Species Richness and Variety of Life in Arizona’s 

Ponderosa Pine Forest Type

David R. Patton, Richard W. Hofstetter, John D. Bailey and Mary Ann Benoit

Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-332 December 2014

United States Department of Agriculture
Patton, David R.; Hofstetter, Richard W.; Bailey, John D.; Benoit, Mary Ann. 2014. Species 

richness and variety of life in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

RMRS-GTR-332. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station. 44 p.

Abstract

Species richness (SR) is a tool that managers can use to include diversity in planning 

and decision-making and is a convenient and useful way to characterize the first level of 

biological diversity. A richness list derived from existing inventories enhances a manager’s 

understanding of the complexity of the plant and animal communities they manage. Without 

a list of species, resource management decisions may have negative or unknown effects 

on all species occupying a forest type. Without abundance data, a common quantitative 

index for species diversity cannot be determined. However, SR data can include life history information from published literature to enhance the SR value. This report provides 

an example of how inventory information can characterize the complexity of biological 

diversity in the ponderosa pine forest type in Arizona. The SR process broadly categorizes 

the number of plant and animal life forms to arrive at a composite species richness value. 

Common sense dictates that plants and animals exist in a biotic community because that 

community has sufficient resources to sustain life. A mixture of forest attributes maintained 

in time and space fundamentally supports a certain level of diversity as indicated by a 

richness value. As a management guideline, it is a reasonable assumption that the variety 

among plant communities and structures increases the potential for maintaining diverse 

kinds of animal habitats and resultant populations. 

Keywords: ponderosa pine, animals, plants, biological diversity, species richness

Authors

David R. Patton (drpwild@msn.com) is Professor and Dean Emeritus, School of Forestry, 

Northern Arizona University. He has a BS Degree in Forestry from West Virginia University, an MS Degree in Wildlife Management from Virginia Tech, a PhD in Watershed 

Management from the University of Arizona, and is a Certified Wildlife Biologist by The 

Wildlife Society. His career includes assignments on the Cleveland National Forest, the 

Santa Fe National Forest, and Research Biologist and Project Leader for the Rocky Mountain 

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. He has lived and worked 

in wildlife and forestry positions in Zambia, Kenya, and Australia. His management and 

research interests are forest wildlife ecology and habitat relationships in montane forests, 

primarily ponderosa pine. Information from his research and management experience and 

projects is made available to managers through journal articles, government publications, 

workshops, textbooks, and personal communication.

Richard W. Hofstetter (rich.hofstetter@nau.edu) is Associate Professor of Forest Entomology in the School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University. He has a BS Degree in 

Population Biology, an MS Degree in Entomology from University of Wisconsin-Madison, 

and a PhD in Ecology and Evolution from Dartmouth College. His research focuses on 

forest health issues related to insects, plant-insect interactions, predator-prey dynamics, 

About the cover: Ponderosa pine characteristically grows in uneven-aged stands of small 

even-aged groups.
Rocky Mountain Research Station

Publishing Services

Available only online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr332html

biological control, bark beetle biology, bioacoustics, and mutualistic interactions. His 

research has occurred throughout North America and internationally. He has contributed 

over 100 presentations and 50 peer-reviewed articles. He has a short course on bark 

beetle ecology and management open to both students and professionals in the fields 

of ecology, entomology and forestry. He is past-President of the Western Forest Insect 

Work Conference and the Symbiosis subject editor for Environmental Entomology journal. 

John D. Bailey (john.bailey@oregonstate.edu) is Associate Professor of Silviculture and Fire 

Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University. He has BS and MS degrees in 

Forestry and Forest Biology from Virginia Tech, and a PhD in Forest Science and Silviculture from Oregon State University. His career includes research with the Environmental 

Protection Agency laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, and 9 years on the faculty at Northern 

Arizona University including work with the Rocky Mountain Research Station. His current 

research and teaching focuses on forest restoration and fuels treatments in dry, fire-prone 

forest types, and the implications of Silviculture treatments on fire behavior, biomass 

availability and growth, wildlife habitat, and other associated ecosystem services. Results 

from his research have been provided to managers through journal articles, government 

publications, continuing education workshops as well as several books and book chapters. 

Mary Ann Benoit (mbenoit@fs.fed.us ) is zone Wildlife Biologist with the USDA Forest 

Service, Seward Ranger District, Chugach National Forest, Alaska. She has a BS Degree 

in Biology from Northern Arizona University and has experience as a wildlife biologist in 

ponderosa pine forests from 1993-2001 on the Apache-Sitgreaves and Coconino National 

Forests in Arizona. She has been president of the Arizona Chapter of the Wildlife Society 

and winner of the Arizona Chapter of the Wildlife Society Wildlife Habitat Relationships 

Award in 2000. She is co-author of a chapter on “Ecology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine 

Forests” (Rocky Mountain Research Station GTR-292), as well as a co-author on Using 

Terrestrial Ecosystem Survey Data to Identify Potential Habitat for the Mexican spotted 

owl on National Forest System Lands (Rocky Mountain Research Station GTR-86). Her 

research and management interests are wildlife habitat relationships in forested ecosystems, 

effects of forest management practices on wildlife, and geographic information systems.

Acknowledgments

Appreciation is extended to Carl Schmidt, SAF Wildlife & Fish Working Group; Brian 

Dykstra, Wildlife Program Leader, USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region; Peter F. 

Ffolliott, Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona and James N. Long, Professor, Utah 

State University for their comments and suggestions for improving the report. Dan Miller, 

Research Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Southern Research Station provided assistance in insect identification. A special acknowledgement is 

to Dale A. Jones, Retired Director of Wildlife Management, USDA Forest Service for his 

encouragement and support to develop a storage and retrieval system for plant and animal 

inventory data and to make this data available to forest managers at the project level.
Table of Contents

Introduction................................................................................................ 1

Ponderosa Pine in Arizona ........................................................................ 2

Plant Associations........................................................................... 2

Stands ......................................................................................... 5

Diversity in the Pines................................................................................. 5

Life Forms ....................................................................................... 6

Biological Engines........................................................................... 6

Species Richness ........................................................................... 7

Data Available and Quality Control ................................................. 8

Variety of Plant Life.................................................................................... 8

Trees and Shrubs............................................................................ 8

Forbs and Grasses ......................................................................... 9

Variety of Animal Life............................................................................... 12

Mammals ...................................................................................... 12

Birds ....................................................................................... 13

Amphibians and Reptiles .............................................................. 15

Arthropods .................................................................................... 16

Paying it Forward..................................................................................... 19

Change is a Certainty ................................................................... 19

Characterizing by Species Richness ............................................ 19

A Second Level of Diversity .......................................................... 20

Planning for the Future Forest ...................................................... 21

Literature Cited........................................................................................ 21

Appendix 1. Authorities for scientific names and selected references .... 25

Appendix 2. List of plant species in Arizona’s ponderosa pine 

forest type................................................................................................ 28

Appendix 3. List of animal species in Arizona’s ponderosa pine 

forest type................................................................................................ 31
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 1

Species Richness and Variety of Life In 

Arizona’s Ponderosa Pine Forest Type

David R. Patton, Richard W. Hofstetter, 

John D. Bailey and Mary Ann Benoit

Introduction

Ponderosa pine is the most widespread coniferous tree in the western United 

States. It is an important part of three SAF forest cover types (Interior ponderosa pine, Pacific ponderosa pine/Douglasfir, and Pacific ponderosa pine) 

and a minor constituent of others: western juniper, pinyon-juniper, Jeffrey pine, 

Arizona cypress, and Sierra Nevada mixed conifer (Eyre 1980). Forest type, a 

synonym for forest cover type (Helms 1998), is a term used when referring to 

vegetation dominated by trees without any indication of its understory vegetation or successional status (Layser and Schubert 1979). A forest type can span 

large landscapes with varying environmental conditions but is not always in 

continuous stands. Forest types on a map of broad-scale resolution (USDA 2000), 

with a list of plants and animals common to the type, are useful for planning 

and reporting purposes (Garrison et al. 1977, Patton 2011).

The vegetation classification scheme in this report follows the nomenclature 

used in the Southwestern Terrestrial Ecosystem Survey (USDA 1987a, b, USDA 

1997) with categories of forest and woodland types and plant associations. Plant 

association represents the dominant overstory and understory species e.g., Ponderosa pine/Arizona fescue, and is based on stand and site characteristics (Layser 

and Schubert 1979, Alexander 1988). The primary objective of this report is 

to provide an example of how a simple inventory of plant and animal species 

can be organized and presented in a way that characterizes the complexity of 

biological diversity in a forest type.

Data for the example comes from information developed to meet periodic reporting requirements of the Resource Planning Act (U. S. Congress 1974) and 

for future projects in Arizona’s forests and woodlands. A secondary objective 

is to provide access to existing information to characterize diversity in the 

ponderosa pine forest type. The information is available in table format on a 

Northern Arizona University website: http://nau.edu/CEFNS/Forestry/Research/

Insect-Ecol-and-Mgmt/.

These tables are easy to edit and manipulate for potential use in local project 

areas. Managers can use similar diversity data in their planning and decisionmaking process for other vegetation types. Authorities for scientific and common names for plants and animals are listed in Appendix 1.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 2

Ponderosa Pine in Arizona

Peet (2000) places the ponderosa pine forest in the Madrean Rocky Mountain 

Floristic Region on the Mogollon Plateau, and Brown (1982) lists it as a community in the Rocky Mountain Petran and Madrean Montane Conifer Forests. 

Early descriptions of ponderosa pine in Arizona are of a forest that was more 

park-like than it is today (Cooper 1960); these descriptions are supported 

through research by Covington and Moore (1994). Covington (2003) provides 

a detailed account of the evolutionary and recent history of ponderosa pine in 

the Southwest.

In Arizona, the ponderosa pine type with its biotic and abiotic attributes are 

important because of its wide distribution and value as a source for wood 

products, forage for livestock, availability for recreational use, habitat for 

wildlife, aesthetic and spiritual value, and intangible assets. The forest type 

can have small seeps, springs, creeks, and wet meadows surrounded by stands 

of trees that are part of the terrestrial environment. In adjacent areas, there can 

be a land-water interface of lakes, rivers and riparian vegetation, indicating a 

dramatic shift from dry to moist conditions. The interface includes species of 

waterfowl, wading birds, fish, and riparian-dependent plant and animal species 

that are not included in this report.

Plant Associations

Considering overstory and understory vegetation, there are 15 plant associations in the ponderosa pine forest type in Arizona (Table 1) (Alexander 1988). 

Some plant species are not included in the definition but may still be part of 

the understory vegetation. Two plant associations, Quercus arizonica (Quar) 

and Quercus emoryi (Quem) are similar in species composition but key differences are in site conditions and Emory oak abundance. The associations as a 

whole describe the ponderosa pine forest in a range of low to high elevations, 

warm to hot climate, dry to moist conditions, and forage production from 250 

to 1,500 lb/ac.

While many plant species are classified as a tree life form (Table 2), trees such 

as Gambel oak can be a shrub stage in the understory. The greatest range in 

elevation is 2,900 ft for the Bouteloua gracilis (Bogr) association. Rockland 

(Rock) has the most restricted range of 400 feet. Plant associations and number 

of species in life forms for each family are in Table 3. Appendix 2 lists all the 

plant species by life form used in developing Tables 1 to 5.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 3

Table 1—Plant associations in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type.

Type codea Plant association Elevationb Sitec Foraged

Arar Artemisia arbuscula ~82 wd L

 (black sagebrush)

Arpu Arctostaphylos pungens 50-76 wvd L

 (pointleaf manzanita)

Bogr Bouteloua gracilis 57-86 wvd H

 (blue gramma)

Come Cowania mexicana 67-74 wvd L

 (cliffrose)

Fear Festuca arizonica 73-84 wd H

 (Arizona fescue)

Juma Juglans major 55-65 wm L

 (Arizona walnut)

Mumo Muhlenbergia montana 68-88 wd H

 (mountain muhly)

Muvi Muhlenbergia virescens 68-93 wd H

 (screwleaf muhly)

Quar Quercus arizonica 55-78 hd L

 (Arizona white oak)

Quem Quercus emoryi 53-69 wd M

 (emory oak)

Quga Quercus gambelli 65-92 wd M

 (Gambel oak)

Qugr Quercus grisea 61-88 wd M

 (gray oak)

Quhy Quercus hypoleucoides 57-80 wd M

 (silverleaf oak)

Quru Quercus rugosa 70-88 wm L

 (netleaf oak)

Rock Rockland 83-87 wd N

 (surface rock)

a Type codes contain a prefex of Pipo such as Pipo/Bogr, etc.

b Hundreds ft.

c Conditions: w = warm, d = dry, m = moist, h = hot, vd = very dry.

d lbs/ac: N = no value, L = 250-500, M = 500-1,500, H = >1,500.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 4

Table 2—Trees in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type. 

