaning systems utilizing non-flammable, naturally 

derived alcohol solvents in solu~ion with water. Also 

have an ultrasonic batch cleaning system for metallic and 

non-metallic electronic surfaces and other difficult-toclean non-electronic parts of unusual geometric shape. 

Systems incorporating a variety of aqueous cleaning 

techniques which include filtered negative pressure 

chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning 

systems. 

Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to 

safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new 01r 

custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also d~ig1:1 

environmentally secure drying equipment and processes. 
.· 

Ct:est Ultrasonics 

Scotch Rd. - Mercer County Airport 

POBox 7266 

" Trenton, NJ 08628 

Tel: (609) 883-4000 

(800) 441-9675 

Fax: (609) 883-6452 

DEFLEX Corp. 

631 Ruberta Ave. 

Glendale, CA 91201 

Tel: (818) 241-7500 

Fax: (818) 241-7532 

Dell-Chem of Arizona 

7119 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 106-224 

Scottsdale, AZ 85254 

Tel: (602) 951-5812 

Fax: (602) 948-4172 

Dow Coming Corp. 

POBox 994 

Midland, MJ 48686-0994 

Tel: (517) 486-4000 · 

Fax: (517) 496-4511 

DURR Industries, Inc. 

10301 Enterprise Dr,. 

Davisburg, M1 48350 

Tel: (313) 625-5400 

Fax: (313) 625-5966 

Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) -886-8240 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 

Electronic Controls Design Inc. 

4287-A SE International Way 

·Milwaukie, OR 97006 

Tel: (503) 659-6100 .. 

(800) 323-4548 

Fax: (503) 659-4422 

PreciiSion cleaning equiJ,ment (primarily ultrasonic 

systems) from standard wash-rinse-dry cleaning consoles 

to large custom automated batch cleaning equipment. 

l.ntniSOnic generator ,is sweep frequency generator 

clpal~le of cavitating botlll aqueous and semi-aqueous 

chemistries. Full line of aqueous-based cleaning 

cbenlistties for ultrasonic aPPlications as well. 

' 

Ena·gized supercritical fluids. Gross and precision 

cleauing machines which accept most standard baskets 

illld loads to 2SO lbs for cleanilig a varietY of products. 

·Othe~ products include de1tse fluid recycling systems and 

variClus racks/fixtures. 

Aqueous and alcohol-bas~ed cleaners for low residue 

degreasing and dewaxing ~applications. Formulations are 

nonilammable and monfwl11ing. ., 

Vol:Wle methyl siloxane (VMS) fluids containing DO 

additives. Effective' in re1:noving cutting fluids, greases, 

lbody oils, and particles in cl~ing of precision pans and 

met,lls. Easily recyclable by distillation an/or filtration. 

All aqueous and semi-aqueous systems recycle 'and reuse . 

proi:ess water. Solvent systems reduce emissions by 

99'~ over conventional d·egreasing systems. 

Wide range of aqueous: .semi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

chemistries.· Formulations include a variety of 

hydrocarbon, NMP, DBJE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents. 

Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for 

use with these solvents. 
. . 

Environmental Solvents"Corp. ' 

1840 Southside Blvd. 

Jacbonville, FL 32216 

Tel: (904) 724-1990 

Fax: (904) 724-2508 . 

EnviroPro Teclmologiei 

POBoxSOSl 

2930 West 22nd St. 

Erie, PA 16512 

Tel: (814) 838-5888 

Fax: (814) 833-0145 

Envirosolutions Inc. 

335 Post Road West 

Westport, CT 06880 

Tel: (203) 454-5902 

Fax: (203) 222-0100 

Exxon Chemical Co. 

POBox3272 

Houston, TX 77253-3272 

Tel: (800) 526-0749 

Fax: (713) 870-6661 

Finishing Equipment Inc. 

3640 Kennebec Dr. 

St. Paul, MN 55122 

Tel: (612) 452-1860 

·Fax: (612) 452-9851 

FMT Inc. (Findlay Machine & Tool) 

1950 Industrial Dr. 

Findlay, OH 45840 

Tel: (419) 422-0768 

(800) 878-8011 

Fax: (419) 422-0072 

Fremont Industries, Inc. 

4400 Valley Industrial Park 

Shakopee, MN 55379 

Tel: (612) 445-4121 

Fax: (612) 4%-3027 

... 

Coniferous (pine) terpene alternatives to hydrocarbonbased solvent cleaning. Can be used in· single cold 

immersion or in solvent-wash/solvent rinse/dry process 

for water-free precision cleaning and detluxing. : 

One step cleaning system using supercritical carbon 

dioxide. 

Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral pH cleaner which is 

used in a closed loop parts washing system. Several 

different formulations developed to suit a variety of 

cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is 

· matched to the cleaning chemicals to ensure optimum 

I 

performance~ . . 

