U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice S

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE

TANDARD

RESTRAINTS

Criminal Justice 

Restraints

NIJ Standard

1001.00

SEPTEMBER 2014
U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs

810 Seventh St. N.W. 

Washington, DC 20531

Eric H. Holder, Jr.

Attorney General

Karol V. Mason

Assistant Attorney General

William J. Sabol, Ph.D.

Acting Director, National Institute of Justice

This and other publications and products of the National Institute of 

Justice can be found at:

National Institute of Justice

http://www.nij.gov

Office of Justice Programs

Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov

The findings and conclusions in this publication are those of the 

authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies 

of the U.S. Department of Justice.
U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

NIJ Standard-1001.00

September 2014 

NCJ 247988 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE

William J. Sabol, Ph.D. 

Acting Director

Chris Tillery

Office Director, Office of Science and Technology 

William Ford

Division Director, Office of Science and Technology 

Debra Stoe

Physical Scientist, Office of Science and Technology 

Brian Montgomery

General Engineer, Office of Science and Technology 

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau 

of Justice Assistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the Office for Victims of Crime; the Office of Juvenile 

Justice and Delinquency Prevention; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, 

 Registering, and Tracking.
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

iii

Special Technical Committee

This standard was developed by a Special Technical Committee of practitioners, technical 

experts and others with experience in standards development and conformity assessment. 

Committee members, their organizations, and their professional affiliations or expertise are listed 

in Table 1 and Table 2 (with their respective organizations during the development of this 

document). 

Table 1. Practitioners

Type Name Organization Professional Affiliation

Local Bryan Doswell Prince George’s County (Md.)

Sheriff’s Department

National Sheriffs’ 

Association

Local Ronald A. 

Pontecore, Jr.

Chicago (Ill.) Police

Department

International Association of 

Chiefs of Police

Local Daniel Sheffield Prince George’s County (Md.)

Police Department

Fraternal Order of Police

Local Kurt Weigel Lenexa (Kan.) Police 

Department

National Tactical Officers 

Association

State Jay DeBold, 

Lead

Ohio Department of 

Rehabilitation and Corrections

State Gerald Espinoza Colorado Department of 

Corrections

Federal Jim Murtha U.S. Department of Justice, 

Federal Bureau of Prisons
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

iv

Table 2. Subject Matter and Technical Experts

Type Name Organization Expertise

Federal Gordon Gillerman U.S. Department of Commerce, 

National Institute of Standards 

and Technology

Standards, Conformity 

Assessment

Federal Jeffrey Horlick

(contractor) 

U.S. Department of Commerce, 

National Institute of Standards 

and Technology

Standards, Conformity 

Assessment

Federal Guillaume Messin U.S. Department of Commerce, 

National Institute of Standards 

and Technology

Test Method 

Development 

Federal Casandra 

Robinson 

(contractor)

U.S. Department of Energy, 

Savannah River National 

Laboratory

Standards, Conformity 

Assessment

Private Joel Albinowski Dayton T. Brown, Inc. Test Method 

Development

Private Jason Allen Intertek Testing Services Test Method 

Development

Private Steve Allison, 

Project Facilitator

Denver University, Weapons 

and Protective Systems 

Technology Center of 

Excellence

Law Enforcement and 

Project Support 

Private Jud Holl Stork MMA Laboratories Test Method 

Development

Private Gene McCausey Denver University, Weapons 

and Protective Systems 

Technology Center of 

Excellence

Law Enforcement and 

Project Support 

Private Alex Sundstrom Lockheed Martin Corporation,

National Law Enforcement and 

Corrections Technology CenterNational

Compliance Testing
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

v 

Advisory Working Group

The work of the Special Technical Committee was reviewed by an Advisory Working Group 

(AWG) made up of senior-level representatives from stakeholder organizations and individuals 

with experience in standards development and conformity assessment. Organizations represented 

on the AWG are listed in Table 3 below. 

Table 3. AWG Members

Organization 

American Correctional Association

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Law 

Enforcement Standards Office

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Fraternal Order of Police

International Association of Chiefs of Police

National Sheriffs’ Association

National Tactical Officers Association
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

vi 

Steering Committee

The Steering Committee generally directed the effort and helped to ensure coordination among 

relevant federal programs. The following were the members of the Steering Committee (shown 

in Table 4 with their respective organizations during the development of this document). 

Table 4. Steering Committee Members

Member Organization Title

Gregory K. Ridgeway, 

Chair

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice 

Programs, National Institute of Justice 

Acting Director

Bert Coursey U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 

Science and Technology Directorate, Office of 

Standards

Acting Director

Mark Stolorow U.S. Department of Commerce, National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, Law 

Enforcement Standards Office

Director
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

vii 

FOREWORD

This document is a voluntary performance standard for restraints for use by the criminal 

justice community. It defines both performance requirements and the methods used to test 

performance. In order for a manufacturer, supplier or other entity to claim that a particular 

restraint model satisfies this National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standard, the model must be in 

compliance with this standard, as determined in accordance with this document and the 

associated document, Criminal Justice Restraints Certification Program Requirements, NIJ CR1001.00. Both this standard and the associated certification program requirements document are 

produced as a part of the Standards and Testing Program of the U.S. Department of Justice, 

Office of Justice Programs, NIJ, as is a third associated document, the Criminal Justice 

Restraints Selection and Application Guide, NIJ Guide-1001.00. 

All requirements stated in this standard, including those that explicitly employ mandatory 

language (e.g., “shall”), are those necessary to satisfy this standard. Nothing in this document is 

intended to require or imply that commercially available restraints must satisfy this standard.

This document is a performance and testing standard and, therefore, provides precise and 

detailed test methods. 

This standard addresses only wrist to wrist and ankle to ankle restraints. This standard does 

not address any restraint constructed of natural/non-synthetic materials (e.g., leather, natural 

rubber, cotton). 

Requirements for manufacturers, suppliers or other entities seeking to demonstrate 

conformity with this standard are provided in a separate document, Criminal Justice Restraints 

Certification Program Requirements, NIJ CR-1001.00. Those seeking guidance concerning 

selection and application of restraints should refer to the most recent version of the Criminal 

Justice Restraints Selection and Application Guide, NIJ Guide-1001.00, which explains the 

standard in nontechnical language and provides guidance into selecting, procuring, using and 

maintaining restraints.

Although agencies are advised always to require their procurements to meet or exceed the 

most recent and up-to-date version of this standard, this does not necessarily mean that agencies 

should remove restraints that they currently have in use from service, as restraints that do not 

meet current standards may well be better than no restraints at all.

NIJ standards are subject to continued research, development and testing, review and 

modification as appropriate on an ongoing basis. Users of this standard are advised to consult the 

NIJ Standards and Testing Program webpage, accessed from www.nij.gov/standards, on a 

regular basis to determine whether the documents have been revised or superseded.

Technical comments and recommended revisions are welcome. Please send all written 

comments and suggestions to Director, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 

U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, 20531, ATTN: NIJ Standards and Testing 

Program. 

______________ 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

viii

Nothing in this document is intended to create any legal or procedural rights enforceable 

against the United States. Moreover, nothing in this document creates any obligation for 

manufacturers, suppliers, criminal justice agencies, or others to follow or adopt this voluntary 

standard. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

ix

CONTENTS

1. SCOPE, PURPOSE, AND APPLICATION ........................................................................1

1.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Application ........................................................................................................................... 2

2. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................4

2.1 Associated Publications ....................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Referenced Publications ...................................................................................................... 4

3. DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................................6

3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 6

3.2 Standard-Specific Definitions ............................................................................................. 6

4. FORM AND FIT REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................10

4.1 Locking Mechanism Requirements for Restraint Models ............................................. 10

4.2 Loop Requirements for Restraint Models ....................................................................... 10

4.3 Standard Key Requirements ............................................................................................. 10

5. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ..............................................................................11

5.1 Acceptance Criteria for Restraint Models ....................................................................... 11

5.2 Requirements for All Types of Restraint Models ........................................................... 11

5.3 Type 1 Restraint Model Requirements ............................................................................ 11

5.4 Type 2 Restraint Model Requirements ............................................................................ 12

5.5 Type 3 Restraint Model Requirements ............................................................................ 13

5.6 Type 4 Restraint Model Requirements ............................................................................ 14

6. TEST METHODS ................................................................................................................17

