IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 231A19

Filed 3 April 2020

IN THE MATTER OF: K.N.K.

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from an order entered on 

18 March 2019 by Judge Ward D. Scott in District Court, Buncombe County. This 

matter was calendared in the Supreme Court on 25 March 2020 and determined on 

the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North 

Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

No brief for petitioner-appellee mother.

Leslie Rawls for respondent-appellant father.

NEWBY, Justice.

Respondent, father of the minor child K.N.K. (Kathy),1 appeals from the trial 

court’s order granting the petition filed by the child’s mother (petitioner) for the 

termination of respondent-father’s parental rights. We affirm.

Petitioner and respondent were involved in a relationship from 2010 to 2012

but never married. Kathy was born in December 2011 and has lived with petitioner

in Buncombe County, North Carolina since birth. On 25 August 2014, respondent

filed a complaint against petitioner with the District Court in Buncombe County,

 

1 A pseudonym is used to protect the identity of the juvenile and for ease of reading.
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seeking joint legal custody of Kathy and visitation. Petitioner obtained a domestic 

violence protective order (DVPO) against respondent on 27 August 2014 that 

continued through 12 May 2018; since 12 May 2015, that order has included Kathy

as well, excepting only court ordered supervised visitation with respondent.

2

Petitioner filed an answer in the custody matter on 28 October 2014, requesting sole 

custody of Kathy and attorney’s fees. 

On the morning of the custody hearing, respondent advised the court he was 

abandoning his claim for joint custody of Kathy. On 1 June 2015, the trial court 

awarded petitioner “sole care, custody and control” of Kathy, finding that respondent

“failed to take his role and responsibility as a parent of the minor child seriously.”

The court granted respondent twice monthly supervised visitation with Kathy at the 

Mediation Center through its Family Visitation Program and invited respondent to 

“file the appropriate motion before this Court” to modify the order once he 

“demonstrated the ability to be consistent with the visits” and “demonstrate[d] that 

 

2 Before being served with the custody action, petitioner obtained an ex parte DVPO

against respondent on 27 August 2014 based on respondent’s threatening Facebook posts 

about petitioner. Respondent then unsuccessfully sought an ex parte DVPO against petitioner 

on 3 September 2014. On 11 September 2014, the trial court transferred the parties’ DVPO 

actions to family court and consolidated them with the custody proceeding. Following a series 

of continuances, the trial court held a hearing in the consolidated action on 12 May 2015. On

12 May 2015, the trial court granted petitioner a DVPO forbidding respondent to be in the 

presence of petitioner or Kathy unless otherwise allowed by the court’s visitation order in the 

case. The court subsequently renewed the one-year DVPO for two additional years until 12 

May 2018. The court dismissed respondent’s DVPO action against petitioner.
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he is stable and operating at a higher maturity level . . . .” Respondent was also 

ordered to pay $4,915.70 in attorney’s fees to petitioner’s counsel.

On 11 September 2017, petitioner filed a petition to terminate respondent’s 

parental rights. See N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-1100, -1104 (2019). After hearing evidence over 

four dates between 9 July 2018 and 14 November 2018, the trial court entered an 

order terminating respondent’s parental rights on 18 March 2019. In doing so, the 

court concluded respondent had willfully abandoned Kathy within the meaning of

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7) (2019), and such abandonment justified termination. Based 

on its adjudication, the court proceeded to the dispositional stage of the proceeding

under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) (2019) and determined it was in Kathy’s best interest to 

terminate respondent’s parental rights. Respondent appealed. See N.C.G.S. § 7B1001(a1)(1) (2019).

Respondent claims the trial court’s findings do not support its adjudication 

under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7), which authorizes the termination of parental rights 

if “[t]he parent has willfully abandoned the juvenile for at least six consecutive 

months immediately preceding the filing of the petition.” Respondent also claims the 

trial court abused its discretion at the dispositional stage of the proceeding by 

concluding Kathy’s best interest would be served by terminating his parental rights.

“We review a trial court’s adjudication under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111 ‘to determine 

whether the findings are supported by clear, cogent and convincing evidence and the
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findings support the conclusions of law.’ ” In re E.H.P., 372 N.C. 388, 392, 831 S.E.2d 

49, 52 (2019) (quoting In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 111, 316 S.E.2d 246, 253 

(1984)); see also N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(f) (2019). Unchallenged findings are deemed to 

be supported by the evidence and are “binding on appeal.” In re Z.L.W., 372 N.C. 432, 

437, 831 S.E.2d 62, 65 (2019). “Moreover, we review only those [challenged] findings 

necessary to support the trial court’s determination that grounds existed to terminate 

respondent’s parental rights.” In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407, 831 S.E.2d 54, 58–59 

(2019); accord In re A.R.A., 373 N.C. 190, 195, 835 S.E.2d 417, 421 (2019) (reviewing 

only the challenged findings necessary to support the trial court’s determination that 

grounds for termination existed).