Order Common name Species In

 Family group Pp

Trees

Pinales

 Cupressaceae cypress 4

 Pinaceae pine 9

Fagales

 Fagaceae oak 8

Juglandales

 Juglandaceae walnut 1

Malpighiales

 Salicaceae aspen 1

Rosales

 Roseaceae chokecherry 1

 Total 24

Table 3—Plant life forms in Arizona’s ponderosa pine plant associations. 

Life formsa

Type codeb No. of families tr sh fo gr otc No. of species

Arar 7 3 4 1 5 0 13

Arpu 14 8 8 2 7 2 27

Bogr 11 10 4 4 9 1 28

Come 4 3 1 0 3 0 7

Fear 11 9 5 4 11 2 31

Juma 11 6 2 2 5 1 16

Mumo 14 10 3 10 8 1 32

Muvi 12 9 3 5 12 2 31

Quar 15 6 11 4 7 2 30

Quem 15 6 11 4 7 2 30

Quga 12 8 7 5 8 5 33

Qugr 4 6 0 0 5 0 11

Quhy 15 9 5 5 5 2 26

Quru 11 9 2 3 4 2 20

Rock 6 13 0 1 7 0 21

Other species 

presentd 11 3 16 0 9 0 28

a Life Forms: tr = tree, sh = shrub, fo = forb, gr = grass.

b Type codes contain a prefex of Pipo such as Pipo/Bogr, etc.

c ot = cacti, fern, sedge, agava, vine.

d Judd 1962, Clary 1975. Species that might occur in any of the habitat types but were not included in the type 

definition.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 5

Stands

Forest stands are the basic units of inventory and management and have slightly 

different applications across professions. The reference in forestry is to a distinguishable land management unit that shares characteristics typically associated 

with tree age, size, and composition (pure or mixed). Stands include shrubs, 

forbs, and grasses as well as trees, which also reflect stages in forest succession. 

The ecological definition is a contiguous group of similar plants (Helms 1998). 

In a recent Journal of Forestry article, O’Hara and Nagel (2013) emphasize that 

defining stands should be flexible for different uses. A stand can be any size 

and composition or structure that makes sense for on-the-ground management.

Ponderosa pine is primarily a climax forest in the Southwest (Pearson 1950) and 

can exist in pure stands locally, and in mixed stands over diverse landscapes 

in association with other conifers or deciduous trees (Schubert 1974). Stands 

of ponderosa can be particularly complicated since they occur in the Transition Life Zone (Merriam 1898). They lose their climax characteristics as they 

integrate into the lower elevation, drier pinion-juniper woodlands, and to higher 

and moister mixed-conifer forests (Schubert 1974). Ponderosa pine reaches its 

best growth, however, between 7,000 and 7,800 ft where annual rainfall is 18 to 

24 inches. Tree species composition in the type may be simple, but the spatial 

distribution of trees is complex given disturbance and regeneration patterns 

regulated mainly by fire (Bailey and Covington 2002, Covington 2003).

Stands contain structural stages based on tree diameter or age, such as seedlingsapling, young-pole or intermediate, mature, and old growth. Stand density, 

the number of trees per/ac, relates well to percent crown closure (open, thin, 

thick and closed). Density can be expressed by several indices constructed from 

both number of stems and mean tree diameter (Tappeiner et al. 2007). Two 

broad age classes of ponderosa pine are (1) “blackjacks” that have dark bark 

and age <150 yr, and (2) “yellow pine” >150 yr with yellow plated bark and a 

rounded crown. Characteristically, ponderosa pine grows in irregular unevenaged stands, consisting of small even-aged groups within the stands (Cooper 

1960, Schubert 1974). Groups of similarly aged trees vary in size from 0.15 to 

0.35 ac (Cooper 1961).

Diversity in the Pines

Biological diversity (more simply, diversity) is a natural phenomenon of life 

including factors at all levels of organization (genetic, individual, community, 

and ecosystems) affecting survival and reproduction of plants and animals. 

Federal regulations emphasize diversity as a way to ensure species are part of 

the forest planning process and in efforts to restore or maintain the integrity 

of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Using the best available science is a requirement in this process.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 6

Diversity has its roots in the works of Darwin and Linnaeus in their early efforts 

to understand how the natural world of plants and animals is connected and 

functions. An operational definition of diversity is the meaningful differences 

in the elements of biological communities (Boyce and Cost 1978). Detailed 

definitions by Helms (1998), Lindenmayer and Franklin (2002), and Primack 

(2006) provide a variety of defining factors. Therefore, it is important for project 

planning, implementation, and monitoring that the definition, standards, and 

guidelines are available for a given level of management. Pimlot (1969) suggests that the strongest case for diversity is the intangible values relating to 

life, for example, the presence of wolves, coyotes, and goshawks as predators 

in ecosystems, and the value of understanding complex environmental interrelationships through bird watching.

Life Forms

Within the distribution patterns of ponderosa pine trees, there are many biotic 

and abiotic components contributing to variety of life. One of the major biotic 

components of any forest type is life form. Life form is a way to categorize 

living things for planning and monitoring purposes. Life form for plants (sometimes called growth forms) has five categories: trees (tr), shrubs (sh), forbs (fo), 

grass (gr), or other (ot). Other includes cacti, fern, sedge, agava, vine that can 

become an individual life form when more detail is required. Plant life forms 

produce the layering effect of vegetation in forest types. Animal life forms, in 

general, used by land management agencies are amphibians (am), arthropods 

(ar), birds (bi), fish (fi), mammals (ma), and reptiles (re).

Biological Engines

Plant and animal life forms create food chains and webs that sustain and regulate natural systems. Food chains start with a producer life form (such as grass) 

eaten by an animal life form (e.g., a rabbit) that is eaten by another life form 

(a bobcat). However, food chains are more than just a plant eaten by an animal 

eaten by another animal. The connectance (Dunne et al. 2002) links between 

producer and consumer life forms create a biological engine fueled by nutrient 

cycling and energy flow. Biological engines account for the complexity of the 

intricate workings in a forest ecosystem.

Complexity is thought to maintain ecosystems stable (Odum 1971, MacArthur 

1955); however, May (1975) challenged the stability assumption by using 

mathematical models. Recent research on stability and diversity has focused 

on connectance as a way to understand ecological networks and it seems that 

stability increases with connectance (Dunne et al. 2002, Okuyama and Holland 

2008). Complexity and stability will remain viable topics for many years; in 

the meantime, management decisions will continue using the best information 

available within the framework of adaptive management.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 7

Species Richness

Species richness (SR) is defined as the number of species (Krebs 1999) in a specific area and goes a long way toward characterizing a community (May 1975). 

SR relates to alpha diversity (e.g., stand level in a designated area) (Primack 

2006). Richness by itself does not account for the relative abundance of individuals but is a snapshot of presence in time. It gives as much weight to species 

with a few individuals as to those with a high density. Quantifying diversity 

(e.g., Simpson’s Diversity Index), requires the measurement of abundance of 

all component species (tables 3 to 9), which might not be physically practical 

or economically feasible, especially for animal species. Furthermore, detailed 

abundance measurements are often unnecessary to support management goals 

associated with diversity.

Primack (2006) suggests that indices might not be better than using a richness 

value. While abundance of each plant or animal species might add quantitative 

detail to evaluate diversity, animal abundance would only be available for the 

most common species in the most common forest conditions and is constantly 

changing because of a variety of factors (e.g., fire disturbance). These practical 

problems have to be considered before diversity can be used in a meaningful 

way in operational plans. Without abundance values, none of the common 

indexes can be used to show differences between areas or alternative management pathways. Lacking such defensible, quantitative data, there is published 

qualitative information on life history for many species that managers can use 

for planning and decision-making. Experimental evidence indicates that primary 

production, resistance to natural disturbances, and resistance to invasion all 

increase as SR increases (Morin 1999).

Charles Elton (1927) first championed a concept that ecologists must consider: 

different kinds of habitats have a characteristic set of animals. Using Leopold’s 

(1933) analysis of game range, Pimlot (1969 p 374) states: “the message is clear 

that diversity of habitat is the life blood of the majority of species and the 

ramifications extend from the subsistence of an individual to the viability of 

a population and to the survival of species.” Boyce and Cost (1978) suggest 

that an increase in the diversity of habitats increases the potential livelihood for 

different kinds of organisms. Creating a broad mixture of stand conditions over 

time, and their associated disturbance regimes, ensures the broadest diversity 

of species. An actual field example of the application of species richness is 

from California where it was used to identify land protection priorities for the 

state’s woodlands (Motroni et al. 1991).
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 8

Data Available and Quality Control

Plant and animal species occurrence in Arizona’s ponderosa pine type is from 

a Forest Service database that was developed to meet the assessment requirements of the Resource Management Planning Act (Patton 1978). The list of 

species came from museum and herbarium collections; management biologists and researchers in the state, Federal and private agencies; and published 

literature in professional journals. The original relational database has been 

maintained and continuously updated by the senior author, and is the source 

of the data for tables in this report. Animal species in the original lists were 

assumed common in the forest type based on the information available at that 

time. The current list for plants includes those identified in the Southwestern 

Terrestrial Ecosystem Survey that defines plant associations for Arizona and 

New Mexico (USDA 1987a, b, USDA 1997).

In developing a current SR list for the ponderosa type in Arizona, measures 

were imposed to keep the list at a reasonable level of inclusion. For example, 

animal species are included if their presence is authenticated in state and Federal 

documents and professional publications or databases. Subspecies are included 

when they are the single representative in Arizona of the genus that occurs in 

other states. It may be necessary to develop different quality criteria for SR 

based on the level of use, broad landscapes or specific project areas.

Species richness can have several degrees of similarities of characteristics 

starting with the taxonomic Order. Including Family and Genus increases the 

amount of information needed to identify a species. Because of the difficulty 

in identifying insects at the species level, many are only identified to Family 

with species shown as “spp” or “unknown.” Using suborder, subfamily, tribes, 

and subspecies may be too complex for practical use unless it relates to a sensitive species that is important for management. A richness list by life form and 

scientific name with a common name as a vernacular group provides a degree 

of difference that is easily recognized.

Variety of Plant Life

Trees and Shrubs

Trees dominate ecosystems through total biomass and crown closure that 

controls the amount of light penetrating to the forest floor. A tree is a woody 

perennial plant, typically large with a well-defined stem or stems carrying 

a more or less definite crown (Helms 1998). Tree attributes (size, structural 

characteristics, spatial arrangement and density) and their by-products such as 

snags, logs, stumps, woody debris, etc., create different living conditions for 

various animal life forms. Tree by-products are an important part of the habitat 

relationships that exist in any forest type (Patton 2011).
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 9

Ponderosa pine is shade intolerant and needs a large amount of light to grow 

and produce cones with seeds. Seeds will germinate and become seedlings 

where there is sufficient light penetrating the canopy or in the small openings 

between individuals and groups of trees. One difference in trees that exist 

in the ponderosa pine forest type is the regeneration method. Ponderosa pine 

regenerates from seeds developed in cones, whereas Gambel oak reproduces 

by acorns, and aspen, an associated tree species, primarily develops from root 

sprouts. Gambel oak, aspen, and ponderosa pine are major food and cover plants 

for a variety of wildlife species. There are 24 species of trees in 6 families in 

the ponderosa pine type (Table 2) but two trees, ponderosa pine and Gambel 

oak, are the major overstory species. Plant life forms in plant associations by 

number of Families and Species indicate the complex relationships that exist 

in the ponderosa pine type and the potential difficulty of making management 

decisions (Table 3).

A shrub is a perennial woody plant smaller than a tree. Unlike trees, shrubs 

usually have many separate stems starting from or near the ground surface. 

The advantage of multiple stems is more leaves to collect sunlight in low light 

conditions. Shrubs grow in pure stands, in the absence of an overstory, or in 

scattered single or small clumps as understory plants. Shrubs create a second 

layer of vegetation through vertical separation. Because shrubs are closer to the 

ground level, they are more accessible for food and cover by many vertebrate 

and invertebrate species. Two shrub families, Rosaceae and Asteraceae, account 

for 43% of the total number of shrub species in the ponderosa pine forest type 

(Table 4). Some shrub names indicate the animal that uses a species for food, 

such as antelope bitterbrush, dwarf rabbitbrush, and bearberry.

Forbs and Grasses

Forbs are the soft-stemmed, non-woody, wide-leafed, low flowering plants: 

buttercups, cinquefoils, and clover. Forbs can be annual, biennial, or perennial. 