Acetate ester cleaners, a5 well as hydrocarbon fluid 

components with a broad range of properties available 

for use in blended formulations. Low residue, low 

corrosivity to metals. Effective for broad range of 

grimes (electronics). Formulations comprised of esters 

and hydrocarbon components effective in removing 

greases, oils and waxes found in m~tal. electronics, and 

precision cleaning. 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous and solvent cleaning systems 

available. From manual systems to automated highp!oduction cleaning lines, with ultrasonics available as 

needed. Specialize in automated enclosed vapor 

degreasers for efficient use of the non-ozone depleting 

chlorinated solvents. 

Custom engineered parts ch~aning equipment, standard 

parts cleaning equipment, and pollution control 

equipment. 

' 'I 

Aqueous-based metal cleaning and non-metallic substrate _ 

cleaning formulations and application equipment. 

Includes spray, soak, and ultrasonic· cleaners in rinse and 

no-rinse form~lations. ' 
GaSonics/IPC 

2730 Junction Ave. 

San Jose, CA 95134-1909 

Tel: (408) 944-4212 

Fax: (408) 473-9530 

Hurricane Systems, Inc. 

2080 Brooklyn Rd. 

POBox867 . 

Jackson, MI 49204 

Tel: (517) 787-3481 

Fax: (517) 787-2349 

.. 

Insitu ~vironmental Chemical Co. 

8402 East Redwing Rd. 

Scottsdale, AZ 85250-5740 

Tel: (602) 948-9209 

Fax: (602) 9~1-0715 

/ 

International Specialty Products 

1361 Alps Rd. 

Wayne, NJ 07470 

Tel: (201) 628-3000 

Fax: (210) 628-4117 

JnJ Industries 

195 E. Main St. 

Suite 303 

Milford, MA 01757 

Tel: (800) 554-9994 

- Fax: (508) 478-2221 

KLN Ultraschall GmbH 

Siegfriedstr. 124 

D-6148 Heppenheim 

Germany 

Tel: 6252114-0 

Fax: 6262/14-277 

Lewis Corp. 

102 Willenbrock Rd. 

Oxford, CT 06478-1033 

Tel: (203) 264-3100 

Fax: (203) 264-3102 

Low I d" temperature plasma · (RF tscharge) 

equiJ,ment/process utilizes industrial grade gases such as 

oxygen, air, and nitrogon or combinations thereof. 

Higbly effective 0111 all 11merials and widely used in 

electronic device cleani11g, flux/solder removal and 

medical device cleaning. 

'Wid•~ range of •off-the-shEllf', semi-custom, and custom 

parts. cleaning systems using water-based cleaning 

COIDJ)()unds. Systems include: belt,_ rotary and overhead 

conv·eyors for continuous and-batch processing; carousel, 

cabiJ:aet; and agitation tanlc washers; multi-stage wash, 

rinse~, oxidation inhibit, ~md dry; oil removal and oil 

skinlllning devices; electric, . gas, ·and steam heat 

packages. 

Aqu·eous and alcohol-bas.ed cleaners for low reSidue 

degr·easing and dewaxing lipplications. Formulations are 

nonUammable and nonfu11:ling .. 

Spec:ialty solvents compr~;ed of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 

(NMP) and gamma-butyrc1lactone (BLO) as ·well as other 

proprietary· ingredients. Products are biodegr~able, 

wat«~ soluble, and recyclllble. 

I 

Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including 

a su.persaturated wipe soi'Vent. 

' .. 

Manufacturer of industrial cleaning systems, specializing 

in uqueous-based chemistries. Both ultrasonic and non-. 

ulu·asonic washers available. 
• 

Liquid Carbonic Supercntical 

966 Postal Rd. 

Allentown, PA 18103 

Tel: (21S) 266-9693 

Fax: (21S) 266-1482 

Micro Care Corp. 

34 Ronzo Road 

Bristol, cr 00010 · 

. Tel: (203) 585-7912 

Fax: (203) 585-7378 

North American Environmental Oil 

& Cleaning Supply Company 

270A Route 46, Suite Bl 

Rockaway, NJ 07866 

Tel: (201) 627-0722 . 

. (201) 627-1503 

Fax: (201) 627-2982 

Occidental Chemical Corp. 

Technical Center 

POBox344-

Niagara Falls, NY 14302 

Tel: (800) 733-1165 

F.ax: (716) 278-7297 

Petroferm Inc. 

5415 First Coast Highway 

Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 

Tel: (904) 261-8286 

Fax: (904) 261-6994 

Ransohoff Co. · 

North 5th St at Ford Boulevard 

Hamilton, OH 45011 

' Tel: (513) 863-5813 

(800) 248-W ASH 

Fax: (513) 863-8908 " 

', 

Supercritical carbon dioxide cleaning technology and 

equipment. Closed loop or open loop 1'ecirculation 

systems effectively remove organic material from the 

componeitt to be cleaned. 

Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene 

·hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies. 

Formulations are engineered for use 'in non-automated 

. hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available. 

Cleaners are effective in touch-up ch~ng' and precision 

cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and 

grime. 

Specially stabilized methylene chloride for a wide variety 

of applications. Formulations of halogenated toluenes 

and benzotrifluorides for cold cleaning of metals and 

electronics. Ethylene based glycol ethers for use in 

many cleaning formulations. 

Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and 

aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic 

solve.lts with surfactants. Products are used for cold 

(band) cleaning ~d in combination with various cleaning 

equipment. Produ~ can be removed by evaporation, 

water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents. 

Both pr~ucts and rinse media can be recycled. 

Standard and custom aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning 

equipment for small through high production pans 

cleaning requirements, as well as very small to large part 

configurations and various part materials. Expertise in 

precision cleaning. Patented, mechanically agitated 

aqueous technology for high volume intricately shaped 

or machined parts as a direct •·eplacement of solvent 

vapor degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning systems • 
-

:R.G. Hanson Co., Inc. ' 

703 E. Lincoln 

BloomingtOn, n. 61701 

Tel: (309) 828-5070 

(800) 392..()9()3 

Fax: (309) 829-3294 

Scalewatcher Industrial 

104 Clearfield Lane, Suite 204 

Coatesville, PA 1932,0 

Tel: (215) 384-7200 _ 

Fax: (215) 383-9951 

S&K Products International 

80 Red Schoolhouse Rd. #102 

Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977 

Tel: (914) 425-6200 

Fax: (914) 425-7602 

Sman Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems 

2372 Teller Rd., #107 

Newbury Park, CA 91320, 

Tel: (80S) 499-7440 

Fax: (805) 375-5781 

Solidstrip Inc. 

601 Interchange Blvd. 

Newark, DE 19711 · 

Tel: (302) 292-8340 

(800) 677-4568 

Fax: (302) 292-8321 

Sonitech Inc. 

239 East Stephenson St., 

Fr~. n. 61032 

Tel: (815) 235-2400 

Fax: (815) 232-2150 

' Tally Cleaning Systems 

Division Of Letfab Engineering 

332 John Diestch Blvd. 

Attleboro Falls, MA 02763 

Tel: (508) 695-1007 

Fax: (508)'695-6335 

Aqu«lOUS cleaning chemi~::als and equipment. New 

equiJ,ment using only Steal~ to clean also -available. 

Electronic descaling systenns for hard water treatment. 

' . 

', 

I ' 

· Isopropyl alcohol cleanilng, degreasing, vapor drying 

systl=ms. 

Autfl)mated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for 

prec:ision cleaning of metal; plastic, and ceramic parts. 

Sys1temS clean oils, partic:ulate and other contaminates. 

Optional waste evaporator. I 

I 

' 

Acr~lic plastic blasting u1edia for paint stripping. 

UltraSonic cleaning equipment using aqueous or semiaqllleous chemistries for a wide range of applications. 

Co11nplete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, tanks,· 

dryers and closed loop ri111Se water recirculation systems. 

Sy!;tem uses alcohol or other solvents with perfluorinated 

chEmistry for rinsing :md drying non-water contact 

BPI,lications. 

Sii1gle . and multiple !itage flat belt spraywashers, 

Jll(],norail spraywashers and rotary drum spraywashers 

wiJ1icb utilize aqueous·-based cleaning formulations. 

Cc1mplete custom systems available which include 

sp1:-aywash, sprayrinse, :rustinhibit, hot air dry, particle 

tilttration, oil separation1

, etc. 

i 

' I 
• 

'Ibierica 

900 Clancy Ave. 

GraDd Rapids, MI 49503 

Td: (616)458-1538 

Fax: (616)458-7120 

.. Tiyoda MFG. U.S.A., Inc. 

1613 Lockness Place 

Torrance, CA 90501 

Tel: (310) 539-5471 

Fax: (310) 539-5881 

Ultrasonic Power Systelns Ltd. 

Unit Cl 

Hortonwood 10 

Telford, Shropshire 

ENGLAND TF1 4ES 

Tel: 0952 676646 

_ Fax: 0952 676599 

Ultronix Inc. 

104 Niantic Rd. 

Barto, PA 19504 

Tel: (800) 5S3-7881 

Fax: (2150 845-3995 

Unitech Industrial Inc. 

POBox 330 

16 South Ave, 

Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 

Tel: (914) 297-0745 

(800) 277-5522 

Fax: (914) 297-2919 

Zip-Chem Products 

1860 Dobbin Dr.-

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-0291 

(800) 648-2661 

Fax: (408) 272-8062 

... 

New low cost spray equipment· manages ·extremely 

difficult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts 

containing baked grease and paint soils. Designed to be 

safe and. environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and 

aqueous cleaning agents. Stainless steel construction. 