6.1 General Test Requirements .............................................................................................. 17

6.2 Samples ............................................................................................................................... 17

6.3 Conditioning Procedures ................................................................................................... 19

6.4 Workmanship Inspection .................................................................................................. 20

6.5 Dynamic Load Test ............................................................................................................ 20

6.6 Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Static Load Tests ............................................................. 22

6.7 Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Retention System Twist Test ......................................... 23

6.8 Flame Exposure Resistance Test ...................................................................................... 23

6.9 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Static Load Test .............................................................. 24

6.10 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Twist Test ........................................................................ 25
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

x 

6.11 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Swivel Pry Resistance Test ............................................ 25

6.12 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Operational Tests ............................................................ 26

6.13 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Cheek Plate Test ............................................................. 26

6.14 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Double-Lock Impact Test .............................................. 27

6.15 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Compression Test ........................................................... 27

6.16 Standard Key Functionality Test ..................................................................................... 28

6.17 Nonstandard Key Functionality Test ............................................................................... 28

7. LABELING AND INFORMATION ..................................................................................30

7.1 General Product Label Requirements for Restraint Models ......................................... 30

7.2 Compliance Statement for Each Certified Product of a Compliant Restraint Model 30

7.3 User Information to Be Provided by the Supplier of the Restraint .............................. 30

APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................32

Figure 1. Examples of Type 1 Restraints .................................................................................. 32 

Figure 2. Examples of Type 2 Restraints .................................................................................. 33 

Figure 3. Example of Type 3 Restraints ................................................................................... 34 

Figure 4. Standard Key Dimensions ......................................................................................... 35 

Figure 5. Individual Loop Dynamic Load Test Setup ............................................................. 36 

Figure 6. Double Loop Dynamic Load Test Setup for Nonmetallic Restraints .................... 37 

Figure 7. Double Loop Dynamic Load Test Setup for Metallic Restraints ........................... 38 

Figure 8. Individual Loop Static Load Test Setup ................................................................... 39 

Figure 9. Double Loop Static Load Test Setup ........................................................................ 40 

Figure 10. Restraint Retention System Twist Test Setup ........................................................ 41 

Figure 11. Static Load Test Setup ............................................................................................. 42 

Figure 12. Static Load Test Setup for Individual Loops ......................................................... 43 

Figure 13. Restraint Twist Test Setup ...................................................................................... 44 

Figure 14. Swivel Pry Test Setup ............................................................................................... 45 

Figure 15. Cheek Plate test Setup .............................................................................................. 46 

Figure 16. Double Lock Impact Test Setup .............................................................................. 47 

Figure 17. Compression Test Setup ........................................................................................... 48 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

xi 

ACRONYMS, TECHNICAL SYMBOLS, AND ABBREVIATIONS

Acronyms 

ASTM ASTM International

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

ISO International Organization for Standardization

MIL Military

NIJ National Institute of Justice

STD Standard

UL Underwriters Laboratories

U.S. United States

Technical Symbols and Abbreviations 

°C degree Celsius

°F degree Fahrenheit

ft⋅lbs foot pounds

lb Pound

lbf pound force

lbf⋅in pound force inch

lbs Pounds

N Newton

N⋅m newton meter

oz ounce

“ Inch

RH relative humidity
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

1 

1. SCOPE, PURPOSE AND APPLICATION

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 This document is a voluntary standard. All requirements stated in this standard, 

including those that explicitly employ mandatory language (e.g., “shall”), are those 

necessary to satisfy the standard. Nothing in this document is intended to require or 

imply that commercially available restraints must satisfy this standard. In order for a 

manufacturer or other entity to claim that a particular restraints model satisfies this 

NIJ standard, however, the model must be found to comply with this standard as 

determined in accordance with this document and the associated document, Criminal 

Justice Restraints Certification Program Requirements, NIJ CR-1001.00. 

1.1.2 This standard specifies the minimum requirements for form and fit, performance, 

testing, documentation and labeling of restraints intended to be used by criminal 

justice personnel to restrain subjects. 

1.1.3 This standard addresses only wrist to wrist and ankle to ankle restraints. 

1.1.4 This standard does not specify requirements for aftermarket keys or any 

accessories. All testing required in this standard shall be performed with no 

accessories attached. 

1.1.5 This standard does not address any restraint constructed of natural/nonsynthetic 

materials (e.g., leather, natural rubber, cotton). 

1.1.6 This standard shall not be understood as addressing all of the safety concerns 

associated with the use of criminal justice restraints. Users of this standard should be 

aware of all safety and health issues associated with the use of restraints. User 

information related to these issues is provided in Criminal Justice Restraints 

Selection and Application Guide, NIJ Guide-1001.00. 

1.1.7 This standard shall not be understood as addressing the safety concerns, if any, 

associated with the use of this standard by testing facilities. 

1.1.8 No supplier or other entity shall claim compliance with only selected portions of 

this standard. The restraints model shall meet all applicable stated requirements. 

1.1.9 Nothing herein shall be understood to restrict any supplier or other entity from

exceeding the requirements of this standard. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

2 

1.1.10 As appropriate (e.g., for models that employ materials or forms of construction 

that were not anticipated when this standard was developed or are not addressed by 

this standard), NIJ may modify the test methods of the standard or establish new ones. 

1.2 Purpose 

1.2.1 The purpose of this NIJ voluntary standard is to specify minimum requirements 

for restraints used by criminal justice personnel conducting law enforcement and 

corrections duties, and methods for assessing that the performance requirements are 

met.

1.2.2 The purpose of the test methods in this standard is to assess performance of 

restraints and should not be understood to specify the appropriate type of restraint for 

operational situations.

1.3 Application

1.3.1 This standard categorizes restraints into four types based on the intended 

operational use. 

1.3.1.1 Type 1 restraints are intended for temporary control when the subject is under direct 

observation, such as during a criminal justice correctional facility evacuation or mass 

arrest. Type 1 restraints are intended to be single use. Type 1 restraints consist 

primarily of (1) the band or strap and (2) the retention system or locking mechanism 

For an example, see Figure 1 in the Appendix. 

1.3.1.2 Type 2 restraints are intended for temporary control when the subject is under direct 

observation, such as during a criminal justice correctional facility evacuation or mass 

arrest. Type 2 restraints are intended to be reusable for a limited number of uses and 

have a keyed locking mechanism operated by a standard key. Type 2 restraints 

typically offer minimal tamper resistance. Type 2 restraints consist primarily of (1) 

the band or strap and (2) the keyed retention system or keyed locking mechanism. For 

an example, see Figure 2 in the Appendix. 

1.3.1.3 Type 3 restraints are intended for control when the subject is not under direct 

observation but is supervised continuously, such as during transport. Type 3 restraints 

are intended to be reusable for thousands of uses and have a keyed locking 

mechanism operated by a standard key. Type 3 restraints have a higher level of 

tamper resistance than Type 2. Type 3 restraints are typically metallic. Type 3

restraints typically consist of (1) the cheek plate assembly, (2) the ratchet arm, (3) the 

key hole, (4) the key post, (5) the locking mechanism, (6) the pawl and (7) the chain 

and swivel or the hinge For an example, see Figure 3 in the Appendix. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

3 

1.3.1.4 Type 4 restraints are intended for control when the subject is not under direct 

observation but is supervised continuously, such as during transport. Type 4 restraints 

are intended to be reusable for thousands of uses and have a keyed locking 

mechanism operated by a nonstandard key. Type 4 restraints have a higher level of 

tamper resistance than Type 3. Type 4 restraints are typically metallic. Type 4 

restraints typically consist of (1) the cheek plate assembly, (2) the ratchet arm, (3) the 

key hole, (4) the locking mechanism, (5) the pawl, and (6) the chain and swivel or the 

hinge. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

4 

2. REFERENCES

2.1 Associated Publications

The following document is a companion publication to NIJ Standard-1001.00 and NIJ 

CR-1001.00. 

NIJ Guide-1001.00, Criminal Justice Restraints Selection and Application Guide. 

Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.

2.2 Referenced Publications

The following references form a basis for and provide support for the requirements 

and procedures described in this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited 

applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced publication 

applies, including any amendments. 

2.2.1 ASTM International Publications 

ASTM B117, 2007a, “Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus,”

ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007, DOI: 10.1520/B0117-07A, 

www.astm.org.

