DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 310 980 SO 020 216

TITLE Bicentennial of the United States Constitution: A

Resource Guide. Supplement II: 1989. The

Establishment of the Federal Government and Nation?

Defense.

INSTITUTION Office of the Spcial Assistant for the Bicentennial

of the United States Constitution (Army), Washington,

DC

REPORT NO PIN-902006-000

PUB DATE 89

NOTE 134p.; For the original resource guide, see ED 299

182; for supplement 1, see ED 302 441.

PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) Historical

Materials (060)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage.

DESCRIPTORS *Armed Forces; *Constitutional History; Military

Service; *National Defense; *Presidents of the United

States; Social Studies; *United States History

IDENTIFIERS *Bicentennial; *United States Constitution

ABSTRACT

The Department of the Army has been chosen to be the

executive agent for the Department of Defense (DOD) programs

celebrating the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. The

DOD commemorative focus is fourfold: (1) to demonstrate the role and

relationships of the military in national government; (2) to provide

educational and historical lessons for soldiers, sailors, airmen,

marines, their families, and civilian employees; (3) to instill a

sense of the commitment, values, leadership, and public service of

the 23 soldier-statesman signers; and (4) to emphasize civilian

control over the military. A thorough discussion of the

constitutional provisions for the establishment of the first

Congress, the Departments of War and Army, and the Office of the

President and Commander in Chief is presented. The military service

records of the 23 men who served both in the armed services and as

president are given, along with a collection of their memorable

quotes. The major DOD commemorative programs are: (1) the

Constitutional Commitment Program, emphasizing education and oath

reaffirmation; (2) the Bicentennial Defense Community Program,

listing the participating defense communities; (3) the Exceptional

Merit Recognition Program, with a listing of the 76 commemorative

programs so chosen; and (4) the Adopt-A-School Program, an investment

in enriching the educational process through defense organization

participation. Several activities and ceremonies are recommended.

Lists of resource materials and commemorative items are provided. A

1989 calendar inscribed with the daily events of the year 1789 is

also included. (PPB)

**********************************************************************

* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

* from the original document. ***********************************************************************
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"We the People of the United States,

in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish

Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the

common defence, promote the general Welfare, and

secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution

for the United States of America."

As military or civilian representatives of the Armed Forces of the United States, our

first official act when we enlist or accept commissions of federal appointments is to swear

an oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States. This act makes us

unique from most Americans. Why? Because only federal government personnel

including military and civilian, as well as elected and appointed officials swear this oath

to support and defend the very fabric of our government and way of life. This, our first

duty to the Nation, is stated in the Preamble: "to provide for the common defence."

Providing for the common defense is clearly interrelated to the last goal stated in the

Preamble of the Constitution which is to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our

posterity. Most assuredly, these two goals of national defense and liberty relate directly to

ensuring a stable world environment under freedom.

Telling the great story of the Constitution represents the wisest investment in a future

whose generations will continue to understand and appreciate, as well as enjoy, those

blessings which have been bestowed upon them during the last two centuries. George

Mason, author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, said that if a free people do not look

back at their rights and how they secured them, they take the risk of losing them.

Understandably, the Department of Defense is committed to telling this great story of

liberty and to honoring this magnificent document of freedom.

"What is honored in a country will be cultivated there."

Plato
1

BICENTENNIAL OF THE

UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

A RESOURCE GUIDE

SUPPLEMENT II: 1989

The Establishment of the Federal Government

and National Defense

Office of the Special Consultant to the Secretary of the Army

for the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution

Washington, D.C. 20310-0107

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Officially Recognized by the

Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution

The purpose of this resource guide supplement is to help commands plan

commemorative programs and activities during the Bicentennial of the United States

Constitution. The Department of the Army has been designated the Executive Agent for the

Department of Defense for celebrating the Constitution Bicentennial. Local reproduction of

this guide is encouraged.

4
Table of Contents

Department of Defense Observance of the Bicentennial

of the United States Constitution, 1987-1991 1

Introduction 2

Chapter I - Commemorative Dates 3

Chapter II - Establishment of the First Congress and the

Departments of War and Army 6

Chapter DI - Establishment of the Office of the President and

Commander in Chief 14

Chapter IV - Soldier-Statesman Presidents of the United States............ 23

Chapter V - Quotations of the Soldier-Statesman Presidents..... ... ...... 29

Chapter VI - Major DoD Commemorative Programs: 49

Constitutional Commitment Program 50

Bicentennial Defense Community Program 51

Exceptional Merit Recognition Program 56

Adopt-A-School Program 73

Chapter VII - Suggested Activities 74

Chapter VIII -"How to" Guides: 80

Oath Reaffirmation Ceremony 81

Tree Planting Ceremony 85

Wreath Laying Ceremony 94

Essay Contest 96

Time Capsule 97

Chapter IX Resource Materials 99

Chapter X - 1989 Bicentennial Calendar 105
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OBSERVANCE OF THE

BICENTENNIAL OF THE UNITED STATES

CONSTITUTION

1987-1991

Thursday, 17 September 1987, marked the beginning of the five-year commemoration of the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. A

Presidential Commission has been established to oversee the national

commemoration through 1991. Headquarters, Department of the Army, has

executive agent responsibility for the Department of Defense program. The plan is

to weave the thread of the Constitution throughout various programs and activities

conducted during the Bicentennial period to include Armed Forces Day, Service

Birthdays, Independence Day, Organization Day, Memorial Day, Veteran's Day,

and Constitution Week.

The Department of Defense commemorative focus is fourfold:

(1) To demonstrate the role and relationships of military in National

Government.

(2) To provide educational and historical lessons for soldiers, sailors,

airmen, marines, their families and civilian employees.

(3) To instill a sense of commitment, values, leadership, and public service

of the 23 Soldier-Statesman Signers.

(4) To emphasize civilian control over the military.

In 1987, to launch the five-year commemoration, the framing and signing of

the Constitution were highlighted with particular focus on twenty-three of the forty

signers who were veterans of the Revolutionary War. In 1988, the annual theme

focused on ratification of the formidable document, the anniversaries of the states as

they joined the Union, and 200 years of Soldier-Statesman leadership and service in

state and local governments. To continue the momentum of the commemoration, the

following Department of Defense Bicentennial Year Themes have been established:

1989: The Establishment of the Federal Government and National Defense.

In 1789 the first Congress was convened, George Washington was inaugurated as

the First President and Commander in Chief, the Department of War was

established, as were the Department of the Army and the United States Supreme

Court. This year's commemorative theme focuses on the Presidents who served in

the Armed Forces.

1990: The Establishment of the Judiciary. The first session of the United

States Supreme Court was held in 1790. This year's commemorative theme will

focus on the role of law, specifically the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and

members of the federal and state Judiciary who have served in the military.

1991: The Adoption of the Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments to the

Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified by Congress in 1791. This

year focuses on the ratification of the Bill of Rights, the amendment process which

makes the Constitution a "living document," and on Soldier-Statesman leadership

and service in the Congress during the last two centuries.

1
INTRODUCTION

The first two years of the five-year Bicentennial of the United States

Constitution focused on the drafting, framing and ratification of the Constitution.

The Founding Fathers, with their precious foundation emplaced, turned next to the

establishment of a national government. Significantly, these same patriots became well-qualified candidates to occupy positions in the new government. Of the

twenty-three Soldier-Statesmen who signed the Constitution, eleven became

Senators, seven entered the House of Representatives, eight became governors, two became cabinet members, two became foreign ministers and one became

President of the United States.

On April 30, 1989, the nation will celebrate the Bicentennial of the

Presidency, marking that day 200 years ago when George Washington, the brilliant

commander of the victorious Continental Army, stood on the balcony of Federal

Hall in New York City and swore to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution

of the United States." During this Bicentennial year, the United States Army

continues its celebration of the Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. Specifically,

we are proud that thirty of our forty-one presidents served in the Armed Forces.

This booklet highlights the First Congress, established on March 4, 1789,

the Office of the President and the President's constitutional role as Commander in

Chief of the Armed Forces. The twenty-three Soldier-Statesmen of the

Revolutionary War who helped frame the Constitution established the precedent that

the military, subordinate to civilian authority, would be the servant of the Republic.

Thirty Soldier-Statesman Presidents of the United States have upheld this legacy

that remains the underpinning of the professional identity and loyalty of the

American service man and woman.

Members of the Armed Forces can take special pride in the fact that they are

linked with the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of our government by

a common bond to support and defend the Constitution of the United States.

0. Marsh, Jr.

ecretary of the Army

2

7
Commemorative Dates

3

8

CHAPTER I
Chronology Of Bicentennial Dates

January 7, 1789:

February 4, 1789:

March 4, 1789:

April 1, 1789:

April 6, 1789:

April 30, 1789:

June 8, 1789:

July 27, 1789:

August 7, 1789:

September 2, 1789:

September 22, 1789:

September 24, 1789:

September 25, 1789:

September 29, 1789:

November 20, 1789:

November 21, 1789:

December 19, 1789:

December 22, 1789:

Presidential electors are chosen.

Presidential electors vote choosing George Washington as

President and John Adams as Vice President. Elections for

Senators and Representatives take place in the states for the

new U.S. Congress.

The First Congress convenes in New York City.

The House of Representatives elects Frederick A.

Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its speaker.

The Senate chooses John Langdon as its temporary speaker.

George Washington is inaugurated as the first United States

President. The oath is delivered at Federal Hall at the

intersection of Wall and Broad Streets in New York City.

James Madison introduces proposed Bill of Rights into the

House of Representatives.

Congress establishes the Department of Foreign Affairs

which was designated the Department of State on September

15, 1789.

The War Department is established.

Congress establishes the Treasury Department.

The Office of the Postmaster General is established.

Congress passes the Federal Judiciary Act which establishes

the Supreme Court, thirteen district courts, three circuit

courts, and the office of the Attorney General.

Congress passes 12 amendments to the Constitution and

sends them to the states for ratification.

Congress establishes the Department of the Army.

New Jersey ratifies ten of twelve amendments which will

become the Bill of Rights.

North Carolina ratifies the Constitution by a 194 to 77 vote

after Congress passes the Bill of Rights.

Maryland ratifies the Bill of Rights.

North Carolina ratifies the Bill of Rights.
January 25, 1790:

January 28, 1790:

February 2, 1790:

February 24, 1790:

March 10, 1790:

May 29, 1790:

June 7, 1790:

June 20, 1790:

December 6, 1790:

January 10, 1791:

February 25, 1791:

March 3, 1791:

March 4, 1791:

November 3, 1791:

December 15, 1791:

New Hampshire ratifies the Bill of Rights.

Delaware ratifies the Bill of Rights.

The Supreme Court convenes for the first time.

New York ratifies the Bill of Rights.

Pennsylvania ratifies the Bill of Rights.

Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution by a vote of 34 to 32,

the last of the original states to do so.

Rhode Island ratifies the Bill of Rights.

The House of Representatives votes 32 to 29 to locate the

national capitol on a ten-mile square plot on the Potomac

River and designates Philadelphia as the temporary capitol.

Congress moves from New York to the temporary capitol of

Philadelphia.

Vermont ratifies the Constitution.

President Washington signs a bill establishing the Bank of

the United States.

Congress passes the Whiskey Act setting an excise tax on

distilled spirits and stills.

Vermont is admitted as the fourteenth state in the Union.

Vermont ratifies the Bill of Rights.

Virginia ratifies the Bill of Rights and.the amendments

become part of the United States Constitution.

5

10
CHAPTER II

Establishment of the First Congress and the

Departments of War and Army

6
Establishment of the First Congress and the

Departments of War and Army

Constitution of the United States

Article I, Section 8

The Congress shall have power..,

to declare War...

to raise and support Armies...

to provide and maintain a Navy.

to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval

Forces. (Uniform Code of Military Justice)

to provide for calling forth the Militia...

to provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the Militia, and for

governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the

United States...

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Formative Years: 1789-1809

The First Congress convened in New York City on March 4, 1789. The great majority of the representatives elected to the First Congress served in the

Continental Congress or in their state legislatures, and the procedures followed in

those bodies -- derived in large part from English parliamentary practice -- formed

the basis for the first rules of the House. Those rules included provisions that:

The Speaker was to preside over the House, preserve decorum and order,

put questions to members, decide all points of order, announce the results of votes

and vote on all ballots taken by the House.

Committees of three or fewer members were to be appointed by the Speaker,

while larger ones were to be chosen by ballot.

Members could not introduce bills or speak more than twice to the same

question without leave of the House. They were required to vote if present, unless

excused, and were barred from voting if not present or if they had a direct personal

interest in the outcome.

Early House Procedure

When the 30th of the 59 representatives elected to the First Congress reached

New York on April 1, 1789, the assembled quorum promptly chose Frederick A.

C. Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as Speaker of the House. The next day

Muhlenberg appointed a committee of 11 representatives to draw up the first rules

of procedure, which the House adopted April 7. The first standing committee of the

House -- a seven-member Committee on Elections -- was chosen April 13, and its

report accepting the credentials of 49 members was approved April 18. By then, the

House already was debating its first piece of legislation, a tariff bill.

7
In the early years of the House, it was the practice to begin discussion of all

major legislative proposals in the Committee of the Whole. After broad agreement

had been reached on the purposes of the measure, a select committee was named to

draft a bill. After considering it, the panel reported the measure back to the House

together with any amendments that may have been adopted. The legislation then

was considered by the Committee of the Whole for section-by-section debate and

approval or further amendment. Its work completed, the committee rose, the

Speaker resumed the chair and the House either accepted or rejected the

amendments agreed to in the Committee of the Whole. This was followed by a third

and final reading of the engrossed, or completed version, and a vote on final

passage by the House.

Originally, there were no time limits on the right of members to speak; thus

even the small membership of the First and Second Congress found this procedure

cumbersome and inefficient.

A small time-saver was introduced in 1790, when the House amended its rules

to permit the Speaker to appoint all committees unless otherwise specially directed

by the House.

By entrusting each proposal to a special committee that ceased to exist once the

measure was reported, the House kept effective control over all legislation. But as

its business multiplied and its membership increased (to 106 after the census of

1790 and to 142 af.er that of 1800), the House began to delegate increasing

responsibility for initiating legislation to standing, or permanent committees.

Emergence of Parties

Neither the Constitution nor the early rules of the House envisioned a role for

political parties in the legislative process. The triumph of the Federalists over the

Anti-Federalists in winning ratification of the Constitution, the unanimous and nonpartisan choice of George Washington as the first president, and the great

preponderance of nominal Federalists elected to the First Congress tended to

obscure the underlying economic, sectional and philosophic differences existing at

the time. Upon the presentation of Alexander Hamilton's financial measures, the

House -- and also the Senate began to exhibit a spirit of partisanship. Supporters

of a strong central government, chiefly representatives of mercantile and financial

interests, banded together as Federalists under the leadership of Hamilton, while

exponents of agrarian democracy, led by Madison and Jefferson, became known as

Republicans (and subsequently referred to as Democratic-Republicans to

distinguish them from the Republican Party established in 1854.)

With the early emergence of two parties, choice of a Speaker soon fell to the

party with a majority in the House. Backed by party support, the early Speakers

were not unwilling to use their powers to promote party policies. The early

Speakers were not, however, the actual political or legislative leaders of the House.

To summarize, the first 20 years of the house saw the beginnings of the

standing committee system and the emergence of a floor leader and committee

chairmen as key men in the legislative process. But that process was dominated, by

and large, by the executive branch, and major decisions on legislative issues were

reached behind the scenes in closed caucuses of the majority party.

8 13
THE SENATE

Formative Years: 1798-1809

Under the "great compromise" reached at the Constitutional Convention in

1787, the House of Representatives was to represent the "national principle," while

the Senate was to be an expression of the "federal principle." Not only would each

state have two votes in the Senate, but the election of senators by the state

legislatures was thought to be a means of making the states a component of the national governing system. However, although the basis of representation assured

each state an equal voice, senators voted as individuals, their salaries were paid by

the federal government rather than by the states and the legislatures that elected them

had no power to recall them. Thus it is not surprising that most senators, even in

the early years, refused to consider themselves merely the agents of the state

governments.

The framers of the Constitution left unsettled many questions concerning the

relationships among the three branches of government, and it remained for the

Senate --born of compromise and fashioned after no serviceable model to seek its

own place in the governmental structure.

It had been confidently predicted that the popularly elected House of

Representatives would be the predominant chamber in the national legislature, with

the Senate acting chiefly as a revisory body, checking and moderating actions taken

by the House. At first the House did over shadow the Senate, both in power and prestige, but within a few decades the Senate, endowed with executive functions

that the House did not share and blessed with a smaller and more stable

membership, had achieved primacy over the directly elected chamber It should be

noted, in subsequent periods of American history, the balance of power between

these two bodies has frequently shifted.

As the nation's population expanded, the size of the House mushroomed. But

the Senate, in which the large and small states were equally represented, remained a

comparatively small body. The nation's growth compelled the House to impose

stringent limitations on floor debate, to rely heavily on its committee system and to develop elaborate techniques to channel the flow of legislation -- all steps that diminished the power of individual representatives. Such restrictions were not

considered necessary in the Senate, where members tended to view themselves as

ambassadors of sovereign states even though they exhibited independence in

casting their votes. And in the upper chamber, the right of unlimited debate became

the most cherished tradition. To the House, action was the primary object; in the Senate, deliberation was paramount.

The concept of senators as agents of state sovereignty led to repeated, but

largely unsuccessful, efforts to make senators accountable to their state legislatures. Some members of Congress felt an obligation to make periodic reports on their activities to the state governments, and a continuing controversy raged over the

right of state legislatures to instruct theirsenators. Instruction was more general in

the South than in the North, but there was no unanimity of opinion on the question. However, with the emergence of political parties, party loyalty gradually took the place of allegiance to state legislatures even in those states where the concept received some acceptance.

9

14
It had been expected that the Senate would serve as an advisory council to the

President, but natural friction between the two, aggravated by the rise of the party

system, made such a relationship impractical. As time passed, the Senate was far

more likely to try to manage the President than to advise him. In the 19th century

the Senate often was the dominant force in Washington, but the rapid expansion of

presidential power in the 20th century was accompanied by a corresponding decline

in the power of the legislative branch. As a result, the Senate felt from time to time

that its very existence as a viable legislative institution was threatened.

The concept of the Senate as an advisory council to the president never

materialized. President Washington took informal advice, but not formally from the

Senate as a body. But he relied heavily for advice on Alexander Hamilton, and also

on Madison, then a House member, and others. The constitutional role of the

Senate in the appointment process also fell short of the consultative role that some

framers of the Constitution had envisioned. Washington's exercise of the

appointment power carefully stressed the separate natures of the nomination and

confirmation processes, a point underscored by his decision to submit nominations

to the Senate in writing rather than in person.

The drafters of the Constitution designated the Vice President as President of

tile Senate, and they directed the Senate to choose a President Pro Tempore to act in

the absence of the Vice President. There were good reasons, however, why neither

of these officers could supply effective legislative leadership. The Vice President

was not chosen by the Senate but imposed upon it from outside, and there was no

necessity for him to be sympathetic to its aims. The President Pro Tempore was

elected by the Senate from among its own members, but he could not supply

legislative leadership because his term was too random and temporary.

Thus, the mantle of legislative leadership soon fell upon individual senators

in the beginning these included Oliver Ellsworth and Rufus King, among others

and more importantly, upon the executive branch.

By the end of Jefferson's administration, the Senate had established internal

procedures and sampled many of the functions given it under the Constitution. It

had both initiated and revised proposed legislation, given its advice and consent to

treaties and nominations, conducted its first investigations and held two

impeachment trials: the first resulting in the removal from office of a federal judge

and the second in the acquittal of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. But the

breadth of its powers was not yet clear; relations with the House, the executive

branch and the state governments still were only tentatively charted and awaited

further tests.

Reprinted from Guide to Congress, 3rd Edition, 1982 Courtesy of Congressional Quarterly,

Inc., Washington. D.C.

10

1 5-
Congress, the representative voice of the people, is the Nation's lawmaker. If

the people are to keep their Republic, it is important that they understand the

process whereby bills are introduced, and eventually passed as law. This is the

process that enablers citizens to affect peaceable change and to ensure that the

government is responsive to their needs and desires. The following graphic

illustrates how a bill in the House of Representatives becomes law.

PASSAGE OF A HOUSE BILL

THROUGH CONGRESS Bills orIgInatIng In the Senate

follow the isms procedure

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James Madison, often called "The Father of the Constitution," createda system

of checks and balances built upon separate Legislative, Executive and Judicial

Branches. The system enables each branch to exercise restraint upon the other. The

following graphic depicts, in short, how the principle of checks and balances is

applied.

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11
THE DEPARTMENTS OF WAR AND ARMY

Following the inauguration of George Washington and the establishment of the

First Congress principal efforts focused on the tasks to "provide for the common

defence." Although the Continental Congress established the American Army on

June 14, 1755, by 1789 it was necessary to adapt the Army charter to the new

Constitution. For this purpose a Department of War was created by an act of

Congress. This act reaffirmed the functions of the War Department created under

Articles of the Confederation. However, unlike the first act, it vested final authority

over the Department's functions with the President rather than the Congress.

In 1947, our national defense structure was again altered in an attempt to

achieve "optimum efficiency of military operations" and aid in the integration on

military and non-military branches of the government. The National Security Act of

1947 created the Department of Defense and mandated that it be headed by a

Secretary of Defense. In addition, it established that the Departments of Army,

Navy, and Air Force would comprise the Department of Defense.

Our national military establishment has gone through many structural changes

since 1789, but the constitutional principles of Presidential and civilian control

remain the keystones of our country's defense structure.

CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR

An Act of August 7, 1789 Chapter VII, I Statute, p. 49

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be an executive

department to be denominated the Department of War, (a) and that there shall be a

principal officer therein, to be called the Secretary for the Department of War, who

shall perform and execute such duties as shall from time to time be enjoined on, or

entrusted to him by the President of the United States, agreeably to the

Constitution, relative to military commissions, or to the land or naval forces ships,

or warlike stores of the United States, or to such other matters respecting military or

naval affairs, as the President of the United States shall assign to the said

department, or relative to the granting of lands to persons entitled thereto, for

military services rendered to the United States, or relative to Indian affairs; and

furthermore, that the said principal officer shall conduct the business of the said

department in such manner, as the President of the United States shall from time to

time order or instruct.

SECTION 2. And be it further enacted, That there shall be in the said department

an inferior officer, to be appointed by the said principal officer, to be employed

therein as he shall deem proper, and to be called the chief clerk in the Department of

War, and who, whenever the said principal officer shall be removed from office by

the President of the United States, or in any other case of vacancy, shall, during

such vacancy, have the charge and custody of all records, books and papers,

appertaining to the said department.

SECTION 3. And be it further enacted, That the said principal officer, and every

other person to be appointed or employed in the said department, shall, before he

enters on the execution of his office or employment, take an oath or affirmation well

and faithfully to execute the trust committed to him.

12

i 7
SECTION 4. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary for the Department of

War, to be appointed in consequence of this act, shall forthwith after his

appointment, be entitled to have the custody and charge of all records, books and

papers in the officer of Secretary for the of War heretofore established

by the United States in Congress assembled.

CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR THE ARMY

An Act of September 29, 1789, Chapter XXV, I Statute, p. 95

An Act to recognize and adapt to the Constitution of the United States the

establishment of the Troops raised under the Resolves of the United States in

Congress assembled, and for other purposes therein mentioned.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

United States of America in Congress assembled, That the establishment contained

in the resolve of the late Congress of the third day of October, one thousand seven

hundred and eighty-seven, except as to the mode of appointing the officers, and

also as in herein after provided, be, and the same is hereby recognized to be the

establishment for the troops in the. service of the United States.

SECTION 2. And be it further enacted, That the pay and allowances of the said

troops be the same as have been established by the United States in Congress

assembled, by their resolution of the twelfth of April, one thousand seven hundred

and eighty-five.

SECTION 3. And be it further enacted, That all commissioned and

noncommissioned officers and privates, who are or shall be in the service of the

United States, shall take the following oaths or affirmations, to wit: "I, A.B. do

solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may be) that I will support the-constitution of

the United States." "I, A.B. do solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may be) to

bear true allegiance to the United States of America, and to serve them honestly and

faithfully against all their enemies or opposers what-soever, and.to observe and

obey the orders of the President of the United States of. America, and the orders of

the officers appointed over me."

SECTION 4. And be it further enacted, That the said.troops shall be governed

by the rules and articles of war which have been established.by the United States in

Congress assembled, or by such rules and articles of war as may hereafter by law

be established.

SECTION 5. And be it further enacted, That tor the purpose of protecting the

inhabitants of the frontiers of the United States from the hostile incursions of the

Indians, the President is hereby authorized to call into service from time to time,

such part of the militia of the states respectively, as he may judge necessary for the

purpose aforesaid; and that their pay and subsistence while in service, be the same

as the pay and subsistence of the troops above mentioned.

SECTION 6. And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and be in

force until the end of the next session of Congress, and no longer.

13

18
CHAPTER III

Establishment of the Office of the President and

Commander in Chief

14

I 9
Establishment of the Office of

the President and Commander in Chief

Constitution of the United States

Article II, Section 1

The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.

Perhaps no question troubled members of the Constitutional Convention more than

what powers and structure should be given the President in the new government. The

concept of power was linked closely with the method of election and the term of office. The

convention first decided that Congress should choose the President for a single seven-year

term. On reflection, however, some delegates thought this would not leave him sufficiently

independent. Several other methods were proposed, and at one point the delegates agreed

on selection by electors chosen by the state legislatures. It proposed that the President be

chosen by electors equal in number to the senators and representatives from each state, who

would be chosen as each state decided. They would vote by ballot for two persons, at least

one of whom could not be an inhabitant of their state. The one receiving a majority of the

electoral votes would become President, the one with the next largest vote would become

Vice President. In the event of a tie, or if no one received a majority the Senate would

decide.

The plan provided for a four-year term with no restriction as to re-election; shifted from

the Senate to the President the power to appoint ambassadors and judges and to make

treaties subject to Senate approval, and gave to the Senate, instead of the Supreme Court,

the power to try impeachments.

Initially, the Constitutional Convention conferred only three powers on the President:

"to carry into effect the National Laws," and "to appoint to offices in cases not c ,herwise

provided for," and to veto bills. This was true of provisions placed in Section 3 of Article

II for informing Congress "of the State of the Union" and recommending legislation to

convene and adjourn Congress, receive ambassadors, and see "that the Laws be faithfully

executed."

The Constitutional Convention also agreed, without debate, that "the President shall be

Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy" and of the militia when called into national

service. The power of the president "to grant reprieves and pardons except in cases of

impeachment" likewise was approved.

The Convention also adopted the proposal of a special committee that the President

appoint ambassadors and other public ministers, justices of the Supreme Court and all other

officers of the United States "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate." This

power, incorporated in Section 2, later was qualified by requiring that offices not otherwise

provided for "be established by law" and by authorizing Congress to vest appointment of

lower-level officers in the presidency, the courts and the heads of departments.

The veto power was incorporated in Section 7 of Article I, setting out the procedure for

the enactment of a bill with or without the President's signature. This section also made

provision for the "pocket veto" of a bill when "the Congress by their Adjournment prevent

its return, in which Case it shall not become Law."

15

i? 0
The First Presidential Election

The Constitution empowered the state legislatures to prescribe the method of choosing

their presidential electors as well as the time, place and manner of electing their

representatives and senators. Virginia and Maryland put the choice of electors directly to the

people; in Massachusetts, two were chosen.at large and the other eight were picked by the

legislature from 24 names submitted by the voters of the eight congressional districts. In

the other states, the electors were chosen by the legislature.

In New York, where the Federalists controlled the state Senate and the Anti-Federalists

dominated the Assembly, the two housed became deadlocked on the question of acting by

joint or concurrent vote, and the legislature.adjourned without choosing electors.