Closed-loop and self-contained ultrasonic batch cleaning 

system. Ultrasonic immersion (spray is optiorult) and 

vapor cleaning combined with vacuum drying provide 

complete cleaning and drying of virtually any component 

or part. Near zero emissions. · 

Alcohol cleaning using perftuorocarbons as a vapor 

'blanket to inhibit flammability.' 

Retrofit existing equipment for HCFCs, chlorinated 

solvents, pertluorinated ch~micals, and hydrocarbonbased solvents. New equipment (manual or automated) 

for efficient use of non-aqueous vapor phase chemicals. 

Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers, 

batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and 

pretreatment systems available in new equipment and 

retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100% oil 

removal from the cleaning proces:s. 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene 

and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented 

packaging like wipe&, aerosols, specialty containers, and 

other delivery systems available . 

' ' 

I - ( 
PQLLUTION CONTROL . 

EOVIPMENT 

American Metal Wash, Inc. · 

·POBox26S 

360 Euclid Ave. . 

Canonsburg, PA 15317 

Tel: (412) 746-4203 

Fax: (412) 746-5738 

Baron-Blakeslee, Inc. 

1500 West 16th St. 

Long Beach, CA 90813 

Tel: (800) 548-+'22 · 

~Fax: (310) 491-1091 

CF TECHnologies, Inc. 

1 Westinghouse Plaza, $uite 200 

Hyde Park, MA 02136-2059 

Tel: (617) 364-2500 

Fax: (617) 364-2550 

Cincinnati Industrial Machinery · 

PO Box 62027 

3280 Hageman St. 

Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street add.) 

45262 (PO Box) 

Tel: (513) 769-0700 

Fax: (513) 769-0697 

Container Products Corp. 

PO Box 3767 

Wilmington, NC 28406 

Tel: (919) 392-6100 

Fai: (919) 392-6778 

Creative Enterprizes _ 

3560 Springwood, Suite 811 

Ponca CitY, OK 74604 

Tel: (405) 765-0879 

Fax: (405) 765-0879 

Ecolink 

1481 Rock Mountain Blvd. 

Stone Mountain, GA 30083 

Tel: (404) 621-8240 

(800) 886-820W 

Fax: (404) 621-8245 

.. 

Line of evaporators, coalE!scers, and solution fil~ion 

systems designed to assis1 in cleaning up the cleaning 

solutions. Units ~be pn:•vided as batch components to 

be added to' current systel!ns or totally automated to be 

incollporated with an existing system or with · new 

cle;uning equipment. 

Full · line of cleaning equipment fot · use with 

aqueous,semi-aqueous, HC:FC, and chlorinated solvents. ' 

Closed loop system incorporating vacuum drying 

available (near zero·enlissiions). 

~•upt~critical fluid extra.ctio~ cleaning process for 

remC»ving organic solven1t, ·oil and lubricant residues. 

May also be effective for ]particulate removal when used 

in conjunction with agitatilon and/or ultrasonics. 

Cusltom designed maclnines for cleaning, surface 

]~rq:•aration and other p:rocessing of metal and nonmetdlic parts. 

~ 

Systems incorporating. a variety of aqueous cleaning 

tecbniques which include filtered negative pressure 

chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning 

sys1tems. 

SpElCialize in low cost co·nversion of existing facilities to 

safjaly use alternative clt~ing agents. Design new or 

custom cleaning equipmt:nt and proceSses. Also design 

emrironmentally se;ure drying equipment and processes. 

Wi.de range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous 

cht:mistries. Formullttions include a' variety of 

hydrocarbon, NMP, DElE and terpene products as well 

as non-ozone deple:ting halogenated solvents. 

M;mufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for 

uste with these solvents. 
• 

Ec;Qlogy Systems, Inc. ... 

POBox391 

Beliingbam, MA 02019 

Tel: (508) 966-0396 

Environmental Recovery: Resources, Inc. 

POBox36 

SOuth Salem, NY 10590 

Tel: (914) 533-6175 

· Fax: (91~) 533-6275 

ETUS, Inc. 

1511 Kastner Place 

Sanford, FL 32771 

Te1:(407) 321-7910 

Fax: (407) 321-3098 

FMT Inc. (Findlay Machine & Tool) 

1950 Industrial Dr. 

Findlay, OH 45840 

Tel: (419) 422-0768 

(800) 878-8011 

Fax: (419) 422-0072 

Hotsy Equipment Co. 

67 Sprague St. 

Boston, MA 02136 

Tel: (800) 544-7790 

Hoyt cOrp. · Forgs Rd. 

Westport, MA 02790-0217 

Tel: (508) 636-8811 

Fax: (508) 636-2088 

Hurricane Systems, Inc .. 

, 2080 Brooklyn Rd .. 

.. PO Box 867 

Jackson, MI 49204 

Tel: (517) 787-3481 

Fax: (517) 787-2349 

.. 