ASTM D968, 2005e1, “Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic 

Coatings by Falling Abrasive,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005, 

DOI: 10.1520/D0968-05E01, www.astm.org. 

ASTM E8/E8M, 2008, “Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic 

Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, DOI: 

10.1520/D0968-05E01, www.astm.org.

ASTM G154, 2006, “Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for 

UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 

PA, 2006, DOI: 10.1520/G0154-06, www.astm.org.

2.2.2 ISO/IEC Publications

ISO/IEC Guide 65:1997. General Requirements for Bodies Operating Product 

Certification Systems.

2.2.3 U.S. Government Publications

Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. 2008. Atlanta, 

GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services. Retrieved May 24, 2011, from 

www.cdc.gov/hicpac/disinfection_sterilization/6_0disinfection.html. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

5 

MIL–STD–810G, Test Method Standard for Environmental Engineering 

Considerations and Laboratory Tests. 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of 

Defense. 

NIJ CR-1001.00, Criminal Justice Restraints Certification Program Requirements.

2013. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.

2.2.4 Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Publications

UL 94: Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and 

Appliances. 1996. Northbrook, IL: Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

6 

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1 General

 The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to these terms as used in this 

standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they 

shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings, unless the context 

unmistakably indicates otherwise. 

3.2 Standard-Specific Definitions

3.2.1 Accessories: Any supplier-recommended or aftermarket items that can be attached to 

the restraint but that are not necessary for meeting the requirements of this standard. 

3.2.2 Ankle restraint: A type of restraint used to restrict the mobility of the subject’s legs 

by encircling the ankles. 

3.2.3 Care: Cleaning, decontamination and storage of a product. 

3.2.4 Certified product: Any unit of a compliant model.

3.2.5 Chain: A series of interconnected rings or links enabling a flexible connection 

between restraint loops (see Figure 3).

3.2.6 Cheek plate assembly: The component of a restraint that houses the locking 

mechanism, includes the double strand, and secures the pivot or hinge (see Figure 3.)

3.2.7 Compliant: The condition of a restraint model meeting or exceeding all applicable 

requirements of this standard as determined pursuant and subject to NIJ CR-1001.00. 

3.2.8 Component: Any material, part or subassembly used in construction of a restraint. 

3.2.9 Crazing: Small, visually apparent cracks in a surface finish.

3.2.10 Decontamination: The procedure or practice of applying chemical treatment, heat 

treatment or other means to cleanse restraints of pathogens or contagious material. 

3.2.11 Double-locking mechanism: A component of the restraint that, once engaged, 

prevents any further closure or release until disengaged.

3.2.12 Double loop restraint: A type of restraint in which each wrist or ankle is 

individually held.
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

7 

3.2.13 Hinge: The attachment point where one loop of a restraint is connected to the other 

loop and which limits a twisting motion by a subject while the restraint is applied. 

3.2.14 Key: Instrument designed specifically to open, unclasp, lock, unlock, loosen or allow 

restraints to be removed or adjusted to fit. (See 3.2.37, Standard key and 3.2.24, 

Nonstandard key.) 

3.2.15 Keyhole: An entry port in a restraint that accepts a key for access to the locking 

mechanism(s). (See Figure 3 in the Appendix.)

3.2.16 Key post: A cylinder in the center of the keyhole that helps prevent insertion of 

foreign objects into the keyhole and assists with key alignment (See Figure 3.) 

3.2.17 Locking mechanism: The component of a restraint that controls its closure and 

release.

3.2.18 Loop: The component(s) of a restraint that encircles the wrist(s) or ankle(s) of a 

subject. (See 3.2.12, Double loop restraint, and 3.2.35, Single loop restraint.) 

3.2.19 Maintenance: Inspection, repair and retirement of a product. 

3.2.20 Manufacturer: A commercial enterprise engaged in fabricating a product. 

3.2.21 Metallic restraint: A restraint in which the primary material of construction is metal 

(including alloys). 

3.2.22 Model: The manufacturer’s design, with unique specifications and characteristics, of 

a particular item. 

3.2.23 Nonmetallic restraint: A restraint in which any material of construction is not metal

(including alloys). Note: A nonmetallic coating alone shall not qualify a restraint as a 

nonmetallic restraint.

3.2.24 Nonstandard key: A key that provides a high level of tamper resistance or is unique 

to a specific set of restraints; synonymous with high-security key.

3.2.25 Pawl: A spring-loaded pivoted bar that engages the teeth of a ratchet arm, permitting 

it to advance in the closing direction and preventing reverse direction. (See Figure 3.) 

3.2.26 Pin: The portion of a standard key that may be used to engage or disengage the 

double-locking mechanism. (See Figure 4.) 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

8 

3.2.27 Pivot: The connecting point between the ratchet arm and the cheek plate. (See Figure 

3 in the Appendix.) 

3.2.28 Product: One unit of a particular model. 

3.2.29 Ratchet arm: A bar with inclined teeth designed to engage with a pawl. (See Figure 

3 in the Appendix.) 

3.2.30 Restraint: A device designed for and used to restrict a subject’s mobility or limit 

movement of a subject’s wrists or ankles. (See 3.2.2, Ankle restraint and 3.2.43, Wrist

restraint.)

3.2.31 Rigid construction: A fixed and nonflexible construction, such as a solid bar 

connecting the loops, that does not allow the restraint to fold or rotate in any manner 

when in use. 

3.2.32 Sample: A restraint or component that is to be subjected to conditioning procedures 

as specified in this standard in preparation for subsequent testing. A sample is to be 

representative of a model (or a model component, as applicable). 

3.2.33 Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement for the purpose of this voluntary standard. 

3.2.34 Should: Indicates a recommendation that is advised but not required for the purposes 

of this voluntary standard. 

3.2.35 Single loop restraint: A type of restraint in which both wrists or both ankles are held 

together. 

3.2.36 Single use: Used only once and then disposed of. 

3.2.37 Standard key: A key that shares common use across a number of restraints and 

meets dimensional requirements for key shaft outer diameter, key shaft inner 

diameter, key shaft wall thickness, flag thickness, flag length, and double-lock post 

outer diameter. (See Figure 4 for a diagram of a standard key.) 

3.2.38 Subject: An individual being restrained. 

3.2.39 Supplier: The party that is responsible for ensuring that products meet and, if 

applicable, continue to meet, the requirements on which the certification is based 

(ISO/IEC Guide 65, 3.1).
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

9 

3.2.40 Swivel: A component of a restraint that creates an interface or serves as the 

attachment point wherein one loop of a restraint is connected to another by means of 

a flexible device such as a chain. It is often placed between the loops that encircle an

individual’s wrists or ankles. The swivel allows for rotation and movement of the 

restraint during storage and while applied. 

3.2.41 Types: NIJ classification of restraints based on operational requirements, level of 

security, and reusability. There are four types of restraints: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 

and Type 4. (See Section 1.3.1.) 

3.2.42 Unintentional release of restraint: Partial or full opening of the restraint or 

disengaging of the double-locking mechanism (if applicable) by any means other than 

that specified by the supplier in the user information. 

3.2.43 Wrist restraint: A type of restraint used to restrict the mobility of the subject’s arms 

by encircling the wrists. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

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4. FORM AND FIT REQUIREMENTS

To be tested under the performance requirements of this standard, restraint models 

shall satisfy the requirements of this chapter.

4.1 Locking Mechanism Requirements for Restraint Models

4.1.1 Type 1 restraints shall incorporate a locking mechanism that is intended for single 

use.

4.1.2 Type 2 restraints shall incorporate a locking mechanism that is actuated according to 

supplier instructions and released with a standard key. 

4.1.3 Type 3 restraints shall incorporate a double-locking mechanism that is actuated 

according to supplier instructions and released with a standard key. 

4.1.4 Type 4 restraints shall incorporate a double-locking mechanism that is actuated 

according to supplier instructions and released with a nonstandard key. 

4.2 Loop Requirements for Restraint Models

4.2.1 Type 1 and Type 2 restraints may be single loop or double loop. 

4.2.2 Type 3 and Type 4 restraints shall be double loop. 

4.3 Standard Key Requirements

4.3.1 All standard keys provided with Type 2 and Type 3 restraints shall meet the 

dimensional specifications shown in Figure 4. (See the Appendix.) 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

11 

5. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Acceptance Criteria for Restraint Models

5.1.1 All applicable tests specified for each type of restraint and key shall be successfully 

completed, and every sample shall meet or exceed the performance requirements of 

Chapter 5, Performance Requirements, for that type of restraint. 