Election to the House of Representatives also involved a number of spirited contests

between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, although the total vote cast in these first elections,

estimated to be between 75,000 and 125,000 was a small fraction of the free population of

3.2 million. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, several elections were required in some

districts before a candidate obtained a majority of the popular vote. (In the 19th century,

five of the New England states required a majority vote to win election to the House; all

such requirements had been phased out by the 1890's). Elbridge Gerry, who had refused

to sign the Constitution, finally beat Nathaniel Gorham, also a delegate to the Philadelphia

convention, after saying he no longer opposed it. In New Jersey the law did not fix a time

for closing the polls, and they stayed open for three weeks. The election of all four New

Jersey representatives were contested w :hen the House organized for the First Congress.

Although March 4, 1789, had been fixed as the day for commencing proceedings of the

new government, only 13 of the 59 representatives and eight of the 22 senators had arrived

in New York City by then. (Seats allotted to North Carolina and Rhode Island were not

filled until 1790, after those states hadratified the Constitution.) It was not until April 1 that

a 30th representative arrived to make a quorum of the House; the Senate attained its quorum

of 12 on April 6. The two houses then met jointly for the first time to count the electoral

vote.

Meanwhile, as everyone had assumed, the electors met on Feb 4 and each of those

present -- 69 -- cast his vote for George Washington,. who thus became President by

unanimous choice. (Four additional electors two from Maryland and two from Virginia --

failed to show up for the vote.) Of 11 men among whom the electors distributed their

second vote, John Adams received the highest number -- 34 -- and was declared Vice

President.

Adams arrived in New York on April 21, Washington on the 23rd and the inaugural

took place on the 30th. Washington took the oath of office prescribed by the Constitution

on the balcony of Fedeial Hall, New York's former City Hall, which housed the President

and both houses of Congress until the government moved to Philadelphia in 1790.

Reprinted from Guide to Congress, 3rd Edition, 1982. Courtesy of Congressional Quarterly, Inc.,

Washington, D. C.

16

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The following extract is taken from Hail to the Chief! by Glenn D. Kitt ler. It presents an

insightful overview of George Washington's inaugural ceremony:

"Thursday, April 30, 1789, was a cool, clear day in New

York City. A west wind swept crisply across the Hudson River,

adding a tang to the mounting excitement. Since dawn, the

festive crowd in front of Federal Hall had steadily increased, and

by nine o'clock when the church bells rang out, heralding the

great event that was about to occur and inviting the people to

mark it with prayers, the intersection of Wall and Broad Streets

was a solid, cheering mob. At noon, on the Federal Hall

balcony, George Washington was scheduled to take his oath of

office as the first President of the United States, and this was an

historic occasion well worth risking one's neck to see. With

nowhere to go but up, the high-spirited crowd broke into nearby

office buildings, filling the windows and lining the rooftops.

A joint session of Congress had been called for ten o'clock,

but when the hour came many Congressmen were still battling

through the crowd in the street. The brute force of a mounted

escort was required to open a path for the carriage bearing Vice

President John Adams. For less favored notables the trip down

Wall Street was a personal combat, and victory finally sent them

skittering through the Federal Hall entrance, grasping and

disheveled. Inside they found much of the same hysteria. The

week before, an arrangements committee--three Senators and

three Representatives--had been appointed to plan the details for

the inauguration, and now, with the important moment at hand,

the Committeemen suddenly realized that they had overlooked

the simplest matters of protocol....

flow should Washington be addressed? Someone suggested

'Excellency;' someone else wanted 'His Highness;' others were

for 'His Highness, the President of the United States and

Protector of their Liberties' or 'His Serene Highness' or 'His

Mightiness.' At Elizabeth he had been addressed as 'The

President General of the United States.' Experts hurriedly read

through the Constitution and discovered that its authors had not

taken this crucial question into consideration. As respectful as

everyone was prepared to be toward the Presidency, the

flowery, regal titles made most men cringe, and the debate

continued until someone suggested a simple 'Mr. President.' It

was adopted.

Now, how to receive Washington? Should he be invited to

sit down? Where? Adams regarded the crimson chair which

symbolized his office. There was not room for two men on it.

Should he surrender it to Washington? He admitted to the

Senate: 'Gentlemen, I feel great difficulty how to act. I am Vice

President. In this I am nothing, but I may be everything. But I

am president, also, of the Senate. When the President comes

into the Senate, what shall I be? I wish, gentlemen, to think

what I shall be.'

18

23
Again the discussions and debates erupted, and they were

not resolved until someone suggested that maybe Washington

wouldn't want to sit down. After all, he would be coming to

make a speech and he would undoubtedly stand up to give it.

The speech was to be made before a joint session of both

Houses. What to do with the Representatives when they came

into the Senate chambers? Should they be left to stand, as

members of the House of Commons stood when in the House of

Lords for a joint session of England's Parliament? Someone

pointed out that the Commoners stood merely because there

were no seats for them in the House of Lords. How should the

Speaker of the House be received? It was suggested that the

Senate sergeant-at-arms go to the door carrying the Senate mace

and there receive the Speaker, but then the Senators realized that

they did not have either a sergeant or a mace.

At this point the Senate door was swung open and the House

Speaker, followed by the Representatives, came hurrying in,

and the Speaker had his own problem for the Senate. According

to schedule, the Congressional escort was supposed to be at

Franklin House at eleven o'clock to accompany Washington to

Federal Hall for his inauguration at noon. Since it was now well

after eleven, shouldn't the escort be on its way?

The escort of three Senators and three Representatives went

downstairs to a waiting carriage. Because of the jammed streets,

the carriage traveled slowly, and the escort arrived one hour and

ten minutes late. Other contingents of the inaugural procession

had by now been standing in Cherry Street for over two hours.

Reaching Franklin House at last, the, Congressman hurried

inside and found Washington waiting patiently at the door. Only

enough time was spent in shaking hands to allow the coachmen

to tun, arriage around the guide it into its parade position.

Then Vv. ngton entered the carriage with the escort for the trip

back to Federal Hall. The nearer the parade approached Federal

Hall the more difficult progress became. Wall Street was a solid

mass of people. The leading military unit had to break ranks and

force an opening through the crowd. At Federal Hall

Washington paused only a moment at the door to acknowledge

the cheers.

Inside, Washington was led quickly to the second floor

where Adams awaited him at the Senate Door. Once in the

chambers, an unsmiling Washington accepted the applause of

the joint Congress. After it came an awkward silence.

Washington glanced around for a place to sit down, saw Adams'

crimson chair, stepped to it and sat down--which settled that

problem. He became aware that the men near him were

apparently awaiting some sort of signal, so he caught Adams'

eye and said: 'I am ready to proceed.'

Again there was confusion. Nobody had thought of arranging these last steps of the inauguration procession.

19
Realizing this, Washington merely walked to the balcony doors

at the far end of the room, with Adams falling in close behind

and Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, of the New York

tdiciary, behind Adams. Secretary of the Senate Samuel Allyne

Otis quickly took a place beside Livingston. Then the

Congressional escort moved into position. A few steps ahead of

the others, Washington went out on the balcony, and at the sight

of him the great crowd burst into an ovation. This gave the principals time to jostle for room on the balcony; other

Congressmen watched from adjoining windows.

A small table covered with crimson damask stood near the

railing, and on it was a Bible borrowed from St. John's Lodge,

Free and Accepted Masons. Otis picked it up and stepped

between Washington and Livingston. At a nod from Livingston,

Otis opened the book. The crowd became quiet as Washington

placed his left hand on the Bible, raised his right hand, and

looked at Livingston. The authors of the Constitution, aware of

the religious sensitivities in the country, allowed for a President

either to 'swear' or merely 'affirm' his oath; Washington used

the word 'swear' as he pledged.

'I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office

of the President of the United States, and will, to the best of my

ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the

United States.'

There was silence; then Washington said: 'I swear, so help

me God.' And he bent over and kissed the Bible. This was

unexpected and sent a murmur through the crowd.

Livingston waited a moment, then said softly: 'It is done.'

He turned to the crowd and shouted: 'Long live George

Washington, President of the United States!' "
Constitution of the United States

Article II, Section 2

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United

States, and of the Militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the

United States...

With these words, the Constitutional Convention mandated that, of the .many roles the

President of the United States would have, primary among them would be that of

Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. Perhaps no other role of the President would

destine the Chief Executive to perform on the world stage as would the role of Commander

in Chief.

George Washington, as President, drew heavily on his experiences as Commander in

Chief of the Continental Army.

When Washing.in assumed the Presidency on April 30, 1789, America's military force

consisted of only 840 men and the President had no delegation of authority to employ it in

defense of the country. He was required to request congressional support for virtually

every military effort. Although fears of a standing army were still regularly expressed,

Congress generally cooperated with Washington's requests and gave him broad discretion

over the use of the troops. By the time Washington left office the United States had a

regular army of 7,108 men and 3 large frigates were nearing completion.

Many of Washington's actions which shaped the war powers of the presidency were in

the arena of foreign relations. In the Nootka Sound Controversy, the Cabinet undertook

insightful debates to 'etermine criteria for calling the Congress back into session if war

seemed imminent. The debates following the Proclamation of Neutrality were equally

insightful. Madison and Hamilton, writing a Pacificus and Helvidius, masterfully cut

through to the core of the arguments surrounding the President's authority to make war and

peace, assumed sweeping powers justifiable only through a broad reading of the

Executive's constitutional powers.

In 1789, after Spanish vessels seized the port of Nootka Sound along with some

British vessels anchored there, Britain suspended diplomatic relations and war between the

two nations seemed likely. Washington received word that if hostilities commenced, the

British commander, Lord Dorchester, might wish to descend the Mississippi through

United States territory. Washington, who feared the British goal was to ultimately control

Spanish-owned Florida and Louisiana, summoned his cabinet to discuss the issue.

Jefferson advocated a position of neutrality with the British while guaranteeing protection

of Spanish Florida and Louisiana. Adams urged Washington to side with Spain.

Washington chose neutrality and decided to use it to obtain a favorable treaty of commerce

from Britain and U.S. rights to use the Mississippi from Spain.

The next discussion centered on the proper reaction if Britain requested permission to

march through U.S. territory or if they proceeded without authorization in defiance of

American wishes. Knox, Adams and Jay claimed neutrality required that the British be

refused passage. If they marched through without authorization, Knox said Congress must

be called into session since "they are vested with the right of providing for the common

defense and of declaring war." Hamilton said the British should be allowed to march

through but if they proceeded without permission, the legislature should be called to begin

preparations for war.

21
The British never requested permission nor did they attempt to march through without

it, but the debates over the possibility shed light on the Administration's assumptions about

the limits of its own power. Washington and his cabinet felt within their bounds to

determine the nation's neutrality in the Spanish-British conflict. Though Congress was

charged with declaring war, the Executive assumed the Powers of deciding on peace. The

limits would have changed immediately had the British marched without permission.

Nearly every cabinet member established the necessity of calling Congress into session in

that a situation. The Constitution r? .cessitatcd that the Legislature be consulted to authorize

a condition of war and provide military support.

In February, 1793, France declared war on England, Spain and Holland. The usual

delay of news kept America uniformed until Congress was out of session in April. Upon

receiving the news Washington issued a list of thirteen questions to his cabinet, including

the President's right to proclaim neutrality and the necessity of calling Congress into

session to review the present situation.

Instances of the actual use of military force during Washington's administration were

not as important in establishing precedents as the above mentioned controversies but they

still merit examination. Washington's most celebrated military action was in response to the

Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. The inhabitants of Pennsylvania had refused to pay the federal excise tax on liquor and their refusal turned into mass defiance of the law. Washington,

after receiving Supreme Court certification that the situation was beyond the control of

federal marshals. called out the militia. He was doing so, he said, "in obedience to the high

and irresistible duty consigned to me by the Constitution 'To take care that the laws be

faithfully executed'."

There are numerous instances during Washington's presidency of broad discretionary

power being conferred on the Executive by the Congress. The Congressional Act of March

4, 1792, gave the President the power to arm troops as he thought proper. On May 9, 1794, he was authorized to require the states to have 80,000 effective militia held in

"readiness to be called at a moment's warning." Washington was also given discretion whether or not to build naval vessels, fortify certain ports and harbors, and to raise or

discharge troops "consistent with public safety."

Thus, President Washington set the tone and precedent of the role of Commander in

Chief upon which his successors have built. The President of the United States has often

exercised his powers as Commander in Chief to protect American lives and prosperity at home and abroad as well as to have responded to threats to national security.

22

27
, CHAPTER IV

Soldier-Statesman Presidents of the

United States

-28
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

OF THE SOLDIER-STATESMAN PRESIDENTS

NAME AND STATE BIRTH

OF RESIDENCE

DEATH TERM OF OFFICE MILITARY SERVICES

George Washington

Virginia

22 February 1732

"Wakefield,"

Westmoreland

County, Virginia

14 December 1799

"Mount Vernon,"

Fairfax County,

Virginia

30 April 1789 -

3 March 1797

Major, Virginia Militia, 1752 -4

Colonel, Virginia Provincials,

1754-8

General and Commander in

Chief, Continental Army,

1775-83

Service in the French and

Indian War and the

American Revolution

Thomas Jefferson 13 April 1743 4 July 1826 4 March 1801 - Colonel (Albemarle County

Virginia "Shadwell," "Monticello," 3 March 1809 Lieutenant), Virginia

Gooch land Albemarle Militia, 1770-79

County, Virginia County, Virginia

James Madison 16 March 1751 28 June 1836 4 March 1809 - Colonel (Orange County

Virginia Port Conway,

King George

County, Virginia

"Montpelier,"

Orange County,

Virginia

3 March 1817 Lieutenant), Virginia

Militia, 1775-81

James Monroe 28 April 1758 4 July 1831 4 March 1817 - Major, Continental Army,

Virginia Westmoreland

County, Virginia

New York City,

New York

3 March 1825 1775-8; Service in the

American Revolution

Andrew Jackson 15 March 1767 8 June 1845 4 March 1829 - Davidson County Militia,

Tennessee Waxhaw Settlement, South

Carolina

Nashville,

Tennessee

3 March 1837 1791; Elected as Major

General, Tennessee Militia,

1802; Major-General, U.S.

Army, 1814-21; Service in

Indian Wars and War of 1812

29
NAME AND STATE BIRTH DEATH TERM OF OFFICE MILITARY SERVICES

OF RESIDENCE

William Henry Harrison 9 February 1773 4 April 1841 4 March 1841 - Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Ohio "Berkeley,"

Charles City

Washington, D.C. 4 April 1841 1791-98; Major General,

Kentucky Militia, 1812-4;

County, Virginia Service in War of 1812

John Tyler 29 March 1790 18 January 1862 6 April 1841 - Captain, Virginia Militia, 1812;

Virginia Charles City

County, Virginia

Richmond,

Virginia

3 March 1845 Service in War of 1812

James Knox Polk 2 November 1795 15 June 1849 4 March 1845 - Major, Tennessee Militia,

Tennessee Mecklenburg

County, Nord)

Nashville,

Tennessee

3 March 1849 1821

Carolina

Zachary Taylor 24 November 1784 9 July 1850 4 March 1849 - Major General, U.S. Army, Kentucky Montebello,

Orange County,

Virginia

Tashington, D.C. 9 July 1850 1808-15, 1816-49; Service

in Black Hawk War and

Mexican War

Millard Fillmore 7 January 1800 8 March 1874 10 July 1850 Major, Union Continentals New York Locke, New York Buffalo, New York 3 March 1853 (home guard), 1861

Franklin Pierce 23 November 1804 8 October 1869 4 March 1853 Brigadier General, New

New Hampshire Hillsborough,

New Hampshire

Concord,

New Hampshire

3 March 1857 Hampshire Militia, 1846-8;

Service in the Mexican War

James Buchanan 23 April 1791 1 June 1868 4 March 1857 - Private, Pennsylvania Militia, Pennsylvania Cove Gap,

Pennsylvania

Near Lancaster,

Pennsylvania

3 March 1861 1814

Abraham Lincoln 12 February 1809 15 April 1865 4 March 1861 - Captain, Illinois Militia, 1832; Illinois Hardin, now Washington, D.C. 15 April 1865 Service in the Black Hawk

Larue, County,

Kentucky

War

30
NAME AND STATE BIRTH DEATH TERM OF OFFICE MILITARY SERVICES

OF RESIDENCE

Andrew Johnson 29 December 1808 31 July 1875 15 Apri11865 Military Governor of Tenness

Tennessee Raleigh,

North Carolina

Carter Station,

Tennessee

3 March 1869 with rank of Brigadier

General, U.S. Army

(Volunteers), 1862-5;

Service in the Civil War

Ulysses Simpson Grant 27 April 1822 23 July 1885 4 March 1869 General, U.S. Army, 1843-54,

Illinois Point Pleasant,

Ohio

Mt. McGregor,

New York

3 March 1871 1861-9; Service in the

Mexican War and Civil War

Rutherford Birchard Hayes 4 October 1822 17 January 1893 4 March 1877 Brigadier General, Brevet

Ohio Delaware, Ohio Spiegel Grove,

Fremont, Ohio

3 March 1881 Major General, U.S. Army

(Volunteers), 1861-5; Service

in the Civil War

James Abram Garfield 19 November 1831 19 September 1831 4 March 1881 - Major General, U.S. Army

Ohio Orange, Cuyahoga

County, Ohio

Elberon,

New Jersey

19 September 1881 (Volunteers), 1861-3; Service

in the Civil War

Chester Alan Arthur 5 October 1830 18 November 1886 20 September 1881 - Brigadier General, New York

New York Fairfield,

Vermont

New York City,

New York

3 March 1885 Militia, 1858-63; Service in

the Civil War

Benjamin Harrison 20 August 1833 13 March 1901 4 March 1889 Colonel, Brevet Brigadier

Indiana North Bend,

Ohio

Indianapolis,

Indiana

3 March 1893 General, U.S. Army

(Volunteers), 1862-5; Service

in the Civil War

William McKinley 29 January 1843 14 September 1901 4 March 1897 - Captain, Brevet Major,

Ohio Niles, Ohio Buffalo, New York 14 September 1901 U.S. Army (Volunteers),

1861-5; Service in the Civil

War
NAME AND STATE BIRTH DEATH TERM OF OFFICE MILITARY SERVICED

OF RESIDENCE

Theodore Roosevelt 27 October 1858 6 January 1919 14 September 1901 - Captain, New York National

New York New York City,

New York

Oyster Bay,

New York

3 March 1909 Guard, 1882-6; Colonel,

U.S. Army (Volunteers),

1898; Service in the SpanishAmerican War

Harry S Truman 8 May 1884 26 December 1972 12 April 1945 Captain, Missouri National

Missouri Lamar, Missouri Kansas City,

Missouri

20 January 1953 Guard, 1905-11, 1917-9;

Colonel, Army Officer

Reserve Corps, 1919-45;

Service in World War I

Dwight David Eisenhower 14 October 1890 28 March 1969 20 January 1953 General of the Army,

New York Dennison, Texas Washington, D.0 20 January 1961 U.S. Army, 1915-48,

1951-2; Service in

World War II

John Fitzgerald Kennedy 29 May 1917 22 November 1963 20 January 1961 - Lieutenant, U.S. Navy

Massachusetts Brookline,

Massachusetts

Dallas, Texas 22 November 1963 Reserve, 1941-5; Service

in World War II

Lyndon Baines Johnson 27 August 1908 22 January 1973 22 November 1963 - Commander, U.S. Navy

Texas Stonewall, Texas Near Johnson City,

Texas

20 January 1969 Reserve, 1940-64; Active

Duty, 1941-2; Service in

World War II

Richard Milhous Nixon 9 January 1913 20 January 1969 - Commander, U.S. Navy

New York Yorba Linda,

California

9 August 1974 Reserve, 1942-66; Active

Duty, 1942-46; Navy Retired

Reserve, 1966-present;

Service in World War II

Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr.

Michigan

14 July 1913

Omaha, Nebraska

9 August 1974 -

20 January 1977

Lieutenant Commander,

U.S. Navy Reserve, 1942-6;

Service in World War II

32
NAME AND STATE BIRTH DEATH TERM OF OFFICE MILITARY SERVICE*

OF RESIDENCE

James Earl Carter, Jr. 1 October 1924 20 January 1977 - Lieutenant,

Georgia Plains, Georgia 20 January 1981 U.S. Navy, 1946-53

Ronald Wilson Reagan 6 February 1911 20 January 1981 Captain, Army Air Corps California Tampico, Illinois 20 January 1989 and U. S. Army Reserve,

1942-5; Service in

World War II

George Herbert Walker 12 June 1924 20 January 1989 Lieutenant, U.S. Navy Bush

Texas

Milton, Massachusetts Reserve, 1942-6; Service

in World War II

* The rank indicated is that held at the conclusion of the term of office.
Quotations of the Soldier-Statesman

Presidents

29

:14
THE PRESIDENT'S OATH OF OFFICE

I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that

I will faithfully execute the office of

President of the United States, and

will, t0 the best of my ability,

preserve, protect, and defend the

Constitution of the United States.

First administered to George

Washington on April 30, 1789, by

the Chancellor of New York

Robert R. Livingston

30

:1 5
GEORGE WASHINGTON

On The Constitution:

"To every description, indeed, of citizens let ?raise be given. But let them

persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of

American happiness, the constitution of the United States."

Sixth Annual Message to Congress, November 19, 1794

"The Constitution is the guide which I never will abandon."

Speech to Boston Selectmen, July 28, 1795

On Education:

"To the security of a free constitution ... [education] ... contributes ... by

teaching the people themselves to know and to value their own rights."

1790

On Government:

The Unity of Government which constitutes you one people is also now

dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real

independence, the support of your tranquility at home; your peace abroad; of

your safety; of your prosperity; of that very Liberty which you so highly

prize.... The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and

to alter their Constitutions of Government. But the Constitution which at any

time exists, 'till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole People, is

sacredly obligatory upon all."

Farewell Address, September 19, 1796

On Liberty:

"The sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model of

government are ... deeply and finally staked on the experiment entrusted to the

hands of the American people."

1789

On Military Matters:

"When we assumed the soldier we did not lay aside the citizen."

Address to New York Legislature. June 26, 1775;

Quotation on the Memorial Amphitheater in Arlington National Cemetery

+ +

31

228-317 0 - 89 - 2 : IX 3
THOMAS JEFFERSON

On The Constitution:

"The Constitution of the United States is the result of the collected wisdom

of our country."

Letter to Amos Marsh, November 20, 1801

"Our particular security is in the possession of a written Constitution. Let us

not make it a blank paper by construction."

Letter to Wilson C. Nicholas, September 7, 1803

"Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem

them like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the

men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they

did to be beyond amendment.... I am certainly not an an advocate for frequent

and untried changes in laws and constitutions.... But I know also, that laws and

institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind.... We

might as well require a man to wear still the coat which fitted him when a boy,

as civilized society to remain ever under the regimen of their barbarous

ancestors."

To Samuel Kercheval, July 12, 1816

On Freedom:

"Freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom of the person under

the protection of habeas corpus; and trial by juries impartially selected -- these

principles from the brightest constellation which has ... guided our steps

through an age of revolution and transformation."

On Liberty:

"The God who gave us life, gave us liberty at the same time."

1801

1774

On The People:

"The good sense of the people will always be found to be the best army."

To Edward Carrington, January 16, 1787

"The will of the people is the only legitimate foundation of any government."

To Benjamin Waring, March 23, 1801

32
On States' Rights:

"I dare say that in time all the State governments as well as their central

government, like the planets revolving round their common sun, acting and

acted upon according to their respective weights and distances, will produce that

beautiful equilibrium on which our Constitution is founded, and which I believe

it will exhibit to the world in a degree of perfection, unexampled but in the

planetary system itself.

To Peregrine Fitzhugh, February 23, 1798

JAMES MADISON

On Freedom:

"Since the general civilization of mankind, I believe there are more instances

of the abridgement of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent

encroachments of those in power than by violent and sudden usurpations."

Speech in the Virginia Convention, June 5, 1788

On Government:

"A good government implies two things: fidelity to the object of

government, which is the happiness of the people; secondly, a knowledge of

the means by which that object can be best attained."

"Publius," Federalist No. 37, published 1788

On The People:

"The people are the only legitimate fountain of power, and it is from them

that the constitutional charter, under which the several branches of government

hold their power, is derived...."

"Publius," Federalist No. 49, published 1788

JAMES MONROE

On Military Matters:

"The safety of these States and everything dear to a free people must depend

in an eminent degree on the militia.... This arrangement should be formed, too,

in time of peace, to be the better prepared for war."

First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1817

33

iv
ANDREW JACKSON

On The American System:

"As long as Government is administe red for the good of the people, and is

well-regulated by their will; as long as it secures to us the rights of person and

property, liberty of conscience and of the press, it will be worth defending."

1829

On The Constitution:

"The Constitution is still the object of our reverence, the bond of our

Union, our defense in danger, the source of our prosperity in peace. [It] forms

a government, not a league."

Proclamation, December 10, 1832

On Duty:

"The first duty of a soldier or good citizen is to attend to the safety and

interest of his country; the next, to attend to his own feelings whenever they are

rudely or wantonly assailed."

To Henry Dearborn, January 8, 1807

On Liberty:

"Eternal vigilance by the people is the price of liberty, and ... you must pay

the price if you wish to secure the blessing."

Farewell Addre,s, March 4, 1837

4

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

On Freedom:

"In America, a glorious fire has been lighted upon the altar of liberty....

Keep it burning, and let the sparks that continually go up from it fall on other

altars, and light up in distant lands the fire of freedom."

At Dayton, Ohio, September 10, 1840

On The Presidency:

"It is the part of wisdom for a republic to limit the service of that officer at

least to whom she has entrusted the management of her foreign relations, the

execution of her laws, and the command of her armies and navies to a period so

short as to prevent his forgetting that he is the accountable agent not the

34
principal; the servant, not the master."

Inaugural Address, March 4, 1841

"A person elected to that high office ... [the Presidency] ... must consider

himself bound by the most solemn sanctions to guard, protect and defend the

rights of all and of every portion, great or small, from the injustice and

oppression cf the rest."

4. 4. JOHN TYLER

On The Constitution:

1841

"I am determined to uphold the Constitution ... to the utmost of my ability

and in defiance of all personal consequences. What may happen to an individual

is of little importance, but the Constitution of the country, or any of its great and

clear principles and provisions, is too sacred to be surrendered under any

circumstances whatever by those who are charged with its protection and

defense."

JAMES KNOX POLK

Protest, August 30, 1842

On The Army:

"Our standing army is to be found in the bosom of society. It is composed

of free citizens, who are ever ready to take up arms in the service of theie

country when an emergency requires it..."

Message to Congress, July 6, 1848

On Government:

"While the people of other countries are struggling to establish free

institutions, under which man may govern himself, we are in the actual

enjoyment of them -- a rich inheritance from our fathers."

On the Presidency:

"...The preservation of the Constitution from infraction is the President's

highest duty.... The President's power is negative merely, and not affirmative.

He can enact no law."

Fourth Annual Message to Congress, December 5, 1848

35

40
ZACHARY TAYLOR

On Liberty:

"As American freemen we ... sympathize in all efforts to extend the

blessings of civil and political liberty."

1849

On The People:

"I am too old a soldier to murmur against such high authority as [the

American people]."

To J.S. Allison, April 12, 1848

On Service:

"I have no private purposes to accomplish, no party projects to build up, no

enemies to punish -- nothing to serve but my country."

MILLARD FILLMORE

On Government:

Ibid

"Our true mission is not to propagate our opinions upon other counties our

form of government by artifice or force, but to teach by example and show ouf

success, moderation, and justice the blessings of self-government and the

advantages of free institutions."