A court may terminate parental rights if “[t]he parent has willfully abandoned 

the juvenile for at least six consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of 

the petition.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7).

“Abandonment implies conduct on the part of the parent 

which manifests a willful determination to forego all 

parental duties and relinquish all parental claims to the 

child.” In re Young, 346 N.C. [244,] 251, 485 S.E.2d [612,]

617 [1997] (citation omitted). “[I]f a parent withholds his 

presence, his love, his care, the opportunity to display filial 

affection, and willfully neglects to lend support and 

maintenance, such parent relinquishes all parental claims 

and abandons the child.” Pratt v. Bishop, 257 N.C. 486, 501, 

126 S.E.2d 597, 608 (1962) (citation omitted).

In re N.D.A., 373 N.C. 71, 77, 833 S.E.2d 768, 773 (2019) (alteration in original). The

willfulness of a parent’s actions is a question of fact for the trial court. See Pratt, 257
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N.C. at 501, 126 S.E.2d at 608; see also Stancill v. Stancill, 241 N.C. App. 529, 531, 

773 S.E.2d 890, 892 (2015) (“Where the trial court sits as the finder of fact, and where 

different reasonable inferences can be drawn from the evidence, the determination of 

which reasonable inferences shall be drawn is for the trial court.” (quoting Brandon

v. Brandon, 132 N.C. App. 646, 651–52, 513 S.E.2d 589, 593 (1999))). “ ‘Intent’ and 

‘wilful[l]ness’ are mental emotions and attitudes and are seldom capable of direct 

proof; they must ordinarily be proven by circumstances from which they may be 

inferred . . . .” State v. Arnold, 264 N.C. 348, 349, 141 S.E.2d 473, 474 (1965). 

“[A]lthough the trial court may consider a parent’s conduct outside the six-month 

window in evaluating a parent’s credibility and intentions, the ‘determinative’ period 

for adjudicating willful abandonment is the six consecutive months preceding the 

filing of the petition.” In re N.D.A., 373 N.C. at 77, 833 S.E.2d at 773 (quoting In re 

D.E.M., 257 N.C. App. 618, 619, 810 S.E.2d 375, 378 (2018)).

Here petitioner filed her petition in this case on 11 September 2017. Therefore, 

respondent’s conduct toward Kathy in the period from 11 March 2017 to 

11 September 2017 is at issue. See Young, 346 N.C. at 251, 485 S.E.2d at 617. The 

trial court found that, during the determinative period, respondent “has withheld his 

presence, his love and care, and foregone his opportunities to display his filial 

affection for the minor child since 2014,” and respondent “did have the settled intent 

to forego all parental responsibility and in fact did forego all of those responsibilities 

since at least 2014.” In concluding respondent “has abandoned the minor child for at 
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least six (6) months preceding the filing of the Petition in this matter consistent with 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7),” the court also expressly found respondent’s “conduct was 

intentional and willful and evinced a settled purpose to forego all parental duties and 

relinquish all claims to the minor child.” This ultimate, dispositive finding must be 

supported by the evidence and by the evidentiary facts found by the trial court. See

In re N.D.A., 373 N.C. at 76–77, 833 S.E.2d at 773.

The trial court’s adjudicatory findings show that, from 2014 until the petition’s 

filing date, respondent had no contact or communication of any kind with Kathy;

provided no financial support for Kathy;

3 sent Kathy no cards, gifts, or letters; and 

neither attended nor attempted to attend any of Kathy’s medical appointments, 

educational functions, or extracurricular activities. Moreover, despite having been 

awarded twice monthly visitation in the 1 June 2016 custody order, respondent did 

not attend a single visit during the determinative time period; nor did respondent 

 

3 Though evidentiary support exists for the finding, respondent objects to the trial 

court’s reliance on the fact that he failed to provide any financial support for Kathy during 

the relevant period as a basis to conclude he willfully abandoned the child. Because he 

received Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) benefits, respondent contends the court’s 

finding improperly “suggests” he could provide support for Kathy.