Any plant of the Poaceae family (similar to wheat, bluegrasses, and bromes) 

is a grass. The grass family is one of the largest families of flowering plants. 

Grasses have long narrow leaves, and usually a small dry one-seeded fruit. 

Grass-like plants are the sedges and rushes with pithy or hollow stems found in 

moist to wet soil conditions. Forbs and grasses are commonly grouped together 

as herbaceous plants.

Sixteen families of herbaceous plants include 94 species (Table 5). Two families 

(Asteraceae and Poaceae) account for 47% of the total and contain species that 

are major wildlife food plants (fescue, gramma, wheatgrass, bluegrass, muhly, 

sage, fleabane, and yarrow). Herbage production of forbs and grasses follows 

the well-documented inverse relationship of high percent tree canopy/low production; low percent tree canopy/high production. The amount of herbaceous 

biomass produced in ponderosa pine varies from over 600 lb/ac (dry weight) 
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 10

in openings to 60 lb/ac where canopy closure is greater than 80% (Jamison 

1967). Four of the 15 plant associations (Bogr, Fear, Mumo, Muvi) have forage 

production >1,500 lb/ac (Table 1).

The value of herbaceous plants to maintain animal populations is from results of 

a study on producer-consumer biomass on the Coconino National Forest (Clary 

1978). In this study, herbaceous plants supported the majority of the wildlife 

biomass (deer, elk, rodents, etc.) and almost all of the livestock biomass. The 

number of herbaceous plants in ponderosa pine reflects the variability in the 

conditions that can occur across landscapes and the importance of herbaceous 

plants as potential food and cover resources.

Table 4—Shrubs in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type. 

Order Common name Species In

 Family group Pp

Shrubs

Sapinales

 Anacardiaceae sumac 1

Asterales

 Asteraceae sunflower 8

Ranunclales

 Berberidaceae barberry 1

Dipsacales

 Caprifoliaceae honeysuckle 2

Celastrales

 Celastraceae boxleaf 1

Pinales

 Cupressaceae cypress 1

Ericales

 Ericaceae heath 4

 Fabaceae pea 2

Garryales

 Garryaceae silk-tassel 1

Saxifragales

 Grossulariacea current 1

Cornales

 Hydrangeraceae hydrangia 3

Liliales

 Liliaceae lily 1

Rosales

 Rhamnaceae buckthorn 3

 Roseaceae rose 8

 Total 37
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 11

Table 5—Forbs and grasses in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest 

type.

Order Common name Species In

 Family group Pp

Forbs

Apiales

 Apiaceae carrot 1

Asterales

 Asteraceae aster 14

Incertae sedis

 Boraginaceae sunflower 1

Fabales

 Fabaceae legume 3

Geraniales

 Geranicea geranium 1

Lamiales

 Lamiaceae mint 1

Liliales

 Liliaceae lily 1

Ranunculales

 Ranunculaceae buttercup 1

Rosales

 Rosaceae rose 1

Gentianales

 Rubiaceae coffee 2

Lamiales

 Scrophulariaceae figwort 1

 Total 27

Grass

Poales

 Poaceae fescue 30

 Total 30

Other 

Poales

 Cyperaceae sedge 2

Asparagales

 Agavaceae agava 3

Polypodiales

 Dennstaeditaceae fern 1

Vitales

 Vitaceae grape 1

 Total 37

 Total 94
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 12

Variety of Animal Life

Mammals

The mammal life form in the ponderosa pine type varies in size from a tiny 

shrew to the large elk. There are mammals that fly (bats), swim (beaver), burrow 

underground (gopher), run fast (pronghorn) or walk slow (porcupine). There is 

considerable information in the scientific literature on the life history of mammals in ponderosa pine primarily because many are important game animals. 

All the 48 animal species (Table 6) either consume plants, other animals, or 

both and every species is part of a biological engine for nutrient cycling and 

energy flow.

Table 6—Mammals in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type.

Order Common name Species In

Family group Pp

Artiodactyla

Antilocapridae Pronghorn 1

Cervidae Deer, elk 3

Tayassuidae Peccary 1

 Total 5

Carnivora

Canidae Foxes, wolves 1

Felidae Cats 2

Ursidae Bears 1

Mustelidae Weasels, allies 2

Mephitidae Skunks 1

Procyonidae Raccoon, allies 1

 Total 8

Chiroptera 

Molossidae Free-tailed bats 1

Vespertilonidae Vesper bats 10

 Total 11

Rodentia

Castoridae Beaver 1

Erethizontidae Porcupine 1

Geomyidae Pocket gophers 2

Muridae Rats-mice 7

Sciuridae Squirrels, allies 6

Arvicolinae Voles, muskrats, lemmings 1

 Total 18

Lagomorpha

Leporidae Rabbits, hares 4

Sorcimorpha 

Soricidae Shrews 2

 Total 6

 Total 48
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 13

The amount of food consumed by large herbivores, 4.5 lb/day for mule deer and 

11 lb/day for elk (Varner et al. 1954), is from an understory containing woody 

and herbaceous plants. Eight (17%) of the 48 species in the forest type are carnivores. Mammals have a constant body temperature and need a dependable 

food source. All of the cats are obligate carnivores (cougar) and consume only 

animal tissue, while obligate herbivores (elk) consume only plant tissue; however, 

the black bear is primarily omnivorous. While some animals are taxonomically 

carnivores, they also consume plant material, e.g., the coyote.

The six families of rodents contain 18 species and are a source of food for 

carnivores and birds of prey. One small rodent species (vole) is insectivorous. 

Understory vegetation and plant debris (leaves, logs, stumps etc.) are the primary cover for most of the small mammals (mice, rats, chipmunks). Understory 

vegetation and plant debris are affected by different management practices 

such a fire and timber harvesting and need to be considered in the resource 

management planning process. Two large herbivorous mammals that depend 

on understory vegetation for their well-being are deer (Wallmo 1981) and elk 

(Thomas and Toweill 1982) and are often used as featured species in management plans. Appendix 3 contains a listing of all animal species used to create 

Tables 6 to 9.

Birds

The number of birds (111) identified as being in ponderosa pine stands reflects 

a range of niches they use for food and cover (Table 7). Birds are a natural part 

of biological engines in facilitating energy flow and nutrient cycling in forest 

ecosystems. They get energy from fruits and berries and their droppings spread 

the seeds of plants. Some nectar-feeding birds spread pollen to fertilize flowers 

of overstory and understory plants. Birds eat insects that damage important 

tree species and in-turn are food for birds of prey. Habits or traits of some bird 

species have descriptions that suggest their ecological role (e.g., birds of prey, 

ground dwelling, perching or cavity nesting). Birds like the wild turkey nest on 

the ground while others have nests in a tree crown, in the cavity of a snag, or an 

understory shrub. A large number of bird species (73) found in ponderosa pine 

have the common trait of perching and are known as songbirds or passerines.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 14

Table 7—Birds in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type.

Order Common name Species In

Family group Pp

Apodiformes

Apoidae Swifts 1

Trochilidae Hummingbirds 3

Piciformes

Picidae Woodpeckers, allies 7

Caprimulgiformes

Caprimulgidae Goatsuckers 2

Columbiformes

Columbidae Pigeons, doves 2

Ciconiiformes

Cathartidae Vultures 1

Galliformes

Odontophoridae Quail 2

Phaisianidae Partridge, grouse, turkey 2

Falconiformes

Acciptridae Eagles, hawks, allies 9

Falconidae Falcons, allies 3

Strigiformes

Strigidae Owls 6

Total 38

Passeriformes

Aegithalidae Bushtits, verdins 1

Alaudidae Larks 1

Bombycillidae Waxwings 1

Cardinalidae Cardinals, allies 3

Certhiidae Creepers 1

Cinclidae Dippers 1

Corvidae Jays, crows, allies 5

Emberzidae Sparrows, allies 10

Fringillidae Finches, allies 3

Hirundinidae Swallows 4

Icteridae Blackbirds 7

Laniidae Shrikes 1

Mimidae Thrashers, allies 1

Paridae Chickadees, titmice 2

Parulidae Wood-warblers 4

Peucedramidae Olive warbler 1

Regulidae Kinglets 2

Sittidae Nuthatches 3

Sylviidae Gnatcatchers 1

Trogoldytides Wrens 5

Turdidae Thrushes 7

Tyrannidae Tyrant flycatchers 8

Vireonidae Vireos 1

Total 73

Total 111
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 15

Table 8—Amphibians and reptiles in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type.

 Order Common name Species In

 Family group Pp

Amphibians

Caudata

 Ambystomatidae Salamanders 1

Anura

 Bufonidae True toads 2

 Hylidae Tree frogs 3

 Ranidae True frogs 3

 Scaphiopodidae Spadefoot toads 1

 Total 10

Reptiles

Chelona

 Kinosternidae Mud turtles 1

Squamata

 Teiidae Whiptails, allies 4

 Colubridae Typical snakes 6

 Crotalidae Rattlesnakes 7

 Crotaphytidae Collared lizards 1

 Dipsadidae Rear-fanged snakes 2

 Anguidae Alligator lizards, allies 1

 Phrynosomatidae Spiney lizards 9

 Scincidae Skinks 2

 Natricidae Gartersnakes 4

 Total 37

Total 47

Amphibians and Reptiles

The low number of amphibians (Table 8) in the ponderosa pine type is attributed 

to their dependence on water and moist terrestrial areas needed to reproduce 

and lay eggs. Amphibian eggs have a soft membrane of a jelly-like substance 

that can lose or gain water rapidly. Most but not all amphibians have a complex mode of life that includes both a water larval stage and a terrestrial adult 

stage. Because of two developmental stages, amphibians are more vulnerable 

to human activity that can change the availability and quality of existing water 

sources and moist terrestrial habitats such as understory vegetation, debris, and 

decaying logs.

Amphibians have a dual role in ecosystem functioning by eating many species 

of insects and in-turn serving as prey for larger animals. They have a sensitive and permeable skin that can absorb water and have the potential of being 

indicators of pollution. The tiger salamander is a protected species under state 

and Federal law; it occurs in ponderosa pine and is the only native salamander 

in Arizona.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 16

Reptiles are cold-blooded animals that depend on their surrounding environment 

for heat. They differ from amphibians in that they have scales and typically 

lay eggs that are tough and leathery. The arthropod food base for reptiles in 

ponderosa pine includes insects, lizards, and small mammals. Snakes account 

for over half (19) of the reptiles (37) in the ponderosa pine forest type (Table 8). 

The 17 species of lizards are major consumers of insects. All of the rattlesnakes, 

the Gila monster, and coral snake are venomous (Lowe et al.1986).

Arthropods

It is a challenge to include arthropods (insects and their allies) when listing species that occur in a forest type (Table 9). The Phylum Arthropoda includes the 

Class Diplopoda (millipedes), Chilopoda (centipedes), Arachnida (spiders) and 

Insecta. Insects have a complex taxonomy that can include subclass, suborder, 

superfamily, subfamily, and tribe. For a genus with a large number of species, 

authorities sometimes find it more convenient to list only one as a representative 

for 15 to 20 species. Since the ponderosa pine type includes trees other than 

ponderosa pine, these other trees are also hosts for insects and are included in 

the species richness list.

In a study on the Kaibab National Forest, Rasmussen (1941) found 250,000 

insects/ac at ground surface. The total number of arthropods (422) probably underestimates the actual number; as a result, the current list is a work in progress. 

Seven of 80 families (ground beetles, bark beetles, darkling beetles, skippers, 

gossamer butterflies, brushfooted butterflies, and ants) account for 50% of the 

species listed. The several families of butterflies are of special interest because 

of their aesthetic value by nature enthusiasts and potential ecological value as 

indicators of environmental change.

Insects have a positive contribution in the ponderosa pine forest type as pollinators of understory plants and as a food source for birds and small mammals. 

However, more information is available about insects that are destructive. Research and management has focused mostly on the pest category (Furniss and 

Carolin 1977), which is a natural focus because insects affect humans in the 

loss of plant products and the transmission of disease. One way to group insects 

is by their effect on different tree species such as defoliators (e.g. budworms), 

sap sucking (galls and mites), and woodborers (moths and beetles) (Fairweather 

et al. 2006).
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 17

Table 9—Arthropods in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type.