Second Annual Message to Congress, December 2, 1851

FRANKLIN PIERCE

On Federalism:

"If the Federal Government will confine itself to the exercise of powers

clearly granted by the Constitution, it can hardly happen that its action upon any

question should endanger the institutions of the States or interfere with their

right to manage matters strictly domestic according to the will of their own

people."

Inaugural Address, March 4, 1853

+ + +

36

41
JAMES BUCHANAN

On The Constitution:

"There is nothing stable but Heaven and the Constitution."

To Central Southern Rights Association of Virginia, April 10, 1851

On Equality:

"Equality among the states is equity. This equality is the very essence of the

Constitution."

Veto Message, February 1, 1860

+ + +

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

On The Constitution:

"Don't interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained,

for it is the only safeguard of our liberties."

Speech at Kalamazoo, August 27, 1856

On The Government:

"If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the Government

must cease.... A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and

limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular

opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."

First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861

On The People:

"The people know their rights, and they are never slow to assert and

maintain them, when they are invaded."

Speech at Springfield, Illinois, January, 1837

"No man is good enough to govern another man without that other's

consent."

Speech .,, Peoria, Illinois, October 16, 1854

"The people -- the people are the rightful masters of-both congresses and

courts -- not to overthrow the Constitution, but to overthrow the men who

37

42
pervert it."

Notes for speeches in Ohio, September 16, 1859

On The Presidency:

"As President, I have no eyes but constitutional eyes; I cannotsee you."

To a South Carolina Commission, circa. 1861

:. + :. +

ANDREW JOHNSON

On The Constitution:

"I will stand by the Constitution of the country as it is, and by all its

guaranties.... I intend to stand by it as the sheet-anchor of the Government; and

I trust and hope, though it seems to be now in the very vortex of ruin, though it

seems to be running between Charybdis and Scylla, the rock on one hand and

the whirlpool on the other, that it will be preserved, and will remain a beacon to

guide, and an example to be imitated by all the nations of the earth. Yes, I

intend to hold on to it as the chief ark of our safety, as the palladium ofour civil

and our religious liberty."

To the Senate, December 19, 1860

"Honest conviction is my courage; the Constitution is my guide."

Speech in Washington, D.C., February 22, 1866

"Amendments to the Constitution ought not too frequently to be made.... If

continually tinkered with it will lose all its prestige and dignity, and the old

instrument will be lost sight of altogether in a short time."

Speech in Washington, D.C., February 22, 1866

"The time has come to take the Constitution down, to unroll it, to reread it,

and to understand its provisions thoroughly."

Speech in Washington, D.C., February 22, 1866

On The People:

"Our Government springs from and was made for the people -- not the

people for the Government. To them it owes allegiance; from them it derives its

courage, strength, and wisdom."

38

4,,
ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT

On Government:

"It is my firm conviction that the civilized world is tending toward ... government by the people ... and that our great Republic is destined to be the

guiding star to all others.

1873

On Liberty:

"Human liberty, the only true fountain of human government."

To citizens of Memphis, Tennessee, 1863

On The People:

"I shall on all subjects have a policy to recommend, but none to enforce

against the will of the people."

First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1869

RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES

On Government:

"When once a man imbibes the principle that government was instituted to

regulate all things, social and domestic, as well as political, it is the most natural

error in the world that he should not stop where he began. He wants to apply it

to every imaginable case of wrong ... untii there are no personal rights left to

the people."

1854

JAMES ABRAM 'GARFIELD

On The People:

"All free governments are managed by the combined wisdom and folly of

the people."

Letter, April 21, 1880

"The voters of the Union who make and unmake constitutions, and upon

whom will hang the destinies of our governments, can transmit their supreme

authority to no successors save the coming generation of voters, who are the

39

d4
sole heirs of sovereign power."

CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR

On Government:

1881

"Men may die, but the fabrics of our free institutions remain unshaken.

No higher proof could exist of the strength of popular government than the

fact that, though the chosen of the people be struck down, his constitutional

successor is peacefully installed without shock or strain."

Address upon taking the oath of office, September 19, 1881

BENJAMIN HARRISON

On Elections:

"If any intelligent and loyal company of American citizens were required to

catalogue the essential human conditions of national life, I do not doubt that

with absolute unanimity they would begin with 'free and honest elections.' "

Second Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1890

On Peace/National Defense:

"The divergent interests of peace ... demanded a 'more perfect union.' "

1889

WILLIAM MCKINLEY

On Citizenship:

"Cultivate the highest and best citizenship; for upon it rests the destiny of

our government."

At G.A.R. Campfire, Buffalo, New York, August 24. 1897

On Liberty:

"It should not be forgotten ... that liberty does not mean lawlessness.

Liberty to make our own laws does .lot give us license to break them. Liberty to

make our own laws commands a duty to observe them ourselves and enforce

obedience among all others within their jurisdiction. Liberty, my fellow

40

4j
citizens, is responsibility, and responsibility is duty, and that duty is to preserve

the exceptional liberty we enjoy within the law and for the law and by the law."

Address at Cleveland, Ohio, July 4, 1894

On Patriotism:

"Blessed is the country whose defenders are patriots.... We cannot exalt

patriotism too high; we cannot too much encolrage love of country; for, my

fellow-citizens, as long as patriotism exists in the hearts of the American

people, so long will our matchless institutions be secure and permanent."

Speech at Syracuse, New York, August 24, 1897

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

On Government:

"The government is us; we are the government, you and I."

Speech at Asheville, North Carolina, September 9, 1902

On Liberty:

"When liberty becomes license, some font of one-man power is not far

distant."

1887

On Military Matters:

"The army and navy are the sword and the shield, which this nation must

carry if she is to do her duty among the nations of the earth...."

Address in Chicago, Illinois, April 10, 1899

On Patriotism:

"Patriotism should be an integral part of our feeling at all times, for it is

merely another name for those qualities of soul which make a man in peace or in

war, by day or by night, think of his duty to his fellows, and of his duty to the

nation through which their and his loftiest aspirations must find their fitting

expression."

1916

On Statesmanship:

The first requisite in the statesmanship that I shall benefit mankind ... is

that that statesmanship shall be thoroughly American ... The man who lifts

41

el 6
America higher, by just so much makes higher the civilization of all mankind."

Speech in New York, New York, February 17, 1899

+ + + + +

HARRY S TRUMAN

On Democracy:

"Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral and

intellectual capacity, as well as the inalienable right, to govern himself with

reason and justice....

Democracy maintains that government is established for the benefit of the

individual, and is charged with the responsibility of protecting the rights of the

individual and his freedom in the exercise of his abilities....

Democracy has proved that social justice can be achieved through peaceful

change....

Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain

lasting peace."

Inaugural Address, January 20, 1949

On Military Matters:

"I have always believed that the civilian control of the military is one of the

strongest foundations of our system of free government. Many of our people

are descended from men and women who fled their native countries to escape

the oppression of militarism...."

1951

+ + + + +

DWIGHT DAVID EISENHOWER

On Americans:

"Only Americans can hurt America."

Speech in Abilene, Kansas, June, 1945

On Citizenship:

"Patriotism means equipped forces and a prepared citizenry. Moral stamina

means more energy and more productivity, on the farm and in the factory. Love

of liberty means the guarding of every resource, that makes freedom possible --

from the sanctity of our families and the wealth of our soil to the genius of our

scientists.

And so each citizen plays an indispensable role."

First Inaugural Address, January 20, 1953

42

4E
On Democracy:

"Human dignity, economic freedom, individual responsibility, these are the

characteristics that distinguish democracy from all other forms devised by

man.... This democratic system ... has given to our people the highest standard

of living this world has ever known and has made of this nation a force for

justice and peace."

Speech at the University of West Virginia, September 24, 1947

On Freedom:

"The winning of freedom is not to be compared to the winning of a game --

with the victory recorded forever in history. Freedom has its life in the hearts,

the actions, the spirits of men and so it must be daily earned and refreshed --

else like a flower cut from its life-giving roots, it will wither and die."

Speech to the English Speaking Union, London, England, 1944

+ + + + +

JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY

On The American Revolution:

"We dare not forget that we are the heirs of that first revolution."

1961

On The Constitution:

"The Constitution, of course, is still in force but it is a solemn contract

made in the name of "We the People" and it is an agreement-that should be

renewed by each generation."

Address in Washington, D.C., April 16, 1959

"Our Constitution wisely assigns both joint and separate roles to each

branch of Government, and a President and a Congress who hold each other in

mutual respect will neither permit nor attempt any trespass."

1961

On Democracy:

"The dynamic of democracy is the power and purpose of the individual."

1962

On Duty:

"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what

you can do for your country. My fellow citizens rif the world, ask not what

America will do for you, but what together we can d ) for the freedom of man."

Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961

43

d S
On Freedom:

"The cost of freedoms always high, but Americans have always paid it....

One path we shall never choose, and that is the path of surrender, or

submission.

Our goal is not the victory of might, but the vindication of right; not peace at

the expense of freedom, but both peace and freedom here in this hemisphere,

and, we hope, around the world."

Radio and television address, October 12, 1962

On Human Rights:

"Although our civil rights also serve important private purposes -- above all

they were considered essential to the republican form of government. Such a

government required that the consent of the governed be given freely,

thoughtfully and intelligently. Without freedom of speech, freedom of

assembly, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, equal protection of the

laws,a nd other inalienable rights, men could not govern themselves

intelligently."

1959

On Liberty:

"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay

any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any

foe in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty."

Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961

LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON

On Duty:

"I report to you that our country is challenged at home and abroad: that is

our will that is bein¢ tried and not our strength; our sense of purpose and not

our ability to achieve a better America."

State of the the Union Address, January 17, 1968

On Peace/National Defense:

We keep a vigil of peace around the world.

Until the world knows no aggressors, until the arms of tyranny have been

laid down, until freedom has risen up in every land, we shall maintain our vigil

to make sure our sons who died on foreign fields shall not have died in vain."

Address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, May 30, 1963

44

4 9
On The Presidency:

"A President's hardest task is not to do what is right, but to know what is

right."

+ + + + +

RICHARD MILHOUS NIXON

On The American System:

"We have a Constitution which sets limits on what government can do but

that allows wide discretion within those limits. We have a system of divided

powers, of checks and balances, of periodic elections, all of which are designed

to ensure that the majority has a chance to work its will -- but not to override the

rights of the minority, or to infringe.the rights of the individual. What this adds

up to is a democratic process."

1969

On Freedom:

"The essence of freedom is that each of us shares in the shaping of his own

destiny."

1969

On Government:

"We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another,

until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our

voices. For its part, Government will listen. We will strive to listen in new

ways -- to the voices of quiet anguish, to voices that speak without words, [to]

the voices of the heart, to the injured voices, and [to] the anxious voices, and

[to] the voices that have despaired of being heard.

Inaugural Address, January 20, 1969

On The People:

"The people's right to change what does not work is one of the greatest

principles of our system of government."

45

50
GERALD RUDOLPH FORD, JR.

On The American System:

"During the period of my service on this capitol and in the White House, I

can recall many orderly transitions of governmental responsibility -- of

problems as well as of position, of burdens as well as of power. The genius of

the American system is that we do this so naturally and normally. There are no

soldiers marching in the streets except in the inaugural parade; no public demonstrations except for some of the dancers at the inaugural ball; the

opposition party doesn't go underground but goes on functioning vigorously in

the Congress and the country; and our vigilant press goes right on probing and

publishing our faults and follies..."

State of the Union Address, January 12, 1977

On Citizenship:

"Like President Washington ... I look forward to the status of private citizen

with gladness and gratitude. To me, being a citizen of the United States of

America is the greatest honor and privilege in the world."

1977

On The Constitution:

"Our Constitution works. Our great republic is a government of laws and

not men. Here, the people rule."

Inaugural Address, August 9, 1974 On the Presidency:

"Having become Vice President and President without expectingor seeking

either, I have a special feeling toward these high offices. To tn.:, the presidency

and vice presidency were not prizes to be won, but a duty to be done."

Quoted in Time 108:22, August 30, 1976

+ + +

JAMES EARL CARTER, JR.

On Democracy:

"The experience of democracy is like the experience of life itself -- always

changing, infinite in its variety, sometimes turbulent and all the more valuable

for having been tested by adversity."

To Indian Parliament, January 2, 1978

46

51
On Human Rights:

"We measure the real meaning of America in our intangible values -- values

which do not change, our care for each other, our commitment to freedom, our

search for justice, our devotion to human rights and to world peace, and the

patriotism am? basic goodness of our people."

1979

On The Presidency:

"For me, as for you or for any person, the prospect of being president of

the United States is a sobering thought, one that calls more for humility than

pride, more for reflection than for celebration."

Speech, May 28, 1976

"I think the President is the only person who can change the direction or

attitude of our nation."

Quoted in Encore American & Worldwide News 5:4, June 21, 1976

+ + + + +

RONALD WILSON REAGAN

On The Constitution:

"My belief has always been ... that whenever in this land any individual's

constitutional rights are being unjustly denied, it is the obligation of the federal

government -- at point of bayonet if necessary -- to restore that individual's

constitutional rights."

Press conference, May 17, 1983

On Freedom:

"We must shoulder our burden with our eyes fixed on the future, but

recognizing the realities of the day, not counting on mere hope or wishes. We

must be willing to carry out responsibility as the custodian of individual

freedom. Then we will achieve our destiny to be as a shining city on a hill for

all mankind to see."

Speech at Conservative Political Action Conference, March 17, 1978

"Freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and

universal right of all human beings."

4 7

t)

1982
1

On Leadership:

"...if we [the U.S.] are not to shoulder the burdens of leadership in the free

world, then who will? The alternatives are neither pleasant nor acceptable. Great

nations which fail to meet their responsibilities are consigned to the dustbin cf

history."

Speech at Conservative Political Action Conference, March 17, 1978

On Liberty:

"Concentrated power has always been the enemy of liberty."

Quoted in New Republic, December 16, 1981

+ + + + +

GEORGE BUSH

On Peace/National Defense:

"Peace through strength works."

Presidential Debates, October 13, 1988

On America:

"Lincoln called this country the last, best hope of man on earth. And he was

right then, and we still are the last, best hope of man on eat h."

Presidential Debates, ( 'ctober 13, 1988

+ + + :. :.

48

53
Major Department of Defense

Commemorative Programs

Constitutional Commitmeat Program

Bicentennial Defense Community Program

Exception Merit Recognition Program

Adopt-A-School Program

49

54
MAJOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

COMMEORATIVE PROGRAMS

Constitution Commitment Program

The Constitution Commitment Program reflects the Army's commitment to

the education of soldiers, family members, and civilian employees on the meaning,

origin, values and principles embodied in the United States Constitution. The

purpose of the program is to heighten awareness and deepen understanding of this

important dc.:ument, the freedom it guarantees and the civic responsibilhes necessary to its preservation and vitality. Consequently, the Constitution

Commitment Program emphasizes two areas: Education and Oath Reaffirmation:

Constitutional educatior has been initiated for all soldiers to include noncommissioned officers and officer professional. development classes, officer basic

and advanced courses, non-commissioned officer leadership courses, and Reserve

Officer Training Corp and Reserve Component instruction. In addition, soldiers

receive a pocket edition of the Constitution and constitutional instruction during

initial entry training. Training Support Packages on the Constitution have been

prepared and distributed by the Combat Studies Institute, Command and General

Staff College and by the Office of the Staff Judge Adocate, Headquarters, Training

and Doctrine Command. Information on Constitutional instruction.and copies of the

Training Support Packages are available from the SABC Resou,ce Center,

Pentagon, Room 3E524, Washington, D.C. 20310-0107.

Oath Reaffirmation offers members of the Armed Forces and government

employees an opportunity to rededicate themselves to support and defend the

Constitution, an oath they took upon entering military or federal service. The oath

clarifies one's allegiance to the nation, rather than to a person, polictical party or

office. It is important that the historical and contemporary significance of the oath

be emphasized in military training and experience because it defines the duties and

responsiblities of all service members and federal employees.

An Oath Reaffirmation Ceremony is held whet basic trainees graduate from

initial entry training. Additionally, oath reaffirmation ceremonies are administered

throughout a soldiers career. Constitution Week (September 17-23 of each year),

Armed Forces Day, Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Independence Day, Yorktown

Day, Service and Organization birthdays, family day, and annual reserve

component training are appropriate occasions to conduct oath reaffirmation

ceremonies (See Chapter 8 fel-guidance on conducting an Oath Reaffirmation

Ceremony).

The Constitution Commitment. Program focuses beyond the Bicentennial

commemorative period, 1987-91. It looks to ongoing reaffirmation ceremonies and

institutionalized instruction on the Constitution and emphasizes the Armed Forces'

commitment to provide for the common defense in order to "secure the Blessings of

Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity."

50

55
Bicentennial Defense Community Program

The Bicentennial Defense Community Program encourages Department of

Defense installations, agencies, commands, ships and Guard/Reserve elements to

develop commemorative programs and apply for designation as a Bicentennial

Defense Community. Approved communities receive recognition from the National Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution and are

authorized to display the National Commission flag and logo.

The purpose of the Bicentennial Defense Community Program is to provide

committee focus, leadership, guidance and assistance in the development of

activities that heighten community awareness and deepen the understanding of the

Constitution. For example, in 1989 Bicentennial Defense Communities, as part of

their ongoing program development, should plan commemorative events and

educational activities supporting the Establishment of the Federal Government and

National Defense.

Bicentennial Defense Communities which plan and conduct ongoing

activities and programs during each year of the commemorative period will receive

an annual Certificate of Recognition to honor their contributions. The certificate is

signed by the Secretary of the Army, Chairman of Cie DoD Bicentennial Executive

Committee, and the Chairman of the National Commission.

By 1 October 1988, the National Commission on the Bicentennial of the

United States Constitution had designated 2,535 communities across the nation as

Bicentennial Communities; 151 DoD installations, organizations or vessels were

designated Bicentennial Defense Communities. Bicentennial Defense Communities

are encouraged to share program ideas. Installations and activities currently not

participating in the Bicentennial Defense Community Program are especially

encouraged to contact Bicentennial Defense Communities to discuss plans and

ideas, to ask questions and share information from which to develop their own

programs. The following Bicentennial Defense Communities are available to assist

installations in the planning and development of bicentennial programs:

51

5 3
Designated DoD Bicentennial Defense Communities

1. U.S. Forces, Okinawa

2. Defense Depot Memphis, Tennessee

3. U.S. Command, Berlin

4. Defense Logistics Agency, Alexandria, Virginia

5. Defense Depot Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania

6. United States Military Training Mission, Dhahran, Saudia Arabia

7. Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office, Cannon Air Force Base, New

Mexico

Designated Army Bicentennial Defense Communities

1. Fort Monroe, Virginia

2. Fort Huachuca, Arizona

3 Vint Hill Farms Station, Warrenton, Virginia

4. Fort Meade, Maryland

5. Judge Advocate General's School, Charlottesville, Virginia

6. Fort Sheridan, Illinois

7. Fort Sill, Oklahoma

8. Fort Eustis, Virginia

9. U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York

10. Fort Belvoir, Virginia

11. Fort Benning, Georgia

12. Fort Bragg, North Carolina

13. 501st Support Group, Yongsan, South Korea

14. Fort Dix, New Jersey

15. Bayonne Military Ocean Terminal, New Jersey

16. Fort Drum, New York

17. Schwaebisch-Gmeund Military Community, West Germany

18. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

19. Fort Gillem, Georgia

20. Fort Polk, Louisiana

21. 8th Infantry Division (Mechanized), West Germany

22. Fort Sam Houston, Texas

23. Darmstadt Military Community, West Germany

24. Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia

25. Karlsruhe Military Community, West Germany

26. Cold Region Research Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire

27. U.S. Army Support Command, Hawaii

28. U.S. Army Training & Doctrine Command Combined Arms T.-,st

Activity, West Fort Hood, Texas

29. Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana

30. Fort Gordon, Georgia

31. Baumholder Military Community, West Germany

32. Fort Jackson, South Carolina

33. Fort Devens, Massachusetts

34. Fort Hood, Texas

35. Illinois National Guard

36. Livorno Military Community, Italy

37. Corps of Engineers Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg,

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Mississippi

38. Garmisch Military Community, West Germany

39. Kilbourne Kaserne, West Germany

40. Fort Carson, Colorado

41. Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri

42. Fort McClellan, Alabama

43. Vicenza Military Community, Italy

44. Ansbach Military Community, West Germany

45. Corpus Christi Depot, Texas

46. Redstone Arsenal, Alabama

47. Fort Rucker, Alabama

48. U.S. Military District of Washington, D. C.

49. Fort Myer, Virginia

50. Cameron Station, Alexandria, Virginia

51. Davison Army Airfield, Fort Belvoir, Virginia

52. Arlington Hall Station, Arlington, Virginia

53. Fort Monmouth, New Jersey

54. Arizona National Guard

55. Fort Ord, California

56. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania

57. U.S. Army Aviation Systems Command, St Louis, Missouri

58. Camp Zama, Japan

59. Colorado National Guard

60. Bad Kreuznach Military Community, West Germany

61. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

62. Fort Lee, Virginia

63. Tobyhanna Army Depot, Pennsylvania

64. Toni Station, Okinawa

65. Red River Army Depot, Texarkana, Texas

66. Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey

67. Seneca Army Depot, New York

68. Fort Campbell, Kentucky

69. Fort Bliss, Texas

70. Schweinfurt Military Community, West Germany

71. Pennsylvania National Guard

72. District of Columbia National Guard

73. 6th Infantry Division (Light), Fort Richardson, Alaska

74. Dugway Proving Ground, Utah

75. Pirmasens Military Community, West Germany

76. Missouri National Guard

77. Stuttgart Military Community, West Germany

78. A. aiston Army Depot, Alabama

79. 97th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Fort Meade, Maryland

80. 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Riley, Kansas

81. Heidelberg Military Community, West Germany

82. Bamberg Military Community, West Germany

83. Augsburg Military Community, West Germany

84. 310th Theater Army Command, USAR, Fort Belvoir, Virginia

85. Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant; Marshall, Texas

86. Wuerzburg Military Community, West Germany

87. Aschaffenburg Military Community, West Germany

88. Eastern New Mexico University ROTC Detachment, Portales, New

Mexico

89. 2d Battalion, 319th Regir ant, 8th Division (Training), USAR,

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Bristol, Virginia

90. Jackson Barracks, Louisiana National Guard

91. Fort Ritchie, Maryland

92. Schwaebisch Hall Military Community, West Germany

93. Camp Beauregard, Louisiana National Guard

94. Munich Military Community, West Germany

95. Texas National Guard

96. Camp Carroll, Waegwan, South Korea

97. Fort Lewis, Washington

98. Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, Illinois

99. US Army Concepts Analysis Agency, Bethesda, Maryland

100. 122d U.S. Army Rcserve Command, Little Rock, Arkansas

101. 125th US Army Reserve Command, Nashville, Tennessee

102. Hanau Military Community, West Germany

103. United States Army Tank-Automotive Command, Warren, Michigan

104. Mannheim Military Community, West Germany

Designated Navy/Marine Corps Bicentennial Defense Communities

1. USS Taurus (PHM 3), Key West, Florida

2. Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois

3. Aviation Supply Office, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

4. USS Edson (DD 946), Newport, Rhode Island

5. Navy & Marine Corps Reserve Center, New Haven, Connecticut

1.5. Navy & Marine Corps Reserve Center, Encino, California

7. Naval Station, Mayport, Florida

8. USS Wabash (AD 15), Long Beach, California

9. USS Prairie (AOR 5), Long Beach, California

10. USS John Hancock (DD 981), Mayport, Florida

11. TJSS Aires (PHM 5), Key West, Florida

12. U.S. Naval Facility, Brawdy, Wales, England, United Kingdom

13. USS Santa Barbara (AE 28), Charleston, South Carolina

14. USS Missouri (BB 63), Long Beach, California

15. Naval Communications Station, Iceland

'16. Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi

17. Naval Base, Norfolk, Virginia

18. USS Orion (AS 18), La Maddalena, Sardinia, Italy

19. Submarine Squadron 22, La Maddalena, Sardinia, Italy

20. Naval Support Office, La Maddalena, Sardinia, Italy

21. USS Constitution, Boston, Massachusetts

22. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida

23. USS Oliver Hazard Perry (FFG-7), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

24. Naval Facility, Guam

25. Assault Craft Unit 5, Camp Pendleton, California

26. Navy Training Center, Orlando, Florida

27. USS Valley Forge (CG-50), San Diego, California

28. USS Thomas S. Gates (CG-51), Norfolk, Virginit.

29. Naval Training Center, San Diego, California

30. USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69), Norfolk, Virginia

31. USS Gunston Hall (LSD 44), New Orleans, Louisiana

32. Naval Surface Group, Long Beach, California

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Designated Air Force Bicentennial Defense Communities

1. Chanute Air Force Base, Champaign, Illinois

2. Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

3. Williams Air Force Base, Phoenix, Arizona

4. Luke Air Force Base, Phoenix, Arizona

5. Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona

6. Dover Air Force Base, Dover, Delaware

7. Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Mt Clemens, Michigan

8. Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, California

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Exceptional Merit Recognition Program

The Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution

acknowledges outstanding commemorative activities through its official recognition

of "Programs of Exceptional Merit." 76 DoD programs have received this honor

since 1986, including print, audio and video support materials, lectures, exhibits,

and special events honoring the Constitution Bicentennial. Items indicated by an

asterisk (*) are available from the SABC Resource Center, Pentagon, Room

3E524, Washington, D.C., 20310-0107.

Support Materials

* Soldier-Statesmen Brochures (Center of Military History)

The Army Center of Military History produced a series of 23 pamphlets on

each of the Soldier-Statesmen Signers of the Constitution. The eight-page

monographs discuss the lives of these men who served.either in the Continental

Army or Militia in terms of their contributions as patriots, soldiers and statesmen.

More than 50,000 sets have been distributed to military and civilian communities

and organizations. Brochures will be available through 1991.

* Resource Guide (Secretary of the Army Public Affairs)

A Bicentennial Resource Guide, developed by - Command Information

Division, Office of the Chief of Public Affairs, was published to help commands

plan observances to commemorate the Bicentennial of the Constitution. It contains

condensed versions of the 23 Soldier-Statesmen Brochures, speeches, historical

background, music, clip art and a chronology of historical and significant events

from 1789-1803. More than 120,000 copies have been distributed to educational

institutions, state commissions and military installations. Yearly supplements are

planned through 1991 and also are available from the SABC Resource Center.

Constitution Bicentennial Coloring Book (Second United States Army and United States Army Engineer Museum)

The Second United States Army and Army Engineer Museum coloring

books supported the 1987 Army theme, "The. Constitution," The Second Army

book also supports a previous theme, "The Family." Second Army distributed

75,000 copies of the coloring book. The Army Engineer Museum distributed 6,000

copies to local schools and museum visitors. The coloring books helped educate

children on the Constitution and on the Army's long-standing history of dedication

to the principles of the Constitution.

*"Quotations on the Constitution" (Pentagon Library )

The Pentagon Library's booklet, "Quotations on the Constitution," is a

resource for military and civilian speakers and writers. To aid researchers who need references on the Constitution, the 107 quotations are organized

chronologically under the heading of the article of the Constitution with which they

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deal; general quotations appear in a section on the Preamble. A list of sources for

the quotations and an index of persons quoted are also included. More than 50,000

copies have been distributed to government agencies, patriotic and veteran

organizations, and schools. Booklets are available at the Pentagon Library and

through the Publications Center as well as the SABC Resource Center.

SaldigraaggsramsftigCmalatmal Constitution (Center of Military History)

The Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army,

produced the volume, Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution, to serve the Army and

-the nation by ensuring complete and appropriate use of historical military experience

relevant to contemporary professional issues. In addition to biographies of the

Soldier-Statesmen; thevolume contains material on the Army and the founding of

the Republic, biographies on the other signers, selected pertinent historical

documents and several appendices, including statistical data on the military service

of key Americans of the period. The hardback volume (Stock No. G38-0,29 -00153-

5) may be purchased in Government Printing Offices for $25.00 and a softback

volume (Stock No. 008-029-00159-4) retails for $22.00..

