# Patent

## Title
Apparatus for induction heating of bearings or the like

## Abstract

A method for heating a composite comprising a nonconductive material that is a thermoplastic or a thermoset reinforced with conductive materials such as carbon fibers, by incorporating coupling particles in the structure. The structure is oriented in the plane of a magnetic field induced at frequencies from 3 kHz to 7 MHz, whereby the coupling particles respond as susceptors to the induced magnetic field and are preferentially heated (carbon fibers are not heated).

## Background
This invention relates to a method for heating a fiber reinforced resin material by magnetic induction and, more particularly, it relates to a method for selectively heating a resin composite reinforced with an electrically conductive fiber by magnetic induction without substantially heating the electrically conductive fiber.

U.S. Pat. No 4,871,412 discloses a method of bonding a thermoplastic layer to a substrate, the thermoplastic layer contains electrical conductive fibers such as carbon fibers which are heated by inducing electric currents into the fibers at frequencies in the frequency range of 3-4 MHz. At the frequency range involved, it is believed by the patentee that sufficient voltage is induced in the carbon fiber to cause breakdown between fibers, between adjacent layers and possibly within one layer such that circulating eddy currents heat the carbon fibers which brings the thermoplastic up to a softening or fusion temperature.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,393,541 discloses that by properly selecting finely divided metal particles and alloys having ferromagnetic properties, the heating temperature in the presence of a high frequency magnetic field may be readily limited and controlled to the particular temperature or temperature range necessary for the heat-treating of materials such as glue, adhesives or plastics. When any of the various metals or alloys of the ferromagnetic class become heated to a particular temperature, known as the Curie point therefor, then the ferromagnetic qualities cease. As a result, any further application of a high frequency field is substantially ineffective to cause further heating if the particles are small. Masses of metal of substantial size may be heated by magnetic induction due to the setting up of eddy currents, as well as because of hysteresis effects in the case of metals of the ferromagnetic class. The patentee discloses that since the ferromagnetic particles are finely divided and effectively insulated from each other by the adhesive or other dielectric material mixed therewith, there is no substantial heating above the Curie point due to eddy currents and that particles may be chosen such that the heating effect is discontinued upon reaching the Curie point for the particles so that the non-conductive material is protected against damage if it is of the nature of damage that might occur by more prolonged heating without a further temperature rise.

The invention involves a method for selectively heating a composite structure comprising a nonconductive material such as a thermoplastic resin reinforced with conductive materials such as carbon fibers, by associating with the composite structure with a preferential heating material having characteristics of high magnetic permeability, high hysteresis loss loop and a Curie temperature point near the melting or curing temperature of the resin material, and subjecting the structure to an external magnetic flux induced with frequencies of about 3 kHz to 7 MHz, whereby the preferential heating material respond as a susceptor to the flux field and is preferentially heated and thereby heating the composite structure to the desired or selected temperature.

The principles of this invention may be used in connection with bonding operations or in molding or shaping operations.

Only the preferential heating material is heated by the induction field; neither the resin nor the carbon fibers are substantially heated by the magnetic lines. The structural integrity of the reinforcing fibers and the plastic to give the high performance characteristics of the composite is not damaged--as can be the situation if the carbon fibers themselves were susceptors and heated by the external source.

A key aspect of the method when high frequencies are used to induct magnetic fields is to orient the composite structure and associated preferential heating material so that they are within and aligned with the plane of the induced magnetic field whereby circulating eddy currents will not substantially heat the electrical conductive fibers to cause overheating of the material.

The preferential heating material preferably is in the form of magnetic particles. However, other forms of the material such as foils and screens are also satisfactory for use.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a composite structure oriented within an induced magnetic field.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 1 showing more detail of the composite within the induced magnetic field.

FIGS. 3-6 show alternate locations of particles coupled with the magnetic field and associated with the composite structure.