Floating, dispersed, and dissolved hydrocaibon 

contaminants removed to surface, water discharge limits, 

~iDg: DO coalescing plates, no centrifugal, no carbon 

absorption, no sorbent waste. AJso offer SY,Stems and 

services to extend cleaning bath 'life' for more cost 

effective aqueous systepiS and waste water processing, 

and waste-minimized settling-pond and separator 

maintenance/remediation. 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also ·offer aqueous-based 

formulations containing detergents with ~ without 

glycol ethers. 

Custom engineered parts cleaning equipment, standard 

parts cleaning equipment, and pollution control 

equipment. 

Wide range of "off-the-shelf", semi-custom, and custom 

parts cleaning systems using water-based cleaning 

, compounds. Systems include: belt, rotary and overhead 

conveyors for continuous and batcfi processing; carousel, 

cabinet, aiid agitation tank washers; multi-stage wash, 

rinse, oxidation. inhibit, and dry; oil removal and oil 

skimming devices; electric, gas, and steam heat 

packages . 
,• 

lnfinitex 

POBox 383 

10100 Main St. 

Clarence, NY 14031-

Tel: n16) 759-6983 

Fax: (716) 759-2050 

Lewis Corp. 

102 Willenbrock Rd. 

Oxford, cr 06478-1033 

Tel: (203) 264-3100 -

Fax: (203) 264-3102 

, Membrex, Inc. 

ISS Route 46 West 

Fairfield, NJ 07004 

Tel: (201) '575-8388 

Fax: (201) 575-7011 

Met-Pro Corp. 

Systems Division 

160 Cassell Rd. 

Harleysville, PA 19438 

Tel: (215) 723~751 

Fax: (215) 723~161 

Midbrook Industries 

1745 West Hamlin Rd. 

Rochester Hills, MI 48309 

Tel: (313) 852-2490 

(800) 966-9274 

Fax: (ll3) 852-5520 

NAPCO 

Plymouth Industrial Park 

Terryville, cr 06786 

Tel: (203) 589-7800 

Fax: (203) 589-7304 

Proceco 

7300 Tellier St. 

Montreal, Quebec 

Canada HlN 3T7 

Tel: (514) 254-8494 

Fax: (514)254-8184 

(514) 254-6922 

.. 

Ulb:mltration systems fo1; oil and water separation. 

Ma11mfacturer of induStrial cleaning systems, specializing 

in aqueous-based chemistries. Both ultrasonic and nonultrasonic washers availalble. 

Membrane based separatilon processes to recycle, wash, 

and rinse waters t)'om aqueous-based and organic 

cle.s1Ding solutions. 

- I 

Activated carbon fiber ;Jdsorption systems for control 

and! recovery of cleaning _ solvent air emissions. 

R.ec:overs solvent in higher quality and with less energy 

use than granular carbolll. Systems can be regenerated 

with steam, air or nitrogen. · 

Cbemical flocculation w~lSte water treabllent systems for 

h~1vy metal emulsified oil, suspended solid removal to 

render industrial waste water suitable for sewering. 

Ul1rafiltration waste . 'water treatment systems for 

prEtteabnent of oily wnste water for either reuse or 

disposal. Metal worki.ng fluid flltration systems to 

ex1.end working life of fluids. Oil separation systeL'lS 

, inc:luding skimmers and 1:0alescers to separate tramp oils 

' frc,m metal working fluids. 

Ac1ueous spray washers (turntable, belt conveyor; and 

immersion types). AlSio supply contaminated cleaning 

sollutions recycling sysu~ms. 
.. 

Prosys Cotp. 

187 BUiarica Rd. 

Chelmsford, MA 01824 

Tel: (508) 250-4940 

Fax: (508) 250-4977 

.. Quantum Technologies · 

POBox223 

Jones Mill Industrial Park 

Jones Mill, AR 72105 

Tel: {501) 844-4700 

Fax: (SOl) 844-4711 

R.G. Hanson Co., Inc. 

703 E. Lincoln 

BloomingtOn, IL 61701 

Tel: (309) 828-5070 

(BOO) 392-0903 

Fax: (309) 829-3294 

SAMSCO, Inc. 

18 Cote Ave. 

Goffstown, NH 03045 

Tel: (603) 668-7111 

Separation Technologists, Inc. 

100 Griffin Brook Park 

Methuen, MA 01844. 

Tel: (508) 794-1170 

Fax: (SOB) 794-0933 

S&K Products lnter • .ational 

80 Red Schoplhouse Rd. #102 

Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977. 

Tel: (914) 425-6200 . · 

Fax: (914) 425-7602 

Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems 

2373 Teller Rd., #107 

Newbury Park, CA 91320 

Tel: (805) 499-7440 

Fax: (80S) 375-5781 

Sonitech Inc. 