Order Common name Species In

Family group Pp

Coleoptera

Buprestidae Flat-headed wood borers 7

Carabidae Ground beetles 29

Cerambycidae Round-headed borers 14

Chrysomelidae Alder leaf beetle 1

Cleridae Checkered beetles 7

Coccinellidae Lady beetles 5

Colydiidae Bark beetle 1

Curculionidae Bark beetles 38

Curculionidae Weevils 6

Elateridae Click beetles 3

Histeridae Hister beetles 2

Melandryidae Unknown 1

Meloidae Blister beetle 1

Melyridae Two-spotted melyrid 1

Nitidulidae Unknown 1

Scarabaeidae Dung beetles 6

Staphylinidae Rove beetle 1

Tenebrionidae Darkling beetles 21

Trogositidae Unknown 1

 Total 146 

Lepidoptera

Arctiidae Tiger moths 2

Gelechiidae Unknown 1

Geometridae Looper moth 1

Hesperiidae Skippers 35

Lasiocampidae Tent caterpillar 1

Lycaenidae Gossamer-wing butterflies 23

Lymantriidae Tussock moth 1

Nymphalidae Brushfooted butterflies 44

Noctuidae Owlet moths 4

Olethreutidae Codling moth 1

Pieridae White/sulphur butterflies 12

Papilionidae Parnassians/swallowtails 8

Pyralidae Pyralid moths 7

Riodinidae Metalmarks 3

Saturniidae Silk moths 2

Sessidae Clear-winged 2

Tortricidae Tortricid moths 7

Yponomeutidae Moth 2

 Total 156

Diptera

Bombyliidae Bee fly 8

Cecidomyidae Gall midges 4

Chironomidae Spindle midge 1

Dolichophodidae Long-legged fly 1

Syrphidae Syrphid fly 13

Tachinidae Tachnid fly 9

 Total 36

(continued)
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 18

Hemiptera

Adelgidae Galls 2

Anthocoridae Anthocorid bugs 2

Aphididae Aphids 4

Aphrophoridae Spittlebugs 1

Arabidae Pine flat bug 1

Ceropidae Spittle bug 1

Cicadidae Cicada 1

Cicadellidae Leafhoppers 4

Clastopteridae Spittlebug 1

Diaspididae Pine needle scale 1

Lygaeidae Left-footed bugs 2

Margarodidae Needle scale 2

Miridae Plant bugs 2

Pentatomidae Stink bugs 4

Rhopalidae Plant bug 1

Tingidae Lace bug 1

 Total 30

Hymenoptera

Apidae Bees 2

Braconidae Wasp 1

Diprionidae Sawflies 9

Formicidae Ants 19

Ichneumonidae Wasp 1

Megachilidae Leaf-cutting bee 1

Mutillidae Velvet ant 1

Ptermoalidae Unknown 1

Siricidae Wood wasp 3

Sphecidae Wasp 1

Torymidae Chaclid 1

Vespidae Wasps 3

 Total 43

Orthoptera

Acrididae Grasshoppers 1

Phasmatidae Stick insect 1

Tettigoniidae Katydids, crickets 1

Rhinotermitidae Termites 1

 Total 4

Isoptera 

Rhinotermitidae Subterranean termites 2

Acari

Tetranychus Spider mites 1

Araneae

Aranidae Orbweavers 1

Chilopoda

Scolopendridae Centipedes 1 

Odonata 

Coenagrionidae Damselflies 1

Thysanoptera

Oxythrips Unknown 1

 Total 7

Total 422

Table 9—(Continued).

Order Common name Species In

Family group Pp
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 19

Paying it Forward

An inventory of plant and animal species at the project or planning level from 

stands to watersheds and landscapes is one of the necessary tools for effective 

resource management in the 21st Century. Without a list of species, resource 

management may have negative or unknown effects on all species occupying 

a forest type. Because of the Forest and Range Renewable Resources Planning 

Act (U.S. Congress 1974), Federal and state agencies began to accumulate lists 

of species found on lands under their authority. Where these lists are maintained 

and continually revised, they provide an inventory of species commonly found 

in a given forest type and enhance a manager’s understanding of the complexity 

of the plant and animal communities they manage.

Change is a Certainty

All animal species are directly or indirectly dependent on the availability of 

plants and plant communities for their life needs. Managers know that species 

possess different tolerances (ecological amplitude) to environmental factors. 

There is a certainty that animal species will change location over time as plant 

composition changes due to development and succession that alters existing 

habitat. Without creating replacement habitat in a timely manner, areas reserved for a protected species will not have the same resources over time for 

the species to survive and reproduce. Successional theory further indicates the 

predictability of maintaining a variety of plant developmental stages within a 

forested landscape that would maintain diverse kinds of plant and animal life 

forms and species. Identifying animals associated with plants for food and cover 

across successional stages provides a base to compare change.

Characterizing by Species Richness

The ponderosa pine forest type in Arizona has 125 plant species in 36 families and 628 animal species in 147 families for an SR value of 753 species in 

183 families (Table 10). With the high number of species that is often present, 

managers will have a difficult time including diversity as a management component without reducing the number inventoried and monitored. The number 

of plant and animal species in a forest type is a tangible metric, but there is 

little corresponding data reflecting the intangible values suggested by Pimlot 

(1969) (e.g., just knowing that an organism is present). However, one intangible 

value that seems to exist in a ponderosa pine forest type (Table 10) is related 

to the number (111) of bird species that might be needed to control the number 

(422) of insect species.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 20

There are limited ways to use quantified indices as a management tool, given the 

limits to our current state of knowledge and available management resources. 

Therefore, an interim way to account for one level of diversity is to use a “selfevident” or a “common sense phenomenon” approach: plants and animals exist 

in a biotic community because that community has sufficient environmental 

resources to maintain those species. Sufficient resources relate to the Law of 

Tolerance, where there are minimum and maximum limits of environmental 

factors that an animal or plant can tolerate (Odom 1971). A complex mixture of 

environmental factors maintained in time and space fundamentally supports a 

certain level of diversity of plants and animals in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest.

A Second Level of Diversity

The SR list for plants and animals in ponderosa pine approximates the first level 

of diversity. A second level of diversity with a reasonable degree of inclusion 

for a planning area is possible by associating animal species with forest successional stages categorized by tree diameter, canopy cover, stand size, and spatial 

juxtaposition. These successional stages account for predictable differences in 

understory vegetation (shrubs, forbs and grasses). This second level could take 

the form of ecological state-and-transition models with potential silvicultural 

transitions (e.g. prescribed burning).

Table 10—Variety of species and life forms in Arizona’s 

ponderosa pine forest type.

Families Species Percent of

Life forms in Pp in Pp total species

Plants

Forbs 11 27 4

Grasses 1 30 4

Shrubs 14 37 5

Trees 6 24 3

Othersa 4 7 1

Total 36 125 17

Animals

Amphibians 5 10 1

Arthropods 80 422 56

Birds 33 111 15

Mammals 19 48 6

Reptiles 10 37 5

Total 147 628 83

Total 183 753 100

a Others = cacti, fern, agave, vine, sedge
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 21

Planning for the Future Forest

The future requires meaningful diversity elements that can be assessed and 

monitored while a forest is actively and adaptively being restored or under a 

management plan. Managers will never have complete or perfect information 

about diversity for decision-making purposes; however, tools exist that provide 

approximations of conditions. Using existing relational databases at the local 

level to collate past and present research data and allow extraction of selective 

stand structural data, provides a significant tool for science-based management 

decisions.

Along with GPS and GIS technology, aerial photography, and growth and yield 

models, stand boundaries can be an overlay on a base map for the planning area. 

With additional diversity layers, the map becomes a visual model to establish 

current conditions and future use to monitor change. With this kind of information, foresters, wildlife biologists and conservation organizations can work 

together to use existing stand conditions along with land capability to design 

a future forest containing a variety of life that meets both forest and wildlife 

management objectives.

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USDA, Forest Service,. Agric. Hndbk. 654, Washington, DC.

Capinera, J. L. 2010. Insects and wildlife. Arthropods and their relationships with wild vertebrate animals. Wiley-Blackwell Publications. Hoboken, NJ. 487 p.

Dayton, W. A. 1931. Important western browse plants. USDA Misc. Pub 101. Washington, 

DC. 214 p.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 26

Evans, A. V. 2008. Field guide to insects and spiders of North America. National Wildlife 

Federation. Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., NY. 494 p.

Fairweather, M.L, J. McMillin, T. Rogers, D. Conkin and F. Fitzgibbon. 2006. Field guide 

to insects and diseases of Arizona and New Mexico. USDA Forest Service SW Region. 

Albuquerque, NM. 271 p.

Feldhamer, G. A., B. C. Tompson, and J. A. Chapman. (eds.). 2003. Wild mammals of North 

America: biology, management, and conservation. Second Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 1216 p.

Friederici, P. (ed.). 2003. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University and Island Press, Washington, 

DC. 561 p.

Furniss, R L. and V. M. Carolin. 1977. Western forest insects. USDA Forest Service Misc. 

Pub. 1339. Washington, DC. 654 p.

Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 602 p.

Kricher, J and G. Morrison. 1998. A field guide to Rocky Mountain and southwest forests. 

The National Audubon Society, Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, NY. 554 p.

Little, E. L, Jr. 1968. Southwestern trees. A guide to the native species of New Mexico and 

Arizona. USDA, Forest Service Agric. Hndbk 9. Washington, DC. 109 p.

McKell, C. M, J.P. Blaisdell and J. R. Goodin (Tech.eds.). 1972. Wildland shrubs, their biology and utilization. An International Symposium, Utah State University, Logan, UT. USDA 

Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-1, Ogden, UT. 494 p.

Martin, A. C., H. S. Zim and A. L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants: A guide to 

wildlife food habits. Dover Publishing, Inc., NY. 500 p.

Moir, W. H., B. Giles, M.A. Benoit, and D. Scurlock. 1997. Ecology of Southwestern ponderosa pine forests. P. 3-27 in Block, W. M. and D.A.Finch. (Tech. eds.). Songbird ecology 

in Southwestern ponderosa pine forests: A literature review. USDA Forest Service Gen. 

Tech. Rep. RM 292. Fort Collins, CO.

Nickerson, M., G. Brink and C. Feddema. 1976. Principal range plants of the central and 

southern Rocky Mountains: Names and symbols. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech Rep. 

RM-20. Fort Collins, CO. 121 p.

Patton, D. R. 2011. FAAWN data model. CD in Forest wildlife ecology and habitat management. Taylor and Francis, CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 272 p.

Pearson, G. A. 1950. Management of ponderosa pine in the Southwest. USDA Forest Service 

Mono. 6. Washington, DC. 218 p.

Phillips, A., J. Marshall and G. Monson. 1983. Birds of Arizona. The University of Arizona 

Press, Tucson. 212 p.

Springer, J. D., M. Daniels and M. Nazaire. 2009. Field guide to forest and mountain plants 

of Northern Arizona. Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ. 649 p.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 27

Stebbins, R. C. 2003. Western reptiles and amphibians. The Roger Tory Peterson Institute, 

Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston-New York. 533 p.

USDA. 2000. Forest cover types [map]. The national atlas of the United States of America. 

Compiled by U.S. Forest Service, Washington, DC. and U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, 

CO. Available online at http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/maps/docs/forestcover.pdf.

Whitney, S. 1985. Western forests. The Audubon Society nature guides. Alfred A. Knopf 

Inc., New York, NY. 671 p. 
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 28

Appendix 2—List of plant species in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest 

type (this information is open access on Northern Arizona University 

website: 

http://nau.edu/CEFNS/Forestry/Research/Insect-Ecol-and-Mgmt/).