Notwithstanding respondent’s disability, the trial court could consider that he 

contributed nothing toward Kathy’s support and maintenance since 2014, despite having at 

least some income. Respondent testified that he earned additional income in 2016 and 2017 

playing semi-professional football, that he declined a professional football contract worth 

$524,000.00 in 2018 to remain close to Kathy, and that he had been working full-time since 

June 2018, all while collecting SSDI benefits. Even without this finding, we conclude that 

the court would have reached the same conclusion about respondent’s willful abandonment 

of Kathy. 
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return to court to attempt to modify the terms of the custody order. The trial court 

also found that respondent “has always had the ability to visit the minor child, and 

knowingly and willing[ly] chose not to visit the minor child” and “not to have any

contact with the minor child.”

The trial court’s findings show respondent’s complete lack of involvement with 

Kathy, not only during the determinative six-month period, but dating back to 2014.

We hold these facts support the court’s ultimate findings that respondent acted 

willfully and with an intention to forego his parental responsibilities to Kathy.

Having reviewed the trial court’s evidentiary findings, we find no merit to 

respondent’s arguments challenging the court’s ultimate findings and conclusion 

that, by withholding his presence, love, care, and filial affection from Kathy, he 

willfully abandoned the minor child during the six months preceding petitioner’s 

filing of the petition. Respondent’s actions both prior to and during the determinative 

six-month period support a reasonable inference of willfulness for purposes of 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7). See In re E.H.P., 372 N.C. at 394, 831 S.E.2d at 53.

While respondent challenges several of the court’s evidentiary findings, each 

of these contested findings concern his actions outside the six-month period from 11 

March 2017 to 11 September 2017. The evidence shows respondent began attending 

visitations at the Mediation Center on 6 January 2018, well outside the relevant time 

period. After his second hour-long visit with Kathy on 20 January 2018, respondent 

“discontinued” his participation in the Family Visitation Program and did not resume 
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visitations until 28 April 2018.4 Respondent’s 28 April 2018 visitation was cancelled 

because he attempted to bring his twelve-year-old daughter to the visit without 

permission. Thereafter and up to the time of the termination hearing, respondent 

attended all but two of his scheduled visitations, except for two visits cancelled by 

petitioner during this period. Respondent challenges the trial court’s findings that 

the totality of his behavior with regard to visitations in 2018 “clearly demonstrate[s] 

to this Court his entire lack of interest in parenting [Kathy]” and “is entirely contrary 

to his testimony before this Court how pained he has been by not seeing the minor 

child” during the several preceding years. 

 

4 Respondent informed the visitation monitor that he “w[ould] be out of town for 

several months starting 2/1/2018.” Respondent testified that he was unable to visit Kathy 

during that period because he was pursuing a professional football career with the Miami 

Dolphins. The trial court made detailed findings to explain why it found respondent’s 

testimony about his football career, and his whereabouts from January to May 2018, not 

credible. The Mediation Center’s Client Services Coordinator confirmed to respondent by 

letter dated 24 January 2018 “that supervised visitation services between you and your minor 

child at the Family Visitation Program were discontinued effective January 20, 2018 . . . . at 

your request.” 

Respondent asserts the trial court erroneously implied a connection between an 

“incident” which occurred at his second visit with Kathy on 20 January 2018 and his decision 

to discontinue visitations from 20 January 2018 until 28 April 2018. The Mediation Center’s 

records show no incident during this visit. The report from the 20 January 2018 visit shows 

only that respondent asked the staff to record that Kathy was transported to and from the 

visitation by petitioner’s husband rather than petitioner. At respondent’s next scheduled visit 

on 28 April 2018, however, police were called to the Mediation Center after respondent 

refused to leave the premises and tried to enter an unauthorized area to locate Kathy.

Regardless, the trial court could reasonably infer from defendant’s prolonged absence from 

20 January 2018 to 28 April 2018 that defendant willfully discontinued his twice monthly 

visitation rights.
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There exists an evidentiary basis for the trial court’s assessment that 

respondent’s actions in 2018 did not demonstrate a commitment to parenting Kathy 

or an equivalent focus on the needs and well-being of the minor child. While the record 

shows respondent’s visits with six-year-old Kathy were affectionate and positive, 

their activities together did not progress beyond playing video or board games. 

Regardless, any error in these findings is harmless and had no impact on the court’s 

adjudication because they occurred in 2018 after the petition was filed and well 

outside the determinative time period. See In re Beck, 109 N.C. App. 539, 548, 428 

S.E.2d 232, 238 (1993) (upholding trial court’s adjudication of grounds to terminate 

parental rights for neglect where, “[i]f the erroneous finding is deleted, there remains 

an abundance of clear, cogent, and convincing evidence to support the finding of 

neglect”).