5.2 Requirements for All Types of Restraint Models

5.2.1 Workmanship Inspection

5.2.1.1 Each and every sample, regardless of type, shall be evaluated as specified in Section 

6.4, Workmanship Inspection, and shall demonstrate the following: 

• No foreign matter shall be embedded. 

• No flaking, powdering, peeling, blistering, cracking or crazing shall be observed. 

• No missing, broken, malformed, misaligned or loose parts shall be observed. 

• All required markings shall be present, legible, correct, and imprinted by etching, 

engraving or other permanent means. 

5.2.2 No sample, regardless of type, shall demonstrate unintentional release of restraint 

during any test procedure. 

5.2.3 All tests referenced in the following sections shall begin with the guidelines specified 

in sections 6.1 and 6.2. 

5.3 Type 1 Restraint Model Requirements

5.3.1 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.5, Dynamic Load Test, and no 

sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. If the samples contain 

nonmetallic materials, the samples shall be subjected to Temperature Exposure 

Conditioning as specified in Section 6.3.2 prior to testing.

5.3.2 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.6, Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints 

Static Load Tests, and no sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of 

restraint. If the samples contain nonmetallic materials, the samples shall be subjected 

to Temperature Exposure Conditioning as specified in Section 6.3.2 prior to testing.

5.3.3 If the restraint is double loop, five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.7, 

Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Retention System Twist Test, and no sample shall 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

12 

demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. If the samples contain nonmetallic 

materials, the samples shall be subjected to Temperature Exposure Conditioning as 

specified in Section 6.3.2 prior to testing.

5.3.4 If the restraint’s loops contain nonmetallic materials, five untested samples shall be 

subjected to Section 6.8, Flame Exposure Resistance Test. Each sample shall be selfextinguishing.

5.4 Type 2 Restraint Model Requirements

5.4.1 Each and every sample shall initially be subjected to Section 6.16, Standard Key 

Functionality Test. The standard key(s) supplied with each sample shall successfully 

release the lock/double lock with every attempt. If a sample has only undergone this 

initial test, it shall be considered to be “untested” for the remaining subsections of 

Section 5.4. 

5.4.2 If the restraints contain only metallic materials, perform the following procedures: 

5.4.2.1 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.6, Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints 

Static Load Tests. No sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint.

5.4.2.2 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.5, Dynamic Load Test, and no 

sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. 

5.4.2.3 Five untested samples of each double loop restraint shall be subjected to Section 6.7, 

Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Retention System Twist Test, and no sample shall 

demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. 

5.4.3 If the restraints contain any nonmetallic materials, 15 untested samples shall be 

subjected to Temperature Exposure Conditioning as specified in Section 6.3.2, 

followed by the series of tests below, and the samples shall meet the specified 

requirements. 

5.4.3.1 Prior to any testing, all samples shall be subjected to Section 6.16, Standard Key 

Functionality Test. The standard key(s) supplied with each sample shall successfully 

release the lock/double lock with every attempt. 

5.4.3.2 Five of the 15 samples shall be subjected to Section 6.6, Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints 

Static Load Tests. No sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. 

5.4.3.3 Five more of the 15 samples shall be subjected to Section 6.5, Dynamic Load Test, 

and no sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. 
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5.4.3.4 If the restraints are double loop, the remaining 5 of the 15 samples shall be subjected 

to Section 6.7, Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Retention System Twist Test, and no 

sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. 

5.4.4 If any external portion of the restraint contains nonmetallic materials, five untested 

samples shall be subjected to Section 6.3.3, Solar Radiation Exposure Conditioning, 

followed by the series of tests (in the order listed) below. Each sample shall meet the 

specified requirements. 

5.4.4.1 Section 6.16, Standard Key Functionality Test. The standard key(s) supplied with 

each sample shall successfully release the lock/double lock with every attempt. 

5.4.4.2 Section 6.6, Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Static Load Tests. No sample shall 

demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. 

5.4.5 If the restraint’s loops contain nonmetallic materials, five untested samples shall be 

subjected to Section 6.8, Flame Exposure Resistance Test. Each sample shall be selfextinguishing. 

5.5 Type 3 Restraint Model Requirements

5.5.1 Each and every sample shall initially be subjected to Section 6.16, Standard Key 

Functionality Test. The standard key(s) supplied with each sample shall successfully 

release the lock/double lock with every attempt. If a sample has only undergone this 

initial test, it shall be considered to be “untested” for the remaining subsections of 

Section 5.5. 

5.5.2 Five untested samples shall be subjected to the following series of tests and 

conditioning procedures (in the order listed), and each sample shall meet the specified 

requirements: 

5.5.2.1 Section 6.12, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraint Operational Tests. Each sample shall 

function as stated in the user information provided by the supplier. 

5.5.2.2 Section 6.3.5, Decontamination Solution Exposure Conditioning, and Section 6.12, 

Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Operational Tests. If the restraints contain any metallic 

materials, then, per Section 6.3.4, Salt Spray Exposure Conditioning shall be 

performed after Decontamination Solution Exposure Conditioning. Each sample shall 

function as stated in the user information provided by the supplier. 

5.5.2.3 Section 6.16, Standard Key Functionality Test. The standard key(s) supplied with 

each sample shall successfully release the lock/double lock with every attempt.
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5.5.3 Five untested samples shall be subjected to section 6.9, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Static Load Test. If the restraints contain any nonmetallic materials, the samples shall 

be subjected to the Temperature Exposure Conditioning as specified in Section 6.3.2

prior to testing. Each sample shall remain functional and demonstrate no 

unintentional release of restraint. 

5.5.4 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.5, Dynamic Load Test, and each 

sample shall remain functional and demonstrate no unintentional release of restraint. 

5.5.5 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.13, Type 3 and Type 4 

Restraints Cheek Plate Test. No sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of 

restraint.

5.5.6 If the restraint is double locking, five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 

6.14, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Double-Lock Impact Test. Each sample shall 

remain functional and demonstrate no unintentional release of restraint. 

5.5.7 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.15, Type 3 and Type 4 

Restraints Compression Test. No sample shall demonstrate any deformation or 

unintentional release of restraint. A sample shall be considered to have failed if (1) 

the ratchet arm advances to the next position before the 50-lb load is achieved, (2) the 

double lock cannot be released or does not operate properly, or (3) the ratchet arm or 

locking devices do not function as stated in the user information provided by the 

supplier. 

5.5.8 If the restraints have hinged, rigid or similar construction connecting the loops, five 

untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.10, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Twist Test, followed by Section 6.12, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Operational 

Tests. Each sample shall function as stated in the user information provided by the 

supplier and shall demonstrate no unintentional release of restraint, separation of 

components, cracking or disengaging. 

5.5.9 If the restraints have chain and swivel or similar construction connecting the loops, 

five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.11, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Swivel Pry Resistance Test. Each sample shall function as stated in the user 

information provided by the supplier and shall demonstrate no unintentional release 

of restraint, separation of components, cracking or disengaging. 

5.5.10 If the restraint loop contains any nonmetallic materials, five untested samples shall be 

subjected to Section 6.8, Flame Exposure Resistance Test. Each sample shall be selfextinguishing. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

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5.6 Type 4 Restraint Model Requirements

5.6.1 Each and every sample shall initially be subjected to Section 6.17, Nonstandard Key 

Functionality Test. The nonstandard key(s) supplied with each sample shall 

successfully release the lock/double lock with every attempt. Standard keys shall not 

successfully release the lock/double lock for any attempt. If a sample has only 

undergone this initial test, it shall be considered to be “untested” for the remaining 

subsections of Section 5.6. 

5.6.2 Five untested samples shall be subjected to the following series of tests and 

conditioning procedures (in the order listed), and each sample shall meet the specified 

requirements: 

5.6.2.1 Section 6.12, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Operational Tests. Each sample shall 

function as stated in the user information provided by the supplier. 

5.6.2.2 Section 6.3.5, Decontamination Solution Exposure Conditioning, and Section 6.12, 

Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Operational Tests. If the restraints contain any metallic 

materials, then, per Section 6.3.4, Salt Spray Exposure Conditioning shall be 

performed after Decontamination Solution Exposure Conditioning and before Type 3 

and Type 4 Restraints Operational Tests. Each sample shall function as stated in the 

user information provided by the supplier. 