Scientific name Common name

Plant 

Codea

Life 

Form Order Family

Hymenoxys richardsonii Pingue hymric fo Asterales Asteraceae

Erigeron flagellaris Trailing fleabane erifla fo Asterales Asteraceae

Pedicularis centranthera dwarf lousewort pedcen fo Lamiales Scrophulariaceae

Galium asperrimum bedstraw galasp fo Gentianales Rubiaceae

Galium fendleri Fendler’s bedstraw galfen fo Gentianales Rubiaceae

Geranium caespitosum purple geranium gercae fo Geraniales Geraniaceae

Haplopappus parryi Parry’s goldenweed happar fo Asterales Asteraceae

Lotus wrightii red and yellow pea lotwri fo Fabales Fabaceae

Hieracium fendleri hieracium fendleri hiefen fo Asterales Asteraceae

Erigeron divergens Spreading fleabane eridiv fo Asterales Asteraceae

Pseudocymopterus montanus false springparsley psemon fo Apiales Apiaceae

Lathyrus graminfolius peavine latlan fo Fabales Fabaceae

Leucelene ericoides rose heath leueri fo Asterales Asteraceae

Potentilla hippiana horse cinquefoil pothip fo Rosales Rosaceae

Lithospermum multiflorum manyflower gromwell litmul fo Incertae sedis Boraginaceae

Achillea millefolium common yarrow achmil fo Asterales Asteraceae

Hedeoma hyssopifolium false pennyroyal hedhys fo Lamiales Lamiaceae

Senecio wootonii Wooton’s ragwort senwoo fo Asterales Asteraceae

Erigeron platyphyllus fleabane eripla fo Asterales Asteraceae

Thalictrum fendleri meadowrue thafen fo Ranunculales Ranunculaceae

Vicia americana American vetch vicame fo Fabales Fabaceae

Solidago sparsiflora threenerve goldenrod solspa fo Asterales Asteraceae

Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod solcan fo Asterales Asteraceae

Senecio neomexicanus groundsel senneo fo Asterales Asteraceae

Artemisia ludoviciana Louisiana sagebrush artlud fo Asterales Asteraceae

Smilacina stellata Solomon’s seal smiste fo Liliales Liliaceae

Antennaria parvifolia common pussytoes antpar fo Asterales Asteraceae

Agropyron smithii western wheatgrass agrsmi gr Poales Poaceae

Muhlenbergia longiligula longtongue muhly muhlon gr Poales Poaceae

Muhlenbergia montana mountain muhly muhmon gr Poales Poaceae

Muhlenbergia rigens deergrass muhrig gr Poales Poaceae

Muhlenbergia virescens screwleaf muhly mulvir gr Poales Poaceae

Panicum bulbosum bulb panicgrass panbul gr Poales Poaceae

Angdropgon hallii sand bluestem andhal gr Poales Poaceae

Aristida fendleriana Arizona threeawn arifen gr Poales Poaceae

Koeleria macrantha junegrass koemac gr Poales Poaceae

Blepharoneuron tricholepis pine dropseed bletri gr Poales Poaceae

Bromus inermis smooth brome broine gr Poales Poaceae

Bouteloua gracilis blue gramma bougra gr Poales Poaceae

Festuca arizonica Arizona fescue fesari gr Poales Poaceae

Bromus carinatus mountain brome brocar gr Poales Poaceae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 29

Scientific name Common name

Plant 

Codea

Life 

Form Order Family

Elymus longifolium squirreltail elylon gr Poales Poaceae

Elymus canadensis Canada wildrye elycan gr Poales Poaceae

Danthonia parryi oatgrass danpar gr Poales Poaceae

Bromus porteri Porter brome bropor gr Poales Poaceae

Aristida orcuttiana single threeawn ariorc gr Poales Poaceae

Poa longiligula longtongue mutton 

bluegrass

poalon gr Poales Poaceae

Sitanion hystrix bottle-brush squirreltail sithys gr Poales Poaceae

Sporobolus interruptus black dropseed spoint gr Poales Poaceae

Schizachyrium cirratum texas bluestem schcir gr Poales Poaceae

Stipa comata needle-and-thread sticom gr Poales Poaceae

Stipa pringlei Pringel’s speargrass stipri gr Poales Poaceae

Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem schsco gr Poales Poaceae

Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass poapra gr Poales Poaceae

Poa fendleriana mutton bluegrass poafen gr Poales Poaceae

Poa ampla big bluegrass poaamp gr Poales Poaceae

Piptochaetium fimbriatum pinyon ricegrass pipfim gr Poales Poaceae

Agave parryi century plant agapar ot Asparagales Agavaceae

Yucca glauca soapweed yucca yucgla ot Asparagales Agavaceae

Yucca schottii Schott’s yucca yucsch ot Asparagales Agavaceae

Vitis arizonica canyon grape vitari ot Vitales Vitaceae

Carex rossii Ross’ sedge carros ot Poales Cyperaceae

Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern pteaqu ot Polypodiales Dennstaediaceae

Carex geophila dryland sedge cargeo ot Poales Cyperaceae

Rhamnus crocaea redberry buckthorn rhacro sh Rosales Rhamnaceae

Garrya wrightii Wright silktassel garwri sh Garryales Garryaceae

Sambucus coerulea blue elderberry samcoe sh Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae

Calliandra humilis dwarf calliandra calhum sh Ericales Fabaceae

Mimosa biuncifera catclaw mimos mimbiu sh Ericales Fabaceae

Fallugia paradoxa Apache-plume falpar sh Rosales Rosaceae

Ribes cercum wax crrent ribcer sh Saxifragales Grossulariaceae

Rhamnus betulaefolia birchleaf buckthorn rhabet sh Rosales Rhamnaceae

Cercocarpus montanus true mountainmahogany cermon sh Rosales Rosaceae

Rhus trilobata skunkbush sumac rhutri sh Sapinales Anacardiaceae

Chamaebatiaria millefolium fernbush chamil sh Rosales Rosaceae

Chrosothamns parryi rabbitbrush chrpar sh Asterales Asteraceae

Juniperus communis common juniper juncom sh Pinales Cupressaceae

Chrysopsis villosa hairy goldenaster chrvil sh Asterales Asteraceae

Cowania mexicana cliffrose cowmex sh Rosales Rosaceae

Rubus strigosus wild raspberry rubstr sh Rosales Rosaceae

Ceanothus fendleri buckbrush ceafen sh Rosales Rhamnaceae

Symphoricarpob s oreophilus snowberry symore sh Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae

Tetradymia canescens gray horsebrush tetcan sh Asterales Asteraceae

Arbutus arizonica Arizonia madrone arbari sh Ericales Ericaceae

Physocarpus monogynus mountain ninebark phymon sh Rosales Rosaceae

Philadelphus microphyllus littleleaf mockorange phimic sh Cornales Hydrangeaceae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 30

Scientific name Common name

Plant 

Codea

Life 

Form Order Family

Arctostaphylos patula greenleaf manzanita arcpat sh Ericales Ericaceae

Arctostaphylos pringlei pringle manzanita arcpri sh Ericales Ericaceae

Pachystima mysinites Oregon boxleaf pacmys sh Celastrales Celastraceae

Jamesia americana cliff jamesia jamame sh Cornales Hydrangeaceae

Arctostaphylos pungens pointleaf manzanita arcpun sh Ericales Ericaceae

Gutierrezia sarothrae broom snakeweed gutsar sh Asterales Asteraceae

Artemisia arbuscula low sagebrush artarb sh Asterales Asteraceae

Artemisia carruthii flat sagebrush artcar sh Asterales Asteraceae

Artemisia nova black sagebrush artnov sh Asterales Asteraceae

Fendlerella utahensis Utah fendlerella fenuta sh Cornales Hydrangeaceae

Artemisia tridentata big sagebrush arttri sh Asterales Asteraceae

Purshia tridentata antelope bitterbrush purtri sh Rosales Rosaceae

Holodiscus dumosus bush rockspirea holdum sh Rosales Rosaceae

Berberis repens Oregon grape berrep sh Ranunculales Berberidaceae

Nolina microcarpa sacahuista nolmic sh Liliales Liliaceae

Juniperus osteosperma Utah juniper junost tr Pinales Cupressaceae

Pinus fallax Arizona pinyon pinfal tr Pinales Pinaceae

Pinus engelmannii Apache pine pineng tr Pinales Pinaceae

Pinus edulis pinyon pine pinedu tr Pinales Pinaceae

Pinus discolor border pinyon pindis tr Pinales Pinaceae

Pinus aristata bristlecone pine pinari tr Pinales Pinaceae

Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine pinpon tr Pinales Pinaceae

Pinus strobiformis southwestern white pine pinstr tr Pinales Pinaceae

Populus tremuloides quaking aspen poptre tr Malpighiales Salicaceae

Prunus virginiana common chokecherry pruvir tr Rosales Rosaceae

Quercus turbinella shrub live oak quetur tr Fagales Fagaceae

Juniperus scopulorum Rocky Mountain juniper junsco tr Pinales Cupressaceae

Robinia neomexicana New Mexican locust robneo tr Fagales Fagaceae

Juniperus monosperma one-seed juniper junmon tr Pinales Cupressaceae

Juniperus deppeana alligator juniper jundep tr Pinales Cupressaceae

Juglans major Arizona walnut jugmaj tr Juglandales Juglandaceae

Quercus arizonica Arizona white oak queari tr Fagales Fagaceae

Quercus emeryi Emory oak queeme tr Fagales Fagaceae

Quercus gambelii Gambel oak quegam tr Fagales Fagaceae

Quercus grisea gray oak quegri tr Fagales Fagaceae

Quercus hypoleucoides silverleaf oak quehyp tr Fagales Fagaceae

Pinus leiophylla Chihuahua pine pinlei tr Pinales Pinaceae

Quercus rugosa netleaf oak querug tr Fagales Fagaceae

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir psemen tr Pinales Pinaceae

aPlant Code: The first 3 letters from genus plus the first 3 letters of species. When duplicates occur, the last letter is replaced by 

a number. The spp after the first 3 letters of a genus indicates that the species may be present but needs verification. This code is 

the unique, primary key for using plant data in a relational database.
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 31

Appendix 3—List of animal species in Arizona’s ponderosa pine forest type 

(this information is open access on Northern Arizona University website: 

http://nau.edu/CEFNS/Forestry/Research/Insect-Ecol-and-Mgmt/).

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Ambystoma mavoritum barred tiger salamander ambmav am Caudata Ambystomatidae

Anaxyrus microscaphus arizona toad anamic am Anura Bufonidae

Anaxyrus punctatus red-spotted toad anapun am Anura Bufonidae

Hyla arenicolor canyon treefrog hylare am Anura Hylidae

Hyla wrightorum arizona treefrog hylwri am Anura Hylidae

Lithobates chiricahuensis chiricahua leopard frog litchi am Anura Ranidae

Lithobates pipiens northern leopard frog litpip am Anura Ranidae

Lithobates tarahumarae tarahumara frog littar am Anura Ranidae

Pseudacris triseriata western chorus frog psetri am Anura Hylidae

Spea multiplicata mexican spadefoot spemul am Anura Scaphiopodidae

Acanthocinus obliquus roundheaded borer acaobl ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Acanthocinus princeps roundheaded borer acapri ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Acanthocinus spectabilis roundheaded borer acaspe ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Acanthomyops latipes unknown acalat ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Acanthoscelides monagas bean weevil acamon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Acanthoscelides napensis bean weevil acanap ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Achalarus casica desert cloudwing achcas ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Acmaeodera variegate flat-headed wood borer acmvar ar Coleoptera Buprestidae

Acmaeops proteus round-headed borer acmpro ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Adelges cooleyi cooley spruce gall adecoo ar Hemiptera Adelgidae

Adelpha bredowii california sister adebre ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Agonum placidum ground beetle agopla ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Agraulis vanillae gulf fritillary agrvan ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Allograpta obligua flower bee allobl ar Diptera Syrphidae

Altica ambiens alder flea beetle altamb ar Coleoptera Chrysomelidae

Amara farcta unknown amafar ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Amara interstitialis unknown amaint ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Amara latior unknown amalat ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Amara obesa unknown amaobe ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Amara quensii unknown amaque ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Amblyscirtes exoteria large roadside-skipper ambexo ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Amblyscirtes fimbriata orange-edged roadside-skipper ambfim ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Anabrus simplex mormon cricket anasim ar Orthroptera Tettigoniidae

Anatis lecontei ladybird beetle analec ar Coleoptera Coccineliidae

Anchytonix spp owlet moths ancspp ar Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Anisodactylus anthracinus unknown aniant ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Anisodactylus consobrinus unknown anicon ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Anthaxia retifera flat-headed wood Borer antret ar Coleoptera Buprestidae

Anthocharis thoosa southwestern orangetip anttho ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Anthrax fulviana bee fly antful ar Diptera Bombyliidae

Anthrax lateralis bee fly antlat ar Diptera Bombyliidae

Anthrax sinuosa bee fly antsin ar Diptera Bombyliidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 32

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Apenteles electrae wasps apeele ar Hymenoptera Braconidae

Aphodius anthracinus dung beetle aphant ar Coleoptera Scarabaeidae

Aphodius subruncatus dung beetle aphsub ar Coleoptera Scarabaeidae

Aphodius vittatus dung beetle aphvit ar Coleoptera Scarabaeidae

Aphrohora spp spittle bugs aphspp ar Hemiptera Aphrophoridae

Apis mellifera honey bee apimel ar Hymenoptera Apidae

Apodemia mormo mormon metalmark apomor ar Lepidoptera Rioridinidae

Apodemia nais nais metalmark aponai ar Lepidoptera Rioridinidae

Apodemia phyciodoides cresent metalmark apophy ar Lepidoptera Rioridinidae

Aradus cinnamomeus pine flat bug aracin ar Hemiptera Arabidae

Araneus spp orbweavers orbspp ar Araneae Aranidae

Artnopalus spp round-headed borer artspp ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Asemum spp round-headed borer asespp ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Asida macra unknown asimac ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Asterocampa celtis hackberry emperor astcel ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Athous arizonicus click beetle athari ar Coleoptera Elateridae

