UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

TAMMY FISHER, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

BRIAN KOOPMAN, individually and in 

his official capacity as Detective in 

Loveland, Colorado Police Department; 

LUKE HECKER, individually and in his 

official capacity as Chief of Loveland 

Police Department, 

 Defendants - Appellees. 

No. 16-1335 

(D.C. No. 1:15-CV-00166-WJM-NYW) 

(D. Colo.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

_________________________________ 

Before BRISCOE, HOLMES, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

After an investigation spearheaded by Detective Brian Koopman, the Loveland 

Police Department (the “Department”) accused former police officer Tammy Fisher 

of alerting friends to a child pornography investigation—allowing the friends to 

delete files from their computer’s hard drive before the police executed a search 

 *

 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral 

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, 

except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It 

may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 

and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit 

May 23, 2017

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
2 

warrant. The Department ultimately decided not to pursue any official misconduct 

charges against Ms. Fisher, but the matter did not end there. 

Ms. Fisher filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Detective Koopman and 

the Chief of Police, Luke Hecker. She alleged malicious prosecution and failure to 

train and supervise in violation of her due process rights under the Fourteenth 

Amendment, as well as numerous state law claims. Later, she sought to add another 

defendant and Fourth Amendment claims. The district court denied her motion to 

amend and ultimately granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants. 

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND 

Ms. Fisher worked for the Loveland Police Department for 15 years, first as a 

community service officer then as a police officer. She retired in September 2012, 

though she remained connected to the Department through her marriage to police 

sergeant Jeff Fisher. 

In July 2012, toward the end of her employment, Ms. Fisher responded to a 

harassment call at the home of Stanley and Lisa Romanek. Upon her return to the 

station, she learned the Department was investigating the Romaneks for child 

pornography. Even so, Ms. Fisher and her husband developed a friendship with the 

Romaneks. They met periodically during the March-April 2013 time frame and 

dined together in early April. The parties debate what Ms. Fisher said and when she 

said it, but at some point Ms. Fisher alerted the Romaneks to the ongoing child 

pornography investigation against them. 
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That investigation dates back to 2009. It stalled, then resumed in 2013 when a 

federal law enforcement agency notified the Department of additional illegal activity 

originating at Mr. Romanek’s IP address. Detective Koopman took charge and 

requested a search warrant for the Romaneks’ home on April 10, 2013. The 

Department executed the search warrant on April 12, only to find that files on the 

hard drive of the Romaneks’ computer had recently been erased. Meanwhile, as the 

search was taking place, Ms. Romanek advised Detective Koopman of the 

Romanek-Fisher friendship. She also told him how Ms. Fisher warned her 

approximately three weeks earlier to expect a police visit, having issued an earlier 

warning in 2012. A search of Ms. Romanek’s cell phone corroborated an exchange 

of texts between the women at critical times during the Department’s investigation. 

Convinced Ms. Fisher had thwarted the investigation by tipping off the 

Romaneks, Detective Koopman expanded his criminal inquiry to encompass her. On 

May 8, 2013, he submitted an application for a search warrant for Ms. Fisher’s phone 

records from March 1 to April 12, 2013. The record contains no evidence the 

Department actually executed a search, though. Nor did the Department ever file 

charges against, detain, or arrest her. It considered filing charges under C.R.S. 

§ 18-8-405 (“Second degree official misconduct”) but did not do so because of 

statute of limitations concerns. 

Unhappy with the Department’s investigation of her, Ms. Fisher filed this 

lawsuit against Detective Koopman and Chief Hecker in state court—naming them in 

both their individual and official capacities. She asserted two federal claims based 
4 

on the Fourteenth Amendment. For the first claim, she alleged that both men pursued 

a malicious prosecution against her without probable cause, focusing in particular on 

Detective Koopman’s application for a search warrant. For the second claim, she 

alleged that Chief Hecker failed to adequately train and supervise Detective 

Koopman and others in the Department. She also asserted ten tort claims arising 

under Colorado law. Against Detective Koopman, she alleged malicious prosecution, 

intentional infliction of emotional distress, tortious interference with a business 

relationship, abuse of process, and defamation per se. Against Chief Hecker, she 

alleged negligent hiring, negligent supervision, negligent retention, respondeat 

superior, and vicarious liability. 

The defendants removed the action to federal court. After the deadline passed 

to amend her complaint as a matter of course, Ms. Fisher sought leave to add the City 

of Loveland as a defendant and to plead her malicious prosecution claims as Fourth 

Amendment violations as well. The magistrate judge issued a report and 

recommendation (R&R) to deny the motion to amend, concluding: (1) suing the City 

of Loveland would be duplicative since the defendants already were sued in their 

official capacities; and (2) adding Fourth Amendment-based malicious prosecution 

claims would be futile since Ms. Fisher concedes she was never seized or prosecuted, 

as required for such claims. Ms. Fisher objected to the R&R, but the district court 

adopted it and denied the motion for leave to amend. 

