THE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF HAVRE DE GRACE, ET AL. V. 

K. HOVNANIAN HOMES OF MARYLAND, LLC, ET AL., No. 796, Sept. Term 2018

HEADNOTES:

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS>PUBLIC CONTRACTS>EXECUTIVE POWER

The power to enter into contracts with a municipal corporation, like the City of Havre de 

Grace, is an executive power. The City of Havre de Grace’s charter requires that a contract 

regarding water and sewer systems and regarding roads be entered into by the Mayor, or a 

subordinate executive branch official, on behalf of the City of Havre de Grace. 
Circuit Court for Harford County

Case No. 12-C-12-3214 OC

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 796

September Term, 2018

______________________________________

THE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF 

HAVRE DE GRACE, ET AL.

v.

K. HOVNANIAN HOMES OF MARYLAND, 

LLC, ET AL. 

______________________________________

Friedman,

Shaw Geter,

Zarnoch, Robert A.

 (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

JJ.

______________________________________

Opinion by Friedman, J.

______________________________________

Filed: May 1, 2020
K. Hovnanian Homes of Maryland, LLC (“K. Hovnanian”) proposed to enter into a 

recoupment agreement with the City of Havre de Grace by which K. Hovnanian would 

build the infrastructure necessary to the development of its parcel and to the development 

of two adjoining parcels. Under the proposed recoupment agreement, the City would 

reimburse K. Hovnanian for the infrastructure improvements attributable to the adjoining 

parcels when the lots within those adjoining parcels were sold to the eventual homeowners. 

The infrastructure that K. Hovnanian proposed to build fell into two categories: (1) water 

and sewer lines; and (2) roads. The City’s legislative branch—the City Council—approved 

the recoupment agreement, but the City’s executive branch—led by the Mayor—did not. 

The City claims that the recoupment agreement was not properly entered into and is, 

therefore, not a binding agreement. K. Hovnanian, however, seeks to have us enforce the 

recoupment agreement, despite the Mayor’s refusal to approve it. Thus, the essential 

questions are how the City enters into contracts to provide these two categories of 

infrastructure improvements and whether, in this instance, it did. 

FACTS1

K. Hovnanian and the City of Havre de Grace’s relationship began in 2005 and 

revolves around 134 acres of farmland that was subdivided into three parcels—Parcels 1, 

2, and 3. Of the three, only Parcel 1 had direct access to public roads. As a result, a Public 

 

1 These facts are condensed from our previous unreported opinion in this case: 

K. Hovnanian Homes of Maryland, LLC, et al. v. The Mayor & City Council of Havre de 

Grace, et al., No. 1214, Sept. Term 2015, 2017 WL 5054229 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Nov. 3, 

2017).
2

Works Agreement was entered into, which contemplated infrastructure improvements by 

K. Hovnanian on Parcel 1. Because the improvements would ultimately provide roadway 

access and utility connections for future homeowners of Parcels 2 and 3, the City and 

K. Hovnanian began negotiations to allow K. Hovnanian to recoup a portion of the 

infrastructure costs from owners of lots in Parcels 2 and 3. 

K. Hovnanian sent a proposed recoupment agreement to the City in September 2010 

stating that the “Phase 1 infrastructure” completed by K. Hovnanian, including the 

“installation of access and emergency roads, water and sewer lines, and storm water 

management ponds,” would benefit Parcels 2 and 3. K. Hovnanian agreed to construct and 

dedicate public access roads to Parcels 2 and 3 and permit connections to the water and 

sewer utilities and the use of the storm water management facilities in Parcel 1, upon 

“acknowledg[ment]” from the City that it would be “inequitable to impose all such costs 

on [K. Hovnanian].” The agreement further conditioned that the City would “impose and 

collect the recoupment fee ... from the owner(s) of Parcels 2 and 3 at the same time a 

building permit application for new construction ... is submitted” and that “[n]o property 

... [would] be allowed to utilize the Phase 1 Infrastructure unless the applicable 

recoupment fee ... is first paid to the city.” 