In the embodiment shown for purposes of illustration in FIGS. 1 and 2, a composite structure 10 is surrounded by a coil 12 energized by an induction generator 12a with an instantaneous electrical current flowing in the direction of the arrows. The energized coil generates an instantaneous induced magnetic field of flux 14 that surrounds the composite structure 10 which is substantially aligned with the plane of the induced magnetic field 14. As best shown in FIG. 2, the composite structure 10 comprises a resin matrix 19 reinforced with electrical conductive material 20 such as carbon fiber. Preferably the carbon fiber is in a two dimensional planar array within the resin material. Associated with the lower surface of composite structure 10 is a layer of resin film 16 having a plurality of coupling particles 18 embedded i fi As used herein, a coupling particle is either a magnetically conductive particle or an electrical charge carrier when an electrical current is applied. In general, all metallic particles are conductive particles. Preferably the coupling particles are magnetic with a Curie temperature and a hysteresis loop.

FIGS. 3-6 show embodiments of different arrangements for associating coupling particles 18 with a composite structure 10. More particularly, in FIG. 3 the coupling particles 18 are within the composite structure 10a mixed with the electrical conductive fibers 20. In FIG. 4 the coupling particles 18 are located close to one surface but within composite structure 10b. In FIG. 5 the coupling particles 18 are on the surface of composite structure 10c and in FIG. 6 the coupling particles 18 are embedded in a film 16 which is located adjacent a surface of composite structure 10d.

In operation, a high frequency alternating current is applied to coil 12 which in turn generates a magnetic field 14 in accordance with known magnetic circuit principles. The field 14 is shown oriented in substantially one plane. The composite structure is oriented in the plane of the magnetic field providing for efficient hysteresis heating of the particles which in turn leads to selective heating of the areas of the composite structure associated with the particles and inefficient or substantially no heating of the electrical conductive fibers because the area of the conductive fibers exposed to the magnetic lines of flux 14 is small which tends to confine circulating eddy currents within the individual fibers rather than between fibers, thus minimizing heat generated thereby.

In a series of tests to show the effect of frequency and orientation within an induced magnetic field on heating of a resin reinforced with an electrically conductive fiber and a resin containing particles capable of coupling with the magnetic field, the following 1".times.1" samples of composites were made and tested. The composites were polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) resin and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) resin, both reinforced with AS-4 carbon fibers of a nominal diameter of 8 .mu.m. In the PEKK and PEEK composites the volume fraction of carbon fibers was 60% of the laminate. The fibers were either unidirectional, quasi-isotropic or in woven fabric in the laminates.

A variety of types and sizes of coupling particles separately mixed were in a Hysol Dexter Epoxy Patch 0151 adhesive to make a series of films 0.05" thick.

Each of the PEEK and PEKK composites and each of the adhesive films containing coupling particles were individually placed in induction coils 2" in diameter made from 1/4" copper tubing and exposed to induced magnetic fields generated at various frequencies by the following induction generators: 15 kW, 3-10 KHz frequency generator. N.Y., is a SP-15 type, 15 kW, 50-200 KHz frequency generator. N.Y., is an EA-30 type, 2 kW, 2-7 MHz frequency generator.

The conditions and the amount of heating of the composites and the adhesive films are shown in Tables I and II, respectively. ______________________________________ COMPOSITE HEATING Position to Fre-                Temper- Composite Magnetic  quency   Power Time ature Type      Lines     (KHz)    (kW)  (Sec) (.degree.C.) ______________________________________ 12-ply PEEK Normal     6       10    160  23 Quasi 12-ply PEKK 0.degree.  6       10    160  23 Quasi 24-ply PEKK Normal     6       10    160  25 Quasi 12-ply PEKK Normal    82       7      10  250 Quasi 16-ply PEKK Normal    82       7     120  50 Unidirectional 12-ply PEKK 0.degree. 82       7     120  35 Quasi 12-ply PEEK 0.degree. 82       7     120  23 Quasi 12-ply PEEK Normal    82       7      10  170 Quasi 12-ply PEKK 0.degree. 82       7     120  50 Unidirectional 12-ply PEKK Normal    82       7     120  50 Unidirectional 12-ply PEKK Normal    4,500    0.25   10  340 Quasi 12-ply PEKK 0.degree. 4,500    0.25   60  38 Quasi 24-ply PEKK Normal    82       7      5   245 Quasi 24-ply PEKK 0.degree. 82       7     100  38 Quasi 1-ply PEEK Normal    82       7     120  25 Unidirectional 1-ply PEKK Normal    82       7     120  25 Unidirectional 1-ply PEKK Normal    123      4      10  200 Woven 1-ply PEKK 0         123      4     120  28 Woven 8-ply PEKK Normal    123      4     210  140 Quasi* 8-ply PEKK Normal    123      4      50  370 Quasi 8-ply PEKK Normal    82       7      20  370 Woven 8-ply PEKK 0         82       7      60  55 Woven 12-ply PEKK Normal    82       7      10  190 Quasi LDF .TM. 12-ply PEKK 0         82       7     120  30 Quasi PDF .TM. ______________________________________ *Volume fraction of carbon fibers is 40%. Note that all other laminates have a volume fraction of carbon fibers of 60%.