Finally, respondent contends the trial court’s mistaken reference to abandoned

custody “claims” on 12 May 2015 erroneously suggests he also abandoned his claim

for visitation with Kathy along with his custody claim. See generally Clark v. Clark, 

294 N.C. 554, 575–76, 243 S.E.2d 129, 142 (1978) (“Visitation privileges are but a 

lesser degree of custody.”). The trial court understood respondent’s request for 

visitation. The termination order quotes the portion of the 1 June 2015 custody order 

that recognized respondent’s visitation request and granted respondent twice 

monthly supervised visitation with Kathy. As discussed above, the trial court clearly 

based its adjudication decision on the fact that respondent “did not exercise his court 
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ordered visitation with the minor a single time prior to the petition” being filed on 11 

September 2017 rather than the custody proceedings in 2015. 

Having concluded that the trial court did not err in its adjudicatory findings 

and conclusions, we next consider respondent’s contentions regarding the 

dispositional stage. At the dispositional stage, we review the trial court’s conclusion 

that terminating a respondent’s parental rights is in the child’s best interest only for 

abuse of discretion. In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. 165, 171, 752 S.E.2d 453, 457 (2013). “An 

abuse of discretion is a decision manifestly unsupported by reason or one so arbitrary 

that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Briley v. Farabow, 348 

N.C. 537, 547, 501 S.E.2d 649, 656 (1998). The trial court’s dispositional findings of 

fact are reviewed under a “competent evidence” standard. See In re A.H., 250 N.C. 

App. 546, 565–66, 794 S.E.2d 866, 879–80 (2016), disc. rev. denied, 369 N.C. 562, 798 

S.E.2d 749 (2017); cf. Stephens v. Stephens, 213 N.C App. 495, 503, 715 S.E.2d 168, 

174 (2011) (“As long as there is competent evidence to support the trial court’s 

findings, its determination as to the child’s best interests cannot be upset absent 

a manifest abuse of discretion.” (quoting Metz v. Metz, 138 N.C. App. 538, 541, 530 

S.E.2d 79, 81 (2000)).

In determining a juvenile’s best interest under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a),

[t]he court may consider any evidence, including hearsay 

evidence as defined in G.S. 8C-1, Rule 801, that the court 

finds to be relevant, reliable, and necessary to determine 

the best interests of the juvenile. In each case, the court 
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shall consider the following criteria and make written 

findings regarding the following that are relevant:

(1) The age of the juvenile.

(2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile.

(3) Whether the termination of parental rights will 

aid in the accomplishment of the permanent plan for 

the juvenile.

(4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent.

(5) The quality of the relationship between the 

juvenile and the proposed adoptive parent, 

guardian, custodian, or other permanent placement.

(6) Any relevant consideration.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a)(1)–(6).

The trial court made detailed dispositional findings addressing each of the 

factors in subsection 7B-1110(a). In addition to recounting respondent’s 

abandonment of Kathy “for years preceding the petition in this matter[,]” the findings 

describe the six-year-old child’s resulting lack of bond with respondent as well as her

strong bond with petitioner’s husband, who has raised Kathy as his own child and 

hopes to adopt her. The court’s findings portray Kathy as happy, well-loved, and 

thriving in her current home with petitioner, her husband, and their two-year-old 

son. The findings also note the opinion of Kathy’s guardian ad litem (GAL) that it is 

in Kathy’s best interest that respondent’s rights be terminated. To the extent 

respondent does not contest these findings, he is bound thereby. In re Z.L.W., 372 
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N.C. at 435–36, 831 S.E.2d at 65.

Respondent challenges the following dispositional findings as unsupported by 

competent evidence:

c. . . . [T]he minor child is not certain who the Respondent 

Father is to her and does not consider him a part of her 

family.

. . . .

e. There is no bond between the juvenile and the 

Respondent Father.

. . . .

m. While the minor child indicated that she likes the visits 

with “Tony[,”] the competent evidence is that the minor 

child plays games with the Respondent Father during her 

visits, is a content and settled child, but has no bond with 

the Respondent Father.

o. The conduct of the Respondent Father, as found above, 

demonstrates that said Respondent will not promote the 

minor child’s physical and emotional well-being.