5.6.2.3 Section 6.17, NonStandard Key Functionality Test. The nonstandard key(s) supplied 

with each sample shall successfully release the lock/double lock with every attempt. 

Standard keys shall not successfully release the lock/double lock for any attempt. 

5.6.3 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.9, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Static Load Test. If the restraints contain any nonmetallic materials, the samples shall 

be subjected to the Temperature Exposure Conditioning as specified in Section 6.3.2

prior to testing. Each sample shall remain functional and demonstrate no 

unintentional release of restraint. 

5.6.4 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.5, Dynamic Load Test, and each 

sample shall remain functional and demonstrate no unintentional release of restraint. 

5.6.5 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.13, Type 3 and Type 4 

Restraints Cheek Plate Test. No sample shall demonstrate any unintentional release of 

restraint.

5.6.6 If the restraint is double locking, five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 

6.14, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Double-Lock Impact Test. No sample shall 

demonstrate any unintentional release of restraint. 
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5.6.7 Five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.15, Type 3 and Type 4 

Restraints Compression Test. No sample shall demonstrate any deformation or 

unintentional release of restraint. A sample shall be considered to have failed if (1) 

the ratchet arm advances to the next position before the 50-lb load is achieved, (2) the 

double lock cannot be released or does not operate properly, or (3) the ratchet arm or 

locking devices do not function as stated in the user information provided by the 

supplier. 

5.6.8 If the restraints have hinged, rigid or similar construction connecting the loops, five 

untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.10, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Twist Test, followed by Section 6.12, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Operational 

Tests. Each sample shall function as stated in the user information provided by the 

supplier and demonstrate no unintentional release of restraint, separation of 

components, cracking or disengaging. 

5.6.9 If the restraints have chain and swivel or similar construction connecting the loops, 

five untested samples shall be subjected to Section 6.11, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Swivel Pry Resistance Test. Each sample shall function as stated in the user 

information provided by the supplier and demonstrate no unintentional release of 

restraint, separation of components, cracking or disengaging. 

5.6.10 If the restraint’s loops contain any nonmetallic materials, five untested samples shall 

be subjected to Section 6.8, Flame Exposure Resistance Test. Each sample shall be 

self-extinguishing. 
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6. TEST METHODS

6.1 General Test Requirements

6.1.1 Acceptance criteria shall be as stated in Chapter 5, Performance Requirements. 

6.1.2 All testing required in this standard shall be performed with no accessories attached. 

6.1.3 Unless the context unmistakably indicates otherwise, the duration specified in this 

chapter for any procedure (e.g., “500 hours”) shall be understood to run consecutively 

(e.g., “500 consecutive hours”). 

6.1.4 Unless the context unmistakably indicates otherwise, an indication that an action is to 

“follow” something else or is to occur after something else should be understood to 

mean that the subsequent action should occur immediately after the preceding event. 

6.1.5 All test results and observations shall be recorded and reported.

6.1.6 Unless otherwise specified, all tolerances shall be ± 0.15 inches. 

6.2 Samples

6.2.1 General

6.2.1.1 A test sample may be a complete restraint or a portion taken from a complete 

restraint. 

6.2.1.2 All samples for testing shall be provided by the supplier. 

6.2.2 Type 1 Restraints

6.2.2.1 A minimum of 10 samples are required regardless of material composition. 

6.2.2.2 If the restraint is double loop, an additional five samples are required.

6.2.2.3 If the restraint loop is the portion containing any nonmetallic materials, an additional 

five samples are required.

6.2.2.4 Type 1 restraints may be single loop or double loop and shall be tested according to 

the test methods specified for each. If a restraint is intended to be configured by 
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connecting two single loops to form a double loop, the restraint shall be tested in that 

configuration as a double loop. 

6.2.3 Type 2 Restraints

6.2.3.1 A minimum of 15 samples are required regardless of material composition. 

6.2.3.2 If any external portion of the restraint contains any nonmetallic materials, an 

additional five samples are required. 

6.2.3.3 In addition to the requirement of Section 6.2.3.2, if the restraint loop is the portion 

containing any nonmetallic materials, an additional five samples are required.

6.2.3.4 Type 2 restraints may be single loop or double loop and shall be tested according to 

the test methods specified for each. If a restraint is intended to be configured by 

connecting two single loops to form a double loop, the restraint shall be tested in that 

configuration as a double loop. 

6.2.4 Type 3 Restraints

6.2.4.1 A minimum of 30 samples are required regardless of material composition. 

6.2.4.2 If the restraints have hinged, rigid or similar construction connecting the loops, an 

additional five samples are required.

6.2.4.3 If the restraints have chain and swivel or similar construction connecting the loops, an 

additional five samples are required.

6.2.4.4 If the restraint loop contains any nonmetallic materials, an additional five samples are 

required. 

6.2.5 Type 4 Restraints

6.2.5.1 A minimum of 30 samples are required regardless of material composition. 

6.2.5.2 If the restraints have hinged, rigid or similar construction connecting the loops, an 

additional five samples are required.

6.2.5.3 If the restraints have chain and swivel or similar construction connecting the loops, an 

additional five samples are required.
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6.2.5.4 If the restraint loop contains any nonmetallic materials, an additional five samples are 

required. 

6.3 Conditioning Procedures

6.3.1 Pertinent observations related to conditioning shall be recorded.

6.3.2 Temperature Exposure Conditioning 

6.3.2.1 As stated in Section 5.4.3, temperature exposure conditioning applies to restraints 

containing nonmetallic materials. 

6.3.2.2 The sample shall be subjected to a temperature cycling condition of -34°C to 44 °C ± 

1°C (-29°F to 111°F ± 2°F) for 24 hours ± 15 minutes. The temperature cycle consists 

of -34°C (-29°F) for 12 hours after temperature stabilization and 44 °C (111°F) for 12 

hours after temperature stabilization, with temperature transitions not to exceed 5°C 

(9°F) per minute. The sample shall be returned to 21 ± 3 ̊C (70 ± 5 ̊F) prior to 

subsequent testing. 

6.3.3 Solar Radiation Exposure Conditioning 

6.3.3.1 Solar radiation exposure conditioning applies to restraints containing nonmetallic 

materials. 

6.3.3.2 The sample shall be subjected to solar radiation for 96 hours ± 15 minutes in 

accordance with Cycle 1 of Table X2.1 of ASTM G154.

6.3.4 Salt Spray Exposure Conditioning 

6.3.4.1 Salt spray exposure conditioning applies to metallic restraints only. 

6.3.4.2 The sample shall be subjected to salt spray in accordance with ASTM B117 and as 

specified herein. A 5 percent neutral salt solution, a chamber temperature of 35°C ± 

2°C (95°F ± 4°F), and an exposure time of 12 hours shall be used. Each sample shall 

be suspended so as not to touch any other sample or the walls or floor of the chamber. 

At the completion of salt spray exposure, the sample shall be removed from the 

chamber and air-dried for 24 hours at a temperature of 21 ± 3 ̊C (70 ± 5 ̊F) and 

relative humidity of 50 percent ± 10 percent. After the test, the sample shall be 

inspected for evidence of substantial corrosion. The sample shall not be cleaned 

following exposure. 
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6.3.5 Decontamination Solution Exposure Conditioning 

6.3.5.1 Decontamination solution exposure conditioning applies to Type 3 and Type 4 

restraints.

6.3.5.2 The sample and its key shall be exposed to a 10-to-1 water and household bleach 

solution1 (i.e., 10 parts water to 1 part bleach) for 5 cycles. Cycles shall consist of a 

30-minute submersed, nonagitated exposure followed by removal and drying by 

hanging for a period of 30 minutes. 

6.4 Workmanship Inspection

6.4.1 The sample shall be inspected for the defects indicated below by an individual having 

20/20 vision (either unaided or corrected): 

• Material damaged or showing excessive marring. 

• Foreign matter embedded in material. 

• Any flaking, powdering, peeling, blistering, cracking or crazing of the surface 

material. 

• Any part missing, broken, malformed, loose or not in proper alignment. 

• Missing, illegible, incorrect or nonpermanent markings. 