Atlides halesus great purple hairstreak atlhal ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Aulonium spp cylindrical bark beetles aulspp ar Coleoptera Colydiidae

Battus philenor pipevine swallowtail batphi ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Bembidion rupicola unknown bemrup ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Bembidium lucidum unknown bemuci ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Boisea rubrolineata western boxelder bug labrub ar Hemiptera Miridae

Brephidium exile unknown breexi ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Brochymena spp stink bug brospp ar Hemiptera Pentatomidae

Buprestis aurulenta flat-headed borer bupaur ar Coleoptera Buprestidae

Calathus dubius ground beetle caldub ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Callophrys augustinus brown elfin calaug ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Callophrys eryphon western pine elfin calery ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Callophrys gryneus juniper hairstreak calgry ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Callophrys spinetorum thicket hairstreak calspi ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Callophrys xami xami hairstreak calxam ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Camponotus modac unknown cammod ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Camponotus spp carpenter ants camspp ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Camponotus vicinus unknown camvic ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Carabus taedatus agassii ground beetle cartae ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Carphoborus spp unknown carspp1 ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Carpophilus spp unknown carspp2 ar Coleoptera Nitidulidae

Cataboma pyrastiri unknown catpyr ar Diptera Syrphidae

Cecidomyia piniinopis gall midge cecpin ar Diptera Cecidomyiidae

Celastrina argiolus L. unknown celarg ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Celastrina neglecta summer azure celneg ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Cercopidae spp spittlebug cerspp ar Hemiptera Cercopidae

Cercyonis meadii mead’s wood-nymph cermea ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Cercyonis oetus dark wood nymph ceroet ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Cercyonis pegala common wood-nymph cerpeg ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Chaenius leucoscelis unknown chaleu ar Coleoptera Carabidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 33

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Chalcophora spp flat-headed wood borer chaspp ar Coleoptera Buprestidae

Chionaspis pinifoliae unknown chipin ar Hemiptera Diaspididae

Chlorochroa spp stink bug chlspp ar Hemiptera Pentatomidae

Chlosyne acastus sagebrush checkerspot chlaca ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Choristoneura lambertiana unknown cholam ar Lepidoptera Tortricidae

Choristoneura occidentalis western spruce budworm choocc ar Lepidoptera Tortricidae

Choristoneura retiniana unknown choret ar Lepidoptera Tortricidae

Chrysotoxum derviatum unknown chrder ar Diptera Syrphidae

Cicindela puctulata unknown cicpuc ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Cinara spp aphid cinspp ar Hemiptera Aphididae

Clastoptera spp spittlebug claspp ar Hemiptera Clastopteridae

Coelocnemis magna darkling beetle coemag ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Coleotecnites ponderosana moth, needle miner colpon1 ar Lepidoptera Gelechiidae

Colias eurytheme orange sulphur coleur ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Colladonus beameri leafhopper colbea ar Hemiptera Cicadellidae

Colladonus ponderosus leafhopper colpon2 ar Hemiptera Cicadellidae

Colladonus tahotus leafhopper coltah ar Hemiptera Cicadellidae

Collops bipunctatus two-spotted melyrid colbip ar Coleoptera Melyridae

Coloradia doris caterpillar coldor ar Lepidoptera Saturniidae

Coloradia pandora moth colpan ar Lepidoptera Saturniidae

Conophthorus ponderosae unknown conpon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Conotrachelus neomexicanus ponderosa pine cone weevil conneo ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Contarinia coloradensis gall midge concol ar Diptera Cecidomyiidae

Corticeus spp darkling beetle corspp ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Corythucha arcuate lace bug corarc ar Hemiptera Tingidae

Crematogaster punctulata unknown crepun ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Ctenicera spp click beetle ctespp ar Coleoptera Elateridae

Cychrus dubius ground beetle cycdub ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Cycloneda sanguinea ladybird beetle cycsan ar Coleoptera Coccineliidae

Cyclotrachelus constrictus unknown cyccon ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Cydia piperana ponderosa pine seedworm cydpip ar Lepidoptera Tortricidae

Cyllopsis pertepida canyonland satry cylper ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Cymbiodyta arizonica chiricahua water scavenger beetle cymari ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Cymindis planipennis unknown cympla ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Danaus glippus unknown dangli ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Danaus Plexippus monarch danple ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Dasineura spp midge dasspp ar Diptera Cecidomyiidae

Dendroctonus adjunctus roundheaded pine beetle denadj ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Dendroctonus approximatus snout beetle/ mexican pine beetle denapp ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Dendroctonus brevicomis western pine beetle denbre ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Dendroctonus frontalis bark beetle denfro ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Dendroctonus mexicanus mexican pine beetle denmex ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Dendroctonus ponderosae mountain pine beetle denpon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Dendroctonus rufipennis snout beetle/spruce beetle denfuf ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Dendroctonus valens red turpentine beetle denval ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Diapheromera femorata walkingstick diafem ar Orthroptera Phasmatidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 34

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Dicerca spp flat-headed wood borer dicspp2 ar Coleoptera Buprestidae

Dichelonyx spp unknown dicspp1 ar Coleoptera Scarabaeidae

Dioryctria abietivorella pyralid moth dioabi ar Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Dioryctria auranticella pyralid moth dioaur ar Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Dioryctria cambiicola cone moth diocam1 ar Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Dioryctria cambiicola pyralid moth diocam2 ar Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Dioryctria rossi moth dioros ar Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Dipalta serpentine bee fly dipser ar Diptera Bombyliidae

Dolichovespula spp hornet dolspp ar Hymenoptera Vespidae

Dryocoetes confusus western balsam bark beetle drycon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Echinomia algens unknown echalg ar Diptera Tachinidae

Elatobium abietinum spruce aphid elaabi ar Hemiptera Aphididae

Eleodes carbonaria darkling beetle elecar ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes consobrina darkling beetle elecon ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes dissmilis darkling beetle eledis ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes extricatus darkling beetle eleext ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes hispilabris darkling beetle elehis ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes humeralis darkling beetle elehum ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes nigrina darkling beetle elenig ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes obscura darkling beetle eleobs2 ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes obsoletus darkling beetle eleobs1 ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes planipennis darkling beetle elepla ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Eleodes quadricollis auger beetle elequa ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Embaphion contuscum darkling beetle embcon ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Emmenastus ater unknown emmate ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Emmenastus convexus handsome fungus beetle emmcon ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Enoclerus lecontei black bellied clerid enolec ar Coleoptera Cleridae

Enoclerus moestus checkered beetle enomoe ar Coleoptera Cleridae

Enoclerus sphegeus red-bellied clerid enosph ar Coleoptera Cleridae

Epalpus bicolor Will. unknown epabic ar Diptera Tachinidae

Epargyreus clarus silver-spotted skipper epacla ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Epicauta spp blister beetle epispp ar Coleoptera Meloidae

Ergates spiculatus roundheaded borer ergspi ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Ergatis spp ponderosa borer ergspp ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Erora quaderna arizona hairstreak eroqua ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Erynnis afranius afranius duskywing eryafr ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis funeralis funereal dusky wing eryfun ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis icelus dreamy duskywing eryice ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis juvenalis juvenal’s duskywing eryjuv ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis meridianus meridian duskywing erymer ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis pacuvius pacuvius duskywing erypac ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis persius persius duskywing eryper ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis telemachus rocky mountain duskywing erytel ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Erynnis tristis mournful duskywing erytri ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Essigella spp aphid essspp ar Hemiptera Aphididae

Eucosma sonomana twig moth eucson ar Lepidoptera Tortricidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 35

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Eulachnus spp aphid eulspp ar Hemiptera Aphididae

Eupeodes volucris unknown eupvol ar Diptera Syrphidae

Euphilotes spaldingi spalding’s dotted-blue ephspa ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Euphydryas chalcedona unknown eupcha ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Euphyes vestris dun skipper eupves ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Euptoieta claudia variegated fritillary eupcla ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Eurema mexicana mexican yellow eurmex ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Eurema nicippe unknown eurnic ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Eustrophinus arizonensis unknown eusari ar Coleoptera Melandryidae

Euxoa spp owlet moths euxspp ar Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Exoprosopa dodrans bee fly exodod ar Diptera Bombyliidae

Exoprosopa fasciata bee fly exofas ar Diptera Bombyliidae

Fixenia ilavia unknown fixila ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Formica laeviceps (McKay) unknown forlae ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Formica neogagatus unknown forneo ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Formica occulta unknown forocc ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Formica oreas unknown forore ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Galenara consimilus unknown galcon ar Lepidoptera Geometridae

Glaucopsyche lygdamus silvery blue glalyg ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Gnathotrichus retusus ambrosia beetle gnaret ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Gnathotrichus sulcatus unknown gnasul ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Grapta zephyrus unknown grazep ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Halisidota ingens unknown haling ar Lepidoptera Arctiidae

Harpalus amputates ground beetle haramp ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Harpalus fraternus ground beetle harfra ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Harpalus funcetus ground beetle harfun ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Harpalus herbivagus ground beetle harher ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Harpalus oblitus ground beetle harobl ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Harpalus pensylvanicus ground beetle harpen ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Harpalus retractus ground beetle harret ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Heliopetes alpheus unknown helalp ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Heliopetes ericetorum northern white-skipper heleri ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Heliothis armiger owlet moths helarm ar Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Hemiargus isola unknown hemiso ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Hemicrepidus spp click beetle hemspp ar Coleoptera Elateridae

Hesperagrion heterodoxum damselflies heshet ar Odonata Coenagrionid

Hesperia colorado western branded skipper hescol ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Hesperia nevada nevada skipper hesnev ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Hesperia pahaska pahaska skipper hespah ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Hesperia uncas uncas skipper hesunc ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Hesperia woodgatei apache skipper heswoo ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Hippodamia lecontei unknown hiplec ar Coleoptera Coccineliidae

Hippodamia convergens ladybird beetle hipcon ar Coleoptera Coccineliidae

Hippodamia signata convergent lady beetle hipsig ar Coleoptera Coccineliidae

Homoncocnemis fortis owlet moths homfor ar Lepidoptera Noctuidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 36

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Hylastes nigrinus bark beetle hylnig ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Hylurgops porosus bark beetle hylpor ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Hylurgops subcostulatus bark beetle hylsub ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Hypaurotis crysalus colorado hairstreak hypcry ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Hyphantria cunea unknown hypcun ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Icaricia icarioides blue butterfly icaica ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Icaricia lupini lupine blue icalup ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Iphthimus laevissimus darkling beetle iphlae ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Iphthimus lewisii darkling beetle iphlew ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Ips bonanseai bark beetle ispbon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips calligraphus bark beetle ipscal ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips confusus pine engraver beetle ipscon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips integer bark beetle ipsint2 ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips knausi bark beetle ipskna ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips latidens bark beetle ipslat ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips lecontei bark beetle ipslec ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips pilifrons ips beetle ipspil ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Ips pini bark beetle ipsbee ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Judolia instabillis round-headed borer judins ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Junonia coenia common buckeye juncoe ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Jurinella ambigua unknown juramb ar Diptera Tachinidae

Labops hesperius black grass bug labhes ar Hemiptera Miridae

Lasius crypticus unknown lascry ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Lasius pallitarsis unknown laspal ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Lasius sitiens unknown lassit ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Lasius umbratus unknown lasumb ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Laspeyresia piperana cone moth laspip ar Lepidoptera Olethreutidae

Lebia viridis unknown lebvir ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Leptocoris trivittatus plant bug leptri ar Hemiptera Rhopalidae

Leptoglossus occidentalis leaf-footed bug lepocc ar Hemiptera Lygaeidae

Leptotes marina marine blue lepmar ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Leptothorax rugulatus unknown leprug ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Libytheana carinenta tropical snout libcar ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Limenitis archippus viceroy limarc ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Limenitis arthemis white admiral limart ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Limenitis weidemeyerii weidmeyer’s admiral limwei ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Lophocampa ingens tiger moth loping ar Lepidoptera Arctiidae

Lycaeides melissa Karner blue lycmel ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Magdalis cuneiformis weevil magcun ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Malacosoma californicum unknown malcal ar Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae

Mastrus spp wasp masspp ar Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae

Matsucoccus acalyptus unknown mataca ar Hemiptera Margarodidae

Matsucoccus vexillorum prescott scale matvex ar Hemiptera Margarodidae

Medetera spp long-legged flies medspp ar Diptera Dolichopodidae

Megastigmus albifrons unknown megalb ar Hymenoptera Torymidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 37