"The Constitution" (Office of Military Chaplains)

The Fall '87 issue of the Military Chaplains' Review, "The Constitution,"

celebrated the Constitution of the United States, the period of history that gave birth

to the founding documents, the nation, the chaplaincy and the rewards and

challenges of this legacy.

* "Your Oath" (Total Army Personnel Agency)

"Your Oath," a Total Army Personnel Agency brochure, is designed to

inform all new soldiers and civilian about the oath they take to support and defend

the Constitution. The brochure links the oath of office and the oath of enlistment to

Army veues of courage, commitment, candor and competence. Vignettes illustrate

the challenges encountered in support and defense of the Constitution.

*St:Wier-Statesmen Videotapes (Command Information Unit, Secretary of the Army Public Affairs)

The Constitution Signers We the People" videotape features 40 one minute

vignettes, one for each of the signers of the United States Constitution. In addition

to internal distribution, the National Association of Broadcasters distributed the

spots to more than 1,200 commercial television stations 1 tionwide. Loaner copies

are available for local duplication from the SABC Resource Center.

* "Department of Defense Commemoration of the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution -- The Year 1987 in Review" Videotape

(Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The videotape, "Department of Defense Commemoration of the Bicentennial

of the United States Constitution -- The Year 1987 in Review," chronicles the

diversity of activities and special events commemorating the Constitution

Bicentennial. The visual report documents DoD participation from September 1986

through September 1987 and is available through the SABC Resource Center for

local duplication.

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*Bicentennial Logo (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial

Committee)

The Department. of Defense Bicentennial logo was designed to reflect the

DoD mission stated in the Preamble, "To provide for the common defence." The

logo consists of a triquetra -- symbolizing the executive, legislative and judicial

branches -- resting upon a Pentagon which symbolizes the DoD support to the

government and the American people. The Constitution Bicentennial logo is affixed

to DoD educational and commemorative products.

*Oath Reafffirmation Certificates (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

Oath Reaffirmation Certificates (for both officer and enlisted personnel) are

available on camera-ready slicks and can be tailored to reflect unit affiliation. These

certificates enhance Oath Reaffirmation Ceremonies by providing a tangible

reminder to soldiers of the significance of the Constitution in their lives. Certificates

measure 8 1/2" by 11" and can be reproduced locally on parchment stock by Xerox

technique at nominal expense.

*Certificates of Recognition (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

Certificates of Recognition are available to honor men and women who have

meritoriously supported the DoD Commemoration of the Bicentennial of the Constitution. Certificates have been awarded, for example, to media

representatives, student essay writers, teachers and members of the Armed Forces

and civilians who have devoted their time, energy and talents to commemorative

projects and activities. Each certificate measures 8" by 10" and is printed in four

colors on light buff-colored cardstock. The certificates will be available through

1991.

"Soldier-Statesmen of the States" Booklet (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

Biographies of former members of Congress who had served in the Armed

Forces were extracted from the Bio s aphical Directo of the American Congress

1774-1971. These biographies formed the major text of the "Soldier-Statesmen of

the States" booklet. The booklet was compiled to assist military and civilian

organizations with a ready reference on prominent veterans from each state who

went on to serve in the United States Congress. It emphasized that each state can

take a special pride in its own Soldier-Statesmen, individual patriots who offer

focus for commemorative events and educational programs during the Bicentennial

of the Constitution. More than 5,000 booklets were distributed to military

organizations, to include the National Guard and Reserve units, and State

Bicentennial Commissions.

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Lectures

Constitution Lecture Series (Center of Military History)

The Center of Military History conducted a series of six lectures at The

National Defense University, Washington, D. C. during 1987. Noted historians

and scholars spoke on the general history of the Constitutional era. These six

lectures, supplemented with additional articles, will be distributed to major

despository libraries and major army commands, battalion level. Copies may be purchased at Government Printing Offices, beginning in the Spring, 1989 for

approximately $10.00 per copy.

"The United States Army and the Constitution" (Military History

Institute)

The Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, Pa., developed a series

of nine lectures focused on the Department of Defense and the history of our

Republic. The series demonstrated the Department of Defense's steadfast

commitment to and support of constitutional government. Distribution is planned

January 1989 to worldwide Army libraries and the National Commission Educatio..

Division.

"Congress, the Presidency, the Judiciary, and National Security: A

View from the Bicentennial of the Constitution" (National Defense University)

This National Defense University symposium, held November 13-14,

1987, attracted more than 400 participants from various agencies including the

National Defense University, Departments of Defense and State, researchers,

practitioners, as well as individuals from academia, the private sector, and foreign

governments. Objectives of the symposium were to improve quality of national

debate on national security issues and enhance a broader understanding of those

issues and to enrich the academic experience of University members through

participation in symposia.

Exhibits

* "Defending the Constitution" (Secretary of the Army Public Affairs)

The United States Army Recruiting Command's commemorative touring

exhibit, "Defending the Constitution," illustrates the role of the military in support

of the Constitution and shows the citizen-soldier influence on our early history and

the formation of the government. The exhibit has been displayed in state capitals

and at Bicentennial activities across the United States. The exhibit will tour the

country through 1991. Arrangements to schedule the exhibit may be made by

contacting the SABC Resource Center.

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6
National Infantry Museum Exhibit

The National Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, Ga., created an exhibit to

recognize the importance of the 200th anniversary of the signing of our

Constitution. The exhibit features 18th century-style furnishings, flags, trophies,

portraits of three signers of the Constitution, and 18th and early 19th century

documents signed by three Soldier-Statesmen Signers of the Constitution. The exhibit will be on display throughout the commemorative period of the

Bicentennial. For information telephone (404) 545-2950, Autovon 784-2950.

Constitution Quest: Why a Navy? (United States Navy)

The Navy Museum at the Washington Navy Yard, in cooperation with the

National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution, developed a permanent

Bicentennial program entitled "Constitution Quest: Why a Navy?" The multi-part

program is designed to help secondary history and civics students understand and

appreciate the complexity of writing the basic document that governs us today.

Fort Leonard Wood Museum Exhibit

The Fort Leonard Wood Museum created an exhibition entitled, "We the

People." The exhibit consists of thirty framed documents and illustrations focusing

on the creation and the role of the military under the United States Constitution and

is displayed at special comemorative events throughout the Bicentennial. In addition

to the Museum exhibit, two traveling exhibits toured the south central Missouri area

during 1987. For information telephone (314) 368-4249, Autovon 581-4249.

Bicentennial Window (Army War College)

The Army War College Corresponding Studies Course Class of 1987

presented a stained glass window to the Army War College in commemoration of

the Constitution Bicentennial. The stained glass window depicts the Preamble to

the Constitution, and includes service seals representing class membership.

"Soldier-Signers of the Constitution" Exhibit (Secretary of the Army Administrative Assistant)

This permanent Pentagon exhibit, "Soldier-Signers of the Constitution,"

features portraits of the 23 Soldier-Statesmen Signers of the Constitution. Included

in the exhibit are a framed copy of the Constitution, a description of the Department

of Defense Constitution Bicentennial logo, biographical information on each of the

Soldier-Statcmcn Signers, and flags of the thirteen original colonies. The exhibit is

located on the Pentagon's third floor, E Ring, 7th Corridor.

Constitution Bicentennial Exhibit (Army Materiel Command)

The Army Materiel Command (AMC) Constitution Bicentennial exhibit was

produced in three versions. A small version accompanied the AMC Band on its 55-

city concert tour, a medium touring version was provided to major AMC

subordinate commands where it was displayed in lobbies and loaned to kral public

schools, and a large touring exhibit was created. The large exhibit consists of

modules featuring 40 one minute video vignettes on each signer of the Constitution

and a mural depicting the signing of the Constitution by Howard Chandler Christy.

Each exhibit highlights the role of the military in founding the national government.

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In addition, the public service and leadership of our founding fathers and the

mission of AMC are discussed. The exhibits are available for loan. For information

telephone (301) 278-3078/4948.

"Providing for the Common Defense" Exhibit (Secretary of the Army Administrative Assistant)

A Pentagon exhibit entitled, "Providing for the Common Defense,"

highlighted the responsibility stated in the Preamble -- "provide for the common

defence." The exhibit displayed artifacts pertaining to Articles I and II of the

Constitution. In addition, two sub-themes, "to provide and maintain a Navy" and

"to raise and support Armies, were emphasized." All artifacts and historical items

reflected the Army and Navy of the late 1700s. The exhibit, located on the second

floor, A Ring, was displayed from June 1987 - June 1988.

Army Transportation Museum Exhibit

The United States Army Transportation Museum Exhibit highlights the

development and signing of the United States Constitution. Eleven signers of the

Constitution, who were also soldiers in the Continental Army, are featured in a

three-panel display. Portraits of these Soldier-Statesmen are displayed with text

describing their contributions. The exhibit is displayed at special commemorative

events throughout the Bicentennial period. For information telephone (804) 878-

1109, Autovon 927-1109.

antamiaiiLActiKiliti

Bicentennial Bullets (Secretary of the Army Public Affairs)

During 1987, the Electronic Media Branch (EMB), Command Information

Division, Office of Public Affairs, produced daily accounts of events related to the

development and ratification of the Constitution in the form of radio bullets. The

bullets, produced in 30, 60, and 90-second formats, were broadcast over the Army

Information Radio Service. Other Bicentennial events were published in the Army

News Service (ARNEWS) and other Army-wide Command Information

publications. Daily accounts of events related to the five-year commemoration are

published in calendar format in each yearly supplement to the Resource Guide and

are available from the SABC Resource Center.

Army Commissary Program

Army commissaries joined the commemoration of the Bicentennial of the

United States Constitution with the development of a major merchandising program

in 1987. Emphasizing the theme "Proud to Serve Freedom's Family," store

displays featured theme banners, posters and flags to accompany the American

Constitution Bicentennial Celebration Sale. During June 1988, commissaries

worldwide joined the major food manufacturers in a promotional salute to the nation

commemorating the Ratification of the Constitution. Special store-wide decor kits

with a red, white, and blue motif reinforced June's historical significance and the

Agency's yearly theme of "Proud to Serve Freedom's Family." In 1989,

61
commissaries will focus on the establishment of the government under the

Constitution.

* Bicentennial Defense Community Program (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Bicentennial Defense Community Program encourages Department of

Defense installations, agencies, commands, ships and Guard/Reserve elements to

develop commemorative programs and apply for designation as a Bicentennial

Defense Community. Approved communities receive recognition from the National

Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution and are

authorized to display the National Commission flag and logo. The purpose of the

Bicentennial Defense Community Program is to provide committee focus,

leadership, guidance and assistance in the development of activities that heighten

community awareness and deepen the understanding of ,ne Constitution.

Bicentennial Defense Communities which plan and conduct ongoing activities and

programs during each year of the commemorative period will receive an annual

Certificate of Recognition to honor their contributions. The certificate is signed by

the Secretary of the Army, Chairman of the DoD Bicentennial Executive

Committee, and the Chairman of the National Commission. By 1 October 1988, the

National Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution had

designated 2,535 communities across the nation as Bicentennial Communities, 151

DoD installations, organizations or vessels were designated Bicentennial Defense

Communities. Information on the program and applications are available from the

SABC Resource Center.

United States Army Reserve Essay Contest

During 1987, the United States Army Reserve sponsored a National Essay

Contest. The competition focused on the contributions of our Founding Fathers and

drew 6, 850 entries from more than 400 high schools across the nation. Essayists

were asked to explain, as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention might, how

they would see the Constitution as the culmination of their struggle, how their

experience as a citizen-soldier developed a conviction of the necessity for a strong

national defense, and how this concept was ultimately embodied in the

Constitution. The contest winner at each school received a Certificate of

Achievement from the Chief of Army Reserve. The First-place award, $1,000, was

presented in Washington, D.C. by the Chief of Army Reserve.

* Race Package (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

A promotion package was designed to encourage a Bicentennial theme for

military-sponsored races and walks. The packet includes color samples of a race

logo, certificate of completion, participant's number, start and finish banners, and a

large poster to be used at award presentations, start, and/or finish areas. The Race

Package is available upon request from the SABC Resource Center.

"Leaders for Tomorrow" Youth Activity Program (Army Community

and Family Support Center)

Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps Youth Activities Programs

worldwide joined in the commemoration of the Bicentennial of the United States

Constitution. "Leaders for Tomorrow" was the 1987 theme for emphasizing youth

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7
rights and responsibilities. Youth Activity Programs worldwide sponsored many

activities, including "Celebration of Citizenship" and "Plant a Living Legacy." Youth Councils were organized which emphasized individual rights and

responsibilities to one's self, family and community and the involvement of youth

in a free society.

Leave and Earnings Statements Bicentennial Messages (Secretar of

the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

Bicentennial of the United States Constitution messages were included on

May through September 1987 Leave and Earnings Statement (LES) of Active Army

and Reserve Component service members, retirees and civilian employees. Leave

and Earnings Statements were selected as one way to intensify awareness of the

Constitution Bicentennial celebration and were included on August and September,

1988 Active Army LES statements. Other services are encouraged to use this

effective method to highlight the Constitution Bicentennial.

Constitution Signers Commemorative Wreath Ceremonies (Secretary

of the Army's Bicentennial Committee and National Guard)

As part of the observance commemorating the Bicentennial of the signing of

the United States Constitution, the Department of the Army requested the Adjutant

General of each state National Guard, who had signers interred in his state, to

honor each signer of the Constitution with a wreath ceremony on September 17, the

day the document was signed in 1787. The ceremonies honored all 40 signers.

State and local dignitaries, as well as some descendants of signers, attended the

ceremonies. Annual ceremonies are planned through 1991.

* Bicentennial of the Constitution Oral Reading Program (Missouri National Guard)

Missouri National Guard Headquarters developed an ongoing program for

the oral reading of the Constitution by subordinate units located in 62 Missouri

cities. Each unit uses a program booklet which provides guidance on conducting

the reading of the Constitution during unit formations throughout the

commemorative Bicentennial period.

Anniston Army Depot Constitution Bicentennial Outreach Program.

During 1988, Anniston Army Depot adopted several schools in the

Anniston, Alabama, area, framed and hung ten sets of the Documents of Freedom

around the installation, and highlighted the Constitution during Armed Forces Day.

Thirteen pe.-r trees were planted in recognition of the thirteen colonies, the

Bicentennial Displ-sy "Defending the Constitution" was displayed and a

commemoration ceremony was held in cooperation with Fort McClellan.

National Guard Bureau Bicentennial Program

The National Guard Bureau Bicentennial Program consists of an extensive

command information effort to educate 452,000 Army National Guard and 114,000

Air National Guard personnel on the history and significance of the Const:

Topics include the militia's role in winning the nations independence, the role of

militiamen in drafting the Constitution the Guard's role in defending the

Corstitution. The program began in 1986 and will continue through 1991. Specific

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projects in support of this program include: the Presidential poster series, the

"Constitution and the Nation:1 Guard" poster, and participating in hundreds of

Bicentennial ceremonies.

Constitution Oath Reaffirmation Project (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Department of Defense Constitution Oath Reaffirmation Project is part

of the DoD Constitutional Commitment Program. Under this program, individuals

and military organizations are encouraged to periodically reaffirm their oaths to

support and defend the United States Constitution. This initiative serves to educate

servicemembers about the Constitution as well as strengthen their resolve to

preserve it. Oath reaffirmations are often the centerpiece of military Bicentennial

ceremonies and have been conducted worldwide by countless servicemembers and

civilians during the commemorative period.

Oath Reaffirmation Ceremonies (Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Financial Management)

More than 300 military and civilian employees of the Assistant Secretary of

the Navy's Financial Management Office participated in special ceremonies on

September 21-22, 1988, commemorating the Bicentennial of the Constitution.

Participants signed a 16" x 36" parchment certificate reaffirming their commitment

to support and defend the Constitution. The origiaal certificate hangs in the

Assistant Secretary's front office and eight metal copies hang in key organizational

offices. Parchment 8" x 10" copies were given to all who participated in the event.

Constitution Wall (U.S. Army Intelligence Center and School)

The Constitution Wall located in the Intelligence Center at Fort Huachuca,

Arizona, includes framed reproductions of the Constitution, Declaration of

Independence, Bill of Rights, and Gettysburg Address, all of the Soldier-Statesmen

brochures and paintings depicting both a continental and a present-day soldier.

Constitution Wall is viewed by an annual audience of approximately 6,000.

Week of the Eagles 1988 (101st Airborne Division, Air Assault and Fort Campbell)

"Week of the Eagles 1988," a biennial event held June 3-10, chose the

Bicentennial of the Constitution and patriotism as their theme for 1988. Military

events, individual and team competitions, and family activities to include a 10 km

Bicentennial Run, organization picnic and military review were highlighted

activities. More than 80,000 people participated and gained an appreciation for the

Constitution through displays, poster and essay contests.

Sneciaj Events

Annapolis Convention Ceremony (Forces Command)

The Army, in conjunction with the State of Maryland, hosted an Armed

Forces Retreat Review at Fort Meade on September 14, 1986. The Bicentennial

Commission used the occasion to initiate the national celebration for the

Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. Notable participants included Chief

64
Justice Warren E. Burger, Senator Strom Thurmond, Secretary of the Army John 0. Marsh, Jr., and members of the Bicentennial Commission. Exhibits, demonstrations, a band concert, tree planting ceremony and an Armed Forces

review were conducted during the day's festivities.

USS CONSTITUTION Turnaround Cruise (United States Navy)

On July 4, 1987, the USS Constitution was tugged into Boston harbor from

its berth at Charlestown Navy Yard and turned around. The annual turnaround

cruise permits the ship to weather evenly. The 1987 cruise was dedicated to the

Constitution whose name she bears and which she began defending 191 years ago. During the cruise, the ship fired a 21-gun salute to the nation; Fort Independence

then returned the salute.

Constitution Weekend" (United States Navy)

The USS CONSTITUTION, in cooperation with local and state agencies, sponsored "Constitution Weekend" in Boston from September 17-21, 1987. Ships

from Canada, France, Italy and the United Kingdom exchanged salutes with Fort Independence as they arrived. Ships were open to the public, and commanding officers hosted luncheons on board for officials. The city of Boston hosted an

evening dance party at City Hall Plaza for United States Navy and Allied sailors and other 'ervice members. Following a Bicentennial cruise, the ships anchored in the central harbor for an evening fireworks display climaxed by a double broadside

salute fired from the USS CONSTITUTION.

"Spirit of America" (Military District of Washington)

The 1987 and 1988 "Spirit of America" military pageant celebrated the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. Approximately 170,000 persons viewed the productions held in Washington, D. C. and Philadelphia, Pa. An

annual production of the United States Army Military District of Washington, the

"Spirit of America" used historical tableaux, period costumes, music and colorful

lighting to portray the drafting, signing and Ratification of the Constitution, and to

present an overview of the Army's heritage. The 1989 production will highlight the

inauguration of George Washington, our first President and Commander in Chief.

Reenactors are soldiers of the Third United States Infantry (The Old Guard) and the United States Army Band (Pershing's Own).

Constitution Square (Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command)

U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Rock Island Arsenal, II., held a retreat ceremony which rededicated the parade field as Constitution Square. The ceremony featured the 88th U.S. Army Reserve

Command's Continental color guard who wore uniforms similar to those worn 200

years ago. On display were signs containing information on the 23 SoldierStatesmen Signers of the Constitution. At the conclusion ofthe ceremony students

released red, white and blue balloons. Other activities included four Constitution

Bicentennial concerts featuring the Army Materiel Command band and a special edition of the post newspaper.

65
"Defenders of the Constitution: Past, Present, Future" (TankAutomotive Command)

"Defenders of the Constitution: Past, Present, Future" was the theme of the

U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command's 1987 Constitution Bicentennial

celebration. Activities included the 1-andoff of a Constitution-dedicated M1A1

Abrams tank to members of the 3d Armored Division, 4th Bn, as well as displays,

speeches and music. Other events involved providing pocket Constitutions,

Soldier-Statesmen Brochures and other educational materials to area schools,

focusing on the Constitution in speeches, and including articles on the Constitution

in command publications.

Bicentennial Celebration (Army Logistics Management College)

The U.S. Aroy Logistics Management College, For Lee, Va., conducted a

series of commemorative events dedicated to the Constitution Bicentennial.

Officers and enlisted soldiers reaffirmed their oaths of service and enlistment during

special ceremonies. A month-long exhibit focused on the Constitution.

Constitution Day activities included a Constitution Relay and a Living Legacy tree

planting ceremony, and participation in Bells Across America.

Reaffirmation Day (Army Communications Electronics Command)

The Constitution Bicentennial at Army Communications Electronics

Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, was celebrated on many fronts. The

year-long series of events, including band concerts, speeches, and participation in

community events, culminated with a Constitution Day ceremony. Constitution

Day activities included an open house, a recognition ceremony, an oath

reaffirmation ceremony, and participation in Bells Across America. Four New

Jersey singers of the Constitution were honored during a ceremony dedicating

"Constitution Plaza."

XVIII Airborne Corps' Fort Bragg Naturalization Ceremony

On Citizenship Day 1987 seventy-five immigrant petititioners swore to

support and defend the U.S. Constitution in a naturalization ceremony at Fort

Bragg, North Carolina. Command Sergeant Major Tadeusz Gaweda, a Poland

native, led the group in the Pledge of Allegiance and Brigadier General Sidney

Schuchnow, born in the Sovient Union, delivered the principal address. On the

same day members of the 82d Airborne Division reaffirmed their enlisted and offer

oaths at Reaffirmation Ceremonies.

Twilight Tattoo (United States Army Military District of Wash:ngton)

The military pageant, "Twight Tattoo, produced by United States Military

District of Washington is held annually on the White House Ellipse in Washington,

D.C. Over 370 soldiers perform in this tribute to the vitality of this nation and the

sacrifices of the men and women who helped create America and have continued to

maintain it under the Constitution. The 1988 production honored the Ratification of

the Constitution and Members of Congress and alumni from the largest land grant

colleges in the original 13 states were honored at the 1988 premiere. Annual productions will focus on each of the Bicentennial themes during the

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commemorative period. Thousands of spectators view the pageant during JulyAugust of each year.

The Morgan-Stephenson Ceremony (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Department of the Army honored the first rifleman and their leaders,

Captains Daniel Morgan and Hugh Stephenson, to answer the call to arms of the

Continental Congress of June 14, 1775. The response to this Congressional

resolution by these early patriots was a milestone on the roadto the establishment of

our Republic under the Constitution. A Total Army Honor Guard in modem and

period uniform was provided by the United States Army Military District of

Washington, the West Virginia National Guard and the 99th U.S. Army Reserve

Command. The ceremony included the dedication of the Morgan-Stephenson 0*

and was hosted by the Secretary of the Army, John 0. Marsh, Jr. on September 17, 1988 at Morgan's Grove Park, Shepherdstown, West Virginia.

Department of Defense Constitution Week Ceremony (Secretary of

the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Department of Defense honored "Constitution Week 1988" with a

special ceremony coordinated by the United States Army Military District of

Washington. Held at Mount Vernon, home of the first Preside-t and Commander

in Chief, the ceremony focused on the Bicentennial of Ratification and looked

forward to the Bicentennial of the Establishment of the Federal Government and

National Defense. The event included an Armed Forces Honor Guard and the

dedication of a living legacy, the Federal Oak. The ceremony was hosted by the Honorable William H. Taft IV, the Deputy Secretary of Defense. Honored guests

included the Honorable Warren E. Burger, Chairman, Commission on the

Bicentennial of the United States Constitution; the Honorable Michael P. Stone,

Understrzetary of the Army; and Mrs. Robert Channing Seamans, Regent of the

Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union.

General William Darke Ceremony (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Department of the Army honored the selfless service and special

sacrifice of Brigadier General William Darke (1736-1801), Soldier-Stateman of

West Virginia. The ceremony included the dedication of a living legacy, the General

William Darke Oak, and presentation of a POW medal to a former prisoner ofwar,

Reverend Charles J. Cathcart. An Honor Guard was provided by the United States

Army Military District of Washington, the West Virginia National Guard and the

99th U.S. Army Reserve Command. The event was hosted by Secretary of the

Army, John 0. Marsh, Jr. and included special guest, Mrs. Ann Mills Griffiths,

Executive Director, National League of Families of American Prisoners and

Missing in Southeast Asia. The General William Darke Oak was dedicated near the

Generals' homesite on October 8, !988 in Duffields West Virginia.

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"Living Legacy" Programs

Living Legacy Tree Planting Program (Office, Chief of Engineers)

In honor of the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution and the 23

Soldier-Statesman Signers of this historic document, Army Engineers conducted

the Soldier-Statesmen "Living Legacy" program during Constitution Week 1987.

Oak seedlings were collected from Revolutionary battlefields for "Living Legacy"

tree planting ceremonies held at 23 selected Army installations. Indigenous conifers

were planted where it was determined oak seedlings would not survive.

Cadet Park (ROTC Cadet Command)

Cadet Park, Fort Monroe, Va., was esr..iblished to honor the Bicentennial

of the United States Constitution and Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)

cadets who epitomize the Citizen-Soldier concept. The park contains picnic tables,

trees and plants and a commemoratir; plaque. The park, open to the public,

rejuvenated land which was once an oil storage area.

Constitution Grove (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial

Committee)

The Army Constitution Grove, Valley Forge National Historical Park,

Valley Forge, Pa., was dedicated on July 31, 1987 and serves as a living tribute to

the memory of George Washington's return to Valley Forge during tht recess of the

Constitutional Convention of 1787. It ties the sacrifices made at Valley F- -i-e to the

framing and signing of the United States Constitution. Active Am ly, Army

National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers carrying flags of Army units which

traced their lineage to Valley Forge and the era of the Constitutional Convention

participated in a ceremony dedicating the Grove.

Freedom Grove (Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division)

To recognize the relationship of the civilian-controlled military and the

military's special role in the founding of the nation, a grove of 23 trees was planted

at Dam Site #20 on Papillion Creek, near Omaha, Neb. The trees were part of the

cost-shared landscaping agreement for the local flood control project between the

United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Papio Natural Resources District.

The dedication ceremony involved the Corps of Engineers as well as the civilian

community.

Constitution Grove (Tooele Army Depot)

A grove of 200 cherry trees was planted on Tooele Army Depot, Tooele,

Utah, in commemoration of the Constitution. The grove was dedicated during a

ceremony which included a monument naming the area "Constitution Grove."

Trees were purchased with money donated by the Ophir Creek Water Company.

The trees were planted by depot military members.

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/ 0
Ratification Oak (Department of Defense)

On June 21. 1988 more than 500 Department of Defense employees

&served the planting of a Ratification Oak on the grounds of the Pentagon in

Washington D.C. This ceremony commemorated the Ratification of the United

States Constitution by the State of New Hampshire and, thus, established the

Constitution as the "law of the 'and." The ceremony host was The Honorable John

0. Marsh, Jr., Secretary of the Army and the honored guests included General Carl

E. Vuono, Chief of Staff, Army, The Honorable Grant Green, Assistant Secretary

of Defense Force Management & Personnel and Dr. Ronald Trowbridge, Director of Federal and International Programs, Commission on the Bicentennial of the

United States Constitution.

Concerts and Performances

Bicentennial Concert (United States Army Field Band)

The United States Army Field Band presented a concert to commemorate the

United States Constitution Bicentennial. Held in the Concert Hall of the John F.

Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on September 14, 1987, the program

consisted of musical selections and focused on Constitutional themes. Concert

highlights included "We the People," the title composition on the U.S. Army Field

Band's We the People Bicentennial record album and cassette. In addition, special

Bicentennial Concerts were performed in Berlin, Augsburg, Karlsruhe, Pirmasens,

Fulda, and Furth, Germany, during November-Dnember, 1987.