6.4.2 Visual inspection results and observations shall be recorded and reported. 

6.5 Dynamic Load Test 

6.5.1 Test Fixture and Setup 

6.5.1.1 A single test fixture is required for all dynamic load testing. This fixture is shown in 

Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7 along with test setups for different restraint types.

6.5.1.2 The square tubing of the test fixture shall be attached to a rigid platform to maintain 

vertical position and stability of the fixture during testing. 

6.5.1.3 The weight shown in the figures shall be 10 lb ± 1 oz and shall be dropped a distance 

of 13 1⁄2 ± 1/8 inches from the bottom of the weight to the strike face of the metal disk 

to achieve the desired loading. 

 

1 For details on household bleach, its concentration, and composition, refer to

http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/disinfection_sterilization/6_0disinfection.html. 
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6.5.2 Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints 

6.5.2.1 Restraints that are single loop shall be subjected to Section 6.5.4, Individual Loop 

Dynamic Load Test. 

6.5.2.2 Restraints that are double loop shall be subjected to Section 6.5.4, Individual Loop 

Dynamic Load Test, and Section 6.5.5, Double Loop Dynamic Load Test. 

6.5.3 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints

6.5.3.1 The restraints shall be subjected to Section 6.5.5, Double Loop Dynamic Load Test. 

6.5.4 Individual Loop Dynamic Load Test 

6.5.4.1 The dimensions and configuration of the test setup shall be as shown in Figure 5. The

loop shall be secured around a pair of drums with spacing as indicated between the 

drums and with the locking mechanism of the restraint positioned midway between 

the drums. Prior to the weight being dropped, the fixture and plate should be eased 

into a steady state position such that the only movement once the test begins will be 

due to the dropping of the weight. The weight shall be positioned relative to the lower 

drum assembly of the test fixture and allowed to drop uninhibited the specified 

distance and strike the metal disk. Results and observations shall be recorded. 

6.5.4.2 If the sample is double loop, repeat the above step for the second loop. 

6.5.5 Double Loop Dynamic Load Test 

6.5.5.1 Nonmetallic Restraints: The sample shall be subjected to a dynamic load test. The 

dimensions and configuration of the test setup for nonmetallic restraints shall be as 

shown in Figure 6. Each loop of the sample shall be secured around one of a pair of 

drums with spacing of 0.5 ± 0.1 inches between the loop and the drum. The locking 

mechanism shall be positioned midway between the drums. Prior to the weight being 

dropped, the fixture and plate should be eased into a steady state position such that 

the only movement once the test begins will be due to the dropping of the weight. The

weight shall be positioned relative to the lower drum assembly of the test fixture and

allowed to drop uninhibited the specified distance and strike the metal disk. Results 

and observations shall be recorded. 

6.5.5.2 Metallic Restraints: The dimensions and configuration of the test setup for metallic 

restraints shall be as shown in Figure 7. Each loop of the sample shall be secured 

around one of a pair of drums with spacing of 0.5 ± 0.1 inches between the loop and 

the drum. The locking mechanism shall be positioned midway between the drums. 

Prior to the weight being dropped, the fixture and plate should be eased into a steady 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

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state position such that the only movement once the test begins will be due to the 

dropping of the weight. The weight shall be positioned relative to the lower drum

assembly of the test fixture and allowed to drop uninhibited the specified distance and 

strike the metal disk. Results and observations shall be recorded. 

6.6 Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Static Load Tests 

6.6.1 Test Equipment and Setup 

6.6.1.1 A commercially engineered tensile test device2 with data recording capabilities shall 

be used for all tests within this section. 

6.6.1.2 A single test holder apparatus and drums shall be used for all tests within this section. 

Drum details, spacing and alignment during testing are specified in Figure 8 and 

Figure 9. Additionally, an example of a test holder apparatus is provided in the 

figures. 

6.6.2 Application of Tests

6.6.2.1 Restraints that are single loop shall be subjected to Section 6.6.3, Individual Loop 

Static Load Test. 

6.6.2.2 Restraints that are double loop shall be subjected to Section 6.6.3, Individual Loop 

Static Load Test, and Section 6.6.3, Double Loop Static Load Test. 

6.6.3 Individual Loop Static Load Test

6.6.3.1 The sample shall be subjected to a static load test. The dimensions and configuration 

of the test setup for nonmetallic restraints shall be as shown in Figure 8. The test 

holder apparatus shall be attached to the tensile test device, and the sample loop shall 

be secured around a pair of drums with spacing as indicated between the drums and 

with the locking mechanism of the restraint positioned midway between the drums. 

The cross head speed shall be 1.0 ± 0.2 inches/minute. If the sample is unconditioned, 

the sample shall be loaded at the prescribed rate until 1668 N ± 9N (375 ± 2 lbf) or 

destruction has been achieved, whichever occurs first, and the load shall be removed. 

Observations and the tensile profile shall be recorded. If the sample breaks during the 

test, the ultimate tensile strength shall be indicated on the profile.

6.6.3.2 If the sample is double loop, repeat the above step for the second loop. 

 

2 Such devices specified in this standard shall comply with ASTM E8/E8M.
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6.6.4 Double Loop Static Load Test 

6.6.4.1 The sample shall be subjected to a static load test. The dimensions and configuration 

of the test setup for nonmetallic restraints shall be as specified in Figure 9. The test 

holder apparatus shall be attached to the tensile test device, and each loop of the 

sample shall be secured around one of a pair of drums with spacing as indicated 

between the loop and the drum. The locking mechanism shall be positioned midway 

between the drums. The cross head speed shall be 1.0 ± 0.2 inches/minute. The

sample shall be loaded at the prescribed rate until 1668 N ± 9N (375 ± 2 lbf) or 

destruction has been achieved, whichever occurs first, and the load shall be removed 

Observations and the tensile profile shall be recorded. If the sample breaks during the 

test, the ultimate tensile strength shall be indicated on the profile. 

6.7 Type 1 and Type 2 Restraints Retention System Twist Test

6.7.1 Test Equipment 

6.7.1.1 A single test fixture is required for all twist tests. This fixture is shown in Figure 10

and Figure 13 along with test setups for different restraint types.

6.7.2 Application of Test

6.7.2.1 This test applies to double loop restraints only. 

6.7.3 Procedure 

6.7.3.1 The dimensions and configuration of the test setup shall be as specified in Figure 10. 

Each loop of the sample shall be secured around one of a pair of drums with spacing 

as indicated between the drums and with the locking mechanism of the restraint 

positioned midway between the drums to allow for flexing. One loop (around the 

drum) shall be inserted into the hub box and secured as shown. The other loop and 

drum shall be attached and secured to the rotating end of the test fixture so that 

flexing can occur from 0 degrees to ± 90 degrees for 25 cycles or 50 movements, not 

to exceed one cycle per second. Observations and results shall be recorded.

6.8 Flame Exposure Resistance Test

6.8.1 This test applies only to restraints having loops containing any nonmetallic materials. 

If the restraint loop contains multiple nonmetallic materials, each nonmetallic 

material shall be subjected to this flame exposure resistance test.

6.8.2 The sample shall be subjected to a flame test in accordance with UL 94, Procedure 

7.5, modified as follows:
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6.8.2.1 Five untested samples shall be used.

6.8.2.2 Use a 10-second flame. 

6.8.2.3 The sample width shall be as received. The sample shall be taken from the thickest 

location in the loop. 

6.8.2.4 The result shall be considered a pass if the sample is self-extinguishing. The burn rate 

shall not be calculated. Observations and results shall be recorded. 

6.9 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Static Load Test 

6.9.1 Test Equipment and Setup 

6.9.1.1 A commercially engineered tensile test device with data recording capabilities shall 

be used for all tests within this section. 

6.9.1.2 A single test holder apparatus and drums shall be used for all tests within this section.

Drum details, spacing and alignment during testing are specified in Figure 11 and 

Figure 12. 

6.9.2 Procedure 

6.9.2.1 The test holder apparatus shall be attached to the tensile test device. Each loop of the 

sample shall be installed on the restraint bearing as shown in Figure 11 and shall be 

double locked with the ratchet arm engaged at the first notch entering the locking 

mechanism. A tensile force of 2,200 N (495 lbf) shall be applied with a crosshead 

speed of 1.0 in/min ± 0.2 in/min in the direction of the chain (longitudinal) across the 

restraint. The tension shall be maintained for 30 seconds, and any separation of the 

ratchet arm from the pawl shall be noted. The tension shall be released and the sample

shall be checked for proper operation as specified in Section 6.12. Observations and 

the tensile profile shall be recorded. If the sample breaks during the test, the ultimate 

tensile strength shall be indicated on the profile.