It was noted that: critical since, for example, composites of the order of 24-ply thickness and less do not heat up; the magnetic lines are normal to the direction of fibers; up provided the magnetic lines are at 0.degree. with the conductive reinforcing fiber; and composite and this two-dimensional plane is 0.degree. to induced magnetic lines, then the composite will not heat up by eddy currents. __________________________________________________________________________ HEATING OF CPs (COUPLING PARTICLES) Relative Weight Magnetic Size Frequency Power Time Temperature CP    (%) Permeability (.mu.m) (KHz) (kW) (Sec) (.degree.C.) __________________________________________________________________________ Iron  50  200    <5     6.5 10  100 100 Nickel 50  100    <5   64   6.4 30 120 Nickel 50  100    <60  64   6.4 30 180 Manganese- 66   1     <5   88   5.5 15 120 ferrite Iron  50   50    <5  129   2   70 205 Nickel 5  100    <5  129   2   30  30 Nickel 30  100    <5  129   2   90  90 Nickel 50  100    <5  129   2   30 235 Magnetic 30  >10    <1  129   2   30  80 oxide Magnetic 50  >10    <1  129   2   30 280 oxide Magnetic 50  >10    <1   85   6.5 16 350 oxide Manganese- 50   1     <5   88   5.5 15  30 ferrite Manganese- 50   1     <5  4,500 0.25 4 100 ferrite Manganese- 66   1     <5  4,500 0.25 4 220 ferrite Magnetic 50  >10    <1  4,500 0.25 10 220 oxide __________________________________________________________________________ hysteresis loss loop and/or higher magnetic permeability gives higher temperatures.

An eight turn round coil of 1/4" copper tubing, inside diameter of coil was 2.5", was energized by an Ameritherm generator (tuned at 85 KHz, power 6.12 kW).

Magnetic oxide CPs were mixed in PEKK 60:40 thermoplastic neat resin film. The size of the CPs was in the submicron range and CP concentration was 70% by weight. A coupling film was made and its thickness was 0.04". Two 0.125".times.1".times.6" laminates in a single overlap configuration with 1" overlap and the coupling film sandwiched in the overlap region of the material.

The laminates were 12-ply quasi-isotropic AS-4/PEKK. The PEKK resin was 70:30 type and the volume fraction of the continuous carbon-fibers was 60%. The laminates were positioned such that the plies were 0.degree. to the induced magnetic lines, and the overlap region was put under a 40 psi pressure.

A joint was made in 16 seconds. The temperature in the composite film reached 340.degree. C. whereas the temperature of the composite laminate reached 200.degree. C. due to heat conduction.

Since it was shown in Example I that the composite does not heat up when positioned to 0.degree. to the magnetic lines, the reason that the composite heats up here is due to heat conduction from the coupling film.

The tensile shear strength was 1,100 psi as determined by ASTM standard D3163.