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Megdalis spp unknown megspp ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Melanophila spp flat-headed wood borer melspp1 ar Coleoptera Buprestidae

Melanoplus spp unknown melspp2 ar Orthroptera Acrididae

Melanostoma stegnum Say. unknown melste ar Diptera Syrphidae

Melitaea nympha checkerspot melnym ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Mesogramma marginata unknown mesmar ar Diptera Syrphidae

Microphthalma disjuncta unknown micdis ar Diptera Tachinidae

Monochamus maculososus round-headed borer monmac ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Monomorium minimum little black ant monmin ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Mycelia ethusa unknown myceth ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Mycterus concolor unknown myccon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Myeloborus amplus bark beetle myeamp ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Myiolepta varipes unknown myivar ar Diptera Syrphidae

Nathalis iole dainty sulphur natiol ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Necrobia violaceus blackelegged ham beetle necvio ar Coleoptera Cleridae

Neobaphion planipennis darkling beetle neopla ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Neodiprion autumnalis conifer sawfly neoaut ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Neodiprion demoides conifer sawfly neodem ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Neodiprion edulicolis conifer sawfly neoedu ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Neodiprion fulviceps sawfly neoful ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Neodiprion gillettei conifer sawfly neogil ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Neodiprion gilletti sawfly nepgil ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Neodiprion ventralis sawfly neoven ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Neominois ridingsii riding’s satry neorid ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Neophasia menapia pine white neomen ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Nokomis fritillary orange butterfly nokfri ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Nudobius cephalicus rove beetle nudcep ar Coleoptera Staphylinidae

Nymphalis antiopa mourning cloak nymant ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Nysius californicus unknown nyscal ar Hemiptera Lygaeidae

Okanagana cruenifera cicada ohacru ar Hemiptera Cicadidae

Oligonychus spp spider mites olispp ar Acari Tetranychus

Orgyia pseudotsugata Douglas-fir tussock moth orgpse ar Lepidoptera Lymantriidae

Oxythrips spp unknown oxyspp ar Thysanoptera Thripidae

P. tessllata unknown peltes ar Diptera Tachinidae

Pachyrhinus californicus unknown paccal ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Panzeria radicum unknown panrad ar Diptera Tachinidae

Papilio bairdii swallowtail papbai ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Papilio machaon old world swallowtail papmac ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Papilio multicaudata two-tailed swallowtail papmul ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Papilio polyxenes black swallowtail pappol ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Papilio rutulus western tiger swallowtail paprut ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Paramacera allyni pine satry parall ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Paratrytone snowi unknown parsno ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Parides alopius white-dotted cattleheart paralo ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Peleteria robustta unknown pelrob ar Diptera Tachinidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 38

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Petrova arizonensis pinyon pitch nodule moth petari ar Lepidoptera Tortricidae

Petrova metallica pitch nodule moth petmet ar Lepidoptera Tortricidae

Pheidole ceres unknown phecer ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Pheidole coloradensis leaf-cutting bee phecol ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Phloeosinus spp cedar bark beetles phospp ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Phoebis sennae cloudless sulphur phosen ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Pholisora catullus common sootywing phocat ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Phthiria consors unknown phtcon ar Diptera Bombyliidae

Phthiria sulphurea Loew. unknown phtsul ar Diptera Bombyliidae

Phyciodes camillus unknown phycam ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Phyciodes cocyta northern crescent phycoc ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Phyciodes mylitta mylitta crescent phymyl ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Phyciodes picta painted crescent phypic ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Phycoides pratensis unknown phypra ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Phycoides pulchella unknown phypul ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Phyllophaga fimbripes may-June beetle phyfim ar Coleoptera Scarabaeidae

Pieris occidentalis unknown pieocc ar Lepidoptera Papilionidae

Pieris protodice unknown piepro ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Pieris rapae cabbage white pierap ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Pineus pinifoliae pine leaf adelgid pinpin ar Hemiptera Adelgidae

Pinyina edulicola pinyon spindle gall midge pinedu ar Diptera Chironomidae

Piruna polingii spotted skipperling pirpol ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Pissodes dubius balsam-fir bark weevil pisdub ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Pissodes schwarzi snout beetle pissch ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Pissodes strobi snout beetle pisstr ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Pityoborus secundus twig beetle pitsec ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Pityogenes carinulatus bark beetle pitcar ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Pityokteines minutus bark beetle pitmin ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Pityophthorus spp twig beetle pitspp ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Platynus dissectus unknown pladis ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Platypedia berbardinoensis leafhopper plaber ar Hemiptera Cicadellidae

Playsoma punctigerum hister beetle plapun ar Coleoptera Histeridae

Plegaderus nitidus hister beetle plenit ar Coleoptera Histeridae

Poanes melane umber skipper poamel ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Poanes taxiles taxiles skipper poatax ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Podisus crocatus soldier bug podcro ar Hemiptera Pentatomidae

Podisus spp soldier bug podspp ar Hemiptera Pentatomidae

Pogonocheras propinauus round-headed borer pogpro ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Poladryas minuta dotted checkerspot polmin ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Polites draco draco skipper poldra ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Polyergus breviceps unknown polbre ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Polygonia gracilis hoary comma polgra ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Polygonia satyrus saytr comma polsat ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Pontia protodice checkered white ponpro ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Pontia sisymbrii spring white ponsis ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Pseudohylesinus nebulosa whie clouded longhorn beetle pseneb ar Coleoptera Curculionidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 39

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Pyrameis caryae unknown pyrcar ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Pyrgus albescens white checkered-skipper pyralb ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Pyrgus scriptura small checkered-skipper pyrscr ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Pyrgus zanthus unknown pyrzan ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Reticulitermes flavipes unknown retfla ar Isoptera Rhinotermitidae

Reticulitermes hesperus western suberranean termite rethes ar Isoptera Rhinotermitidae

Reticulitermes tibialis subterranean termite rettib ar Orthroptera Rhinotermitidae

Rhadine spp unknown rhaspp ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Rhyacionia bushnelli tip moth rhybus ar Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Rhyacionia neomexicana moth rhyneo ar Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Rubsaamenia spp unknown rubspp ar Diptera Cecidomyiidae

Satyrium saepium hedge-row hairstreak satsae ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Satyrium sylvinus silvin hairstreak satsyl ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Schizolachnus spp aphid schspp ar Hemiptera Aphididae

Scolopendra spp centipedes scospp ar Chipoda (class) Scolopendridae

Scoloposcelis flavicornis anthocorid bug scofla ar Hemiptera Anthocoridae

Scolytus fiskei unknown scofis ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Scolytus monticolae bark beetle scomon ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Scolytus ventralis snout beetle scoven ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Scythropus spp unknown scyspp ar Coleoptera Curculionidae

Senotainia rubriventris unknown senrub ar Diptera Tachinidae

Siphona geniculate tachinid fly sipgen ar Diptera Tachinidae

Sirex spp woodwasp sirspp ar Hymenoptera Siricidae

Speyeria aphrodite aphrodite fritillary speaph ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Speyeria hesperis northwestern fritillary spehes ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Speyeria mormonia mormon fritillary spemor ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Sternocorus spp round-headed borer stespp ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Stinga morrisoni morrison’s skipper stimor ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Strymon melinus gray hairstreak strmel ar Lepidoptera Lycaenidae

Styloxus bicolor roundheaded borer stybic ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Synanthedon spp clear-winged moth synspp ar Lepidoptera Sessidae

Syraphus creper syrphid fly syrcre ar Diptera Syrphidae

Syraphus lotus syrphid fly syrlot ar Diptera Syrphidae

Syraphus ribesii syrphid fly syrrib ar Diptera Syrphidae

Syraphus ruficauda unknown syrruf ar Diptera Syrphidae

Syrphus americanus syrphid fly syrame ar Diptera Syrphidae

Syrphus arcuatus syrphid fly syrarc ar Diptera Syrphidae

Tachys nanus ground beetle tacnan ar Coleoptera Carabidae

Tampinoma sessile unknown tamses ar Hymenoptera Formicidae

Temnochila chlorodia unknown temchl ar Coleoptera Trogositidae

Thanasimus dubius unknown thadub ar Coleoptera Cleridae

Thanasimus undatulus unknown thaund ar Coleoptera Cleridae

Thessalia fulvia brushfoot theful ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Thorybes diversus unknown thodiv ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Thorybes mexicana mexican cloudywing thomex ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Thorybes pylades northern cloudywing thopyl ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 40

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Trachykele blondeli juniper borer trablo ar Coleoptera Buprestidae

Tragosoma spp unknown traspp ar Coleoptera Cerambycidae

Trichodes ornatus ornate checkered beetle triorn ar Coleoptera Cleridae

Tricoryhyphes condylus mayfly tricon ar Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Tritneptis doris unknown tridor ar Hymenoptera Ptermoalidae

Trox sonorae skin beetle troson ar Coleoptera Scarabaeidae

Unknown velvet ant mutspp ar Hymenoptera Mutillidae

Unknown wasp sphspp ar Hymenoptera Sphecidae

Urocerus spp unknown urospp ar Hymenoptera Siricidae

Vanessa antiopa unknown vanant ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Vanessa atalanta red admiral vanata ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Vanessa californica unknown vancal ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Vanessa cardui painted lady vancar ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Vanessa virginiensis american lady vanvir ar Lepidoptera Nymphalidae

Vespamima spp clear-winged moth vesspp ar Lepidoptera Sessidae

Vespula acadica forest yellowjacket vesaca ar Hymenoptera Vespidae

Vespula pennsylvanica western yellowjacket vespen ar Hymenoptera Vespidae

Xeris spp unknown xerspp ar Hymenoptera Siricidae

Xylocopa spp unknown xylspp ar Hymenoptera Apidae

Zadiprion rohweri sawfly zadroh ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Zadiprion townsendi sawfly zadtow ar Hymenoptera Diprionidae

Zelleria haimbachi unknown zelhai ar Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae

Zelleria spp ermine moth zelspp ar Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae

Zerene cesonia southern dogface zerces ar Lepidoptera Pieridae

Zestusa dorus short-tailed arizona skipper zesdor ar Lepidoptera Hesperiidae

Accipiter cooperii cooper’s hawk acccoo bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Accipiter gentilis northern goshawk accgen bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Aegolius acadicus northern saw-whet owl aegaca bi Strigiformes Strigidae

Aeronautes saxatalis white-throated swift aersax bi Apodiformes Apoidae

Agelaius phoeniceus red-winged blackbird agepho bi Passeriformes Icteridae

Amphispiza bilineata black-throated sparrow ampbil bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle aquchr bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Archilochus alexandri black-chinned hummingbird arcale bi Apodiformes Trochilidae

Asio otus long-eared owl asiotu bi Strigiformes Strigidae

Bombycilla cedrorum cedar waxwing bomced bi Passeriformes Bombycillidae

Bubo virginianus great horned owl butvirg bi Strigiformes Strigidae

Buteo jamaicensis red-tailed hawk butjam bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Buteo regalis ferruginous hawk butreg bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Buteo swainsoni swainson’s hawk butswa bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Calcarius ornatus chestnut-collared longspur calorn bi Passeriformes Parulidae

Callipepla gambelii gambel’s quail calgam bi Galliformes Odontophoridae

Cardellina rubrifrons red-faced warbler carrub bi Passeriformes Parulidae

Cathartes aura turkey vulture cataur bi Ciconiiformes Cathartidae

Catharus guttatus hermit thrush catgut bi Passeriformes Turdidae

Catharus ustulatus swainson’s thrush catust bi Passeriformes Turdidae

Catherpes mexicanus canyon wren catmex bi Passeriformes Troglodytidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 41

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Certhia americana brown creeper cerame bi Passeriformes Certhiidae

Chondestes grammacus lark sparrow chogra bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Chordeiles minor common nighthawk chomin bi Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae

Cinclus mexicanus american dipper cinmex bi Passeriformes Cinclidae

Circus cyaneus northern harrier circya bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Cistothorus palustris marsh wren cispal bi Passeriformes Troglodytidae

Coccothraustes vespertinus evening grosbeak cocves bi Passeriformes Fringillidae

Colaptes auratus northern flicker colaur bi Piciformes Picidae

Contopus pertinax greater pewee conper bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Contopus sordidulus western wood-pewee consor bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Corvus brachyrhynchos american crow corbra bi Passeriformes Corvidae