Following extensive discovery, the defendants moved for summary judgment. 

They challenged the claims on the merits and also asserted qualified immunity for the 
5 

federal claims and immunity under the Colorado Governmental Immunity Act 

(CGIA) for the state claims. In her response, Ms. Fisher tried to salvage the federal 

claims by again seeking to add Fourth Amendment claims; in the alternative, she 

asked the district court to treat her pending claims as already encompassing the 

Fourth Amendment. 

The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants. It held that 

the malicious prosecution claims based on the Fourteenth Amendment fail as a matter 

of law. It rejected the notion that the pending claims somehow include a Fourth 

Amendment violation, citing the plain language of the complaint and the motion to 

amend to add Fourth Amendment claims (which it again deemed futile). And it 

determined that the state law claims, as a group, are subject to dismissal based on 

CGIA immunity—though it also explained why summary judgment is appropriate for 

each claim based on the merits and record evidence (or lack thereof). Ms. Fisher 

appealed. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint 

In Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 274 (1994) (plurality opinion), a plurality 

of the Supreme Court declared the Fourth Amendment to be the “relevan[t]” 

constitutional provision to assess “the deprivations of liberty that go hand in hand 

with criminal prosecutions.” The plaintiff in Albright had not included a Fourth 

Amendment claim in his complaint, so the Court rejected his suit. Id. at 275. 

Anxious to avoid the same outcome, Ms. Fisher belatedly—and unsuccessfully—
6 

sought permission to amend her complaint to add Fourth Amendment claims. She 

now appeals the denial of that request, cognizant that our resolution of this issue 

effectively determines the fate of her federal claims. 

“In general, leave to amend a complaint should be freely granted ‘when justice 

so requires.’” Jones v. Norton, 809 F.3d 564, 579 (10th Cir. 2015) (quoting 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2)), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 197 (2016). But there are a number 

of well established reasons to deny leave to amend, including futility of amendment. 

Minter v. Prime Equip. Co., 451 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006). “A proposed 

amendment is futile if the complaint, as amended, would be subject to dismissal.” 

Fields v. City of Tulsa, 753 F.3d 1000, 1012 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). “[W]e generally review for abuse of discretion a district court’s 

denial of leave to amend a complaint.” Cohen v. Longshore, 621 F.3d 1311, 1314 

(10th Cir. 2010). But where, as here, denial is based on a futility determination, “our 

review for abuse of discretion includes de novo review of the legal basis for the 

finding of futility.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Ms. Fisher contends the district court’s futility assessment was erroneous for 

two reasons. First, she argues a search without a seizure can support a claim for 

malicious prosecution. Second, she asserts it is enough that Detective Koopman and 

the Department “conducted a criminal investigation, presented possible (false) 

charges to a court to obtain a search warrant, and formally submitted a criminal 

charge to the district attorney.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 25. Our precedent holds 

otherwise. 
7 

“We have repeatedly recognized in this circuit that, at least prior to trial, the 

relevant constitutional underpinning for a claim of malicious prosecution under 

§ 1983 must be the Fourth Amendment’s right to be free from unreasonable 

seizures,” rather than the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process guarantees. Becker v. 

Kroll, 494 F.3d 904, 914 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted) 

(emphasis added). The seizure requirement is incorporated into the elements for a 

Fourth Amendment-based malicious prosecution claim under § 1983: “(1) the 

defendant caused the plaintiff’s continued confinement or prosecution; (2) the 

original action terminated in favor of the plaintiff; (3) no probable cause supported 

the original arrest, continued confinement, or prosecution; (4) the defendant acted 

with malice; and (5) the plaintiff sustained damages.” Wilkins v. DeReyes, 528 F.3d 

790, 799 (10th Cir. 2008) (emphasis added). 

In Becker, we discussed seizures of both property and persons. See 494 F.3d 

at 914-17. Ms. Fisher cannot establish either, even under the most generous version 

of the facts. She does not allege any search or seizure of her phone records or other 

property. And we have refused to “expand Fourth Amendment liability” to cases in 

which “the plaintiff has not been arrested or incarcerated.” Id. at 915; see also id.