6.9.2.2 The test holder apparatus shall be attached to the tensile test device. One loop of the 

sample shall be installed on adjacent restraint bearings as shown in Figure 12 and 

shall be double locked with the ratchet arm engaged at the first notch entering the 

locking mechanism. A tensile force of 2,200 N (495 lbf) shall be applied with a 

crosshead speed of 1.0 in/min ± 0.2 in/min to the loop in the direction of the ratchet 

arm. The tension shall be maintained for 30 seconds, and any separation of the ratchet 

arm from the pawl shall be noted. The tension shall be released and the sample shall 

be checked for proper operation as specified in Section 6.12. Observations and the 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

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tensile profile shall be recorded. If the sample breaks during the test, the ultimate 

tensile strength shall be indicated on the profile. 

6.9.2.3 Repeat step 6.9.2.2 for the other loop of the sample. 

6.10 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Twist Test 

6.10.1 Test Equipment and Setup 

6.10.1.1 A single test fixture is required for all twist tests. This fixture is shown in Figure 10

and Figure 13 along with test setups for different restraint types. 

6.10.2 Application of Test

6.10.2.1 This test applies to rigid, hinged or similar double loop restraints. 

6.10.3 Procedure 

6.10.3.1 The dimensions and configuration of the test setup shall be as specified in Figure 13. 

Each loop of the sample shall be secured around one of a pair of drums with the 

locking mechanism of the restraint positioned midway between the drums. One loop 

(around the drum) shall be inserted into the hub box and secured as shown. The other 

loop and drum shall be attached and secured to the rotating end of the test fixture to 

allow a twist to occur from the center in each direction and generating a torque load 

of 222.4 N ± 9 N (50 ± 2 ft lbs) for 25 cycles or 50 movements. Each cycle should 

take no more than 10 seconds to complete. Observations and results shall be recorded. 

6.11 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Swivel Pry Resistance Test

6.11.1 Test Equipment and Setup 

6.11.1.1 A commercially engineered tensile test device with data recording capabilities shall 

be used for this test. The dimensions and configuration of the test setup shall be as 

specified in Figure 14. 

6.11.2 Procedure 

6.11.2.1 This test only applies to restraints that have a swivel and chain or similar

combination. One loop of the sample shall be secured and the unit shall be oriented to 

pull at a 90-degree angle. An increasing load shall be applied to the remaining loop at 

a rate of 1.0 ± 0.2 inches/minute. On reaching a maximum load of 445 N ± 9 N (100 

lbf ± 2 lbf), the load shall be decreased, and the swivel shall be inspected for normal 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

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operation as specified in Section 6.12. Observations and the tensile profile shall be 

recorded. If the sample breaks during the test, the ultimate tensile strength shall be 

indicated on the profile. 

6.12 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Operational Tests 

6.12.1 Pawl Ratcheting Test

6.12.1.1 For any restraint designed to allow the ratchet arm to rotate 360o around the pivot, the 

restraint shall be subjected to this test. The sample shall be tested for pawl ratcheting

with the double lock not engaged. The ratchet arm with the pawl shall be engaged in 

one complete motion beginning with the first through the last notch from the free end 

of the ratchet arm. The motion shall be continued beyond this such that the ratchet 

arm rotates completely through the cheek plates and returns to the first notch of the 

ratchet arm. This shall be performed three times for each ratchet arm of the sample. 

Observations and results shall be recorded. 

6.12.2 Double Locking Test

6.12.2.1 The sample shall be tested for double locking. The double lock shall not be engaged 

initially. The ratchet arm shall be rotated to engage the third notch from the free end 

of the ratchet arm with the pawl. Following the supplier’s instructions, the doublelocking mechanism shall be engaged. It shall be verified that the double lock is 

engaged by manually attempting to move the ratchet arm beyond the third notch. 

Again, following the supplier’s instructions, the double-locking mechanism shall be 

disengaged and the restraint shall be opened. This procedure shall be performed three 

times on each double-locking mechanism of the sample. Observations and results

shall be recorded. 

6.13 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Cheek Plate Test

6.13.1 Test Equipment and Setup 

6.13.1.1 The test equipment and setup shall be as shown in Figure 15. 

6.13.2 Procedure 

6.13.2.1 The sample pawl shall be engaged in the third notch from the free end of the ratchet 

arm, and the sample shall be double-locked and kept locked throughout the test. The 

sample ratchet arm shall be clamped in a vise whose jaws are faced with either plastic 

or soft metal plates. 
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6.13.2.2 The torque bit shall be inserted between the cheek plates adjacent to the pivot pin that 

secures the ratchet arm to the cheek plates, as shown in Figure 15. A suitable torque 

wrench shall be used to apply a clockwise torque up to 23.0 Nm (204 lbf·in) to the 

torque bit. If the cheek plates yield, deforming to such an extent that a maximum 

torque of 23.0 Nm (204 lbf·in) cannot be maintained, then the sample shall be 

considered to have failed. If maximum torque can be applied, that torque shall be 

maintained for a period of 30 seconds, and then the same torque shall be applied in a 

counterclockwise direction for 30 seconds. 

6.13.2.3 If a cheek plate separates from the pivot pin, the sample shall be removed from the 

vise. By hand and with the aid of a flat-tip screwdriver, the test administrator shall

determine whether it is possible to remove the ratchet arm from the pivot pin and to 

disengage the ratchet arm from the pawl or to break or bend the ratchet arm

sufficiently to enable the sample to be removed from, or placed on, an individual 

wrist or ankle. Observations and results shall be recorded. 

6.14 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Double-Lock Impact Test

6.14.1 Test Equipment and Setup 

6.14.1.1 The test equipment and setup shall be as shown in Figure 16. 

6.14.2 Procedure 

6.14.2.1 The sample shall be tested for impact to the double lock. The sample shall be 

separated midway between the loops so that a single loop of the sample can be tested.

Only one loop of the sample shall be tested. 

6.14.2.2 The loop shall be engaged around the drum so that the double-locking pin is in the 

direction of impact against the rod as shown and the loop is snug around the drum. 

The loop shall be placed in the double-lock position. Five guided impacts shall be 

made by dropping the assembly from the height indicated. The double lock shall not 

be reset between impacts. On completion of the five impacts, the loop shall be 

inspected to determine if the double-locking device has changed to the unlocked 

position. Remove the sample from the fixture and check whether or not the double 

lock remains engaged by attempting to manually open and close the restraint. 

Observations and results shall be recorded. Note that the untested loop of the sample 

may be used for the testing in Section 6.15, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Compression Test. 

6.15 Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints Compression Test

6.15.1 Test Equipment and Setup 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

28 

6.15.1.1 The test equipment and setup shall be as shown in Figure 17. 

6.15.2 Procedure 

6.15.2.1 Only one loop of the sample shall be tested. The double lock shall not be engaged. 

The ratchet arm shall be rotated to engage the third notch in from the free end of the 

ratchet arm with the pawl. Using the instructions provided by the supplier, the 

double-locking mechanism shall be engaged. One loop shall be placed in the fixture 

as shown in the figure, and a load of 222.4 N ± 9 N (50 lbf ± 2 lbf) shall be applied 

with a crosshead speed of 0.25 in/min ± 0.05 in/min and held for 10 seconds. On 

completion of testing, the double-locking mechanism shall be disengaged. For any 

restraint designed to allow the ratchet arm to rotate 360o around the pivot, the ratchet 

arm shall be rotated to the fully open position. Otherwise, the restraint shall be 

opened. Observations and results shall be recorded. Note that the untested loop of the 

sample may be used for the testing in Section 6.14, Type 3 and Type 4 Restraints 

Double-Lock Impact Test. 

6.16 Standard Key Functionality Test

6.16.1 The standard key used to lock/unlock the restraint shall be functionally inspected for 

satisfactory operation of the locking and double-locking devices. 

6.16.1.1 Engage the lock. If the restraint has a double lock, engage the double lock. Follow the 

supplier’s instructions to disengage first the double lock, if applicable, and then the 

single lock. This procedure shall be performed 10 times.