Bicentennial Band Tour (89th U.S. Army Reserve Command)

During 1987 and 1988, the 89th U.S. Army Reserve Command's 312th Army Band conduct vo-week Bicentennial concert tours. During its Annual Training periods the oand presented Constitution Bicentennial concerts in

approximately 20 Kansas and Nebraska communities. In conjunction with the

musical salutes, guests in each community were invited to sign billboard-sized- replicas of the Constitution. Replicas were later given to the communities for

display in public buildings. For information telephone (316) 681-1759, Autovon

743-1759.

Bicentennial Band Concert Tour (Forces Command)

The Forces Command Band, the 214th Army Band, toured California in

September 1987. The band entertained approximately 50,000 persons during the

tour with musical selections of a Bicentennial flavor. Thirteen performances were

scheduled in 12 cities, including a special Bicentennial performance in San

Francisco and a noonti--.., ..'itdoor concert in Palm Springs. Concert programs

contained informati,m on the Bicentennial of the Constitution and on the role the

military has played in defending the Constitution. Concerts in 1988 featured special

Bicentennial music selections and narrative. In addition, a "Constitution Billboard"

was exhibited in the lobby during performances. Concerts planned for 1989 will

present a similar format. For information telephone (404) 669-5676, Autovon 588-

5676.

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Constitution Bicentennial Concert Tour (389th Army Band, Army Material Command)

The Army Materiel Command's 389th United States Army Band

Bicentennial Concert Tour presented 55 concerts during its 1987 nationwide tour.

Including such cities as St. Louis, MO.; Warren, MI.; and San Francisco, CA., the

band played to military and civilian audiences of more than 60,000 persons.

Portions of some concerts were televised locally. The Army Materiel Command's

accompanying Constitution Bicentennial Exhibit was displayed at concert sites.

Races and Relays

Constitution Relay (Fort Monroe, Virginia)

Fort Monroe, in cooperation with Headquarters, Army Training and

Doctrine Command (TRADOC), sponsored a Constitution Relay in which 200

runners participated in a continuous relay from Washington, D.C. to Fort Monroe,

Va. The relay began with a National Archives ceremony. Copies of the

Constitution were presented to ten communities along with the relay route. The run

coincided with Fort Monroe's Constitution Bicentennial celebration.

172-Mile Constitution Relay-Ravi (Davison Army Airfield and Fort Belvoir, Virginia)

In commemoration of the Bicentennial of the Constitution, a 13-member

running team from United States Army Davison Aviation Command and Fort

Belvoir, Va., carried a copy of the Constitution from Fort Belvoir to Philadelphia,

Pa. Each runner symbolically represented one of the original colonies and carried a

miniature state flag. The relay-run ended with a ceremony a Independence Hall

with the Honorable John 0. Marsh, Jr., Secretary of the Army, accepting the copy

of the Constitution after its 172-mile journey from Fort Belvoir, VA.

Commemorative Items

*"We the People" Constitution Commemorative Recording (United States Army Field Band)

The United States Army Field Band produced a commemorative record

album celebrating the Coastitution Bicentennial. The album features "We the

People," a special composition by Master Sergeant Ken McCoy, Army Field Band

Staff Arranger, and patriotic selections chosen to salute the Spirit of Liberty

embodied by the Constitution. Army Recruiting Command has distributed cassettes

with sheet music for choral and band arrangements of "We the People" to 27,000

high schools across the nation. The National Archives gift shop offers audio

cassettes for sale to the public.

*Commemorative Medallion (Secretary of Army's Bicentennial Commitkee)

A Bicentennial Commemora..ve Medallion marks the Bicentennial the

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'O
United States Constitution, 1987-1991. Major Army command() and each military

service received medallions for use in their Bicentennial celebrations. The obverse

of the antiqued bronze medallion 6-.ars the Department of Defense Bicentennial

logo. The reverse depicts the Preamble of the Constitution, and highlights the

Department of Defense Bicentennial theme, "provide for the common defence."

We the People" Bicentennial Recording (United States Air Force Tactical Air Command)

Tactical Air Command's 564th Air Force Band, Langley Air Force Base,

Va., produced "We the People," a Bicentennial recording to celebrate the 200th

Anniversary of the Constitution. The album jacket cover cited Air Force readiness

to serve in support and defense of the Constitution. "We the People," a collection

of patriotic music, celebrates the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution and

was produced on album, cassette and compact disc.

"We the People: Birth of a Dream" (United States Air Force Military Airlift Command)

This collection of music, produced by the 528th Air Force Band at Scott Air

Force Base, Illinois, commemorates the Bicentennial of the United States

Constitution, instills pride and patriotism, and emphasizes the spirit of today's

Military Airlift Command. It has been produced as an album, cassette tape, and

compact disc.

"Americans We" Bicentennial Album (United States Navy Band)

The United States Navy Band recorded a Constitution Bicentennial album,

"Americans We." The album was distributed to broadcast stations, libraries and

educational institutions. The album features American Composers and includes the

National Anthem and marches.

"Provide for the common defence - secure the Blessings of Liberty" Poster (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Department of Defense Bicentennial of the Constitution poster, 'provide

for the common defence - secure the Blessings of Liberty,' features an eagle on a

blue background. White stars and horizontal shades of lighter blue suggest the United States flag. The eagle in flight is clutching on olive branch and arrows,

symbolizing Department of Defense readiness. The poster title reinforces the DoD

commitment to the Constitution, as stated in the Preamble, and the readiness of the

Armed Forces to fulfill their oath to support and defend the Constitution, thereby

preserving freedom for all Americans.

Ratification Bicentennial 1788/1988 Poster (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Department of Defense Bicentennial of the Ratification of the

Constitution 1788/1988 Poster features the Preamble to the Constitution, a

Revolutionary soldier at.d the United States flag on a royal purple background with

the phrases 'Honoring our Soldier-Statesman' and 'Ratification Bicentennial 1788-

1988'. The phrase 'Honoring our Soldier-Sta..-sman' highlights the importance of

the men who both fought the War of Independence and those who participated in

the Constitutional Convention and the State Ratification Conventions.

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'73
Constitution Bicentennial Poster (Army Corps of Engineers)

The. Army Corps of Engineers commemorative poster supported a

September 1987 Corps-wide celebration commemorating the Constitution

Bicentennial. The poster featured the Constitution printed in gold upon a black

background. Fourtcen pentagon-shaped color and black-and-white photographic

insets illustrated Corps vision and values drawn from the Constitution.

Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution Souvenir Card (Secretary of

the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

The Soldier-Statesmen Bicentennial Souvenir Card detailed contributions of

the 23 Soldier-Statesmen Signers of the Constitution. The card was created to

provide information on the Soldier-Statemen Signers and to honor the initiative and

miracle behind the Constitution. The Souvenir Card was distributed to schools,

defense, activities and to the general public as an educational resource.

Ratification Bicentennial Souvenir Card (Secretary of the Army's Bicentennial Committee)

This souvenir card converts the popular 1988 Department of Defense poster

into a memento, teaching and information aid. The souvenir card fe Mures a

Revolutionary soldier and the United States flag on a royal purple backgrou id v ith

the phrases 'Honoring our Soldier-Statesman' and 'Ratification Bicentennial

1788/1988: The back of the card includes a list of the states with the dates that each

ratified the Constitution. The inside features a short narrative emphasizing the

importance of the Soldier-Statesman contributions to the Nation and the individual

states.
Adopt-A-School Program

The goal of the Adopt-A-School Program is to improve the quality of

educational systems through the enrichment (,f school curricula. The program was:

initiated in support of the President's National Partnership in Education

Proclamation of October 1983

a voluntary partnership established between schools, school districts and

local communities

extended to public and private schools at all levels of education

to be implemented and managed by local superintendents of schools or the

board of education

supportive of school educational goals

A wide variety of activities may be conducted by Department of Defense

communities in support of the Adopt-A-School Program. These include:

guest tutoring, lecturing and/or speaking

assistance as Teacher Aides

providing resource materials and/or equipment

exhibits and displa "s

sponsorship of educational, cultural and athletic events

providing career educational assistance

The Adopt-A-School Program is an investment in improving the quality of

American education and citizenship. Participating defense organizations benefit

through improved individual morale and self-esteem, and through an increased

sense of community involvement. The Adopt-A-School Program enhances the

image of military personnel as responsible members of the community and provides

an excellent opportunity for the development of strong positive relationships

between Department of Defense organizations and local schools and school districts.

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7 3
Suggested. Activities

CHAPTER. VII
SUGGESTED LIST OF PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES

FOR COMMEMORATING THE BICENTENNIAL OF

THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

(These projects and activities are not intended solely for military units or

installations. With some modification, most can be utilized by civilian organizations

and communities.)

1. Publish selected reviews, articles, or excerpts in unit bulletins or Command

newspapers.

2. Food Service activities could serve a "Bicentennial" meal, featuring fare

typical of Revolutionary War soldiers. Thanksgiving may be an appropriate time to

show the sacrifices made by the citizen-soldier framers/ratifiers of the Constitution.

Realism might be added if the meal were served in a field, rather than garrison,

environment.

3. Individually or collectively reaffirm oath to protect and defend the

Constitution. There are many appropriate occasions for this activity, such as

promotion, re-enlistment, Armed Forces Day, Independence Day, Constitution

Week, Yorktown Day, Service Birthdays and State Birthdays. An LOT is available

to guide planning.

4. Either as a separate project or in conjunction with another, sign canvas or

paper Constitution reproductions. Display prominently in unit area where all unit

members and visitors can view it. For added significance, make the reproduction a

permanent display; invite old unit members to visit and sign; and organize a small

ceremony having new members sign. Remember to record the event with a camera.

(Canvas reproductions cost $65 each and masure 54" wide by 10' to 12' long;

Tyvx paper editions cost $17.85 each).

5. Include in religious services, (during drill or annual training periids for

Reserve Components), a tribute to the religious freedom guaranteed under the

Constitution.

6. Plant a single tree (e.g., Constitution Oak, Liberty Maple, Freedom Pine), a

Constitution Garden, or a Constitution Grove as a living tribute to the SoldierStatesman signers/ratifiers of the Constitution. This could be a unit activity, with

plantings in the unit area or near an armory or reserve center. Additional plants

could be added each year to commemorate an event meaningful to the unit (such as

Arbor Day, Constitution Week, Yorktown Day, Armed Forces Day, Memorial Day,

Flag Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Service Birthday or State Birthday.)

This affords opportunity to include State/Local/ City Park officials, National Park

Service, or scout troops in a community-wide Constitutional tribute.

7. Include Constitution Bicentennial activities in planning of domestic action

projects, in conjunction with local community.

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S0
8. During unit organization/family day, or other unit celebrations, slected unit

members would be asked to explain to civilian guests/family members "What the

Constitution means to me ... a citizen and a soldier (sailor, marine, airman, coast

guardsman). "

9. Using a number of unit or civilian participants, conduct a "reading" of the

Constitution.

10. Emphasize Bicentennial of the Constitution annual educational objectives

during staff meetings, formations, professional development seminars, and

commanders call, with: reading quotes, anecdotes, showing one of many films or

videotapes available; or inviting speakers to address group.

11. Use posters and facsimile reproductions of photographs, documents or quotes

to create a 'Constitution Corridor,' Gallery of Freedom,' or 'Freedom Shrine' or

other appropriately named display of freedom documents. (Available either through

military publication centers or as low-cost purchase iems).

12. Sponsor poster and essa contests on a Bicentennial theme.

13. Participate in state celebrations.

14. Encourage library displays of books on the Constitution and other yearly

Bicentennial themes. Distribute bookmarks with a Bicentennial message.

15. Include the Constitution in UCKT briefings.

16. Identify state/local "Soldier-Statesmen" and include them in your Constitution

celebrations.

17. Community theaters and entertainment centers re-enact the signing of the

Constitution or other period drama directly related to statehood and/or state history.

Scripts, music and lyrics are available.

18. Release red, white, and blue balloons during special celebrations

commemorating the Constitution, particularly during Constitution Week, (i.e.,

"Bells Across America" on 17 September of each year).

19. Make a Bicentennial Quilt. Get public affairs coverage, place it in museum,

frame and display in library, or use as a fund raiser: raffle it off.

20. Bicentennial Cookbook: 200 Years (201, 202) of traditional American

recipes.

21. Participate in local parades through a color guard or marching unit ... 23

representing the Soldier-Statesman signers of the Constitution ... or 200

representing our defense of freedom for 200 years ... or other symbolic number.

22. Include a display of DoD Bicentennial materials (educational materials that

explain role of Soldier-Statesman signers) with static displays at malls and county

fairs. Materials are available for this purpose.

23. Include Bicentennial references in speeches to internal (change of command,

area schools, conferences) audiences as well as military associations and civilian

76

8
audiences. Speech materials are available, as well as a booklet, Blessings of

Liberty: Quotations on the Constitution.

24. A soldier in a Revolutionary War uniform adds a colonial touch to a

ceremony. (Reserve Components: locate Revolutionary War replica uniforms and

weapons which had limited distribution during the 1976 Bicentennial. These assets

were to have been entered on property books, with muskets stored in arms rooms.

These may still be in public affairs offices, public affairs detachments, military

history detachments, or installation museums. ARCOMs and some installations

each received a set of four uniforms.)

25. Commands with bands could represent command by presenting pageants of

music and narration to military and civilian audiences. Narrative portions could

combine military and civilian guest participants. Concert program could include

music popular during ratification era (18th century music, and lyrics are in Appendix

B of the Bicentennial of the Constitution Resource Guide). DoD service bands have

arrangements which can be used by Reserve Component bands. Army and Air

Force bands have produced audio tapes commemorating the Constitution

Bicentennial.

26. Present soldier/sailor/airman/marine/coast guardsman of the quarter with a

Bicentennial medallion or parchment replica of the Constitution (or other

commemorative item related to Constitution) as part of recognition ceremony.

27. Designate representative to actively represent Command or unit on community

or state bicentennial commission/committee. Reinforce military identity by wearing

uniform during all contacts.

28. Host/sponsor lecture series if suitable location is available. Include a mix of

military/civilian lecturers and guests. Food service section can advise legal method

of using available assets to provide modest reception items.

29. Develop a "Constitution Trail" where cardiovascular exercises are combined

with information on the Constitu.ion and its adoption (for example, designate Bill

of Rights/Amendment exercise stations).

30. Participate in community "fun run" with a symbolic entry, such as 23

representing the Soldier-Statesman signers of the Constitution. A race package is

available which includes art and ideas on how to incorporate Bicentennial theme

into any run.

31. Include Bicentennial messages on bulletin boards.

32. Include the 1987-1991 DoD Bicentennial logo on agency/command letterhead,

programs, and other appropriate publications.

33. Use a Bicentennial theme for events such as graduation ceremonies, festivals,

balls, races and runs, and organization days.

34. Invite high school band to provide Bicentennial concert during Constitution

Week

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82
35. Participate in DoD "Adopt-A-School" program, which offers an excellent

opportunity for installations, armories and reserve centers to increase the awareness

and understanding of the Armed Forces mission .'n provide for the common defense

as stated in the Preamble.

36. Encourage installation youth organizations to participate in Bicentennial

activities.

37. If overseas, invite host nation personnel to U.S. Constitution celebrations.

Constitution translations are available in Arabic, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.

U.S. Embassies can provide some materials.

38. Many states have re-enactment units which set up a 'period' encampment.

They are authentic recreations of period military camps, to include uniforms,

civilian clothing, food, and way-of-life.

39. Locate descendants of signers of the Constitution, or descendants of

prominent Soldier-Statesmen in your state. Include these people in your

celebrations. Sources: Sons of the American Revolution, National Society of

Daughters of the American Revolution, other patriotic organizations, Library of

Congress, and public libraries.

40. Sponsor -- in conjunction with AUSA, ROA, or similar organization -- a trip

to historic sites, or a Revolutionary War battlefield to learn about the sacrifices of

our veterans and soldier-statesmen through history, or visit your state capitol to

learn about the democratic process.

41. Include legal, ruigious, and journalist speakers in your Speakers Bureau and

have them available to talk on various Constitutional freedoms.

42. Include a Bictriter.., .. message with your mail. Fort Belvoir has developed

four messages for use witn a postage meter. [AUTOVON 345-6351; Commercial

(703) 664-6351. 1

43. Youth groups can raise money by selling automobile sun shades with a

Bicentennial message, "Fort/Base/Ship is proud to be a Bicentennial

Defense Community."

44. Proclamation: publish a Proclamation in your installation newspaper during

Constitution Week, and encourage community civilian newspaper to use

Proclamation in support of r .Aary.

45. Fund raiser: bumper stickers which proclaim that "Fort/Base/Ship is

proud to be a Bicentennial Defense Community."

46. AFRTS outlets: trivia questions on the Constitution with prizes awarded to the

first to call in (e.g., tickets to shows, a tape or record).

47. Place a time capsule with your State Constitution and Constitution

Bicentennial Program to be opened during Constitution TricentenniLL

48. Installation cable or closed-circuit television can carry Bicentennial public

service announcements.

49. Ho. 1. an autumn Colonial Craft Fair.

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50. Sponsor voter registration drive.

51. Re-dedicate streets, buildings, trees, in honor of the Constitution,

Ratification, Bill of Rights, or name of State/Federal personage.

52. An antique show could focus on colonial art, furniture, stemware, etc.

53. Make reaffirmation of the oath to support and defend the Constitution a

tradition, either annually during Constitution Week, or at other significant times

through& the year.

54. Be,,, le a recognized Bicentennial Defense Community and fly the official

Constitution Bicentennial Flag.

55. Paint fire plugs in Bicentennial colors (red, white, blue).

56. Dedicate basic training "yearbooks" to the Constitution.

57. Host a tournament for area high school debate teams on issues, such as

"Right to Bear Arms-Bear Arms and Go to Jail," "Volunteer vs. Mandatory

National Service," or "Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Political Theories."

58. Include installation/command Constitution Bicentennial activities in official

briefing.

59. Dedicate an Armory or Reserve Center to a Signer of the Constitution or other

significant Soldier-Statesman in history.

60. Invite local elected officials, veterans, members of the judiciary, to speak on

the Constitution.

61. Participate in "A Celebration of Citizenship" during Constitution We*.

62. Participate in "Bells Across America" on 17 September each year during Constitution Week.

63. Conduct open houses with Constitutional exhibits.

64. Dedicate IDT/AT periods to a signer or the significant Soldier- Statesmen in

history.

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84
41

"How To" Guides

CHAPTER V11

Oath Reaffirmation Ceremony

Tree Planting Ceremony

Wreath Laying Ceremony

Essay Contest

Time Capsule

80
Oath Reaffirmation Ceremony

1. Situation. In honor of an occasion/event: e.g., The Constitution, Armed Forces Day, Law Day, or Unit Organization Day, units are encouraged to hold a special Reaffirmation of the Oath of Allegiance to the United States.

2. General. This observance may be conducted on an appropriate date IAW this LOI. Although th, event is voluntary in nature, participation by all personnel, military and civilian (including tenant activities), is strongly urged. The oath

reaffirmation should be simultaneously administered to demonstrate the spirit of

cooperation and fellowship that exists between all activities in their service to the

Iation and support of its Constitution.

3. Concept of Opeiztion.

a. Post-wide observances should be simultaneously conducted at a date and

time to permit all personnel the opportunity to volunta.ily reaffirm their oath of

allegiance to the United States of America.

b. The observances may be held outside on grounds adjacent to every unit,

organization, activity, office or staff section. Each commander, director, activity

chief, can determine where personnel will be assembled for the special observance.

Sequence of events is at End 1.

c. Layout of parade field is at Encl 2.

d. Each individual should receive a special certificate commemorating his

participation in the event.

e. A single cannon salute can be fired at time designated and commanders,

directors, activity chiefs, can then administer the oath to all assembled personnel from their respective activities. The Commanding General, or his designated

representative, should administer the oath to all personnel assembled on the Parade

f. Although maximum participation is desired, there should be no disruption

of essential activities including scheduled classes. Personnel not participating in the

actual observances should continue in their normal duty assignments.

g. In the event of inclement weather, each commander, director, activity chief,

should administer the oath within their respective activity building(s). The single

cannon salute would still take place.

4. Responsibilities.

a. Commanders, directors, and activity chiefs should:

(1) Ensure that all civilian and military personnel assigned to their

organization are informed of the special observance and allowed the opportunity to

participate.

(2) Designate the oath reaffirmation site for their organization's personnel IAW the LOT provisions herein and administer oath to their personnel at the

appointed time (and/or designate rr ::sentatives to do the same). (3) Provide a numb' -mint of participants from their respective

organization to the cerernorr .eject officer.

b. Other responsibil' co be designated based upon your particular situation. (1) Units for ,cipation in event on parade field. (2) Mark A parade field.

(3) Cev .onial cannon, salute round, and gun crew

(4) System

(5) Invocation deliverer (Chaplain)

81
(6) Media coverage (before, during, and after event)

(7) Musical support

(8) Distribution of participation certification

(9) Traffic control

Proposed Sequence of Events

D - Unit to their final positions on the parade field (the field will be

marked off).

D + 1 The Adj. directs "BRING YOUR UNITS TO ATTENTION and

PRESENT ARMS." Each Cdr, in sequential order, responds to the

Adj 's directions.

- Once all units are at preseht arms, the Adj. faces about, executes

present arms and reports to the Cdr of Troops "SIR, THE UNITS

ARE FORMED."

D + 5

D + 7

D + 9

D+ 14

The Cdr of troopS salutes and directs the Adj. to take his o. her

post. Once the Adj. has taken his or her position, the Cdr of troops

commands -- "ORDER ARMS, PARADE REST." The Cdr of

troops faces about and assumes the position of parade rest.

The announcer introduces the CG. "Ladies and gentlemen, please

stand for the arrival of the CG." The CG and Chaplain move to

review stand.

The Cdr of troops comes to attention, faces about and commands

" ATTENTION, PRESENT ARMS." The Cdr of troops face 'lout,

executes present arms and reports to the CG -- "SIR, ;HE

COMMAND IS FORMED."

- The CG and Cdr of troops exchange salutes.

- The Cdr of troops faces about and commands "ORDER ARMS,

PARADE REST." The Cdr of troops faces about and assumes the

position of parade rest.

- The announcer introduces the Chaplain.

- The Chaplain gives invocation.

- The announcer introduces the CG.

- The CG gives appropriate remarks.

- Upon completion of remarks, the announcer stztes -- "Ladies and

gentlemen, please stand for the firing of the ceremonial cannon and

the Reaffirmation.

- The Cdr of troops comes to attention, faces about and commands

"AITENTION." The Cdr of troops faces about and assumes the

position of attention.

82
D + 16 - The cannon is fired.

- The CG administers the Oath. "Ladies and gentlemen, will you

please raise your right hand and repeat after me."

- All respond to the CG's instructions.

- Upon completion of the Oath, the CG will state "Ladies and

gentlemen, please lower your right hand."

- The Cdr of troops faces about and commands -- "PARADE

REST." The Cdr then faces about and assumes the position of parade rest.

- The CG will give closing remarks. Once the remarks are

completed, the CG will return to his original position on the

reviewing stand.

- The Cdr of troops comes to attention, faces about and commands

- "ATTENTION." The Cdr faces about, executes present arms and

reports to the CG -- "SIR, THIS CONCLUDES THE

CEREMONY."

The CG and Cdr exchange salutes.

- The CG and Chaplain face about and depart the reviewing stand.

- The Cdr of troops faces about and di -ts -- "COMMANDERS

TAKE CHARGE OF YCJUR UNITS."

The Cdr of troops dismisses his staff and departs the parade field.

Proposed Remarks

I WANT TO WELCOME YOU TO THIS IMPORTANT CEREMONY

TODAY. ALL OF US WHO SERVE OUR COUNTRY, BOTH MILITARY AND

CIVILIAN, TAKE AN OATH OF ALLEGIANCE TO OUR COUNTRY WHEN

WE ENTER SERVICE. TODAY WE HAVE THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO

REAFFIRM THAT OATH.

THIS IS A MOST APPROPRIATE TIME TO RENEW OUR

COMMITMENT TO OUR COUNTRY. THIS PAST SEPTEMBER 17 WAS THE

200TH ANNIVERSARY OF WHAT HAS BEEN CALLED "THE MOST

PERFECT FEDERAL CONSTITUTION THAT EVER EXISTED." WE

CELEBRATE THE BODY OF LAWS THAT ARE BUILT ON THIS MOST

PERFECT OF CONSTITUTIONS.

IT ALSO IS SIGNIFICANT THAT WE ARE DOING THIS IN UNISON,

NOT JUST ON THIS FIELD BUT ALL OVER POST, IN THE SPIRIT OF

TEAMWORK AND COOPERATION THAT HAS MADE OUR COUNTRY AND

OUR ARMED FORCES WORK FOR MORE THAN 200 YEARS. WE ARE

DOING IT TOGETHER.

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TIM CONSTITUTION IS THE DEFENDER OF LIBERTY -- AND WE

WHO SERVE IN AND WITH THE ARMED FORCES ARE THE DEFENDERS

OF THAT CONSTITUTION. WHEN WE TAKE THE OATH OF

ALLEGIANCE, IT IS THE CONSTITUTION ITSELF THAT WE VOW TO

SUPPORT AND DEFEND AND BEAR TRUE FAITH AND ALLEGIANCE TO.

BUT WE CANNOT EN.ECTIVELY SUPPORT AND DEFEND THAT

WHICH WE DO NOT UNDERSTAND. YOU HAVE ALREADY SHOWN, BY

YOUR FIRST TAKING AND NOW REAFFIRMING YOUR OATH OF

ALLEGIANCE, THAT YOU BELIEVE IN THE CONSTITUTION AS AN IDEA.

I NOW CHALLENGE YOU TO STUDY THAT IDEA.

DR. LEONARD LEVY, AN HISTORIAN, SAID OF OUR RIGHTS

UNDER THE CONSTITUTION THAT "THE ONE ESSENTIAL TO ALL THE

REST, AND TO THE VERY IDEA OF SELF-GOVERNMENT ... IS

INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM -- GUARANTEED IN THE CONSTITUTION AS

FREEDOM OF SPEECH, PRESS, ASSEMBLY AND RELIGION."

I CHALLENGE YOU TO EXERCISE INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM TO

LEARN ABOUT OUR CONSTITUTION. BEGIN BY READING THE

DOCUMENT. THEN READ THE STORY OF HOW THE DOCUMENT WAS

CREATED AND THE STORIES OF THE MEN WHO CREATED IT. ATTEND

BICENTENNIAL EVENTS IN THE AREA. READ, TALK, THINK. IT IS

PART OF YOUR LEGACY AS AN AMERICAN.

AND NOW, LET US REAFFIRM OUR DETERMINATION TO

PRESERVE THAT LEGACY BY TAKING IN UNISON THE OATH OF

ALLEGIANCE:

"TO ALL WHO SHALL SEE THESE PRESENTS,

GREETING, KNOW YE THAT I, (state your name), REAFFIRMING MY OBLIGATION TO SERVE MY COUNTRY, DO SOLEMNLY

SWEAR OR AFFIRM THAT I WILL SUPPORT AND DEFEND THE

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AGAINST ALL ENEMIES, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC, THAT I

WILL BEAR TRUE FAITH AND ALLEGIANCE TO THE SAME. I

TAKE THIS OBLIGATION FREELY, WITHOUT ANY MENTAL

RESERVATION OR PURPOSE OF EVASION."

LET ME LEAVE YOU WITH WORDS SPOKEN BY PRESIDENT

GROVER CLEVELAND ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE

CONSTITUTION: "IF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ARE TRUE TO THEIR

SACRED TRUST, ANOTHER CONSTIT JTIONAL CENTENNIAL DAY WILL

COME, AND MILLIONS YET UNBOL(N WILL INQUIRE CONCERNING

OUR STEWARDSHIP AND THE SAFETY OF THEIR CONSTITUTION. GOD

GRANT THAT THEY MAY FIND IT UNIMPAIRED."