(“A groundless charging decision may abuse the criminal process, but it does not, in 

and of itself, violate the Fourth Amendment absent a significant restriction on 

liberty.”). Ms. Fisher explicitly concedes she was not charged with a crime or 

confined. See, e.g., Opening Br. at 8 (“The investigation and any prosecution were 

terminated prior to the filing of criminal charges.”); id. at 25 (“It is already settled that 
8 

Fisher was not arrested or imprisoned during this event. In fact, it is also not 

disputed that Fisher was even charged with a crime (the activity being complained of 

having terminated without charges).”). Under these circumstances, we discern no 

abuse of discretion in the district court’s denial of her motion as futile. 

B. Summary Judgment Motion 

Ms. Fisher also challenges the district court’s summary judgment ruling. 

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard the 

district court applied. Cillo v. City of Greenwood Vill., 739 F.3d 451, 461 (10th Cir. 

2013). Summary judgment must be granted if “there is no genuine dispute as to 

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When applying this standard, “[w]e must view facts in the light 

most favorable to the non-moving part[y]” and “resolv[e] all factual disputes and 

reasonable inferences in [her] favor.” Cillo, 739 F.3d at 461 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). 

Once again we agree with the district court. As a threshold matter, Ms. Fisher 

did not present a “competent factual record” in opposing summary judgment. See R., 

Vol. 1 at 92. For example, she failed to comply with practice standards that require the 

non-moving party to admit or deny each enumerated fact asserted by a defendant, she 

did not include appropriate citations to evidence to support her own statement of facts, 

and the limited record evidence cited does not support her statements. See R., Vol. 1 at 

92-94. Her appellate briefs are similarly flawed, as they consist largely of 

unsubstantiated statements without any “citations to the . . . parts of the record on 
9 

which [she] relies,” as required by Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A). Even with these 

deficiencies, however, it is clear the “claims fail as a matter of law under any version 

of the facts put forward.” R., Vol. 1 at 94. 

1. Federal Claims for Malicious Prosecution 

Turning first to the federal claims, both of Ms. Fisher’s malicious prosecution 

claims are based on the Fourteenth Amendment. But we explained in Becker that a 

plaintiff “must allege a violation of the Fourth Amendment in order to proceed on a 

theory of § 1983 malicious prosecution.” 494 F.3d at 919. Becker thus presents an 

insurmountable obstacle to the § 1983 claims: Because Ms. Fisher did not (and cannot) 

allege a Fourth Amendment violation, her federal malicious prosecution claims have no 

constitutional violation to sustain them. 

The lack of a constitutional violation likewise dooms the official capacity claims 

against Detective Koopman and Chief Hecker. An official capacity suit against a 

municipal official like a police officer is treated as a suit against the municipality. 

Watson v. City of Kansas City, Kan., 857 F.2d 690, 695 (10th Cir. 1988). And 

“a municipality may not be held liable where there was no underlying constitutional 

violation by any of its officers.” Graves v. Thomas, 450 F.3d 1215, 1218 (10th Cir. 

2006). Likewise, the failure to train and supervise claim against Chief Hecker fails 

without a constitutional violation. See Aplt. Reply Br. at 11 (“conced[ing]” this claim is 

“appropriately dismissed” “if there is no underlying constitutional violation”).

Boxed in, Ms. Fisher tries to overcome the ramifications of Becker with a brand 

new argument: The Fourteenth Amendment can sustain a malicious prosecution claim 
10 

where no adequate state remedy exists. And Colorado does not have an adequate remedy 

because the potential for qualified immunity under the CGIA dilutes due process 

protections. We decline to consider this belated contention. “It is the general rule, of 

course, that a federal appellate court does not consider an issue not passed upon below.” 

Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120 (1976); see also Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 

634 F.3d 1123, 1128 (10th Cir. 2011) (explaining that a theory not raised before the trial 

court is forfeited). We “will reverse a district court’s judgment on the basis of a forfeited 

theory only if failing to do so would entrench a plainly erroneous result.” Richison, 

634 F.3d at 1128. That is decidedly not the case here.

2. State Law Claims

Last, Ms. Fisher challenges the district court’s findings for all of her state law 

claims, without going into any depth on how the court purportedly erred. We affirm 

the summary judgment grant on the state law claims for substantially the same reasons 

outlined in the district court’s thorough and well reasoned order dated August 1, 2016. 

The district court correctly explained why all of these claims fail under the CGIA, 

which immunizes Detective Koopman and Chief Hecker from suit because Ms. Fisher 

has not established willful and wanton behavior. It also undertook a painstakingly 

detailed analysis of each claim, in which it explained why summary judgment is 

appropriate based on the merits and a lack of record evidence. We have nothing to add 

to the district court’s assessment. 
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III. CONCLUSION 

We affirm the district court’s denial of Ms. Fisher’s motion to amend the 

complaint and its grant of summary judgment. 

Entered for the Court 

Mary Beck Briscoe 

Circuit Judge