239 East Stephenson St. 

Freeport, lL 61032 

Tel: (815) 235-2400 

Fax: (815) 232-2150 

.. 

Aqueous cleaning chemicals and · equipment. New 

equipment using only steam to clean also available. 

Scrubber systems for near zero VOC emissions, when 

using isopropyl alcohol cleaning and dryin~ systems. 

Automated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for 

precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts. 

Systems clean oils, particulate and other contaminates. 

Optional waste evaporator. 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment ·using aqueous or semi-

, aqueo~ chemistries for a wide range of applications. 

Complete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, tanks, 

dryers and closed loop rinse water recircUlation systems. 

System uses alcohol or other. solv4'nts with perfluorinated 

chemistry for rinsing and drying non-water contact 

applications. · · 

•, 
J• 

Ultronix Inc: 

104 Niantic Rd. 

Barto, PA 19504 

Tel: (800) 553-7881 

Fax: (2150 845-3995 

UDitech Industrial Inc. 

POBox330 

16 South Ave, 

Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 · 

Tel: (914) 297-0745 

{800) 277-5522 

Fax: (914) 297-2919 

Westek 

400 Rolyn Place 

Arcadia, CA 91007 

Tel: (818) 446-4444 

Fax: (818) 446-7341 

Zenon Environmental Inc. 

845 Harrington Court 

Burlington, Ontario 

Canada L7N 3P3 

Tel: (416) 639~320 

Fax: (416) 639-1812 

RETROFIT ALTERNATIVES 

Allied-Signal 

PO Box 1139~ , 

Morristown, NJ 07960 

Tel: (201) 455-4848 

Fax: (201) 455-2745 

Altos Engineering, Inc .. 

6009 .N. 61 Ave 

Glendale, AZ 85301 

Tel: {602) 931-8434 

~ Fax: {602) 937~396 

Baron-Blakeslee, Inc. 

1500 West 16th St. 

Long Beach, CA 90813 

Tel: (800) 548-4422 

Fax: (310) 491-1091 

.. 

Rettc,fit. existing equipmelnt for ·HCFCs chlorinated. 

solvents, perfluorinated chemicals, and ·hydrocarbonbased! solvents. New equipment (manUal or automated) · 

for e111icient use of non-aq\leous vapor phase chemi~s. 

ClosEd loop indusirlal cleaning systems. Spray washers, 

batch cl~g systems., vapor degreasing, and 

plietr~~ent systems available in new equipment and 

retroltits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100~ on 

remo·val from the cleaning process. 

I 

- I 

I 

Batch and inli!le cleaning t~quipment with non-chemical, 

therll!lal vacuum drying 4:Jf rinse waters. Detergent 

formulations available with and without glycol ethers. ' \ 

I 

I 

Full :tine of cleaning equipment for use with aqueous, 

semi-aqueous, HCFC, and chlorinated solvents. Closed 

loop system incorporating ·vacuum drying avallable (near 

zero .emissions). _ I , 

' 
Blue Wave Ultrasonics "' 

Dlv. of Alpbeus Cleaning 

Teclmologies Corp. 

960 S. Rolff St. 

Davenpo~ lA 52802 

Tel: (319) 322.0144 .. 

(800) 373-0144 

Fax: (319)322-7180 

Branson Ultrasonics Inc. , 

41 Eagle Rd. 

Danbury, CI' ~810 

Tel: (203) 796-0400 

Fax: (203) 796-0381 

Creative Entetprizes 

3560 SprlDgwood, Suite 811 

Ponca City, OK 74604 

Tel: (405) 765.0879 

Fax: (405) 765.0879 

Environmental Recovery Resources, Inc. 

P0Box36 

South Salem, NY' 10590 

Tel: (914) 533-6175 

Fax: (914) 533-6275 

Environmental Solvents Co.rp. 

1840 Southside BLrd. 

Jacksonville, FL 32216 

Tel: (904) 724-199o 

Fax: (904) 724-2508 

Envirosolutions Inc. 

335 Post Road West 

Westpan, CT 06880 

Tel: (203) 454-5902 

, · Fax: (203) 222-0190 

ETUS, Inc. 

1511 Kastner PJace 

Sanford, FL 32771 

Te1:(407) 321-7910 

Fax: (407) 321-3098 

"'. 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment · built for various 

applications specific to· the customer's needs. Effective 

in cleaning different products and materials throughout : 

the scope of fabricated metals, plastics, and ceramics. 

Also offer aqueous-based detergents that are 

environm~ntally safe. 

/ 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning 

systems for metal, , electronic, and precision cleaning 

requirements. Manual and fully automated material 

handling/transpon systems. Equipment for aqueous, 

semi-aqueous and solvent chemistry. 

Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to 

safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or 

custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design 

environmentally secure drying equipment and processes. 