I AM HAPPY TO REPLY TO PRESIDENT GROVER CLEVELAND'S

WORDS THAT OUR CONSTITUTION HAS SURVIVED THESE YEARS

UNIMPAIRED. IT IS NOW UP TO US AND TO OUR DESCENDANTS THAT

THE SAME CAN BE SAID 100 YEARS FROM NOW.

84

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Tree Planting Ceremony

During the writing of the United States Constitution in 1787, Bartram's Garden

in Philadelphia, founded by America's first recognized botanist, John Bartram, hosted a visit by Constitution Convention members. Together with George Washington, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin, William Bartram planted

various species of trees. Some of those trees remain, a living legacy and reminder of the establishment of our Constitution.

Our Founding Fathers knew the value of plants. George Washington planted

both trees and flowers at his estate, Mount Vernon. Similarly, Thomas Jefferson's

home, Monticello, is still adorned by the gardens ht established, which have since

been restored. Many of the original trees planted by Washington and Jefferson

survive today as "Living Legacies" to their love for plants and their respect for the beauty and bounty of nature.

As our Nation matured, so did its landscape, both in rural and urban areas. The

old market squares of Europe became the town commons of New England and the Courtholse squares of the Midwest. The westward movement of wagon trains caused the prairies to give way to hedgerows and crops. In the arid West, barren

lands were made productive by transporting precious water. Irrigation created new

farmlands and made possible the planting of parks and gardens.

The flood of immigrants and the Industrial Revolution transformed cities,

causing urban dwellers to lose touch with their rural heritage.

Recognizing this, Frederick Law Olmsted, the father of landscape architecture

in the United States, designed city parks to provide beauty and respite from the pressures of city life.

Around the time of the Constitution's Centennial, many cities began to establish municipal gardens and parks, and the first National Parks were created to protect our great scenic wonders.

Today, some of the green oases created by earlier generations have been lost to

development, and others are sadly neglected. Fortunately, many citizens and

organizations have become actively involved in worthwhile projects to preserve and beautify our national landscape The Bicentennial celebration provides a unique opportunity to enlist the great American spirit of public service by encouraging planting projects in communities that will become new "Living Legacies" to the United States Constitution.

The following examples show sequences of events and program copy for the

commemorative tree planting ceremonies.

85

90
Commemorative

Tree Planting

Ceremony

Two centuries ago our Constitution, the document that established that the military

would be the servant of the people, was signed. For 200 years the Armed Forces have

taken their mission from the preamble, to provide for the common defense, and to help

"secure the Blessings of Liberty for ourselves and our Posterity."

Today we commemorate the Bicentennial of our Constitution by planting a Constitution

Oak with historic soil from the Yorktown Battlefield, Independence Hall Historical

Park, and Cincinnati, Ohio. This tree, a living legacy, symbolizes the enduring strength

and durability of the document we have sworn to protec, and defend. It is a reminder

of our Constitution, the freedom it guarantees, and the civic responsibilitiesnecessary

to its preservation and vitalityshared by all members of The Armed Forces of the

United States.

.0

Y. 17 September 1987

The Pentagon

Washington, D.C.

91
CONSTITUTION OAK

TREE PLANTING CEREMONY

Ceremony Host

The Honorable James R. Ambrose

Under Secretary of the Army

Honored Guests

The Honorable William H. Taft IV

Deputy Secretary of Defense

General Arthur E. Brown, Jr.

Vice Chief of Staff

Sequence of Events

Pre-Ceremony Concert The United States Army Band

(Pershing's Own)

Arrival of Official Party

Presentation of Colors

Invocation

Tree Planting

Remarks

National Anthem

Conclusion of Ceremony

Music

92
Commemorative

Tree Planting

Ceremony

Two hundred years ago, the United States Constitution was signed near this spot in

Independence Hall. Forty signers, twenty-three of them with Revolutionary War service

in either the militia or the Continental Army, were patriots and leaders in every sense of

the word. By our symbolic act today, their accomplishments will not be forgotten by

those of us who enjoy the fruits of their labors. The United States Army is pleased and

proud to join the National Park Service in commemorating this most historic of events in

the history of the Unittxl States of America.

The tree selected for today's ceremony is particularly fitting because of its symbolism.

The oak symbolizes independence, strength, triumph and virtue. This Liberty Oak, a

white oak, was selected from the battlefield at Yorktown, Virginia.

The victory achieved at Yorktown led to the negotiations that produced the 1783 Treaty of

Paris, recognizing independence. Thus, Yorktown served as the bridge between an ideal

and a reality, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

The Liberty Oak, a living legacy, is a tangible symbol of our heritage of freedom.

17 September 1987

Independence National Historical Park

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania s`'

93
BICENTENNIAL COMMEMORATIVE

TREE PLANTING CEREMONY

Independence National Historical Park

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

CEREMONY HOST

The Honorable John 0. Marsh, Jr.

Secretary of the Army

CO-HOST

Major General Donald C. Hilbert

Commanding General

U. S. Army Military District of Washington

HONORED GUESTS

The Honorable William Penn Mott

Director

National Park Service

Mr. Hobart Cawood

Superintendent

Independence National Historical Park

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

Pre-Ceremony Musical Program

Presentation of the Colors

Remarks Secretary Marsh

Planting of the Liberty Oak

Introduction of Director Mott Superintendent Cawood

Remarks

Retirement of the Colors

Ccnclusion of Ceremony

94

Director Mott
cONVITUriok

-c0 e,

,c,' 44' c, 1,),

o 0, 40 -s i, -s is

1*- "Morgan-Stephenson" Oak and ig.

A ..., "Shepherds town Rally Point"

. ,,: Plaque Dedication Ceremony

E0

" w ENT oF

fi c.

The Continental Congress, on June 14, 1775, resolved that 10

"companies of expert riflemen be immediately raised." This resolution, and the response to it, were milestones on the road to establishment of our Republic under the Constitution. The United States Army is proud to participate in the continuing

observance of the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, which

it is sworn to defend.

Today's Army traces its lineage to such patriots as those who rallied

to the call of the Continental Congress. The first of these were

frontiersmen from Berkeley. County, Virginia (now West Virginia), and Frederick County, Virginia. Under Captains Hugh Stephenson and Daniel Morgan, who provided leadership of the highest order, these

American Riflemen projected uncommon dedication and courage. Their

indomitable spirit of freedom helped forge the Nation. Dedicated during "Constitution Week," September 17, 1988, n

ceremony.

'11121111..71111

;it

17 September 1988

Morgan' s Grove Park,

Shepherdstown, West Virginia

q5
" The United States Army Recalls Its Beginnings and Honors The Constitution"

17 September 1988 Shepherdstown, West Virginia

CEREMONY HOST

The Honorable John 0. Marsh, Jr. Secretary of the Army

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

Pre-Ceremony Musical Program

Invocation

Dedication of the

"Morgan-Stephenson" Oak and

"Shepherdstown Rally Point" Plaque

Honors

Welcoming Remarks

Remarks

Bicentennial Address

Secretary Marsh

The National Anthem

Fife and Drum Corps and Commander in Chief's Guard

Performance

96
cosSTITU NA"

o

4,4P. A

tO

oe.5

:3

(c.

tft-y., 1'0 -weer of

General William Darke

Commemorative Ceremony

In this community resided Brigadier General William Darke, Soldier-Statesman of West

Virginia during the American Revolution. Born in 1736, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania,

General Darke led a life of selfless service to his country which epitomizes the term "SoldierStatesman." With prior service in the French and Indian Wars, he entered Continental

service in February 1776 as a captain in the 8th st irginia Regiment. A major by January 1777,

he was captured at Germantown, Pennsylvania, in October 1777 and remained a prisoner

aboard ship in New York harbor until exchanged in November 1780. Shortly thereafter, he was

commissioned lieutenant colonel and raised the Berkeley and Hampshire Regiment which

he commanded at Yorktown. Discharged in December 1782, he was elected a delegate to the

1788 Virginia Constitutional Ratification Convention, voting to adopt the new Constitution.

His vote and views helped make the Shenandoah Valley the only region of Virginia to approve

the new government unanimously. In 1791, he resigned his newly won seat in the House of

Delegates to accept a commission as colonel of the 2d Virginia Regiment. The Virginians

were assigned to General Arthur St. Clair's force at Cincinnati, in which Darke fought valiantly

and was wounded. During this campaign, he saw his son, Captain Joseph Darke, fall, mortally

wounded. His commendable efforts to avert total disaster spurred Congress to award him

8,000 acres of Ohio land and to promote him to brigadier general upon his discharge.

Returning home, General Darke continued to serf e his community in local government as a

Berkeley County Justice of the Peace and as a Trustee of the town of Charles Town, West

Virginia. He died in 1801 at Duffields, West Virginia. Darkesville, West Virginia, and Darke

County, Ohio, are named for him. General Darke attended the Elk Branch Presbyterian

Church, the site of today's ceremony.

`ice );et

I, 64

5 t

8 October 1988

Elk Branch

Presbyterian Church, Duffields, West Virginia

4. P:eff OP;.A4

4"Ailfi

:,,, 4. Ili

44.kise

I
General William Darke Commemorative Ceremony

Ceremony Host The Honorable John 0. Marsh, Jr.

Secretary of the Army

Honored Guests

Major General John A. Wilson, III

Adjutant General of West Virginia

Ms. Ann Mills Griffiths

Executive Director, National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Action in Southeast Asia

Dr. Norbert C. Peil

Pastor, Elk Branch and Halltown Presbyterian Churches

Reverend Charles J. Cathcart

Pastor, New Street United Methodist Church

Sequence of Events

Pre-Ceremony Musical Program

Invocation and Welcoming Remarks

Dr. Peil

Dedication of the

"General William Darke" Oak and Plaque

Parachute Demonstration and Presentation

Remarks

Ms. Griffiths

Hand Bell Presentation

Geneva Ringers, Charles Town Presbyterian Church

Remarks

Major General Wilson

Keynote Address

Secretary Marsh

Benediction

Reverend Cathcart

"The National Anthem"

Fife and Drum Corps/

Commander -in- Chiefs Guard

Performance

Go,
Wreath Laying Ceremony

1. The dignitary who is to place the wreath arrives by sedan and is met by the

host at the dismount point (Position A) and is briefed by the ceremony OIC.

2. Following the briefing, the official party, consisting of the dignitary, host,

chaplain, and the ceremony OIC, forms a column of twos and approaches the

cordon. (The number of troops in the cordon and color guard will depend on the

spaces available at each site and the availability of troops.)

3. As the official party reach their positions in front of the grave, the cordon

commander orders the cordon to A ITENTION and PRESENT ARMS.

4. When the members of the official party reach their positions in front of the

grave, the cordon commander will command ORDER ARMS.

5. The chaplain will then move to a position facing the official party and offer

an appropriate prayer. (The official party and spectators uncover at the same time

the chaplain uncovers.)

6. At the conclusion of the prayer (all recover), the wreath bearer will step

forward with the wreath, halt in front of the dignitary, and assist in placing the

wreath. The cordon will PRESENT ARMS as the dignitary places his hands on the

wreath. Once the wreath is placed, the dignitary will step back to a position beside

the host and salute by placing the right hand over the heart (render the hand salute if

.'11 uniform). The other members of the official party will salute when the cordon

goes to PRESENT ARMS.*

7. After an appropriate pause (five seconds) the cordon will ORDER ARMS.

(The members of the official party will terminate their salutes on that command.)

8. Following ORDER ARMS, the cordon and official party will observe 40

seconds of silence in honor of the 40 signers of the U.S. Constitution.

9. The OIC will announce the conclusion of 40 seconds and introduce the

dignitary for brief remarks concerning the honored signer and his contributions to

the country. The cordon may be placed at PARADE REST prior to the remarks.

10. The host will then escort the dignitary back through the cordon to the sedan.

As the official party begins to move through the cordon, the cordon commander

will bring the cordon to PRESENT ARMS. ORDER ARMS will be given when

the official party has passed through the cordon.

11. When the dignitary departs in the sedan, the colors will be retired and the

troops dismissed.

* At the gravesite: "TAPS" should be played after the wreath is placed and the host

is repositioned (between PRESENT ARMS and ORDER ARMS).

94

G9

i
DIAGRAM OF CEREMONY

X - WREATH BEARER

X - BUGLER *

IIIMMIIIIIIP'

.0

r r

HEAC3TONE

1

CORDON .4*

4 COLOR GUARD

(US & ARMY COLORS)

4- CORDON

CORDON COMMANDER

WALKWAY -aANY

AIME

STREET

* IF REQUIRED

95

228-317 0 - 89 - 4 : OL 3

1. DIGNITARY

2. HOST

3. CHAPLAIN

4. CEREMONY OIC

100
Essay Contest

1. The critical element in the sponsorship of an essay contest is a specific, easily

understood set of contest rules. The following items should be included:

a. Who is eligible to participate?

b. What is the contest question or topic?

c. Essay format (example: 300-500 words in length, typed, doublespaced).

d. Submission deadline and location.

e. Essay grading system (example: 100-point scale based upon content (50

points), clarity of thought (30 points), spelling/grammar (15 points), and

neatness (5 points)).

f. Identify contest judges.

g. Awards to include participation recognition.

h. Only one submission per participant.

i. Submission must be the original work of the participant. Reference

materials should be appropriately cited.

Depending upon the size of the community, sub-contests can be established as

part of the overall contest. Instead of one submission per participant, you can limit

to one submission per battalion or one per eighth grade history class. Also, awards

can be provided to different age groupings. They also could go to the best

submission from a service member, dependent, and civilian category. You are only

constrained by your imagination, time availability, and awards for presentation.

2. Essay contest can be announced and publicized through public affairs networks,

local media, post newspaper, commanders call.

3. Awards may include: US Savings Bonds of various denominations, four-day

passes for service members, appropriate mementos from the Post or Base

Exchange, or a plaque. Limited award mementos are also available through the DoD

Constitution Bicentennial Office.

96

101
Time Capsule

1. Determine specific opening date (i.e., September 17, 2087).

2. Determine where capsule will be placed/stored. Considerations in selecting site

include:

a. Best location is a place where external environment will be

stabilized.

b. Ideal would be cave used for cold storage, underground area, or

surrounded by two to three feet of concrete (such as comerstcne of building).

c. Specific instructions for opening time capsule should be left in place

where it is reasonably certain they will be maintained. Copy of instructions should

be maintained in another office located in different building. Also, instructions

should be placed (engraved, etc) on capsule itself. This documentation should

include suggestions for room and conditions which would minimize damage to

contents when contents are exposed to external temperatures.

3. Some causes of deterioration are poor materials selected for placement in time

capsule, heat, humidity and oxygen.

4. Capsule itself can be manufactured of stainless steel or copper. Stainless steel capsule with screw-on lid is preferred. Size that can be easily lifted and moved by one or two people is recommended.

5. After items are placed in capsule, oxygen must be evacuated and insertgas to

reduce deterioration and oxidation of records must be bled into capsule.

6. Magnetic media (disks, tapes) should include playback equipment. These items

should be recorded on polyester base rather than cellulose acetate. Kodak and Ilford

have polyester-base films.

7. Combined materials (paper, textile, plastic, metal) can create problems.

Recommended that conservator be consulted/hired to build special housing for each

product to protect items from each other. Cases made of high-quality acid-free

corrugated cardboard can be constructed so that contents fit capsule perfectly.

8. Metal products, such as coins, need to be cleaned and degreased and dipped in

resin coating to eliminate corrosion and to minimize pollution of capsule

environment.

9. Books: paperback and leather are best choices. Buckram-covered books should

be avoided; they would pollute interior of capsule.

10. Textiles: if flag included in capsule, best to store flat; if must be folded, needs

special paper to prevent crease.

11. Photographs: color in photographs is not permanent. Color loss can be

minimized by using Cibachrome film. Archival-quality black and white print of each

color photograph is recommended.

97

102
12. Paper: plan projects to be printed on archival-quality paper. A Xerox copy paper

(archival bond quality) with a 25% rag content is available through a government source.

13. Avoid newsprint, if possible. Best to provide quality electrostatic or photograph of

newspaper or newspaper article we want to preserve.

SOURCE: Conservation Office

National Archives

(202) 523-5360

98

1 ii 3
Resource Materials

99

1.04

CHAPTER IX
CONSTITUTION BICENTENNIAL

RESOURCE MATERIALS

Many Constitution Bicentennial materials are available to assist local

commemorative programs. Unless 'limited quantity' is specified, quantities

are sufficient to meet reasonable requests, which will be honored on a 'firstcome, first-served' basis. Write to: HQDA, SABC, Attn: Fulfillment Center,

Pentagon, Room 3E524, Washington, D.C. 20310-0107. Telephone:

AUTOVON 227-4673/5082; Commercial (202) 697-4673/5082.

Resource Guides are excellent educational supplements.

Pocket-sized Constitutions are appropriate for both commemorative and

educational purposes. Arabic, French, Portuguese, and Spanish

translations are available.

Soldier-Statesmen Pamphlets are excellent educational and

commemorative items. The series consists of 23 eight-page pamphlets

detailing the life and patriotic contributions of each Soldier-Statesman

Signer of the Constitution.

"The Blessings of Liberty: Quotations on the Constitution" is a

Pentagon Library publication containing 108 quotations relating to the

Constitution. Included is a list of sources of the quotations and an index

of persons quoted.

DoD Commemorative Posters. The 1987 poster features an eagle on a

blue background and the phrase 'Provide for the common defence - secure the Blessings of Liberty.' The 1988 poster features a

Revolutionary soldier and the United States flag on a royal purple

background, with the phrases 'Honoring our Soldier-Statesman' and

'Ratification Bicentennial 1783/1988." The 1988 poster is available in

medium (11" by 17") size and the 1987 poster is available in large (22"

by 33") size (limited quantity).

Two educational posters which illustrate the growth of the Nation

during our first two hundred years are available (limited quantities):

"America on Parade," produced by the National Geographic Society,

and "Maps of an Emerging Nation," produced by the United States

Geological Survey.

The 1988 Bicentennial brochure highlights the values of the SoldierStatesman and features a Revolutionary soldier and the United States

flag on a royal purple background, with the phrases 'Honoring our Soldier-Statesman' and 'Ratification Bicentennial 1788/1988.

Ratification dates by all fifty states are listed on the reverse. The

brochure, measuring 8-3/8" x 6", is appropriate for commemorative

occasions.

Produced by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel,

"Your Oath" analyzes the elements of the Constitutional oath, discusses

100

I 0 5
the significance of the oath, and describes how defending the Constitution acts as a common bond between personnel of all the

military branches.

Reaffirmation LOI provides guidance for a ceremony featuring unit reaffirmation of the oath to support and defend the Constitution.

Oath Reaffirmation Certificates (for both officer and enlisted personnel) are available on camera-ready slicks and simply require unit personalization.

Camera-ready ad slicks on the Constitutional oath are suitable for

inclusion in publications, newspapers, and newsletters. Produced by the Ad Council, the slicks also include an address to which one may write

for additional information on the Constitution Bicentennial. Size: 4-3/4"

by 11".

Presentation Folders (limited quantity) have inside pockets to hold

pamphlets and brochures. They can be used to provide Bicentennial

theme information for press kits or conferences.

Pre-printed Bicentennial Program Covers (limited quantity) are four- color, sized 8-1/2" by 11", printed one side, and shipped flat. User must print insert and fold program. The 1987 commemorative poster (previously discussed) is shown on the front cover. Suitable for

concert, change of command ceremony, or other significant event.

Sample Bicentennial Defense Community Application includes guidance on completing application to achieve official Bicentennial Defense

Community status.

"Certificates of Recognition" are available to honor those who have

meritoriously supported the DoD Commemoration of the Bicentennial of

the United States Constitution. Each certificate measures 8" by 10" and

is printed on light buff-colored cardstock.

LOI for Celebration of the Bicentennial of the Constitution, developed by U.S. Army Transportation Center, contains ideas on celebrations,

many of which can be adapted for Reserve Component units.

Sample Proclamations honoring the Constitution Bicentennial are

appropriate for command or civilian publications, particularly those near an installation, or those communities where Reserve Component units

are located.

"Documents of Freedom" antique parchment sets (limited quantity) contain transcripts of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution

of the United States, Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, and the Bill of Rights. Sets are appropriate for presentation or framing.

"The Ratification of the Constitution" booklet provides historical narrative on the Constitutional Convention and its delegates, the Federalist - Anti-Federalist debates, and the significance of the

Constitution as the "Law of the Land."

101

106
"Quizzes and Puzzles on the United States Constitution" includes: 100

Questions and Answers on the Constitution; a word-find puzzle; a

crossword puzzle; and an educational quiz.

"Blessings of Liberty" Videotape (available for loan), developed by the

National Park Service, captures the history and drama surrounding the

writing of the Constitution. It includes the establishment of the three

branches of government and the ratification of the Bill of Rights. It is

available in VHS and 3/4" formats. It was distributed in August 1987 in

16mm format to major Army commands and each service. Running time

is 18 minutes; may be locally reproduced.

"We The People" Videotape (available for loan), a series of 40 oneminute presentations on all the signers of the Constitution, is intended to

be shown on television. The series is also appropriate for schools or

organizations in five-person segments. Available in VHS and 3/4"

formats; may be locally reproduced.

"America - The Land of the Free" Videotape/Slide-Talk Kit (available

for loan) was developed to link into local patriotic celebrations. It

depicts the role our Founding Fathers, 23 of whom were Revolutionary

War veterans, played in shaping the Constitution. In addition to VHS and

3/4" video formats, a slide version is also available which includes 78

35mm slides, a printed script, and an audio tape. Running time is 14

minutes; may be locally reproduced.

Stock Speeches/Reprints about the Constitution may be used as

resources for developing speeches for internal or external audiences.

"Defending the Constitution" Exhibit will travel throughout the United

States during the comemorative period. The exhibit, which includes

slide-tape and Soldier-Statesmen pamphlets, will visit significant

military and civilian Constitution Bicentennial celebrations. Contact LTC

Levy (AurovoN 227.4673/5082; Commercial (202) 697-467315082) for

information.

Bicentennial Cassette "We the People". The United States Army Field

Band has produced a promotional cassette to commemorate the

Constitution Bicentennial. A special composition, "We the People,"

written by a member of the Field Band, is the featured musical selection.

The cassette also has been made available for purchase by the general

public at the National Archives gift shop in Washington, DC. [Officially

recognized as a project of exceptional merit by the Commission on the

Bicentennial of the United States Constitution.]

Constitution Race Packet. A race packet has been designed for use by all

military organizations. The packet includes color samples of a race logo,

race completion certificate, numbers to be worn by participants, start

and finish banners, and kilometer posters with Bicentennial quotations.

The packet is intended to serve as a guide for organizations wishing to

incorporate a Constitution Bicentennial theme into annual runs or races;

artwork is conceptual, not a final product. Military organizations are

encouraged to join in sponsorship with civilian communities.

102

ci '7
COMMEMORATIVE ITEMS

"We The People" Commemorative Lapel Pins

SOURCE: Brown & Bigelow Company

#7115

829 Berryville Avenue

Winchester, VA 22601

(703) 667-6345 Mr. Larry Park

DoD Logo Bookmarks

SOURCE: Design Master Associates, Inc.

P. 0. Box 212

Williamsburg, VA 23187

(804) 220-4301 or 564-0234 Mr. Byron Whitehurst

DoD Bicentennial Medallions

SOURCE: Skylight Creative Ideas

1604 Churchville Road

Bel Air, MD 21014

(301) 879-8401 or 592-6041 Mrs. Connie Cosgrove

Constitution "We the People" Neckties

(Available in maroon and blue)

SOURCE: Project Constitution

Hampton Hall

200 Fifth Avenue

New York, NY 10001

(212) 685-2440

DoD Logo Lapel Pins

SOURCE: Custom Pin and Design

Box 1232

Lake Placid, NY 12946

(518) 523-2810 Mr. John H. Stevenson

Documents of Freedom Sets

(Also: single parchments and various historical documents)

SOURCE: Historical Documents Company

8 North Preston Street

Philadelphia, PA 19104

(215) 387-8076 Mr. Larry Weiss

103

1 03
Canvas/Coated Paper Constitutions

(10' to 12' long; space for signatures; suitable for display in public

areas)

SOURCE: Emil Harley and Associates, Inc.

P. O. Box 184

Western Springs, IL 60558

(312) 246-5788 Mr. Kenneth Sitkowski

Official Bicentennial Flags

(only for designated Bicentennial Defense Communities):

Collegeville Flag Company (800) 523-5630

Fourth Avenue and Walnut Street

Collegeville, PA 19426-0098

Dettra Flag Company (215) 666-5050

120 Montgomery Avenue (800) 345-6379

Oaks, PA 19456

Metro Flag Company (201) 366-1776

47 Bassett Highway (800) 666-FLAG

Dover, NJ 07801

Valley Forge Flag Company (212) 586-1776

One Rockefeller Plaza (800) 847-4155

New York, NY 10020

"Two Good and Noble Men"

(54-minute videotape (vHs format) portraying Ratification debate

between Benjamin Franklin and Pahick Henry)

SOURCE: "Two Good and Noble Men"

Box 721

Bountiful, Utah 84010

(801) 298-9650 Mr. Harmer

104

16 `,.')
1989 Calendar

105

110

CHAPTER X
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1

1789The General at committee

the

count Representatives Federal

NEW YEARS DAY

Connecticut

Assembly convened

New Haven. A joint

of the House and

Council was appointed to

votes for

to the First

Congress.

2

1789James Madison wrote

George Eve explaining his

belief that Congress, and not

another convention, was the

proper agency for the

recommendation of amendments to the States.

3

1789 The New Hampshire Senate concurred with the

House nomination of Pune

Wingate as a United States Senator.

4

1789 Benjamin Lincoln

wrote George Washington

that in the Middlesex District

in Massachusetts Elbridge

Gerry "stands high. perhaps

highest" and Nathaniel

Gorham next.

5

I789The Connecticut House

approved the resolution that

appointed "a committee to

receive. sort, and count the

votes of the Freeman" for

Representatives to the First

Federal Congress.

,-0

1789Connecticut declared

Benjamin Huntington, Roger

Sherman, Jonathan Sturges.

Jonathan Trumbull. Jr. and

Jeremiah Wadsworth elected as Representatives to the First

Federal Congress.

7

1789 Presidential electors

were selected by ten States to

choose the first President of

the United States.

8

1789Moses Rawlings wrote

Otho Holland Williams. '41

have enclosed a short piece

for the press...in hopesit

will remove any bad smpres

sion that the people may

9

1789The Geo is House of

Assembly a bill for the

manner o electing the three

Representatives to the First

Federal Congress and

10

1789Thomas Rodney wrote:

"I very much fear this New

Scheme Will Not be

Suitable...and yet 1 Wish it

May for of all National

Misfortunes, a fluctuating

11

1789George Lee wrote Alexander Hamilton that for the

past four days he had paid at

tention to nothing but the

election, due to his "incline

tion to use every effort in my

12

1789 The Hartford American

Meitary reported the

appointments of seven

presidential electors from

Connecticut. including

13

1789The Maryland Journal

reported that "there is every

reason to believe that

federalism has prevailed

14

1789 Informing Richard Law

of his appointment as a Pres.

'dermal Elector for Connects.

cut, Governor Samuel Hum

'Noon wrote: "The Impor

tance and nature of the Sim

have taken up by my name

appearing on the anti ticket:'

forwarded it to the Executive

Council.

Government is productive cf

the Most Evils:

power in support of the

Federal cause...."

Governor Samuel

Huntington.

against the Opposition

Ticket." Iwn4cluIceamyoSauttiosfiacdttenwdi.11Taily 15

1789Th: Virginia Herald,

from Fredericksburg. urged

the Freeholders not to

overlook James Madison as a

representative to Congress as

the State Assembly had done

in the selection of Senators.