On October 4, 2010, the proposed recoupment agreement was presented to the City 

Council, which approved it by a unanimous vote. The last paragraph of the agreement was 

then modified to read:

The City Council of Havre de Grace has approved this 

Recoupment Agreement, and authorized the Mayor to sign the 
3

Agreement, by affirmative vote at the meeting of the City 

Council on October 4, 2010.

Despite the City Council’s unanimous approval, the Mayor declined to sign the recoupment 

agreement. Following the City Council’s approval, residential lots were developed on 

Parcel 3 and building permits were issued but the City did not collect the recoupment fees. 

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

K. Hovnanian filed a complaint against the City in the Circuit Court for Harford 

County to compel the execution and recordation of the recoupment agreement. 

K. Hovnanian’s theory of the case was that the parties had sufficiently executed the 

recoupment agreement and were bound by it. The circuit court disagreed and granted 

summary judgment to the City under the theory that the recoupment agreement was to have 

been approved through the City’s legislative process—via ordinance or resolution—and 

that process was incomplete without the Mayor’s approval. We vacated, noting that the 

circuit court’s findings were inconsistent with the Charter provisions.

2

On remand, the parties once again filed cross-motions for summary judgment. This 

time the circuit court declared that the recoupment agreement was a binding and 

enforceable contract solely upon the City Council’s approval. The City appealed.

 

2 This Court, in reviewing only the grounds relied upon by the circuit court in 

granting summary judgment, held that neither of the Charter sections relied upon by the 

circuit court (§§ 19, 34) expressly required the Mayor’s signature. 
4

BACKGROUND

I. HAVRE DE GRACE CHARTER GENERALLY3

Havre de Grace, having been incorporated in 1785, is one of the oldest cities in 

Maryland.4 MARYLAND MUNICIPAL LEAGUE, MARYLAND’S 157: THE INCORPORATED 

CITIES AND TOWNS 166 (Linda M. Burrell, ed. 2000). The Havre de Grace City Charter 

creates a Mayor and City Council form of government, Charter, § 2, with all elected 

officials serving two-year terms. Charter, §§ 17; 22(A). The Mayor is the chief executive 

officer and supervises the City, its employees, and its property. Charter, § 18. The Mayor 

is responsible for seeing that the laws of the City are faithfully executed. Charter, § 18(B). 

The Charter also identifies seven municipal agency heads, each of whom are appointed by 

the Mayor and who serve subject to the Mayor’s approval: the Director of Administration, 

Charter, §§ 46-48; the City Attorney, Charter, § 49; the Chief of Police, Charter, §§ 50-52; 

the Director of Public Works, Charter, §§ 62-63; the Director of Planning, Charter,

§§ 79- 80; the Director of Finance, Charter, §§ 81-82; and the Director of Economic 

Development, Charter, §§ 83-84.

 

3 The City of Havre de Grace Charter can be found at https://ecode360.com/9065514 

[https://perma.cc/8UA2-KBW5]. 

4 Havre de Grace’s charter predates the adoption of Article XI-E of the Maryland 

Constitution but is now governed by it. Under Article XI-E, municipalities are “recognized 

equally under state law” and are granted the power to legislate on matters of local concern 

and their government. MARYLAND’S 157: THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS 3, 6-7

(Linda M. Burrell, ed. 2000); see Art. XI-E, § 1 (stating that “the General Assembly shall 

act in relation to the incorporation, organization, government, or affairs of any such 

municipal corporation only by general laws which shall in their terms and in their effect 

apply alike to all municipal corporations”). 
5

The City’s legislative branch is its City Council, which is made up of six members. 

Charter, § 21. The City Council may legislate on a broad variety of topics regarding 

municipal government. Charter, § 33 (“The City Council shall have power to pass all 

ordinances and resolutions, not contrary to the laws and Constitution of the United States 

and the State of Maryland, as [it] may deem necessary for good government and benefit of 

the City.”); § 34. Ordinances passed by the City Council can be approved or vetoed by the 

Mayor and a mayoral veto may be overridden. Charter, § 19 (setting up procedure for 

passing ordinances and resolutions, procedure for veto, and procedure for veto override).