We agree with respondent that a certain degree of conflict may exist between 

the finding that Kathy does not view him as part of her family and the GAL’s report 

that Kathy described respondent as “part of her family,” even though she did not 

know how she was related to him. Petitioner testified Kathy had no memory of 

respondent when their visitations began in January 2018. Thereafter, Kathy told 

petitioner she liked the games she played during visits but had not otherwise 

expressed any feelings about respondent. Although the Mediation Center’s records 
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show that Kathy told petitioner she “got to see daddy” following her initial visit with 

respondent on 6 January 2018, the visitation monitor had referred to respondent as 

“[y]our dad” to Kathy at the beginning of this visit. Records from subsequent visits 

show Kathy calling respondent by his first name, “Tony,” despite respondent 

referring to himself as her “daddy” during the visits. After each of their two most 

recent visits on 26 September 2018 and 10 October 2018, respondent voiced his 

concern to the visitation monitor that Kathy continued to call him by his first name.

While the trial court found the lack of any bond between respondent and 

Kathy, the evidence supports a finding of no parent-child bond between them. The 

GAL’s written report to the trial court, the visitation records of the Mediation Center, 

and petitioner’s testimony largely support the contested findings. We find significant 

Kathy’s statement to the GAL that “she had only one father[,]” petitioner’s husband. 

Competent evidence also supports the trial court’s finding that respondent’s 

conduct indicates he “will not promote [Kathy’s] physical and emotional well-being” 

should he retain his parental rights. As the trier of fact, the trial court could 

reasonably draw this inference based on respondent’s abandonment of his daughter 

over a period of several years before petitioner filed her petition to terminate his 

rights and his irregular attendance at visitations in response to petitioner’s filing. As 

made plain in its findings, the court considered respondent’s testimony about his 

prior conduct toward Kathy demonstrably false and self-serving. Based on this 

evidence, the court found respondent’s averments “as to his future intentions with 
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this minor child . . . not credible.”

We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Kathy’s 

best interest would be served by the termination of respondent’s parental rights. The 

court’s findings demonstrate its careful consideration of the dispositional factors 

prescribed in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a), including the strong bond between Kathy and 

petitioner’s husband, his intention to adopt Kathy, and the loving home environment 

petitioner and her husband created for Kathy and their young son. That assessment

accords with the GAL’s recommendation that respondent’s rights be terminated.

Lastly, respondent cites a series of cases recognizing a presumption in favor of 

the child’s biological parents in matters related to child custody. See, e.g., Petersen v. 

Rogers, 337 N.C. 397, 403–04, 445 S.E.2d 901, 905 (1994). Nonetheless, this reliance 

on Petersen and like cases in which the parents were not shown to have acted 

inconsistently with their constitutionally-protected status is unavailing. While this 

Court has long recognized “the constitutionally-protected paramount right of parents 

to custody, care, and control of their children,” id. at 406, 445 S.E.2d at 905, it is also 

well-established, however, that “[a] parent loses this paramount interest if he or she 

is found to be unfit or acts inconsistently ‘with his or her constitutionally protected 

status,’ ” Boseman v. Jarrell, 364 N.C. 537, 549, 704 S.E.2d 494, 503 (2010) (quoting 

David N. v. Jason N., 359 N.C. 303, 307, 608 S.E.2d 751, 753 (2005)). Once a parent 

has forfeited his constitutionally protected status, issues related to child custody are

determined based purely on the child’s best interests. Price v. Howard, 346 N.C. 68,
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79, 484 S.E.2d 528, 534–35 (1997).

An adjudication of grounds for terminating parental rights under N.C.G.S. 

§ 7B-1111(a) constitutes a determination by the trial court that the respondentparent is unfit or has acted inconsistently with his constitutionally protected status

with regard to the subject juvenile. See Owenby v. Young, 357 N.C. 142, 145, 579 

S.E.2d 264, 267 (2003) (identifying an adjudication under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a) as 

one of “at least two methods a court may use to find that a natural parent has forfeited 

his or her constitutionally protected status”). The dispositional statute thus provides

that only “[a]fter an adjudication that one or more grounds for terminating a parent’s 

rights exist, the court shall determine whether terminating the parent’s rights is in 

the juvenile’s best interest.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) (emphasis added). 

Having adjudicated respondent’s willful abandonment of Kathy under 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7), the trial court was obliged by N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) to 

determine whether it was in Kathy’s best interests to terminate respondent’s 

parental rights, and to do so without regard to any competing interest of respondent.

Cf. Owenby, 357 N.C. at 146, 579 S.E.2d at 267 (“Once a court determines that a 

parent has actually engaged in conduct inconsistent with the protected status, the 

‘best interest of the child test’ may be applied without offending the Due Process 

Clause.”). The court undertook the appropriate statutory inquiry and reached a 

reasoned decision about Kathy’s best interest based on the evidence. The trial court’s 

order is affirmed.
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AFFIRMED.