16 MI. 111.1DAY

1789 The Georgia House

resolved that the election of

US. Senators would require

splitting the state by counties

and a thret-year residency in

those counties for either

Senate position.

17

I789The Delatoarr Gazette

reported the election of John

Vining to the U.S House of

Representatives and the

selection of Gunning Bedford,

Sr., John Boning and George

Mitchell as electors.

18

1789De Witt Clinton. of

New York. wrote. `I believe

that some of the Citizens are

fearful that Congress will

remove from this City (New

York). owing to the non

election of Senators...."

19

1789The Georgia Executive

Council returned the election

HI to the House of

Assembly where it was read a

third time. then engrossed

and signed by the Speaker on

January 23rd

20

1789Jeremiah Wadsworth of

Connecticut wrote Henry

Knox. "I have not yet

Signified my Acceptance or

refusal of a scat in the new

Congress. My intention has

been to refuse...but my real

friends oppose it:'

21

1789 The Maryland

Executive Council declared

Joshua Sency, Daniel Carroll,

Benjamin Contee. George

Gale. William Smith and

Michael Jenifer Stone elected

as Represesatives to the First

Federal Congress.

22

1789The Virginia Gazette

ported the election of John

rFlarvie as a Presidential Elector for District 2 in Virginia.

In South Carolina, a loins

I

legislative session elected

Pierce Butler and Ralph hard

United States Sermors.

23

1789Maryland Governor

John E. Howard wrote Washsngton. "The federal ticket

.carried by a very large

majonty. in the county

which bars your name. out

of 1164 taken...not one for

the antifederal ticket"

24

1789The Delaware Privy

Council certified the elections

of the Representatives to the

First Federal Congress and

the Presidential Electors.

25

1789Alexander Hamilton

advised James Wilson to

throw away _a few votes to in.

sure that AtLins would be

elected Vice-President. but have no chance for the

Presidency.

26

C.178u9ncThil aenVnoirgunincseda Executive nye

it: the election for

presidential electors Patrick

Henry was one of the twelve

selected

27

1789 Maryland Governor

John E. Howard transmitted

a "Certificate of the Persons

elected Representatives of this

State in the Congress of the

United States' to Secretary of

Congress. Charles Thomson.

281789The Massachusetts COP

tine! argued for sending

Federalists to Congress

stating. "They know Wash -

Ington. he has resided among

them. Their hearts have bat

with rapture, when they have

dwelt on his virtues....

29

17S9George Washington

wrote Lafayette that nothing

more than 'harmony,

honesty, industry, and

frugality" were needed "to

make us a great and happy

people Aw.arimair. ,

30

1789 Robert Carter wrote

his wife Sarah that Richard

Bland Lee, a Federalist, was

expected to be elected a

representative of the new

Congress. Carter added of

Lee: 'His Abilities fall to the

Lot of few men:'

31

1789 A reader of the

Delaware Gazette complained

about Cato's articles: '...you

will no longer disgust your

readers and disgrace your

paper with the ...confused

jargon of that impertinent

scribbles:' anuary 1989

ti
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

February 1989

5

1789Connecticut Governor

Samuel Huntington sent a

packet to Secretary of Congress Charles Thomson,

which contained a list of the

persons voted for by the Eke

tors in that State

12

1789The Virginia Herald

reported, in Fredericksburg,

that James Madison had

defeated James Monroe in the

election for Representative to

the First Federal Congress.

19

1789-11. New York, the

Hopewell Nominating Com.

mitts unanimously ajpved to

support Theodorus Becky for

Congress because he was

decidedly in favor of amendmenu to the new Constitution.

26

1789The Georgia Executive

Council confirmed the results

of the elections for Representathes to the First Federal

Congress.

6

1789The President and the

Supreme Executive Council

of Pennsylvania reported to

the General Assembly the

elation of Representatives to

Congress and presidential electors. 13

1783The Maryland journal

closed a report on George

Washington with **2 Wish

that the People of America

may have many other such

Opportunities of reassuring

this GREAT MAN of their

LOVE and ATTACHMENT,"

20

PRESIDENTS'

DAY

1789Edward Carrington

wrote James Madison explaining his failure w run for

Congress: "The weight of antifederalism in the district

where I reside . forbad me

putting it to the trial:'

27

1789Georgia Governor

George Walton proclaimed

Abraham Baldwin, James

Jackson and George Matthews elected Representatives

to the First Federal Congress.

7

1789Maryland Governor John E. Howard issued official credentials certifying

the election of Charles Carroll and John Henry as United States Senators. 14

178' The Delaware Gazette

informed its readers that the

Delaware presidential electon

had cast three votes for George Washington and three

for John Jay.

21

1789The New Hampshire

President and Council entsfied the election of Benjamin Wert. Samuel

Livermore and Nicholas

Gilman for Representatives to

the First Federal Congress.

28

I789Gunning Bedford, Sr.

sent Secretary of Convert

Charles Thomson a certified

fist of the persons voted for

by the electors of the State of Delaware for President and VicePresident.

1

1789 James Parker of New

Jersey pointed out that the

nomination and election of

Representatives was given to

the "Inhabitants at large:* but

that through undue means,

the intention of the Legislature was likely to be defeated.

8

1789Theodorick Bland

repotted that **from the best

Intelligence which is very im

perfect that I have been able

to obtain.." he had been

elected a representative to the

First Federal Coligtcs..

15

1789 -John LeLand con- gratulated Junes Madison on

his election adding: One

Thing I shall expect, that if

religiousLiberty is anywise

threatened. that I shall receive

the earliest Intelligence."

22

1789Horatio Gates wrote

James Duane: "I think the

New Government only wants

to be set a going to be Applauded. Arnifedcalism well die away by &groat, and

Wise men will 17/onder at

their Opposition:'

2

1789 Virginia elected ten

Representatives to the First

Federal Congress, including

James Madison. 9

1789The Connecticut Courant announced that the

Connecticut electors had cast seven votes lot Washington, five for ohn

Adams and two for ernor Samuel Huntington

16

1789Edward Carrington

wrote Henry Knave: "Mr.

Madison had every species of

misrepresentation, respecting

both himself and the Constitution. to Combat in his

district:*

23

I789The Georgia Executive Council postponed the consideration of a petition from

Henry Osborne tending to

prove that the Congressional

Elect:on in Richmond

County was ilkgal.

3

1789Thomas Lee Shippen

praised Thomas Jefferson:

'You have greatly contributed. Sir, to...refusing

obedience to a tyrranical

government and establishing

a gocd one in its stead.

10

1789In New jersey, the

Brunswick Gazette published

a public declination by Joseph

Ellis stating that his name

was inserted contrary to his

wishes, and he dies not consider himself a candidate for

the House of Representatives.

17

1789The Massachusetts General Court directed the

Governor w notify the

Governors of New York and

Virginia that the amendments

to the Constitution should be

proposed by the First

Loogress.

24

1789The New York Daly

Advcrtuer reported: "Accounts from Albany assure

us, that we may yet expect

that this state well be

represented in the Senate of

the United States:"

4

1789The presidential electors

met and at their ballots for President and VicoPresident. 11

1789Alexander Hamilton

=rtIt 2 meeting in

winch nominated Auttfederalist Robert Yates

for lavernor of New York.

18

1789Alexander Hamilton

urged the election of Robert

Yates as Governor of New

York "...as a man likely to

compere the differences of

the state, and to unite its

citizens 25

1719The Virginia Independent at-ton:de reported the

elmitio of Colonel Josiah Parker over Thomas Matthews and Isaac Avery in the

election for a Representative

to for the District

of N lk.

113 1J4
Sunday Monday Tucsday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

March 1989

1

1789James Madison wrote Edmund Randolph: "I see on

the lists of representmives a

very scanty. proportion who

will share in the drudgery of business."

2

1789Massachusetts, because

no one received a majority of

votes, held a third election

for representatives to the Fist

Federal Congress in the

Worcester and Hampshire.

Berkshire Districts.

3

1789Miles King

congratulated James Madison

for his election to Congress

adding, "I was truly sorry

you were not me of our Senators. Be Assured we did every. thing in our power for you.

:789Congress

York. nor quorum.

met in New

but neither the House

the Senate achieved a

I

5

I789John Henry wrote

Otho Holland Wi lliams: "To

be drawn however again

contrary to my inclinations

into the Tumult and

vexations of public life. is

extremely painful and

disagreeable

6

1789 Jehu Davis, Vice.

President and Commander zn

Chief of the State of

Delaware (in the absence of

the President), certified the

election of George Read and

Richard }3.usett to the United States Senate

1789The Georgia Gazette

published a proclamation by

Governor George Walton zn

forming George Matthews, Abraham Baldwin and James Jackson of their election as

"Representatives to the Con.

greats of the United States"

817f9 jams Madison informed George Washington:

"The New Jersey Representa.

rives are not yet announexl.

Mr. Clark it is supposed will

be one Mr. Cadwa lacier, Mr.

Boudznot, and Mr. Sherman, are talked about as the others"

9

1789The Federal Gazette

ednorialized; "A new system

of federal jurisprudence must

be formed...and who so

equal to those great and

original undertakings as that

favourite son of Pennsylvania, James Wilson."

10

1789 The Extortive Council

of Georgia acknowledged the

receipt of the lener from

James Jackson accepting his

appointment as Representative

Of Georgia in the Congress of

the United States.

11

1789Senators took their

first recorded action in a

letter to absent colleagues

urging them to hasten to

New York.

12

I789Joseph_Smith wrote.

New Jersey Governor Living- con expressing his sorrow the

Governor could have such

doubts and difficulties over the

election of Representatives as

to render a all of the full

Council necessary.

13

1789Thomas Jefferson stated

that the Ant:federalists had

strayed farther from the path

of good government than the

F..aeralists.

14

1789 - James Madison, John

Pagc and Richard Blind Lee

arrived from Virginia making

the House of Represetatives

21 strong but :till short of a

queue

15

1789Fisher Ames wrote:

"Many seem to be confident

that both houses will be

formed this week. I do not

expect it so soon. I hope

business will be transacted with more alacrity than this

delay indicates."

16

I789The Massachusetts

Governor :nd Council recorded the votes in the

third election which chose

Jonathan Grout as the

representative to Congress

from the Worcester District.

171789Thomas Jefferson ex. pressed to Thomas Paine that

his greatest 6r was that revolutionaries would act prernaturely,beforethe"public

mind was ripened by time and

discussion and was one openion on the principal points"

181789 -Jefferson wrote David Humphreys:Th*1,01ga

constitution by meembling

the wise mcn, instead of

assembling armies, will be worth as muds to the world

as the former examples we have even them." 19

1789 New Jersey Governor

William Livingston

proclaimed Elias Boudinot,

Lambert Cadwalader, Thomas

Sinnickson and James

Schureman elected United

States Representatives.

20

1789Tench Coxe wrote

Joseph Clay: "There is no

other power of Appointment,

than that of the President.

The Senate have a Negative

in his Nomination, but

cannot officially bring

forward a single name."

21

1789Richard Bassett of

Delaware, a signer of the

Constitution, took his seat in

the United States Senate

22

1789 - Elbridge Gerry wrote

)wises Warren: "A Federalist 1

alwayswas, but I abhor.-

the corrupt porta of the

Coretituhon,but am bound

in honor to rupport a

government ratified by the

majority...."

23

1789Thomas Jefferson stated

of the Antifederalists: "There

has been just opposition

enough to produce probably

further guards to liberty

without touching the energy

of the government..."

24

1789The Braewwwk Gazette

reported that petitions were

bong circulated to set aside

the New Jersey Congressional election.

25

1789 Fisher Ames reported

to George Richards Minot:

"This morning we have

twenty-six representatives; and

as thirty are necessary m

make a quorum, we are still

in a state of inaction:'

26

1789 James Kent informed

Simeon Baldwin that "This

district to which I belong

sent, it is supposed, a delegate

to Congress who is against

the Constitution ... it is

believed they are in favor of

the Antifederal candidate..."

27

1789The Norwich Packet and

the Country journal stated:

"...the relief of the poor

should be one of the chief

objectives of Legislative me

don. Every citizen demands

justice and protection from

Government"

28

1789Charles Pinckney

wrote James Madison: "I am

much pleased to find you in

the federal legislature I did

expect you would have been

in the Senate and think your

state was blind to its

interests...."

291789 James Madison

reported to Thomas Jefferson

that "the disaffected party in

the Senate amounts to two or

three members only; and that

in the other House it does not exceed 2.707 small minority....

30

1789In Massachusetts. a

fourth election was held to

elect 3 representative to

Congress from the

Hampshire-Berkshire District.

No one had yet received a

majority of votes.

31

1789The RzagEzterprie

Country formal enticized the

Federalists for acting more

from "a lust for power and

dominion, or personal

aggrandisement...than in the

laudable desire to promote the

welfare of the community"

115
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday =:11=,

April 1989

Thursday Friday Saturday

1

1789 The House of

Representatives achieved a

quorum, conducted its first official business and chose Frederick Augustus

Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania

as the first Speaker of the House. 2

1789-A letter print.c1 in the

New York journal stated the

author's wishes that citizens

"-millic in giving their votes

to such Inez cs they conceive

best qualified to serve

3

1789The Norwich Packet

and Counts), Journal urged:

"Let your votes be given to

such men as you judge able

to promote, and well disposed to procure the best in.

terest of the community."

4

1789Fisher Ames wrote:

"The House is composed of

sober, solid, old.chaterfolks,

as we often say. They have

been in government before

and are not disposed to em- barrass business."

5

1789Richard Henry Lee, of

Virginia. arrived in New

York to take his place m the United States Senate.

6

1789The United States

Senate achieved a quorum

and conducted its first official

business as Jrohn Langdon was

elected tts President for the

sule purpose of counting

votes for the Presidency.

7

1789Martin B. Dunn in a

letter to Abraham Clark from

the Brunswick Gazette:

Legislators who derive

their power from the Constitution, can never change it,

without destroying the foundation of their authority."

8

1789 James Madison

introduced into the House of

Representatives, in

Cu.ommee of the Whole, a

plan for raising revenue

through tanff and tonnage

duties.

1785The Daily Advertiser

(New Jersey) reported:

the committee appointed

by the legislature to canvass

and estimate the votes . for

representatives to Congress

...proceeded to the

execution of their duty...."

10

1789In a display of

impatience over the delay in

forming the new government.

Washington wrote: "1 he

delay is inauspicious to say

the best of it, and the World

must condemn it."

1

1789T1he New York Legislative Committee, in its canvass of votes for U.S. Representatives. declared Egbert

Benson, William Floyd. John

Hathorn, John Laurance, Jeremiah Van Rensselaer and Peter Si'vester duly elected.

12

1789 James Madison wrote

Edmund Randolph that the

Federalists would support

such amendments "as I am

known to have

espoused...from a spirit of

conciliation rather than

conviction."

13

1789 George Read, of

Delaware, took his seat in

the Senate. William Smith

from South Carolina took his

seat in the U.S. House of

Representatives.

14

1789George Washington

was informed of his election

to the Presidency of the

United States by John

Langdon, President of the Senate.

15

1789David Ramsay

presented a petition

challenging William Smith's

eligibility to serve in

Congress, arguing that Smith

had not been a United States

citizen for the seven years

required by the Constitution.

16

1789 President-elect George

Washington departed Mount

Vernon for his inauguration

in New York.

17

1789joseph Bloomfield

discussed the elections in a

letter to Jonathan Dayton: "1

cannot fix any thing of consequencethe Inspectors were

cautious, as they new one of

the Inspectors communicated

their proceedings to me...."

181789 - Catharine Greene

described some of the Georgia Candidates: "

Major Habersharn Is another

who Is a goad Man in every

respect . se..ztrove Is another

who! most sinceitly wish

may get It ...."

23

17891-The Senate accepted a

Committee report

recommending how the two

Houses of Congress should

communicate George

Washington arrived in New York.

24

1789The House of

Representatives ordered the

report that advised how the

two Houses should

communicate recommitted to

the Senate.

21789F5isher Ames wrote

William Tudor: "I am in

hopes that we shall think and

act as a nation, and in

proportion as state prejudices

and preferences shall subside,

the federal government will

gain strength."

30

1789George Washington

was inaugurated in a

ceremony in Federal Hall as

the nation's first President

uncles the Constitution.

AmlinanlEr

1

19

1790 James Madison wrote

Edmund Randolph: "We have

not yet either the President

or Vice President on the

ground:. The former is expected in a few days. The latter we are told will certainly

be coming tomorrow."

20

1789Signers of the

Constitution, Abraham

Baldwin and James Jackson,

took their seats representing

Georgia in the U.S. House of

Representatives.

21

1789 James Wilson wrote

George Washington offenng

his services "to the important

Offize of Chief Justice of the

United States."

;22

1789Fnher Ames wrote

Samuel Henshaw concerning

the new govenment: "The

members are principally solid

moderate men, who, without

shining talents, have

considerable expenence and

honest intentions."

26

1789Fisher Ames wrote.

"When I saw Washington I

felt very strong emotions. I

believe that no man ever had

so fair a claim to veneration

as he."

27

1789Thomas McKean wrote

George Washington: "I have

an ambition to take a share

in your Excellency's

administration, and know of

no line in which I can render

so good service as lh she

judicial depart ment."

28

1789Alexander Hamilton

opposed New York

Governor Clinton's reelection

and stated: "is there a man

in America. who, ...more

decidedly opposed that

Constitution than the present

governor?"

29

1789Gouverneur Morris

warned George Washingzon

against a possible alliance

with France because "the

great mass of common people

have no religion but their

priests...nor morals but

their interests."
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

4

1

1789A joint committee

presented a report

recommending the methods

for the two Houses to

communicate. Initially it was

accepted by the House of

Representatives but rejected

by the Senate.

2

1789In the Senate, it was

"Agreed, that until a penna

next mode of comma :cation

shall be adopted between the

Senate and the House of

Representatives, the Senate

will receive messages by the Clerk of the House...:'

3

1789Fisher Ames wrote

George Richards Minot con.

corning Washington's speech:

"His aspect grave, almost to

sadness; his modesty, actually

shaking: his voice deep, a lit.

tle tremulous, and so low as

to call for close attention:'

4

1789. The Boston Gazette

stated:711e patriot of America must vicw,withthe

utmost pleasure,the rising

greatness of hts country ...'

5

1789Alexander Hamilton

advised George Washington of

his ideas on proper etiquette

for the new President.

6

1789Thomas Jefferson wrote

LaFayette: "...as for good

legislation, two houses are

necessary..:' and that

"...People can never agree

without some sacrifices....

17

1789The Senate addressed George Washington and

stated: "...be assured th.:t the

Senate will at all times

cheerfully cooperate in every

measure which may

i strengthen the Union.. ."

8

1789George Nicholas wrote

JamesMadison: "It was with

57

tacpclocasunutiesof your ulfreceived election. finding so great a

majority of friends to the

new Government in its list of members."

9

1789Tristram Lowther

informed James Iredell that Madison's amendment proposal. had "excited general

expectation, though it appears

to be the general

opinion...that nothing will be done."

10

1789T. Jefferson from Paris

to G. Washington: "Though we. .have not official

Information of your election

as President permit me to , bast

. express here my niscititions,

not to yourself, but to my

country."

11

1789Massachusetts held a

from

election to choose a

representative to Congress

rom the HampshireBerkshire District. Theodore

Sedgwick received a majority

of the votes and was electot

12

1789The Speaker of the

House Presented a petition

from the citizens of New

Jersey complaining of the

illegality of the election of

Representatives to serve in

the House.

13

1789The House of

Representatives debated the

question of the continued

importation of slaves into the United States. li 4

1:89The Senate put itself

on I.-cord in favor of

anne:Ong a title to the office

of President "from a decent

respP..1 for the opinion and

practice of civilized nations:'

15

1789Fisher Ames argued in

the House of Representatives

that the government must do

everything in its power to

provide permanent funds for

paying off the national debt.

16

1789The New Hampanre

Spy rcponed that Benjamin

West had declined his election

as Representative to the First

Federal Congress.

17

1789John Adams wrote

Benjamin Rush explaining

that he had no vote in the

selection of judges, but that

he would prefer John Jay

over. James Wilson for Chief

Justice of the United States.

18

1789The House of

Representatives debated the

manner of enrolling the acts

of Congress and a bill for the

collection of duties.

19

1789In a letter to George

Richards Minot, Fisher Ames

reported that the House of

Representatives. ".. have been

voting to vest the power of

removing certain officersin

the President only...!'

20

1789 - Anthony Wayne, by

letter, congratulated James

Wilson on the adoption ar.d

crrentzauou of the Federal

ConstItudon.

21

1789Arthur Lee wrote

George Washington offering

his services on the Supreme Court: "It is not without

great apprehension of

presuming too much on the

favor you have always shown

22

1789Samuel Johnston, of

North Carolina, wrote James

Maditon: "I am very happy

to find that the New

Government is in so fair a

way of being firmly

established,..:'

23

1789The Providence Gazette

and Country Joterzal

published published a letter that stated:

Government of the

United States, under the new

Constitution, is completely

organized, an zed ,t1 the Public t e u ic Business goes on

humoniously."

24

1789Hugh Williamson wrote James Madison that the North Carolina Antifederalists were hope -ig

Congress would not act on a

bill of rights.

25

1789The House of

Representatives agreed to

form a committee to hear

allegations concerning the

elections of representatives in

New Jersey.

26

1789The House of Repro

sentatives appointed members

to meet with a Senate committee to discuss "the

proper. method of receiving,

into either House, bills or

messages from the President

of the United States!'

27

1789James Madison wrote

Thomas Jefferson to sound

him out on the possibility of

his acceptin an moment

in the new

Government.

28

1789 Richard Henry L

advised Patrick Henry on Madison's amendment proposals: "I apprehend that

his ideas and those of our

convention, on this subject,

are not si m..ar: '..1 '

29 MEMORIAL DAY

1789In a letter to George

Richards Minot, Fisher Ames

steed of James Madison: "He

will continue to be a very

influential man in our

country."

30

1789Robert Ballard of

Baltimore wrote President

Washington caking that he be

considered for "Clerk of the

Federal Court, or any other

Office that does not require

great abilities."

31

1789Fisher Ames stated in a

letter to George Richards

Mit ot, ':.,that the best

informed are the most

governable." May 1989

1 f,J
Sunday Monday Tucsday Wcdncsday Thursday Friday Saturday

June 1989

1

1789Benjamin Hawkins wrote James Madison that his motion on a Bill of Rights

directly contradicted the

Antifederalist argument that

the Federalists would never agree to amendments.

2

I789The House lf

Representstii.:-. agreed that each member should have a

choke of one newspapa to

be supplied to him at public

expense.

3

1789The Senate proceeded

in considering 3 bill entitled

"An act for laying a duty on

goods, wares and

merchandises imported into

the United Sines:'

4

1789Benjamin Rush wrote

John Adams: "I find you and

1 must tree not to disagree . or we must cease to discuss political questions."

5

1789James Duane wrote

Philip Schuyler and liolkert

P. Douw: "It is a most pleas.

ing reflection that...our con.

duct has met with publik ap.

probation ind the Federal Gov.

ernment with a sanction that

must rejoice every man...:'

6

1789Matthias Ogden wrote

New Jersey Governor

William Livingston that the

House of Representatives had

granted a hearing to those

who signed the petition

disputing the election returns.

7

1789William Panton, from

the Spanish Government,

warned Indian Chieftain

Alexander McGillivray: "Your

connexion with the SpAnith

Government is A. more Safe

And respecsablc.." than with

the United States.

80

1789James Madison placed

the proposed Bill of Rights

Amendments before the

House of Representatives,

9

1789Petitions from

American shipwrights and

manufacturers "praying that

such regulations and

restrictions may be adopted

in relation to the importation

of foreign articles.. ' were

read in the Senate.

10

1789Father John Carroll

stated: "That establishment of

the American empire. lay

its foundations on the

soundest principles of justice

and ecru' liberty.*

11

1789Fisher Ames reported

that Madison had "hunted up

all grievances and complaints

of newspapers, all the articles

of conventions, and the small

talk of their debates:* in

compiling his proposed

amendments.

12

1789William Grayson

complained to Patrick Henry

that Madison's purpose was

"unquestionably to break the

spirit of the Antifederalist

party.,. :'

13

1789713mes Madison explained his amendments to

Thomas Jefferson: "If I am

not mistaken they will, if

passed, be satisfactory to a

majority of those who have

opposed the Constitution :'

14

1789Arthur St. Clair wrote

Secretary of War Knox: " ..

to trot with the Wabash and

Miami (Indians)...lt is im

possible for me to judge what

sum would induce them to

extend the northern boundry

..to the Mississippi"

15

1789--The Senate proceeded

to read (or a tecond time a

bill entitled. "An act

imposing duties on tonnage"

16

1789Samuel Masson wrote

George Thatcher:" ..if any

election depended upon my

selling my conscience...then

I thought the post of honor

was a private station to which

I cheerfully retired .:*

17

1789George Mathews

became the third Georgia

Congressman as be took his

seat so the US. House of

Repro:matins.

18

1789Tench Cole noted

Federalists' pleasure with the

proposed Amendments and

that Anti.fedeedists were

"strips of every rational, ano

most of the popular

arguments they have

heretofore used:'

19

1789 George Mason wrote

President Washington

recommending that Mr

Joseph Fenwick be appointed

as Consul at Bordeaux.

20

1789The Amschuserts

Centinti reported: "The

Legislature of New.York are

to meet at Albany the 6th of

July there does not remain a

doubt but that this State will

be represented in the Federal

Senate next month:'

21

1789James Madison explained to Edmund

Pendleton that his proposals were limited 10 issues that walk, "excite the least

exertions of the opposition:*

22

1789In a specie. election for

Representative. New

Hampshire elected Ablel

Foster to replace Benjamin West.

23

1789Fisher Ames wrote

George Richards Minot: "I

love liberty as well as

anybody. I am proud of it. as

the true title of our people to

distinction above others. :

24

1789 Macgui Lewis wrote Alexander 'ham"! am

informed the Inhabitants of

New York have it in

Contemplation to nuke Mr.

King one of our Senators...I am salaried that is cannot happen." . 25

1789The Senate considered

the bill entitled "An act

establishing an Executive

Department, to be

denominated the Department

of Foreign Affairs."

26

1789Francis Dana, in a

letter to John Adams,

reminded: "...mu might

think of your friend (Dana)

for one of the Supreme

Federal Judges:*

27

1789 A report on two bills,

"An act to laying a duty on

goods, wares and merchandises imported into

the United SUMS: and "an

an imposing duties on

tonnage. was read in the

Senate. 4

28

1789 John Dawson wrote

James Madison concerning

the adjournment of Congress:

"Surely you will not do this

without recommending those

alterations which have been

so ardently cleared by many

of the states... :'

29

1789The Senate resumed a

second of "A bill to

establish the Judicial Courts

of the United States."

30

1789James Madison wrote

Thomas Jefferson: "The

federal business has proceeded

with a mortifying tardiness

. We are in a wilderness

without a single footstep to

guide us. Our successors will

have an easier task...:

121 1P2
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

July 1989

1

1789"Lightforse Harry"

Lee wrote President

Washington that he would

disarm the Antifederalists by

conceding reasonable amendments and that Madison's plan would

accomplish this.

2

1789Hugh Williamson

assured Madison if Congress

failed to accept amendments

in line with those he had

proposed, North Carolina

would call a second state ratifying convention that would

repudiate the Constitution.

3

1789The Senate resumed a

establish second reading of ''A bill to

stablish the udicial Courts

of the United States."

INDEPENDENCE

DAY

1789 - A a.:Nce from the Massa. chosen' Centind: "FROM

NEW YORK, June 28..A

majority of the Legislature

...are Federalists. They are

to xneet...at Albany. The

first business will be, the election of Federal Senators."