The Havre de Grace City Charter is typical of a strong mayor system and emphasizes 

the separation of legislative and executive powers. See MARYLAND’S 157: THE 

INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS 9 (describing the characteristics of a strong 

Mayor/Council form of government); see also H. George Frederickson et al., The Changing 

Structure of American Cities: A Study of the Diffusion of Innovation, 64 PUB. ADMIN. REV.

320, 326 (2004) (“Patterns of political separation of powers and checks and balances 

usually accompany the trend toward enhanced mayoral powers between the mayor and the 

council.”). Under this government structure, the Mayor is “separate from the council” and 

is the Chief Executive Officer of the administrative branch, while the City Council serves 

as the legislative body with “power to pass and create resolutions and ordinances.” 

MARYLAND’S 157: THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS 9; Charter, § 34(A). See also

DON L. BOWEN & ROBERT S. FRIEDMAN, LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN MARYLAND 59-62
6

(1955) (“Characteristic of the mayor and council form is the separation of power and 

coordinate status of legislative and executive departments.”).5

II. CHARTER PROVISIONS RELATED TO WATER AND SEWER LINES

The Havre de Grace City Charter contains several provisions specifically governing 

water and sewer lines. First, § 68 of the Charter gives the City general powers over the 

construction, operation, and maintenance of the sewer and water system:

The City shall have the power to:

A. Construct, operate[,] and maintain a 

water system and water plant.

B. Construct, operate[,] and maintain a 

sanitary sewerage system and a sewage 

treatment plant.

C. Construct, operate[,] and maintain a 

stormwater drainage system and 

stormwater sewers.

D. Construct, maintain, reconstruct, enlarge, 

alter, repair, improve, or dispose of all 

parts, installations, and structures of the 

above plants and systems.

E. Have surveys, plans, specifications[,] and 

estimates made for any of the above 

plants and systems or parts thereof or the 

extension thereof.

 

5 There are a few ways in which the Havre de Grace City Charter involves the Mayor 

in the legislative process, including: setting city council agendas, presiding over city 

council meetings, and voting to break council ties, Charter § 18(A); approving (or vetoing) 

Ordinances, Charter, § 19, and preparing and introducing the annual budget, Charter, § 37. 

These important incursions by the executive on the legislative branch do not undermine 

the fundamental point that the Charter creates a separation of powers. See generally Judy 

v. Schaefer, 331 Md. 239, 261-64 (1993) (holding that Governor’s involvement in State 

budget process does not violate State separation of powers).
7

F. Do all things it deems necessary for the 

efficient operation and maintenance of the 

above plants and systems.

Charter, § 68. Section 69 of the Charter gives the City the power to “extend its water or 

sewerage systems beyond the City limits.”6 We think it is reasonably plain that when the 

Charter uses the phrase “sewerage systems” in § 69 it is including both the sanitary sewer 

system of § 68(B) and the stormwater sewer system of § 68(C). Moreover, the Charter 

authorizes the City Council to pass legislation regarding “sewers and sewer service” and 

“water service.” Charter, §§ 33; 34(A). This legislative power, however, is “not to be 

construed as limiting the powers of the City to the subjects mentioned or requiring that the 

City pass or create resolutions or ordinances concerning” the subjects mentioned in 

§ 34(A). Charter, § 34(B). Suffice it to say, the City has plenary powers with respect to its 

water and sewer systems.

The critical section for our present purposes, however is § 70, which provides in 

full:

The Mayor and City Council may enact Ordinances providing 

for the regulations and control of waters and sewers. In 

addition, the Mayor and City Council may enter into contracts 

for the purpose of providing water and sewer services to new 

service areas. Such contracts may provide for advance payment 

of capital cost recovery charges, the construction of capital 

improvements to water and sewer facilities, and for crediting 

such advance payments and the value of such capital 

improvements to capital cost recovery charges which become 

payable in the future.