Corvus corax common raven corcor bi Passeriformes Corvidae

Cyanocitta stelleri steller’s jay cyaste bi Passeriformes Corvidae

Cyrtonyx montezumae montezuma quail crymon bi Galliformes Odontophoridae

Dendragapus obscurus dusky grouse denobs bi Galliformes Phaisianidae

Dumetella carolinensis gray catbird dumcar bi Passeriformes Mimide

Empidonax difficilis pacific slope flycatcher empdif bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Empidonax hammondii hammond’s flycatcher empham bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Empidonax oberholseri dusky flycatcher empobe bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Eremophila alpestris horned lark erealp bi Passeriformes Alaudidae

Euphagus cyanocephalus brewer’s blackbird eupcya bi Passeriformes Icteridae

Falco mexicanus prairie falcon falmex bi Falconiformes Falconidae

Falco peregrinus peregrine falcon falper bi Falconiformes Falconidae

Falco sparverius american kestrel falspa bi Falconiformes Falconidae

Geothlypis trichas common yellowthroat geotri bi Passeriformes Parulidae

Glaucidium gnoma northern pygmy-owl glagno bi Strigiformes Strigidae

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus pinyon jay gymcya bi Passeriformes Corvidae

Haliaeetus leucocephalus bald eagle halleu bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Hirundo rustica barn swallow hirrus bi Passeriformes Hirundinidae

Icterus parisorum scott’s oriole ictpar bi Passeriformes Icteridae

Junco hyemalis dark-eyed junco junhye bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Lanius ludovicianus loggerhead shrike lanlud bi Passeriformes Laniidae

Loxia curvirostra red crossbill loxcur bi Passeriformes Fringillidae

Melanerpes formicivorus acorn woodpecker melfor bi Piciformes Picidae

Melanerpes lewis lewis’ woodpecker mellew bi Piciformes Picidae

Meleagris gallopavo wild turkey melgal bi Galliformes Phaisianidae

Melospiza lincolnii lincoln’s sparrow mellin bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Melospiza melodia song sparrow melmel bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Molothrus ater brown-headed cowbird molate bi Passeriformes Icteridae

Myadestes townsendi townsend’s solitaire myatow bi Passeriformes Turdidae

Myioborus pictus painted redstart myipic bi Passeriformes Parulidae

Nucifraga columbiana clark’s nutcracker nuccol bi Passeriformes Corvidae

Otus flammeolus flammulated owl otufla bi Strigiformes Strigidae

Pandion haliaetus osprey panhal bi Falconiformes Accipitridae

Passerculus sandwichensis savannah sparrow passan bi Passeriformes Emberizidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 42

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Patagioenas fasciata band-tailed pigeon patfas bi Columbiformes Columbidae

Peucedramus taeniatus olive warbler peutae bi Passeriformes Peucedramidae

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii common poorwill phanut bi Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae

Pheucticus melanocephalus black-headed grosbeak phemel bi Passeriformes Cardinalidae

Picoides pubescens downy woodpecker picpub bi Piciformes Picidae

Picoides villosus hairy woodpecker picvil bi Piciformes Picidae

Pipilo chlorurus green-tailed towhee pipchl bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Piranga flava hepatic tanager pirfla bi Passeriformes Cardinalidae

Piranga ludoviciana western tanager pirlud bi Passeriformes Cardinalidae

Poecile gambeli mountain chickadee poegam bi Passeriformes Paridae

Poecile sclateri mexican chickadee poescl bi Passeriformes Paridae

Polioptila caerulea blue-gray gnatcatcher polcae bi Passeriformes Sylviidae

Pooecetes gramineus vesper sparrow poogra bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Progne subis purple martin prosub bi Passeriformes Hirundinidae

Psaltriparus minimus bushtit psamin bi Passeriformes Aegithalidae

Regulus calendula ruby-crowned kinglet regcal bi Passeriformes Regulidae

Regulus satrapa golden-crowned kinglet regsat bi Passeriformes Regulidae

Salpinctes obsoletus rock wren salobs bi Passeriformes Troglodytidae

Sayornis nigricans black phoebe saynig bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Sayornis saya say’s phoebe saysay bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Selasphorus platycercus broad-tailed hummingbird selpla bi Apodiformes Trochilidae

Selasphorus rufus rufous hummingbird selruf bi Apodiformes Trochilidae

Sialia currucoides mountain bluebird siacur bi Passeriformes Turdidae

Sialia mexicana western bluebird siamex bi Passeriformes Turdidae

Sialia sialis eastern bluebird siasia bi Passeriformes Turdidae

Sitta canadensis red-breasted nuthatch sitcan bi Passeriformes Sittidae

Sitta carolinensis white-breasted nuthatch sitcar bi Passeriformes Sittidae

Sitta pygmaea pygmy nuthatch sitpyg bi Passeriformes Sittidae

Sphyrapicus nuchalis red-naped sapsucker sphnuc bi Piciformes Picidae

Sphyrapicus thyroideus williamson’s sapsucker sphthy bi Piciformes Picidae

Spinus pinus pine siskin spipin bi Passeriformes Fringillidae

Spizella passerina chipping sparrow spipas bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Strix occidentalis spotted owl strocc bi Strigiformes Strigidae

Sturnella magna eastern meadowlark stumag bi Passeriformes Icteridae

Sturnella neglecta western meadowlark stuneg bi Passeriformes Icteridae

Tachycineta bicolor tree swallow tacbic bi Passeriformes Hirundinidae

Tachycineta thalassina violet-green swallow tactha bi Passeriformes Hirundinidae

Thryomanes bewickii bewick’s wren thrbew bi Passeriformes Troglodytidae

Troglodytes aedon house wren troaed bi Passeriformes Troglodytidae

Turdus migratorius american robin turmig bi Passeriformes Turdidae

Tyrannus vociferans cassin’s kingbird tyrvoc bi Passeriformes Tyrannidae

Vireo gilvus warbling vireo virgil bi Passeriformes Vireonidae

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus yellow-headed blackbird xanxan bi Passeriformes Icteridae

Zenaida macroura mourning dove zenmac bi Columbiformes Columbidae

Zonotrichia leucophrys white crowned sparrow zonleu bi Passeriformes Emberizidae

Antilocapra americana pronghorn antame ma Artiodactyla Antilocapridae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 43

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Bassariscus astutus ringtail basast ma Carnivora Procyonidae

Canis latrans coyote canlat ma Carnivora Canidae

Castor canadensis american beaver cascan ma Rodentia Castoridae

Corynorhinus townsendii pale townsend’s big-eared bat cortow ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat eptfus ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Erethizon dorsatum north american porcupine eredor ma Rodentia Erethizontidae

Idionycteris phyllotis allen’s big-eared bat idiphy ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Lasionycteris noctivagans silver-haired bat lasnoc ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat lascin ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Lepus californicus black-tailed jackrabbit lepcal ma Lagomorpha Leporidae

Lynx rufus bobcat lynruf ma Carnivora Felidae

Mephitis mephitis striped skunk mepmep ma Carnivora Mephitidae

Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel musfre ma Carnivora Mustelidae

Myodes gapperi southern red-backed vole myogap ma Rodentia Arvicolinae

Myotis auriculus southwestern myotis myoaur ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Myotis evotis long-eared myotis myoevo ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Myotis occultus arizona myotis myoocc ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Myotis thysanodes fringed myotis myothy ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Myotis volans long-legged myotis myovol ma Chiroptera Vespertilionidae

Neotamias cinereicollis gray-collared chipmunk neocin1 ma Rodentia Sciuridae

Neotamias dorsalis cliff chipmunk neodor ma Rodentia Sciuridae

Neotoma albigula western white-throated woodrat neoalb ma Rodentia Muridae

Neotoma cinerea bushy-tailed woodrat neocin2 ma Rodentia Muridae

Neotoma mexicana mexican woodrat neomex ma Rodentia Muridae

Neotoma stephensi stephen’s wood rat neoste ma Rodentia Muridae

Nyctinomops macrotis big free-tailed bat nycmac ma Chiroptera Molossidae

Odocoileus hemionus mule deer odohem ma Artiodactyla Cervidae

Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer odovir ma Artiodactyla Cervidae

Onychomys torridus southern grasshopper mouse onytor ma Rodentia Muridae

Pecari tajacu collared peccary pectaj ma Artiodactyla Tayassuidae

Peromyscus boylii brush mouse perboy ma Rodentia Muridae

Peromyscus maniculatus american deer mouse perman ma Rodentia Muridae

Puma concolor mountain lion pumcon ma Carnivora Felidae

Sciurus aberti abert’s squirrel sciabe ma Rodentia Sciuridae

Sorex merriami merriam’s shrew sormer ma Soricimorpha Soricidae

Sorex monticolus montane shrew sormon ma Soricimorpha Soricidae

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus thirteen-lined ground squirrel spetri ma Rodentia Sciuridae

Spermophilus variegatus rock squirrel spevar ma Rodentia Sciuridae

Sylvilagus audubonii desert cottontail sylaud ma Lagomorpha Leporidae

Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail sylflo ma Lagomorpha Leporidae

Sylvilagus nuttallii mountain cottontail sylnut ma Lagomorpha Leporidae

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus red squirrel tamhud ma Rodentia Sciuridae

Taxidea taxus american badger taxtax ma Carnivora Mustelidae

Thomomys bottae botta’s pocket gopher thobot ma Rodentia Geomyidae

Thomomys talpoides northern pocket gopher thotal ma Rodentia Geomyidae
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-332. 2014 44

Scientific name Common name

Ainimal 

codea

Life 

form Order Family

Ursus americanus black bear ursame ma Carnivora Ursidae

Zapus hudsonius meadow jumping mouse zaphud ma Rodentia Dipodidae

Aspidoscelis exsanguis chihuahuan spotted whiptail aspexs re Squmata Teiidae

Aspidoscelis pai pai striped whiptail asppai re Squmata Teiidae

Aspidoscelis sonorae sonoran spotted whiptail aspson re Squmata Teiidae

Aspidoscelis velox plateau striped whiptail aspvel re Squmata Teiidae

Coluber constrictor racer colcon re Squmata Colubridae

Crotalus atrox western diamond-backed rattlesnake croatr re Squmata Crotalidae

Crotalus cerberus arizona black rattlesnake crocebe re Squmata Crotalidae

Crotalus lepidus rock rattlesnake crolep re Squmata Crotalidae

Crotalus molossus black-tailed rattlesnake cromol re Squmata Crotalidae

Crotalus pricei twin-spotted rattlesnake cropri re Squmata Crotalidae

Crotalus viridis prairie rattlesnake crovir re Squmata Crotalidae

Crotalus willardi ridge-noseed rattlesnake crowil re Squmata Crotalidae

Crotaphytus collaris eastern collared lizard crocol re Squmata Crotaphytidae

Diadophis punctatus ring-necked snake didpun re Squmata Dipsadidae

Elgaria kingii madrean alligator lizard elgkin re Squmata Anguidae

Hypsiglena torquata night snake hyptor re Squmata Dipsadidae

Kinosternon sonoriense sonoran mud turtle kinson re Chelonia Kinosternidae

Lampropeltis pyromelana sonoran mountain kingsnake lampyr re Squmata Colubridae

Lampropeltis triangulum milk snake lamtri re Squmata Colubridae

Phrynosoma hernandesi mountain short-horned lizard phyher re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Phrynosoma modestum round-tailed horned lizard phrmod re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Pituophis catenifer gopher snake pitcat re Squmata Colubridae

Plestiodon obsoletus great plains skink pleobs re Squmata Scincidae

Plestiodon skiltonianus western skink pleski re Squmata Scinicidae

Sceloporus jarrovii yarrow’s spiny lizard scejar re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Sceloporus slevini slevin’s bunchgrass lizard sceslv re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Sceloporus undulatus fence lizard sceund re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Sceloporus virgatus striped plateau lizard scevir re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Tantilla hobartsmithi smith’s blackhead snake tanhob re Squmata Colubridae

Tantilla wilcoxi chihuahuan black-headed snake tanwil re Squmata Colubridae

Thamnophis cyrtopsis western blackneck gartersnake thacyr re Squmata Natricidae

Thamnophis elegans terrestrial gartersnake thaele re Squmata Natricidae

Thamnophis eques mexican gartersnake thaequ re Squmata Natricidae

Thamnophis rufipunctatus narrow-headed gartersnake tharuf re Squmata Natricidae

Urosaurus graciosus long-tailed brush lizard urogra re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Urosaurus ornatus ornate tree lizard uroorn re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

Uta stansburiana side-blotched lizard utasta re Squmata Phrynosomatidae

aAnimal code: The first 3 letters from genus plus the first 3 letters of species. When duplicates occur, the last letter is replaced by a number. 

The spp after the first 3 letters of a genus indicates that the species may be present but needs verification. This code is the unique, primary key 

for using animal data in a relational database.
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an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program, 

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United States Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Rocky Mountain Research Station