5

1789William Smith wrote

Edward Rutledge concerning

the chances of Rufus King be.

ing chosen a Senator: "King

has the interest of Hamilton on this occasion, but he is

too young in the Country in

the opinion of a great many."

6

1789A special session of the

New York Stale Legislature

convened in Albany to elect

United States Senators.

7

1789Both houses of the

New York legislature agreed

with Governor George

Clinton's move to convene

the legislative bodies to

choose Senators to represent

New York in the U.S. Senate.

8

1789--A bill for the election

of United States Senators was

introduced in the New York Assemble. 9

1789Richard Platt

commented to Winthrop

Sargent that in one year "the

minds of the people of the

State" had altered so much

that the Federalists now had

a majority.

10

1789 At President

Washington's request,

Colonel Cyrus Griffin wrote

Edmund Randolph to

ascertain his receptiveness to

serving in the Judioal Branch

of the Federal Government.

11

1789The New York State Senate amended the Assembly bill for the election

of United States Senators and

returned it to the Assembly.

16

1789Rufus King was chosen

Ufited States Senator by a

concurrent resolution of the

New York Assembly and

Senate.

17

1789VicePresident John

Adams wrote Roger Sherman

that a republic is 'a govern.

mens whose sovereignty is

vested in more than one person. Governments are divided into despotisms,

monarchies, and republics_"

18

1789John Adams predicted:

"The legislative power in our

constitution. is greater than

the executive; it will,

therefore, encroach...The

legislative power will

increase, the executive will

diminish."

23

1789Richard Morris wrote

George Washington: "If I

should be thought Qualified

for and worthy of

Employment in the Judicial

department of the General

Government I shall be happy

to Serve my country...."

24

1789A committee was

appointed to review a bill

entitled "An act for the

establishment and support of

Light-Houses, Beacons and

Buoys."

25

1789Rufus King, of New

York, took his seat in the

Senate. 30

1789 The Senate assigned

the 31st of July as the day to

read a third time a bill to

establish the Treasury

Department.

31

1789 - George Mason wrote

John Mason that Madison's proposal was designed to

convey that he was fulfilling

his campaign promise, "but

of important and substantial

Amendments, I have not the

least hope."

_c;

3

12

1789Abigail Adams wrote:

"Our August President is a

singular example of modesty

and diffidence. He has a

dignity which forbids

Fam:arity mixed with an

easy affability which creates Love and Reverence."

13

1789The New York

Legislature passed the "Act

prescribing the manner of

holding Elections for

Senators to represent this

State in the Senate of the

United States."

1789The

14 15

tSlarpsie

Country foon reported that

the New York legislature had

formed a quorum of both 1789The Pennsivantet

houses and passed a law Game took a stand against establishing a mode for amendments and against a appointing United States second constitutional Senators. convention.

19

1789Edmund Randolph

wrote James Madison confid

ing that he would be interested in a position in the federa! judiciary but that "nosh.

ing definitive can be said until

I learn the changes which the

(judiciary) bill has undergone."

20

1789In a letter to Elbridge

Gerry, John Lowell expressed

his desire to be appointed to

the Supreme Court of the

United States.

21 22

1789James Madison urged

the House of Representatives

to discuss the proposed 1789A bill establishing the

twelve Constitutional Department of Foreign

amendments in the Affairs was delivered to the

Committee of the Whole. President. 26

1789In an attempt to keep

himself informed of public

opinion, President

Washington asked David

Stuart of Virginia to inform

him of negative opinions

expressed about his actions as President.

27

1789Congress established

the Department of Foreign

Affairs.

28 29

1789George Lisa wrote 1789Thomas Hartley wrote George Read: "I am also jasper Yeates concerning the

happy to leash, that selection of Senators for New

Governor Clinton has York: "In order to secure the

abandoned his virulent Eastern Influence...they opposition to the New have elected Rufus King Government...." Senator."
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

AugtIst 1989

1

....2

1789In a letter to Thomas

Jefferson, James M.adison

stated: "The Judiciary bill

comes next...Time alone and

the aid of the Judges after

some little experience, will be

able to render the system

tolerably correct :'

3

1789Richard Pace wrote Thomas Jefferson: "Indeed. the Patriots in France pay us

too great a compliment

spa-king of us as I find they

do. as their model, and

considering themselves as

imitating us:

_. 4

1789The Senate read, for a

third time, a bill to establish

the Department of War.

5

1789A bill entitled "An act

for allowing 3 compensation

to the President and the VicePresident of the United

States:' was read in the Senate.

1789The Provdence Gazette

and Conntry journal reported:

"The State of North

Carolina...will most assuredly adopt the new Central

Government. This State then,

must remain...a Spectacle of

Reproach and Derision."

6

1789Christopher Gore

wrote Rufus Kin "We flatter ourselves in Massachusetts

that one of the Supreme

Court will be taken from this

state and that...our friend

Lowell, will be appointed an

associate judge.

DoFEPARTMENT

wax

ESTABLISHED

1789John Lowell explains

his reluctance to request a

position in the Supreme

Court in a letter to John

Adams. He does, however,

state his interest in such a

position.

8

1789Jonathan Jackson in a

letter to John Lowell observed

that in applying for a

position in the new

government "...perhaps the

most deserving are least apt

to push themselves into

view. 9

1789George Washington

acknowledges discussing John

Jay's views to assuming the

position of Chief Justice The President invited James Madison to discuss Jay's

views.

10

1789Stephen Hiainson. in a

letter to John Adams. outlined the problems that would

be crated Massachusetts if the Chief Justice of the State

Supreme Court. William

Cushing, was appointed to

the Federal Ben:h.

11

1789Senator Pierce Butier

of South Carolina called the

Madison proposals "milk and

water amendments" and said

that North Carolina would

be out of the Union for

some time if she waited for

worthwhile amendments.

12

1789Hugh Williamson

wrote James Irodell inquiring

if "...you would accept of a

Judges Place under the new

Govt if it required your

moving out of the State

(North Carolina) as we are

not in the Union"

13

1789The Committee of the

Whole rejected Roger

Sherman*s motion for

separate amendments to the

Constitution.

14

1789Cyrus Griffin evressed

his wishes to President Washington to "offer my

slender Services to the general

Government, either in the

diplomatic or as one of the

Judges of the Supreme

Court :'

15

1789The House of

Representatives debated the

fourth amendment p

by the committee whit

stated, "No religion shall be

established Law, nor shall

the equal rights of conscience

be infrin ...:'

16

1789James Fairlie in a letter

to Philip Schuyler stated that

he had taken his name out of

contention for the position of

Clerk of the Supreme Court.

17

1789In debate in the House,

James Madison argued that if

the Federal Government needed to be restrained from

infringing upon these

essential rights. so too should

the state governments.

18

1789The Committee of

Elections reported its

conclusion on the New

Jersey election to the House

of Representatives.

19

1789The House of

Representative agreed to

Roger Sherman's motion to

add the amendments "by way

of supplement.

20

1789The Clerk of the

House of Representatives

informed the Senate that the

President signed a bill entitled

"An Act providing for the

Expenses which may =tend

Negotiations or Treaties with

the Indian Tribes...."

21

1789James Madison ex.

plaints to Edmund Randolph

that some congressmen were

out to defeat any "plan short

of their wishes, but likely to

satisfy agreat part of their

companions in opposition

throughout the Union.'

22

1789In a letter to Rufus

King, Christopher Gore

stated: "...if Cushing shou'd

be appointed an associate

judge I do most truly hope,

that Lowell will be

constituted district judge"

23

1789Joseph Barnes wrote

George Clymer stating that

James Rumsey's supporters

were anxious for Congress to

take action on copyright and

patent legislation.

24

1769 The House of

Representatives forwarded

seventeen proposed amendments to the Senate.

25

1789Thomas Rodney

recommended Thomas McKean, the then Chief

Justice of Pennsylvania, for a

position on the U.S. Supreme Court.

26

1789The Sante considered a

bill entitled, "An Act for the

Punishment of certain

Crtmes against the United States." 27

Rufus Kin; presented the

committee s amendments to a

bill entitled "An Act for

allowing Compensation to

the Members of the Senate

and House of Representatives

of the United States."

28

1789The bill to establish the

Department of Treasury was

delivered to the President.

29

1789James Manning, a

minister who had visited

Virginia, informed Madison

of the deep concern of

religious persecution and the

"propriety and safety of the

New Constitution :'

30

1789In a letter to George

Washington,Gustarus Scott ex.

pressed concern that his 3p

pliation fora _position on

the Supreme Court would interfere with the appointment

of a more deserving person,

namely Robert Harrison.

31

1789The New York Deily

Advertiser printed a notice

stating that the Governor of

New Jersey refused to certify

the top four vote-getting.

candidates as Representatives

from that state

125 I 26
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

September 1989

1

1789The

Representatives

validity

elections decision.

House of

det.;:cd the

of the New Jersey

but did not reach a

1789President Washington

signed the bill that establish.

ed the Department of the

Treasury

3

1789Samuel Chase informed

the President of his arailabili titeisfoorcift7 of the five

Justices of the

Supreme Court of the United States.

4 LABOR DAY

1789The Senate passed a

resolution that reach "That

shall make no law, ab 'rig the freedom of

Speech, or the Press, or the

nght of the People peaceably

to assemble...: This is the

basis for the first Amendment.

5

1789Connecticut Congross.

man Jonathan Trumbull in.

formed Ephraim Kirby that

since the appointment of

judges had not yet been made,

it is not in my power to

point you to the person who

may gratify your wishes!'

6

1789Arguing that no

generation has a right to

saddle succeeding generations

with debt. Thomas Jefferson

wrote that even the

Constitutions of the United

Stares and Virginia should

cane after nineteen years.

7

1789Matthew Ridley wrote

John lay requesting that jay

consider Samuel Chase for

"the appointment of one of

the Supreme judges."

8

1739Henry Lee wrote lames

Madison: "But in the

unsettled state of the govt. danger is to be

apprehended from a decision

of the question concerning

the permanent seat Id

government):'

9

1789The Senate concurred

with the House on the

proposed amendments to the

Constitution and

recommended they be paned

on to the states for

ratification.

10

1789The Senate read the

"Resolve of the House of

P.epresentatives for the

regulation of the Post Office.'

11

1789Alexander Hamilton

was approved as the first

Secretary of the Treasury of

the Federal Government.

Pierre 1.:Enfarit wrote

Washington to apply as the

designer of the Federal City.

12

1789David Stuart reported

to President Washington that

Patrick Henry preferred a

single amendment on direct

taxes to all the amendments offered by Congress.

13

1789From Congress.

Abraham Baldwin wrote Joel

Barlow. "The old subject of a

permanent Seat of

government has bewitched us

again for several weeks."

14

1789James Madison replied

to Edmund Pendleton' s con.

terns about the judiciary bill

before Congress: "...the clifficulty of substituting another

plan...the defect of time, etc.,

will, however, prevent any

radical alteration."

15

1789Fisher Ames wrote

Caleb Strong: "The Judicial

is passing rapidly. We are In

the darkwhether our friend

Lowell will be promoted to

the Bench?'

16

1789Samutl A. Otis wrote

,John Langdon c-onceming

John Jar "The Keeper of the

Bwer is wattirm, to see which

Salary is best, that of Lord

Chief Justice or Secretary of

State"

17 DallAYZENSHIP

1789The second anniversary

of the signing of the Constitution. The House of

Representatives concurred

with the Senate on "An Act

for the Temporary Establish

merit of the Post-Officer

18

1789John Adams wrote

William Tudor: "Other States

reward their Benefactors. King, only for maneuvering

Congress out of their design

to go to Philadelphia, has

been nobly rewarded"

19

1789The House took up the

changes recommended by the

Senate to the proposed amendments to the Constitution.

20

1789Rufus King wrote

Caleb Strong: "I hope that

Mr. Jay will be Chief Justice,

and the probability in that

case is that MI...Jefferson will

be Secretary of State'

21

1789John Adams wrote

Stephen Higginson: "It

would have an happy effect if

all the judges of the national

Supreme Court, could be

taken from the Chief justices

of the several states:'

22

1789Congress cleated the

office of Postmaster General.

23

1789Theodore Sedgwick

wrote John Jay Testing

that John Tucker

considered for Clerk of the

Supreme Court.

24

1789The Federal judiciary Act created the Federal Courts.

25

1789Congress submitted

twelve amendments to the Constitution to the States for

ratification.

26

1789 - The United States Senate of John Jay Chief Justice and Assodate

Justices Rutledge, Cushing,

Wilson, Harrison and Blair,

as wdl as Edmund Randolph

for Attorney General.

27

1789Robert Morris informed

James Wilson of his

appF.intment as an associate

justice: "...the station is

Honorable, and the

Salary...not contemptible

altho neither comes up to my

wishes for you...:' ,ixiw.

28

1789President Washington

unofficially informed

Edmund Randolph that he

intended to appoint him

Attorney General of the United States.

23. S. ARMY

ESTABLISHED UNDER

THE CONSTITUTION

1789President Washington

informed John Rutledge, a

signer of the Constitution, of

his appointment to the

Supreme Court. Congress

adjourned until January 1st.

30

1789President Washington

appointed John Blair, of

Virginia, a signer of the

Constitution, Assxiate

Justice of the Supreme Court. x,i,

a_

1 1;"
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

1

1789Alexander

dispatched

the

questing

to

port

primary

the

Hamilton

a circular letter to

collectors of customs retheir ideas on how

collect collect efficiently the im.

duties that were the

source of revenue for

Federal Government.

2

1789The Norwich Packer

and Country ,fournal reported

that President Washington

had sent Captain Guion to

Canada to demand a surrender of British forts currently within the United

States.

3

1789President Washington

officially proclaimed

November 26, 1789, to be a

day of "public thanksgiving

and prayer, to be observed by

acknowledging with grateful

hearts the many and single

favors of Almighty God...."

4

1789A letter dated October

4th was printed in the

independent Gazetteer or the Chronicle of Freedom that

stated: "To be acquainted with

the science of government re'

quires a mind fraught with

knowledge and experience'

5

1789Supreme Court Justice

James Wilson. a signer of the

Constitution. took the oath

of office

6

1789Concerning the debt of

the United States to France

Alexander Hamilton asked

Lafayette "If the installments

of the Principal of the debt

could be suspended for a few

'emir

7

1789- Alexander Hamilton

informed William Short -that

lt would be a valuable

datlon to the government of

this eountrY" ll Prance would

"Pend instslimenu of the

prindpal due on the debt

8

1789Edmund Randolph

wrote President Washington

conditionally accepting the

offer of the position of

Attorney General of the

United States but stated that

he could not assume the

duties until March.

DAY

1789The French Minister

met with President

Washington to inform him of

his return to France and

remarked of the new government in the United States:

". there is a head to lookk up to and...stability will derived from its doings."

10 10

1789Alexander Hamilton requested that William Bingham,

a wealthy Philadelphia mer

chant and director of the Bank

advise him of North America, IllefICa, a VIM

with regard to the operation

of the Revenue and Navigation Laws.

11

1789Alexander Hamilton

wrote Richard Peters: "...I

can only say that the present

arrangements of the Treasury

Department include nothing which meets the object; d

that everything future must

depend on legislative provision:'

12

1789Alexander Hamilton

asked James Madison for his advice on a plan for the

payment of the public debts

The Question is very much

What further taxes will be

least unpopular :'

13

1789George Washington

wrote Thomas Jefferson

notifying him of his

nomination to the office of

Secretary of State

14

1789 -The New Yolk Daily

Gazette quoted the Clamber of Commerce: 'Trade is a

fluctuating thingLiberty la

a friend of trade but working

will pros:wean more than

virtue....

1789President Washington

left New York for Boston

and a tour of the New

England States.

16

1789The Norwich Packet

and Country Journal

published the twelve

proposed amendments that

Congress submitted to the States.

17

1789John Adams wrote

William Cushing: "... Give

me leave to congratulate you

on your appointment to the

national Bench...."

18

1789James Wilson wrote

George Washington accepting

his appointment as a Justice

of the Supreme Court: "I have

taken the Qualifications prescribed by the Law. and hold

myself in Readiness to perform the Duties of my Office"

19

1789John Jay took the oath

of office as the first Chief

Justice of the United States.

20

1789The Independent Gazer.

leer or the Chronicle of Free- door reported the passage of a

law pertaining to veterans of

the Revolution which stated

that "invalid pensioners of the

United States shall be paid

one year's pension.

21

1789-In a letter toilsome.'

Dwight, Fisher Ames wrote

of the President's arrival in Boaton:"I wish you and ail

my Springfield friends may

be gratified with the sight

and cony easation of the great

and good President."

72

1789 The Norwich Packer awl the Country Journal reported

that Arthur St. Oak had f a treaty on behalf of

th United States with the

54chem,Slyanckg, Delaware

Chippewa, Ottawa, Pattiwatine and Sac Indian Nations.

23

1789The Legislature of the

Territory of Vermont passed a

law calling for the

establishment of a boundary

with New York State and for

the removal of obstacles to

the admission of Vermont

into the United States.

24

1789 President Washington

was warmly received by the

city of Boston.

25

1789John Hancock,

Governor of Massachusetts,

who was suffering from gout,

visited the President.

26

1789The General Assembly of Rhode Island selected the Honorable William Bradford

as Spaker and Daniel Updike

as Clerk of the LaWet House,

as reported by the

Pennsylvania Packet.

27

1789John Rutledge of South

Carolina wrote the President

and accepted appointment as

an Associate Justice of the

Supreme Court. Robert H.

Harrison informed the

Ptesident that he would

decline his appointment.

28

1789 - George Mason wrote

President Washington once

again asking him to consider

the appointment of Joseph Fenwick as the Consul at Bourdeaux. 29

1789President Washington

left Boston to continue his

tour of the Eastern States and

arrived at the Town of Salem,

which had extended an

invitation for him to attend

an entertainment there

30

1789Fisher Ames wrote to

Thomas Dwight regarding

the President s recepLan in

Boston: "Every-body... has

been anxious to show more

respect for the President ...."

31

1789Edward Rutledgepraised

President Washington s choices

of officeholders for they

"increase, ifsossible, the

public Confidence, MUM

ready obedience to the Laws,

and Faithful Administration

of Justice." October 1989

129 3 0
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

November 1989

1

1789Rhode

"The

people

arises and with

springs

government.

Island reported:

opposition of the

to the Constitution

from misrepresentation

a want of information

regard to the essential

of good

'

2

1789President Washington

viewed the Harbor of

Portsmouth, New

Hampshire, and received a

!Stun salute from the fort

that guarded the mouth of

the harbor.

3

1789The Independent Gazetteer or the Chronicle of

numerous blessings...enjoyed

by theemUs United States

America, there is none superfor to the blessing of Toleration in religious opinions?'

4

1789After a meeting with

the President, Susanna

Dilwyn wrote hcr father,

"...indeed he gains the

esteem of everybodyThose

who agree with few other

things all unite in admiring

General Washington."

1789George Washington

visited Lexington,

Massachusetts, "... and

viewed the spot on which

the first blood was spilt in

the dispute with Great

Britain, on the 19th of April,

1775."

6

1789The Norwich Packet

and the Country Journal

reported the Connecticut

Legislature passed "An act

repealing certain acts

incompatible with or

opposing the Laws of the

United States."

7

1789George Walton wrote

John Adams to apply, a

second time, for a position in

the judiciary of the new

government.

8

1789In his diary President

Washington noted: It being

contrary to law and

disagreeable to the People of

this State (Connecticut) to

travel on the Sabbath

day...I stayed at Perkins

Tavern all day."

9

1789Benjamin Franklin,

President of the Pennsylvania

Society for promoting the

Aboinion of Slavery and the

Relief of Free Negroes unlaw

fully held in Bondage, called

slavery "an atrocious debase.

ment of human nature."

10 VETERANS DAY

1789Fisher Ames

recommended John Tucker

to John Jay for the position

of Clerk of the Supreme

Court of the United States.

11

1789John lay answers

Catharine Ridley 's request to

consider her husband as Clerk of the Supreme Court:

". .1 should gratify my own

Inclinations as well:: yours

by promoting it."

12

1789The Independent

Gazetteer or the Chronicle of Freedom announced the

reelection of Thomas Mifflin

1

and George Ross as President

and Vice-President of the

Supreme Executive Council

for Pennsylvania.

13

1789President Washington

returned to his home in New

York after his tour cf the Eastern States.

14

1789James McHenry, in a

letter to President Washing.

ton, indicated that Robert

Harrison felt he declined his

appointment prematurely and

requested that the President

again offer Harrison the pony

tion of Associate Justice.

15

1789William Irvine wrote

James Madison: "The absence

of Congress makes a

suprising alteration in the

face of affairs...no wonder

thex do not like to let them

go.

16

1789North Carolina called

a second state convention to

consider the ratification of

the Constitution.

17

1789William Cushing wrote Massachusetts Governor John Hancock, resigning his

judicial position in the

Commonwealth due to his

appointment to the Supreme

Court.

18

1789 William Cushing. in a

letter to President

Washington, acaoted his

appointment to t Supreme

Court of the United States.

19

1789The Norwich Gazette

and Country Journal reported

that "His Excellency William

Livingston. Esq. is reelected

Governor of Newjersey."

20

1789New Jersey became the

first state to ratify the Bill of

Rights.

21

1789North Carolina ratified

the Constitution by a vote of 194 to 77.

22

1789Edmund Randolph

wrote President Washington

that he could be available in

January to assume the duties

of the office of Attorney

General.

23

DAY

THANKSGIVING

1789Gorge Washington in

a letter to Edward Rutledge:

". .having brought forward

such characters...) conceived

would do justice to the public

& honor to themselves ...they

are highly acceptable to the

good people of this Country."

24

1789The meeting of the

Pennsylvania State

Convention for shears' and

amending the United ,rates

Constitution was postponed

a day since a quorum was

not present.

25

1789President Washington

wrote to Robert H. Harrison

to give Mr. Harrison a

second chance to consider kes appointment to the S.:rause

Ccittn.

26

1789Americans celebrated a

Day of Thanksgiving which

had been pf0CialMCO by

President Washington.

27

1789Alexander Hamilton

explained his reluctance to

invite advance discussions of

his plan for the payment of

the public debt that

"bringing on a discussion

might be as likely to fix prej

lichees as to produce good."

28

1789Tobias Lear, Secretary

to President Washington,

wrote Alexander Hamilton

instructing him to pay Samuel

Osgood and William Duer,

Esq., so they could prepare a

home in which the President

could live.

29

1789The first national

Thanksgiving Day was

established by a

Congressional Resolution and

by George Washington's

October third proclamation.

30

1789President Washington

acknowledged Edmund

Randolph's acceptance of the

Office of Attorney General

and expressed his pleasure

with the decision.

1 (".

j, tom` N
Sunday Monday Tucsday Wednesday Thursday Friday

1789The Massuchossetts Spy

or Worcester Gazette reported

that the "Legislature of

Connecticut, at their last

session, took into consid

erotica the amendments,

proposed by Congress, to the

rl'alConstitution."

10

1789lames McHenry wrote Gone Washington regarding

offering Robert Harrison a

second chance for a seat on

the Supreme Court: "I hope

and trust Judge Harrison will

be able to gratify his own

inclinations."

17

1789 John Rutledge wrote

Charles Pinckney, of South

Carolina: "Having been

appointed a Judge of the

Supreme Court...I beg

Leave to inclose, & resign,

my Judicial Commission

from this State."

24

17139-1a Alexandria,

Virginia, a group of

merchants, traders and other

inhabitants formed the

Alexandria Association,

promising to observe

commercial regulations

adopted by Congress.

December 1989

1789The Governor of New

Jersey, and the Speaker of

the House Assembly of that

State, presented an Address

from the Legislature to

President Washington.

1789The Massachusetts Centinel quoted George

Washington: "It must be

pleasing circumstance. .to

find that OUR NEW

GOVERNMENT is gaining

strength and respectability

among the citizens...."

11

1789The Norwich Padat

and Cosennyjournal printed THE OBSERVER.No. IV

stating: "The people have

suffered an immense sum by

the deranged state of the

national debt."

12

1789The Honorable Pearly

Sargeant was nominated by

John Hancock to be Chief

Justice of the Supreme

Judicial Court of the

Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 18

1789The State of Virginia

agreed to release the counties

of the Kentucky Territory

from her jurisdiction.

19

1789Maryland became the

second state to ratify the Bill

of Rights.

25 CHRISTMAS DAY

1789The Nornie6Packet and Cosmtry fournal printed

THE OBSERVER.No. VII

The fluctuning.value of

paper in circulation is

oppressive to the poor."

26

1789The Independent

Gazetteer or the Chnintek of Freedom announced that North Carolina will send five

Representatives to Congress.

6

1789Edmund Randolph

wrote George Washington

informing him that the

twelve amendments to the

Constitution were approved

by the Virginia House of

Delegates and were in consideration by the Virginia Senate.

13

1789Henry Knox, Secretary

of War, wrote Dr William

Eustis of Boston discussing

the uncertainty of the

administration of veterans benefits. 20

1789Edward Carrington

wrote James Madison: "My

information...is that people

are at ease on the subject of

amendments, expecting

nothing but those sent on

would be adopted...."

27

1789George Washington

Wine Jabez Bow..n: "...the

conduct of Rhode Island...

may involve questions in

Congress...the legislature

would consider well before it

again rejects the proposition

for calling a convention

7

1789John jay wrote

William Cushing to

congratulate him on his

appointment as an Associate

Justice to the Supreme Court

and to approve his arnval in

January to assur. his seat on

the bench.

1789Refusing to give

advance information on his

plan for the payment of the

public debt, Alexander

Hamilton informed Henry

Lee, of Virginia. "... the

most innocent things are apt

to be misinterpreted."

8

1789In the Senate. a

committee was appointed to

congratulate Thomas

Jefferson on his return to the

United States from France.

Saturday

14 15

1789The President of the

United States appointed the

Honorable William Drayton.

Judge of the Federal Court

for the South Carolina

District.

1789Thomas Jefferson

informed President

Washington that he would

prefer not to accept the

office of Secretary of State,

but if Washington insisted he

would serve.

21

1789 - The Georgia

Legislature passed an act

accepting 5207,800 from

three companies from

Virginia, North Carolina and

South Carolina to buy 20 million acres of West Florida

land.

22

1789North Carolina

became the third state to

ratify the Bill of Rights.

28

1789-77* Bos:on Gazette

reponed,that because of the

great number of counterfeit

and mutilated New England

shillings and sixences, they

were put out off circulation.

29

1789The New York Daily Gazette stated: "The Congress

of 1789 may have deserved

the great acknowledgements

...but if their conduct in

1790 should deviate...they

may expect to be...

condemned by the future."

2

1789The Manachiesm3 Spy

or Worcester Gazette reported

that the Federal Court for

the District of Massachusetts

opened with the Honorable

Judge Lowell presiding.

1789The Lam Jamul! and

New Hampshire Packet

printed a letter that

advocated the production of

wool to reduce the Nation's

balance of trade, "it is not

esotic, and can owe to no

foreigners."

16

1789The Ewa Jamul and

New Hampshire Gazette stated

that ". one cannot contrive

a more oppressive mode of

drawing from a people than a poll tax."

23

1789Edmund Rudolph

wrote George Washington:

"I now do myself the honor

of informing you cfseidly,

that I accept the commission,

by which I have been

appointed Attorney General

of the United States."

30

1789The Independent

Gazetteer er the Chronicle of Freedom discussed the impost

bill: "The duties imposed by

this bill are moderate and,

therefore, it may be

reasonable to suppose that

they will be

31

1789The Independent

Gazetteer or the Chronicle of Freedom noted the election of

Hugh 'Williamson and

Benjamin Hawkins as

Senators from N. Carolina.

In fact, Williamson was not

elected; Samuel Johnston was. . 3 4 tr-USGOVERNMENT...PRINTINGOFFICE-1-1989-0---228=-332=OC7.3