 

6 Pursuant to Resolution No. 244, passed by the City Council in 2004, the City 

annexed the K. Hovnanian property and enlarged the boundaries of the City to include the 

annexed property. 
8

Charter, § 70. Our goal is to understand and effectuate the intention of the framers of this 

provision. Blackstone v. Sharma, 461 Md. 87, 113-14 (2018) (discussing statutory 

interpretation generally); see O’Connor v. Baltimore Cty., 382 Md. 102, 113 (2004) 

(holding that “[l]ocal ordinances and charters are interpreted under the same canons of 

construction that apply to the interpretation of statutes”). We begin by noting that the 

phrase “Mayor and City Council,” appears twice in this section and is a defined term in the 

Charter, which means the City government. See Charter, § 1 (“The citizens of the City of 

Havre de Grace, Harford County, Maryland, are hereby made a body Corporate under the 

name the ‘Mayor and City Council of Havre de Grace’ and by that name may have all the 

powers provided by law to a municipal corporation.”). Thus, it is an error to read § 70 as if 

it says that the Mayor can do something or that the City Council can do something else. 

Rather, § 70 provides the City of Havre de Grace with two powers. In the first sentence, 

§ 70 says that the City can “enact Ordinances for the regulation and control of waters and 

sewers.” In the second sentence, § 70 says that the City “may enter into contracts for ... 

providing water and sewer services to new service areas.” We will explore these two 

powers created by the two sentences of § 70 next. 

A. Ordinances Providing for Regulation and Control of Water and Sewer

We begin by exploring the way in which the City of Havre de Grace adopts 

ordinances concerning water and sewer. The legislative process by which the City enacts 

ordinances is well-understood. The introduction of an ordinance requires a majority voice 

vote of the City Council and requires at least four (out of six) affirmative votes by the 
9

members of the City Council for adoption on the first and second reader, which, unless the 

rules are suspended, must occur on separate days. Charter, § 19(A). Enacted ordinances are 

attested to by the Director of Administration and delivered to the Mayor for approval or

veto. If the veto is overridden or the Mayor fails to act within fourteen days, the ordinance 

is treated as if it has been approved by the Mayor. Charter, § 19(C). The City’s power to 

pass ordinances relating to water and sewer systems are very broad, and includes the 

powers granted in §§ 34, 68, and 70 of the Charter. Finally, we understand that the proper 

use of an ordinance is to provide a generally applicable framework for regulating and 

controlling water and sewers.7Inlet Assocs. v. Assateague House Condo. Ass’n., 313 Md. 

413, 429 (1988) (stating that when a municipal action is “one of general application 

prescribing a new plan or policy, it is considered legislative and therefore must be 

accomplished by ordinance”).

B. Contracts for the Purpose of Providing Water and Sewer to New Service 

Areas

The process by which the City enters contracts “for the purpose of providing water 

and sewer services to new service areas” is not explicitly stated in the Charter, but is no 

less clear. Entering into contracts is an executive branch function. Queen Anne’s 

Conservation, Inc. v. Cty. Com’rs of Queen Anne’s Cty., 382 Md. 306, 321 (2004) (stating 

that the negotiation of contracts on behalf of a local government body constitutes a 

discretionary, executive action); see Montgomery Cty. v. Revere Nat’l Corp., Inc., 341 Md. 

 

7

In fact, the City has passed ordinances for the regulation and control of water and 

sewers. These are currently codified at Havre de Grace Code, Ch. 198 (water and sewers) 

and Ch. 169 (stormwater management).
10

366, 390 (1996) (“[W]hen the executive branch of the county government, in carrying out 

the laws and functions of government, enters into a contract, such action constitutes the 

exercise of executive discretion.”); Eggert v. Montgomery Cty. Council, 263 Md. 243, 259 

(1971) (stating that an executive action is one “which merely looks to or facilitates the 

administration, execution, or implementation of a law already in force and effect”). 