In a series of tests to show the effect of an induced magnetic field on heating of a resin reinforced with an electrically conductive fiber composite associated with a foil or screen, the composites were plies of polyetherkeoneketone resin reinforced with AS-4 continuous carbon fibers arranged in a quasi-isotropic form. The volume fraction of the carbon fibers was 60% of each ply. The layup of the laminate plies was (+45.degree./-45.degree./90.degree./0.degree.)NS. In each test a foil or a screen was sandwiched between 8 ply layers of the composite. Each of the sandwiches described above were placed in an induction coil and heated in a fashion similar to that described in Example I. The conditions and amount of heating for foils and wire screen are shown in Table III and IV, respectively. __________________________________________________________________________ Bondline Composite Thickness Frequency Power Time Temperature Temperature Foils  .mu.m kHz   kW  s  .degree.C. .degree.C. __________________________________________________________________________ Co-nectic AA 50    165   0.4  4 343    148 Aluminum 2    122   2.5 75 205    121 __________________________________________________________________________

A six turn rectangular coil of 1/4" square copper tubing (4".times.2") was energized by an Ajax generator (tuned at 4.6 kHz, power 14 kW). The coil had flux concentrators on the bottom side of the coil to direct the magnetic lines to the coupling film under the coil.

A coupling film was made by sandwiching a copper screen of mesh 40.times.40 and size 1.6".times.6" in between 8 mil pyromellitic diethyl ester diacid/1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-2-phenylbenzene mixtures (Avimid.RTM. K) neat resin films. Two 0.06".times.6".times.6" laminates were put together in a single overlap configuration with 1.6" overlap and the coupling film was sandwiched in the overlap region of the laminates. The whole assembly was then put under the coil.

The laminates were 12-ply unidirectional carbon fiber Avimid.RTM. K. The volume fraction of the carbon fibers was 60%. The laminates were positioned under the coil and the overlap region was subjected to the 15 psi pressure.

A joint was made in 12 seconds. The temperature in the coupling film reached 360.degree. C. whereas the temperature of the composite laminate reached 190.degree. C. due to heat conduction.

The tensile shear strength was 3,200 psi as determined by ASTM standard D3163. __________________________________________________________________________ Wire     Open             Bondline Composite Wire  Dia. Mesh Area Power Frequency Time Temperature Temperature Screen mm  Size %   kW  kHz   s  .degree.C. .degree.C. __________________________________________________________________________ Copper 0.71 8 .times. 8 64  11  4.8   47 428    255 Stainless 0.58 12 .times. 12 51.8 11  4.6   17 141     95 Steel Steel 0.25 40 .times. 40 36  11  4.6   25 211    129 Copper 0.25 40 .times. 40 36  11  4.6   48 323    196 Stainless 0.86     41  11  4.6   36 182    140 Steel Perforated Nicrome 0.635 8 .times. 8 64  11  4.6   20 118    110 Nickel 0.127 80 .times. 80 52  11  4.6   25  98     92 __________________________________________________________________________

## Claims

1. A method for heating a structure formed of a resin reinforced with electrically conductive fibers aligned within the resin in a two dimensional array in a plane of the structure by means of a magnetic field induced at a frequency in a predetermined direction in a plane, said method comprising: applying an electrically conductive heating material to said plane of said structure, said heating material being capable of coupling with said magnetic field and being heated thereby, and orienting the plane of said structure within and aligned with a plane of the induced magnetic field whereby said fibers are substantially within and aligned with said plane of said induced magnetic field without being substantially heated thereby.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said frequency is in the range of from about 3 kHz to about 7 MHz.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said heating material is magnetic.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said heating material is nonmagnetic.

5. The method of claims 3 or 4 wherein said heating material being particles incorporated within said structure.

6. The method of claims 3 or 4 wherein said structure has at least one surface, said heating material being on said surface.

7. The method of claims 3 or 4, said structure having at least one surface, said heating material being incorporated within a layer of resin film, said layer of resin film being adjacent said surface.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said fiber is carbon fiber.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein said resin is polyetherketoneketone.

10. The method as defined in claim 3 wherein said heating material is nickel.

11. The method of claim 3 or 4 wherein said heating material is a metal screen.

12. The method of claim 3 or 4 wherein said heating material is a foil.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein said resin is a pyromellitic diethyl ester diacid/1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-2-phenylbenzene mixture.