Floating: dispersed, ' and diswlved hydrocarbon 

contaminants removed to surface water discharge limits, 

using: no coalescing plates, no centrifugal, no carbon 

absorption, no sorbent waste. Also offer systems and 

services to extend cleaning bath 'life', for more cost 

effective aqueous systems and waste water processing, 

· . and waste-minimized settJing-pond and separator 

maintenance/remediation. · 

Inexpensive retrofit kit for existing small two sump 

degreasers. Designed for ·use with terpene-based 

solvents in water-free cleaning. Small production 

capacity. 

Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral pH cleaner which iS 

used in a closed loop pans washing system. Several 

different formulations developed to suit a variety of 

cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is 

matched to the cleaning chemicals to ensure optimum 

performance. 

Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of 

hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based , 

formulations containing detergents with and without 

glycol ethers.. · ' 

'f 
J 

.. 

Finishing Equipment Inc. 

3640 Keunebec Dr. 

St: Paul, MN 55122 

Tel: (612) 452-1860 

Fax: (612) 452-9851 

FMT Inc. ·(Findlay Machine & Tool) 

1950 Industrial Dr. 

Findlay, OH 45840 

Tel: (419) 422-()768 

(800) 878-8011 

Fax: (419) 422-0072 

Occidental Chemical Corp. 

Technical Center 

POBox 344 

Niagara_Falls, NY 14302 

Tel: (800) 733-1165. 

Fax: (716) 278-7297 

Petroferm Inc. 

5415 First Coast Highway 

Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 

Tel: (904) 261-8286 

Fax: (904) 261-6994 

SONICOR Instrument Corp. 

100 Wartburg Ave. 

-Copiague, NY 11726 

ret: (516) ~2-3344 

Fax: (516) 842-3389 

' Ultronix Inc. 

' 104 Niantic Rd. 

Bano, PA 19504 

Tel: (800) 553-7881 

Fax: (2150 845-3995 

Unitech Industrial Inc. 

PO Box 330 " 

. 16 South Ave, 

Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 

Tel: (914) 297-0745 

(800) 277-5522 

Fax: (914) ~97-2919 

·' 

Aqu'eous, semi-aqueous :and solvent cleaning systems 

available. From manual systems to au~ated highproduction cleaning lines, with ultrasonics available as 

meeded. Specialize in automated enclosed v~r 

degreasers for efficient use of the non-ozone depleting 

dllc'rinated solvents. -

Custom engineered parts cleaning equipment, standard 

parts cleaning 0qulpm1ent, and pollution control 

teQUiipment. 

Specially stabilized methylene chloride for a wide variety 

of 21pplications. Formullit.tions of halogenated toluenes 

and benzotritluorides for· cold cleaning of metals and 

electronics._ Ethylene based glycol ethers for . use in 

muiy cleaning formulatic1ns. 

Bro~ line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and 

aliphatic hydrocarbons :and blends of these organic I ' 

sohrents with surfactants. Products are used for cold 

(bal:td) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning 

equipment. Products caJll be rem<ived by evaporation, 

water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents. 

Both products and rinse media can· be reCycled. -, 

Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, automated aqueous 

cl~ming systems_. Environmentally safe alternatives to 

cl~ming with hazardous :solv~nts. 

Retrofit existing equipment for HCFCs chlorinated 

sol,venti,. pertluorinated chemicals, and hydrocarbonbased solvents. New equJipment (manual or automated) 

for efficient use of non-cl!queous vapor phase chemicals. 

'. 

Cl<tsed loop-industrial cll:aning systems. ·Spray washers, 

batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and 

pre:treatment systems . a\railable in new equipment and 

retlrofits. Waste water tr~eatment and recycling, 100% QU 

· relllloval from the cleanil:tg process. 

,• 
• 

Np CLEAN ALTERN'ATIVES 

Ciicle-Pnlsco, Inc. 

2017 Yost Ave. 

Bloomington, IN 47403 

Tel: (812) 339-3653 • 

Fax: (812) 331-2566 -

MAIN'IENANCE CLEANING 

Calgon Corp. 

Chemical Technologies Group 

POBox 1346 

Pittsburgh, PA 15230 

Tel: (800) 955-0090 

Fax: (412) 777-8.927 

Chemtronics, Inc. 

8125 Cobb Center Dr. 

Kennesaw, GA 30144 

Tel: (404)424-4888 

Fax: (404)424-4267 

EXXON Chemical Co. 

PO Box 3272 

Houston, TX 77253-3272 

Tel: (800) 526-0749 

·,:ax: (713) 87o-6661 

JnJ Industries 

195 E. Main St., Suite 303 

Milford, MA 01757 

Tel: (800) 554-9994 

Fax: (508) 478-2221 

• Kleer-Flo Company 

15151 Technology'Dr. 

Eden Prairie, MN 55344 · " 

Tel: (612) 934-2555 

(800) 328-7942 -

Fax: (612) 934-3909 

Aqueous, alkaline,' etchant cleaners for ferrous and nonferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral. and 

alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol 

ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous lapplications. Water 

miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning). 

Water emulsifiable cleaners Containing aliphatic and 

terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for no clean 

applications. 

Formulations include non-chelating, non-phosphate, 

readily biodegradable aqueous-based cleaners, nonc:hlorinated solvent cleaners and paint removing 

compounds, non-glycol based solvent enhanced general 

cleaners, neutral pH process cleaners, and industrial 

waste treatment polymers. 

Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals. 

Cleaners comprised of narrow boiling range, high flash 

point aliphatic hydrocarbons. Low olefin and aromatic 

content. Low residue, low corrosivity to inetals, low < 

odor, low toxicity. Requires no water handling. 

Recycle by distillation. Effective against a wide range 

if waxes, oils, and greases. 

Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including 

a supersaturated wipe solvent. 

' 
.. 

LP.S Laboratories, Inc. 

4647 Hugh Howell Rd. 

Tucker, GA 30084 

Tel: (800) 241-8334 

Fax: (404) 493-9206 

Micro Care Corp. 

34 Ronzo Rd. 

Bristol, CT 06010 

Tel: (203) 585-7912 

Fax: (203) 585-7378 

Mnler-Stephenson Chemical Co., Inc. 

George WashingtOn Highway 

Danbury, Cf 06810 

Tel: (203) 743-4447 

Fax: (203) 791-8702 

Petrofenn Inc. 

5415 First Coast Highway 

Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 

Tel: (904) 261-8286 

Fax: (904).261-6994 

Rite Off 

1545 5th Industrial Ct. 

Bay Shore, NY 11706 

Tel: (516) 665-6868 

(800) 645-5853 

F-ax: (516) 968-4218 

Rochester Midland Corp. 

333 Hollenbeck St. 

Rochester, NY 14621 

Tel: (716) 336-2200 

Fax: (716) 467-4406 

Terpene Technologies Inc. .. 

3400 Ridge Rd~ W, Suite 293 

Rochester, NY 14626 

Tel: (716) 546-8455 

(716) 777-0790 

Fax: (716) 227-3834 

Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene 

bydxocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies. 

1::onnulations are engineered for- use in non-automated 

band cleaning applications where rinsing is not available. 

Clea10ers are effective in touch-up cleaning :md precision 

rJeaJiling of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and 

griD1e • i' 

Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and 

alipbatic hydrocarbons :and blends of these, organic 

sol~rents with surfactants. Products are used for cold 

(han1d) cleaning and in coJDbination with various cleaning 

equ.ipment. Products can be removed by evaporation, 

water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents. 

Bo1~ products and rinse unedia ~be recycled. 

Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene __ 

sollvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain 

- albline builders and cb.elants as well as glycol ethers. 

sc,me aqueous-based' or water-compatible formulations 

exbibit good b,iodegradability. Many products allow for 

good oil/grease separation upon standing . 

. ' . Tc:rpene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as nonw:ilter soluble solvents, semi-aqueous cleaners and 

de:greasers based on te11pene alcohols and hydrocarbons. 

Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing 

dc:tergents and emulsifi,ers. ' 

I 

I • 
Texo Corporation 

2801 Highland Ave. 

Cincinnati, OH 45212 

Tel: (513) 731-3400 

Fax: (513) 131-8113 

Union Camp Corp. 

Bush Boake Allen Division 

P0Box37617 

JacksonvUie, FL 32236 

Tel: (904) 783-2180 

(800) 874-9220 

Fax: (904) 786-6495 

W .R. Grace & Co. 

Metalworking Fluids Group 

SS Hayden Ave. 

Lexington, MA 02173 

Tel: (617) 861-6600 

Fax: (617) 861.:.9066 

Zip--Chem Products 

1860 Dobbin Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95133 

Tel: (408) 729-0291 

(800) 648-2661 

Fax: (408) 272-8062 

.. 

rl' ' ' 

Aqueous, semi-aqueous, and various !iOlvent cleaners for 

replacement of vapor degrwing and handwiping with 

solvents. Applications of cleaners can · be spray 

immersion, ultrasonic or handwiping. Cleaners ~ be 

multimetal safe _ and contain corrosion inhibitors if 

Range of wood terpene-based alternative ·solvents for 

semi-aqueous and solvent only cleaJiling processes and 

maintenance cleaning applications. High solvency and 

high soU loading properties for removal of solder fluxes, 

heavy oUs and greases, polishing compounds, 

carbomu:eous deposits etc. to the highest cleanlin~ 

standards. 

Wide range of aqueous cleaning fonnulations for metal. 

precision, and maintenance cleaning. Includes 

formulations that are phosphate-free. Suitable for 

agitation, soak, spray, ultrasonic and hand wipe 

applications. 

Aquecius, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene 

and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented 

packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and 

other delivery systems available.