Contracts of the sort contemplated by the second sentence of § 70 of the Havre de Grace 

Charter could be entered into by the Mayor pursuant to the Mayor’s power under Charter, 

§ 18(B) or could be delegated by the Mayor to the Director of Public Works under Charter, 

§ 63(B).8

III. CHARTER PROVISIONS RELATED TO ROADS

The Havre de Grace City Charter also contains several provisions specifically giving 

the City power over its roads. First, § 65 essentially grants the City complete control over 

all “public ways”: 

The City has control of all public ways in the City, except such 

as may be under the jurisdiction of the Maryland State 

Highway Commission. Subject to the laws of the State of 

Maryland and this Charter the City may do whatever it deems 

necessary to establish, operate and maintain in good condition 

the public ways of the City.

 

8 K. Hovnanian makes much of a passage in McQuillin’s treatise on municipal 

corporations, which says that when a Charter is silent about the procedure for entering 

contracts, it is a function conducted by the city council. 10 McQuillin, Municipal 

Corporations, §§ 29:19; 29:25 (3d. Ed. Rev. 2010) (stating that the power to make contracts 

“generally ... rests in the council or governing body” and “if the mode of contracting is not 

prescribed by statute or charter, a municipality may make a contract in the same manner as 

other corporations”). While we have tremendous respect for McQuillin’s treatise and 

frequently rely upon it, that statement, while it may be true in certain circumstances (such 

as, for example, a municipal charter without a mayor), is not applicable to municipal 

corporations with a strong mayor form of government like the City of Havre de Grace.
11

Charter, § 65. Moreover, “public ways” is defined expansively to include all types of roads: 

“The term ‘public ways’ as used in this charter includes all streets, avenues, roads, 

highways, public thoroughfares, lanes[,] and alleys.” Charter, § 64. Once again, the City’s 

powers over public ways, including roads is plenary:

The City shall have the power to:

A. Establish, regulate and change from time to time 

the grade lines, width, and construction materials 

of any City public way or part thereof, bridges, 

curbs and gutters.

B. Grade, lay out, construct, open, extend, and 

make new City public ways.

C. Grade, straighten, widen, alter, improve, or close 

up any existing City public way or part thereof.

D. Pave, surface, repave, or resurface any City 

public way or part thereof.

E. Install, construct, reconstruct, repair, and 

maintain curbs and/or gutters along any City 

public way or part thereof.

F. Construct, reconstruct, maintain, and repair 

bridges.

G. Name City public ways.

H. Have surveys, plans, specifications, and 

estimates made for any of the above activities or 

projects or parts thereof.

Charter, § 66. See also Charter, §§ 33, 34. While there is no provision similar to § 70 for 

roads, we think it is self-evident that the City can, through its legislative process, pass 

ordinances regulating roads, Charter, § 34(A) (listing “streets or public ways” under the 
12

City Council’s specific powers), and can, through its executive processes, enter contracts 

for the maintenance, modification, and expansion of the road system.

ANALYSIS

In K. Hovnanian I, K. Hovnanian’s theory was that the City Council had, using the 

legislative process, bound the City to the recoupment agreement.9 This Court, however, 

was limited in its review to the grounds relied upon by the circuit court in granting summary 

judgment and did not reach this theory. We now note that the recoupment agreement wasn’t 

prepared in the form of an ordinance and did not proceed through the City Council as an 

ordinance must. Charter, § 19(A). It was not drafted in a general fashion, covering a 

multitude of situations, as ordinances are. See Inlet Assocs., 313 Md. at 429 (describing 

ordinances). It was not presented to the Mayor by the Director of Administration and the 

Mayor neither vetoed it (and had that veto overridden) nor was it suggested that the 

Mayor’s inaction constituted a “pocket passage” (as is permitted under § 19(C) of the

Charter). The recoupment agreement, therefore, was not and could not have been approved 

using the legislative process. 

In this second appeal, K. Hovnanian argues that the recoupment agreement set out 

its own terms for adoption, was adopted pursuant to those terms, and is therefore a valid 

and enforceable contract. The recoupment agreement recites that it was “approved [by City 

Council] ... [, which] authorized the Mayor to sign the agreement, by affirmative vote at 

 

9 We acknowledge that the City Council did participate in the negotiation of this 

recoupment agreement. Whatever the political benefit of its participation (and it obviously 

had less benefit than anticipated) doesn’t change the fact that its approval was, as a legal 

matter, surplusage.
13

the meeting of the City Council on October 4, 2010.” K. Hovnanian argues that this 

represents a meeting of the minds between itself and the City of Havre de Grace and is, 

therefore, a binding contract.