6.16.1.2 The test result shall be considered a pass if the key successfully opens each sample on 

every attempt. Observations and results shall be recorded.

6.17 Nonstandard Key Functionality Test

6.17.1 The nonstandard key used to lock/unlock the restraint shall be functionally inspected 

for satisfactory operation of the locking and double-locking devices. 

6.17.1.1 Engage the lock. If the restraint has a double lock, engage the double lock. Follow the 

supplier’s instructions to disengage first the double lock, if applicable, and then the 

single lock. This procedure shall be performed 10 times.

6.17.1.2 The test result shall be considered a pass if the key successfully opens the restraint on 

every attempt. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

29 

6.17.2 Unlocking the restraint with a standard key shall be attempted. If the standard key 

does not unlock the restraints, the result is considered a pass. Observations and results

shall be recorded. 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

30 

7. LABELING AND INFORMATION

7.1 General Product Label Requirements for Restraint Models

7.1.1 Type 1 and Type 2 restraints shall be marked with at least the lot number and date of 

manufacture listed as quarter and year, at a minimum. 

7.1.2 Type 1 and Type 2 restraints shall have a product label in the packaging with the 

restraints that includes all required information as described in Section 7.1.4. 

7.1.3 Type 3 and Type 4 restraints shall have the product label permanently and visibly

marked on the restraint that includes all required information as described in Section 

7.1.4. 

7.1.4 At a minimum, the following information shall be marked legibly on the product 

label(s):

• Legal name of the supplier. 

• Model number. 

• Type of restraint (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, or Type 4). 

• Type 3 and Type 4 restraints only: Unique serial number. 

7.1.5 All worded portions of a required product label shall appear in English, but other 

languages may be added.

7.2 Compliance Statement for Each Certified Product of a Compliant Restraint 

Model

7.2.1 The compliance statement shall be included with the user information required in 

Section 7.3. 

7.2.2 A certified product shall have the following compliance statement in letters at least 

2.5 mm (3/32 inch) high: 

“PURSUANT TO NIJ CR-1001.00, THIS RESTRAINT MODEL HAS BEEN 

TESTED AND FOUND TO BE COMPLIANT WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF 

NIJ STANDARD-1001.00 (CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESTRAINTS STANDARD).” 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

31 

7.3 User Information to Be Provided by the Supplier of the Restraint

7.3.1 In order to have a restraints model tested under this standard, the supplier must agree 

that, if the model is found to be compliant, it will provide written user information 

including, but not limited to, warnings, information and instructions with each 

individual product. 

7.3.2 The supplier shall provide the required user information in such a manner as to make 

such information clear, prominent and immediately available to any individual 

opening the package. 

7.3.3 The supplier shall provide at least the following warnings, information, and 

instructions as part of the written user information: 

• Legal name and legal address of the supplier. 

• Country of manufacture. 

• Instructions for proper application of restraints to a subject, as intended by the 

supplier, including safety considerations or hazards regarding use. 

• Warranty information, including length of warranty. 

• Specific materials of construction. 

• Type of finish for metallic restraints. 

• Weight. 

 Care and maintenance3

 instructions, including guidelines for inspection. 

 Descriptions of available sizes, including the ranges in wrist or ankle size for 

persons fitting each particular restraint size. 

 

3 See definitions for care and maintenance in Chapter 3.
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

32 

8. APPENDIX

Figure 1. Examples of Type 1 Restraints 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

33 

Figure 2. Examples of Type 2 Restraints 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

34 

Figure 3. Example of Type 3 Restraint 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

35 

Figure 4. Standard Key Dimensions

Pin Shaft

Flag

Shaft Barrel

Pin 

Length

Shaft 

Length

Flag

Length

Flag

Thickness

Flag

Width

Overall 

Length

Shaft 

Length

Pin 

Length

Pin 

Diameter

Flag 

Thickness Flag

Length

Flag

Width

Shaft 

Barrel 

Inside 

Diameter

Shaft 

Barrel 

Outside 

Diameter

No 

requirement

Minimum 

of 0.966”

Minimum 

of 0.213”

0.075” 0.040” 0.125” 0.062” 0.100” 0.139”

Note: Tolerance for all measurements is ± 0.010
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

36 

Figure 5. Individual Loop Dynamic Load Test Setup
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

37 

Figure 6. Double Loop Dynamic Load Test Setup for Nonmetallic Restraints
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

38 

 Figure 7. Double Loop Dynamic Load Test Setup for Metallic Restraints

8.2
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

39 

Figure 8. Individual Loop Static Load Test Setup
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

40 

Figure 9. Double Loop Static Load Test Setup 
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

41 

Figure 10. Restraint Retention System Twist Test Setup

8.4
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

42 

Figure 11. Static Load Test Setup
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

43 

Figure 12. Static Load Test Setup for Individual Loops
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

44 

Figure 13. Restraint Twist Test Setup

8.5
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

45 

Figure 14. Swivel Pry Test Setup

8.6
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

46 

Figure 15. Cheek Plate Test Setup

8.7
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

47 

Figure 16. Double Lock Impact Test Setup
Criminal Justice Restraints Standard

48 

Figure 17. Compression Test Setup



About the Law Enforcement and Corrections

Standards and Testing Program

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the 

NIJ Office of Science and Technology within the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice 

Programs. The program responds to provisions in the Homeland Security Act of 2002 that 

authorize the NIJ Office of Science and Technology to establish and maintain performance 

standards (in accordance with the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995) 

for law enforcement technologies that may be used by federal, state and local law enforcement 

agencies, and to test and evaluate those technologies. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 also 

authorizes the NIJ Office of Science and Technology to establish and maintain a program to 

certify, validate and mark or otherwise recognize law enforcement technology products that 

conform to the standards mentioned above. 

The NIJ Standards and Testing Program works to identify the needs of state and local criminal 

justice system practitioners for equipment standards and test protocols, develops voluntary performance standards for specific criminal justice tools and technologies, establishes conformity 

assessment requirements for demonstrating that commercially available equipment conforms 

to those standards, and publishes listings of product models that have been tested through one 

or more specified organizations and found to comply with the standards. The standards development process begins with the operational needs and requirements of practitioners in the field 

being defined, and, based on those needs, the standards are developed principally by a special 

technical committee led by criminal justice practitioners and including testing and conformity 

assessment experts, other technical experts, federal partners and members from practitioner 

stakeholder organizations. Manufacturers, vendors and other interested parties are provided 

with an opportunity to review and comment on draft standards prior to their publication.

As indicated above, all NIJ standards developed through the Standards and Testing Program 

are voluntary standards. There is no requirement or obligation for manufacturers, law enforcement agencies or others to follow or adopt these voluntary law enforcement technology equipment standards. The primary intent of these standards is to provide the end user of a model of 

equipment found to be compliant with a particular standard with performance information on 

key equipment characteristics, provide a level of confidence in that particular model’s fitness for 

use in specified circumstances and allow comparison of product models based on standardized 

testing methods and performance requirements. These standards do not specify a particular 

solution but rather define what a potential solution must accomplish. The ultimate goal is to 

help ensure to the degree possible that law enforcement technology equipment is safe, reliable 

and effective. 

Publications related to the Standards and Testing Program, including the voluntary standards 

and associated documents, are available at no charge through the National Law Enforcement 

and Corrections Technology Center-National (NLECTC-National) and also are available online at 

http://www.nij.gov/standards and http://www.justnet.org. To request a document or additional information, please call (800) 248-2742 or send an e-mail to asknlectc@justnet.org.

Users of NIJ standards are advised to check with http://www.nij.gov/standards on a regular 

basis to determine whether a particular law enforcement technology equipment standard has 

been revised or superseded, or the compliance status of a particular model has changed. 

This document is not intended to creat

does not create, and may not be

relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable at

law by any party in any matter civil or

criminal.

Opinions or points of view expressed i

this document represent a consensus

of the authors and do not represent th

official position or policies of the U.S.

Department of Justice. The products

and manufacturers discussed in this

document are presented for informati

al purposes only and do not constitute

product approval or endorsement

by the U.S. Department of Justice.

The National Institute of Justice is a

component of the Office of Justice

Programs, which also includes the

Bureau of Justice Assistance; the

Bureau of Justice Statistics; the 

Office for Victims of Crime; the Office 

of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency 

Prevention; and the Office of Sex 

Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, 

Apprehending, Registering, and 

Tracking.

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