While it may be true that nothing more is required in a standard bilateral contract 

than the meeting of the minds between the two contracting parties and that the parties may 

assent to contract formation by any means they desire, that rule is not true for government 

contracts. See Cochran v. Norkunas, 398 Md. 1, 14 (2007) (discussing contract formation). 

In Maryland, state and local governments can only enter into contracts through the 

processes determined by their respective foundational documents. The leading case in this 

sphere is Gontrum v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 182 Md. 370 (1943). In Gontrum, 

the Court of Appeals held that a party who contracts with a municipal government is 

“bound to take notice of limitation of its powers to contract and also of the power of the 

particular officer or agency to make the contract.” Id. at 375. Specifically, the Court noted 

that “[e]very person is presumed to know the nature and extent of the power of municipal 

officers, and therefore cannot be deemed to have been deceived or misled by acts done 

without legal authority.” Id. at 378. The Gontrum principle exists to protect the public: “[I]t 

seems more reasonable that an individual should occasionally suffer from the mistakes of 

public agents or officials, than to adopt a rule, which, through proper combinations and 

collusion, might be turned to the detriment and injury of the public.” Id. at 376. Thus, the 

Gontrum rule is that if you want to contract with local government in Maryland, you must 

follow the procedure laid out in its Charter and, if you fail to do so, you bear the risk of 

loss. We reaffirmed this principle in Alternatives Unlimited, Inc. v. New Baltimore City 
14

Board of School Commissioners. 155 Md. App. 415, 428 (2004) (“Gontrum is now the 

unchallenged flagship case that is consistently and regularly followed.”).10

Despite its complexity, this recoupment agreement is just a contract like any other 

that the City of Havre de Grace enters into every single day. Here, K. Hovnanian and the 

City Council purported to change the way in which the City of Havre de Grace enters into 

contracts. But such a method of entering into contracts—by City Council approval and a 

ministerial11 mayoral acknowledgment—is not permitted by the City Charter and thus is

not effective. Moreover, the Court of Appeals put the responsibility on those who, like 

K. Hovnanian here, seek to contract with a local government to “ascertain the nature and 

extent” of the authority of the City Council’s power and the City is “not bound by a contract 

 

10 Judge Charles E. Moylan, Jr. extolled the virtues of Gontrum: 

The overarching principle of Gontrum is that a governmental

entity, unlike a private corporation, may never have an 

obligation imposed upon it to expend public funds except in 

the formal manner expressly provided by law. There is no 

exemption from this rule because of any apparent authority of 

one of its agents to bind the governmental entity. There is 

imposed on any party dealing with the governmental entity, 

moreover, an absolute responsibility 1) to know the limitations 

on the powers of the agent to contract on behalf of the 

governmental entity and 2) to be familiar with and bound by 

“the power of the particular officer or agency to make the 

contract” in question. 

Alternatives Unlimited, 155 Md. App. at 425. 

11 A ministerial act is a task in which “nothing is left to discretion” of the official, 

compared to a task where “the official has the freedom and authority to make decisions and 

choices.” Leake v. Johnson, 204 Md. App. 387, 403 (2012).
15

made in its name” by the City Council which had “no authority to enter into such a contract 

on behalf of the [municipal] corporation.” Gontrum, 182 Md. at 375. 

The power to enter into contracts is an executive power. Moreover, the power to 

enter into contracts regarding water and sewer systems and regarding roads, are specifically 

executive functions. Charter, § 70. The proposed recoupment agreement is a contract 

regarding two topics: (1) roads; and (2) water and sewer. Under the Charter, both types of 

contracts are clearly and obviously permitted. But both types of contracts must be entered 

into by the Mayor (or a subordinate executive branch official) on behalf of the City of 

Havre de Grace. That didn’t happen and, as a result, the City is not bound.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT 

FOR HARFORD COUNTY REVERSED. 

COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLEES.