DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, D1RECTOR 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER _59 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY PALEONTOLOGY 

OF THE PACIFIC COAST 

I. THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND 

COOS BAY, OREGON 

BY 

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1909 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGlCAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SiYllTH, .DIRECTOR 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER .59 

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY PALEONTOLOGY 

OF THE PACIFIC COAST 

I. THE MIOCENE OF AS'I'ORIA AND 

COOS BAY~ OREGON 

BY 

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1909 

CONTENTS. 

Introduction .................................... -.......................................... . 

The Tertiary of Astoria ... _ .... · ...... _ ... _ .... __ . ·_ ......................................... . 

The Tertiary of Coos Bay .................................................................. . 

Coos conglomerate ............... , ....................................................... . 

Description of the invertebrate fauna. __ ._, ....... _ ........ _._. __ ... __ ._ .... _ ....... __ ...... __ 

Mollusca._ ............ __ ................ . ........................................... . 

Cephalopoda .. __ . ___________ ............. _ ... _. __ ... _ ........... __ ................. _ 

Gasteropoda. _ ... _ ..... _ ...... _ ............ _. __ . _. _ .... _ .. _. _ ...... __ .... __ . _. _. _ .. 

Pelecypoda. _. ___ ...... _ .................. ___ .. _ ... _. _ ..... _ ....... _ .... _ .. _. _ .... _. 

Scaphopoda .. _ .................. __ . -.· ........................ _. __ ........ ~ ...... · .. 

Moll uscoidea _______ .... _ ..... __ ... _ ... __ . _ . _ .. _ . _ . . . . . . ............... ___ ......... _ . _ 

Brachiopoda._._._. ___ .. __ ._ ....................................................... _ 

Arthropoda. ___ . . . . . . . . . ........ _ ... ____ .. _ ....................... __ . _ .. __ . ____ . _ . _ .. 

Crustacea. ___ . __ . ____ . __ ._. ___ ._ ... _ ........ _. _ .... _. _ .. _. __ . _ ....... __ ...... _ .. __ . _ 

Vermes .... _. _____ ..................................................................... . 

Annelida .. _ .............. _ ....... _. _ ............. ___ .. _ .......... __ ... _ .. _ ...... _. 

Echinodermata ..... ______ ....... _ ................. __ .............................. . 

Cmlenterata .. __ . __ ..... _. _. _ ....................................................... __ . _ 

Antho1,oa ... ____ ..... : ............ _ ... _ .. __ ........ __ .. _ ............... _. __ . _. _. __ _ 

Page. 

5 

6 

13 

19 

21 

21 . 

21 

22 

100 

136 

137 

137 

138 

138 

138 

138 

139 

141 

141 

Protozoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... _ _ 141 

Rhizopoda. _____ ........................................................ __ .. __ . __ . _ 141 

A further account of the fossil sea lion Pontolis magnus, by F. W. True ..... _ .. ____ .. __ .. _______ • 143 

Appendices ________ ... __ ........ _ ...... ___ ._ ........................... _. ___ . ___ . ___ ._ ... _._ 149 

I. Fossil shells from Tertiary deposits on the Columbia River ncar Astoria,_ by T. A. 

Conrad_ .................. __ ....................................... ___ .. _____ . . 150 

II. Fossils from northwestern America, by J. D. Dana. _______ .. _ .. _ .. _._ ....... _____ ._ 152 

III. Notes on shells, with Q.escriptions of new species, by T. A. Conrad .. ________ . __ ._ ... _ 158 

IV. Descriptions of new fossil she)ls of the United States, by T. A. Conrad .... ____________ 159 

V. Notes on shells, with descriptions of species, by T. A. Conrad .... __ ._ .. __ . ___ .... _ _ _ 162 

VI.. Descriptions of fossil shells from the Eocepe and Miocene formations of California, by 

T. A. Conrad ....... ___ .... ___ . ___ .-.-_ ......... _ ......... ______ ..... _ .. ___ ._____ 163 

VII. Note on the Miocene and post-Pliocene deposits of California, with descriptions of two 

new fossil corals, by T. A. Conrad .............. ________ ....... _ . __ .......... ___ . 172 

VIII. Descriptions of new genera and new species of fossils from California and Texas, by 

T. A. Conrad ....................... -- .. __ -------- ______ ... _____ .... __ ... ____ --- 173 

IX. Description of the Tertiary fossils collected on the Pacific Railroad survey, by T. A. 

Conrad .... _______ :_._ .............. ___ ....... _____ ....... _. ___ .... ___ . ___ . _.. . l 76 

X. Report on the paleontology of the Pacific Railroad survey, by T. A. Conrad._. ___ .. _ 180 

XI. Descriptions of certain fossils collected by Dr. John Evans, by B. F. Shumard .... __ 186 

XII. On the Pleistocene fossils collected by Col. E. Jewett at Santa Barbara, Cal., by P. P. 

Carpenter ___ ... ___ .. __ ... ____ ................... _ ....... ___ .. ·. _ ... _ .......... , 189 

XIII. Material toward a bibliography, by W. II. Dall __________ . __ . _ .. __ .... _ ........... _. 192 

Plates. ______ ._. __ ._ .......... _. _ ... _. _. ___ ................. __ ...... _ .. _ ...... _ ........... _. 217 

Index. ______ : ____ ............... _. ___ ..... __ ... ____ . __ . _. _. ___ ..... _ .. _ ...... _ .. __ ........ . 261 

3 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PLATE I. Map of entrance to Coos Bay, Oregon, showing outcropping formation and also section of the 

outcrops in detail, page 5. 

PLATES II-XX. Fossil invertebrate fauna. 

PLATES XXI-XXIII. The fossil sea lion Pontolis magnus. 

(PLATTS II-XXIII will be found at the end of the volume.) 

Fras. 1-14. Fossil Miocene shells, page 150. 

4 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 

. 

3 

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43 

20 

91 

76 

76 

72 

70 

@ Baltimore Rock 

40 

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•' ib~: : . Cape Gregory ~' 

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OC====c==~ ==e=:= V:c•================~l MILE 

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I MILE. 

Contour i nterval20 feet 

Datum line is high water mark. Soundings in fathoms. 

Letters A,B,C,etc.refer to section. 

Geology by W.H.Dall and J.S.Diller. 

Topography and hydrography by the U.S. Coast Survey. 

124 22 

MAP OF ENTRANCE TO COOS BAY, OREGON 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. I 

·.·· ... 5" .f/ 

124 18 
• 

TilE MIOCENE OF 

COOS BAY, 

'· 

ASTORIA 

OREGON. 

By WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. 

INTRODUCTION. 

AND 

The object of the,present memoir is not merely to describe and illustrate the 

fauna of a particular Tertiary horizon of the Pacific coast of the United States, 

although the larger portion of the work is devoted to that purpose. · The literature 

of Pacific coast paleontolo6ry is scattered, much of it is inaccessible except in large 

libraries, and, though various worthy papers have appeared from time to time, no 

general revision of the nomenclature of the fossils has been made, and until recently 

the material for thorough monographic study has not existed anywhere. In the 

last few years large collections have been made under the auspices of the United 

States Geological Survey by members of its .staff. These collections are now beginning to be sufficiently large for serious study, though, owing to the poor state of 

preservation s~ common in the Tertiary of the Pacific coast, this will prove a task 

much less easy and rapid than is possible with the well-preserved fossils of the 

Atlantic Tertiaries. 

The work must proceed slowly and publication of the results will be possible. 

only at intervals and, as it were, piecemeal. The present is the first of what I hope 

may prove a series of contributions to a better knowledge of the Tertiary faunas of 

the Pacific States. 

I have aimed to describe and illustrate the 1Iiocene fauna of the Empire formation of Coos Bay, Oregon, and the un:figured species of the Astoria group of Columbia 

River, and to revise and bring to date the systematic nomenclature of the species 

described or known from both localities. The description or illustration of a few 

species from other localities on the coast has been added' when it seemed that these 

species would aid, by comparison· or otherwise, in the elucidation of the fauna under 

consideration. 

· I have had the kind assistance of Dr. F. W. True, of the United States National 

Museum, in working up a remarkable fossil sea lion whose remains occur in the Coos 

Bay Miocene. 

5 
6 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORTA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

In view of the great difficulty in getting access to some of the early short papers 

on Pacific coast paleontology by T. A. Conrad and others, the text of a number of 

the more important of these papers has been included among the appendices to the 

main portion of the work. The student is thus enabled to consult a practically 

exact reprint of the originals.. The text figures to the first paper ever pri.Q-ted on 

the invertebrate fossils of Oregon are also reproduced, as they have not been elsewhere refigured and the original paper is of great rarity. 

In 1856 and 1863 the late Dr. Philip Pearsall Carpenter made reports to the 

British Association for the Advancement of Science "On the present state of our 

knowledge of the Mollusca of the northwest coast of America." These reports, 

published in 1857 and 1864, respectively, have been of the utmost value to students 

of the Tertiary and recent molluscan faunas of the coast. They not only analyzed 

the existing literature from the beginning, but systematized the data contained in 

it in a masterly way and at the cost of great labor. Since the death of Doctor 

Carpenter a large number of papers on the shells of this region, recent and fossil, 

have appeared, some of them in out of the way places. It was thought that a 

bibliography bringing the subject up to date-comprising all known papers issued 

since the publication of Carpe_nter's reports and including some titles omitted or 

imperfectly presented in the report of 1857 and the reprint of papers by Carpenter 

issued by the Smithsonian Institution in 1872-would be of value to students. 

Such a bibliography, gathering the titles to the output of some forty years of scientific activity, has been compiled and added to the series of appendices. 

I have had the use of material and books belonging to the United States National 

Museum and of sundry specimens from the collection of Stanford University and 

the University of California; also the cooperation of Prof. W. B. Clark, of Johns 

Hopkins University; Dr. Ralph Arnold, of the United States Geological Survey, 

and many private· ('orrespondents on the Pacific coast, for which I desire to express 

my gratitude. 

THE TERTIARY OF ASTORIA. 

In Dana's report on the geology of the United States Exploring Expedition 

under Wilkes a he refers briefly to the Astoria Tertiaries as follows: 

The Tertiary rocks were first seen on the Columbia in the vicinity of Astoria. They occur along 

the shores of this river for 20 miles from the sea, though occasionally interrupted by basalt as at the 

settlement Astoria. * * * These sedimentary deposits, according to the reports of the officers of 

the Vincennes, prevail to the north of the Columbia and upon. the shores of Puget Sound. They were 

observed by the writer 10 miles north of the Columbia in a stream emptying near Gray's Bay. 

* * * * * * * 

We have already stated that the Tertiary formation of Oregon occurs in various places from Puget 

Sound to San Francisco, along the * * * Straits of De Fuca, the Cowlit;r,, the lower Columbia, the 

Willamette Valley, and the Elk. * * * The thickness of this formation on the Columbia and Willamette is in many places 1,000 or 1,200 feet. As * * * the rocks had evidently been much removed 

by denudation it is probable that 1,500 feet is even too low an estimate for the whole height above the 

present sea level. The rocks of the formation are soft sandstones more or less argillaceous and schistose, 

and clay shales, either firm or crumbling, besides basaltic tufa or conglomerate. 

In many localities the argillaceous shale contains nodular concretions of limestone. These concretions are often very regularly spherical and vary from half an inch to 6 feet in diameter, though if. 

a Dana, J.D., Geology: U.S. Ex pl. Exped. 1838-1842, vol. 10, under command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., Philadelphia, 

1849, pp. 626, 651, 6.o2, 654, 657, 6.19. 
THE TERTIARY OF ASTORIA. 7 

exceeding a foot the form is more irregular. * * * They are pften very abundant, and as they fall 

out from the crumbling precipice the plain af foot becomes covered with these balls of stone. 

The concretions ofteri contain a fragment of wood, a fossil shell, a crab's leg or bones of fish. * * * 

Fossils rarely occur in the shales where these coricretions are found, except they are inclosed in some of 

the concretions. No solid layer of limestone was observed in any part of the sandstone formation. 

These nodules occur along the Columbia, east of Astoria, in sufficient abundance to be procured and 

burnt for lime. They were also observed in the shale of Elk River. ' 

The layers of sandstone and shale are generally horizontal. The sandstone continues to the water's 

edge on the north shores [of the Columbia], while on the south banks of shale at least 200 feet thick 

border the river. Above this height the shale is covered by the soil. * * * 

The shale in the vicinity of Astoria contains numerous fossils. Those to the eastward are embedded 

in calcareous nodules and are consequently well preserved, while those in the cliffs down the river lie 

unprotected in the shale and have suffered from compression. The specimens collected include numerous shells of Mollusca, minute Polythalamia, besides the legs of a crustacean, an echinoderm, the remainder of four species of fish, and some cetacean vertebrre. * * * 

The fossils of Astoria have been examined and described for this report by Mr. T. Conrad, and the 

following are his conclusions with regard to the age of the deposits: 

"From the investigation of the fossils previously received from Mr. Townsend, I had arrived at the 

conclusion that they were of the geological era of the Mioc.ene, and the specimens you sent confirm the 

opmwn. I do not recogni7,e, it is true, any recent species of the coast of California or elsewhere, but 

neither is there any shell of the Eocene period, nor has the group any resemblance to that of the Eocene. 

On the contrary, the forms are decidedly approximate to those of the Miocene period which occur in 

Great Btitain and the United States. Nttcula divaricata, for instance, closely resembles N. cobboldire 

(Sowerby) of the English Miocene, and Lvcina acutilineata can scarcely be distinguished from L. contracta (Say), a recent species from the Atlantic coast and found in the Miocene beds of Virginia. Natica 

he:ros, a shell of similar range, is quite as nearly related to the N. sa:rea. A similar number of species 

might be obtained from some of the Miocene localities of Maryland or Virginia, and yet no recent species 

be observed among them. In the Eocene, and also in the Miocene strata, there are peculiar forms which 

obtain in Europe and America, and although the species differ, yet they are so nearly allied that this 

character alone. independent of the percentage of extinct forms, is quite a safe guide to the relative 

ages of remote fossiliferous rocks. On this foundation I speak with confidence when I assign the fossils 

of the Columbia River to the era of the Miocene." 

These observations of Conrad, however liable to criticism in minor details, 

afford good evidence of his acuteness in recognizing the salient features of a fossil 

fauna and in referring it approximately to its proper place in the geologic column. 

Nevertheless, some years later he modified his opinion, and in a paper issued in 

1865 a he expressed himself as follows: 

The fossil shells of the United States Exploring Expedition, collected at Astoria, and published 

in Dana's report on geology and paleontology, were referred by me to the Miocene period. A larger 

acquaintance with Tertiary fossils in general has led me to. the conclusion that their position is in the 

older Eocene, and that they correspond in their horizon to the group of Shark River, Monmouth County, 

N. J., holding in common the Aturia ziczac. The shells of Shark River being in the form of casts, 

not sufficiently characteristic for comparison with those of Oregon, the Aturia is the only species 

that is certainly common to the two localities; but several of the Oregon species are almost identical 

with shells of the London clay of Bracklesharn and Bognar. 

This modification of Conrad's views in regard to the age of the Astoria group 

was doubtless due to his growing sense of the incongruity of the presence in an 

American Miocene formation of such forms as Aturia, Miopleiona, and Trophosycon. This feeling was to a certain extent justified, but the idea that the fauna 

of the miscellaneous concretions picked up at the foot of the Astoria bluff was 

not all derived from beds of a single age seems not to·have occurred to him. --·------------------------------

a Am. Jour. Conch., vol. 1, 1865, p. 150. Sec also Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, for 1865, p. 71. 
8 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

That there was a modicum of uncertainty in the determination of 1849 was 

brought out by J. S. Newberry in his discussion of the Chico-Tejon problem of 

California a as early as 1857, and subsequently by C. A. White b in considering 

the same question. White observes: 

There is apparently no reason to doubt that a large part of the species figured and described in 

the second work cited c are really of Miocene age; but it is the .species which are published in the 

first-quoted work,d and in pait republished in the second, concerning the Miocene age of which doubt 

is felt .. The true Miocene fossils appear to have been collected by members of the exploring expedition, while the collection of those published in the American Journal [of Science] is credited by 

Mr. Conrad to J. K. Townsend. Mr. Conrad's descriptions of Mr. Townsend's fossils are brief and 

mostly unsatisfactory, but his woodcut figures are good, and they represent forms that have not to 

my knowledge been elsewhere recognized among the Miocene fauna of the Pacific coast. 

Attention may be called especially to four or five of the species figured in the American Journal. 

For example, the Nucula d·i1,aricata differs, if at all, from N. truncata Gabb only in the asserted rounding, instead of the truncation, of the posterior ("anterior") extremity; and yet one of Mr. Conrad's 

figures shows such a truncation. The Mactra albaria of Conrad is exceedingly like 1lf. ashburneri Gab b. 

The Loripes paralis [misprint for parilis.-W. H. D.] of Conrad recalls L. dubia Gabb. The Pyrula 

. modesta of Conrad is possibly identical with Ji'icus? c:!Jprmoides Gabb, and the Survey collections contain specimens of Solen from the Tejon group of California, which closely resemble Conrad's figure 

of S. curtus. Besides this, the Aturia angustatus of Conrad, from Astoria, is much like A. mathewsoni Gabb, of the Tejon group of California, and· the presence of that genus in Miocene strata seems 

out of place. 

These similarities suggest at least the possibility that in the vicinity of Astoria both Miocene and 

Chico-Tejon strata occur. 

In the last assertion White was undoubtedly close to the truth, especially 

if we read for "Chico-Tejon" the term "Oligocene," which, with our present 

knowledge, may be regarded as positively correct. The similarities pointed out 

by White can now in part be explained as of closely allied species of the Oligocene 

and Miocene, while others illustrate the fact that from the miscellaneous concretions 

both Townsend and Dana collected some Oligocene species as well as a majority of 

Miocene forms. 

The fact that Astoria was a classical locality for Tertiary fossils on the Pacific 

coast led me, while engaged in studies for the United States Geological Survey, 

to visit the locality in August, 1890. The following is a summary of the observations made at that time.e Three distinct formations along the Columbia have 

been referred to the Tertiary period. 

The first, named by Condon! the Astoria shales, consists of clayey or sandy 

shales of various colors and various degrees of consolidation. On weathering, 

'they become soft and clayey, usually of a yellowish color, and so appear along 

the banks at Astoria. At the time of Dana's visit and until a few years ago numerous Oligocene fossil remains were obtained at the water's edge by collectors in 

the town of Astoria. The~e came from a single very thin stratum below the Miocene beds, which from the presence in it of the nautiloid Aturia angustata Conrad 

a Pacific R. R. Repts., vol. 6, pt. 2, 1&'>7, p. 25. 

b Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 51, 1889, pp. 31 ct seq. 

·. cConrad's appendix to Dana's report. 

dAm. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 5, 1848, p. 432 (Conrad's descriptions of Townsend's fossils). 

e See also Bull. U. S. (}col. Survey, No. 84, 1892, pp. 223-226. 

/Condon, Thomas, Am. Naturalist, vol. 14, 1880, p. 457. 
THE TERTIARY OF ASTORIA. 9 

was named the A.turia bed by the writer in 1892. The age of the shales immediately above it, which are largely nonfossiliferous, is somewhat uncertain. That 

they are in part Oligocene and in part Miocene is probable, but the exact limits 

of each rerriain to be determined. 

Owing to the fact that both the concretions in the A.turia bed and those from 

the Miocene shales above, released from the matrix by w~athering, were mingled 

on the narrow beach and were more or less calcareous, and to the scarcity of limestone (already noted by Dana) in the region, it has happened that these conc~etions have been carefully collected by the settlers and burned for lime. The beach 

has been built over and entirely covered by dwellings and storehouses built on 

piles on account of the high and precipitous character of the river bank at Astoria. 

The supply of. fossils from either source has thus virtually been cut off. Specimens inferior in preservation from the superincumbent Miocene beds may still 

be seen in the banks ncar Tongue Point, in the bluffs behind the schoolhouse, 

' and at other localities about Astoria; yet the grading, wharfage, buildings, etc., 

have concealed nearly all the original exposures. 

Fortunately, before this state of affairs had reached its present completeness, 

the late Dr. Thomas Condon had visited Astoria and made collections which are now 

preserved at the State University at Eugene, Oreg. In these collections the specimens from the Oligocene and Miocene horizons are carefully discriminated, and I 

had the privilege of examining them under the guidance of the venerable professor 

himself. This evidence explains the discrepancy which was so long a subject of 

eon troversy. 

The second formation along the Columbia consists of a series of Miocene sandstones, which is represented on both banks of the river, but best developed on the 

north or right bank, while the shales above described are most prominent on the 

left or south bank. The sandstones are granular, brittle, or friable, in some places 

very compact and hard, usually of a brownish color. 

The impression I gathered after my inspection of the exposures in August, 1890, 

though without th~ opportunity of examining any large district with care, was that 

the shales and sandstones form parts of a single series varying in the character of 

its beds or layers according to fluctuaLions in the sedimentation; the shales being 

more argillaceous, the sandstones more arenaceous, neither possessing an exclusive 

character; the fossils appearing to be the same species throughout the sandstones 

and the greater part of the shales; the lower portion of the shales being, however, 

almost destitute of fossil remains. The tendency seemed to be for the fossils to 

form concretions round them in the shales and to be represented chiefly by casts 

in the sandstones. The name, Astoria group, was adopted for the series in 1892.a 

As the locality is classic, a few descriptive notes may be of use to future explorers 

of the ~eology. . 

No proper Eocene is exposed at Astoria, but the rocks may occur below the 

water level. The A.turia bed, of Oligocene age, in which A.turia angustata, Miopleiona 

indurata, Marcia oregonensis, Trophosycon oregonensis, · and Scapharca devincta 

appear to be characteristic species, as already· explained, IS no longer accessible, 

a Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 84, 1892, p. 225. 

-
10 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

its outcrop having been close to the water's edge under the most elevated part of 

the high bluffs behind the town, which is strung along on a narrow talus or built 

out on piles over the river, there being hardly any levelland between the bluffs and 

the water. 

At Smiths Point, west of the town, the shales are very low, the vertical face not 

exceeding 15 feet. They dip about 16° in a southeasterly direction and are composed of thin layers of chiefly bluish-gray shale with numerous fractures lined with 

peroxide of iron which develop more numerously as the surface dries, while the iron 

causes the face to weather into a brownish color. Most of the layers contain a little 

sand, but some do not show any. The fluctuations seem to succeed each other 

with a certain regularity. 

Here and there a little gravel is mixed in one of the layers, and in these gravelly 

layers are also small fragments of bivalve shells, the most perfeet and numerous 

being valves of Pecten (Pseudamusium) peckhami Gabb, Acila conradi Meek, and 

fragments of a species of Terebratalia. 

At some places in the upper layers of the shale the clayey parts form along 

a bedding plane lines of concretions, partly fossiliferous .and containing most commonly specimens of }.{acoma calcarea in a bad state of preservation. 

Above the shales at this point is a bed 8 to 20 feet in thickness of a yellowish 

clayey sand with irregular, mostly rounded ·fragments of a harder sandstone, maculated with peroxide of iron, with a few traces of marine fossils, and more or less 

gravel not regularly bedded and penetrating into fissures in the shaly rock below, 

in the form of dikes. The beach in this vicinity is composed of the pebbles, nodules, 

and small bowlders of the hard sandstone washed out of this layer mixed with a few 

fragments of volcanic tufa. 

Near Tongue Point, at the other end of the town, 2 miles away, the same beds. 

were recognized, but the gravelly layer seemed thicker and the shale much broken 

up. The same beds appear to compose the bluffs between Tongue and Smiths 

points, though owing to the way the town is built they are difficult of access. These 

bluffs at their highest point, near the high-school building, rise perhaps 150 feet. 

Here a fine section shows 30 to 40 feet of the shales exposed at an angle of 40° to 60°, 

dipping about 26° SE., though the dip is not invariable. The yellowish sandstone 

gravel overlies the shales·to an equal thickness and descends into them in clikes here 

and there. The upper margin of the shales is in places indistinguishable, the clayey 

and sandy layers merging into each other and being similar in color. 

It is notable that in the upper part of the shales some of the shells seem to hiLVe 

been fossilized in sandstone, washed out, and reembedded in the clays. Between 

the valves or on one side of a single valve of a bivalve shell, there will be a remnant 

of soft coarse sandstone, while the fossil is otherwise embedded in a dark waxy clay 

shale. 

These sandstones and shales have much similarity to Miocene deposits 'oc'curring in various loealities along the coast from California to Alaska and part of the 

fossils are of identical species. 

The Aturia bed and the superincumbent Astoria group occur on the north 

·bank of the Columbia in a good many places, apparently more elevated than on the 
THE TEHTIARY OF ASTOHIA. 11 

Oregon side. Condon obtained the Aturia also from Tillamook, and Oligocene 

beds exist ncar Port Blakely, on Pugct Sound opposite Seattle. 

The third member of the group regarded as Tertiary by Dana consists of basaltic 

rocks,. either massive or broken into the form of tufa. Tongue Point itself is a 

basaltic mass, and according to Condon there is on the ridge behind the town an 

extensive layer of Pleistocene basalt, fragments of which appear on the beaches. 

At the time of my visit, a fire on the south side of the street leading from the Union 

Pacific dock, one block to the west, had destroyed some buildings and part of the 

planking of the roadway, exposing a fine solid basaltic rock 10 or 12 feet square and 

15 feet high. The original beach at its base was abundantly strewn with fragments 

of the same material. ' 

It is stated in the American Naturalist, from Condon's manuscript notes, that 

the backbone of the Coast Range in Oregon west of Eugene consists of argillaceous 

Miocene shale which contains fish remains and invertebrate fossils. These Condon 

identified with the shales of the Astoria group outcropping at the Columbia River. 

Above these lie extensive Miocene sandstones with beds rich in fossils, probably 

corresponding with the sandstones of the Astoria group. 

The fauna of the .Miocene sandstones of the Willamette Valley does not in 

all cases agree with the fauna. of the beds at Astoria, but whether the distinction 

indicates a difference of horizon or only of distribution, more exhaustive study is 

requisite to determine. 

From a preliminary examination of .Miocene beds examined by Ralph Arnold 

under my instructions at Clallam Bay, Wash., it would seem that the species agree 

more generally with those of Astoria; but the difficulty of correlating in the present 

state of our knowledge is indicated by the fact that no trace of the Sooke Miocene 

fauna, profusely developed on the Vancouver Island shore of Juan de Fuca Strait, 

has yet been found after careful search on the opposite coast of Washington_. 

Less than one-third of the fauna of the Coos Bay .Miocene is identical with the 

Astoria known Miocene fauna, and so far as our present very imperfect knowledge 

enables us to characterize these faunas, that of Astoria is more intimately connected 

with the Miocene forms which occur in beds to the north of Astoria, and the perhaps 

somewhat younger Empire formation of Coos Bay is more closely linked t0 the 

Miocene faunas known to exist farther south. 

At present it is unsafe to regard the Astoria and Coos Bay faunas as strictly 

contemporaneous. They are doubtless both Miocene, and the Coos Bay fauna shows 

interesting parallels with the Chesapeake Miocene of Maryland, a certain number of 

representative and closely related species occurring in both. But to exactly what 

level in the Miocene column either of the Pacific coast horizons should be assigned it 

is yet too early to determine. · 

The following list of fossils collected at Astoria contains species referable both 

to the Aturia bed and to the .Miocene above it. Before these can be finally disentangled from one another to form two distinct and accurate lists, the Oligocene and • 

Miocene faunas of the region must be much more fully worked out than has hitherto 

been done. The species that have been recognized in other Oligocene horizons are 

indicated, and the general locality is stated in the list; but with regard to most of 
12 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

them we do not yet know whether they are exclusively Oligocene or not. Unfortunately the beds at Coos Bay which may be referred with much probability to the 

Oligocene, and might have enabled us to solve the problem had they contained a 

fully representative fauna, are almost destitute of fossils. 

Species collected at Astoria. 

(The species followed by an 0 am probably Oligocene; if found elsewhere in Oligocene horizons the locality is added.] 

Aturia angustata Conrad. 0. Wash. 

Cylichnella petrosa Conrad. 

IIaminea petrosa Conrad. 

Meiopleiona indurata Conrad. 0. Wash. 

Fusinus corpulentus Conrad. 0.? Wash. 

Fusinus geniculus Conrad. 

Fusinus medialis Conrad. 

Fusinus nodiierus Conrad. 

Fusinus sp. 

Eudolium petrosum Conrad. 0. Wash. 

Ficus modestus Conrad. 

Trophosycon oregonensis Conrad. 0.? 

Trichotropis oregonensis Conrad. 

Turritella oregoneusis Conrad. 

Crepidula pncrupta Conrad. 

Crepidula rostralis Conrad. 

Natica oregonensis Conrad. 

N atica eon.sors Dall. 

Polinices (Neverita) ine7:ana Conrad. 0. Cal. 

Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall. 0. Wash. 

Ampullinopsis mississippiensis Conrad. 0. Wash. 

Sinum scopulosum Conrad. 

Solemya ventricosa Conrad. 

Nucula townsendi Dall. 

Nucula (Acila) conradi Meek. 0. Coos Bay. 

Led a pen ita Conrad. 

Y oidia oregona Shumard. 

Yoldia impressa Conrad. 

Malletia abrupta Conrad. 

Limopsis nitens Conrad. 

Glycymeris (conracli Dall?). 

Scapharca devincta Conrad. 0. 

Seapharca microdonta Conrad. 

Pecten propatulus Conrad. 

Pecten peckhami Gab b. 

Modiolus directus Dall. 

V cnericardia subtenta Conrad. 

Diplodonta parilis Conrad. 

Phacoides acutilineatus Conrad. 

Thyasira bisecta Conrad. 

Macrocallista? vespertina Conrad. 

Venus ensifera Dall. 

Marcia oregonensis Conrad. 0. Coos Bay. 

Tellina oregonensis Conrad. 

Tcllina emacerata Conrad. 

Moerella obruta Conrad. 

Moerella nuculana Dall. 

Angulus albaria Conrad. 

Macoma arctata Conrad. 

Macoma sp. 

Solen curtus Conrad. 

Spisula albaria Conrad. 

Pariopea estrellana Conrad. 

Xylotrya sp. 

Thracia trapezoidea Conrad. 

Dentalium conmdi Dall. 

Dentalium pctricola Dall. 

Hemithyris astoriana Dall. 

Conodypeus? sp. 

Toxopneustes? sp. 

Galerites? oregonensis Dana. 

Ophiurites sp. 

Stcphanotrochus sp. 

The total is 63 species, of which 33 are known as yet only from Astoria, 22 are 

common to the fauna of Coos Bay, 13 are also found in the Miocene of Washington, 

and 9 appear in California. 

Nine of the species are known to be Oligocene, and most of these are thought 

to be exclusively Oligocene, leaving about 54 Mioce~e species, exclusive of Foraminifera, known from the Astoria beds. Of these, not to exceed 7, and perhaps only · 

5, are known in the recent state, just about the same proportion as are found both 

recent and in the Empire formation; or,·if we can venture in so small an assembly 

to make comparisons; about one in eleven of the Astoria species is found living at 

. present, and from the Coos Bay fauna about one in nine. 
THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 13 

THE TERTIARY OF COOS BAY. 

The first reference to the marine Tertiary of Coos Bay which I have found is 

contained in B. F. Shumard's paper in the Transactions of the Academy of Science 

of St. Louis a where he .describes a number of species from the Tertiary of Oregon, 

from Port Orford, Coos Bay, the vVillamette Valley, and Columbia River above 

Astoria. These fossils, according to the title of Shumard's paper, were collected. 

by Dr. John Evans, United States geologist, under instructions from the Interior 

Department.b Shumard confines himself entirely to the description of species· and 

the only geologic details are given in connection with the locality of the several 

species, two of which-Pecten coosensis and Venus (Chione) securis-are stated 

to have come from "gray, fine-grained sandstone of the Miocene age at the mouth 

of Coos Bay." 

I have searched the bibliographies for any reference to a published report by 

Evans on his work on the Pacific coast, but found none, and the inference is that 

his report was transmitted to the Interior Department at Washington and never 

published. The accident of his communicating some of the species he collected 

to Shumard has apparently led to the sole printed record of the existence of such 

an exploration. · 

The economic interest of the coal deposits near Coos Bay led to their investigation by J. S. Diller for the United States Geological Survey, and in 1897, at his 

request, I visited the locality and made a careful study of the section exposed on 

the south shore of the bay between Cape Gregory and the village known as Empire. 

Diller's results are published in the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Survey, c 

and in the Geological Atlas of the United States.a 

The economic interest centering in ·the coal-bearing rocks, the minor details 

of the geology of the post,-Eocene beds are but briefly referred to, as follows:e 

Empire formation.-The Empire formation [see Pl. I) is composed chiefly of shales and sandstones, 

often containing au abundance of Miocene fossils. This is especially the case along Coos Bay toward 

Empire from the mouth of South Slough. Coos Head is a massive sandstone, and along South Slough 

the shales are light colored, closely resembling some of those associated with the coal, and yet readily 

distinguished from them under the microscope by the curious minute fossils which they contain.! 

The shales and thin sandstones along the coast south of Seven Devils are usually dark colored and 

much disturbed. -

In the text of the Coos Bay folio Diller gives a more extended description of 

the Tertiary outcropping on the south shore of the bay, in which he divides the 

Eocene rocks (in their totality known ·as the Arago formation) into two subordinate formations, to which the names 6f Coaledo and ''Pulaski" are applied. The 

lower or "Pulaski" beds comprise all the Eocene rocks of the Coos Bay quadrangle 

not included in the coal-bearing series. They contain few fossils except Foraminifera and remains of calcareous algm and are laid down on the upturned edges of 

the Cretaceous Myrtle formation. 

a Vol. 1, No.2, 1858, pp. 120-123. 

bSee Appendix XI, p. 186. 

c Pt. 3, 1899, pp. 300-376. 

d Coos llay fo!io,"No. 73, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1901. 

• Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 3, 1899, p. 319. 

/These fossils ure Foraminifera, referred to later in this paper.-W. IT. D. 
14 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY; OREGON. 

The upper or Coaledo formation includes the coal-bearing rocks and follows 

conformably the soft yellowish sandstones of the "Pulaski" beds. Numerous 

changes of level occ~rred, so that the marine sandstones with a prolific fauna of 

marine invertebrates, which may be profitably studied near Cape Gregory, were 

at certain localities elevated above the sea and occupied by fresh-water swamps 

and forests, of which the presence is demonstrated by such fresh-water fossils as 

Cyrena and Goniobasis, and by the occurrence of important deposits of Tertiary· 

coal. 

With the close of the Arago epoch the rocks, originally horizontal, were 

elevated, compressed laterally into folds, and more or less broken and faulted. 

The upper portion of the formation, represented by about 2,200 feet of foraminiferal shales and 800 feet of sparsely fossiliferous rocks at Tunnel Point, being the 

youngest portion of the formation and occurring only, according to Diller, in the 

middle portion of the South Slough syncline, probably represents the Oligocene 

beds, which at other points on the coast are better characterized by a special 

invertebrate fauna, such as that at Restoration Point, Puget Sound, or that in 

· the Aturia bed of the Astoria section. At all events, the strictly Eocene .fauna 

of the beds near Cape Gregory, with Venericardia planicosta, Ficopsis, and other 

characteristic Eocene types, does not enter. into the beds at Tunnel Point. 

After the uplifts which closed the Arago epoch a general process of erosion 

was initiated, which, in the submerged portion of the Coos Bay basin and in a 

region on the outer seacoast south of Fivemile Creek, deposited a series of marine 

sandstones and shales containing a Miocene fauna, which has been named by 

Diller the Empire formation. These strata on the opposite sides of the shallow 

South Slough at its mouth incline gently toward each other as if forming a syncline 

(Pl. I.) According to Diller's observationsThese strata lie in the South Slough basin, and it is probable that the South Slough syncline continued as an axis of down-folding after the close of the Arago epoch and its terminating upheavaL A 

white shale lies in the middle of the syncline and rests upon the sandstones and darker shales which 

form the lower portion of the Empire formation. This white shale appears to be closely related in its 

general appearance and composition to that which occurs at Mist, on the Nehalem River, in Oregon, 

and to the Monterey shale of California. * * * The Ryncline in which these beds are comprised 

evidently rises southward. Similar beds occur on the coast 3 miles south of Bandon. * * * The 

Empire formation rests unconformably on the Arago, which had been previously folded and eroded. 

This unconformity may be seen on the shore a short distance west of Coos IIead;a 

After this clear account of the general features of the Empire formation it 

does not seem necessary to repeat from my own notebooks what would be 

merely confirmatory of Diller's observations. Some additional details as to the 

local outcrops, however, may not be useless, as well as a few geographic notes. 

· Coos Bay is the estuary of a number of streams of which Coos River is the 

most important, and, like all the estuary harbors ·of the coast, is obstructed by a 

bar at its mouth, through which a precarious channel is maintained by the aid of 

jetties. On the north side the ha_rbor is formed by a broad sand spit more or 

less modified by dunes. Once inside the bar the harbor is safe and commodious. 

The chief settlement is Marshfield, at the head of navigation, but considerably 

a Coos Bay folio, p. 3. 
THE TERTIARY OF COOS BAY. 15 

nearer the entrance is a village founded about the middle of the last century, 

with the ambitious title of Empire. This is situated on the southeastern side 

of the bay about 4 miles above a shallow inlet called South Slough and 6! miles 

from Cape Gregory, a rocky point which is outside the narrow entrance and upon 

which a light-house is maintained. South Slough is about 10 feet in depth and 

is crossed a mile above its entrance by a ferry. 

On this shore fronts a series of low bluffs above a muddy beach more or less 

variegated with flat rocky stretches. A mile and a half southwest of Empire the 

Miocene outcrops appear, at first capped by the Coos conglomerate and covered 

more or less deeply with alluvium. The bluffs become gradually higher until 

interrupted by South Slough, and are continued on the other side of the slough, 

culminating in Coos Head, a little west of which is an unconformity, partly marked 

by alluvial talus and indicated by a narrow ravine called Gold washers Gully; 

where formerly the black sands of the beach were washed by the aid of a rill which 

trickled down the acclivity. This gully marks the end of the Miocene sandstones. 

Beyond it the bluff continues high, with rocky buttresses here and there projecting 

into the water and dividing the sandy beach into sections. Between the gully and 

one of these buttresses called Tunnel Point is a series of highly tilted, more or less 

contorted and faulted beds, dipping eastward 60° to 80°, largely fine-grained silts consolidated into an arenaceous shale and almost destitute of fossils. Except Fpraminifera, which are sparsely disseminated through the shale, the only fossils observed 

in this stretch of beds were Acila Conradi Meek, Marcia oregonensis Conrad, and Saxidomus aff. giganteus Deshayes. The numerous ·Miocene fossils so abundant in the 

rocks to the east of South Slough are here conspicuously absent. 

At the base of the Miocene immediately east of Goldwashers Gully the Miocene 

rocks were observed to contain the following species, mostly inclosed in tough 

concretionary shales: · 

Miocenefossilsjound east of Goldwashers Gully, Coos Bay, Oregon. 

Miopleiona oregonensis Dall. 

Natica galianoi Dall. 

Nucula sp. (smooth). 

Pecten coosensis Shumard. 

Macoma nasuta Conrad. 

Macoma calcarea Conrad. 

Solen conradi Dall. 

Mactra albaria Conrad. 

Saxicava aff. arctica Linne. 

The contrast in fossiliferous contents, as well as the conspicuous unQonformity, 

indicates that the beds to the west belong to an earlier series, which, as the Eocene 

types are wholly absent, can only be of Oligocene age. 

This series of ·beds was called by me the Tunnel Point beds" and was believed 

to represent in the Coos Bay section the unfossiliferous shales intervening at Astoria 

between the Aturia bed and the distinctively Miocene sandstones above. 

Beyond Tunnel Point similar beds alternating with coarser sandy layers and 

with very irregular dips in the same general direction, running from 40° to 70°, 

may be followed to a small flat, called, after the proprietor, Millers Flat and watered 

by Miner Creek. This fiat interrupts the bluff abruptly and doubtless indicates 

a wide fauit. It is about an eighth of a mile in width and is occupied by a small 

a Eighteenth Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1898, p. 340. 
16 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

ranch. The rocks abutting on the fiat at the east contain Eocene fossils which 

gradually become sparser and fail entirely as we approach Tunnel Point, the dip 

on the average becoming constantly more steep, but no positive unconformity 

is visible, though a landslide in at least one place obscures the strata. On the 

western side of the fiat there is first a sharply compressed anticlinal mass of shale 

without fossils, beyond which the Eocene sandstones vary in attitude from vertical to 

an easterly dip of 66°, the beach being interrupted by Y okam Point. Thence Eocene 

rocks of Diller's Coaledo formation extend to the light-h,ouse at Cape Gregory. 

These rocks maintain the high dip, but are interspersed with bodies of shale that are 

in many places greatly contorted. The fossils in this part of the exposure are 

uniform and comprise Venericardia planicosta, first collected here by Condon, and 

·such types as Oylichnella, Fusinus, Ficopsis penita Conrad, Dentalium, Acila truncata 

Gabb, and species of Paradione. It is a distinctively Eocene fauna and may be 

compared 'to the "Lower Claibornian" of Alabama in its characteristics. 

To return to the Empire formation, with the fauna of which this memoir is 

chiefly concerned, a few words on the condition and distribution of the fossils are 

in order. 

Many of the fossils are surrounded with a zone of rock tougher and more 

resistant than ·the mass of the sandstone, owing perhaps to a partial diffusion of 

the Jime into the adjacent matrix. This tough material renders it exceedingly 

difficult to extract the fossils in a satisfactory condition, as the substance of the 

fossil yields before the matrix and splits, leaving the collector without either a 

presentable fossil or a recognizable cast. Attempts in the laboratory to soften 

this shale by chemical means have not been successful, but the slow action of the 

weather on the exposed surface of the outcrops frequently performs the work in 

a manner much more satisfactory than any artificial method yet devised. 

It happened that among the inhabitants of Empire was a retired merchant 

of German extraction and advanced age who, without any scientific training, 

books, or knowledge of paleontology, except such as he could extract from an old 

edition of Webster's Dictionary, seeking some occupation for his hours of leisure, 

became interested in the fossils he found on the beach during his stroll['J. He 

finally formed the habit of patrolling the beach between Empire and South Slough 

at regular intervals and especially after storms which might clisiodge specimens 

from the bluff. This practice he had continued, according to his own account, 

for about-fifteen years. During this time he had accumulated, in a disused warehouse, heaps of fossils. Of the commoner species, such as Pecten coosensis and 

Chione securis, he had literally gathered bushels, and amused himself when unable 

to go out by trying to clear them from the remaining adherent matrix. It naturally 

followed that it was possible to select from this accumulation a representative 

series of the Miocene fossils of this locality such as would have cost the ordinary 

geologist years of labor to bring together. I prevailed upon this person, Mr. B. H. 

Camman, to part with such a series, which was purchased by the Survey and 

rendered possible the preparation of this paper, which otherwise hardly could 

have been written. 

One feature of the Camman collection was unfortunate; that is, the exact 

locality or horizon in the stret~h of 3 or 4 miles of Miocene outcrops was not in any 
THE TERTIARY OF COOS BAY. 

case determined, and I therefore endeavored to make up for this as far as possible 

by searching the rocks myself for indications of recognizable fossils, even when my 

efforts to extract. them in presentable condition niet with little success. The result of 

this was to show that in the whole series of outcrops the fauna appeared to be practically uniform, though its abundance varied greatly. The upper layers of the rock 

immediately under the Coos conglomerate and therefore nearly at the top of the 

Miocene series were very prolific. At a point on the south shore of Coos Bay due 

east (magnetic) from the extremity of North Spit (Pl. I) another favorable locality 

was found, and it is probable that from these two spots the majority of Mr. Camman:s fossils were derived. · 

The second locality, just mentioned, is station 4073 of Diller's notes, and the dip 

of the beds is westward at 8° or 10°. This locality is somewhat protected from the 

direct wear of the sea in heavy storms by a small rocky prominence just south of it 

and by the submerged jetty which has been built to the north of it, extending to 

the southwest (magnetic) toward the main channel. Careful !'learch was made here, 

and the following list enumerates the species positively identified: 

Species noted at station 40'73, Coos Bay, Oregon, in the 1;,pper Miocene sandstones. 

Scaphander oregonensis Dall. 

Olivclla pedroana Conrad. 

Chrysodomus imperialis Dall. 

Liomesus sulculatus Dall. 

Thais sp. (cf. mendica). 

Thais lamellosa Gmelin '.' 

Boreotrophon (like multicostatus Esch. ). 

Priene pacifica Dall. 

Trochita inornata GaLl>. 

Polinices galianoi Dall. 

Turcica gabbi Dall. 

Acila conradi Meek. 

Nucula sp. (smooth). 

Leda sp. (like c<;Elata). 

Y oldia strigata Dall. 

Yoldia oregona Shumard. 

Pecten coosensis Shumard. 

Modiolus directus Dall. 

Diplodonta parilis Conrad. 

Cardium cooscnse Dall. 

Cardium corbis Martyn. 

Chione securis Shumard. 

Tellina obrrita Conrad. 

'Macoma calcarea Gmelin. 

Macoma nasuta Conrad. 

Macoma astori Dall. 

Solen conradi Dall. 

Hemimactra albaria Conrad. 

Hemimactra precursor Dall. 

Before proceeding to enumerate the entire Miocene fauna recognized from the 

Empire formation I may add tha.t vertebrre and other bones of fish were not uncommon, usually in concretions, but hardly affording a basis·for recognizing the species. 

Dana mentions that at Astoria four species of fish were identified from similar material. No shark's teeth were obtained, this lack affording a marked contrast to the 

multitude of such teeth found in some of the Atlantic Miocene horizons. 

Besides the cranium of the fossil sea lion Pontolis magnus True, Mr. Canllllan had 

accumulated a large number of fragments of cetacean bones of large size, chiefly vertebrre and fragments of ribs,·that may .have belonged to a fossil Megaptera, the skull of 

which was some years ago extracted from similar Miocene beds on the coast of California and which it is believed was sold to a European museum by the finder. However this may be, inasmuch as Mr. Camman's material contained nothing by which 

the species or even the genus might be positively recognized, no attempt was made to 

procure specimens from this part of his collection. · · 

37351-:'\o. 59---09-2 

I 
18 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

The rocks had also afforded him a number of small logs and fragments of fossilized wood, many of which were riddled by the borings of Xylotrya or other shipworms. Some of these pieces of wood retained the grain very perfectly, and Mr. 

Camman believed he could recognize the wood of Sequoia and Abies among them. 

The following list includes the known invertebrate fauna of the Empire formation to date: 

Fauna of the Empire formation at Coos Bay, O~egon, including the whole Miocene series there. 

Scaphandcr conradi Dall. 

Scaphander oregonensis Dall. 

Turris coosensis Dall. 

Turris cammani Dall. 

Turris coli Dall. 

Antiplanes perversa Gabb. Also Pleistocene and 

recent. 

Antiplanes impecunia Dall. 

Bathytoma carpcntcriana Gab b. 

Bathytoma gabbiana Dall. 

Cancellaria oregonensis Dall. 

Olivella pedroana Coi1rad. Also Pleistocene and 

recent. 

Miopleiona oregonensis Dall. Also Pliocene? 

Fusinus (Buccinofusus) coosensis Dall. 

Chrysodomus imperialis Dall. Cal. 

Chrys~domus bairdii Dall. Cal. 

Liomesus sulculatus Dall. 

Purpura perponderosa Dall. 

Arctoscala condoni Dall. 

Gyrineum mediocre Dall. Wash. 

Gyrineum (mediocre var. ?) corbiculatum Dall. 

Fusitriton cammani Dall. . 1 

Fusitriton coosensis Dall 

Priene pacifica Dall. Cal. 

Cymatium (Linatella) pacificum Dall. 

Phalium (Bezoardica) turricula Dall. 

Phalium (Bezoardica) a3quisulcatum Dall. 

Eudolium oregonense Dall. 

Calyptrrea (Trochita) inornata Gab b. Cal. 

Crepidula prmrupta Conrad. Cal. 

Crepidula princeps Conrad. Cal. 

Natica oregonensis Conrad. 

Cryptonatica consors Dall. 

Polinices inezana Conrad. - Cal. 

Polinices galianoi Dall. Wash. 

Amauropsis oregonensis Dall. 

Sinum scopulosum Conrad. . Cal. 

Astra3a (Pachypoma) precursor Dall. 

Tegula (Chlorostoma) stantoni Dall. Cal. 

Calliostoma cammani Dall. 

Turcica gabbi Dall. 

Margarites condoni Dall. 

Nucula (Acila) eonradi Meek. 

I,eda acuta Conrad. Cal. 

Leda whitmani Dall. 

Yoldia strigata Dall. 

Yoldia impressa Conrad. 

Glycymcris grcwingki Dall. 

Glycymeris conradi Dall. 

Glycymeris gabbi Dall. 

Scapharca trilineata Conrad. Cal. 

Ostrea titan Conrad. Cal. 

Pecten coosensis Shumard. 

Mytilus ficus Dall. 

Modiolus directus Dall. 

Modiolus inflatus Dall. 

Venericardia (var.?) quadrata Dall. Wash. 

Phacoides acutilineatus Conrad. Cal. 

Diplodonta (Felaniella) parilis Conrad. Wash. 

Cardium coosense Dall. Cal. 

Cardium decoratum Grewingk. Also Pleistocene, 

'Alaska. 

Cardium corbis Martyn. Cal. Recent. 

Chione securis Shumard. Wash. 

Chione staleyi Gab b. Cal. 

Chione bisculpta Dall. 

Venus parapodema Dall. Alaska. 

Marcia oregonensis Conrad. Also Oligocene. 

Tellina aragonia Dall. 

Macoma calcarea Gmelin. Also Pleistocene and 

recent. 

Macoma nasuta Conrad. Also recent. 

Macorna astori Dall. 

Solen (var. ?) conra<li Dall. Wash. 

Hemirnactra albaria Conrad. 

Hcmimactra precursor Dall. 'Cal. 

Mulinia orcgonensis Dall. 

Schizothmrus pajaroanus Conrad. Cal. 

Mya truncata Linne. Also recent. 

Cryptomya oregonensis Dall. 

Panomya (var. ?) chrysis Dall. Cal. 

Pholadidea penita Conrad. Also recent. · 

Xylotrya sp. 

Thracia traper.oidea Conrad. 

Dentaliurn con;adi Dall. Wash. 

Dentaliurn petricola Dall. Wash. 

Discinisca oregononsis Dall. 

Balanus tintinnabulum var. coosensis Dall. 

Serpula? octoforis Dall. 

Toxopneustes? sp. 

Scutella oregonensis Clark. 

-Ophiurites sp. 

Asterites sp. 
COOS CONGLOMERATE. 19 

This amounts to a total of 90 species, of which 41 are kn~wn at present only 

from Coos Bay,22 are common to Astoria, and 10 to Washington, chiefly at Clallam 

Bay; 19 are reported from California, and 10 are known to exist in the recent state. 

COOS CONGLOMERATE. 

Fossil Point is a narrow, low, acute point about one-fifth mile long, extending 

in a northwest direction into the harbor (Pl. I). It is composed basally of Miocene 

sandstones with a southwesterly dip of about 10°; their upper surface is considerably 

waterworn. Upon this surface lie.s an unconformable layer of conglomerate, indistinctiy bedded, and dipping with the Miocene sandstone below about 10° to the 

.south and west. The conglomerate is only a few feet thick; and its upper surface 

has been brought to a level nearly uniform with that of the upper edges of the sandstones to the south and \vest, so that it gradually diminishes in thickness in that 

direction until it disappears entirely. At the end of the point, northward and 

eastward, it ceases abruptly, all except this patch, so far as now appears, having been 

removed by erosion. It contains many large, irregular pebbles derived from the 

underlying sandstone and shale; numerous Miocene fossils washed out of the sandstone and recemented; numerous small cherty pebbles; much quartzose sand filling 

the interstices; and a certain number of fossil shells which seem to have been of contemporaneous origin with the conglomerate. 

The sand and fossils, together with the pebbles, are very solidly cemented together, and it is difficult to extract the fossils, which almost always splinter before the 

matrix does. The later fossils, on a careful inspection, may readily be distinguished 

from those derived from the preceding' strata on account of the difference in the constitution and color of the matrix wliich most of them retain, the brown fine-grained 

sandstone or tough gray shale having no resemblance to the vitreous cemented sand 

which forms the genuine matrix of the conglomerate. The later fossils, as a rule, 

are also lighter colored and more chalky. They form, ob~iously, a shore deposit, 

with littoral shells like Littorina and Thais, Bittium and Olivella, some of which are 

extinct species. The small number of species noted renders the numerical method 

of estimating the probable age ~f this deposit unreliable, so I can only suggest that it 

. may belong to the early Pleistocene or late Pliocene. With more information as to t 

· the Tertiary geology of the coast we may be able to find the same horizon repeated 

elsewhere and to determine positively its place in tl).e column. 

This conglomerate, of which a patch less than an acre in extent is all which remains after the erosion to which it has been subjected in this locality, was named by 

me the Coos conglomerate,a but to the patch exposed on the shore, forming a low 

bluff or bench and conspicuous by the white weathering of its contained fossils, the 

residents of the vicinity have given the name of Fossil Rock. According to Diller, 

after it~ deposition there was,an upward movement of the land which raised it at 

least 200 feet above its present level, thus exposing it to energetic erosion. It has 

since been covered by more than 20 feet of sand and gravel, which at the exposure on 

the beach has been removed by the weather, leaving the upper surface .of the 

conglomerate bare. At no point does it appear to be more than 30 feet in thickness, 

a Eighteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1898, p. 336. 
20 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

and the most accessible exposure, at the edge of the beach at the point, shows only 

4 or 5 feet. 

The species represented in the conglomerate and obtained by me are named 

below. They have been divided into adventitious species derived from the preexisting beds, and endemic species, or those which appear to have belonged to the living 

fauna at the time the conglomerate was in the process of deposition. The following 

Miocene species are regarded as adventitious:. 

Miocenefos.qilsjrom Coos conglomerate of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon. 

Bathytomagabbiana Dall. 

Crepidula princeps Conrad. 

Natica consors Dall. 

Acila conradi Meek. 

Leda whitruani Dall. 

Venus parapodema Dall. 

Scutella oregonensis Clark. 

The following list includes the species believed to be normally present in the 

rock: 

Pleistocene fo,q,qils from Coos conglomerate of Fo,q~til Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon. 

Turris (Antiplanes) perversa Gab h. 

Olivella pedroana Conrad. 

Thais lamellosa Gmelin. 

Thais precursor Dall. 

Fusitriton oregoncnsis Redfield. 

Bittium (Stylidium) eschrichtii Middenclorff. 

Littorina petri cola Dall. 

Astnea imequalis Martyn. 

Cardium corbis Martyn. 

Macoma calcarea Gmelin. 

Macoma nasuta Conrad. 

Pholadidea penita Conrad. 

Of the above species, two, the Littorina and Thais precnrsor, are unknown in the 

recent state; the other 10 form part of the ?-xisting fauna . 

• 
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE ASTORIA 

GROUP AND EMPIRE FORMATION OF OREGON. 

Subkingdom MOLLUSCA. 

Class CEPHALOPODA. 

Subclass TETRABRANCHIATA. 

Order NAUTILOIDEA. 

Suborder ORTHOCHOANITES. 

Family CLYDONAUTILIDJE. 

Genus ATURIA Bronn. 

ATURIA ANGUSTATA Conrad. 

Nantilus angustatu.• Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 728, pl. 20, figs. 5, fl, 1849. 

Atnria ziczac Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, 1865; not of Sowerby. 

Pelagns vanuxemi Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, 1865, in syn.; not of Conrad, 1848. 

Atnria ziczac Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 69, 1868; not of Sowerby. 

Oligocene concretions from Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3534, 

3610 (Conrad's types); 3534, 3569, 3572 (cotypes). Also from the Oligocene of 

the right bank of the Columbia 30 miles above Astoria, and from Tillamook; and 

the Oligocene of Port Blakely, Wash., opposite Seattle on Puget Sound, Ralph 

Arnold. 

This is a typical Aturia with funnel-shaped dorsal siphuncle and single loops 

laterally, the dorsal portion of the septum not concave. It should be compared 

with the upper Eocene A. mathewsoni Gabb, from Martinez, Cal., which frorri the 

figures seems very similar. 

It may be mentioned here that· the late Prof. Thomas Condon, at the State 

University at Eugene, Oreg., informed me that he had collected a fine specimen 

of true Nautilus from the Pliocene rocks of the coast due west from Eugene, the 

specimen being in his collection at the University. 

21 
22 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

·Class GASTEROPODA. 

Subclass ANISOPLEURA. 

Superorder EUTHYNEURA. 

Order OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 

Suborder TECTIBRANCHIATA. 

Family SCAPHANDRIDJE. 

Genus SCAPHANDER Montfort. 

Scaphander Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 334, 1810; type Bulla lignaria Linne. 

Two well-marked species of this genus are found in the fauna of the Empire 

formation. 

ScAPHANDER CONRADI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. VI, fig. 3. 

Shell of moderate size, rather broadly pyriform, the posterior end somewhat 

rapidly attenuated; apex imperforate, outer lip produced a little behind it and 

merging in the apical callus as usual in the genus; aperture narrow behind, wide in 

front, where it is evenly rounded, the pillar widely arcuate and moderately callous; 

exterior closely, finely, and sharply sulcate, the alternate sulci usually stronger and 

having a more or less punctate aspect; the sculpture faintly affects the outer surface of the internal cast, which also has a faint indication of a constriction about 

the posterior fourth of the shell. Altitude of shell, 19 mm.; maximum diameter, 

12.5 mm. 

Coos Bay Miocene, Empire formation, collected by W. H. Dall. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 154137. 

The types comprise two specimens, an internal cast which is figured in Pl. VI, 

and a less perfect specimen which, however, retains patches of the external surface 

of the shell, showing its sculpture. 

From the following species this is easily distinguished by its shorter and more 

broadly pyriform profile, which also differentiates it from any of the known. species. 

The Bulla jugularis Conrad, from the lower Miocene beds of Kern River, near 

Ocoya Creek, has been referred by Anderson to Scaphander, but the constriction of 

the posterior part of the whorls is paralleled in several species of Atys and it seems 

as if the species might find a place more appropriately in the latter genus. 

ScAPHANDER OREGONENSIS Dall, n. sp: 

Pl. V, fig. 7. 

Shell small, slightly attenuated behind, more swollen in front, the outer lip not 

thickened, the body without perceptible callus, the pillar arcuate; the outer surface 
MOLLUSCA. 23 

spirally finely sulcate, the interspaces wider than the sulci; the interior polished, 

with a faint indication of the external sulci and of an obsolete constriction around 

the posterior third of the shell. Longitude 13.0 mm.; maximum latitude, 7.2 mm. 

Coos Bay Miocene, Empire formation; U. S. Nat. Mus. 154136. 

The type is an internal cast," retaining portions of the shell and filled with 

fine brownish sandstone matrix. Another specimen, apparently of a less mature 

individual of the same species, was obtained at station 2943. Both were collected by 

W. H. Dall. 

This form recalls S. punctostriatus Mighels, though the specimens obtained are 

smaller than the adult of that species. 

Genus CYLICHNELLA Gabb. 

Oylichna Loven, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh:, 1846, p. 142, 1847; type Bulla cylindracea Pennant. 

Cylichnella Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1872 (February, 1873), p. 273; type Bulla 

bidentata Orbigny. · 

Bullinella R. Dullen-Newton, Brit. Olig. Eoc. Moll., p. 265, !891. 

Cryptaxis Jeffreys, 1883; not of Lowe, 1854. 

CYLICHNELLA PETROSA Conrad. 

Bullina petrosa Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, 1848, p. 433, fig. 11. 

Oylichna petrosa Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1S65. 

Miocene of Columbia River, Oregon, near Astoria; J. K. Townsend, fide Conrad. 

This species has somewhat the aspect of C. cylindracea, but is more slender. 

Conrad's Bulla petrosa of the Wilkes exploring expedition report (1849) is a Haminea. 

Family AKERIDJE. 

Genus HAMINEA Leach. 

Haminea Leach, in Gray, Proc. Zuol. Soc. London., for 1847, p. 161; type, Bulla hydatis Linne. 

HAMINEA PETROSA Conrad. 

B1tlla petrosa Conrad, in Dana, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 727, pl. 19, fig. 8, 1849. 

Oylichna oregona Conrad, Am. Jovr. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., collected by J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3607 

(type) and 3558. 

Bulla petrosa is not, strictly speaking, preoccupied by Bullina petrosa, as the 

two species belong to different families; so Conrad's substituted name oregona 

need not be used. · 

The types are in the national collection and there seems to be no reason to 

doubt that the species is properly referable to Haminea. The fine spiral sculpture, 

the general form, and the imperforate apex all combine to confirm this reference. 
24 THE MlOCENE OF ASTOlUA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Superorder STREPTONEURA. 

Order CTENOBRANCHIATA. 

Suborder ORTHODo"NTA .. 

Superfamily TOXOGLOSSA. 

Family PLEUROTOMATIDJE. 

Genus TURRIS Bolten. 

Murex sp., Linne, Syst. Nat., 1758; Gmelin, 1792, etc. 

Fusus Helbling, ALh. privatges. in Dohmen, IV, p. 116, 1779, ex parte; not of Lamarck, 17!)9. 

Turris (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, pp. 34, 82, 1797; ni1de name, including T. babylonitts. 

Turris Bolton, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 123, 1798; first species Murex babylonius Gmelin, after T·urris 

babylonica of Rumphius, 1704, and Argenville, 1757. · 

Pleurotoma Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 73, 1799; solo example, Murex babylonius Linne. 

Turris Dall, Jour. Conch. (Leeds), XI, p. 291, April, 1906. 

The name Turris, proposed by Rumphius and used in the same sense by Muller, 

Argenville, and other polynomial writers, was first used binomially in the anonymous Museum Calonnianum, where tho names are all nude; but in a copy in my 

possession, under Turris babylonia, "111urex babylonius Lin." is written in Hum-· 

phrey's handwriting. Cossmann is mistaken in supposing that Turris in this work 

is used to indicate Turritella Lamarck; that genus is called Terebra by the anonymous author. In the following year the genus was again adopted for the same 

type of shell in the Museum Boltenianum. In this work, of 22 species cited under 

Turris, 3 are nude names; of the 19 remaining which are furnished with references, 

17 are Pleurotoma, 12 of which are referable to Murex babylonius (L.) Gmelin, 1 to 

M. javanus Gmclin, and 4 to P. auriculifera Lamarck. The other two references 

are to a pleurotomatiform Stromb, the Strombus vittatus Linne. The first species 

and type is T. babylonius. · 

It is always regrettable to part with an old and familiar name, but in the present 

case, if the rules of nomenclature be followed, there is absolutely no escape from the 

conclusion above indicated. We can only regret that Lamarck disregarded a 

century of usage and tradition when he adopted the new name Pleurotoma in place 

of the familiar old one Turris. 

TuRRIS COOSENSIS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, fig. 3. 

Shell large, solid, with at least five well-rounded whorls markedly constricted 

at the sutures; the earlier whorls are axially sculptured with about 14 more or 

less flexuous rounded ribs extending from the shoulder nearly or quite to the suture 

in front, which is strongly appressed; these ribs are obsolete over most of the last 

whorl; the lines of growth are more or less perceptible and indicate a marked 

but shallow sinus between the shoulder and the suture; owing to the defective 

condition of this part of the shell, the figure does not show this sinuation on the side 
MOLLUSCA. 25 

represented, but it is distinct in places on the opposite side of the specimen; the 

spiral sculpture is strong over the whole shell except just in front of the sutures and 

consists of strong cords ~eparated by well-defined but narrower channels 'Yhich 

sometimes contain an intercalary small thread; the larger cords are about a millimeter 'vide, and at the shoulder there is one that is a little wider and more prominent 

than the others, but does not carinate the whorls, which arc gently excavated in the 

region of the anal fasciole; the aperture was short and wide, but is defective in the 

specimen. Altitude of shell, 67 mm.; maximum diameter of last who:d, 34 mm. 

Coos Bay Empire formation, collected by W. II. Dall; U.S. Nat. Mus. 107783. 

The type specimen is defective at the apex and about the aperture, but is 

evidently related to T. cammani, from which it appears to be differentiated by 

its more constricted sutures, coarse spiral sculpture, and the axial. ribbing. 

The condition of the family Pleurotomatid"re, so far as its subdivisions go, is 

admitted to be more or less chaotic, in spite of the attempts of several authors 

to clear up the confusion. This and the following species can certainly not be 

placed in any of the sections illustrated by Cossmann. It is evidently not a typical 

Turris, yet, for the present, it seems more prudent not to propose a new name 

until better-preserved specimens afford an opportunity to define with more precision 

its differential characters. 

TURRIS CAMMANI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IV, figs. 12, 13, 14. 

Shell large, of five or more whorls, rather inflated, the whorl divided by an 

obtuse carina a little above the periphery; behind this carina, the whorl is flattened, 

and closely appressed at the suture; in front of the carina the whorl is rounded, with 

a short, wide canal; the axial sculpture consists chiefly of the incremental lines, 

which are sinuous in conformity with the broad, shallow sinus of the immature shell; 

transverse sculpture comprising the carina and numerous spiral threads with narrower interspaces, the threads coarser on the base of the shell; aperture wide, ovate, 

short, without callosities on the body; outer lip blunt but not -varicose or reflected, 

with a large, moderately deep sinus between the carina and the suture, the anterior. 

part of the lip produced. Altitude 9f specimen showing upper whorls (fig. 12), 47 

mm.; maximum diameter, 30 mm. Altitude of fragment showing last whorl (figs. 

13, 14), 44 mm.; maximum diameter, 33 rmn. 

Coos Bay Miocene, :ffi'mpire formation, collected by B. H.' Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153909. 

The type specimens arc both worn, which gives the spiral threads a duplex 

aspect. A portion of the apex and of the anterior end of the canal is missing in each, 

but the general form is sufficiently indicated as shown in the figures. No indication 

of any ribbing on the spire is visible. The spiral sculpture is fainter in front of the 

suture. A badly worn specimen from the same locality, which may possibly be a 

variety of this species, has rounded . whorls, no carina, the shoulder rounded and 

excavated instead of fiat, and indications of 10 or 12 obscure ribs on the penultimate 

whorl; it has a length of about 70 mm., and a diameter of half as much, with four and 

a half remaining whorls and a rather pointed spire. The condition of this specimen 
26 THF. MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

is so poor that I can not feel sure whether it 1s a variety of T. cammani or not, but I 

incline to think it might prove distinct if better-preserved specimens could be 

exam,ined. 

TURRIS COLI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IV, fig. 2. 

Shell rather large and heavy for the genus, of over five whorls; the apex defective, the fragment on which this description is based comprising somewhat less than 

four complete whorls; anterior portion of the shell with the canal missing; whorls 

swollen, except above the shoulder, where they are constricted and widely appressed 

to the preceding whorl; suture not conspicuous and rather sinuous; axial sculpture 

on each whorl of 9 or 10 robust rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, beginning 

below the constriction, on. the upper whorls reaching the suture in front, on the last 

whorl hardly perceptible beyond the periphery of the whorl, and where a resting stage 

has coincided with a rib, showing traces of the sharp edge of the original margin; 

the lines of growth indicate a wide, shallow sinus having its maximum depth at the 

shoulder of the whorl; spiral sculpture of fine, numerous, rounded, low threads having sharply defined but usually narrower interspaces, which on the later. whorls often 

carry a smaller intercalary thread; the spirals do not enlarge in passing over the ribs 

and toward the base are frequently crossed by fine slightly elevated incremental 

lines which give a certail). roughness to the sculpture without being very conspicuous; 

the fractured end of the pillar is solid and heavy; and in the type there is no indication of any thickernng of the outer lip or any callosity on the body. Altitude of 

specimen as figured, 35 mm.; maximum diameter, 22 mm. 

Coos Bay Miocene, Empire formation, collected by B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. 

Mus. 107783. 

The sculpture of this form has some resemblance to that of the genus usually 

called Fusus (Lamarck, Oolus of authors) but the outer lip is more sihuated than I 

have observed in any true Fusus, and as there are several undoubted pleurotomoid 

forms in this Miocene horizon with an analogous shallow sirius, I have thought it 

best to refer this one to that group until a more complete specimen enables us to 

'determine its genus with certainty. 

Section ANTIPLANES Dall. 

TuRRis CANTIPLANEs) PERVERsA Gabb. 

Pl. V, fig. 5. 

Pleurotoma (Sureula) perversa Gabb, Proc. California Acad. Sci., III, p. 183, January, 1865. 

Pleurotoma (Surcula) perversa Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 6, 1866. 

Drillia perversa Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 73, 'pl. 1, fig. 10, 1868. 

Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) perversa Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, No. 1264, p. 513, pl. 34, fig: 8, 1902. 

Pleistocene of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon, W. H. Dall; U. S. Nat. Mus., 

110383. Altitude of specimen figured, 27.5 mm. Range: Miocene of the Empire 

formation, Coos Bay, Oregon; Pliocene of San Pedro and San Diego, Cal.; Pleistocene of the last-mentioned two localities and of the so-called Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, 
MOLLUSCA. 27 

Oregon; living in 40 to 60 fathom8, mud, in the Santa Barbara Channel and of! the 

coast of Lower California. 

This species is the type of the section Antiplanes. The figured specimen is more 

or less worn, but a fine recent specimen is figured in the Proceedings of the United 

States National Museum, No. 1264. There are at least half a dozen species in the 

California later Tertiary and recent faunas belonging to this group, some of which 

are dextral and others sinistral. A species collected from the N eocene of Humboldt 

County, Cal., below Bear River, near Humboldt Bay, and named T. voyi by Gabb, is 

uextral. 

TuRRIS (ANTIPLANES) IMPECUNIA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IV, fig. 3. 

Shell small, smooth, dextral, of five or six whorls; whorls flattish, sculptured 

only by faint incremental lines (the band at the suture in the photographic figure is 

uue to weathering and is absent from the opposite side of the shell); suture 

indistinct; aperture obstructed by matrix; the anal sinus, as indicated by the incremental lines, rather wide and deep for so small a shell; canal short and well marked 

by the constriction over it at the anterior part of the whorl. Altitude, 18 mm.; 

maXimum diameter, 7 mm. 

Coos Bay .Miocene, Empire formation, collecteu'by W. H. Dall; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153912. 

The type is rather weathered on the exposed side, but enough of the other side 

can be seen to show that the surface is almost perfectly smooth and the whorls but 

slightly convex. It obviously belongs to the peculiarly Pacific coast group which 

has been named Antiplanes, and, by its compact form and rather short canal, is sufficiently distinguished from any of the species already described. 

Genus BATHYTOMA Harris and Burrows. 

Dolichotoma Bellardi, Bull. Mal. Ita!.·, I, p. 21, 1875; not of Hope (Coleoptera), 1839. 

Bathytoma Harris and Burrows, Eoc. and Olig. Paris Basin, p. 113, 1891; type, Murex mtaphractus 

Brocchi. 

Surcula (sp.) Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 72, 1868; not Surcula H. and A. Adams. 

This group, s0 characteristic a member of the recent fauna of southern California, also appears in the Tertiary of successive horizons as low as the .Miocene. 

BATHYTOMA CARPENTEitiANA Gabb. 

Pl. IV, fig. 8. 

Pleurotoma (Surcula) carpenteriana Gabb, Proc. California Acad. Sci., III, p. 183, 1865; Pal. California, 

II, p. 5, 1866; p. 72, pl. 1, fig. 8, 1868. 

Shell ovate-fusiform, solid, of five or more whorls; sculpture chiefly with fine 

close-set spiral threads subequal in size, with linear interspaces, and almost obsolete 

above the shoulder; whorls moderately convex, above the rounded shoulder moderately excavated with a closely appressed suture; axial sculpture of rather inconspicuous incremental lines, most evident between the suture and the shoulder, where 
28 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

they are concavely arcuate in harmony v.rith the wide, shallow anal sinus; aperture 

ovate-elongate, with a short canal and smooth pillar often obscurely thickened mesially. Altitude of figured specimen, 48 mm.; maximum diameter, 22 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Empire formation, collected by vV. H. Dall; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153911. Pliocc~e of Sa:ri Pedro and San Diego, Cal.; Recent and Pleistocene 

of southern California. 

This form differs from the next by attaining a larger size, by its simpler and less 

conspicuous sculpture, and by its wider and proportionately shallower anal sulcus. 

It is rather common in the Empire formation, but the specimens are, so far as yet 

observed, invariably worn and defective. It has been somewhat abundantly 

dredged by the United States Fish Commission off the coast of southern California 

in moderate depthsof water. 

BATHYTO~iA GABBIANA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IV, fig. 1. 

Shell solid, short-fusiform, with five or more whorls; apex defective in the 

specimen figured; whorls moderately conve?C, excavated between the shoulder and 

the preceding suture; suture eloscly appressed; sculpture chiefly of coarse spiral 

cords, with shallow wider interspaces occasionally carrying a small intercalary thread; 

of the former there are in the figured specimen about nine between the ca:nal and 

the shoulder, with a row of small subrectangular, rather distant sharply elevated 

nodulations on the spiral nearest the shoulder; above the shoulder are three to five 

small, less elevated, and more eloscly set spiral threads; on the earlier whorls the 

nodules come about midway between the sutures; the nodules on the last whorl of 

the figured specimen are about 2.5 mm. fro~ center to center, the whole number 

being uncertain on account of erosion of the type specimen, which also prevents 

their appearance in the photographic figure; axial sculpture of coarse lines of 

growth, especially prominent above the shoulder, where they indicate a wide 

shallow sinus; aperture elongate-ovate, with a short canal and distinct siphonal 

fasciole; pillar smooth, probably with an obscure thickening on its middle part. 

Altitude of figured specimen, 33 mm.; maximul'n diameter, 16 mm. 

Coos Bay Miocene, Empire formation, W. H. Dall; U. S. Nat. Mus. 153910. 

This species is distinguished from the allied B. carpenteriana by its sculpture, 

which, unfortunately, is not well shown on the figure, but of which the description 

is made up from the uneroded patches remaining on the side opposite that which is 

figured. 

Family CANCELLAJUIDA;. 

Genus CANCELLARIA Lamarck. 

CANCELLARIA OREGONENSJS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, fig. 7. 

Shell heavy, with five and a half rather rapidly enlarging whorls; suture distinct, almost channeled; whorls full, handsomely roundccl, apex small and blunt; 
MOLLUSCA. 29 

sculpture reticulate, strong, composed of (on the last whorl, about 14) strong elevated cordlike spiral ridges with wider interspaces (which on the last whorl frequently carry a small intercalary thread) crossed by axial riblets of very similar 

character (but without intercalaries) so spaced that their intersections with the 

major spirals form almost exactly square and equal reticulations, which are deeper 

and sharper on the upper whorls; the axial sculpture becomesgraduallyobsoleteon 

the base, but the spirals, as usual, are somewhat coarser there; aperture ovate, 

narrow in front, forming a short curved canal which is followed by a well-marked 

siphonal fasciole, separated from the callus of the pillar in the adult by a very 

narrow chink; body with a mere wash of callus; pillar straight, with two strong 

middle plaits, a feebler posterior one, and, in the fully adult, the semblance of a 

fourth anterior plait laid on the edge of the pillar; outer lip_ moderately thickened, 

slightly reflected in the adult, probably internally lirate when full grown, though 

this is not shown on the specimens in hand. Altitude of figured specimen, 43 mm.; 

of adult, 49 mm.; maximum diameter of figured specimen, 23 mm.; of adult, 27 mm. 

Coos Bay Miocene, Empire formation, collected by B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 107788 and 153901. The figured specimen wants about half a whorl of the 

adult stage, but shows, as the others do not, the form of the pillar. 

This species obviously belongs to the same group as the recent C. crawfordiana 

Dall, of California, from which it differs by its larger size and greater proportional 

diameter. It may perhaps be· regarded as the pmcursor of that species. While 

the shell does not strictly reproduce the group characters of the typical C. reticulata, it is sufficiently near to them to require no separate section and differs chiefly 

in the more posterior ~nd oblique plaits and the absence of the furrow behind the 

siphonal fasciole. 

Section MERICA H. and A Adams. 

CANCELLARIA ARNOLDI Dall, n. sp. 

PL XIV, fig. 7. 

Shell solid, with a short, acute, subtabulate spire and about five whorls, exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; last whorl much the largest, all are flattened, but hardly 

channeled for a narrow space in front of the suture; spiral sculpture of numerous 

rounded, little-elevated cords with shallow, somewhat w~der interspaces, usually 

carrying a smaller intercalary thread; axial sculpture of 16 or more obscure riblets, 

most perceptible near the shoulder, but on most of the last whorl hardly evident, 

and numerous prominent, close-set incremental lines; the axial sculpture on the 

type specimen is not prominent enough to give a reticulate effect to the surface; 

aperture semilunar; outer lip slightly flaring, thickened, with about eight sharp 

internal lirations so disposed as to leave a wide smooth space near the posterior 

angle; body with a thick, smooth layer of callus; pillar short, obliquely truncate 

in front, with three rather blunt strong plaits and, on the left outer edge of the 

callus in front of them, several (in the type four. or five) small pustulations;· canal 

short, twisted to the right, forming a strong siphonal fasciole inclosing a funicular 

space terminating in a small perforate umbilicus. Altitude, 23.5 mm.; diameter, 

12 mm. · 
30 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND'COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Pliocene of the San Diego (Cal.) well, at a depth of 150 f.cct, collected by Henry 

Hemphill; U S. Nat. Mus. 135038. 

A near relation of this, though a much smaller shell, is the 0. modesta Carpenter, 

of the recent fauna. 0. unalashkensis and 0. circumcincta Dall, of the Alaskan 

coast, also belong to the same group, though more elevated and proportionally 

more slender shells. The species is named in honor of Dr. Ralph Arnold, of the 

United States Geological Survey, who has recently published a monograph on the 

fossil fauna of the Pliocene and Pleistocene beds of San Pedro, Cal. 

Section NARONA H. and A. Adams. 

CANCELLARIA HEMPHILLI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIV, fig. 5. 

Shell slender, solid, with about six subtabulate whorls, excluding the (lost) 

nucleus; whorls peripherally flattish, with a broad, deep channel at the suture, 

axially sculptured with (on the last whorl about eleven) sharp, nearly vertical, 

axial ribs, a little more swollen and ·prominent at the shoulder, extending over the 

whorl and separated by much wider excavated interspaces; spiral sculpture of (on 

the penultimate whorl five to seven) obsolete rounded, rather close-set spirals 

which override the ribs without nodulation at the intersections; apex of the spire 

rather acute; aperture narrow, canal long for the·gcnus, strongly twisted, with a 

prominent siphonal fasciole; pillar slender, with two thin, sharp, prominent plaits, 

more or less glazed by a thin layer of enamel, but no umbilicus; outer lip defective, 

but apparently slightly thickened and somewhat flaring, without internal lirations. 

Altitude, 32 mm.; ·diameter, 14 mm. 

Pliocene of the San Diego (Cal.) well, at a depth of 160 feet, collected by Henry 

Hemphill, in honor of whom it is named; U.S. Nat. Mus. 135050. 

This species, though small, is distinctly of the type of 0. cooperi Gabb, the 

finest representat~ve of the genus. 

I may add that what, on a cursory survey, appears to be a totally unnecessary 

number of names has been applied to subdivisions of the genus Cancellaria; but 

time fails me at present to review them in detail. Most of ·them are based on 

slight modifications of form which gradually merge into one another when a full 

series of species is considered. 

The first species of the prior genus Nucella Bolten is Onncellaria teticulata, but 

by employing the method of elimination to the four modern genera represented in 

Nucella we are able to fix the name on the group usually called Polytropa Swainson, 

and thus avoid relegating Cancellaria to synonymy. 
MOLLUSCA. 31 

Superfamily RHACHIGLOSSA. 

Family OLIVIDJE. 

Genus OLIVELLA Swainson. 

Olivella Swainson, Zool. Ill., II, pl. 58 and text, 1831; sole species, 0. purpurata Sw. and 0. eburnea 

Sw. (=0. dama Mawe and 0. nivea Gmelin). 

This genus was. first published by Swainson in 1831, with the two species 

above cited as examples, one of which, necessarily, must be taken as type. It is 

not exact, therefore, to cite 0. jaspidea as type, as has been done by several authors, 

unless, indeed, they -regard 0. jaspidea as a synonym of 0. nivea. In the Malacology, Swainson defines his genus, and the essential ·part of the diagnosis is as 

follows: ''Base of the pillar curved inward, and marked by two strong plaits; upper 

plaits obsolete or wanting.'' Of the tw<_> species above mentioned, the first-0. 

dama (purpuratus)-best illustrates these characters and, preceding the other in the 

text of 1831, should be regarded as the type. Of those referred to in the Manual, 0. 

biplicata is the first mentioned and figured (p. 82), and the only species mentioned 

in the discussion. If it were not for the prior publication in the Zoological Illustrations, 0. biplicata would doubtless be regarded as type of the genus. The distinctions between this and the other groups of species of Olivella which have been 

named are very trivial, and almost invariably of a transitional kind. Thus the 

anterior plication in one and the same species may be duplex or triplex, or single, 

according to the stage of growth attained by the same individual, while another 

species may be quite constant in the adult form of the same character. To take 

the California species, for example: 0. intorta has the anterior plait single or duplex; 

0. pcdroana, single, double, or triple; 0. dama the same; while in 0. biplicata the 

triple form is common. Too much stress should not be laid on the syst~matic 

value of such characters. 

On a critical examination of 0. dama we find it has, just within the aperture, 

one strong projecting plait, which, as it extends outward beyond the aperture, is 

divided almost always into two, -sometimes into a:> many as five or six ridges; above 

these the pillar is excavated and callous. On the body the callus extends in the 

adult the whole height of the first whorl, and above the plaits above described there 

are in some shells five or six revolving ridges. The same is true of 0. nivea, in which 

the anterior plait is less prominent and more oblique. 0. intorta Carpenter has one 

plait divided by a groove, but within the aperture the plait is not sharp or projecting 

as in dama. 0. biplicata is similar, but the plait il'lay be divided by grooves until the 

number of intervening wrinkles is as high as nine; these last two species, however,, 

appear to be always destitute of wrinkles or minor plaits on the body callus. Curiously enough, on 0. biplicata it is comparatively rare to find exactly two plaits. 

The group of biplicata also includes, among western American species, 0. semistriata 

and 0. columellaris. Of the dama type are 0. pedroana, anazora, inconspicua, gracilis, tergina, and crerulea. 

0. volutella has the anterior callus flat, not raised into plaits, but with numerous 

subequal groovings, which are confined to the area of the siphonal fasciole or anterior band of enamel. The body behind the fasciole is not lirate. 0. undatella and 
32 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

its variety pulchra have the grooved flat fasciole of 0. volutella, but also have evenly 

spaced equal lirations on the body. Differences in the thickness and extension of 

the body callus are of hardly more than specific weight systematically, and the species intergrade. 0. undatella is described by C. B. Adams as being entirely covered 

by the foot and propodia while active, just as are the species of true Oliva. I do not 

know on what foundation rests Gray's statementa that this species has no operculum. 

His similar remark about 0. biplicata Shy. is incorrect. If, however, it is true that 

the former is inoperculatc, on taking into consideration the character of the animal 

as observed by Adams and the characters of the shell, it is obvious that 0. volutella 

and probably 0. undatella belong with the true olives and not with Olivella. Their 

differences from Oliva. would hardly be generic. 

The statement made by H. and A. Adams that in Dactylidia, which they hold to 

in elude 0. mutica, the spire is concealed by a callous deposit is· not literally correct. 

The body near the aperture in these species is coated with enamel, which extends to 

the suture but not over it, and the whorls are and remain perfectly distinct though 

the space between the sutures, as in nearly all the species of the family, is more or 

less coated with enamel. 

The species of Olivella on the Pacific coast (assuming that Lamprodoma remains 

with this genus) may be gr<iuped as follows: · 

A. Pillar concave, anterior fasciole with a few prominent grooved plaits. Oli·vella. 

a. Body smooth. Callianax I-I. and A. Adams. 

b. Body lirate. Olivella s. s. 

B. Pillar straight, anterior fasciole flat, with low similar numerous lirations. Lamprodoma Sw. 

a. Body smooth. Lamprodoma s. s. 

b. Body lirate. Strephonella Dall, nov. sect. 

The type of the section Bb will be Lamprodoma (Strephonella) urulatella Lamarck,b 

from the Gulf of California. 

OLIVELLA PEDROANA Conrad. 

Pl. VI, fig. 1. 

Strephonapedroana Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., V, p. 327, pl. 6, fig. 51, 1856; H. Doc. 129, p. 17, 1855.· 

Olivella bmtica Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1863, p. 661, 1864; Keep, West Coast Shells, 

p. 42, fig. 21, 1892; Williamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XV, p. 212, pl. Hl, fig. 7, 1892. 

Olivella pedroana Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San Pedro, p. 221, 1903. c 

Shell small, smooth, bluntly pointed, with about six whorls; suture narrowly 

channeled; aperture narrow, outer lip sharp, simple; inner lip with a wash of callus; 

siphonal callus broad, smooth (the shell above its posterior edge slightly eroded in 

the figured specimen, which has also lost its apex); pillar short, twisted, with one 

strong plait sharply grooved in the middle, and thus presenting the aspect of two 

plaits; canal short and wide. Altitude of decollate specimen figured, 13.0 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 6.7 mm. 

Coos Bay Miocene, Empire formation, W. H. Dall; also Pliocene of California 

and Pleistocene of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay; U.S. Nat. Mus. 153918. Recent, Kadiak 

Island, Alaska, to Lower California. 

a Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, 1858, p. 47. 

b Gray, in Zoo!. Becchey's Voy., 1839, p. 131, pl. 36, figs. 23, 27. 

c Oliva alectra Duclos, 1843, and 0. notn Marrat, i871, have also been united with this species by some authors. 
MOLLUSCA. 33 

This species occurs in masses in some portions of the sandstone (station 2950), 

but is invariably mutilated. Carpenter noted that a comparison between his 0. 

b:etica and Conrad's species was desirable, and Arnold has united them. Conrad's 

type is not preserveu, his figure is poor, and his description is quite insufficient, but 

there is little doubt that b:etica is synonymous with it, since it is a choice between 

three possible species, two of which can not be reconciled with 0. pedroana, while 

topotypes from the original locality are undoubtedly identical with 0. b:etica. 

Family VOLUTIDlE. 

Subfamily VOLUTINJE. 

Genus VOLUTODERMA Gabb. 

Vol·utaithes? (sp.) Shumard, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 192, 1861 ( V. navarroensis n. sp., 

Texas). 

Rostellites Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 1855, p. 268; type, R. texanns Conrad; cf. 

Mex. Boundary Survey, I, p. 158, pl. 14, figs. 2a, 2b (?= V. navaJToensis Shumard), 1858. Not Rostellites, G. Fischer, Mus. Demidoff, II, p. 269, 1806, fide Deshayes in MS. 

Volutilithes (navarroensis) Gabb, Pal. California, I, p. 102, pl. 19, fig. 56, 1864; type, V. navaJToensis 

Gabb (non Shumard)= Fulguraria gabbi White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 51, p. 23; pl. 3, fig. 1, 

1889. 

Volutoderma Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, for 1876, p. 289; type, V. navaJToiinsis Gabb, 

non Shumard(= V. calijornica Dall, 1907, Cret. California); Holzapfel, in Zittel, Paleontographica, 

XXXIV, p. 87, 1888. 

Fulguraria Stoliczka, Cret. Gastr. India, p. 85, 1868; White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 51, p. 23, 

1889;. not of Schumacher, 1817. 

Volutoderma Dall, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (quarterly issue), L, pt. 1, No. 1704, p. l:;l, 1907. 

Shell fusiform, ·rather thin, slender, few-whorled, with an acute apex consisting 

of a small shelly nucleus; suture conspicuously appresscd; pillar nearly straight, 

with several (usually three) small, subequal, rather distant plications; canal hardly 

differentiated from the aperture; outer lip thin, slightly reflected when completely 

adult, with usually a small denticle where each spiral ridge intersects the margin; 

at the posterior commissure in the adult is a flaring sinus or channel with projecting 

1imrgin; the outer lip usually a little patulous anteriorly; sculpture of axial ribs 

crossed by strong, narrow spiral ridges or cords, rather sparsely distributed; the 

surface without any superficial coating of enamel. 

Type, Volutoderma navarroensis Gabb, non Shumard ( = V. californica Dall). 

The genus has representatives in the middle (Turonian) and upper Cretaceous 

of North America, Europe, and India. Owing to the manner in which they have 

been and arc likely to be confused with the Tertiary forms, it has seemed desirable 

to give the characteristics of these two volutoid genera, which have been more fully 

treated in a paper recently published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous ColleCtion 

for 1907. 

Gabb referred his figured species to the unfigured species of Shumard, which 

appears to be identical with the earlier Rostellites texanus of Conrad, both having been 

described from the same horizon in Texas. Shumard's type, for which Doctor Stanton has made inquiries in the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, where it was deposited, 

appears to have been lost or destroye<";l, perhaps in a fire which injured the academy's 

37351--~0.59--0~3 
34 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

collections. It was never figured, but Shumard's description is so full and. precis~, 

giving numerous measurements, that it is easy to produce diagrammatically a figure 

which can not be very 11nlike his fossil. On comparing this figure with the species 

from the region whence Shumard's type came, it is not difficult to recognize the form 

he described. A comparison of the types of Conrad, White, and Stanton, together 

with topotypcs of Gabb's species and several of Conrad's forms from the Ripley 

(Cretaceous) of Alabama and Mississippi-for the opportunity to study which I am 

indebted to Dr. T. W. Stanton-has enabled me to clear up part of the confusion 

among the older species of this group. That there are more species than had been 

supposed, and that their characters arc very similar, while few of the specimens are 

well preserved, explains why this has not been practicable sooner. 

It seems reasonably certain that Shumard's name is a synonym of the earlier 

texanus of Conrad. Gabb's Californian species which he identified with the Texas 

form is certainly distinct from it; while the shell figured by White under the name 

of gabbi, and supposed by him to be the same as Gabb's navarroensis, is again a different species. It follows that besides new forms, there are several which need distinctive names. 

Volutodermrt has been divided into several sections, as follows: ... 1. Volutoderma s. s. Type, V. calijornica Dall. 

2. Rostellinda Dall. Type, V. stoliczkana Dall; Cretaceous of India and Colorado: 

3. Rostellana Dall. Type, V. bronni Zekeli; Cretaceous of Gosau, Austria, and Colorado. 

4. Rostellaca Dall. Type, Y. zitteliana Holzapfel; Cretaceous of Aachm1, North Germany. 

Genus VOLUTOMORPHA Gabb. 

Volutilithes (sp.) Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., IV, p. 300, 1860. 

Volutornorpha Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, for 1876, p. 290; types, V. conradi Gabb, Jour. 

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., IV, p. 300, pl. 48, fig. 10, 1860; and Y. e!.z{aulensis Conrad, op. 

cit., pl. 47, fig. 18. 

' Shell elongate-fusiform, heavy, few-whorled; with a minute shelly nucleus; pillar straight, with one strong plait and sometimes a much feebler second plait behind 

the first; suture appressed, with a more or less conspicuous constriction of the whorl 

in front of it; outer lip simple, with a marked sinuosity behind near the suture; 

sculpture of axial ribs crossed by spiral ridges, the whole shell, when adult, covered 

by a thin coat of polished enamel which may obscure the sutures and minor sculpture. 

Types, V. conradi Gabb and V. eujaulensis Conrad, from the upper Cretaceous of 

New Jersey and Alabama, respectively. 

The designated type is an internal cast which exhibits no characters except the 

fusiform shape and a single fold on the pillar. It has therefore been necessary to 

draw the characters largely from the second species included by Gabb, which has a 

faint second fold on the pillar and of which the external shell characters ar~ known. 

The coating of the shell with a layer of transparent enamel occurs in other 

groups of Volutidro, as in Scaphella and Aurinia, to say nothing of Zidona, which has 

a permanent enlargement of the mantle capable of covering the entire shell. 

This genus is related to the following one from the Tertiary, by its size, its 

general form, and its single (or duplex) strong columellar fold. But the sculpture, 

the presence of the coat of enamel covering the shell in the adult, and the geologic 

horizon separat~ them sufficiently. 
MOLLUSCA. 35 

Genus MIOPLEIONA Dall, nov. 

Rostellaria (sp.) Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 727, 1849. R. indurata Conrad, op. cit., pl. 19, fig. 12. 

Vobttilithes (sp.) Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865; Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 76, 1869. 

Rostellites (sp.) Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 71, 1890. 

Shell large, heavy, fusiform, slender, with acute (? shelly) nucleus awl few 

whorls; pillar straight, with one strong and one more posterior feeble plait upon it, 

not quite req.ehing the aperture and much more sharply defined in the early stages of 

growth; surface smooth or: spirally striate, with small axial riblets; outer lip more or 

less channeled at the posterior commissure in the adult; the margin entire, slightly 

expanded; no internallirations; the extermil surface not covered with enamel. 

· Type, M. indurata Conrad, sp., from the Oligocene Tertiary of Astoria, Oreg., 

and of the State of Washington. 

MroPLEIONA INDURATA Conrad. 

Pl. XVIII, figs. 5, 6. 

Rostellaria indnrata Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p: 727, 1849. 

From concretion at base of bluff at Astoria, Oreg., U.'S; Nat. Mus. 5908 (type 

specimen); 112409, same locality, Condon; 110427, three-eigliths of a mile northwest of Restoration Point, opposite Seattle, on Puget Sound, Arnold; 110428, 11 

miles southeast of Observation Point, Freshwater Bay, Juan de Fuca Strait, west of 

Po~t Angeles, Wash., Arnold. All are from the Oligocene sandstone of Oregon and 

Washington. 

Shell rather thin for its size, slender, elevated, with six or seven whorls, the 

spire being longer than the aperture; sculpture of 15-17 narrow low arcuate axial 

ribs, extending over the periphery and separated by wider interspaces; the whole 

surface is sculptured by fine, close, subequal threadlike spirals, which are not swollen 

when they cross the ribs and do not produce denticles on the edge of the outer lip; 

suture appressed, not channeled except in internal casts, nucleus unknown; whorls 

moderately convex, aperture short, widely sulcate near the suture in the adult; pillar 

straight, with one strong and one feeble plait which are hardly visible at the aperture 

but stronger in the early whorls; outer lip arcuate, receding toward the suture, where 

there is a wide sulcus, the extreme margin slightly reflected, thin, not denticulate. 

Length, 102 mm. or more; maximum diameter, 40 mm.; length of spire above the 

aperture, 60 mm. The measurements are taken from 11n internal cast. 

This species is much more slender and has a relatively much higher spire than 

the Miocene form, which also lacks the spiral striation. 

MroPLEIONA OLtEGONENSis Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XVIII, figs. 3, 7. 

Tillamook. Head, Washington, in Miocene strata, Chester Washburne; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 154094, at station 2947, in Goldwashers Gully, Coos Bay, Oregon, Miocene sandstone, Dall; 153894 (types), ·Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; 110429, lower Pliocene at Point New Year (Afio Nuevo), Ca,lifornia, Arnold. 

Shell rather thin for its size, subovate, with about six whorls, the apical whorls 

rapidly diminishing; nucleus small; its characters ·unknown; subsequent whorls 

~ 
36 THE MIOCENE OF AS'l'ORIA AND COOS BAY, OUEGON. 

with arcuate rounded ribs and wider interspaces, the ribs numbering about 14 on the 

penult and 20 on the last whorl; smface otherwise smooth except for incremental 

lines, the ribs feebler on the last whorl; body rather turgid, the suture distinct, not 

appressed, the whorl in front of it sometimes showing an obscure marginal ridge or 

slight tabulation; strength of the ribs variable in different specimens; aperture semiovate, sulcate at the posterior commissure; pillar straight, with one strong and one 

feeble plait about the middle of it, rather widely separated; outer lip thin, slightly 

reflected, produced in the adult at the posterior commissure. Length of largest (but 

imperfect) specimen, about 160 mm.; of restored smaller type specimen, 110 mm.; 

of aperture, 68 mm.; maximum diameter, 45 mm. 

This is the species to which most of the citations of locality by J. G. Cooper and 

others in "lists of California fossils are to be attributed. As previously shown, it is 

easily distinguished from M. indurata, but the amount of material belonging to the 

latter species has been small and badly preserved, so it is not unnatural that the 

related forms were taken to be one species, especially as nearly all the specimens were 

more or less decorticated. A fragment probably b.elonging to this species was found 

by Arnold at Fugler's asphalt mine near Gary, 12 mqes southeast of Santa Maria, 

Santa Barbara County, Cal., in material which is referred to the lower Pliocene. 

Family F ASCIOLARIID.lE. 

Genus FUSINUS Rafinesque. 

HISTORICAL NoN-LINNEAN SYNONYMY. 

J!'usus Rumphius, Amboinische Rariteit Kammer, pl. 29, figs.· J!', G, 1705. 

F1lStts (sp.) Klein, Tent. Meth. Ostr., p. 60, 1753; P. L. S. MUller, in Knorr, Del. Nat. Sel., p. 129, 1766. 

SYSTEMATIC LINNEAN SYNONYMY .. 

Fusus Bruguierc, Encycl. Meth., p. 15, 1789; nude name, not J!'usus of Helbling, 1779. 

Galus (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 34, 1797, not of Bolten. 

Fusus (ex parte) Cuvier, Tableau Elem., p. 403, 1798; not Fusus Helbling, 1779, nor of Mus. Calonnianum 

1797; nor Bolten, 1798: cf. Dall, Jour. Conch. (Leeds), XI, pp. 289-297, April, 1906. 

Syrinx (sp.) Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 121, 1798; not of Bohadsch, 1761. 

Fusus Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 73, 1799; sole example, F. colus Linne (as Mu.rex) Syst. des Anim. s. V crt., 

p. 82, 1801; Anim. s. Vert., VII, p. 121, 1822; not of Helbling. 

Neptunea (sp.) Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 117, 1807. 

Fusinus Rafincsque, Anal. de la Nature, p. 145, 1815; new name for Fusus Lam. 

Priscofusus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, April, 1865; first species, Fusus corpulentus Conrad; 

Chcckl. Eoc. Fos. N. Am., Smiths. Misc. Coil. No. 200, p. 19, 1866. 

Exilia Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., n. s., IV, p. 291, pl. 47, fig. 34, 1860; sole exan1ple, E. pergracilis 

Conrad, loc. cit.; not Exilia Mulsant (Coleo]Jtcra), 1863. 

Exilifusus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 18, 1865; sole example, E. thalloides Conrad (as Fusus), Fos. 

Tert. Form., p. 56, pl. 18, fig. 12, 1835; not Exilifusus Gabb, 1876. -

Exilifusus Gabb, Proc. A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, for 1876, p. 278; subgenus of Fusus, type F. (E.) 

kerri Gabb, op. cit., pl. 17, fig. 1; Cretaceous of North Carolina. 

?T-urrispira Conrad, Checkl. Eoc. Fos. N. Am., Smiths. Misc. Coll. No. 200, p. 19, 1866; Tryon, Man. 

Conch., III, p. 49, 1881; first species, Fus1ts protextus Conrad, 1855; but Tryon cites as example 

Conrad's other species, F. salebrosus. (Probably closely related to Papillina Conrad.) 

Aptyxis Troschel, Gebiss d. Schnecken; II, p. 61, 1868; type, Fusus syracusanus Lamarck. 
MOLLUSCA. 37 

Mitr;ej118Us Bellardi, Moll. Ter. Terz. Piem. e Lig., Mem. Rca:Je Accad. Sci. di Torino, 2d ser., XXVII, 

p. 234, June, 1873; sole example, Jt1~sus orditus Bell. e Mich., op. cit., p. 235, pl. 11, fig. 1; 

Miocene ( = EJ:ilia Conrad). 

Enthriofusns Cossmann, Essais Pal. Comp., IV, pp. 6, 27, 1901; type, Fusus b'urdigalensis Basterot, 

Miocene. 

Aptysis M.onterosato, Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 116, 1884; first species, Fusus syracusanus Lam. 

Pseudojusus Monterosato, Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 117, 1884; first species, Murex rostratus Olivi. 

Troschelia Miirch, Jour. de Conchyl., XXIV, p. 370, 1876; type, Fus1~s bermeiensis King; not Troschelia Duncan, 1883, Corals. , 

Bneeinofusns Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., III, p. 264. 1867; type, ]i'usns paril,is Conrad. 

Boreojusus Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 278, 1878; type, Fusus bernieiensis King, var. salida 

Jeffreys ( = Troschelia Morch). 

Ji1usus Grabau, Smithsonian Mise. Coli., XLIV, No. 1417, pp. 7-72, 1904; type F. colus Lam.; not of 

Helbling. 1779, nor Dall, Jour. Conch. (Leeds), XI, No. 10, pp. 289-294, 1906. 

I have shown elsewhere that the name Fusus can not be retaincd.for the group 

typified by F. colus, Helbling having preceded all other authors in the binomial 

application, of it,..,. It remains, therefore, according to the rules of nomenclature, 

to raise to gencrip rank the oldest subsequent name of the Lamarckian genus, 

and apply it to the colus group. 

A large numper of names have been applied 'to the genus in question and 

its subdivisions, especially of late, but, as it is not my purpose to give in this place 

a complete revision of the group, but only to determine what name shall be used 

for the species of the Oregon Tertiary, it is not necessary to discuss all these later 

names, much information in regard to which may be had from the valuable Essais 

of Cossmann. 

After eliminating from the Lamarckian Fusus those forms which are acknowledged to be of different genera, there is left a substantial remainder of species that 

can be divided only into subgenera or sections. Of these a large series have been 

shown by ,Grabau to have a uniform and distinctive protoconch an·d a similarity 

in other shell characters that warrants us in regarding them as a distinct group of 

species, of which Lamarck's F. colus is a typical exemplar. This" is the group for 

which a name is necessary. 

The first name available for the group is F'usinus, which was proposed by 

Rafinesque in 1815, as a substitute for Fusus Lamarck, and therefore would be 

regarded as having the same typical species. · 

From Fusinus, Exilia Conrad is separated only by its more delicate and less 

prominent sculpture, flatter whorls, small size, and particularly attenuated form. 

These characters are certainly not generic. The supposed plaits on the pillar, 

mentioned by Cossmann, are due to some misapprehension, as there is not a trace 

of any sculpture or plaiting on the pillar. With our present knowledge there is 

no sufficient ground for regarding Exilia as more than subgenerically different 

from Fusinus s. s. Exilifusus Conrad may be regarded as at least sectionally 

distinct, though Exilifusus Gabb seems to be merely a Fusinus with the canal a 

little more arcuate than usual. Cossmann has already pointed out that typical 

species of Fusinus differ in the straightness of the canal and that this character 

is of slight importance. 

Troschel proposed a genus Aptyxis for Fusus syracusanus because of its 

fasciolaroid radula, he not having examined the dentition of a typical Fusus. 

• 
38 'THE MIOCENE OE' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

But later Schacko discovered that this kind of radula was typical of the true Fusi. 

F. syracusanus, however, will remain separated from typical Fusinus because it 

has a short canal, a long spire, and . a protoconch which is of the type called 

fulguroid by Grabau, quite different from that of the true Fusus or Fusinus. 

Some thirty years ago the types of Conrad's species were mislajd and supposed to have been lost, and with the obscure figure given in the atlas of the 

Exploring Expedition report it seemed as if it would be impossible to determine 

the character of the original. I expressed this opinion in a review of the Californian species of Fusus. However, by' good fortune some years later the missing 

fossils were found, and I have had the opportunity of studying them carefully. 

Conrad had proposed a genus Priscofusus for the species from the Astoria group. 

By making careful casts from the rock molds the characters of the group can be 

pretty well qetermined, and it will form a discriminable section of the genus. 

Cossmann proposed later a genus Euthriofusus for F. burdigalensis Basterot, but 

he included with the latter another form, which is much more like Priscofusus. 

This is the Fusus virgineus of Grateloup. If the latter can be separated from 

F. burdigalensis it might find an appropriate refuge in Priscofusus; but if they can 

not be separated, then Euthri1/usus must be regarded as a synonym of Priscofusus. 

Mitr[Rfusus Bellardi, as suggested by Cossmann and by Bellardi's figure, is 

apparently an exact synonym of Exilia. 

Recently Monterosato, under the misapprehension that Fusus colosseus was 

the type of Fusus Lamarck, proposed for the obviously distinct group of F. colus 

the name Pseudofusus. This is the first exact synonym of Fusus Lamarck, since 

Fusinus, of which it becomes a synonyn1 also. 

For a Miocene fossil of Maryland, Fusus parilis, Conrad in 1867 proposed a 

genus Buccinofusus. The nucleus of this species is typically fusoid, as defined 

by Grabau, and its other characters are of not gr.eater than subgeneric value as 

compared with those of Fusinus. With Buccinofusus Tryon was disposed to 

unite Troschelia Morch (Boreofusus Sars), but an inspection of the protoconch 

and nepionic shell of Troschelia will show that this is quite inadmissible,· inasmuch 

as the latter has a remarkably distinct form of nucleus, a character in which it is 

probable or certain that Fusus nodosus Jeffreys, F. abyssorum Fischer, F. aquitanica, peregra, and ecaudis of Locard, and several other species, agree with it. 

Murch proposed the new name for Troschelia on account of its fasciolaroid radula, 

but later investigations indicate that this is true of the whole group in the wide 

sense, those species with a buccinoid radula being properly transferred to the 

Buccinidre. Therefore the thin shell, delicate seulpture, and relatively short canal 

of Troschelia will hardly give it more than subgeneric rank under the restricted 

Fnsinus. 

The arrangement of the genus and its subdivisions with their type species 

will be abo-ut as follows: 

Genus FUSINUS Rafinesque, 1815. 

Subgenus FusiNus s. s. 

Section Fn8inus s. s. Type, Ji'. colus Lamarck. 

Section Euthriojnsus Cossmann, 1901. Type, F. b1irdigalensis Basterot. 

Section Heilprinia Grahau. 1904. Type, F. caloo.qai!nsis Heilprin. 
MOLLUSCA. 

Subgenus AP'rYXIS Troschel, 1868. 

Section Aptyxis s. s. Type, F. symcusanus Lamarck. 

Section .F'ulgurofusus Grabau, 1904. Type, P. quacoll1.~ Harris. 

Subgenus ExiLIA Conrad, 1865. 

Section Exilia s. s. Type, P. pagracilis Conrad. 

Section Exilifusus Conrad, 1865. Type, F. thalloidcs Conrad. 

Section Falsifusus Grabau, 1904. Type, F. ottords Aldrich. 

Subgenus PmscoFusus Conrad, 1865. 

Section Priscofusus s. s. Type, P. corpulentus Conrad .. 

Subgenus BucciNOFusus Conrad, 1865. 

Section Buccinofusus s. s. Type, F. parilts Comarl. 

Subgenus TRoscHEJ,IA Moreh, 1867. 

Section Troschelia s. s. Type. F. baniLi~nsis King. 

39 

NoTE.-Fulgurofusus and Apty:cis have identical protoconchs. Of Palsifusus and Exilia the same is 

true. The nucleus of Priscofusus.is unknown, but those of Buccinof11SU.~ and Troschelia are remarkably distinct, the former agreeing very well with that of typical Fusirms in this particular character. 

Subgenus PRISCOFUSUS Conrad. 

FusrNus (PRiscoFusus) CORPULENTUS Conrad. 

Fusus corpulent11s Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., appendix, p. 728, pl. 20, fig. 4. 1849; not of E. A. 

·Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 344, fig., May, 1882 (=F. pricei Smith, n. nom. 1887). 

Priscoj11SUS corpulentus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., 1, p. 150, 1865. 

Oligocene or Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 3530, 3551 (type specimen), and 3552. 

This species is represented by three internal casts, of which the best, framed 

in a concretion, is figured by Dana. The shell had five or six whorls, the apex 

being defective in the specimens. It was a thin shell, with rather rapidly increasing 

whorls, a relatively short and gently recurved canal, the suture distinct, hardly 

appressed; the aperture rounded; the outer lip thin, not lirate within, widely concavely sinuous behind; pillar smooth; sculpture of fine, close spiral threads, with 

about equal interspaces, covering the. shell; the basal part of the last whorl somewhat abruptly contracted; .the periphery of the earlier whorls subangular, with 

(on the penultimate whorl about 12) short, low axial riblets or nodulations, obsolete 

toward the sutures. Length of last:three whorls, 41.5 mm.; of last whorl, 29 mm.; 

of the canal, 10 mm.; maximum diameter of last whorl, 22 mm. 

Inasmuch as this species is the type of the subgenus, I have redescribed it in 

detail, the subgeneric characters seeming to lie in the delicate sculpture, the spire 

longer than the canal, the absence of lirations inside the aperture, and the short 

canal. Some of these characters might suggest (Jhrysodomus, but the sculpture 

has more the aspect of Fusinus. The next species agrees in these characters, though 

differing specifically. None of the recent species of this region show analogous 

characters. As this species does not appear in the undoubted Miocene of the 

Empire formation, it may be surmised that it belongs with the Oligocene species, 

which at Astoria were found mingled with other fossils of Miocene origin. 
40 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OHEGON. 

FusiNUS (PmscoFusus) GENICULUS Conrad. 

Fusus genicultts Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., appendix, p. 728, pl. 20, fig. 3, 1849. 

Priscojusus genicttl'u Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., 1, p. 150, 1865. 

Priscojusus oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, 1865; Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., pl. 20, figs. 

10, 11, 1849 (no name proposed). Figures reversed on the plate, as are also figs. 1, 8, 12, and 13. 

Not Ji1usus oregonensis Conrad, 1848. 

Miocene concretions derived from the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., collected 

byJ. D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 355'2 (type of geniculus); 3517 (type oforegonensis); 

3530, 3535, 3543, 35S9, 3565 (cotype of oregonensis); and at Clallam Bay, Washington, by Arnold, in the upper part of the lower Miocene sandstones. 

F. geniculus is very much like F. corpulentus, but more slender and elongate, 

the axial ribs more elongate and persistent, appearing on the last whorl, where there 

would be 13 to 14; a specially prominent cord encircles the last whorl at the periphery, and one or two more are to be found on the base. The best specimen afforded • 

a mold in gutta-percha, which shows seven whorls, the n~cleus being small and 

prominent but furnishing no information in regard to its minor details except that 

it appears to have been smooth. The total length of the shell is 77.5 mm.; of last 

whorl, 30.0 mm.; of canal, 11.0 mm.; maximum diameter of last whorl, about 19 

mm. 

The figured specimen (scale 1!) of F. geniculus shows the upper part of the 

spire only; the other specimens are casts and molds, mostly in small globular concretions. It is possible that Conrad's Fusus devinctus is identical with the present 

species, but the types are apparently lost, and the figures are from internal casts 

and v'ery poor, so that it seems better to leave the name unused, at least until more 

information is available. 

The Clallam Bay specimen retained the external sculpture and was positively 

identified. 

FusrNUS (PRISCOFusus) sp. indet. 

Shell small, short, whorls rapidly increasing (apex and outer lip wanting), with 

a subangular shoulder near the middle of the whorl, above which the surface is 

slightly excavated; on the angle of the shoulder is a series of (on the last whorl 10 

or 12) short nodular riblets or projections, over which the fine sharp spiral threads 

which cover the shell pass without becoming swollen; the spirals are separated by 

subequal interspaccs and arc, for the most part, alternately larger and smaller; on 

the upper whorls a more prominent thread runs close behind the suture; the spiral 

sculpture is crossed by rather sharp, close, distinct incremental lines; pillar short, 

callous, twisted, obliquely truncate toward the extremity; canal moderately wide, 

slightly recurved. Length of last and penultimate whorls, 27.5 mm.; of aperture, 

about 18.0 mm.; maximum diameter just behind the aperture, 13.0 rnrn. 

Miocene or Oligocene concretions at Astoria, Oreg., collected by J. D. Dana; 

U.S. Nat. Mus. 3544. 

This species appears to be different from either of those named by Conrad, 

though its sculpture has the same general characteristics. The form is shorter than 

that of F. geniculus, and more angular than that of F. corpulentus, of which, how-
MOLLUSCA. 41 

ever, it may be an extreme mutation. It seems best :t:J.O.t to apply a name to it, 

· pending the reception of better material. It does not appear among the forms 

collected at Coos Bay. 

FusiNus (PRISCOFusus) MEDIALIS Conrad. 

Cerithittm mediale Conrad, Gcol. U. S. Expl. Exp., appendix, p. 728, pl. 20, figs. 1 (reversed), 1a, 1849. 

Priscojttsus medialis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, 1865. 

Oligocene or Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., collected by J. D. 

Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3532 (type). · 

This species is represented only by the type specimen, which has lost the lower 

half of the last whorl, with the aperture and canal, giving the specimen somewhat 

the look of a melanian or Cerithiurn. It is a distinct species from either of the 

others, with more prominent peripheral nodules (15 on the penult whorl), appressed 

and less constricted suture, and more broadly conical spire. 

FusiNUS (PRISCOFusus) NODIFERUS Conrad. 

(No name) Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., pl. 20, figs. 12 (reversed), 12a, 1849. 

Priscojusus nodijerus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, 1865. 

Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana. 

The type specimen of this species has disappeared, but the figures indicate a 

much shorter and more inflated species than either of the others. 

Subgenus BUCCINOFUSUS Conrad. 

FusiNus (BucCINOFusus) coosENSIS Dall, n. ·sp. 

Pl. II, fig. L 

Shell solid, strong, with about six rounded whorls; suture appressecl, the whorl· 

in front of it more or less excavated, and between the suture and the shoulder · 

finely closely spirally threaded; whorl in front of the narrow excavated area 

strongly sculptured, with numerous straplike; crowded, moderately elevated spiral 

ridges with narrow interspaces; these spirals cover the whole shell in front of the 

shoulder and are not alternated, though somewhat irregular i~ width; they are 

crossed by short, rather strong, narrow, rounded rib lets beginning near the shoulder 

and becoming obsolete on or ncar the periphery of the whorl; on the penultimate 

whorl in the figured specimen there are 11 of these riblets, and they are more conspicuous and with the sides more abrnpt than the figure indicates; the other axial 

sculpture consists of the incremental lines, which are broadly flexuous on the posterior slope of the whorl and seem to have been visible as elevated lines in the interspaces between the spirals; the aperture was rather wide and apparently rounded, 

the anterior part of the pillar and the whole of the canal (as well as the apex of the 

spire) being defective in the figured type. Altitude of specimen, 62 mm.; maximum diameter, 31 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Empire formation, collected by B. H. Camman; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 107782. . 
42 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

This species being represented only by a worn and broken specimen, I have 

been somewhat in doubt as to the genus to which it should be referred. The flexuosity of the lines of growth does not show a sinus like that of the large Pleurotomas 

with which it is associated; in its present condition the aspect is somewhat like 

that of an elevated Buccinum, but no species of that genu~ has the excavated area 

in front of the suture; if we ascribe to the shell an elongated canal now lost, the 

characteristics fit in very ·well with the large species commonly referred to the genus 

Fusinus, the Colus of some authors, and to this group it is provisionally referred. 

The reference is to some extent confirmed by a very poorly: preserved specimen from 

the same collection having a rather long canal, the whole of which is not preserved, 

and of which the surface characters, so far as they are recognizable, agree with those 

of the figured specimen. The second specimen alluded to has about three and a 

half whorls, the earlier part of the spire being defective as well as the anterior end 

of the canal. The last whorl measures 75 mm. in total length, with a maximum 

diameter of about 47 mm., a large part of the shell being densely incrusted with a 

heavy layer of fossilized polyzoon. 

The specimen figured has much the aspect of Turris coosensis, and I was at first 

tempted to refer it to that species. On more mature consideration it was decided 

that the two were probably distinct, the present specimen having stronger ribbing, 

which persists on the last whorl, rather coarser spiral sculpture, and a general aspect 

decidedly more fusoid than the Turris. So far as the incremental lines can be 

made out on the upper border of the whorl, they do not show the characteristic 

sinus of the other species. 

Family BUCCINTDJE. 

Subfamily CHR YSODOMINJE. 

Genus CHRYSODOMUS Swainson. 

Chrysodornus Swainson, Malac., pp. 90, 308, 1840; type, Mttre.T a11.t1:qnvs Linne; Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. 

Mus., XXIV, No. 1264, p. 520, 1902. 

CHitYSODOM us Il\1 PERI A LIS Dall. 11. sp. 

Pl. VII, Jigs. 1, 3; Pl. XVlll, fig. l. 

Shell globose, very thick and heavy, with four or five well-rounded rapidly 

increasing whorls; last whorl comprising most of the shell; surface sculptured with 

obscure little elevated rounded axial ridges, irregular in size and distribution, from 

the posterior ends of which narrow, sharp, oblique, somewhat irregular laminrn 

extend across the suture to the preceding whorl, giving the effect of a rude fringe or 

series of ''gathers;" posterior surface of the whorl otherwise smooth,. the anterior 

surface in front of the periphery with little elevated, rather sparse spiral threads, 

which, as usual, grow coarser though not more crowded toward the canal; canal deep, 

very short, hardly recurvecl, with hardly any trace of a siphonal fasciole; aperture 

wide, ovate, the pillar short, thick, the body with a moderately short callus, the outer 

lip hardly reflected, somewhat thickened. Altitude of figured specimen, l52 mm.; 

maximum diameter, 42 mm. 
MOLLUSCA. 43 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Empire formation, collected by B. H. Camman; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 153897. Lower Purisima formation, Santa Cruz County, Cal., Ralph 

Arnold. 

Five specimens of this singular species were obtained. All had been somewhat 

worn before fossilization. They resemble a recent species now existing in Bering 

Sea, in some respects, but the latter is less heavy, has a more prominent and recurved 

canal, and is without the ribs or the curious suturallamellation. 

The California specimen is less worn than those from Oregon, and preserves the 

spiral sculpture over the whole shell, there being more than 20 spiral cords on the last 

whorl, pretty evenly distributed. These cords are flattened and separated by wider 

subequal interspaccs. 

CHltYSOI>OMUS POSTPLANATUS Dall, 11. sp. ,. Pl. VII, fig. 5. 

Shell large, solid, strong, with about 7 tabulated whorls; spire rather elevated, 

as in 0. liratus Martyn, with a well-defined suture, in front of which the margin is 

somewhat appressed, then descends to a flattish tabulation bordered anteriorly by 

a c_onspicuous angle of about 90°, in front of which the whorl exhibits a moderate convexity extending to the base; the surface is more or less distinctly sculptured by flat 

straplike spirals, separated by much narrower interspaces, which are filled by a much 

smaller spiral of the same character in some specimens, while in others the intercalary 

spiral may be wanting or the whole sculpture, as in the figured specimen, more or less 

obsolete; the axial sculpture comprises only more or less conspicuous incremental 

lines; canal short, somewhat recurved; aperture defective in the specimens. Altitude of figured specimen; 90 mm.; maximum diameter, 50 mm. 

Figured specimen from beds believed to be of similar age to the Empire formation, on Bogachiel River, Clallam County, Wash., 1 mile above its mouth, collected 

by Ralph Arnold; U.S. Nat. Mus. 107781. 

The figured specimen has had part of the spire completely decorticated and the 

shell has been more or less crushed, but preserves the characters sufliciently for 

description. A fragment from the same locality shows better-developed alternated 

sculpture. A curious feature is that the inner layers of the shell, where exposed, 

show zigzag structure recalling that of wave lines as often seen in sand rock built up· 

by wave a.ction. The lines of growth in the outer la.yer show only norma.l curves. 

CHRYSODOMUS BAmnn Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, fig. 4. 

Shell of moderate size, with about 5 tabulate whorls; apex defective in the 

specimens; suture narrowly channeled, with a single spiral cord in front of the channel, the tabulation slightly excavated and bordered in front by a similar spiral ridge 

which forms the summit of the shoulder of the whorl; below the shoulder the whorl is 

moderately convex and spirally sculptured by slightly elevated, a.lternating revolving 

ridges, of which one at the periphery is slightly more conspicuous than the others; 

these ridges, alterna.tely la.rger a.nd smaller, are separated by linear interspaees, and 

the larger spirals become more conspicuous anteriorly; aperture wide, angulated by 
44 THE MIOCENE Ole ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

the cari~a at the shoulder; canal defective in all the specimens; pillar callous, 

smooth. Altitude of figured specimen, 46 mm.; maximum diameter, 28 nun. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Empire formation, collected by B. H. Camman; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 153905. Also from the upper Purisima formation of California, Ralph 

Arnold. 

The specimen figured is partly an internal cast upon which, from a less perfect 

one,, the sculpture has been restored. The species is evidently a precursor of the 

recent Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird, from which it differs by its shorter and rounder 

whorls, by the details of its sculpture, and by its greater constriction at the suture. 

It is namc<l in honor of that author. 

Genus LIOMESUS Stimpson. 

Liomesus Stimpson, Can. Nat., n. s., II, p. 364, 1865. 

Buccinopsis Jeffreys, not of Conrad. ~ 

It is interesting to find this genus, which is especially notable in the northwestcoast fauna, fossil and characteristic as long ago as the time of the Oregon Miocene. 

The British Crag affords L. dalei Sowerby, and L. eburnea Sars is a member of the 

Norwegian fauna coming as far south as the Dogger bank in the North Sea, but the 

three or four living American species are not reported from any locality south of the 

Aleutians. 

LIOMESUS SULCULATUS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. V, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell of moderate size, with about five well-:-rounded whorls; suture distinct, not 

channeled; sculpture of (on the last whorl about 15) clear-cut, uniform, flat-topped 

spiral ridges with equal or wider, not channeled, interspaces; the whole surface 

marked with very fine, almost microscopic spiral striation, which in the event of wear 

may disappear; the posterior ridge may be near the suture (giving a channeled 

aspect) or at some little distance from it; in general the interspaccs become narrow 

anteriorly; aperture ovate, the pillar rather callous, the body with more or less 

callus, both smooth; the canal short, deep. Altitude of figured specimen, the apex 

being defective, 33 mm.; maximum diameter, 22.5 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay Empire beds, collected by B. II. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153904. Also from the upper Miocene beds at Fossil Point, Coos Bay, by W. H. 

Dall. 

:Five specimens of this species were obtained, none of which retained the apex 

and only one the outer coat of the shell. It is nearest to Liomesus ca,naliculatus Dall, 

from the recent fauna of Bering Sea, a species in which the spire is proportionately 

much shorter and the sculpture quite different. Another species was obtained from 

the Miocene of Clallam Bay, Washington, by Arnold, characterized by a very different 

sculpture, having subnodulous sparse spiral cords with fine close-set spiral threads 

occupying the wide interspaccs. The horizon of this species is earlier than that of 

the sandstones of Coos Bay above referred to, in which L. sulculatus occurs, but the 

the Miocene faunas of this region are, as yet, insufficiently known to afford a basis for 

exact correlation. 
· MOLLUSCA. 45 

Family NASSIDJE. 

Genus MOLOPOPHORUS Gabb. 

Molopophorus Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 156, 1868; type, Bullia (Molopophorus) striata Gabb, op. cit., 

pl. 26, fig. 36; Tejon (Eocene) of California. · 

MoLOPOPIIOJ{US GABBI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. III, fig. 8. 

Shell small, stout, solid, of four and a half strongly sculptured whorls; apex 

smooth, of about two whorls, the nucleus normal, rather large for the size of the shell; 

subsequent whorls with a rounded cord in front of the suture, which at first is rather 

closely beaded; the nodules, however, become less close set and more spinose with 

growth, and on the last whorl, in some specimens, even sharply prominent and their 

number about a dozen; in front of this nodulous cord (which differs in prominence 

in different individuals) the whorl is more or less constricted; on the periphery are 

more or less prominent axial ribs, obsolete on the base, with wider interspaces, in 

number equal to the sutural nodulations, in strength variable with the individual; 

some specimens (like that figured) there may be on each rib two, or on others four, 

sharp subspinose nodulations, corresponding to spiral sculpture which is obsolete in 

the interspaces; both nodules and ribs may become obsolete near the aperture; base 

rounded with more or less obscure spiral threads; suture well marked, deep, but 

usually obscured by threadlike callosities which overrun it; canal very short, deeply 

excavated and recurved, producing a strong siphonal fasciole consisting of two sharp 

ridges and an intervening rather deep, smoothly· excavated channel; aperture narrow 

behind, with a simple, sharp, outer lip; the body with a thin, widely extended callus, 

extending from the end of the canal nearly to the suture and over more than onefourth of the last whorl. Altitude, 19 mm.; maximum diameter, 12 mm. 

Eocene of Pittsburg, Columbia County, Oreg., collected by J. S. Diller at station 

2714; U.S. Nat. Mus. 107377. 

The three specimens collected show. a wide range of variation in the strength of 

their sculpture. This and one or two other unpublished species of Oregonian·fossils 

are included here, though not of the Coos Bay fauna, in order to put them on record. 

Family MURICIDM. 

Subfamily MURICINJE. 

Genus PURPURA Martyn. 

Purpura Martyn, Univ. Conch., II, table and pl. 66, 1784; sole example, Purpura foliata Martyn, 

Zoe. cit.; not Purpura· (Brug.) Lamarck, 1799. 

J.furex (sp.) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., VI, p. 3529, 1792. 

Purpura Donovan, Nat. Rep., I, pl. 15, September, 1822. 

Cerostoma Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 263, 1837; not of Latreille, 1802. 

Pterorhyt·is Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1862, p. 560; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., 

III,. pt. 1, p. 143, 1890. 

Purpura Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVIII, p. 189, 1905; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIX, p. 

427, 1905. 
46 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BA-r, OREGON. 

I have fully explained elsewhere in this paper (p. 4 7) why it is necessary to give 

up the Lamarckian use of the name Purpura and return to the usage of the ancients 

who applied the name to various purpuriferous Muricidm. The shells long called 

Purpura in the Lamarckian sense will take the name of Thais Bolten, and the 

northern Polytropa, better known as Purpura, though not typical Lamarckian 

species, will be called Nucella Bolten. 

PURPURA PERPONDEIWSA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, figs. 2, 5. 

Shell large, very heavy, with about four whorls exclusive of the nucleus; 

with three thick varices continuous up the spire, probably sharp· edged when 

intact, hut rounded by wear in the type specimen; spiral sculpture of (on the 

early whorls two, on the last whorl four or five) distant, moderately elevated, 

spiral cords; aperture large, the outer lip denticulate within, with a projecting 

spine or tooth anteriorly; body with a callous deposit, canal short, nearly closed, 

sutures obscure. Altitude, 73 mm.; maximum diameter, 41 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Empire formation, collected by B. H. Camman; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 107778. 

The single specimen of this species obtained is much worn, as the figures 

indicate, hut by a careful study of it the above data were secured. 

It is, of course, the precursor of Purpura. foliata Martyn, the common species 

of the Oregonian fauna of the present day, hut it IS larger, heavier, and more 

massive than any living species of its group. 

Genus THAIS Bolten. 

Purpura (ex parte) Bruguiere, EncycL Meth., I, p. xv, 1789 (not Purpura Martyu, 1784); no species 

cited. 

Thais Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 54, 1798; first species, Pttrpura neritoides Lamarck (=1\furexfuetts 

Gmelin, 1792); Link, Beschr. Rostock SammL, p. 114, 1807; not Thais Fabricius, 1808 . 

. Nucella Bolten (ex parte, Cancellaria olim), Mus. Bolten ian urn, p. 131, 1798; Purpura filosa Menke= 

P. lapillus L. var. 

Nassa (sp.) Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 132, 1798; Purpura lapillus Linne; not Nassa Lamarck, l7!l!J. 

Purpura Lamarck (not Martyn), Prodrome, p. 71, 1799; sole example, P. persica (Linne). 

Purpurarius Dumeril, Zool. Anal., p. 166, 1806; nomenclature not Linnean; Froriep's Genhan transL, 

p. 167.(P. persica cited), 1806. 

Manc·inella Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 115, 1807; first species, M11.rex nwncinella Gmelin. 

Stramonita Schumacher, Essai, p. 226, 1817; type, P.tLrpura hxmastoma Lamarck. 

Microtoma Swainson, Malac., pp. 72, 301, 1840; fir8i 8pecies, Purpura patnla Lam.; not Microtoma 

Laporte, 1833. 

Purpura (sp.) Swainson, Malac., p. 301, 1840; 1'. coronata and 1'. succ1:ncta Lam. 

Trochia S wainson, Malac., p. 302, 1840; sole example, Purpura trochlea Lam. (=Purpura cingulata Linne). 

Polytropa Swainson, Malac., pp. 81, 305, 1840; type, Purpura cris]mla Chemn. (=Purpura lamellosa 

Gmelin). 

Tribulus H. and A. Adams, Gen. Hec. Moll., I, ·P· 126, 1853; =Thais IT. and A. Adams, op. cit., II, 

p. 655, 1858. 

Thalessa H. and A. Adams, Gen. Hec. Moll., I, p. 127, 1853; = Mancinella Link. 

Crania H. and A. Adams, Gen. Hec. Moll., I, p. 128, 1853; sole example, Pu·rpura amygdala Kiener. 

Pina:r'ia A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. ·London for 1853, p. 185; type, Purpura coronata A. Adams. 

Adamsia Dunker, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London for 1856, p. 357; type, A. typica Dunker; not of Forbes, 1840. 

Canrena H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 655, 1858; not of Link, 1807. 
MOLLUSCA. 47 

Furpu1·ella Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., VII, p. 110, 1871; type, Purpura columellaris Lam.; not of Desvoidy, 1853·, nor of Bellardi, 1882. 

Agnewia Tenison-\Vood, Proc. Hoy. Soc. Tasmania for 1877, p. 29: new name for Adamsia Dunker, 

not Forbes. 

Nacella (Bolten) Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 101, 1852; err. typ. pro Nucdla Bolten, not Nacella Schumacher', 

1817. 

Tcwrasia Bellardi, Moll. Ten. Pien1. e Lig., III, p. 194, 1882; first species, Pw·pma. su.bfwsiformis Orb., 

op. cit., pl. 11, fig. 31. 

Tribulus Tryon, Syst. Conch., II, p. 110, 1883; Ptt1'pura planospim Lam. 

Purpurella Bellardi (not Dall or Desvoidy), :Moll. Terz. Pient. e Lig., III, p. 193, 1882; sole example, 

P. cana.lictdata Bellardi, op. cit., pl. 11, fig. 35. 

Lepsia Hutton, TranR. New Zealand Inst., XVI, p. 222, 1883; Purpura haustrum Martyn. 

Planithais (Bayle, 1884) in Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 645, 1884; Pnrpma planospira Lam.=Tribulus Adams. 

Simplicnta.urasia. Sacco, Cat. Pal. Bae. Terz. Piem., No. 3081, 1890; Moll. 'l'erz. Piem. e Lig., XXX, 

p. 74, 1904; new name for Purpurella Bellardi, not Dall. 

Polytropalicus Rovereto, Atti Soc. Lig., X (p. 5 of extras), 1899; new name for Polytrnpa Swainson, 

not of Defrance. 

Mt'Lrostoma Cossmann, Essais Pal. Comp., V, p. 71, 1903; lapsus for Microtoma Swainson. 

Pl·icoptupw·a. Cossmann, Essais Pal. Comp., V, p. 69, 1903; new name for Purpurella Dall, 

voidy. 

* * * 

not DesNa.ssa Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, i>. 132, 1798; type, Purpura saturn Lam.; not Na.ssa. Lamarck, Prodrome, 1799. 

Iopa.s H. and A. Adams, Gen. ltec. Moll., I, p. 128, 1853; first sp!lcies and type, V scrtum. Lam. 

* * * 

Ouma Swainson, Mahtc., pp. 87, ::!07, 1840; sole example, C. sHlcata Sw.; not C1tma Milne-Edwards, 

1828, nor of the Mus. Calonnittnum, 1797. 

Cym:ia Morch, Malak. Blatt., VII, p. 98, 1861; new name for Cwna Swainson. 

Tritonopsis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 20, 18()5; type atHl soln exiunple, Triton .mbalveatum Conrad, Oligoeene of Vicksburg. 

Fasciolina Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., III, p. 186, 1867; sole example, Fasciolaria wood·i Gabb, Oligocene of New Jersey. 

Cmnopsis Rovereto, Atti Soe. Lig., '5\... (p. 5 of extras), 18!l9; new name for Cuma Swainson (=Cymia 

Moreh). 

Cymia Dall, Trans. Wagner lnst., III, p. 154, 1890; Cossmann, Essais Pal. Comp., V, p. 74, 1903. 

The discussion of the genus generally known as Purpum Bruguiere involves two 

phases--that of the actual characters of the animals themselves and the history of 

the systematic names which have been applied to them. For the former a careful 

study was made of about 50 species in the collection of the National Museum, 

and the several characters of each were tabulated, thus showing the constancy 

of each character in the group and tlie way in which certain characters intergrade 

among the species. Of the second phase the preceding synonymy is a summary 

which may be dismissed with a few explanatory remarks. 

The genus Thnis of Bolten is well constituted, containing a. very uniform 

assembly of species which, with the single exception of a closely related Acanthinn, will remain in the genus as at present understood. The name Purpura,, 

a.s elsewhere explained, is preoccupied for a group of Muriccs, in conformity with 

the usage of the ancients a.s well as the early conchologists. It ca.n not in any 

event be used for the present group with regard to the accepted rules for nomenclature. Bolten's genus included the large low-spired tropical forms, while the 

smaller and more fusiform northern species, called by Swainson Polytropa,, were 
48 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

relegated to another group, Nucella Bolten, or to a third group, Nassa Bolten. 

Nucella is the prior name in the book, and by eliminating the earlier-named generic 

forms first, and thus fixing the name Nucella on the well-known Purpura lapillus, 

we are enabled to preserve the Lamarckian genus Cancella.ria, which by the "first 

species" rule would have to take the name of Nucella. 

Nucella thus takes the place of Polytropa Swainson and leaves the first and 

only remaining identifiable species of the Boltenian Nassa to bear that name. 

This species is the Purpura sertum of Lamarck, which had been separated by the 

brothers Adams under the name of Iopas. Lamarck's Nassas will carry a different name. 

The remainder of the synonymy is self-explanatory, but it may be remarked 

that Swainson's reference of his genus Cuma to the authorship of 'Humphrey is 

erroneous. Cuma. of the Museum Calonnianum (which was not written by Humphrey) is a compound of Fasciolaria, Mitra, and Latirus, and does not contain the 

species to which Swainson gave the name of Cuma. The anonymous author of the 

' Museum Calonnianum, a few years later, in a reprint of part of the work for commercial purposes (issued without date or name of author or publisher) rejected 

his name Cuma and substituted Unda (reprint, p. 12), but neither have any just 

claim to be cited in anything except a purely historical synonymy. 

The genus Thais will comprise even more than was supposed by its author. 

Many of the characters which have been relied on to separate the Lamarckian Purpuras into sections, subgenera, and even genera are of little physiologic or systematic importance, and are interchanged with remarkable freedom and almost numberless combinations among the several species. The small lirations or tubercles 

on the pillar near its anterior end are often present or absent indifferently in specimens of the same species, or even in the same individual at different ages, and are 

of vastly different value from the permanent plaits on the pillar, which are present 

at all ages of the individual. The sculpture is also, ls is well known; liable to vary 

from smooth to imbricate or nodulous within the limits of the species. Certain 

forms, however, seem to have a constant and permanent type of sculpture, like 

T. patula and its close allies. Some of the species which live between tides have 

become modified in the direction of the limpet-like form best suited for such situations, the spire becoming short, the last whorl domelike, the pillar excavated, and 

the siphonal canal and fasciole almost obsolete. These changes are obviously 

adaptations to a relatively sedentary condition. 

The prevalent sculpture in the group is spiral, modified into ridges, scales, 

nodes, or even spines. In only one group, Cronia, is regular axial ribbing a permanent feature of the shell. With the exception of the Nucella group, all the species 

have a subsutural groove, usually accompanied by a parietal elevated ridge parallel 

to the suture; in this groove the rectal tube lies and ejects effete matter, so it may 

save trouble to call· the ridge the anal ridge, as it must be frequently mentioned. 

In many species, at the end of the groove, there is a sharp sulcus or notch in the 

edge of the outer lip close to the suture; by which, as in Turris, the feces may be 

ejected without fouling the water retained between the mantle and the rock on 

which the creature is seated, while the tide is out. In more active.forms the groove 

• 
MOLLUSCA. 49 

may be merely prolonged without a sulcus and even without a developed anal 

ridge, while in Nucella there is neither sulcus, ridge, nor groove. The latter is also 

without liration inside the outer lip, having at most a few obscure tubercles at the 

adult stage within the margin. In the tropical forms it is not uncommon to find 

a few weak lirre on the anterior part of the pillar. In a very few species the smooth 

pillar has developed a keel on the edge bordering on the canal, and in Nassa ( Iopas) 

a deposit of callus at this point and at the end of the anal ridge is supplemented 

by a similar deposit on the lip opposite, thus contracting the aperture and giving 

a peculiar aspect to the shell without in reality introducing any new feature of 

importance. 

The genus Purpurella Bellarui (not Dall) was founded on a fossil possessing a 

subsutural groove and anal ridge with a smooth pillar; Bellardi's Taurasia was 

proposed for a species auding to these characters feeble lirations on the anterior 

part of the pillar. Both these characters occur indiscriminately alUong the species· 

of Crania as well as of other groups into which Thais is subdivided, so they can not 

be regarded as sufficient basis for a genus, to say nothing of the subfamily which a 

later writer has proposed for them. 

The typical Thais has a broad pillar which is flattened or even concave; in 

the section 'Tribulus, as restricted by Chenu, the concavity is enlarged into an 

excavation, and strong dark-colored lirations are spread over the anterior surface 

of the pillar. There are, however, no true plications in this case. 

In Patellipurpura the concavely ·arcuate smooth pillar is flattened and a thin 

callus with a sharply crenate edge is sprca_d over its anterior portion ai1d to the 

left of it, the siphonal canal is obsolete, and there is a small but sharply cut notch 

in the lip at the suture. 

Closely allied in habit and in surface characters is Plicopurpura ( columellaris), 

which has no notch· and in which the aperture is contracted, dentate, and coarsely 

lirate, while a shallow subsutural groove is present. ·•on the middle of the pillar a 

somewhat amorphous duplex thickened ridge winds into the spire, but there are no 

anterior lirations on the inner edge of the pillar. In T. neritoidea Lamarck, the 

type of Thais, there are no lirations, while the closely related T. aperta develops 

them distinctly. _ 

· These instances show the inadvisability of basing systematic divisions on minor 

characters without extensive comparisons. Several species which have been commonly associated with Gymia differ from Stramonita chiefly by the imbricated 

suture, a character of little importance, while they are entirely destitute of the 

chief characteristic feature of Gymia, the sharp, strong keel on the middle of the 

pillar. Pinaxia appears to be simply a diminutive Thais with a pillar lirate like 

that of aperta but, relatively to the size of the shell, more sharply. The operculum 

is exactly that of Thais. I have been tempted to propose a section for 1'. melones 

Duclos, T. deltoidea Lamarck, and one or two other short, heavy species with feeble 

sculpture, smooth pillar keeled at the canal, and low spire; but the fact that some 

allied species tend toward without attaining a pillar keel, has led me to omit it. 

The operculum and soft parts of Vexilla are insufficiently known for its final 

classification. 

37351-~o. 59--D9---4 
50 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS• BAY, OREGON; 

The arrangement of the group adopted is as follows: 

Genus CYMIA Morch, 1861. 

Type C. tectum Wood. 

Genus THAIS Bolten, 1798. 

Subgenus THAIS Bolten. 

Section Thais s. s. T. neritoides (Lamarck). 

Section Tribnl1ts (Adams, 1853) Chcnu. T. planispira (Lamarck). 

Section Pinaxia. A. Adams, 1853. T. coronata A. Adams." 

Section Mancinella Link, 1807. T. mancinella (Gmelin). 

Section Stramonita Swainson, 1840. T. hxmastoma (Lamarck). 

Section Lepsia Hutton, 1883. T. haustrum (Martyn). 

Section Patellipurp1tra Dall (nov.). T. patula (Lamarck). 

Section Plicopurpura Cossmann, 1903. T. columellar·iH (Lam.) 

Subgenus NASSA Bolten, 1798 (not Lamarck, 1799). 

Type T. sertwrn (Lamarck) 

Subgenus CRONIA Adams, 1853. 

Type '/'.amygdala (Kiener). 

Subgenus NucELLA Bolten, 1798. 

Section Nucella s. s. T. lapillus (Linne). 

Section Trochia Swainson, 1840. T. 1:inuulata (Linne). 

In the north temperate region only species belonging to the subgenus Nucella 

are found living, and in America so far, north of Florida Strait, only Cymia and 

Nucella have been found fossil.. 

The following species is one of the most characteristic among those found living 

in the Oregonian fauna of the northwest coast of America: 

THAIS (NucELLA) LAMELLOSA Gmelin. 

Buccinum plicatum Martyn, Univ. Conch., II, pl. 44, 1786; not of Linne, 1758. 

Buccinum lamellosum Gmelin, Syst. Nat.; VI, p. 3498, 1792; Schreibers, Vers. ein. vollst. Conch., I, p. 

166, 1793; Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p.ll3, 1798; 2d eel., p. 80, pl. 1, fig. 1435, 1819; Dillwyn, 

Descr. Cat. Rec. Sh., II, p. 662, 1817. . · 

Buccinnrn compositv.m Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., X, p. 179, vigiL 21, figs. A, B, 1788; nomenclature not 

Linnean. 

B-uccinum crispatum Chemnitz, 'Conch. Cab., XI, pp. 70, 84, pl. 187, figs. 1802-1803, 1795. 

Murcxcrispatus LaiT]arck, Anim. s. Vert., VII, p. 174, 1822; Encycl. Meth., pl. 419, fig. 2, 18Hi; Desha yes's 

Lam., Anim. s. Vert., IX, p. 576,1845. · 

Murex lactuca Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, II, p. 11, pl. 9, figs. 3a, 3b, 1829. 

Murexferrngineus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, II, p. 10, figs. 2a, 2b, 1829. 

Polytropa crispata Swainson, Malac., p. 305, 1840. 

P1trpura septentrionalis Reeve, Conch. Icon., III, P·urpura, pl. 10, fig. 50, 1846. 

Murcx lactuca Middendorff, Beitr. Mal. Ross., II, p. 120, pl. 7, Jigs. l-2, 1849; Fischer in Pinart, Voy. 

N. w. cote Am., p. 38, pl. E, figs. 4, 4a, 1875. 

Purpnra crispata Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, p. 622, 1864; Keep. West Coast Shells, p. :32, 

fig. 1:3, 1887; Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San Pedro, p. 261,.1903. 

Purpura plicata Martens, Mal. Blatt., XIX, p. 86, 1872. 

Purpura lapillus var. crispata Tryon, Man. Conch., II, pp. 171-229, pl. 54, fig~. -163-166, 1880. 

Pliocene of San Diego a:Q.d San Mateo counties, Cal.; Arnold. Pleistocene of 

California f~om San Diego to Santa Barbara, Cooper; and of Coos Bay, Oregon, 

Dall. Living from Santa Barbara, Cal., northward to the Aleutian Islands, Dall; 

most abundantly in the Vancouver region. 

aT. adamsi nan; not Purpura coronata Lamarck, ]822. 
MOLLUSCA. 51 

THAIS (NucELLA) PREcuusoR Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IV, fig. 4. 

Shell solid, subglobose, with four· rapidly enlarging whorls; nucleus small, 

rather blunt; suture distinct, whorls evenly rounded; sculpture more or less variable 

but usually of simple, little-elevated spiral cords with narrower interspaces crossed 

by more or less evident lines of growth; aperture ovate, outer lip thickened but 

slightly reflected; body smooth; pillar short, concayely arcuate, moderately callous, 

and slightly flattened; behind the callus a narrow closed umbilical chink, and a 

strong, prominent, rounded siphonal fasciole; canal short, deeply indented. Altitude, 32 mm.; maximum diameter, 25 mm. 

Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, in the Pleistocene conglomerate overlying the Miocene 

sandstone, collected by W. H. Dall; U.S. Nat. Mus. 153995 and 153924. 

This species is doubtless a precursor of the variable form froin the recent fauna 

commonly known by the name Purpura emarginata Desha yes. Yet a careful comparison with a large series of recent specimens from the adjacent region failed to 

disclose any which might reasonably be conside~ed identical. · Indeed, thpre are 

varieties of the Atlantic T. lapillus which more nearly approach it than any of the 

Pacific forms. Tryon indiscriminately "lumped" all the Northwest American 

Nucellas with T. lapillus, but there is only one species, T. lamellosa, which is closely 

related to lapillus~ It alone among the forms of this region shows obscure denticulation within the aperture, as does T. lapillus,· the other species uniformly 

have the aperture unarmed. "' 

Genus STREPSIDURA Swainson. 

8TREPSIDURA OREGONENSIS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. III, fig. 6. 

Shell small, short, stout, rather heavy for its size, with five and a half whorls; 

last whorl much the largest, with one small and two large revolving ridges, the 

posterior of which tends to tabulate the whorl; edges of the whorl in front of the 

apprcssed suture slightly swollen, the space between it and the shoulder of the 

whorl somewhat concave; the space between the shoulder and the next anterior 

revolving ridge also moderately excavated, and similarly between the anterior 

ridge an<l the canal; axial sculpture of about 17 longitudinal ridges, flexuous behind 

the shoulder, obsolete between the spiral ridges and on the hasc, more or less nodulous on the spiral ridges as figured; apical whorls nearly smooth; subsequent whorls 

spirally sculptured with fine, more or less alternated, sometimes paired threads; 

·canal short, flexuous, with a strong siphonal fasciole; pillar and body conspicuously callous; outer lip defectiv.e in the specimen; callosity smooth, with no trace 

of an umbilical chink. · Altitude, 30 mm.; maximum diameter, 21 mm. 

Eocene of Pittsburg, Columbia County, Oreg., collected by J. S. Diller at station 2714; U.S. Nat. Mus. 107395. 

Owing to the fact that the aperture is completely filled with a flinty matrix, 

it is impossible to say whether this species has the plications, usual to the type of 

Strepsidura, on the edge of the pillar. The general aspect of the shell is so like that 

of S. turgidus, however, that the reference is made provisionally, and subject to 

correction with further material. 
52 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OUBGON. 

Superfamily PTENOGLOSSA. 

Family SCALIDJE. 

Genus EPITONIUM Bolten. 

Scala (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 23, 1797; type, 1'1trbo scalaris Linne. 

Epitoninrn (first section) Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 91, 1798; first species, Tttrbo scalaris Gmelin. 

Cyclosloma Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 74, 1799; type and sole example, Turbo scalaris Linne. 

Scala Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, p. 299, 1889. 

Eighteen years ago I discussed the synonymy of these shells and showed that 

if the rules of the British Association, as originally promulgated, were followed we 

should have to call the wentlctraps by the name Cyclostoma Lamarck. If we overlook the absence of a diagnosis, as is now generally a~cepted as allowable, Bolten's 

name Epitonium is available. The anonymous Scala appeared in a !')ale catalogue. 

which indicated no publisher, and if we continue to use it we can do so only by 

disregarding the rules. This is probably inadvisable, as the break with the irr·egular nomenclature would have to come sooner or later, and it is probably best to 

have it over and done with. If we do not do so, the evil day is only postponed. 

Subgenus OPALIA ii. and A. Adams. 

Opalia H. and A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll., I, p. 222, 185:3; first species, Scalaria australis Lanutrck 

·.· Shell with the whorls united, the varices strong and rihlike; no umbilical perforation or spiral sculpture; a basal disk present; the shell structure massive, and 

the coloration usually pure white. 

Clathrus Oken, 1815, sometimes cited as a synonym of Opalia, is an exact 

synonym of E'pitonium Bolten, 1798, and Cyclostoma Lamarck, 1799. 

EPITONIUM (OPALIA) UUGIFERUM Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. ITT, fig. 10. 

Shell large, strong, stout, with seven or eight well-rounded whorls, crossed by 

(on each) about 13 stout, axially rugose varices, which arc continuous up the spire, 

being appressed at the suture; the only spiral sculpture consists of a stout thread 

circumscribing the base and becoming embedded under the well-marked suture 

with the growth of the whorls; apex lost; spire rather acute, rapidly enlarging; 

aperture oval; varices less than half as wide as the interspaces, somewhat excavated 

on the posterior side. Length of seven whorls 60 mm.; diameter at truncate apex 

4 mm.; maximum diameter of last whorl, 24 mm. . , 

Pliocene of Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oreg.; J. S. Diller; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 135121. 

This fine species is nearly related to the ribbed form of Opalia varicostata 

Stearns, from the Pliocene of San Diego, Cal., but is more evenly ribbed, while the 

size of the whorls increases much more rapidly so as to make the shell less slender 

and the spire angle wider for the same length of shell. 
MOLLUSCA. 53 

Subgenus ARCT?SCALA Dall, nov. 

Shell ashy, unpolished, not umbilicate, with numerous low reflected varices, a 

marked basal disk, and .strong spiral sculpture, the varices appi'essed at the suture. 

Type, Scalaria greenlandica Perry, Conch., expl. pl. 28, No. 8, 1811. 

This group differs from the polished white species of the Tropics, which have 

a somewhat similar sculpture, sufficiently to deserve a distinct name. · 

EPITONIUM (ARCTOSCALA) coNDONI Dall, n. sp .. 

Pl. III, figs. 1, 12. 

Shell large, strong, elongated, with about 15 varices to the whorl, crossed by 

10 or more little-elevated sharp narrow spirals, with wider interspaces occupied 

by faint spiral strire; whorls eight or more, rather inflated, closely adherent, with 

their greatest diameter somewhat in front of the middle of the whorl; no umbilicus; 

varices similar, usually equidistant, striate or rugose axially and continuous with 

those of the preceding whorl; the angle at the front of the junction with the preceding whorl filled with a callous deposit; the interspaces are about twice as wide 

as the varices, the spiral sculpture sharp but not conspicuous, being more crowded 

toward the suture, especially in front of it; in well-preserved specimens they seem 

to crenulate the edges of the varices; ar.erture somewhat higher than wide; base 

(so far as observed) without any disk or bounding keel. Length of eight whorls, 

73 mm.; maximum diameter, 22 mm.; diameter at truncated apex, 4 Illlll. Altitude of figured specimens, 32 and 70 mm. 

Miocene of Eugene, Oreg.; also of Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oreg., W. H. 

Dall; U. S. Nat. Mus. 135122 and 107398. Fragments perhaps of this species were 

noticed in the Miocene sandstone of Coos Bay. 

The species is named in honor of the I'ate Prof. Thomas Condon, of the State 

University at Eugene, Oreg., well known for his paleontological researches and the 

generous manner in which he extended to students the use of his fine collection. 

E. condoni recalls E. greenlandicum Perry, except that the spirals are very 

small keels rather than broad elevated bands. It attains. a much larger size than 

any specimens of E. greenlandicum recorded. A form much nearer the latter was 

found by Madden in the Miocene beds of Controller Bay, Alaska, having about 11 

varices to the whorl, which are slightly crenulatecl by the spiral sculpture. This 

species is more broac!ly conical than the recent E. greenla'ndicum. 

Subgenus CATENOSCALA Dall, nov. 

Shell resembling Arctoscala, but with a broad band of enamel laid over the 

anterior half ofthe whorl, covering both the spiral sculpture and the varices. 

Type, Oatenoscala oregonensis Dall; Miocene of Oregon. 

The presence of this band of enamel is a feature quite new to the faniily·and 

probably of generic significance, but the specimens in my possession are not sufficiently perfect to show the whole shell and, until the complete characters can be 

stated, it is probably ·best to regard it as a subgenus. 
54 THE ~EOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

EPITONIUM (CATENOSCALA) OREGONENSE Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. III, fig. 3. 

Shell resembling R. condoni, but differing by its ne~;~.rly flat Terebra-like whorls 

with two more varices to the whorl, and by a barid of callus extending from the 

suture over the preceding whorl and its varices to the periphery of the whorl, covering about half the exposed portion of the whorl and on the earlier whorls even more 

than half; the younger whorls show little or no spiral sculpture and it is quite faint 

on the later whorls of the adult, where the edges of the varices seem to exhibit little 

or no crenation. Length of two whorls, 20 mm.; least diameter of the upper whorl 

(of the two), 12 mm.; greatest diameter of the second whorl, 15.5 mm. Altitude 

of figured specimen, 32 nun. 

Miocene of Eugene, Oreg., W. II. Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus. 135123; and of the east 

side of Scow Bay, southeast of Port Townsend, Wash., near the west side of Oak 

Bay, Puget Sound, J. C. Merriam .. 

This species is quite peculiar in its callosity, no recent or fossil species known 

to me showing anything similar. It might perhaps be regarded as an extension of 

the deposit mentioned in connection with the varices of E. condoni, but even so it 

is practically· unique. The presence of these very large forms of Epitonium is one 

of the characteristics of the Oregonian Miocene. 

Superfamily T lENIOGLOSSA. 

Family SEPTIDJE. 

Genus GYRINEUM Link. 

Gyrineum Link, Besch!'. Rostock Samml., p. 123, 1807. Type, Murcx gyrinus Linn6; Dall, Smithsonian 

Mist:. Coil. (quarterly isstte), XLVII, No. 1475, p. 131, 1904. 

This genus includes the Tritons with continuous lateral varices. 

GYRINEUM MEDIOCRE Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. VII, fig. 6. 

Shell large, solid, with five or more whorls and heavy prominent, rounded, 

continuous lateral varices; suture distinct with a narrow tabulation just in front 

of it; whorls rotund, canal short with no marked fasciole or sulcus behind it; axial 

sculpture of small rounded riblets (about 15 between the varices on the penultimate 

whorl), which on the upper whorls extend from suture to suture, on the later whorls 

become obsolete soon after passing the angle of the tabulation which they usually nodulate, and are more or less obsolescent on the last half of the last whorl in some specimens, while in the variety (see Pl. VII,· fig. 9) they are more or less persistent; spiral 

sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl about 17) sulci alternately feeble and strong, 

as usual stronger on the canal; the interspaces are broad, fl11t, and fmely spirally 

striate, except on the canal, where they become rounded and rugose ot even beaded; 

canal short with a deep indentation, recurved, but without a marked sulcus behind 

it; varices heavy behind, with no sutural canal, more slend~r in front, denticulate 

within; a rather pronounced callus on-the body and pillar; details of the aperture 
MOLLUSCA. 55 

obscured by matrix. Altitude of figured specimen, 44 mm.; of a larger one, about 

60 mm.; maximum diameter, respectively 30 and 43 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153900. Also upper Miocene of Bogachiel,River; Washington, Arnold. 

GYRINEUM (MEDIOCRE var. ~) conmcuLATUl\1 Dall, nov. 

Pl. VII, fig. 9. 

This has the general form of the preceding and differs from it chiefly in being 

less compressed and with less prominent varices, the riblets continuous over the 

last whorl, the spiral bands more numerous and narrower, separated by excavated 

channels instead of narrow sulci. The specimen is rather poorly preserved. Altitude, 70 mm.; maximum diameter, 42 mm. 

Locality the same as the preceding; U.S. Nat. Mus. 153870 

Genus ARGOBUCCINUM Morch. 

Subgenus FUSITRITON Cossmann; 

ARooBUCCINUM (FusiTRITON) cAMMANI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IV, fig. 11. 

Shell thin, rather slender, strongly constricted at the sutures; apex and canal 

defective in the specimens; varices resembling the ribs but larger, irregularly distributed, about two to a whorl; suture appressed; whorls subtabulate, sculptured 

with about 16 rounded ribs with much wider interspaces, slightly arcuate and 

obscurely nodulose where crossed by ·the stronger spirals; the ribs become obsolete 

on the base of the whorl; spiral sculpture in front of the shoulder of the whod, of 

about nine more or le~s elevated straplike bands, faintly, finely spirally striate, with 

subequal or wider interspaces also more or less striated, the spirals grow stronger and 

the inters paces deeper toward the base; pillar smooth, more or less callous. Altitude 

of figured fragment, 36.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 30 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153907. . 

Though very imperfect, the sculpture of the two specimens obtained is sufficiently characteristic to enable the systematic place and species to be determined. 

It differs from all the hitherto known species by the constriction of the coil at the 

sutures. , 

Cryotritonium Von Martens (Valdivia expedition) is synonymous with A.ustrotriton Cossmann, and, I am informed, was published about a month later. 

ARGOBUCCINUl\1 (FUSITRITON) COOSENSE Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. VII, fig. 4. 

Shell slender, elongate, with four or more whorls, the type with the apex and anterior end of the canal defective; varices rounded, prominent, about two to a whorl, 

in the figure the profile includes a varix at each edge of the last whorl, giving the shell 

a wider aspect than it presents if viewed from another angle; suture appressed, the 
56 THE MIOCENE 0.1!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

shell not constricted in the sutural region; sculpture of 19 or 20 slightly arcuate ribs 

extending from the suture well over the periphery and then becoming gradually obsolete; the whorl is crossed by 28 to 30 flat, little-elevated straplike subequal spirals, 

slightly swollen where they cross the ribs, separated by subequal or narrower interspaces, which, as well as the spirals, are faintly, finely spirally striate; canal elongate, more or less arcuate and recurved, pillar smooth. Altitude of figured specimen, 

54 mm.; diameter at varices, 28 mm.; between the varices, 24 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153903. 

This specimen is easily discriminated from the Pliocene F. amgelensis Arnold and 

the recent F. oregonensis, which occurs in the Fossil Rock conglomerate near by, on 

comparison of the minor .sculpture. The latter species is also more robust, with 

more inflated whorls and fewer ribs. 

ARGOBUCCINUM (FUSITRITON) OREGONENSE Redfield. 

Triton oregonense Redfield, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, IV, p. 165, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1846. 

F·usus oregonensis Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1850, p. 274. 

Tritonium cancellatttm Middendorff, Beitr. Mal. Ross., III, p. 164, pl. 3, figs. 1-3, 1849; not of Lamarck. 

Priene oregonensis Cooper, Seventh Ann. Rept. California State Mining Bureau, p. 261, 1868. 

Tritonium (Priene) oregonensis Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San Pedro, p. 286, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1903. 

Fusitriton oregonensis Dall, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (quarterly issue), XLVII, No. 1475, p. 129, 1904. 

Pliocene of San Pedro, Cal., Arnold; Pleistocene of San Pedro and Santa 

Barbara, Cooper; and of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon, W. H. Dall. Living from 

the Pribilof Islands southward to Japan on the west, and to Monterey, Cal., on the 

east, in moderate depths of water; dredged from deep water off San Diego, Cal., 

Raymond. · · 

This well-known species is apparently represented by fragments in the Coos 

conglomerate at Fossil Rock. It has been at various times confounded with the 

South American species called by Lamarck Triton cancellatus, but the two spells 

arc certainly distinct. 

Subgenus PRIENE H. and A. Adams. 

Priene H. and A. Adams, Gen Rec. Moll., 11, p. 654, 1858; Dall, Smithsonian Misc. Ooll. (quarterly 

issue), XLVII, No. 1475, p. 132, 1904; type Triton scaber King. 

PRIENE PACIFICA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. V, fig. 9; Pl. VI, fig. 2. 

Shell large, stout, with about one inconspicuous varix to a whorl, the only 

prominent varix being the terminal one of the adult; whorls four or more, inflated, 

rotund; apex and anterior end of canal defective in the specimen; suture very 

distinct but not channeled; sculpture of (on the penultimate whorl) about 20 

subequal rounded ribs, extending from the suture over the p~riphery of the whorl 

and becoming obsolete on the base, about one on each whorl slightly varicose; incremental lines hardly noticeable; spiral sculpture of (on the last whorl about 20) 

subequal, flattish ridges with nearly equal interspaces, growing coarser toward the 

canal, not swollen or perceptibly nodulose where they ·cross the ribs, nor spirally 
MOLLUSCA. 57 

stria teo; canal short without marked fasciolc, anteriorly defective in the specimen, 

deeply indented; outer lip more or less flaring, especially in front; aperture 

·"obstructed by matri.x but the outer lip probably denticulate within. Altitude, 

60 mm.; maximum diameter of last whorl, 50 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153902. Also in the Purisima formation, Santa Cruz County, Cal., according to Arnold. 

This is somewhat larger than the South American P. scaber, the recent type 

of the subgenus, but appears to be its nearest relative. The Purisima specimen has 

the spire less defective than that from Coos Bay, and shows four and a half whorls. 

Exclusive of the nucleus, which is usually lost, the shell probably had at least five 

whorls, and possibly six. 

Genus CYMATIUM Bolten. 

Subgenus LINATELLA Gray. 

Linatella Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 37, 1857; sole example, Trtton cingulatum Lamarck; not 

Linatella H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 655, 1858, in synonymy. 

Linatella Dall, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (quarterly issue), XLVII, No. 1475, p. 134, 1904. 

CYMATIUM (LINATEJ,LA) PACIFICUM Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. VI, fig. 10. 

Shell large, thin, except for the parietal callus, with five or more convex whorls 

which arc subtabulate near the suture; sculpture of (on the upper whorls 4, and 

on the last whorl about 1J). squarish revolving ridges with decidedly wider interspaces, smooth or with sparse obsolete spiral striation; axial sculpture only of 

lines of growth and a moderate terminal varix in the adult, which is defective in 

the specimen; nucleus lost; aperture with a short, rather straight canal, with a 

feeble siphonal fasciole; a broad sheet of callus over the body and pillar, the outer 

lip slightly expanded and varicose; body behind the pillar destitute of marked 

spiral sculpture. Altitude of shell, 106 mm.; of last whorl, 82 mm.; maximum 

diameter, 60 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153899 . 

. This species is shaped very much like a Ohrysodomus, but is recognizable as 

belonging to Oymatium byits texture, its thin shell, and the broad parietal callus. 

Family CASSIDTDJE. 

PRELINNEAN OR POTNNO~UAL REFERENCES .. 

Cassis Rumphius. Amboinische Rariteit Kammer, 1st eel. (p. 80?), 1705; first species, Cassis cornuta 

Rumphius (later of Linne); eel. 2, p. 80, 1741. This appears to be the first scientific use of the name, 

which is a Latin rendering of a Malayan word meaning "helmet shell" (=Cassis Scopoli). 

Cassis Klein, Tent. Meth. Ostrac., p. 91, 1753; first species, Bnccinum glattcwn Linne (Cassis lmvis 

cinerea Kl.); figmed example Buccinttm areola Linne (Cassis lmvis areola. c, Kl.). Klein figures 

none of the true helmet shells; his group is identical with Bezoardica Schumacher. It is not Cassis 

Klein, 1734 (Echin.). 
58 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Cassis. Browne, Hist .. Jamaica, p. 407, 1756; first species, Lister fig. 1008. = Buccinum cornuturn (J, 

Gmelin, p. 3473, 1792. 

Sernicassis Klein, Tent. Meth. Ostrac., p. 94, 1753; first species.(also figured) Cassis pila Reeve (sec. von· 

Martens; Sernicassis hevis venter, major,.etc., Klein). The group is Sernicassis Morch. 

Galea Klein, Tent. Meth. Ostrac., p. 56, 1753; first species, Buccinurn perdix·Linne (Galea striata pennata 

Kl.); figured example Bucl~nurn echinophorurn Linne (Galea striata echinophora Kl.). Equals 

Dolium + Cassirlaria Lam. + ArnpullarirL Lam. + Purpura, Mitra, Melongena, etc., auct., a characteristic Klein ian mixture. Klein's "genus" Cassis bicornis comprises incidentally Bursa spinosa, 

Murex trunculus, and Cassidaria echinophora, which should 'satisfy all tastes. 

Cassis Martini, Syst. Conch. Cab., II, p. 2, 1771, ex parte. Cassirles volutatm vera!, p. 15, includes Buccinurn rufurn, cornutunt, tuberosurn, testtculurn, etc., of Linne. 

Cassis Da Costa, Elem. Conch., pp. 195, 290, 1775; figured example, C. saburon; the group = Cassis 

.Rumphius. 

Galeodes seu Sernicassides Martini, Syst. Conch. Cab., II. p. 2, 1771, = Melongena sp., not Sernicassis of 

Klein; = Cassidulus (anonymous), in Mus. Calonnianum. 

Cassides Meuschen, Mus. Gevers, pp. 386-394, 1787; assembly similar to that of Klein. 

Globosa DaCosta, Elem. Conch., pp. 193, 306, 1775; figured species, G. echinophora, which is included 

with Doliurn, the Cochlea globosal of Rumphius. 

So far as nomenclature is concerned, the above citations are purely historical. 

They help us to understand how the use of the name grew, and bring us to the point 

where we may consider the genus as it appears in modern nomenclature. 

The name Cassis was :first introduced into scientific terminology by Rumphius 

who latinized the local name "helmet shell" in his "Treasury of Amboyna," as 

above indicated. His grouping was excellent; more than a century elapsed before 

the genus was recognized with so little admixture of other forms; in fact, his group 

is our modern genus Cassis, senso lato. Cossmann has rejected the name Cassis 

because Klein used the word to denominate an echinoderm in 1734 as well as our 

mollusks in 1753. If we allow the polynomial literature to influence our acceptance 

of zoological names on the ground of rriority (which I do not for a moment admit), 

we can not consistentl.r omit to apply the rule of priority to the polynomial writers 

also; hence in the present instance Cassi~ is by many years the prior name, and 

should be adopted. 

Notwithstanding the relatively small number of species contained in this family 

and the Doliidce, much confusion has reigned in the nomenclature and even the 

latest reviews of it are more or less defective. I have therefore undertaken to 

review it from the beginning, hoping to arrive at a permanent result in accordance 

with the modern rules governing zoological nomenclature. It will be noted that 

with the beginning of formally binomial nomenclature in 1758, even in his heterogeneous genus Buccinum, the "father of natural history," recognized the group, 

thougli he did not formally christen it .. 

The family is composed mainly of globular or subtriangular shells, with a horny 

operculum and short spire, the whorls having at least a terminal varix, and, in the 

typical group, a succession of varices. The rhachidian tooth is multidentate, as 

are the inner laterals; the intermediate laterals have a few denticles, but the outer 

laterals are simple. There are no basal denticles on the rhachidian tooth. The 

protoconch is minute. 
MOLLUSCA. 59 

Genus CASSIS Scopoli. 

Cassidea caudata Linne, Syst.' Nat., ed. 10, p. 735, 1758. Section *b* of Bucr:inum L., comprising nine 

species of Cassis, of which the first is C. echinophora L. 

Cassida Brunnich, Zool. Fund., p. 248, 1772; not of Linne, 1758 (Coleoptera);=Cassis Scopoli. 

Cassis Scopoli, Intr. ad Hist. Nat., p. 393, 1777; contains (a) Bucr:inumjlammea, etc., of Linne, and "(b) 

B. rufum, cornutum, etc., of Linne, a very similar assembly to that of Klein; also Scopoli, Del. 

Insubr., II, p. 76, 1786. 

Cassis Modeer, K. Vetensk. Acad. nya handl., XIV, pp. 107, 111, 1793; contains as examples C. plicatnmand cornntnm (L.). 

Cassida (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, pp. 19, 81, 1797; 

and Cassis senso lato; not Cassida L., 1758 (Insecta). 

Melongena auct. 

contains species of Cassidaria, frfalea, Nassa, 

Cassidula of the same work is equivalent to 

Cassis Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 28, 1798, ex parte; divided as by Klein into veroo and spurire; 

first species of veroo is Bncr:inum cornutum (L.) Gmelin. 

Ca.~sidea Cuvier, Tableau Elem., p. 406, 1798; includes Bncr:innm 1•ibex; testiculus, rujum, cornutum, 

and t1tberosnm L., as examples of five unnamed subdivisions of the genus. 

Cassis Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 72, 1799; sole example, Bncr:innm cornntum L. Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., 

p. 79, 1801; same type. 

Cassidea Bose, Hist. Nat. Coq., V, p. 1, 1802; includes all the Cassides as well as Onisr:ia, figures C. 

echinophora Brug. 

Cassis Roissy, Hist. Nat. des Moll., VI, p. 98, 1806; first species, C. cornuta L. 

Cassidea Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 111, 1807; same species as Cuvier, with C. flammea and 

pennata .L. added, and C. vibex omitted. 

Cassis Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 599,.1810; sole example, C. eornuta L. sp. 

Cassis Perry, Conch., expl. pl. 33, 1811; first species, C. jlammea L. 

Cassis Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturg. (3), I, pp. ix, 171, 1815; first species, C. cornutum. 

Cassidea Schumacher, Essai, pp. 75, 247, 1817; section a, C. rufa L.; section (J, C. jlammea L.; section 

y, C. oniscus L.; =Cassis Scopoli. 

Cassis Sower by, Gen. Shells, fasc. 22, 1824; examples cited, C. glauca and jlamrnea. 

Cassis Blainville, Man. Mal., I, p. 410, 1825; section A, C. tnberosa; section B, C. flammea. 

Cassis Stutchbury, Mag. Nat. Hist., n. s., I, p. 472, 1837; first species, C. madagascariensis Lam.; the 

list includes C. cornuta. 

Cassis Swainson, Malac., p. 298, 1840; type, C. cornnta L. 

Cassis Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. 2, p. 100, 1842; C. tnberosa. 

Cassidea Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 137 ;= Cassidea Schumacher. 

Cassis (Scopoli) Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 137; Bucr:innrnflammeum L. 

Cassis Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 113, 1852; subgenus of Cassis; first species, Bncr:inum cornutum L. 

Cassis H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 214, 1853; C. cornnta L. sp.;=Cassis Lamarck. 

Cassis Philippi, Hand b. Conch., p. 153, 1853;= Cassis Scopoli. 

Cassis Gray, Guide Moll., p. 37, 1857; C, cornntnm Quoy. 

Goniogalea Morcli., Svensen Cat., p. 21, 1857; Mal. Blatt., XXIV, p. 37, 1877; first species, Cassis madagascariensis Lam. 

Cassis Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 659, 1884; C. cornnta (L.). 

Cassis (Klein) Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 11, 1890;=Cassis Lamarck, 1799. 

Galeodocassis Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 18, 1890; G. anceps Sacco; subgenus of Cassis. 

Semicassis Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 26, 1890; subgenus of Cassis; first species, C. miolmvigata Sacco. . 

Cassidea Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 19, 1890; subgenus; first species, C. cyprmiformis 

Borson sp. 

Cassisoma Rovereto, Atti Soc. Lig., X.(p. 7 of extras), 1899; new name for Cassis Klein, 1753, non Klein, 

1734;= Cassis (Rumphfus, 1 704) L-amarck, 1799. 

Cassidea Cossmann, Essais de Pal. Comp., V, p. 123, 1903; type, Bncr:in·am cornutwn L., ==Cassis Scopoli. 
60 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Subgenus CYPRJECASSIS Stutchbury. 

Cypra~cassis Stntchbury, Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., n. s., I, p. 214, 1837; type, Cassis rvfa L. 

Cyprxcassis Sowcrby, Conch. Man., eel. 2, p. 133, 1842; C. testiculus. 

Cyprxcassis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 137· C. testiculmn. 

Cyprxcassis Morch, Cat. Y nldi, I, p. 113, 1852; first species, C. rufa L.; subgenus of Cass'is .. 

Cassidea (Link) Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal., suppl., p. 25, December, 1852; selects C. rufa and test'iculns as types. 

Cassidea H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 217, 1853; C. testicnlus L. sp. 

Cyprxcassis Gray, Guide Moll., p. 37, 1857; C. rnfum. 

Cyprxcassis Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 659, 1884; C. rnfa L. sp.; subgenus of Cassis. 

Cyprxicassis Cossmann, Essais de Pal. Cornp., V, p. 129, 1903; type, Buccim<m mfam L.; subgenus of 

Bezoardica Cossmann;= Cyprxcassis Stutchbury. 

Section LEVENIA Gray. 

Levenia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc: London for 1847, p. 137; type, Cassis 'coarctata Sowerby. 

Levenia H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 217, 1853; L. coarctata Sowerby. 

Levenia Gray, Guide Moll., p. 37, 1857; L. coarctata Gray. 

Levenia Fischer, Man. de Cnnchyl., p. 659, 1884; C. coarctata Sowerhy (section of Cassis). 

Levenia Cossmann, Essais de Pal. C01ilp., V, p. 121, 1903; section of Cassidea Cossmann,=Levenia Gray. 

Large, heavy subtriangular shells, with a narrow aperture and eonspicuous 

body eallus, the spire low and ineonspieuous. 

The genus Cassis is divided into several subordinate groups, as follows: 

Subgenus Cassis s. s. Shell subtriangular, heavy, varicose, the last whorl much 

the largest; with a short spire, the terminal eallus spread over the body, with the 

edges more or less free, dentate on each ~ide of a narrow aperture which is not 

canaliculate behind; eanal short, strongly reeurved, deeply indented, and with a 

strong siphonal faseiole in front of a rather deep sulcus; operculum ovoid, concentric, the nucleus near the middle of the outer edge. Type, C. cornuta L. 

Section Levenia Gray. Shell thinner than typieal Cassis, the callus thinner and 

less expanded, its margin adherent except near the canal; 011ter lip not reflected, 

infleeted toward the posterior end; the aperture not ehanneled behind, opereulum 

narrow and thin. Type, C. coarctata Sowerby. 

Section Morionella Dall, nov. Shell thinner than typical Cassis, with the , 

aperture having a wide and shallow ehannel behind; the aperture wide, lirate or 

denticulate on each lip; shell strongly axially sculptured; the canal wider, less 

deeply incised and mueh less refleeted than in Cassis s. s. Type, C. chevallieri 

Cossmann, Parisian Eocene. 

Subgenus Cyprrecassis Stutchbury. Shell ovoid, the callus thick and closely 

adherent; the aperture narrow, canaliculate behind; the operculum said to be absent 

in the adult; varices, except the terminal one, few and inconspicuous or none. 

Type, C. rufa L. 

The earliest American member of this family is the Claibornian C. sowerbyi 

Lea, which belongs to the next genus. The earliest true Cassis I have found 

recorded from European strata is the C. mammillaris Grateloup, from the Tongrian 

(and up to the Miocene), a form of which is queried by Sacco as perhaps Bartonian, 

corresponding respectively to our Jacksonian and middle Oligocene. This agrees 

fairly well with our American data, where the only true Cassis in the restricted 

sense, ea~lier than the Pleistocene, is C. sulcifera Sowerby, from the Oligocene of 
MOLLUSCA. 61 

Santo Domingo, Haiti, and Jamaica, and a closely related, if not identical, form from 

the Chattahoochee formation of Georgia,. which has so far been obtained only in 

fragments. The Cassis harprefonnis and C. canceltata Lamarck from the Parisian 

Eocene, with their wide apertures, relatively thin shells, and strong axial sculpture, have a very different aspect from modern species of Cassis of the type of C. 

cornuta. The other Parisian species, C. chevallieri Cossmann, shows these features 

even more emphatically and might serve as the type of a section to contain these 

early representatives of the family. In some respects they recall Cyprcecassis 

more than Cassis s. s. C. calantica of the same region is a Phalium, not unlike our 

P. globosum Dall, from the Jacksonian of Mississippi and the lower Oligocene of 

Florida. 

While it is true that the Galeodocassis of Sacco has a distinctive facies, and 

there is nothing quite like it among the more modern forms, I am obl{ged to agree 

with Cossmann that, ·when analyzed, the distinctive characters become so few and 

uncharacteristic that the group can hardly be maintained. 

In the modern fauna Cassis is well represented in the Antilles, both by the 

typical forms and by species of Cyprcecassis, but curiously enough only the latter is · 

represented, with Levenia, on the tropical Pacific coast of America. Typical Cassis 

is also 'found in the Indo-Pacific province, ,Japan, and Australia, as is Cyprrecassis 

but Levenia is restricted to western America. 

Genus PHALIUM Link. 

Phaliwn Link, Besehr. Rostock Sanunl., p. 112, 1807; firsl species, Cassis glauca Linne. 

Cassidea Perry, Conch., expl. pl. 34, 1811; first species, Cassislabiata Perry (+C. achatina Lam., 1822). 

Bezoarrlica a Schumacher, Essai, p. 248, 1817; type, Buccinum. glaucum L. 

Cassis Bowdich, Elem. Conch., I, p. 41, pl. 11, fig. 11, 1822; C. gla1LCa. 

Cassidea Sowerby, Cpnch. Man., ed. 2, p. 99, 1842; C. glauca or erinace1Ls, fig. 411. 

Phalium. Hernnannsen, Index Gen. Mal., suppl., p. 104 (as of Link), selects Cassis glauca L. as type, 

December, 1852. 

Bezoardica Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 137; = Bezoanlica a Schumacher; Cassis glauca . 

. Phalium. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 113, 1852; subgenus of Cassi.s; first species, Buccinum glaucwn L. 

Semicassis H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 215, 1853; S. glauca L. sp. 

Phaliurn II. and A. Adam~, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 216, 1853; subgenus of Semicassis; first species, S. 

areola L. sp. 

Bczoardica Gray, Guide Moll., p. 38, 1857; first species, P. glauca. 

Casmaria Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 659, 1884; section of Semicassis; Cassis pyrwn Lam. 

Bezoardica Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 659, 1884; section of Semicassis; Cassis glauca L. sp. 

Casrnaria Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 26, 1890; subgenus of Cassis; Cassis tongriana Sacco. 

Casmaria Cossmann, Rssais de Pal. Comp., V, p. 127, 1903; type, Cassis pyrurn Lam.; section of Bernicassis Cossmann ;= Casrnaria H. and A. Adams. 

Bezoardica Cossmann, Essais de Pal. Comp., V, p. 128, 1903; type, Buccinum glaucum L.; = Bezoardica 

a Schumacher, 1817. 

Subgenus CASSIDEA (Bruguiere) Swainson. 

Cassidea 1lnguiculata Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 736, 1758; section *c* of Buccinum L.; contains Cassis 

erinacea, glauca, and vibex L., with two species of Nassa, :Pn the order named. 

Cassidea Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth., I, pp. xv (1789), 4]4 (1792); new name for Cassis Klein (cf. p. 416, 

col. 1); first species, Bu.ccimtm vibex L. 

Cassidea Swainson, Malac., p. 299, 1840; type, Cassis vibex L. 

Cassidea Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 112, 1852; subgenus of Cassis; first species, Cassis vibex. 

Casrnaria (pars) II. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 216, 1853; subgenus of Semicassis; Cassis 

vibex L. 
C• 

62 THE MIOCENE 0.1!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Subgenus BEZOARDICA Schumacher. 

Bezoardica f3 Schumacher, Essai, pp. 75, 248, 1817; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Londm1, for 1847, p. 137, 

No. 43; B. areola Gmelin. 

Semicassis Miirch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 112, 1852; subgenus of Cassis; first species, S. japonim Reeve. 

Semicassi,q Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 659, 1884; subgenus of Cassis; Cassis saburon. 

Semicassis Cossmann, Essais de .Pal. Comp., V, p. 125, 1903; type, Buccinu.m saburon L.; subgenus of 

Cassidea Cossmann; _: Semicassis Morch. 

Section ECHINOPHORIA Sacco. 

Echinophoria Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 39, 1890; subgenus of Cassis; first species, C. 

issel?:i Sacco; type, Buccimtm intermedium Brocchi. 

Moderate-sized, thin, globose, or ovate shells with an ample aperture, thin and 

adherent body callus, the spire moderately elevated. 

The genus Phalium is divided as follows: 

Subgenus Phalium s. s. Shell smooth and polished, frequently coronatcd at the 

shoulder or with longitudinal riblets; outer lip dentate, reflected, subspinose in front; 

varices several; body callus thin, smooth and adherent behind, partly free in front, 

more or lest plicate over the pillar; the aperture usually channeled behin(l; operculum narrow, lunate, the nucleus in the middle of the outer side. Type, C. glauca 

Linne. 

Subgenus Cassidea (Bruguiere) Swainson. Shell ovate, smooth, polished, with 

only a terminal varix; body callus smooth and adherent thr'oughout; otherwise as in 

Phalium s. s. Type, C. vibex Linne. · 

Subgenus Bezoardica Schumacher. Shell globose; spirally markedly sulcate 

over the whole surface, sometimes granose or coronate at the shoulder; body callus 

adherent behind, more or less free anteriorly, plicate or granose opposite the outer 

lip; the latter not spinose in front, mcire or less denticulate, reflected and heavy; a 

single terminal varix. Type, Buccinum areola Gmclin. 

Section Echinophoria Sacco. Like Bezoardica but having the body callus nearly 

smooth and the spiral sculpture supplemented by nodosities more or less completely 

covering the whorl. Type, Cassis intermedia Br9cchi (sp.), Oligocene of Italy. 

Subgenus Doliocassis Dall, nov. Shell small, solid, ovate, protoconch large, 

smooth, polished, as in Dolium; surface with uniform spiral sulcation; ·no external 

varices; outer lip thickened internally, denticulate, not reflected;. body callus thin, 

wholly adherent, plicate on .the pillar and near the suture; canal short, obliquely 

truncate, with a distinct fasciole, behind which is !1 shallow sulcus, but the canal is 

not-reflected as in Phalium or Cassis. Type, Buccinum sowerbyi Lea,a ''Claiborne 

sands" of Alabama. 

Phalium in .America antedates typical Cassis ~nd includes all the Eocene and· 

Oligocene species except Sconsia lintea, Galeodea petersoni, a.~ tuberculatus Gabb, and 

Cassis sulcifera. There are several ill-defined and unfigured species of Conrad in the 

Eocene, but I believe they may all be included in Phaliurn. The new subdivision, 

Doliotassis, has the external appearance of a miniature Dolium perdix, together with 

a relatively much larger protoconch than is possessed by a Cassis one hundred times 

a This fossil has been identified by some authors with Cassis nupera Conrad, an unfigured and insufficiently described 

species, about which Conmd himself was in doubt. 
MOLLUSCA. 63 

its size. The strictly internal varices are a characteristic feature. Most of the specimens obtained {lo not show the bo'dy callus, its sculpture, or the denticulations of the 

outer lip, but they are all present ip. fully mature specimens. A few specimens of 

Bezoardica show a second varix, but this is so unusual as to be abnormal, as much so 

as would be a specimen of Phalium s. s. which should show only a termina~ varix. 

In the matter of names for the divisions of Phalium it may be noted that the 

Oassidea of Bruguiere was proposed as a substitute for Cassis Klein, 1753, not 1734, 

and Cassis Klein contained none of the typical genus Cassis, so Cassidea Bruguicre. 

can not be used for the latter. Oassidea was a heterogeneous group until Swainson fixed on 0. vibex to typify it, in 1840. As the first section of Rezoardica Schumacher was already a synonym of Phalium, the name can be retained for the second 

section, for which the much later name of Semicassis Morch has been frequently 

used. 

PHALIUM (BEZOARDICA) TURRICULA Dall,. n. sp. 

Pl. IV, Iig. 6. 

Shell large, moderately thick, with an unusually elevated spire, with five sculptured whorls and a smooth nucleus of about two and a half whorls; axial sculpture of 

(on the penultimate whorl about 20) faint, obscure, somewhat flexuous ridges, 

chiefly noticeable from the nodulations which occur when the raised spirals cross 

them; the ridges are almost wholly absent from the last half of the last whorl; faint 

incremental lines also occur; spiral sculpture of (between the sutures 4, on the last 

whorl 15) narrow raised revolving ridges with much wider interspaces but no intercalary small threads; where the ridges cross the axial ridges they are more or less 

undulated and swollen, the peripheral ridge on the spire has these projections particularly marked; there is no spiral stri:ation; the suture is wound on the fourth 

spiral and, when the latter is nodulous, is undulated more or less; the type specimen 

has two varices, which is exceptional in this group and may be an individual aberration; aperture longer than wide, the outer lip thickened ancl reflected, internally 

denticulate; body with a callus which is raised at its anterior margin; canal short, 

deep, strongly reflected, with a deep wide sulcus behind it; the outer lip is constricted 

just before forming the varix. Altitude, 80 rnm.; maximum diameter, 50 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153898. 

The aperture of this fine shell is obstructed by a tough matrix, but enough is 

visible to deduce all the essential characters except whether the body callus is smooth 

or sculptured. 

PHALIUM (BEZOARDICA) EQUISULCATUllf Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. V, figs. l, 4. 

Shell of moderate size, solid, heavy, ovate, with abm,\t five whorls beside the 

(decollate) nucleus; suture distinct, not channeled; sculpture of (on the last whorl 

19) even, flat, straplike, raised, subequal spirals, separated by channeled, narrower, 

equal sulci or interspaces most of which carry a single minute intercalary thread, 

which on the base is as a rule slightly nearer the posterior side of the channel in which 
64 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

it lies; there are faint traces of fine spiral striation, and the posterior four or five of 

the major spirals are somewhat beaded or granulated by axial suld which do not appear in the channels; the varices except the terminal one arc inconspicuous and 

irregular; two specimens, including the largest, show none; the figured specimen, 

which is smaller though better preserved, has indications of two besides the terminal 

varix; aperture longer than wide, subovate; outer lip reflected and thickened, internally dentate; body with a thin smooth callus (not in the figured specimen); canal 

deep, short, twisted, recurved, with a deep smooth sulcus behind it. Altitude of figured specimen, 45 mm.; of a larger but still immature individual (decollate), 60 mm.; 

maximum diameter, respectively, 30 and 39 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

15389,6. 

This is a very well-defined and uniformly sculptured species, which recalls 

"Cassis" in.flata Shaw, of the recent West Indian fauna, but has not the granosc 

body callus of that species. No species of this group now lives on the Pacific 

coast of North America as far as known. 

Genus GALEODEA Link. 

Galeodea Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 113, 1807; sole example, G. echinophora L.; not= Galeodes 

Bolten. . 

Mario Montfort, Con elL Syst., II, p. 479, 1810; type, Buccinum echinophor-um L.; not Marion of Latreille, 

1810 (Coleoptera). 

Cassidaire, Lamarck, Extr. d'un Cours, p. 119, 1812; nude vernacular list name, cited by Cuvier, Regne 

Anim., II, p. 437, 1817, as a synonym of Mario Montfort, 1810. 

Echinora Schumacher, Essai, pp. 75, 249, 1817; Buccinum echinophorum Linne. 

Cassidaria Lamarck, Anim. s. V crt., VII, p. 214, 1822; first species, Buccinum echinophorum Linne; 

Moria Montfort. 

Cassidaria Bowdich, Elem. Conch., I, p. 40, pl. 11, fig. 5, 1882; C. echinophora Lam. 

Cassidaria Sowerby, Gen. Shells, fasc. 23, 18?4; type, Buccinum echinophorum L. Also Risso, llist., IV, 

p. 183, 1826. 

Cassidaria Blainvillc, Man. Mal., I, p. 409, 1825; C. echinophora L. 

Cassidarea Swainson, Malac., p. 299, 1840; C. echinophora L. 

Cassidaria Sowerby, Conch. Man., 2d ed., pp. 99, 307, 1842; C. echinophora L. 

GaleodeaMorch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 3,1852, asofLink;=G. echinophora L. 

Galeodea H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 218, 1853; G. echinqphora L. sp. 

Mario Philippi, Hand b. Conch., p. 154, 1853; Buccinum echinophorum L. 

Moria Gray, Guide Moll., p. 39, 1857; M. echinophora. 

Galeoda Chenu, Man. de Conchyl., I, p. ·209, 1859; G. tyrrhena and echinophora,=Galeodea H. and A. 

Adams. 

Galeodia Conrad (as of Link), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s., IV, p. 293, 1860; G. tricarinata 

. Conrad, Vicksburgian Oligocene. 

Moria Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 659, 1884; M. echinophora L. sp.; full genus. 

Mario Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., p. 53, 1890;= Moria Montfort. 

Moria Cossmann, Cat. Illustre Bas. Paris, IV, p. 112, 1889; M. eclnnophora (L.). 

Galeodea Sacco, Moll. Ten-:. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 53, 1890; subgenus of Mario; type, G. echtnophora L. sp. 

Cassidaria Rovcreto, Atti Soc. Lig., X (p. 7 of extras), 1899,=Cassidaire Lam., 1812,+Galeodea Link, 

1807 (not Galeodes Olivier, 1791),+Morio Montfort, 1810 (not Marion Latreille, 1810). 

C<issidaria Cossmann, Essais de Pal. Camp., V, p. 129, 1903; .type, Bucc:mum echinophor-um L., = Cassidaire Lam., 1812. 
MOLLUSCA. 65 

Section GALEODARIA Conrad. 

Galeodaria Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 26, 1865; sole example, G. petersoni Conrad (1855); subgenus 

of Galeodea (Link) Conrad, Jacksonian Eocene. 

Doliopsis Coi)l'ad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, pp. 26, 141 (not p. 150), 1865; tjpe; D. tricarinaty,m Conrad. 

Doliopsis Conrad (olim), Misc. Coli. Smithsonian Inst.,_Eocene Checklist of Invt. Foss., p. 37, No. 755; 

genus withdrawn and species referred to Galeodaria Conrad; not Doliopsis Monterosato, 1872. 

Galeodaria Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 660, 1884; subgenus of Mario; G. petersoni Conrad, Eocene. 

The name Galeodea has by some been rejected on account of the existence 

of Galeodes Bolten, but the best opinion is opposed to such action. The next 

name is Mario Montfort, which has been supposed to be preoccupied by Mario 

Latreille, published in the same year. But an inspection of Latreille shows that 

he named his beetle Marion (a brown gem), not Mario (a fool), and the two names 

can perfectly well exist in nomenclature. The name Moria does not exist in 

Latreille's work and the substitution, or blunder, was made by a later author 

who luis been copied without verification. The next name in order is Echinora 

Schumacher, 1817, as the vernacular Cassidaire of Lamarck, 1812, is a perfectly 

nude name rightly rejected in favor of Mario Montfort, by Cuvier, the Latin name 

Cassidaria not being proposed or defined until1822. 

Conrad's Galeodaria will form at most a section of the genus, being a precursor 

in the Eocene of the typical Galeodea. Doliopsis Conrad was founded on an immature specimen of Galeodaria. 

The characters of Galeodea are as follows: 

Shell thin, with a moderately elevated spire, appressed suture, and uniformly 

spiral sculpture; sometimes more or less nodulous on the 1nore prominent spiral 

keels; with a conspicuous periostracum; the outer lip reflected and more or less 

transversely lirate, with a tendency to a more prominent denticle near the posterior 

angle and at the proximal end of the canal; inner lip with a broad callus, smooth or 

obsoletely lirate, with its margin more ·or less free in the adult; the canal elongate 

and recurved, with hardly a trace of a siphonal fasciole; operculum subovate with 

the nucleus midlateral on the outer side. Type, G. echinophora L. 

The section Galeodaria hardly differs from the typical Galeodea, except in its 

small size and exaggerated callosities, and the series of regular, distant, not nodular 

keels separating the fmer spiral sculpture into bands, which give it a peculiar aspect. 

The sole species is G. petersoni Conrad. 

From Sconsia, Galeodea differs by its lighter shell, more conspicuous periostracum, more reflected outer lip, and· less appressed body callus; and especially 

by its elongated, narrow, and deflected canal without any marked fasciole. The 

soft parts of Sconsia being yet 'unkn0wn, the comparison can not be made complete. Galeodea is among the earliest representatives of its family, if not the very 

first, a recognizable species having been described by Muller from the Cretaceous 

of Aachen, while Gabb has named another from beds of Cretaceous age at Martinez, 

Cal. The Sconsia alabamensis from the upper Cretaceous of Alabama was described 

by Gabb from an imperfect internal cast, and therefore remains somewhat doubtful, 

but the subgenus is definitely established as early as the Claibornian. The Mario 

tuberculatus Gabb, from the Eocene of· Martinez, Cal., is also found in that of 

Nehalem River, Oregon, and much resembles Galeodaria petersoni except that the 

sculpture is nodulous instead of carinate. 

37351-No. 59-09--5 
66 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Subgenus SCONSIA Gray. 

Oniseia Risso (as of Sowerby), Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer., IV, p. 185, 1826; sole example, Cassidarw striata 

Lamarck; not Oniscia Sby., 1824. 

Sconsia Gray·, Guide Moll., p. 39, 1857; S. striata. 

Sconsia H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 218, 1853; Cassidaria striata Lamarck. 

Scansia Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 660, 1884; S. striata Lamarck, subgenus of Mario. 

Scansia Sacco, Moll. Ter:r,. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 71, 1890;=Sconsia Gray; subgenus of Moria . 

. Marianassa Sacco, Moll. Ter:r,. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 74, 1890; type, M. amplectens Sacco (abnormal?). 

Galeadascansia Sacco, Moll. Ter:r,. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 69, 1890; type, Cassidaria striat1tla Bonelli, 

. 1825. Subgenus of Moria. 

SCansia Cossmann, Essaisde Pal. Camp., V, p. 132, 1903; type, Cassidaria striata Lamarck;=S.cansia Gray 

This group, well defined by its shell characters if we take only the recent forms 

into consideration, is gradually merged in the fossils into Galeodea on the one hand, 

Morum or Bezoardica on "the other, through the medium of the precursory series. 

Soine of the earli~rforms, such as S.l~nteaConrad, of the Vicksburgian, or S. striatula 

Sowerby, of the Londinian, have the canal more deeply incised, with the result 

that a well-defined siphonal fasciole appears with a parallel trough behind it, and it 

is to these forms that Sacco has given the name of Galeodosconsia. His Morionassa 

I believe to be an abnormalindividual, having the spire acutely drawn out as sometimes happens in various gasteropod genera. The number of varice.s in this group 

is variable; usually not more than two occur. 

The definition of the subgenus S consia is as follows: 

Shell solid, ovoid, with a moderately prominent subacute spire; sculpture 

delicate and almost exclusively spiral; outer lip not reflected, thickened internally 

and transversely !irate without a posterior sinus; inner lip thin, hardly separated 

from the surface except near the anterior extreme, feebly transversely !irate when 

fully adult, in the young !irate only over the canal; canal straight, and not deeply 

incised, especially in the later forms; from the straightness and shallowness of the 

canal it follows that the siphonal fasciole is obsolete or nonexistent; suture usually 

more or less appressed; protoconch minute, polished, spirally feebly striate; system 

of coloration white with faint yellowish maculre. The soft parts and operculum 

are unknown. 

The earliest American species yet recorded isS. lintea Conrad, from the Vicksburgian, which exhibits all the characters of the subgenus, tl;t.ough it is a small 

species. There followS. lrevigata Sowerby, from the Oligocene of Haiti and Santo 

Domingo, with the variety sublrevigata Guppy, from Bowden, Jamaica, and a 

very closely related if not identical form from the Chipola beds of Florida. These 

are succeeded· by a larger species, which reverts somewhat toward Galeodea in 

having a perceptible fasciole, but on the whole may find a place here, the S. hodgei 

from the Duplin Miocene of the Carolinas and the "Alum Bluff" Miocene of 

Florida. The Pliocene has not afforded any Cassididre, bu£ the typical species 

of Sconsia appears in the recent fauna of the Gulf of Mexico and the Antilles with 

one or two mutations which have by Arthur Adams and Marrat been treated as 

species, but of which more abundant material is needed to confirm their status. 
MOLLUSCA. 67 

Genus OOCORYS Fischer. 

Oocorys Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl. XXXI, p. 392, October, 1883; 0. sulcata Fischer, op. cit., abyssal; 

Man. de Conchyl., p. 769, February, 1884. 

Benthodoli1tm Verrill and Smith, Trans. Connecticut Acad., VI, p. 177, May, 1884; B. abyssorwn V. and 

S., abyssal. 

Oocorys Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIIi, No. 29, p. 228, March, 1889; section Oocorys s. s., type 0. 

sulcata Fischer; seetion Benthodolimn (p. 229), type B. abyssorum Verrill and Smith. 

This group was at first separated by Fischer as a distinct family, and in 1889 I 

accepted this view in the absence of testimony to the contrary. But the increase 

in the amount of material and resulting fuller study has obliged me to alter my opinion and refer the genus to the Oassidid::e, in the vicinity of Galeodea. The difference 

in time between the publications of Verrill and Fischer is much less than would be 

supposed, because the number of the Journal de Conchyliologie for October, 1883, 

in which the description appeared, was not published earlier than February, 1884, 

antedating V crrill's paper only about two months. An examination of the material 

collected by the Blake and Albatross leaves one in a puz.zled state of mind concerning 

specific limits as indicated by the shell, for no two specimens are alike. If we allow 

as wide a range for the species of Oocorys as is allowed in Kobclt's Iconography of 

European Shell-bearing Mollusks to Oassidaria echinophora, we may easily come to 

the conclusion that there are but two species of Oocorys in the North Atlantic, or 

even possibly but one. However, the majority of the American specimens are narrowly but deeply umbilicate with a distinct siphonal fasciole and elevated spire. 

The minority, like those of the eastern North Atlantic, have an excavated simple 

columella obliquely truncate without trace of any umbilicus or fasciole. In my 

final Blake report I suggested, pending further information, that the two forms be 

retained as sections representing respectively Oocorys s. s.' and Benthodolium, the 

nonumbilicate form being that of which Fischer first gave a description. Neither 

Watson's nor Locard's diagnosis is sufficient to make it clear whether any of-the. 

eastern Atlantic specimens show the umbilicus. If not, the 0. watsoni of Locard 

may be the tall variety of 0. sulcata, while the analogous mutation qf Benthodolium 

is present in the Albatross material. 

The radula of Benthudul-iiam or Oocurys is Oass·is-like. The most essential distinction between the shells of Galeodea or Sconsia ·and· Oocorys is the smooth outer 

lip and adherent thin callus of the latter; the only other marked distinction lies in 

the operculum. I can not regard this ·as a family distinction, and in some specimens 

of Benthodolium I find unmistakable indications of teeth or ridges on the outer lip, 

also noted by Watson. The minute protoconch in Galeodea agrees with that of 

Benthodolium. In short, there seems little reason to doubt that Oocorys belongs in 

the family Oassididce ncar Galeodea, an<l is distinguished as a genus chiefly by its 

paucispiral operculum. 

Genus MORUM Bolten. 

llforum Bolten, Mus. poltenianum, p. 53, 1798; sole example llf. purpureum Bolten, =Strombus oniscus 

Gmelin 1792. 

Lambidium Link, Beschr. Bostock Samml., p. 112, 1807; sole example, Strombus onisws L.; =llfornm 

Bolten. 

Oniscia Sowerby, Gen. Shells, fasc. 24, 1824; type, Strornbus onisws L. Not of Risso, 1826. 
68 .THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Theliostorna Sowcrby, Gen. Shells, fasc. 24, 1824, olim, =Oniscia. 

Cassidara Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. 2, p. 307, 1842; a synonym of Oniscia (oniscus), fide Sowcrby. 

Ersina Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, fide Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 1B7; type, 

Strornbus oniscus L. 

Morum Mi.irch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 111, 1852; Strombus oniscus L. 

Morum II. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 219, 1853; M. oniscus L. sp. 

Oniscia Philippi, Hand b. Conch., p. 154, 1853; =Oniscia Sowerby. 

Momm Gray, Guide Moll., p. 40, 1857; M. oniscus. 

Morurn Miirch, Mal. Blatt., XXIV, p. 39, 1877; M. oniscus L. sp. 

Oniscia Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 660, 1884; 0. oniscus L. sp .. 

Plesioniscia Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 660, 1884; section of Oniscia; 0. t·uberc·ulosa Sowerhy. 

Oniscia Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 76, 1890; =Oniscia Sowerby. 

Lam.bidiurn Rovereto, Atti Soc. Lig., X (p. 7 of extras), 1899; =Lambidiurn Link, 1807. 

Oniscia Cossmann, Essais de Pal. Comp., V, p. 134, 1903; type, Strom.bus oniscus L.; =Oniscia Sowerby. 

Section ONISCIDlA Morch. 

Oniscidia Swainson, Malac., p. 299, 1840; cites 0. oniscus L. and 0. cancellata Sowerby, figuring the 

former. Evidently a typographical error for the name Oniscia, which is correctly spelled elsewhere 

in the text and index. 

Oniscidia (Sw.) Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 111, 1852; 0. cancellata Sowerby. 

Oniscidia H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 220, 1853; subgenus of Momm; first species, M. cancellatum Sby. 

Oniscia Gray, Guide Moll., p. 40, 1857; 0. cancellata. 

Oniscidia Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 660, 1884; section of Oniscia; 0. cancellata Sowerby. 

·Oniscidia Sacco, Moll. Ten:. Piem. e Lig., VII, p. 76, 1890; subgenus of Oniscia; =Oniscidia and. 

Oniscidia Cossmann, Essais de Pal. Comp., V, p. 134, 1903; type, 0. cancellata Sby.; section of Oniscia. 

Section HERCULEA Hanley. 

Herculea Hanley, in H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 621, November, 1858; type, Mornrn pon-

. deroswrn Hanley; subgenus of Morurn; not Hercnlia Walker (Insecta), 1859. 

The genus Morum was first recognized by Bolten, who gave it the very appropriate name.it now bears, the most common species having a marked resemblance to 

a mulberry, so that, as noted by Argcnville in 17 57, its colloquial name was "la 

mure." Gmclin had referred it to Strombus and his specific name for the type species antedates ·that of Bolten by six years and must therefore be retained. Link, 

with his usual fondness for altering the names of his predecessors, though citing 

Bolten's name, proposed to replace it by Lambidium. Sowerby, ignorant of either 

apparently, proposed Oniscia still later. Swainsop. seems to have intended to adopt 

Sowerby's name, but it somehow got printed Oniscidia, though elsewhere in the 

text, and also in the index, it has Sowerby's spelling. This misprint was used by 

Morch as a name for the forms of Morum like M. cancellatum, which have sharp reticulate sculpture, and as such it has been generally accepted. A further subdivision of 

this group was proposed by Hanley for species like his M. ponderosum, which have a 

deep posterior sulcus; and still later Fischer proposed for M. tuberculosum Sowerby 

the name of Plesioniscia. He gave no charaCters and there do not appear to be any 

of importance, so this section has not .been accepted. 

The genus Morum then stands as follows: 

Section Morurn s. s.; type, M. oniscus Gmelin; sculpture spiral, tubercular. 

Section Oniscidia (Sw.) Morch; type, M. cancellatum Shy.; sculpture sharp, reticular, posterior end of 

the aperture without a sulcus. 
MOLLUSCA. 69 

Section Herculea Hanley; type, M. ponderosum Hanley; sculpture approaching Onismdia but with a 

deep recurved sulcus at the posterior end of the aperture. M. dennisoni Reeve, of the West Indies; 

and M. exquisittLm Adams and Reeve, of the Sulu Sea, belong in this section. 

According to Sacco, J}f. antiquurn Bayan from the Eocene of Monte Ilario is 

referable to this genus, and subsequent horizons of the Italian Tertiary contain 

representatives of the group as far as the Pliocene, though the recent and Pleistocene 

faunas do not include the genus in the region of Italy. 

In America the first recorded appearance of the group is in the lower Oligocene 

of Vicksburg, Miss., from which M. rOniscidia) harpulum has been described by 

Conrad, and a very similar if not identical species occurs in the mi Jdle Oligocene 

of the Chipola beds of northwestern Florida. The M. (Herculea) dorni13gense of 

Sowerby appears in the Oligocene of Santo Domingo. The lower temperature of 

the Miocene seems to have been unfavorable to the genus, which disappears from all . 

the faunas abov~ the Oligocene and reappears only in the recent fauna of both 

coasts of middle .America, the Gulf of California, and the West Indies, including 

the Bahamas. . The typical section, ~Vorurn, is not known in the fossil state in 

America, and thf},_ earlier members of the group, as might be expected, are more 

generalized in thl:l!J.' characters than those of the recent fauna. The earliest known 

species; M. costellaturn Stoliczka, from the uppermost Cretaceous of southern India, 

is small and has a more elevated spire than any of its .later representatives. The 

species of the Vienna basin Miocene approaches more nearly to Oniscidia, but we 

have so far found nothing corresponding to it in the American Miocene. 

Family DOLIIDl:E. 

This family is distinguished from the Oassididce by the following' characters: 

Protoconch large and heliciform; radula with two basal spines on the rhachidian 

tooth, the cusps of that and the laterals -simple or minutely serrate rather· than 

divided into a number of subequal denticles; shell with only a terminal varix and 

usually an inconspicuous body callus; aperture ample, the canal not markedly 

refleoted; operculum wanting. 

It is not improbable that the origin of both families was frorn a form which has 

much the aspect of Pyrula and of which several arc known in the Cretaceous and 

basal Eocene. Conchologically the young of Galeodaria could not, in default of a 

knowledge of the adult, be separated from some of the Eocene Pyrulre. From 

this prototype evolution seems to have been probable in several lines, as the existing 

Pyrula line, the Galeodea line, the Malea line, and the Eudoliurn line. True Dolium 

is perhaps the most modern type and hardly known as a fossil. The species from 

the Chalk described by Sowerby is a very defective internal cast of a large gastero- , 

pod referred to Strornbus by D'Orbigny and Hoernes, and, with more probability, 

to Pterocera by Pictet and Martin. In considering the present genus, therefore, it 

may be disregarded. . 

The singular type described as Ficulopsis by Stoliczka, from the Cretaceous of 

India, has a remarkable external similarity to Pyrula, but the characters of the 

axis show it to belong to the Volutid::e, as elsewhere indicated, close to the forms 

from the same rocks which he has referred to F'ulguraria. It seems to be, in fact, a 

volutoid in which the spire has become dwindled and domelike, while the body of 
10 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

the animal was contained chiefly in the last whorl and a half. The resemblances to 

Pyrula are therefore merely an instance of the convergence of dissimilar phyla due 

to external conditions. In searching the literature for records of Dolium s. s. in 

the fossil state I have found nearly all the references to the genus erroneous, if it 

be taken in the modern sense. The fossils mainly belong to the genera Eudolium or 

Malea. I have found nothing older than the Pleistocene, except the Dolium galea 

reported from the Miocene of Goose Creek, South Carolina, by Tuomey and Holmes. 

This fossil as figured is an internal cast, the figure of which has no marked resemblance to a Dolium, and does not appear to have the rotundity of D. galea; moreover, there seems to be evidence 'of an internal varix about the middle of the last 

whorl. I am inclined to believe, therefore, that the identification is erroneous, as 

the original specimen seems not to have been preserved. It is impossible to speak 

with certainty, but I suspect the cast to have belonged to one of the large thinshelled species of Phalium like P. coronadoi Crosse. At any rate, until more 

decisive information is received we may be permitted to doubt the existence of true 

Dolium before the end of the Pliocene. It may be added that Dolium octocostatum 

Emmons is undoubtedly an lsapis_: the Doliums of the northwest coast seem to be 

all Eudolium, a.nd those of the Panama and Antillean region belong to Malea as · 

far as noted. 

Genus EUDOLIUM Dall. 

Doliurn (sp.) Verrill and Smith, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXII, p. 296, October, 1881; Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., V, p. 515, 1882; VI, p. 253, pl. 29, figs. 2a-c, 1884. 

Doliopsis Monterosato, Notiz. Conch. Foss. M. Pellegrino e Ficarazzi, Palermo, 1872, pp. 8-9; type, 

Dolium crosseanum Mts.; not Doliopsi,q Conrad, 1865. 

Doliopsis Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 661, 1884; section of Dolinm, type, D. crosseannm Monterosato; 

not Doliopsis Conrad, 1865 ( =Eudolium Dall). 

Eudolinm Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, p. 232, March, 1889; new name for Doliop.~is Monterosato, 1872, not Conrad, 1865; also Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 134, June, J889. 

Ettdolium Sacco, Boll. Mus. Zoo!. di Torino, V, No. 86, 1890; Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VIII, 1891, 

p. 2; =Eudolium Dall, 1889. 

Galeodolium Sacco, Doll. Mus. Zoo!. di Torino, V, No. 86, 1890; Moll. Ter~. Pien1. e Lig., VIII, p. 

4, J891; section of Ettdolittm; type, D. muticum Michelotti. 

Tuberculodolium Sacco, Boll. Mus. Zool. di Torino, V, No. 86, 1890; Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., Vlll, 

pp. 4, 9, 1891; section of Ettdoliurn; type, E. antiquum Sacco. 

Sirnplicodolium Sacco, Boll. Mus. Zool. di Torino, V, No. 86, 1890; Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VIII, 

pp. 4, 13, 1891; section of Eudoliurn; type, Pyrulajasciata Borson. 

Eudolium differs from Dolium s. s. (=Tonna Brunnich) by its smaller size 

appressed suture, straight nonrefl.exed canal, with inconspicuous siphonal fasciole 

and absence of an umbilicus, and the thin but evident body callus which, in the 

, fully mature shell, is granulate or lirate, though not dentate as in Malea. 

In Italy, according to Sacco, it makes its appearance in the Tongrian (lower 

Oligocene) and it is found continuously to the existing fauna. In America it is 

fully developed and forms a conspicuous fossil of the Astoria and Coos Bay Miocene, 

of the Pacific coast, while on the Atlantic coast it is represented only by recent 

species in deep water. Although Conrad referred his Astoria species to Doliopsis, 

in ignorance of their characters, they are not congeneric with his original Doliopsis 

(quinquecosta) from the Jacksonian of Mississippi. 
MOLLUSCA. 71 

EunouuM PETROSUI\£ Conrad. 

Pl. XIV, fig. 6. 

Dolium petrosum Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., appendix I, p. 727, pl. 19, figs. 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 1849. 

Doliopsis petrosus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, 1865. 

Doliopsis biliratnrn Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 150, 1865; young shell of D. pel:rosns Conrad. · 

Shell large, thin, globose, with a nucleus of three smooth and four subsequent 

sculptured whorls; ·nucleus subacute; subsequent whorls with a single row of smali 

sharp nodules forming a shoulder to the whorl, about 15 on the penultimate whorl, 

and a second series on the apical whorls, which are much less prominent, arc usually 

covered by the suture, and are practically obsolete on the last whorl; froni. these 

nodules extend axially faint obsolete ridges which in the main wholly disappear 

before reaching the suture behind or the periphery. of the whorl in front; other 

spiral sculpture consisting of (between the shoulder and the preceding suture about 

six) major flattish revolving ridges separated by subequal or narrower channeled 

interspaces often containing a much smaller interci!-lary thread, and in front of thl;l 

shoulder two small and three large similar ridges followed by anotl;ter bearing the 

secondary series of nodulations, in front of which ten major ridges, the first five 

with intercalaries, the remainder without, extend to the canal; the whole surface 

is obsoletely, minutely spirally striate; aperture longer than wide; outer lip thin, 

sharp, slightly reflected, pillar and body with a thin wash of callus, pillar elongated, 

twisted, with a shallow· anterior sulcus; canal deeply sulcate, recurved with a strong 

fasciole and wide sulcus behind it. Altitude, 80 mm.; maximum diameter, 52 mm. 

'Miocene of Freshwater Bay, Clallam County, Wash., Ralph Arnold; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 110425. Original types of Conrad, U. S. Nat. Mus. 3536; Miocene of 

Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. 

The original types of Dolium petrogum Conrad, are internal casts, which give 

only an imperfect idea of the external sculpture. One specimen, however, retains 

enough of .the shell to enable us to identify it with the more perfect shell collected 

by Arnold, from which the above revised description has been drawn up. It is 

a handsome shell and differs from any of the recent species in possessing subspinose 

nodulations as well as spiral sculpture. 

· EunoLIUM OREGONENSE Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. VII, fig. 7. 

Shell thin, globose, strongly spirally sculptured, with about five whorls exclusive 

of the nucleus; earlier whorls with three or four, last whorl with about 11 major 

spiral ridges, squarish, often irregularly squarely nodulous, with wider channeled 

intcrspaces, smooth, or containing one or more smaller intercalary ridges; the posterior major spiral runs close to the suture, giving it a channeled effect; the spirals on 

the apical whorls are often reticulated by obscure axial riblets subnodulous at the 

intersections, but these disappear on the later whorls, though the major spirals often 

continue to show irregular nodulation; last whorl much the largest, terminating in the 

adult in a slightly reflected and thickened outer lip with obscure denticulations on it~ 

inner edge; canal short, deeply excavated, with a deep sulcus behind it, twisted and 
72 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

more or less plicate; a thin wash of callus on the body. 

last whorl, 60 mm.; maximum diameter, 51 mm. 

respectively, 7.5, 64, and 53 mm. 

Altitude of shell, 69 mm.; of 

Another specimen measures, 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153895. ' 

It is quite evident from the specimens studied tlutt this species varies in the 

strength and number of its intercalary spirals, and it is possible that these may sometimes approach the major spirals in size, so that the total number of subequal spirals 

on the body whorl might be nearly double the number mentioned in the above 

diagnosis. 

Genus MALEA Valenciennes. 

Cadium (sp.) Link, Beschr. Rostock S~mml., p. 113,1807 (=new name for.Cadus Bolten, fide Link); tirst 

species C. pomum L.; other species typical Dolium. 

Malea Valenciennes, Humb. Voy., Zoo!., II, b. 324, 1833; type, Malea latilabris Val. =Cassis r·ingens 

Swainson. 

Malea Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 111, 1852i = Malea Valenciennes. 

Cadium H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 196, 1853; C. pomum L. sp. 

Malea Gray, Guide Moll., p. 41, 1857; M. pomum. · 

Malea Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 661, 1884; subgenus of Dolium; D. ringens Swainson. 

Malea Sacco, Moll. Terz. Piem. e Lig., VIII, p. 18, 1891; = Malea Valenciennes. 

Malea Cossmann, Essais de Pal. Camp., V, p. 139, 1893; type, Buccinurn pomum Linne. 

'l'he name Cadium Link, sometimes used for this gen~ls, was originally merely a 

substitute for Gadus Bolten, of which it was an exact synonym. '!'here seems to be 

no reason why it should take the place of the later but properly proposed Malea, 

which has become familiar.' 

Malea recalls Cassis in its size, weight, and conspicuous callosities. These last 

are set on a comparatively thin coating of callus, and project into the lumen of the 

whorl from the body and pillar, while the aperture is still further contracted by an 

unusually heavy and callous outer lip. 'l'he canal, too, is deeply incised ~nd has no 

umbilical perforation. In the recent species some anatomical differences also are 

noted between the animal of Malea and Dolium. Malea camura Guppy, frequently 

confounded in the literature with A-f. ringens, the recent Panama species, occurs 

rather commonly in the Oligocene of the Antilles, Haiti, Santo Domingo,Jamaica, and 

on the Isthmus of Panama. lt is interesting to find the type, once widely spread in 

the Antillean r~gion, now entirely extinct there, though surviving with slight modifications in the recent fauna of the Pacific coast. In this it agrees with a fairly numerous group of mollusks which are not genetically akin to it, but which have endured 

similar vicissitudes. · 

Genus TONNA Briinnich. 

Dolium Browne, IIist. Jamaica, p. 406, 1756; first species, D. perdix; nomenclature not binomial. 

Ampullacea injlata Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 734, 1758; section *a* of Buceinum L., containing 

Dolium olearium, galea, perdix, pomum, and dolium ( = maculat·um) of Linne in the order cited;= Dolium Lamarck. This group derives from the Buccina ampullacea of Lister, lib. IV, sect. 11, 1688. 

Tonna Briinnich, Fundamenta Zoo!., p. 248, 1772; no species cited, but diag1iosis given;=Dolium 

Lamarck. · 

Doli-um (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 19, 1797; contains five species of Dolium; = Dolium Lamarck. 

Gadus Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 150, 1798; first species, Buccimtm perdix Gmelin; Dolium auct. 
MOLLUSCA. 73 

Dolium Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert.; p. 79, 1801; sole example, D. galea L. sp. 

Dolium Bose, Hist. Nat. Coq., IV, p. 260, 1802; type, Buccinum galea L. 

Dolium Roissy, Hist. Nat. des Moll., VI, p. 37, 1806; frrst species, D. galea L. (inclt;des also D. pomum). 

Cadium Link, Beschr. Rostock Sarnml., p. 113, 1887; new name for Gadus Bolten. 

Dolium Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 451, 1810; type, Buccinum galea L. 

Perdix Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 447, 1810; type, Buccinum perdix L.; notPerdix Brisson (Aves), 1760. 

Nassa sect. a, Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturg. (3), I, p. 276, 1815; first species, B11ccinmn galea L.; = Doz.ium 

Lamarck. 

Dolium Schumacher, Essai, pp. 63, 209, 1817; sole example, Buccinum perdix Linne. 

Dolium Cuvier, Regne Anim., II, p. 435, 1817; first species, D. oleari1tm. 

Dolit-es Kruger, Gesch. Urwelt, I( p. 418, 1823; = Dolium, fossil sp. 

Dolium Blainville, Man. Mal., I, p. 409, 1825; D. galea. 

Dolium Sowerby, Gen. Shells, fasc. 29, 1827; D. olearium andfimbriatum. 

Dolium Swainson; Malac., p. 299, 1840; figures D. galea and cites D. oleari1tm and fimbriatum; = Dolium 

Sby., 1827. 

Dolium Sowerby, Conch. Man., eel. 2, p. 140, 1842; D. maculatum. 

Dolium Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. no; 1852. 

Dolium Philippi, Han db. Conch., p. 154, 1853; = Dolium Lamarck. 

Dolium H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 196, 1853; D. oleariwn L. sp. 

Dolium Gray, Guide Moll., p. 40, 1857; D. perdix figured. 

Perdix Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 661, 1884; section of Dolium; R11ccinnrn perdix L. 

Doliurn Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 661, 1884; Buccinum galea L. 

Dolium Rovereto, .A,tti Soc. Lig., X (p. 7 of extras), 1899; = Dolinrn Lamarck. 

Foratidolium Rovereto, Atti Soc. Lig., X (p. 7 of extras), 1899; new name for Perdix Montfort, non Brisson. 

Dolium Cossrnann, Essais de Pal. Comp., V, p.137, 1903; type, Buccinumgalea L.; with subgenera Malea 

and Eudolium. · 

We now proceed to the consideration of the group which has given its name to 

the family. For these the enormously capacious rounded shells with hooplike sculpture had long suggested the vernacular names of tuns, casks, or barrels, in Latin 

Tonna, Dolium, or Gadus. The first mentioned is a barbarous coinage, but had been 

in use since the time of Argenville, and the others were colloquially familiar in the 

latter part of the eighteenth century. 

The first binomial appellation given to this group was Tonna of Briinnich, in his 

Fundamenta Zoologica. He defined the genus and put it in its natural place in the 

system, but, as in some other cases, mentioned none of the species of which the genus 

ismadeup. . 

The next person to treat the group as a genus was onB of the anonymous authors 

of the Museum Calonnianum. This person adopted Dolium from Browne, a polynomial and pre-Linncan author, who had written on the natural history of Jamaica. A 

year later Bolten's system was published, and in it he adopted the name Gadus for 

these shells. It was not until three years later that Lamarck put the name Dolium on 

a scientific footing. Among subsequent authors no one seems· to have noticed 

Briinnich's name except Hcrrmannsen, from whose Index others have cited it as a 

synonym of Dolium. According to the latest international code, Tonna fills all the 

requirements for a legitimate generic name, and under the circumstances there seems· 

to be no escape from the necessity of adopting it, though Dolium has been in use for 

more than a century. As anonymous privately issued pamphlets have no standing 

in nomenclature, the Museum Calonnianum, without ostensible author or publisher, 

does not count. Therefore if we reject Briinnich's name we shall be obliged to adopt 
74 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

the next formally proposed binomial generic name, which is not Dolium, but Cadus 

Bolten, afterwards arbitrarily modified by Link to Cadium. This does not give us 

much comfort, for, of the two, Tonna is more euphonious and hardly more unfamiliar 

than Cadus>· and since it is best, if reform must come, to make it radical, I have 

adopted Tonna, as it is clearly unjustifiable, under the rules, to retain Dolium. 

This group is characterized by large, thin shells with spiral sculpture, an almost 

channeled suture, a slightly thickened and reflected outer lip, an absence of callosities on the body, and only a thin, smooth coat of enamel on the labium, which arches. 

over the gutter in front of a very prominent siphonal fasciole, forming a small 

umbilical perforation. The canal is short, but deeply incised, and behind closely 

obliquely truncate. The periostracum is usually conspicuous, but extremely 

caducous, and is very rarely retained on cabinet shells. Most of the species have a 

low, blunt spire, but T. perdix L., in which the spire is produced and the profile of 

the shell thus rendered more oval, was made the type of a genus Perdix by Montfort. 

The name was preoccupied in ornithology, and is quite unnecessary. The species 

is reported from the elevated Pleistocene reefs of Barbados, and is the oldest 

undoubted fossil of its genus, so far as I have been able to discover. . 

The larval stage. of Tonna has a free-swimming animal with a light horny shell 

resembling a small Helix, and was once described as a land shell by C. B. Adams. 

This enables it to survive transportation by currents to considerable distances; and 

the species are widely distributed in the Tropics. The animal is notable for secreting, in connection with its digestive apparatus, sulphuric acid of a strength sufficient 

to make polished marble effervesce. 

Genus FICUS Bolten. 

Bulla (sp.) Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1184, 1767. 

Ficus (sp.) (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 32, 1797; Bulla .ficus Linne. 

Ficus Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 148, 1798; sole example, Bulla ficus Gmelin. 

Pyru(a Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 73, 1799; sole example, Bulla jic1ts Linne; Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., 

p. 82, 1801, same type. 

Pirula Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 486, 1810; same type. 

Ficula Swainson, Malac., pp. 85, 307, 1840; same type. 

Sycotypus Miirch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 110, 1852. 

Sycotyphus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

The name Fic:us Bolten, based on the same type, and derived from early eighteenth century authors before Linne, has a year's priority over Pyrula Lamarck, 

and must be adopted. 

Fwus MODESTUS ConPad. 

Pyrula modesta Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 433, fig. 12, 1848. 

Sycotyphus modestus Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Tertiary of Astoria, Oreg., collected by J. K. Townsend and W. Q. Brown. 

This small species belongs to the typical Ficus. Conrad's original description 

and figure are reproduced in Appendix I of the present work (pp. 150-151). The 

present location of his type is unknown, but the species was collected at Astoria 

by W. Q. Brown, U.S. Nat. Mus. 110457. This specimen has a length of 47 mm. 

and a width of 29 mm. 
MOLLUSCA. 75 

Subgenus TROPHOSYCON Cooper. 

Trophm~ycon Cooper, Bull. California State Mining Bureau, No. 4, p. 53, 1894. 

Figshells with axial ribs or nodules, simple suture, and strongly curved canal. 

This group seems more nearly related to the Figshells than to the Agasoma 

with which Cooper associated it. The type is T. kernianum Cooper, op; cit., pl. 3, 

fig. 52. 

Fwus (TROPHOSYCON) OREGONENSIS Conrad. 

Fusus oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2dser., V, p. 433, fig. 13, 1848. 

Sycotyphus oregonensis Conrad, Am .. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Tertiary of Astoria, Oreg., collected by J. K. Townsend; Conrad. 

I have not seen the type specimen, a figure of which, reproduced from: Conrad, 

will be found in Appendix I of the present work (pp. 150-151). . 

According to Cooper, Conrad's Sycotyphus ocoyanus may have been based on 

the internal cast of a specimen belonging to this group .• The type of the subgenus 

is in the collection of. the California State Mining Bureau, if not destroyed in the 

San Francisco fire which followed the earthquake of 1906. 

Family CERITHIOPSIDJE. 

Genus CERITHIOPSIS Forbes and Hanley. 

Cerithiopsis Forbes and Hanley, British Moll., II, p. 367, 1853; type, C. h1bercnlaris (Montagu). 

CEmTHIOPSIS :ExcELsus Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. III, fig. 9. 

Shell large for the genus, slender, with about 14 whorls; apex defective; later 

whorls with a closely appressed suture and moderately rounded; sculpture of numerous, slightly concavely arcuate, little-elevated, axial . ribs with subequal or 

wider interspaces, crossed by numerous fine rounded threads with·wider interspaces; 

the spiral threads overrun the ribs and (especially three or four which are stronger 

than the rest) are minutely nodulous in most cases at the intersections; here and 

there the whorls are crossed by a swollen varix, indicating a previQUs resting stage; 

base rather rounded; with about six prominent spiral threads, with wider interspaces 

which sometimes carry a much finer intercalary thread; canal short, recurved; 

aperture obstructed by matrix, the outer lip at resting stages slightly expanded 

and thickened. Altitude, 20.5 mm., maximum diameter, 6.5 mm. 

Oregonian Eocene of North Fork of Umpqua River, at Schrum's ranch, station 2798, collected by J. S. Diller; U.S. Nat. Mus. 107400. 
76 THE MIOCENE OF· ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Family CERITHIID}E. 

Genus BITTIUM Leach. · 

BittiumLeach,ain Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for1847, p.154; type, Mnrex reticulatus Montagu. 

Section Bittium s. s. Type, B. reticulatum Mont. Sculpture nodosely reticulate. 

Section· Stylidium Dall. Type, T11rritella eschrichtii ¥iddendorff. Sculpture of spiral grooves 

with flattish interspaces. 

BrTTIUM (STYLIDIUM) ESCHRICHTII Middendorff. 

Pl. XIV, fig. 2, 

Cerithiumfilosum Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., III, p. 120, 1849; not of Philippi, Zeits<!hr. fiir 

Mal., 1848, p. 143. 

T·urritella eschrichtii Middendorff, Beitr. Mal. Ross., II, p. 68, pl. 11, fig. 1, 1849. 

Bittiumfilosum Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, p. 655, 1864; Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San Pedro, 

p. 292, 1903. ' 

Bittium (Stylidium) Eschrichtii Dall, Proc. U.S. !\at. Mus., XXXIII, No. Hi64, p. 178, Oct., 1907. 

Shell large for the genus, moderately thick, solid, with about ten whqrls, including the nucleus; the latter is dextral, smooth, slender, and rather blunt at theapex; 

on the subsequent whorls sculpture of (on the spire four; on the last whorl, including the base, about ten) flat, wide, straplike revolving ridges, separated by much 

narrower channeled interspaces; the ridges are mrely made duplex by an ineised 

line, and are crossed by evident incremental lines also visible in the channels, and 

on the last whorl there is sometimes a fine intercalary thread in som.e of the channels; 

the whole surface bears more or less obsolete, extremely fine striation; the recent 

shell is livid or whitish, with irregular brownish streaks and patches on the posterior 

half of the whorls; base rounded; canal extremely short, not recurved; aperture 

roughly semilunate, outer lip thin, simple; a thin wash of callus on the body, the 

pillar smooth, shorter than the aperture, a little twisted anteriorly. Altitude, 

15 mm.; maximum diameter, 5 mm. 

Pleistocene of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, .Oregon, collected by W. II. Dall at station 2950; U. S. Nat. Mus. 153992. Upper San Pedro formation, southern California. Living 'from the Aleutian Islands southward. to Monterey. Cal., between 

tides. 

Family TRICHOTRO~ID£. 

Genus TRICHOTROPIS Sowerby. 

Trichotropis Sowerby, Zool. Jour., IV, p. 373, 1829; type, '/'. bicarinatu Sowerby. 

Tricophore Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., III, tabl., 1830. 

Trichotropus Lesson, Ill. Zool., tab!. 41, 1832. 

Trichopodus Swainson, Malac., p. 210, 1840; not of Lacepede, 1800. 

Tropiphora Loven, fide Tryon, not Tropiphorns Schonherr (Coleoptera), 1842. 

Iphinoe II. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 280, 1854; type, T. nnicarinata Sowerby. 

Verena Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 44, 1857; type, Trichotropis boreaHs Sowerby; not Verena H. 

and A. Adams, 1854. 

? Valvatclla Gray, Guide, p. 157, 1857; type a nomen nudum. 

Ccrithiodcrma Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc~. Philadelphia, 2d ser., IV, p. 295, March, 1860; sole example, 

C. prima Conrad, op. cit., pl. 47, fig. 30, Eocene, Alabama. 

a Oerithiolum Tiberi, 1869; a name given under the (mistaken?) supposition that Bittium had been used for a crustacean before 1847. 
MOLLUSCA. 77 

Mesostorna Deshayes, Anim. s. Vert. Bas. Paris, II, p. 416, 1861; first species, M. pulchra Desh., Eocene; 

= Cerithioderrna Conrad. 

Alora H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1861, p. 27; type, A. gouldii Adams. 

Ariadna Fischer, Jour. de Conchyl., XII, p. 255, 1864; type, '1'. borealis Sowerby. 

Torellia Loven, in Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., IV, p. 244, 1867; type, T. vestita ,Jeffreys. 

Crepitacella Guppy, Geol. Mag., IV, p. 500, 1867; type, Melanopsis cepula Guppy. 

Trachysma Jeffreys MS., in Seguenza, Form. Terz. di Reggio, p. 269, 1879; type, Cyclostorna delicaturn 

Philippi. 

Dolophanes Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1872, p. 273; type, D. melanoides Gabb, Oligocene (=Crepitacella Guppy); Dall, Blake Rept., Gastr., p. 270, 1889. 

Trachyorna Tryon, Man. Conch., IX, p. 41, 1887 (err. t)rp. for Trachysrna Jeffreys). 

?Separatista Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 136; type, Turbo helicina Gmelin. 

? Turbinopsis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser.,. IV, p. 259, 1860; type, T. hilgardi 

Conrad, op. cit., pl. 46, fig. 29; Cretaceous. 

?Gyrotropis Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1876, p. 300; type, G. squamosa Gabb, op. cit., 

pl. 17, fig. 5; Cretaceous. 

?Haloceras Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVIII, p. 277, 1889; type, Cithna cingulata VerrilL 

A considerable number of names have been used in connection with the subdivisions of this family, but studied in mass the characteristics. shade very gradually into one another. Iphinoe looks very distinct from the typical forms, but, on 

analysis, its peculiar characters consist chiefiy in the channeled suture, more naticoid 

form, and more emphatic siphonal angle. Torellia is more turbinate, with the 

siphonal angle obsolete, but the subtruncate pillar remains. ·The description of 

Valvatella (founded on an unpublished and unfigured species), except for the operculum, agrees fairly with Torellia. 

Oerithioderma and the typical species (if not all the species) of Mesostoma Desha yes, are identical, and the dredging of a well-marked recent species in deep water 

of the West Indies by the Blake confirms its relations to Trichotropis rather than to 

the Cerithiidre. Alora is unfigured and I have not seen a specimen. Orepitacella 

has a trichotropoid aspect, but the recent specimens found did not contain the 

animal and its place is still doubtful. Separatista and Haloceras are very probably 

loosely coiled trichotropids. Turbinopsis and Gyrotropis are more doubtful; the 

former may belong near Modulus and the latter near Rapana, but both have characters in common with Trichotropis.· 

I maynote that, in Tryon's Manual, two of.Jeffreys's species are figured, which 

I believe to be larval shells of some species like Jlusitriton or Oymatium. These are 

'' Trichotropis '' fimbriata and densistriata Jeffreys. 

Members of this family are rather rare as fossils;- yet the characteristics of the 

following species, so far as they are visible, recall Trichotropis more than any other 

form known to me. 

TRICHOTROPIS OREGONENSIS Conrad. 

Cancellaria? oregonensis Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp. (no name), pl. 20, fig. 8 (reversed), 1849; Am. 

Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Oligocene or Miocene concretio~s froin the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J. D. 

Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3554 (figured type), 3549, and 3531. 

The specimens are internal casts and external molds with the shelly matter 

disintegrated. A gutta-percha cast, however, reveals the sculpture fairly well. 
78 THE MIOCENE 0.1!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

The shell has about five whorls, subtabulate with a high angular shoulder, the 

whorls ·rapidly increasing; the pillar is smooth, without plaits, and the aperture 

rounded except at the anterior end, where there is an angle, but no canal or sulcus; 

the pillar is thin, simple, and oblique; the sculpture consists, above the shoulder 

and on the base, of fine threads with about equal interspaces; over the middle of 

the whorl there arc six or eight stronger cords with much wider interspaces; the 

axial sculpture on the last whorl consists of 10 or 12 narrow, sharpish ribs, stronger 

and more rounded on the shoulder, which extend clear across the whorl; there are 

also very fine, close lines, like emphasized incremental lines, over most of the surface. Length of shell, about 25 mm.; of last whorl, 19 mm.; maximum diameter, 

17mm. 

It seemed worth while to describe, as far as the material would permit, this 

species, which was only poorly figured by Conrad, who, sixteen years later, named 

his figure, even then without taking the trouble to describe the fossil. The characters all harmonize with Trichotropis, and while the siphonal angle is rather produced, it is hardly ~ore so than in some recent species. 

Family TURRITELLIDJE. 

Genus TURRITELLA Lamarck. 

Tympanotonus Rum phi us, Amboinische Rariteit Kammer, p. 101, pl. 20, fig. M., 1 705; ='= 1'urritella 

terebra Lamarck. Not binomial. 

Turbo (sp.) Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 766, 1758. 

Terebra (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 23, 1797; sole identifiable species, Turbo duplicatus Linne. 

Epitonium 2, Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 92, 1798; first species, Turbo duplicatus Gmelin. 

Turritella Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 74, 17!J9; type, Turbo terebra Linne. 

Epiton·ium Link, Beschr. Restock Samml., p. 131,.1807; first species, Turritella acutangula (Link) Menke. 

Haustator Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 183, 1810; type, Turritella ·imbricataria Lamarck. 

Turritellus Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 211, 1810; type, T. terebra Linne. 

Aculea Perry, Conch., expl. pl. 16, figs. 1-3, 1811. 

Torcula Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 155; type, Turritella exoleta Lamarck. 

Zaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 155; type, Turritella duplicata (Linne). 

Terebellum Browne, 1756, not Rumphius 1705; both nonbinomial. 

TURRITELLA OREGONENSIS Conrad. 

Cerithiopsis? oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865; name for figs. 13, 14, pl. 20, Gcol. 

U.S~ Expl. Exp., atlas, 1849. .,.,_ , 

Oligocene or Miocene concretions from the Tertiary beds at Astoria, Oreg., 

J.D. Dana, No. 63; U.S. Nat. Mus. 110446. 

A small, slender Turritella with about eight whorls; suture obscure; in front 

of it the whorl is flattish with two to five small, close-set spiral threads, in front of 

which are two (on the last whorl three) much stronger elevated spirals, with a deep 

groove between them, the anterior marginating the base, which is flattish, with a 

few weaker spirals; there is no axial sculpture except lines of growth; apex decollate, 

length of remainder 22.5 mm.; diameter at decollation, 3.0 mm.; maximum diameter of last whorl, 7.0 mm. 

Conrad gave no description of this species. 
MOLLUSCA. 

Genus LITTORINA Ferussac. 

Turbo (sp.) Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 761, 1758; ed. 12, p. 1233, sect. Neritoidei, 1767. 

Lunella (sp.) Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 104, 1798. 

79 

Littorina Ferussac, ·Tabl. Syst., pp. xi, xxxiv, 1822; first species, Turbo obtusatus Linne,= T. littoralis (Lin.?) of Blain ville, 1825; Rang, 1829; Pennant, Montagu, Donovan, etc. Rang, Man. Moll., 

p. 185, 1829; type cited, L. littoralis = L. obtusata (auct. contemp.). 

Neritoides Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pl. 43, figs. 14, 15, 21, 22, 1827; sole example, Nerita littoralis Montagu; Brown, Zool. Textb., I, p. 407, 1833, same type. 

T1trbo sp. Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pl. 46, fig. 1, 1827; T. littoreus Linne. 

Littorine Blainville, Man. Mal., I, p. 429, sole example, T. littoralis. Refers to Conch. Cab., V, pl. 185, 

fig. 1852, an error for 1854. 

Bacalia Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus.1840 and 1842, p.·90; a nomen nudum quoted in synonymy of Littorina 

by H. and A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll., I, p. 312, 1854. , -

Neritrema Recluz, Aetes Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, 3d ser., VII, p. 46, 1869; type,. Littorina obtusata 

Linne. ' · · · 

In proposing his genus Littorina, Ferussac 3;nnounces that he intends it to 

include the "marine Paludinas" (called Trochus by Adanson), and in speaking of 

the necessity of breaking up the genus Turbo he gives a list of species taken from 

Gmelin, indicating the groups into which he would transfer these species. This list 

begins with four "marine Paludinas" and contains one other later on. The first 

species is Turbo obtusatus Linne, which is followed by neritoides, littoreus, muricatus, 

and afer. 

The next succeeding author is Blainville, who cites the genus by its French 

name but gives as example Turbo littoralis, which is cited as the type by Rang four 

years later. Turbo littoralis does not occur in Ferussac's list by name, because 

Gmelin followed Linne in placing it in Nerita, but the naturalists of that clay, almost 

without exception, agreed in regarding T. obtusatus Linne as synonymous with his 

Nerita littoralis. Hanley has shown that littoralis is probably the same as palliata 

Say, but they were long confounded by authors, are very closely related, and must 

be placed in the same section of the genus. Unfortunately, in referring to Chemnitz for a figure of littoralis illustrated under the citation of Turbo obtusatus Linncei 

(Conch. Cab., V, p. 234, fig. 1854) Blainville cited the wrong figure, 1852, which 

represents not littoralis but littoreus Linne. The result of this slip is that littoreus 

has been generally regarded as the type of Littorina, in defiance of Rang's plain 

statement that the type is littoralis, which was also Ferussac's first species. 

The differences of form in the boreal group of Littorina (excluding the genus 

Melarhaphe Miihlfeldt in· Menke, 1828, and the antarctic relatives of the genus) 

lead to a division of the group into sections as follows: 

A. Shell small, low, turbinate, short spired, with obtuse apex, the sculpture feeble, the eolumella thick 

and excavated; viviparous. L. littoralis Linne. 

B. Shell larger, finely spii;ally striate, the spire moderately acute and d;;-vated: oviparous. L. littorea 

Linne. 

C. Shell small, suture constricted, sculpture coarse and variable; viviparous. L. rudis Donovan'. 

The spelling Littorina was amended to Litorina, by Menke as more classical, 

but, as Jeffreys remarks, Littus and Litus were used indifferently by the best Latin 

authors, and there is no authority, under the rules, for changing on such grounds a 

name once g1ven. 
80 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON, 

LITTORINA PETRICOLA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IV, fig. 9. 

Shells of moderate size, thick, solid, turbinate, with five gradually increasing 

whorls; suture distinct, not channeled; upper surface of whorls lightly flattened, 

periphery and base rounded, axis imperforate; surface scl)lptured with inconspicuous incremental lines and numerous subequal close-set spiral threads, about two 

to a millimeter; aperture subovate; outer lip thick, sharp edged, not reflected; 

pillar thick, arcuate; base slightly subangular, throat obscurely spirally lirate or 

grooved. Altitude, 17 mm.; maximum diameter, 15.5 mm. 

Pleistocene of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon, Dall and Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153991. 

This spec:les occurs in some abundance in the conglomerate of Fossil Rock, 

with which, unlike the Orepidula princeps and some other included rehandled Miocene species, it appears1 

to be a· contemporary. Its nearest relative in the recent 

fauna is without doubt the subarctic L. grandis Middendorf£, which is a much larger 

and somewhat differently shaped species. 

Family SOLARIIDJE. 

Genus ARCHITECTONICA Bolten. 

Physeter (anonymous, not of Linne, 1758), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 25, 1797; P. perspectivus of the anonymous author. 

Architectonica Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 78, 1798; first species, Trochus perspectivus Gmelin. 

Solarinm Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 74, 1799; type, Trochus perspectivus Linne. 

Architectoma Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 151; err. typ. pro Architectonica. 

Solarium Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 323, 1892; with sections Solariums. s., Stellaxis, Patulaxis, 

and Solariaxis. 

The following species belonging without doubt to the genus has the umbilicus 

completely filled with a tough matrix which resists exploration, so that it is impracticable definitely to assign the species to its section. 

ARcHITECTONICA BLANDA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. III, figs. 4, 5. 

Shell of moderate size, with a very narrow, deep suture, and about five whorls; 

surface nearly smooth, with (Qn the upper side of the whorl) about six spiral sulci, 

spaced as figured, the. posterior four of which are sharply incised, the next anterior 

slightly and the last more widely channeled; the periphery is formed by (in front 

of the above-mentioned anterior channel) a broad, rounded spiral, followed by a 

much narrower one, and that by a wider <me, the three rather close s.et and the 

last marginating the base; base fiattish, with (near the periphery three, and nearer 

the umbilical region a group of four or five) sharp narrow sulci,. the interspaces 

fiat and marked only by obscure incremental lines; umbilicus rather narrow, 

obscured by hard matrix, as is the aperture. Altitude, 10 mm.; rn:aximum diameter, 19 mm. 
MOLLUSCA. 81 

Eocene of Fall Creek, Oregon, collected by J. S. Diller at station 2697; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 107414. 

The single specimen, though rather imperfect, shows. enough of the surface 

sculpture to render the species recognizable at any time. 

Family CAL YPTR.lEID.lE. 

Genus CALYPTRlEA Lamarck. 

Patella (sp.) Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 781, 1758. 

Ancilia (sp.) Meuschen, Mus. Gevers, p. 245, 1787; nomenclature not Linncan. 

Cheilea (sp.) Modeer, K. Vetensk. Acad., nya handl., XIV, p. 110, 1793. 

Galerus (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 5, 1797; Patella chinensis L. 

Calyptrrea Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 78, 1799; Patella chinensis L. (not Calyptr:ea Lam., Syst. Anim. s. 

Vert., p. 70, 1801; = Cheilea Modeer). 

Trochita Schumacher, Essai, pp. 57, 184, 1817; Patella chinensis L., type of section a; Trochitaspiralis 

Schum., type of section (3; = Trochus radians Lam. . 

Mitrula Gray, Lond. 'Med. Rep., XV, p. 232, 1821; Patella chinensis Linne; not Jllitrula Menke, 1830. 

Trochatella Lesson, Voy. Coquille, II, p. 389, 1830; sole example, T. araucana Lesson, loc. cit., = T. 

radians Lam. 

Infundibulum J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., I, pl. 97, 1815; type, Trochus apertus Sol.; not Infundibulum 

Montfort, 1810. 

Sigapatella Lesson, Voy. Coquille, II, p. 389, 1830; type, Trochus calyptr:eiforrnis Lam. 

Clypeola Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 735; first species, Trochita clypeolum Reeve· not 

Clypeolum Recluz, 1850. 

Trochella Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 735; = Sigapatella Lesson. · 

· Trochilla Swainson, Mal., p. 355, 1840; T. auriculaia Sowerby; = Calyptrrea.Lam., 1799, not 1801. 

Haliotidea Swainson, Mal., p. 354, 1840; H. sigaretoides Swainson (not of Anton, 1839); = Sigapatella 

Lesson. 

Mitella Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 218, 1852; Patella chinensis Linne(+ Mitrella Gray, 1867, not Risso, 

]~~- . 

Galeropsis Conrad, Checkl. Eoc. Fos. N. Am., pp. 11, 34, 1866; not of Hupe, Rev. Mag. Z0ol., X, p; 

125, 1858 .. 

Haliotoideus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 736; lapsus pro Haliotidea Swainson; not Haliotoidea Menke, 1839. 

Mitrella Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 740; first species, Patella chinr,nsis Montagu; = 

Calyptrrea Lam., 1799. 

Trochilina Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 741; :first species, Calyptrrea conica Broderip. 

Poculina Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 742; first species, Calyptrrea unguis Broderip~ 

Chcnu, Man. Conchyl., fig. 2340. 

Galerus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 742; :first species, Calyptrrea extinctoria Lam>•rck. 

The genus Oalyptr::ea, based on Lamarck's type of 1799, like .most sedentary 

limpets, depends largely on its situs for its superficial characters. Originally individual, they have to some extent lrecome habitual, perhaps owing to the direct action 

of the environment. From among the numerous names which have been proposed 

may be accepted a few which indicate sections convenient for subdividing the group, 

but which do not exclude the recognition of some more or less intermediate species. 

Section Calyptrrea Lamarck s. s. Type, C. chinensis (Linne). Paucispiral, thin, with feeble sculpture, 

the 'sutures obscure, colors usually pale, whorls more or less flattened. 

Section Trochita Schumacher. Type T. radians Lamarck. Multispiral, heavy, with conspicuous periostracuin, and frequently with prominent sculpture and marked coloration, the summit central and 

the axis imperforate. 

37351-No. 50-09--6 
82 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON, 

Section Sigapatetla Lesson. Type Trochus calyptrmiformis Lamarck. Few, gradually increasing whorls 

with the suture distinctly impressed, the apex sublateral, the axis of the internal septum subma.rginal, with its free margin concave. 

Galerus excentricus Gabb, from the Eocene of California; the type of Conrad's 

Galerop8is, appears, from its external characters, to belong to this section. · 

CALYPTRA<:A (TnocHITA) INORNATA Gabb. 

Pl. V, figs. 6, 11; Pl. VI, fig. 4. 

Trochita inornata Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 51, pl. 14, figs. 8, Sa, 1866. 

Shell large, rather elevated, having about three whorls, the last of which is much 

the largest; form in general as figured, apex defective in all the specimens; shell 

thin, smooth except for lines of growth, but with irregularities due to its individual 

situs in each case; internal plate smooth, concave, its reflection forming a narrow 

umbilical chink; convexity of the whorls varying in different individuals, in some 

marked, in others the slope from the apex to the margin is nearly fiat. J\ltitude of 

largest specimen, about 14 mm. (decapitate); latitude, 40 mm. Another specimen 

with more convex whorls has an altitude of 16 mm. and a maximum latitude of 32 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153920, 153921, and 154016. Also collected by W. H. Dall from float rock, on the 

beach northeast of Rocky Point, near the entrance to Coos Bay. Upper Miocene 

near Halfmoon Bay, California, Gabb. 

The fossil has the usual irregularities of the species of this genus, unlike most of 

which it is devoid of spines, pustules, or incised external sculpture, though it has not 

the regularity in coil of the species of Oalyptrcea proper. 

This species, while normally smooth, depends on its substratum or situs for the 

character of its surface, and may be more or less undulated if seated on an irregular 

surface. It is also reported from the Purisima formation in the Sant~ Cruz quadrangle, California, by Arnold, but I have not examined specimens from this locality. 

Genus CREPIDULA Lamarck. 

Ancilia (sp.) Meuschen, Mus. Gevers, p. 246, 1787; nomenclature not Linnean. 

Crypta (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 4, 1797; Patellajornicata Linne. . 

Crepidula Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., p. 70, 1801; type, Crepid1lla porcellanaLamarck; Link, 

Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 143, 1807. 

Crepidulus Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 87, 1810; C. jornicatus Lam. 

Proscenula Perry, Conch., expl. pl. 53, 1811; first species, P. viridis Perry. 

Sandalium Schumacher, Essai, pp. 57, 183, 1817; type, Patella porcellana Linne. . 

Crepipatella Lesson, Voy. Coquille; Zool., II, p. 389, 1830; subg~us of Crepidula with Crepidula adolphei 

Lesson as type; = Crepidula dilatata Lam. 

Syphopatella Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, p. 390, 1830; subgenus of Crepid1tla ( +Ergma H. and 

A. Adams). 

Crypta H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 368, 1854; Crepidda jornicata Linne. 

Proxenula "Perry" Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, in synonymy, p. 368, 1854; lapsus, =Proscenula Perry. 

Ianachus Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 146, 1852; first species, Crepid11.la plana Say; H. and A. Adams, Gen. 

Rec. Moll., I, p. 369, 1854. · 

? Ergma H. a":nd A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 370, 1854; first species, C. plana Adams and Reeve, 

not Say. 
MOLLUSCA. 

Spirocrypta Gabb, Pal. California, I, p. 137, 1864; type, S. pileus Gabb, Cretaceous of California. 

Inachus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 737; lapsus, =Ianachus Morch. 

Garnotia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 739; type, Crepidtda adttnca Sowerby. 

83 

? Ergma Gray, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London for 1867, p. 740; C. walshi Herrmannsen (+plana Adams and 

Reeve) selected as type. 

Noicia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1867, p. 740; type, N. chinensis Gray; not Patella chinensis 

Linne. 

Tylacus "Conrad" Tryon, Man., VIII, pp. 104,.154, 1886; lapsus, = Thylacus Conrad (? Capulidm), 1860. 

Lyroscapha "Conrad" Tryon, Man., VIII, pp. 104, 147, 1886, in synonymy of Crepidula, no date; probably 

= Liroscapha Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., V, p. 100, 1869; type, L. sq11amosa Conrad, op. cit., pl. 9, 

fig. 23 (Acm&idm ?). 

This genus is abundantly supplied with synonyms, which, so far as they are not 

due to ignorance, are based chiefly on minor modifications of the septum or the form 

of the shell. The latter being almost wholly dependent on the situs occupied by the 

animal affords no sound foundation for generic or subgeneric distinctions. I have 

not been able to examine specimens of Erga:;a, which is stated to offer distinctive 

characters. 

Our fossil species belong to the typical section. 

CREPIDULA PRJERUPTA Conrad. 

Pl. VII, ftg. 8. · 

Crepidula prmrupta Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 727, pi. HJ, figs, 9, 9a, lOa, lOb, 1849. 

Crypta prxmpta Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Shell of moderate size, .solid, ovate, of about one whorl; surface smooth except 

for irregular lines of growth; apex low, blunt, adherent, with no sutural sulcus, the 

extreme point of the shell elevated above the plane of the aperture, in the specimen 

figured, to an extent· equal to about half the total height of the shell; niargin simple, 

interior obstructed by matrix. Longitude, 30 mm.; maximum latitude, 20 mm.; 

altitude, 12 mm. 

Coos Bay Miocene, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 153925. 

Astoria beds, Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana, U. S. Nat. Mus. 3496, 3564. 

While it is always difficult to discriminate species of this genus without an examination of the form of the septum, the present specimen differs sufficiently from the 

usual form of 0. princeps to be provisionally regarded as distinct. The appressed 

apex and the absence of the sutural sulcus are characters by which it may be 

identified. 

CREPIDULA ROSTRALIS Conrad. 

Crepidula sp. ? Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., pl. 19, figs. lla, llb, 1849. 

Crypta rostralis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana, No. 22; U.S. Nat. Mus. 110447. 

This species is represented by an internal cast of a Orepidula which, by its 

depressed form and straight beak, seems probably different from either of the preceding. It is hardly fiat enough to belong to the section Ianachus and measures · 

20 mm. in length, 14 mm. in width, a:nd about 6 mm. in height, the septum extending forward from the apex of the cast about 10 mm. 
84 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS .BAY, OREGON, 

CREPIDULA PRINCEPS Conrad. 

Pl. VIII; Pl. IX, fig. 5; Pl. X, fig. 2. 

Crepidula princeps Conrad, Pacific R. R. Rcpts., V, p. 326, pl. 6, figs. 52, 52a, 1856. 

Crypta grandis Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 82, 1868; not of Middendorf£. 

Shell large, pretty uniform in character, of about one and a half whorls; nucleus 

wanting, the apex curved' sharply in an,d up; between the first and second whorls ·a 

·wide deep sulcus; surface marked by more or less conspicuous incremental lines; 

upper surface of the last whorl flattish, periphery evenly rounded, a wide, very 

shallow, inconspicuous sulcus in front of the suture near the aperture, opposite the 

right-hand end of the internal septum; this sulcus is more or less conspicuous 

according to the individual, but traces may almost invariably be noted; aperture 

entire, the margin simple, anteriorly sharp, posteriorly merging into a sort of broad 

pillar lip, especially in senile specimens; aperture ovate, short, ·nearly circular; 

septum wide, smooth, concave, occupying nearly half the area of the aperture, its 

ends produced, especially on the left, its edge widely emarginate as figured. Length 

of adult specimen, 82 · mm.; of aperture, 56 mm.; maximum width of specimen, 

54 mm.; of aperture, 44 mm.; altitude, 32 mm. 

This is, so far as known, the largest species of the genus, and occurs normally 

in both Miocene and Pliocene beds, and adventitiously at Fossil Rock, Coos Bay 

(and probably elsewhere), in the Pleistocene. Its habits were much the same as 

those of recent species, incl~ding that of perching on the back of another specimen 

of the same species. Carried to an extreme, as in the group figured on Pls. IX and 

X, the result is a whorl.almost closed. The specimen referred to has lost one individual from its series which if supplied would make an almost perfect rosette. I 

have seen similar whorls, dredged up from oyster beds in New Jersey, formed by 

the recent Crepidula fornicata, but of course not approaching the present species in 

actual size. 

Miocene of the Empire formation, Coos Bay, Oregon, B. H. Camman; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 153925. Lower Miocene of La Panza, San Luis Obispo County; of the 

head of Stevens Creek, Santa Clara County; and of Searsville road, 3 miles southwest of Stanford University, San Mateo County, Cal., Ralph Arnold. San Pablo 

formation, Kirkers Pass, California, J. C. Merriam. Pliocene of numerous localities 

in California, Watts, Eldridge, Arnold, Hamlin, and Hemphill, according to Arnold. 

Pleistocene of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon, Dall; and Dead Man lslanu, San 

Pedro, Cal.; probably in both places derived from the adjacent older formation. 

By its size this species is easily Jistinguished when adult from any other known 

form, and even when immature it is recognizable by the peculiar twist of the spire, 

the separation of the apical from the concluding whorl, and the remarkable pointed 

apex, which is, however, very frequently broken off or eroded. The obscure flattening of the upper portion of the last whorl also seems to be characteristic. 

The confusion of this species with C. grandis Middendorff, which was initiated 

· by Carpenter and continued by Gabb and others, would be quite inexcusable if 

those authors had had specimens for compatison. The two species are perfectly 

distinct and not even especially similar. 
MOLLUSCA. 85 

I must add that it is with much doubt that I regard the statements that this 

species is found (not remanie) in beds ranging from the Miocene to the Pleistocene. 

The well-known mutability of specie~ of this genus, and the immense changes which 

have taken place on the coast from a geological point of view during this period, 

render the continuance, unmodified, of so large a species as the present one extremely 

improbable from a biological standpoint. I commend the problem to the Californian 

students of paleontology. 

It would seem to me much more likely that the species, if found outside the 

Miocene, occurs as a pebble might occur, or as Exogyra costata occurs in the Pliocene 

of North Carolina, and not as a normal member of the fauna. There is room for 

suspicion also that upper Miocene beds may have been regarded as Pliocene in some 

places where the defective state of the fossils, so general on the Pacific coast, has 

prevented a really critical comparison of closely allied species. 

Family NATICIDJE. 

Genus NATICA Scopoli. 

Natica Adanson, Senegal, p. 172, 1757; nomenclature not Linnean. 

Natica Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat., p. 392, 1777; no type selected, N. vitellus L. included. Brugniere, 

Encycl. Meth., I, p. XVI, 1789. Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 77, 1799; sole example, N. canrena Linne. 

Nerita (sp.) Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758; Martyn, Univ. Conch., IT, 1784. 

Lunatus (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 21, 1797. 

Cochlis Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 146, 1798; first species, Nerita spadicea Gmelin (Jist includes Nerita 

vittata Gmel.). 

Natica Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., p. 95, 1801; Bose, Hist. Nat. des Coq., III, p. 283, 1802; 

Roissy, Hist. Nat. Moll. V, p. 261, 1805; Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 140, 1807. 

Naticus Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 219, 1810; N. canrenus Linne. 

Nacca Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., IV, p. 148, 1826; first species, N. ma.'rima Risso= N. julminea, 

fide Gray. 

Stigmaulax Morch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 133, 1852; first species, N. sidcata Burn; subgenus of Natica with 

reticulate sculpture. 

Cocl!lis Morch, Cat. Y oldi, I, p. 133, 1852; first species, N. vittata Gmelin. 

Cryptonatica Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, pp. 362, 366, 1892; type, N. clansa Broderip and Sowerby. 

The genus Natica, like most of the old ge:p.era, was at first somewhat heterogeneous, the list of species cited containing both Natica s. s. and others with a horny 

operc~lum. Since Lamarck fixed the genus on the forms with calcareous operculum, 

and the type must be selected from the original list, it follows that Natica vitellus 

Linne must be regarded as the type of the genus. A full revision of the group is 

not attempted here; the subdivisions have been indicated in my Wagner Institute 

memoir, and only that part which relates to the forms of the Oregon Tertiary is 

elaborated in the present paper. To Natica s. s. are referred species having the 

operculum spirally multisulcate; Cochlis includes those wjth a single marginal sulcus; 

and Cryptonatica Dall those with a smooth operculum and closed umbilicus. The 

latter is characteristic of temperate or boreal seas, as Natica s. s. is of warmer waters, 

though there are exceptions in cases where the species lives in sufficiently deep water 

to bring it into a temperature not normal to the latitude at the surface of the sea. 
86 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Subgenus NATICA s. s. 

NATICA OREGONENSIS Conrad. 

Pl. IV, fig. 7. 

Sigaretus scopulosus (pro parte) Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., pl. 19, figs. 6b, 6c, 1849. 

Lunatia oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Shell ovate, solid, with four or five whorls, the spire rather elevated, and the 

general form not unlike that of Lunatia pallida Broderip and Sowerby, of the recent 

fauna; surface nearly smooth, with moderately conspicuous incremental lines; 

base somewhat produced; body with a polished callus which seems to have been 

dark colored, and which extends to and over the upper part of the pillar, filling the 

umbilicus with a nearly circular prominent callus, separated by a sulcus from the 

base on the left and with a sharply cut semicircular sulcus above it between the 

body callus and the umbilical callus; outer lip thin, simple. Altitude of type 

figured, 32 mm.; ma~imum diameter, 27.5 mm. 

Miocene of the Empire formation at Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. 

Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 153914. Also from the Miocene of Astoria, collected by 

J.D. Dana, of the United States Expl. Exp.; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3494,3542, and 3555. 

The small cast figured in 1849 as part of Conrad's Sigaretus he afterwards 

separated under the name above cited. Though very young . and imperfect, it 

appears to be a young specimen of the species here figured and described. I therefore adopt Conrad's name, though not accompanied by any description, and the 

more willingly since adult specimens of the same speCies were collected by the 

Exploring Expedition at the same locality. 

Subgenus CRYPTONATICA Dall. 

NATICA (CHYPTONATICA) CONSORS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. V, fig. 10; Pl. VI, fig. 9. 

Shell f:!mall, solid, rather thick, with four whorls; spire rather low, sutures 

app:r;essed, general profile domelike; whorls evenly rounded, smooth except for 

lines of growth, the specimens show no spiral striation; aperture subovate, the body 

with a moderate callus, which extends to the upper part of the pillar and evenly 

fills the umbilicus, but is rather abrupt on the side away from the pillar, so that ·a 

sort of sulcus bounds the umbilical callosity on that side, though there is no perforation; outer lip thin, entire. Altitude, 29 mm.; maximum diameter, 26:5 mm. 

Empire formation of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 153917. Also 153988, 153915, from the same locality, and 153989, from 

the Miocene beds underlying the Coos conglomerate at Fossil Point, by W. H. Dall. 

Also by J. D. Dana, of the United States Exploring Expedition, from the Astoria 

group at Astoria; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3557 and 3580. 

This is a not uncommon species and is distinguished from the preceding by its 

more depressed profile and the differences noted in the umbilical region. 

The specimen numbered 153915 contains the operculum, which is externally 

smooth, with a slightly elevated ridge near the suture, as in. the Natica russa Gould, 
MOLLUSCA. 87 

one of the recent species on which the subgenus was founded. N. russa is a more 

depressed species with a differently formed umbilical callus, more lik_e that of N. 

clausa Broderip. 

Genus POLINICES Montfort. 

Natica (sp.) Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat., p. 392, 1777. 

Uber (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 21, 1797. 

Albula Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 20, 1798; not Albula Gronovius, 1763. 

Polinices Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 223, 1810; type, Nerita mammilla Linne. 

Natica Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., IV, p. 147, 1826; not of Lamarck, 1799; Leach, Syn. Moll. Gt. 

Brit., p. 177, 1852. 

Neverita Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., IV, p. 149, pl. 4, fig. 43, 1826; type, N. josephinia Risso= N. olla 

de Serres; Miirch, Cat. Yoldi, I, p. 132, 1852; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 367, 1892. 

Euspira Agassiz, ex parte, Sowerby, Min. Conch., German Ed., I, p. 14, 1842; first species, Natica 

glaucinoides Sowerby=Natica labellata Lam., 1804. 

Lunatia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 149; type, Natica ampullaria Lamarck; Dall, Trans. 

Wagner Inst., III, p. 369, 1892. 

Cepatia Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840; idem, 1844, p. 60; Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 149; Natica 

cepacea Lam.; Eocene. 

Velainia Munier-Chalmas, Annal. de Malac;. I, p. 335, 1884= Cepatia Gray. 

Naticina Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 766, 1885; not of Guilding, 1834. 

Sigaretopsis Cossrnann, Cat. Illustr., III, p. 172, 1888; type, Naticainjundibulum Wat.; Eocene, section 

of Cepatia. 

Polynices (Montfort) Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 367, 1892. 

Polinices in the wide sense includes the naticoids with a horny operculum, except 

those referred to Ampullina, of which the other characters seem to authorize its 

generic separation. The subordinate groups of Polinices in which we are at present 

interested are chiefly the following: 

Polinices s. s. Type Natica mammilla Linne. 

Neverita Risso. Type Neverita josephinia Risso. 

Euspira Agassiz. Type Natica labellata Lamarck. 

? Cepatia Gray. Type Natica cepacea Lamarck . 

. It seems that we shall have to give up Lunatia Gray in favor of Euspira, which 

has five years priority, and of which both the species mentioned when the name was 

first proposed appear to be Lunatias; though species belonging to Ampullina seem 

to have been included later. 

Subgenus NEVERITA Risso. 

PoLINICES (NEVERITA) INEZANA Conrad. 

Natica inezana Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., VII, p. 195, pl. 10, figs. 5, 6, 1857. 

? Natica ocoyana Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., V. p. 328, pl. 7, fig. 57, 57a (in text; 51, 5la, on plate), 

1855. 

? Natica saxea Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 727, pl. 19, fig. 7, 1849. 

? Neverita saxea Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., ·I, p. 151, 1865. 

Neverita recluziana Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 77, 1868; not of Deshayes, 1841. 

Santa Ynez Mountains, California, Doctor Antisell, from Miocene beds, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 12539; also from the Miocene of Pose or Ocoya Creek, California; Astoria 

group, at Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana, U.S. Nat. Mus. 3510 and 3540; Miocene of the 

Empire formation, Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman, U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153988. · 
88 'fHE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

A specimen partly defective was figured by Conrad in the geologic report of the 

United State.s Exploring Expedition as Natica saxea, and was in 1865 referred by 

him to Neverita, This specimen seems to be lost; the specimens with contemporary labels marked Natica saxea in the collection are Euspira (Lunatia) and not 

the type figured. The figure looks as if. it might have been taken from a Neverita, 

though it is rather poor. A Neverita does occur at Astoria, and a defective shell 

which was figured as one of the illustrations of Sigaretus scopulosus Conrad in the 

Exploring Expedition report (pl. 19, fig. 6d) i.s a specimen of it. V\7 e have another 

specimen of about the same size collected by Dana at Astqria; and another, better 

preserved, from the Miocene of Coos Bay. These three agree exactly among themselves, but not with the figure of saxea, which must have been taken from a very 

much larger specimen. The small ones are probably young shells, but without connecting material can not be regarded as representing saxea. They do, however, 

rather closely resemble Conrad's Neverita inezana from California. 

Natica inezana was described from a handful of rather poor specimens which 

belong to two species, one a Neverita and the other an Ampullinopsis. The characters are mixed in the diagnosis, the tabulated suture belonging to the latter species 

and the open umbilicus to the former. The figured specimen which is marked as the 

type in the collection is a Neverita, and seems, as Gabb supposed, to be identical 

with the species later described by Conrad from the Miocene of Ocoya Creek, California. The same Ampullinopsis occurs at Astoria, probably in the Oligocene or 

lower Miocene, being rather variable in the elevation of its spire. It would seem 

not unlikely, therefore, that the Neverita may occur there too, and when better 

specimens are available it may-prove to be identical with N. saxea. For the present, 

however, I prefer to utilize the name inezana, the small specimens of Neverita from 

Astoria and Coos Bay having many, characters in common with that species. It 

is highly improbable that the species is identical with the recent N. reclnzinna 

Deshayes. In recluziana the umbilical callus fills the upper posterior part of the 

umbilicus, is continuous withcthe parietal callus, and, in the typical form, has the 

anterior third of the umbilical callus set off by a sharp sulcus, while a portio~ of 

the umbilical funnel in front of the latter remains permanently open. There is a 

variety alta Dall, with small narrow shell and exceptionally elevated spire. In the 

variety imper;forata Stearns--found living in the vicinity of San Diego and in the 

Pleistocene of the upper San Pedro at Deadman Island-there is an additional thin 

deposit of callus filling the open part of the umbilicus and overflowing on the adjacent portion of the base. . 

The shell from the Miocene of Coos Bay, which I. have referred to N. ineznnn, 

however, has the open part of the umbilicus behind the umbilical and to the left of 

it, with no dividing sulcus, anrl by these characters can be .recognized at a glance. 

Subgenus EUSPIRA Agassiz. 

PoLINICES (EusPIRA) GALIANO! Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. V, figs. 12, 13. 

Shell of moderate size, solid, rather thick, moderately el~vated, smooth except 

for the incremental lines and occasional faint spiral strire; external coat usually 
MOLLUSCA. 89 

wanting, in which case the whorl in front of the suture seems narrowly tabulate or 

even channeled, 'vhile the spiral striation is much stronger and the incremental 

lines coarser and often elevated; normally there are about six whorls and the spire 

is somewhat dome shaped, the whorl appressed at an inconspicuous suture; umbilicus moderate, open; its upper angle near the pillar lip filled with a small subtriangular callus; aperture ovate, narrower above, a thin callus on the body, the outer lip 

thin, simple. Altitude of figured specimens (fig. 12), 54 mm., (fig. 13), 43 mm.; 

maximum diameter of the first, 48 mm. 

Empire formation of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 153916 (figs. 12, 13), 153987; also at station 2952, northeast of 

Rocky Point, Coos Bay, W. H. Dall; and in the upper part of the .Miocene, under 

the Coos conglomerate at Fossil Point, Coos Bay, by W. H. Dall, 153990, 154020, 

and 154012; Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana, 3540; also Bogachiel 

River, Washington, in the upper Miocene, Arnold. 

The two figures given show the difference of the profile at the suture between 

a specimen which has lost its outer coat (fig. 12) and one in which it is intact (fig. 13). · 

In the shell depicted in the first figure the mass occupying the umbilicus is matrix; 

the callus was situated in the small triangular space to tl,J.e right of it. In some 

specimens the callus is proportionately larger, and part may have been broken off 

in the shell shown in fig. 12. 

This is the common Lunatia or Euspir-a of the northwest coast Miocene, for 

which, after much search, I have been able to find no name in the literature, and so 

have given it the name of the distinguished Spanish. explorer. It more nearly 

resembles E. draconis Dall, of the recent fauna, than the better-known E. lewisii 

Gould, for which it has doubtless often been mistaken, but is sufficiently distinct 

from both. 

Genus AMPULLINA (Lamarck) Bowdich. 

Ampullina Bowdich (as of Lam.), Elem. Conch., T, p. 31, 1822; type, pl. 9, fig. 2 ('?=Ampullaria depressa 

Lam., not Sow.). ' 

Ampullinopsis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 27, 1865; sole example, A. rnississippiensis Conrad, 

Vicksburgian. 

jJ[egatylotus Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 766, 1885; type, Nat·ica crassatina Lam., lower Miocene. 

Amauropsis Morch, App. l:Unk's Greenland, p. 79, 1857; type, Natica helicoides Johnston; Arctic Man., 

p. 127, No. 66, 1875. 

?Lupia Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 27; 1S65; type, Ampullaria perovata Conrad, Claibornian. 

Globu.lus J. de C. Sowerby, in Index, Min. Conch., VI, p. 246, 1835; not Globnlus Schumacher, 1817. 

E·uspira (sp.) Desor and Agassiz, Min. Conch., German ed., p. 320, 1842; type, N. labellata Lamarck. 

Globtdaria Swainson, Malac., p. 345, 1840; first and only figured species, Ampullaria sigaretina Lam., 

Eocene; new name for Glo.bnlus Sowerby, not Schumacher. 

Cromrn{nm Cossmann, Cat. lllustr., III, p. 177, 1888; type, Ampullina willemeti Deshayes, Eocene; 

section of Ampullina. · 

Arnauropsella (Bayle MS.) Chelot, Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 3d ser., XTTT, p. 202, 1885; type, Natica 

spirata Lam. · 

Arnaurellina Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 766; 1885; =A:manropsella Chelot. 

?Arnauropsina (Bayle MS.) Chelot, Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 3d ser., XIII, p. 203, 1885; type, Natica 

canaliculata Lam., Eocene. · 

The genus Ampull{na was indicated by Lamarck as early as 1804, and mentioned in the vernacular by him in lectures, and by other authors, but, so far as I 
90 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

have been able to discover, the first publication of the name in Latin is by Lamarck's 

pupil, Bowdich, in 1822. The type is figured but not specifically named; it is 

probably A. depressa and certainly not A. sigaretina, which is usually cited as the 

type. Both, however, belong to the genus. ~ 

Conrad's Ampullinopsis was proposed for the American analogue or variety 

of Natica crassatina Lamarck, thus long preceding Fischer's Megatylotus, based on 

the European form of the same type. 

Lupia Conrad differs from Amauropsis Morch (which has nothing to do with 

Amaura of the Pyramidellidm) by having the suture not channeled; otherwise 

they are extremely similar. Amauropsella and Amaurellina are based on a fossil 

which, by Deshayes's figures, is merely a heavy, thick-shelled Amauropsis. 

While Agassiz later included some Ampullinas in his Euspira, his original two 

species appear to belong to Lunatia, but none of them agrees with his diagnosis, in 

which he says all the species known to him are "links gewunden." Globularia 

Swainson seems to be a synonym of Ampullina, or separated only by slight characters. 

AMPULLINA (AMPULLINOPSIS) MISSISSIPPIENSIS Conrad. 

Ampullinops'is m·iss·issippiensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 27, 1865; Vicksburgian. 

Natica mississippiensis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., I, p. 114, pl. 11, fig. 10, 1848. 

Ampullina crassatina var. mississippiensis Dall., Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 375, 1892; Harriman 

'Alaska Exped., IV, p. 110, 1904. 

Natica inezana (ex parte) Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., VII, p. 195, 1857. 

Oligocene of Astoria, Oreg.; George Gibbs, U.S. Nat. Mus. 3575; Miocene(?) 

of the Santa Ynez Mountains, California, Antisell, 12359a; also from the Oligocene 

of Port Blakely, opposite Seattle, on Puget Sound, Washington, collected. by Landis; and on Alaska Peninsula, at Chichagof Bay, Palache. 

The specimens are too poorly preserved to enable a close comparison to be 

made, and exhibit more or less variation, especially in the height of the spire, but 

they are referred with much confidence to the American analogue or variety of the 

European A. crassatina Lamarck, of which in theW agner Institute memoir I have 

already given a discussion. 

For the benefit of students and to supplement Conrad's very short original 

description, I have prepared a new diagnosis from the above specimens. 

Shell moderately large, thick and heavy, with about seven whorls; spire elevated for the genus, the whorls rounde~, except for a narrow tabulation in front of 

the suture, which is more or less carinated at the anterior border, and in the young, 

is often gently rounded into the normal curve of the whorl; surface smooth, except 

for more or less conspicuous incremental lines and nearly :r.nicroscopic spiral striulations which may or may not be distributed over the whole whorl; base rounded; 

umbilicus large, more or less filled with a solid callus, defective in all the specimens; 

aperture ovate, the outer lip thick, more or less attenuated to a thin simple edge 

leaving a flaring impression on internal casts as if the lip had been slightly reflected; 

inner lip more or less coated with a smooth callus. Altitude, 51 to 64 mm.; maximum diameter, 42 to 46 mm.; altitude of spire exclusive of last whorl, 13 to 22 mm. 

A young specimen has an altitude of 13 mm. and a maximum diameter of about 

10mm. 
MOLLUSCA .. 91 

Subgenus AMAUROPSIS Miirch. 

AMPULLINA (AMAUROPSIS) OREGONENSIS DaJl, n. sp. 

Pl. III, fig. 7. 

Shell elevated, thin, with a narrowly channeled suture and about five whorls; 

apex rather blunt, whorls evenly rounded, recalling some of the species of Oampeloma,· 

surface smooth, almost polished, with one or two resting stages, indicated by slight 

axial ridges, on the last whorl; base rounded, with apparently no umbilical chink; 

aperture rounded, margin slightly oblique and somewhat thickened. Altitude, 19.5 

mm.; maximum diameter, 14.5 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

107780. 

The single specimen is almost decorticated, but enough of the outer layer 

remains to indicate the character of the surface and the channel in front of the 

suture. On the decorticated surface there are traces ~>f spiral striffl .in the basal 

region, but they may not have been visible on the uneroded surface. The specimen has been bored by a carnivorous gasteropod, probably a Natica, showing that 

it can not have been a fresh-water shell. It somewhat recalls the recent Greenlandic species of Amauropsis, but is a larger shell, and is proportionately much 

more elevated than A. purpurea Dall, the only recent species of the northwest coast. 

Genus SINUM Bolten. 

Catinus lactis Klein, Ostrac, p. 19, 1753; not binomial. 

Anris 11eneris (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 20, 1797; sole example, Helix haliotidea Linne; Hanley, Shells of Lin., p. 390, pl. 4, fig. 7, 1855. 

S·in:um Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 14, 1798; first species, Helix haliotoidea (Lin.); Gmclin, Syst. 

Nat., 3663, 1792, ex parte. 

Sigaretus Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 77, 1799; Helix haliotoidea (Linne); not of H. and A. Adams, 1853. 

Cryptostoma Blainville, Suppl. Edinb. Encycl., 1817; Malac., I, p. 467, 1825; type, C. leachii Blv., 

op. cit., II, pl. 42, fig. 3,= Sigaretus Lamarck. 

Cryptostomus Blain ville, Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 120, 1818; = Sigaretus Lamarck. 

Catinus H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 212, 1853; not of Oken, 1815, C. leachii Blain ville cited. 

Raynevallia Ponzi (ubi?), fide Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch., 1883. 

Sigaretus Dall, Trans. Wagner lust., III, p. 378, 1892. 

There is no question that Bolten's name is prior and must supplant the later 

but more familiar name of Lamarck based on the same type. 

The genus is fully developed by the middle Eocene and is represented by 

characteristic species in the Claibornian and subsequent Tertiary horizons, as 

well as the existing fauna. 

SINUM SCOPULOSUM Conrad. 

Pl. IV, fig. 10; Pl. V, fig. 8. 

Sigaretus scopulosus Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., appendix, p. 727, pl. 19, figs. 6, 6a, only, 1849. 

Catinus scopulosu.s Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 151, 1865. 

Sinum scopulosum Meek, Smithsonian Checkl. Miocene Fos. N. Am., p. 32, 1864; Gabb, Pal. California, 

II, p. 114, 1868. 

? Sinum planicostum Gabb, Pal. California, II, pp. 49, 78, pl. 14, fig. 6, 1868. 
92 THE MIOCENE ·01!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON • 

. Shell of moderate size, obconic, solid, of three or more rapidly enlarging whorls; 

last whorl much the largest; nucleus minute, of one whorl, smooth; aperture ample, 

oblique, at angle of 45° to the vertical of the axis; suture distinct, appressed; surface sculptured with narrow straplike spirals (about three to 1 rmn.) separated by 

narrow channeled sulci, and crossed by more or less evident incremental lines; 

base and periphery rounded; base excavated behind the gyrate pillar lip, but not 

showing any umbilical chink, so far as can be determined; outer lip simple; body 

with no marked callosity. Altitude, about 24 mm.; maximum diameter, 25 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153913. Also from the United States Exploring Expedition, Conrad's type, collected from the Miocene of Astoria by J. D. Dana, U.S. Nat. Mus. 3553. Also (?) 

not rare in the Pliocene of San Fernando, Cal., according to Gabb (S. planicostum). 

There is sufticient variation in the specimens examined to suggest the identity 

of Gabb's planicostum with Conrad's species, from which it seems to differ only by 

a somewhat more elevated 'pire. 

Superfamily RHIPIDOGLOSSA. 

· Family TURBINIDJE. 

Genus ASTRlEA Bolten. 

Turbo Linne, ex parte, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758. 

Sol (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 27, 1797; first identifiable species, Trochus tuber Linne. 

Astrxa Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 79, 1798; first species, Trochvs imperialis Gmelin; not Astr:m of 

Lamarck, 1801. 

Astralium Link, Beschr. Rostock Sarmnl., p. 135, 1807; sole identifiable species, Turbo calcar (L.) 

Gmelin; Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., V, pl. 174, figs. 1718-1720. 

Imperator Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 198, 1810; type, Trochus imperialis Gmelin; Gray, Fig. Moll. 

An., IV, p. 88, 1850. 

Calcar Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 134, 1810; type, Turbo calcar Linne. 

Calcar Schumac~1er, Essai, .~· 193, 1817; sect. cr, type, Trochus longispina Lamarck; sect. /3, type, 1'urbo 

calcar Gmelm; Gray, hg. Moll. An., IV, p. 87, 1850. 

Bolma Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mcrid., IV, p. 117, 1826; Turbo rugosus Gmelin. 

Cyclocantha Swainson, Mala c., p. 348, 1840; type, ·1'rochus stellaris Grneliri. 

Canthorbis Swainson, Malac., p. 349, 1840; Trochus imperialis Gmelin. . 

Tubicanthus Swainson, Malat:., p. 349, 1840; first species, Turbo rngo.nts Gmelin, but Gray, in 1847, 

selects the fourth, Trochus cookii Lam.,= sulcatus Mart. 

Uvanilla Gray, Fig. Moll. An., IV, p. 87, 1850; first species, U. oi'i1'aceus Gray. 

Pomaulax Gray, Fig. Moll. An., IV, p. 87, 1850; Tmchns undosus Gray. 

Guildfordia Gray, Fig. Moll. An., IV, p. 87, 1850; Trochus gnildford·ix Gray. 

Pachyponia Gray, Fig. Moll. An., IV, p. 88, 1850; Trochus ina:q"Ualis Martyn. 

Lithoporna Gray, Fig. Moll. An.,. IV, p. 88, 1850; 'l'rochus tuber Linne. 

The large group of Turbinidoo which has been designated of late as Astralium 

had an earlier name in Astr;ea Bolten. Link, who had no scruples in regard to 

altering other people's names, gives as a synonym of his Astralium the designation 

Astr;ea Bolten, from which a little .later Fischer eliminated X enophora. Without 

attempting to marshal the subgenera of Astr;e(t on this occasion, we may take up 

the only one of them which is so far known to be represented in the Tertiary of 

Oregon. · 
MOLLUSCA. 

Subgenus PACHYPOMA Gray. 

AsTRJEA (PACHYPOMA) PRECURSOR Dall, n. sp. · 

Pl. VI, figs. 5, 6. 

93 

Shell small for the group, solid, dcprcssccl, with about four or five whorls; apex 

. decollated in the types; upper surface of the whorls f:lattish, with a deep sulcus 

near the periphery which is formed by a stout, rounded, slightly unaulatecl cord 

having a wide, shallow sulcus on the basal side also; the suture is laid directly under 

this cord; upper surface of the whorls sculptured with about 30 stout oblique 

rounded ribs with subequal shallow interspaces, the ribs crossed close behind the 

suture by three or four obscure sulci, faintly nodulating them, the outermost sulcus 

is the deepest, and nearly cuts off the distal end of the ribs; the surface is also 

marked by well-defined incremental lines; base f:lattish, with five strong con!!picuously nodulous cords with deep narrower interspa<;es; umbilical region callous, 

smooth, concave, with a peripheral ridge; columella arcuate, callous, pearly, with 

a thin layer of callus on the body, outer lip simple. Altitude, 25 mm.; maximum 

diameter, 35 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153919. 

This species recalls P. inaoq_uale Martyn, of the Pleistocene and recent fauna 

in the same region, but is smaller [mel proportionately less elevated, with a more 

impressed umbilical region, which the aspect of the fossil indicates may have been 

in life of a clark or reddish color, instead of white as in the later species. 

AsTRJEA (PACHYPOMA) INJEQUALE Martyn. 

Trochus intEqu~lis Martyn, Univ. Conch., I, pl. 31, table, 1784; not of Gmelin, 1793. 

Sol derarliatu.s (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 27, No. 485, 1797; nude name. 

Trochu.s gibberosus Pfeiffer, Krit. Regist. Mart. Chemn. Conch. Cab., p. 102, 1840; after Chemnitz, X, 

p. 286, vignette 23, A, n. · 

? Trochu.s diadematus Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, Zool., pl. 3, fig. 2, 1846 (probably Pomaulax undosus, 

fide Carpenter). · 

Trochus ochraceus Philippi, Zcitschr. f. Mal., III, p. 101, No. 16, 1846. 

Pachyprnna gibberosum Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, pp. 627, 651, 1864. 

Astralium (Pachypoma) in;.equale Pilsbry, in Tryon, Man. Conch., X, p. 244, pl. 57, figs. 51, 52, 1888. 

Pachyporna inmquale Dall, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., XV, p. 199, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5; pl. 23, figs. 1, 5, 1892; 

var. depresswn Dall, pl. 23, fig. 3; Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San· Pedro, p. 231, 1903. 

Pleistocene of Santa Barbara and San Pedro, California, Williamson, Arnold; 

fragments in the Pleistocene conglomerate of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon, Dall. 

From Pachypoma precursor the variety depressum Dall is distinguished by its 

larger size and the spiral sulci on the middle of the whorl which cut the obliquei 

ribs but leave unsulcate the ends of the ribs near either suture. 

The recent shell occurs from Catalina Island northward to British Columbia, 

where it is abundant in the vicinity of Vancouver Island. The smooth white 

opercula are transported to many parts of the coast, where they arc inlaid in 

wooden articles by the Indians as a favorite ornament. It also occurs semifossil 

in the prehistoric shell heaps. 
94 THE MIOQENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Family TROCHIDlE. 

Genus TEGULA Lesson. 

Tegula Lesson, Illustr. de Zoologic, livr. 17, pl. 51, no pagination on text, 1834; type, T. pellis-serpentis 

Mawe ( + elegans Lesson, loc. cit.). 

Tegula H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., I, p. 426, 1854. 

Tegula (elegans) was described in the unpaginated text of livraison 17, of Lesson's' Illustrations, which appeared in 1834, though the series began in the winter 

of 1831-32. As it is the older name, if Tegula and Chlorostoma are related subgenerically, as seems to be the case, the rule is that the older name shall be borne 

by the genus and the newer by the subgenus concerned. Hence Chlorostoma 

must take subgeneric rank under Tegula as the genus. 

Subgenus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson. 

Chlorostpma Swainson, Malac., p. 350, 1840; first species, Trochus argyrostomus Gmelin. 

Omphalius Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malac., IV, p. 21, 1847; type, 1'rochus nigerrimns Gmelin. 

Phorcus A. Adams, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London for 1851, p. 156; not of Risso, 1826. 

Neomphalius Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 821, 1885; new name for Omphalins Philippi, not Omphqlia 

De Haan, 1825. 

According to Pilsbry, in his painstaking monograph of the Trochid:B, the passage from Chlorostoma into the forms called Omphalius is so gradual, and the 

characters overlap in so many instances, that no strict line of demarcation can be 

drawn between them. The typical Chlorostoma is characteristic at the present 

day of the faunas of Japan, the west coast of America, and the Antillean region. 

It is not, therefore, remarkable that we should find it represented among the 

faunas of the West American Tertiary. 

Graya notes that the animal of Tegula is deprived of frontal lappets between 

the tentacles, and probably they are rudimentary. In Chlorostoma· (junebrale) 

they are reduced to small smooth-edged quadrate appendages to the inner bases 

of the tentacles. In the shell commonly known as Phorcus pulligo Martyn they 

are, however, of good size, though hardly meeting in the median line. This form 

has also no circumscribing rib or keel in the umbilical region, and a peculiar large 

funnel-shaped umbilicus. These differences seem to mark the species off from 

the other members of the genus and to be at least of sectional value. Phorcus 

was proposed for a very different trochoid shell by Risso and hence is not available 

for this section, which requires a new name. Promartynia is suggested as appropriate. P. pulligo is known as a fossil from the Pleistocene of San Pedro and San 

Diego, and abounds in the living state from San Pedro to Alaska, being particularly numerous in British Columbia, but so far it has not been detected in the 

Oregonian Pleistocene. It has the upper part of the pillar peculiarly excavated 

by a wide sulcus and passing almost imperceptibly into the basal margin of the 

aperture, the usual tooth or truncation of the pillar being reduced to a mere trace, 

or in some individuals wholly absent. 

a Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, 1856, p. 44. 
MOLLUSCA, 95 

TEGULA (CHLOROSTOMA) STANTONI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, figs. 10, 11. 

Shell thin, elevated, internally nacreous, with five or more whorls; nucleus 

decollate in the type specimen; surface of whorls finely axially striated by incremental lines; upper surface with three about equidistant spiral _cords, the middle 

one a little more prominent than the others, the suture being laid just below the 

outer cord, which shows above the junction of the whorls like a narrow thread; 

base smooth for the most part, roundly convex, with .a faint sulcus near the peripheral thread, and two or three flat spirals 11round the umbilical region; umbilicus 

imperforate, hardly depressed; pillar thin, arcuate, outer lip and base thin and 

simple, aperture obstructed by a hard matrix; upper surface of whorls slanting 

evenly from the suture. Altitude of decollate type, about 25 mm.; maximum 

diameter of base, 35 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman, U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 107777. Also in the lower Purisima formation, Santa Cruz County, Cal., 

Arnold. 

This species has· a marked superficial resemblance to the Monodonta constricta 

Lamarck, from the recent fauna of Australia, but is a larger, more depressed and 

thinner shell. The sculpture has much similarity to that of Oalliostoma cammani 

from the same beds, but is less strong, while the shell is thinner, more· elevated 

and the base more inflated. ·The base is that of Ohlorostoma rather than of Monodonta, but the aperture, unfortunately, is filled by a refractory matrix. A species 

almost identicaJ with M. constricta was obtained living at Scammons Lagoon, 

Lower California, and presented to the National Museum by Captain Scammon 

more than forty years ago (U. S. Nat. Mus. 182588), so it would not be entirely 

incredible if the type existed in the Tertiary of the Pacific coast. 

The species is named in honor of Dr. T. W. Stanton, paleontologist· to the 

United States Geological Survey, whose work on the Mesozoic faunas of America 

is well known. 

Genus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson. 

Trochus (sp.) Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 756, 1758; Martyn, Univ. Conch., table, vol. I, pl. 32, 33, 

34, etc.-, 1784. 

'l'rochulus (sp.) (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 27, 1797. 

Trochus (sp.) (anonymous), Mus. Calonnianum, p. 27, 1797; Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 83, 1798; 

Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 135,;~1807 .. 

Conulus Nardo, Atti IIda Riunionc dcgli Sci. Ital., 1841, not of Fitzinger, 1833. 

Calliostoma Swainson, Malac., pp. 218, 219, 351, 1840; type, Trochus zizyphimts var. conuloides Lamarck. 

Ziziphinus Gray, Synopsis Brit. Mus., 1840; Troclttts zizyphinus. 

?Lischkeia Fischer, Icon. Coq. Viv., Trochus, p. 419, 1880; type, Trochus monilifems Lamarck. 

EutrochttB Pilsbry, Man. Conch., XI, p. 402, 1889; not of A. Adams, 1863 = Astele Swainson, Trans. 

Roy. Soc. Van Diemens Land, III, p. 38, 1855. 

Leiotrochus (Conrad) Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, pp. 399, 402, 1892, and p. 1653, 1903; type, 

·L. distans Conrad, 1862. 

The genus Oalliostoma may for the purposes of this paper be divided into two 

sections-Oalliostoma s. s., with an impervious axis, and Leiotrochus, with an 

umbilicus. 
96 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Turcica, which, in the absence of full data, was regarded as probably a subdivision of Cal~iostoma, proves to be more closely related to Margarites than to any 

other genus at present discriminated. Eutrochus Adams was based on a small 

Australasian shell which had already formed the foundation of Swainson's genus 

Astele, and for the umbilicate Calliostomas I proposed to revive Conrad's name 

Leiotrochus, based on a small umbilicate fossil species of the Maryland Miocene. 

CALLIOSTOMA CAMMANI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, figs. 8, 9. 

Shell thin, depressed-conic, of about four whorls; upper surface of the whorls 

with three strong, rounded revolving cords with wider interspaces, the channel 

between the posterior and the next anterior cord wider than the others; the third 

cord somewhat more prominent than the others, so that it forms the periphery of 

the whorl; below it, separated by a pronounced sulcus, is a similar but less prominent cord which forms the margin of the ba:;;al surface and on which the suture is 

laid; base flattish with several hardly raised flattened spiral bands, a stronger, more 

or less nodulous one surrounding the umbilical area, which is white with a depressed 

callous surface bounded by a rounded ridge; the pillar smooth, arcuate, ending in a 

blunt point beyond which the basal lip is thin and simple; upper surface with faint 

obliqlie incremental lines hardly interr~pting the general smoothness; outer lip thin, 

sharp, produced at its upper termination along the whorl and crenulated by the 

spiral sculpture; aperture wider than high, pearly within, a thin wash of callus on 

the body; nucleus decollate in the type; there is a faint depression behind the pillar, 

but the shell is imperforate. Altitude of decollate type, 15 mm.; maximum diameter, 25 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

107776 .. 

This strongly spirally sculptured species recalls the more acute and elevated 

C. virginicum of Conrad, from the Virginia Miocene. In its sculpture it resembles 

Chlorostoma stantoni Dall, of the Empire formation of Coos Bay, but can readily be 

discriminated. 

Genus TURCICA A. Adams. 

T11,rcica A. Adams, Proc. Zool.Soc. London, for 1854, p. 37; type, T. nwn'il'ifemA. Adams,op. cit., pl. 27, 

fig. 1. 

Ptychostylis Gabb, Proc. California Acad. Sci., III, p. 187, 1865,; type, r. ca.ffea Gabb; figured in 

Pal. California, II, pl. 3, fig. 27, 1866. '' 

?Perrinia H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rcc. Moll., I, p. 419, 1858; type, P. angulijera Adams. 

Thalotia Cooper, 1867, not Thalotia Gray, 1847. · 

The typical species of Turcica has not been accessible, but an examination of 

T. imperialis A. Adams, a closely related species, shows that it has a jaw; a radular 

formula 00 + 7! 7 + 00 , the teeth not unlike those of Margarites; the epipodial 

appendages laterally wide,. flouncelike, with finely papillose edge but no elongated 

cirrhi anywhere; the lappets between the tentacles with nearly entire margins not 

quite meeting in the mesial line; the tentacles long, with the eyes on separate peduncles outside of them; the operculum multispiral. These characteristics, taken with 

those of the shell, seem sufficient to establish the group as a genus. 
MOLLUSCA. 97 

The Perrinia of Adams has an internally lirate aperture and probably belongs 

elsewhere, the pseudolirations seen in thin species of Turcica being mere reflections 

of the external sculpture. 

T. monilifera A. Adams is a very different shell from Trochus moniliferus of 

Lamarck, the type of the section or subgenus Lischkeia of Fischer. 

T. caffea Gabb is not uncommon in the Pleistoc(lne of southern California. It 

was referred to Thalotia by Cooper, but the type of Thalotia belongs to a perfectly 

distinct group. 

TuRCICA GABBI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. I_v, fig. 5; Pl. VI, fig. 11. 

Shell thin, pearly, elevated, conic, with more than four ample whorls; apex 

decollate; whorls sculptured with (on the upper whorls five) subequal, low, rounded 

cords with wider smooth interspaces, the peripheral cord and the one in front of it 

somewhat stronger than the others; suture slightly constricted; base with similar 

but more closely set and smaller revolving cords, with subequal interspaces; umbilical region imperforate, callous, smooth; pillar with two strong rounded knobs; 

basal and outer lip thin, simple; a thin wash of callus on. the body. Altitude, 30 

mm.; maximum diameter, 25 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153968. Also noted in the upper Miocene at station 4073, south of Fossil Point, by 

W. H. Dall. 

This species is the precursor of T. cajfea Gabb, a species both Pliocene and recent 

on the coast of California. It is more elevated and the sculpture of the Oregon 

fossil is much simpler than that of its successor. Though the type specimen is very 

badly preserved, its main characters arc fortunately quite evident and unmistakll:ble. 

Genus MARGARITES Leach . 

. Margarita Leach, Thompson's Ann. Phil., XIV, p. 202, 1819 (not of Leach, Zool. Misc., I, p. 107, 1815); 

Ross's Voy. App., p. 59, 1819; Broderip and Sowerhy, Zool. Jour., IV, p. 363, 1828; Sowerby, Mal. 

Mag., I, p, 23, 1838; Dall,.Blake Report, Gastr., p. 274, 1889; Pilsbry, Man. Conch., XI, p. 285, 1889; 

type, M. helicina Fabr. 

Margarites (Leach, MS.) Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 268, 1847; Moll. Gt. Brit., pp. 147, 197, 

1852, Helix margarita Montagu, pl. 9, fig. 7; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 406, 1892. 

Ev.margarita Fischer, Man. de Conchyl., p. 825, 1885. 

Margaritopsis Thiele, Nachrbl. d. d. Mal. Ges., 1906, p. 15, footnote; type, Margaritafrielei Krause. 

Valvatella Smith, Proc. Mal. Soc. London, III, p. 206, 1899; not Valvatella Gray, 1857. 

If we disregard the antarctic forms, the North Pacific species of the group commonly known as Margarita are divisible on the shell characters into four perfectly 

recognizable groups, besides which it is probable that anatomical examination will 

develop characters permitting still further division. Margarita being preoccupied 

by its own sponsor, we must accept his amended form of ]vlargarites, which is the 

earliest subsequent name, and divide the genus as follows: 

Subgenus Jfargarites s. s. Type, 11. helicina Fabricius. Shell polished, depressed, smooth, few-whorled. 

Chiefly boreal. 

Subgenus Pupillaria Dall, nov. Type, M. pupilla Gould. Shell dull, trochifonn, unicolor, strongly 

spirally stnated, some.times radiately ribbed, and with more numerous whorls. Chiefly temperate 

seas. 

37351-No. 59-09--7 
98 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Section Lirularia Dall, nov. Type, JI. lirulata Opr. Shell small, dull-surfaced, with variable color patterns, spirally strongly, and axially delicately sculptured. Tropical and warm temperate waters. 

Section Cidarina Dall, nov. Type, 1!;£. cidaris A. Ads. Shell large, whitish, unicolor, with strong 

spiral sculpture sharply nodose, the umbilicus closed by a refiexed layer of callus, the suture channeled. Deep waters of the we~t coast of North America. 

Eurnargarita is an exact synonym of Margarites; Margaritopsis is based on 

minor differences of the radula, perhaps of sectional value; Valvatella was proposed 

by Gray for an undescribed and unfigured species from Greenland, having an imperforate axis and lamellose periostracum, perhaps a Torellia, but seemingly not identifiable. At any rate Margarites has ten years priority. 

I regard Solariella, Machceroplax, and their near allies as constituting a distinct 

genus. 

.MARGARITES (LIRULARIA) CONDON! Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. VI, figs. 7, 8. 

Shell small, turbinate, with about five whorls; nucleus small, defective in the 

specimens; subsequent whorls narrowly subtabulate near the suture, rounded above 

and below; axial sculptvre of fine, not crowded threads, which cover most of the surface, being most conspicuous in the sulci, but to a greater or less extent modifying or 

nodulating the raised spiral sculpture also; on the last whorl between the suture and 

umbilicus the surface is sculptured with about ten strong spiral threads, of which the 

previous whorls show four or five; the thread in front of the suture is small and 

nodulous; the next one, forming the boundary of the tabulation, is stronger than any 

of those succeeding, except at the umbilicus, where the cords increase in size and are 

conspicuously nodulous; the umbilicus is little or not at all perforate, the specimens 

not being decisive on that point; aperture subcircular, outer lip simple, inner lip arcuate, thin; body with a marked callus which extends over the umbilical region and 

may, in a perfectly adult specimen, almost or entirely close the umbilical chink; base 

roundly convex. Altitude of larger specimen, 13.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 13 

mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153922. 

This species is about the size of M. pupilla Gould, of the recent fauna, but by the 

characteristics of sculpture, etc., it seems more nearly related to the group of M. 

lirulata Carpenter. The latter is composed of rather small species, so, if the present 

one may be regarded as· ancestral, the recent forms have sadly degenerated in the 

matter of size. · 

The species is named in honor of the late Thomas Condon, professor in the university at Eugene, ,Oreg., who was the first to point out the evolutionary succession in 

our fossil horses, and whose material formed t_he basis of much research by others, 

owing to his unselfish liberality to his coworkers in the same line of investigation. 

Genus TURCICULA Dall. 

Turcicula Dall, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool., IX, p. 42, 1881; type, Margarita ( Turcicula) imperialis Dall; op. 

cit., XVIII, p. 376, pl. 22, figs. 1, 1a, June, 1889; Pilsbry, Man. Conch., XI, p. 330, 1889; Dall, Bull. 

37, U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 162, pl. 22, figs. 1, 1a, 1889. 
MOLLUSCA. 99 

Bembix Watson, Jour. Lin. Soc. London, XIV, p. 603, 1879; type, B. reola Watson, op. cit., p. 603; Ohall. 

Rept., Gastt·., p. 95, pl. 7, fig. 13, 1886, Japan. Not Bembix De Koninck. 

Bathybembix Crosse, Jour. de Oonchyl., XL., p. ~88, 1893 (March, antedated July, 1892); new name for 

Bembix Watson, not De Koninck. 

This group, regarded at first as a subgenus of 1lfargarites, I now consider to be of 

generic rank. With the extension of the dredgings of the U. S. S. Albatross to the 

Pacific, several species were found which were referred to this group, though· all are 

of considerably larger size, and have some characters not shown by the typical species 

of Turcicula, which is known only from two dead shells, both decollate, and from the 

archibenthal region of the Antilles. The impression had been growing that the large 

Pacific shells now found to be represented from the Eocene to the present fauna of the 

Pacific coast, notwithstanding a marked similarity of structure, might perhaps be 

distinct from the Antillean type referred to; but this surmise was f~mnd illusory on 

the receipt of a small species from Japan, T. crumpii Pilsbry, having precisely the 

imbricate sculpture of T. imperialis and but slightly larger. There still remains, of 

course, th~ possibility that the typical species of Bembix might prove distinct from 

Turcicula, as it is evidently an immature shell, but the close resemblance of form and 

sculpture to the Turcicula already known lends so little probability to this suggestion 

that it may reasonably be disregarded. Schepmana has described and figured as the 

adult of B. <eola a shell which is without doubt a typical Turcicula. If this identification be correctb there can be no reason as to the true position of Bathybembix. The 

apparent channeling of the suture in such species as T. crumpii and bairdii is due to 

the proximity of elevated sculpture to the suture and not to the existence of an actual 

channel. 

The group is represented on the Atlantic side only by T. imperialisc and T. 

miranda Dautzenberg, but in the Pacific the species range from Ecuador to BeringSea, in depths varying from 400 fathoms in the south to 25 fathoms in Bering Sea, 

and always forming part of the off-shore fauna. 

The fossil species so far known are from the Eocene and Oligocene. The Miocene 

fauna appears to have been laid down close to the shore line, where as yet Turcicula 

has not been discovered. . 

TURCICULA WASIIINGTONIANA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XVII, figs. 1, 2; Pl. XVIII, fig. 4. 

Shell large, depressed-conic, pearly, of five or more whorls; nucleus defective; 

later wlw.rls with two more or less nodose spiral ridges, next to the anterior· one 

of which the suture is laid; these are separated by nearly smooth, much wider interspaces; periphery vertically compressed, distally bluntly rounded; base with four or 

five obscure spirals, about equally spaced; umbilical region imperforate, with a thin 

wash of callus; aperture inaccessible; axial sculpture chiefly incremental, with some 

obsolete traces of narrow riblets near the posterior keel. Altitude of shell (decollate), 

35 mm.; maximum diameter, 55 mm.; minor diameter, 46 111111. 

«Leyden Mus. Notes, XXV, No.4, 1905, p. 100, pl. 8, figs. 4, 5. . 

bThe correctness of Schepman's view has been .confirmed by the kindness of E. A. Smith, assistant iL the British 

Museum of Natural History, who compared specimens for me with the types of a:ola and finds them to "agree admirably" 

in all essentials. 

cT. nevillei Smith has been described from the lndi•m Ocean. 
100 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Oligocene of Restoration Point, Puget Sound, Washington, opposite Seattle, at 

station 4071, Arnold; U.S. Nat. Mus. 110448. 

Differs from the next species in proportions, in its simpler and less nodose sculpture, and in its compressed periphery. 

''fuRCICULA COLUMBIANA n. sp. 

Pl. III, figs. 2, 11. 

Shell large, thin, depressed, pearly, of about five whorls; nucleus defective in the 

type; subsequent whorls with a rounded carinal ridge at the periphery which more or 

less overhangs the subsequent suture; surface between the suture and periphery with 

(on the penultimate whorl 15) oblique, axial ribs, which a little more than halfway 

from the suture rise into rather sharp nodules more or less distinctly connected by an 

obscure spiral ridge; beyond the nodules the ribs become faint and the whorl is somewhat constricted between them and the carina} ridge; other axial sculpture of rather 

prominent incremental lines; base with about six obscure spiral ridges with much 

wider interspaces, the inner three less prominent and closer together, leaving a smooth 

space in the umbilical region; here there is a smooth callus with the center depressed 

and the periphery thickened and slightly raised; pillar smooth, arcuate; outer and 

basal lips, in the type, thin, sharp, simple; a thin wash of callus on the body. Altitude of shell, 37 mm.; maxi..rp.um diameter, 50 mm. 

Eocene of Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon, J. S. Diller; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

107397. 

This fine species carries the genus back to the Eocene. As might be expected, 

perhaps, the Oregonian fossil most nearly resembles the Californian T. bairdii, but is 

larger, stronger, more coarsely sculptured and less elevated. T. santacruzana 

Arnold (ms.), from the Oligocene San Lorenzo formation in the Santa Cruz district of 

California, is intermediate in form between T. columbiana and T. bairdii. It is 

still somewhat wider and more depressed in form than the recent shell, but resembles 

the latter in form and size much more nearly than it does the Eocene species. 

Class PELECYPODA. 

Order PRIONODESMACEA. 

Suborder FOLIOBRANCHIATA. 

Superfamily SOLENOMYACEA. 

Family SOLENOMY ACIDJE. 

Genus SOLEMY A a Lamarck. 

Solemya Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., V, p. 488, 1818; S. austral·is andS. mediterranea cited. 

Solenimya Bowdich, Elem. Conch., II, pp. 8, 40, 1822; S. australis, pl. 2, fig. 17, selected as type. 

SolemyaFerussac, Tableau Syst., p. xliv, 1822; Blainville, Man. Mal., I, p. 570, 1825; S. australis fig-

_!lred as type. Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., IV, p. 372, 1826. 

--------------------------------------- ~The vagaries of spelling into which we are plunged If we allow the right to reform any supposed barbarous spelling are well 

illustrated in the synonymy of this genus. I am firmly of the opinion that, with the exception.of errors of the press, no alterations of any kind should be allowed unless the name involves a contradiction in terms, which is an extremely rare occurrence. 

The annoyance which may be caused to a competent Latinist by the recognition of a barbarism is of less importance than the 

fixity of names once given publication. 
MOLLUSCA. 

Solenomya Menke, Synopsis, ed. 2, p.119, 1830; S. mediterraneaLam. 

Stephanopus Scacchi, Osserv. ZooL, p. 3, 1833; S. mediterranea Lam. 

Solenymia Swainson, Malac., pp. 366, 317, 1840; S. mediterranea Lam. 

SoLEMYA VENTRICOSA Conrad. 

SolemyaventricosaConrad, GeoL U.S. ExpL Exp., p.723, pl. 17, figs.7, 8,1849. 

Donax? protexta Conrad, GeoL U.S. ExpL Exp., p. 723, pl. 17, fig. 9, 1849. 

Solena protexta Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865. 

Plectosolen protexta Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos. N .. Am., No. 242, p. 9, 1866. 

Solen (Hypogella) protexta Gabb, PaL California, II, p. 89, 1868. 

Machxra patttla Gabb, PaL California, II, p. 89, 1868; not of Carpenter. 

101 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3486, 3567, and 3613. 

Types of the Exploring Expedition, figured as above stated. 

Conrad's Donax protexta was based on an imperfect internal cast of a young 

specimen of Solemya, doubtless the same species as the larger and better-preserved 

specimens obtained simultaneously at the same locality. The original specimen 

(No. 3613) is still preserved. . 

The impercfect condition of the specimens prevents any very close comparisons 

with other sptmies, but it is worthy· of note that a species attaining nearly as large 

size as the fossil is a member of the recent fauna of the adjacent coast in deep water. 

It was described by me under the name Solemya johnsoni, and, so far as can be determined, is of somewhat different proportions from the-Miocene fossil. · 

Superfamily NUCULACEA. 

Family NUCULIDJE. 

Genus NUCULA Lamarck. 

Nucula Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 87, 1799; type, Area nucleus Linne. 

Nuculana Link, Beschr. Rostock Samml., p. 155, 1807; new name for N1tcula Lam. 

Glycymeris (pars) DaCosta, Brit. Conch., p. 170, 1778; not Glycymeris Lamarck, 1799. 

Nucula Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 571, 1898. 

NucuLA TOWNSEND! Dall, n. nom. 

.. 

Nucula cuneijormis Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 432, fig. 2, 1848; not of Sowerby, 1837. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. K. Townsend; U.S. Nat. Mus 3526a, J.D. Dana. 

This species is represented in the National Museum by a single poorly preserved 

specimen, a good deal crushed, but with enough of the surface remaining to show that 

the shell had coarse and somewhat irregular concentric narrow ridges with subequal 

inters paces that are marked by fine radiating sulci, which in some places crenulate the 

crests of the ridges and appear to have existed over the whole surface, but especially 

in the depressions. The short end seems more abruptly truncate than in Cop.rad's 

figure, and he does not mention the radial s"trire, but his figured specimen (now lost) 

seems to have been younger than the one here referred to. The shell much resembles 

N. decussata Sowerby. Longitude, 16.5 mm.; altitude, 15.0 mm. 

\ 
I 

I 102 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Subgenus ACILA H. and A. Adams. 

Acila H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 54.5, 1858; first species, Nucula castrensis Hinds. 

This group is represented in the rocks from the Cretaceous up, and in the recent 

fauna from both coasts of the northern and tropical Pacific. 

N ucuLA (ACILA) CONRADI Meek. 

Pl. XII, figs. 4, 5. 

Nucula divaricata Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., V, p. 432, fig. 1, 1848; Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 723, pl. 18, 

figs. 6, 6a, 1849; not N. divaricata Hinds, 1843. 

Nucula conralliMeek, Checkl. Miocene Fos. N. Am., p. 27, November, 1864; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 

1865. 

Shell ovate, moderately convex, with rather inconspicuous beaks, the young 

proportionately more elongated than the adult specimens; beaks adjacent, slightly 

recurved; lunule and escutcheon not defined by any bounding line and at the best 

obscure, especially the former, which can hardly be said to exist; ends of the shell 

rounded, the margins in the middle of the slightly impressed space usually .assigned 

to the escutcheon, pouting a little; base regularly arcuate, anterior dorsal slope with 

a flatter but still regular arch; surface sculptured with little-elevated radial threads 

somewhat variable in coarseness, separated by narrow sulci; these threads divaricate 

from a line near the middle of the valves and in old specimens a duplication of the 

divarication is frequent near the base; nearly all the specimens obtained are filled 

with a hard, tough matrix, so that the interior is inaccessible, but specimens from the 

upper layers of the Miocene of Fossil Point have 14 posterior and 24 anterior Vsha peel hingf( teeth; the inner margins of the valves are minutely crenate; the chondrophore is of moderate size and directed obliquely forward. ·Altitude of figured 

specimen, 14 mm.; longitude, 18 mm.; diameter, 8 mm. Fully adult specimens have 

a length of 20, a height of 16.5, and a diameter of 12 mm. 

Rather common in the Oligocene and Miocene of the Empire beds, Coos Bay, 

Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman (U. S. Nat. Mus. 153952) and also collected 

from the same locality by W. H. Dall (153980) in the upper beds of the Miocene at 

Fossil Point. 

The species of Acila, being very similar, and one or more occurring in each horizon from the Cretaceous up, have been very puzzling and diJiicult to determine. The 

original N. divaricata Conrad (1848, not Hinds, 1843) was renamed N. conradi by 

Meek in 1864. · • 

This is the Miocene type from Astoria, of which the original type specimen is in 

the National Museum, No. 3526. A few years later Conrad described from the 

Eocene (called by him Miocene) of San Diego Mission, California, a Nucula decisa 

which he figured (very badly) and afterwards united with his Miocene Astoria species. 

In this he was followed by Gabb and others. None of the figures or descriptions of 

this decisa are sufficient to identify the species. A fine large species from the Eocene 

of Pittsburg, Oreg., collected by Diller, was identified by mea with decisa. This 

identification was made because of the Eocene age of both, there being usually only 

one species of Acila in a single horizon. However, inasmuch as Conrad's original 

a Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. 3,1898, p. 573, pl. 40, figs. 1, 3 .. 
MOLLUSCA. 108 

type specimen seems lost, and his figure and description are worthless, it is probably 

best to apply a new name to the Oregonian Eocene species, which may be called 

Nu.(JUla (Acila) shumardi Dall. 

Another species, N. (A.) cordata Dall, was described and figured a from the 

}.ifiocene of Nehalem River, above Mist, Columbia County, Oreg., collected by Diller. 

This resembles N. shumardi, but is smaller and much more coarsely sculptured. It 

is more rostrate and elongate than N. conradi, which is an evenly ovate species. A 

species occurs in the Eocene of Alaska that may be identical with N. shumardi, but is 

known only from distorted casts. None of these has been recognized from the Coos 

Bay Miocene, except N. conradi, which more nearly resembles the recent N. (A.) 

castrensis Hinds, 1843, of which the N. divaricata Valenciennes, 1846, non a:inds, and 

N. (A.) lyaUi Baird, are believed to be synonyms. :;· 

Family LEDIDJE. 

Genus LEDA Schumacher. 

Leda Schumacher, Essai, p. 172, 1817; type, A.rca rostrata Linne; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 579, 

1898. 

Subgenus LEMBULUS Risso. 

Lembulua Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., IV, p. 319, 1825; type, Leda pella Linne (sp.)=L. vossianua 

Risso. 

LEDA ACUTA Conrad. 

Leda acuta Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch., p. 32, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1831; not of Sowerby, 1837; Dall. Trans. Wagner 

Inst., III, p. 592, 1898. 

Miocene of uppermost beds at Fossil Point, Coos Bay, Oregon, collected by 

W. H. Dall; U.S. Nat. Mus. 154009. Miocene to recent on both coasts of America 

and in the Antilles. 

This very characteristic and widespread species occurs in large numbers,though 

poorly preserved, in the uppermost Miocene sandstones at Fossil Point. 

LEDA PENITA Conrad. 

Nucula penita Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 433, fig. 10, 1848. 

Neilo penita Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865. 

Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., collected by J. K. Townsend. 

The type specimen appears to be lost. . 

Why Conrad should have referred this species to Neilo is inexplicable. It 

differs from L. a(JUta by the very anterior beaks, but is based on an internal cast 

of a specimen which appears to be lost, or at least of which the whereabouts is 

unknown. It is probable, however, that it might be recognize<! should other specimens turn up from the original locality. 

LEDA WHITMAN! Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIV, fig. 4. 

Shell large, solid, inequilateral, the posterior side longer, the Talves rather 

convex; beaks full, slightly recurved, sculptured with fine, distant, slightly elevated, . a Op. cit., p. 573, pl. 40, fig. 4. 
\ 

I 

104 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

concentric threads; anterior dorsum arched, the anterior end defective; posterior 

dorsum markedly concave, with a striated, strongly impressed lanceolate escutcheon, 

the apposed margins prominently raised; posterior end rostrate, subtruncate, 

obliquely rounded; base arcuate; sculpture of concentric sulci obsolete on the 

dorsal half of the rostrum, feebler on the sides of the valve, and becoming deeper 

and stronger toward the basal margin; interior inaccessible. Length of remaining 

portion of valve, 23 mm.; length from beak to posterior end, 16 mm.; height, 17 

mm.; double diameter of valve, 8 mm. 

From Miocene matrix inclosed as a pebble in the Pleistocene Coos conglomerate, Fossil Point, Coos Bay, Oregon, collected by W. H. Dall; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153970. 

Although an imperfect valve is all the material that has been obtained, the 

characters are so well marked that the species can readily be identified if found in 

more complete condition . 

.The species is dedicated to Marcus Whitman, the Oregon pioneer and missionary. 

Two supposedly Miocene species were described in 1858, by Shumard, one 

from 5 miles north of Salem, in the Willamette Valley, under the name of Leda 

UJiUamettensis. No measurements were given, the description is insufficient for 

recognition, and the types are lost and were never figured. The species must be 

considered unrecognizable. ·The other, Leda oregona Shumard, seems from the 

description to be a Yoldia, of which impressions were found a few miles south of 

Oregon City in Miocene sandstones. 

Genus YOLDIA Morch, 

Section CNESTERIUM Dall, 1898. 

Y OLDIA (CNESTERIUM) STRIGATA Dall, n.-sp. 

Pl. XIV, figs. 9, 9a. 

Shell thin, compressed, equivalve, inequilateral, polished; anterior end longer, 

equally arcuate above and below, anteriorly somewhat attenuated; posterior end 

a little shorter, subtruncate, slightly recurved, dorsal slope slightly concave, with the 

apposed margins compressed and projecting in the middle of the narrow escutcheon; lunule linear or nearly so; truncate end a little concavely flexuous; posterior 

basal margin evenly convexly arcuate; base a little prominent toward the middle; 

beaks inconspicuous, flattish, not raised above the general arch of the dorsum; 

surface smooth except for obscure incremental lines, and numerous sharp, slightly 

elevated, somewhat flexuous, oblique, distant ridges with the long slope extending 

basally and the shor.t slope abrupt and almost undercut; these ridges vary slightly 

in individuals but in general cover the sides of the shell nearly to the beaks, and 

are usually obsolete on the anterior dorsal areas and on the rostrum; the shell gets 

proportionately, broader, vertically, with age. Longitude of figured specimen, 37 

mm.; altitude, 19.5 mm.; diameter, 5.5 mm. An older but less perfect individual 

measures, longitude, 43.5 mm.; altitude, 23.0 mm.; diameter, 7.5 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153951. 

The interior being filled with hard matrix, the characters can not be given, 

but a worn specimen indicates that there are at least 28 anterior and 22 posterior 
MOLLUSCA. 105 

teeth on the hinge margin. The recent species of the Oregon coast, Y. ensijera 

Dall, is very similar but has the beaks much more anterior, is a narrower shell, and 

. has the posterior extremity longer and less recurved. Y. scissurata Dall occurs 

in the lower Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.; it is a much smaller and proportionately 

more convex shell, with 20 anterior and about 14 posterior hinge teeth. It is found 

living in moderate depths from Sitka northward to the Arctic Ocean. 

YoLDIA (CNESTERIUM) OREGONA Shumard. 

Pl. XIX, fig. 4. 

LedaoregonaShumard, Trans. St. LouisAcad. Sci., I, p.121, 1858; Gabb, Pal. California, II, p.121, 1868. 

Neilo oregona (Shumard) Cpnrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865. 

Nueulana oregona Meek; Check!. Miocene Fos. N. Am., pp. 5, 27, 1864. 

Miocene of the Willamette Valley, south of Oregon City, Oreg., in soft yellow 

and white sandstone, casts coated with hydrated peroxide of iron, Evans and Shumard; similar rocks at Halls Ferry, 5! miles southwest of Salem, Marion County, 

Oreg., and 6 miles southwest of Salem, A. J. Collier, U.S. Geol. Survey. U.S. Nat. 

Mus. 110449 and 110450. 

Shumard's types seem to have been lost and the shell was never figured, but 

the specimens collected by Collier agree so well with Shumard's description and 

relative measurements that I have little doubt of their identity. It is also probable 

that it is the species referred to by Gabb when he stated that he had seen specimens 

of Yoldia cooperi from the Astoria Miocene. 

The shell is indeed very similar to and perhaps the precursor of Y. cooperi, but 

it is quite distinct specifically. In Y. cooperi the beaks are much nearer the posterior end of the shell, which is also more narrowly attenuated. The pallial sinus 

of Y. cooperi is large and rounded in front, reaching a little in front of the middle 

of the shell; in Y. oregona it is shorter, not quite reaching the vertical of the beak; 

oregona has 17 posterior and 32 anterior hinge teeth, while in cooperi the number 

is 14 and 40, respectively; the external incised sculpture, so far as can be told from 

the casts, is quite similar. The specimens collected by Collier measure 51 mm. 

long and 26 mm. in greatest height, and were 7 or 8 mm. in diameter when the 

valves were closed. 

Section PORTLANDIA Morch. 

YoLDIA (PORTLANDIA) IMPRESSA Conrad. 

Nucula impressa Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 723, pl. 18, fig. 7, 1849. 

Yoldia impressa Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 154, 1865; Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San Pedro, p. 100, 

1903. 

Yoldia cooperi Gabb, Pal. California, II, pp. 59, 103, 1868, ex parte; not Y. cooperi Gabb, Proc. California Acad. Sci. for 1865, p. 189. 

Upper Miocene of the Empire formation, Coos Bay, Oregon, W. H. Dall; U.S. 

Nat. Mus. 154013. Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 3490 (figured types), 3491. 

Gabb was entirely wrong in supposing this species to be the young of his Y. 

cooperi, which does not belong even to the same section of the genus. Whether 

his statement that he had seen typical Y. cooperi from the Astoria Miocene is correct or not there is no means of determining at present. It does not occur among 
106 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

the collections made at that locality by the United States Geological Survey, at 

any rate. 

Yoldia impressa is a thin, plump shell with a sharply pointed, strongly recurved 

posterior extremity. The surface is marked by incised lines in harmony with the 

lines of growth, regularly and somewhat widely spaced. Worn specimens show 

more than 22 anterior and 16 posterior hinge teeth, but none exhibit the entire series. 

The sharply recurved posterior tip is often broken off, giving a blunt look to the 

specimen, which might then be taken for a different species. The best-preserved 

specimen measures 19 mm. long; from the beaks to the end of the rostrum 10 mm. ; 

height, 9 mm.; diameter, 6.5 mm. Other speci:.:nens reach 24 mm. in length. The 

lunule and escutcheon are sharply impressed and narrow, with their inner valve 

margins pouting a little. The concentric sulci do not extend over the umbonal 

and dorsal regions. 

Genus MALLETIA Desmoulins. 

MALLETIA ABRUPTA Conrad. 

Nucula abrupta Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 423, fig. 3, 1848. 

Neilo abrupta Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865; Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 122, 1868. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. K. Townsend. 

I have not seen specimens of this species and the whereabouts of the type is 

unknown to me, but Conrad's figure looks like a Malletia, and his referring it later 

to Neilo shows that this was also his opinion. There are several recent· species of 

Malletia in the Puget Sound region; the one· most nearly resembling this fossil is 

M. pacifica Dall, a much larger species with less prominent beaks than are shown 

by Conrad's figure of M. abrupta. 

Suborder FILIBRANCHIATA. 

Superfamily ARCACEA. 

Family LIMOPSID1E. 

Genus LIMOPSIS Sasso. 

LIMOPSIS NITENS Conrad. 

Pectunculus nitens Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 726, pl. 18, fig. 9, 1849 .. 

Limopsis nitens Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865; Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 121, 1868. 

?Pectunculus indet. Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 726, pl. 18, fig. 11, 1849. 

?Limopsis ?oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865; Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 121, 

1868. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3579, Conrad's type. 

This species is a small, polished, nearly smooth shell which exhibits radial lines 

of minute punctures and in well-grown specimens has some small riblets near the 

basal angles. There are about five teeth on each side of the ligament, a short 

hinge line, and somewhat oblique valves. The valve margins appear to have been 

crenate, at least in the adult stage, and the valves show fine concentric sulci near 

the basal margin externally. The length is about 7 mm., the height 6.5 mm., and 

the diameter 3 mm. 
MOLLUSCA. 107 

The internal cast to which Conrad gave the name of oregonensis seems to have 

been lost; at all ev~nts, it is not with the other types, and the figure gives no indication of the genus to which it might belong. If to Limopsis, which Conrad himself 

doubted, it may be an internal cast of a full-grown specimen of L. nitem. 

The best way to deal with such an unrecognizable name would be to drop it 

from the lists altogether, but if we are not permitted to do this it may find a. refuge 

in the probable synonymy of L. nitens. · 

Family ARCIDJE. 

Genus GLYCYMERIS DaCosta. 

Glycyme:ris (ex parte) DaCosta, Brit. Conch., p. 170, 1778; type, Area glycyme:ris Linne. 

Tuceta Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 172, 1798; type, Area pilosa Linne. 

Pectunculus Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 87, 1799; type, Area pectunculus Linne. 

Axin~a Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturg., pp. viii, 235, 1815; first species, Area pilosa Linne. 

Glycyme:ris Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 607, 1898; Jour. Conch (Leeds), XI, No.5, p. 145. 1904. 

This genus, so characteristic of the Atlantic Miocene, is also well represented 

on the Pacific coast. 

GLYCYMERIS GREWINGKI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, fig. 13. 

Shell solid, suborbicular, subequilateral, equivalve; beaks prominent, moderately convex, slightly separated by the area, which is narrow, in each valve forming 

a wide, very obtuse triangle with deeply incised angular sulci, radiating from the 

vertical of the beak; anterior slope slightly shorter and more rounded than the 

posterior, which is somewhat produced toward the lower portion; there is no distinct lunule or escutcheon; but a feebly differentiated anterior dorsal area is characterized by radial threads much finer than those on the anterior half of the disk; on 

the latter are about a dozen flat, little-elevated, radial ribs, separated by much 

narrower, channeled sulci, the whole with more or less obsolete fine radial striation; these radial ribs are distinct when the surface of the shell is intact; the anterior half of the disk, except when decorticated, nearly smooth except for Close-set 

uniform numerous radial threads which cover the entire surface; when decorticated 

the internal structure shows ribs much like those normally exposed on the anterior 

half of the disk. Altitude of figured specimen, 38 mm.; longitude, 38 mm.; diameter 20 mm. · 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

107784. 

GLYCYMERIS CONRADI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XI, fig. 2. 

Shell solid, suborbicular, equilateral, with small, rather pointed umbones 

nearly touching, and an extremely narrow, short ligamenta! area between them; 

dorsal slopes nearly straight, subequal, base and ends equally evenly rounded; 

dorsal area on each side of the beaks smooth, disk with about 30 flat, wide radial 

ribs, widest in the center of the disk and becoming gradually narrower toward the 

ends of the shell, separated by much narrower channeled sulci, and radially finely 
108 THE MIOCENE OF ASTOR~A AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

obsoletely striate; concentric sculpture of well-marked incremental lines, and, 

toward the ends, with a certain number of low, irregular, feeble, concentric wrinkles. 

Altitude, 37 mm.; latitude, 39 mm.; diameter, 20 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153949a. ~Astoria, Oreg., Miocene, J. D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3541. 

The specimen from Astoria is too imperfect to be certain of the species, but 

positively belongs to this genus. 

GLYCYMERIS GABBI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XI, fig. 5. 

Shell large, rather thin, compressed, suborbicular, nearly equilateral; beaks 

defective, probably rather elevated, separated by a narrower ligamenta! area with 

about half a dozen angular sulci divaricating from the. vertical of the umbones; 

dorsal slopes straight, nearly smooth; the posterior slope somewhat flattened; 

disk uniformly sculptured with about 34 narrow, flat radial ribs, separated by somewhat narrower channeled interspaces, the interspaces wider and the ribs narrower 

toward the ends of the shell; concentric sculpture of harrow, fiat ridges, narrower 

and closer together toward the basal margin, but on the central part of the disk 

forming with the radial ribs nearly square reticulations; interior, as in other cases, 

filled with a refractory matrix. Altitude of shell, 51 mm.; latitude, 53 mm.; 

diameter, about 20 mm. 

Mi·ocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153949b. . 

' A Pectunculus patulus was described and figured· by Conrad in the report on 

the geology of the United States Exploring Expedition under Wilkes. The type 

is still preserved in the National Museum (No. 3605), but Conrad afterward recognized that the fossil was merely an imperfect internal cast of a specimen of his 

Lucina acutilineata of the same report. The species should therefore be expunged 

from the Astoria list. Further reference to it will be found under the head of. 

Phacoides acutilineatus. 

GLYCYMERIS. BARBARENSIS Conrad. 

Axinrea barbarensis Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., VI, p. 71, pl. 3, fig. 11, 1857; not Axinrea barbarensis 

Conrad, op. cit., VII, p. 194, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1857 (Rancho Triunfo, Los Angeles,Cal.). 

Axinrea patula Gabb, ex parte, Pal.. California, II, p. 102, 1868. 

Coast near Santa Barbara, Cal., Doctor Newberry, fide Conrad. 

The two figures of G. barbarensis given by Conrad in the Pacific railroad reports 

(VI and VII) are of another type from either of the Oregon species, and both appear 

to be Eocene. 

Conrad figured and described two distinct species of Glycymeris in these reports 

under one name. Both reports were written in 1856 and published in 1857. The 

date of transmittal of the reports printed in volume 7 is February 9, 1857, but there 

is no way known to me of determining the exact date of issue of either, as the volume 

nuniber is inconclusive. The type of the species figured in volume 7 is preserved, 

and is a small valve (probably immature) not agreeing with the young of G. veatchii 
MOLLUSCA. 109 

Gabb, but having a strong likeness to the eastern G. staminea Conrad, of the Alabama 

Eocene. Curiously enough, there is attached to it a label in Doctor Antisell's handwriting, in which it is stated that the fossil is "G. collinus Conrad," a name which 

appears to be unpublished. 

My own surmise is that Conrad described the shell under the latter name; but 

that Doctor Antisell, after receiving Conrad's manuscript, knowing that there was a 

species of the same genus in Conrad's report to Doctor Newberry of about the same 

date, in the volume preceding Antisell's report, too hastily concluded that they were 

the same and altered Conrad's manuscript, or the proofs, to correspond to this mistaken identification. 

At any rate, the name collinus remains available for the second G. barbarensis, 

which will require a new name. Only an injudicious "lumping" would suffice to 

unite this species to either of those of the Miocene. 

The G. barbarensis of Arnold's San Pedro monograph is pot either of Conrad's 

species, but an undescribed form near G. intermedia Broderip, now living on the 

coast, which was too hastily united by Carpenter with Conrad's fossil. This misidentification had be'en accepted by most writers on West American shells until 

the present time, when a careful review of the material shows it to be an error. 

A large species from the Miocene of Alaska was described by Grewingk under 

the name Pectunculus kaschewarowi. This species has high and pointed beaks and 

very numerous (50) flat radial ribs-more, in fact, than any other species known 

from the coast. It is probably distinct from any of the others. It is 45 mm. long 

and 47 mm. high, with a diameter of 25 mm. It is, according to Grewingk, widely 

distributed in the Tertiary of the Alaska Peninsula and the islands south of it from 

KQ,diak to the Shumagins. 

Genus ARCA (Linne) Lamarck. 

Area (L.) Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 87, 1799;. type, Area nox Linn~. 

Subgenus SCAPHARCA Gray. 

Seapharca Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1847, p. 206; type Area inequivalvis Bruguiere. 

AReA (SCAPHARCA) DEVINCTA Conrad. 

Area devincta Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 726, pl. 18, fig. 10, 1849 . 

. Anomaloeardia devincta Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865. 

Oligocene of Oregon, from the concretions at Astoria, J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. 

Mus. 3499. 

The original figure, being made from a specimen half buried in a tough concretion, gave little idea of the specific characters of the shell. I have taken the responsibility of breaking up the concretion of which the type specimen was composed and 

for the first time making it possible to get at the characters of the species. It proved 

to be allied to A. staminata.Dall, of the Floridian upper Oligocene, a short trigonal 

species with very thick shell and elevated beaks; with about 30 flattish ribs with 

narrower channeled interspaces, the tops of the ribs above somewhat rippled by 

incremental concentric lines, and exhibiting distally four fine radial threads on the 

broad top of each rib. The interumbonal area is moderately developed, in the type 
110 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

23 mm. long with a maximum width 6f 7 mm.; its sculpture is concealed by matrix; 

the type specimen is 32 mm. in length; if we allow 3 mm. for the decollate umbones 

it is 28 mm. high, with a maximum diameter of 28 mm. The muscular scars are 

small, the inner disk radially striate, the valve margins coarsely crenate, and the 

shell 3.5 mm. in thickness. The valves seem ·to have gaped a little behind. 

The species is amply distinct from any of those noted from the coast Tertiary, 

and by means of the data above given can easily be recogni.zed if found. 

AReA (ScAPHARCA) MICRODONTA Conrad. 

Area microdonta Conrad, App. Prel. Rept. W. P. Blake, House Doc. 129, p. 13, July, 1855; Pacific R. R. 

Repts., V, p. 323, pl. 3, fig. 29, 1857; not of Gabb, 1868, nor of Osmont, 1904. 

Miocene of Tulare Valley~' California, W. P. Blake; U. S. Nat. Mus. 1844, 

Lower Miocene or Oligocene of southern California, Arnold. Miocene of the Astoria 

group, Astoria, Oreg.,·J. D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3497. 

This species is fairly well figured by Conrad and is remarkable fo~ its straight 

hinge line and very anterior beaks. The type is a right valve with 26 simple rounded 

ribs and somewhat wider channeled interspaces. The dorsal area is nearly as long 

as the shell with six deeply cut ligamentary sulci on each valve; the beaks are 

markedly prosocrelous. 

- The shell is in remarkably good preservation for a Californian Miocene fossil, 

and even looks as if it might have come out of the San Pedro Pleistocene. The 

specimen from Astoria is an internal cast so inequilateral as to suggest no other westcoast species. 

In Osmont's review of the Areas of the Californian Neocene a he figures and 

discusse.s a species (which can not be identical with this) under the name of A. microdonta. If this proves to be undescribed it may take the name of A. osmonti.b 

AReA (ScAPIIARCA) TRILINEATA Conrad. 

Pl. XII, figs. 1, 2. 

Area trilineata Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., VI, p. 70, pl. 2, fig. 9, 1857; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1856, p. 314, 1857; Osmont, Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. California, IV, p. 91 (syn. excl.), pl. 4, 

figs. 4, 4a-c, 1904. 

Shell large, solid, inequilateral, very slightly inequivalve; beaks small, rather 

lpgh, in curved, and nearer the anterior end of the shell; separated by a long lozengeshaped area with deeply incised ligamenta! furrows as figured; dorsal line on each 

side of the beaks nearly straight, from which anteriorly the margins are abruptly 

rounded away; base gently arcuate, posterior end more pointed, the dorsal margins 

oblique; sculpture of right valve of about 31 flat radial ribs, each mesially grooved, 

separated by narrower channeled int~rspaces and crossed by more or less conspicuous 

concentric threads which are less apparent·in the interspaces; the left valve differs 

by having the ribs narrower and more rounded and the mesial sulci deeper and more 

channeled; toward the anterior end the concentric sculpture on the ribs is apparently 

a Osmont, V. C., Bull. Dept. Geot. Univ. California, vot. 4, 1904. 

b Osmont, op. cit., pp. 90, 91, pt. 8, figs. 2a-b. 
MOLLUSCA. 111 

more prominent and crowded; interior inaccessible. Longitude of figured specimen, 

64 mm.; altitude (the beaks being defective), about 47 mnl.; diameter, 36 mm . 

. Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153948. Upper Miocene of Washington and of southern California, Ralph Arnold. 

Pliocene of San Diego well (city park), H. Hemphill, U.S. Nat. Mus. 7934; also 

Homer Hamlin. 

Area schizotoma Dall (sulcicosta Gabb, 1866, not Nyst, 1836) is a lighter, more 

equilateral species, with fewer and broader ribs and narrower interspaces, according to Pliocene specimens from the San Diego well, received from H. Hamlin. Conrad's figure of A. canalis has the aspect of a Gunearca, and if so, it belongs to a di_fferent section from schizotoma, which also has an area differently sculptured from 

that of trilineata. A. congesta Conrad I_ have not seen, and the type is apparently 

· ost. 

Superfamily OSTRACEA. 

Family OSTREIDlE. 

Genus OSTREA (Linne) Lamarck: 

Subgenus CRASSOSTREA (Sacco). 

Crassostrea Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 671, 1898; type, Ostrea virginica Gmelin. 

OsTREA (CRASSOSTREA) TITAN Conrad. 

Ostrea titan Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI, p. 199, 1854; Pacific R. R. Repts., VI, p. 72, 

pl. 4, fig. 17a, pl. 5, fig. 17a, 1857. 

Ostrea contracta Conrad, Rept. Mex. Boundary Survey, I, pt. 2, p. 160, pl. 18, fig. 1, 1857. 

Ostrea tayloriana Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 34, pl. 12, fig. 60, 1869; adolescent shell. 

Ostrea georgiana Dall, ex parte, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 684, 1898. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. I-I. Camman; ·u.S. Nat. Mus. 

153955. Miocene of Texas, New Mexico, and California. 

· I have retained Conrad's name for the ~acific coast shell, instead of referring it 

to the prior 0. georgiana as I did in the Wagner memoir, because, ;notwithstanding 

their probable identity, later collections from the typicaLlocality of 0. georgiana show 

that in the rare specimens of the latter that retain the thin outer coat of the shell it 

is marked with fine vermicular sculpture, which has not, so far, been detected on 

Pacific coast specimens. The latter are usually in a poor state of preservation and 

it can not yet be said that the two forms arc specifically distinct, nevertheless, it 

seems best to keep them apart for the present until the question of external sculpture can be definitely settled. 

Superfamily PECTIN ACEA. 

Family PECTINIDlE. 

Genus PECTEN Miiller. 

Pecten (Klein, 1758) Muller, Prodr. Zool. Dan., p. 248, 1776; Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 88, 1799; type, 

Ostrea maxima Linne. 

Pecten Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 689, 1898. 
112 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON, 

Subgenus CHLAMYS Bolten. 

Section PATINOPECIEN Dall. 

Patinopecten Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 695, 1898; type, Pecten caUJinus Gould. 

This group is particularly characteristic of the Pacific coast faunas, from the 

Miocene to the present day. 

PEcTEN (PATINOPECTEN) coosENSIS Shumard. 

Pl. XVI, figs. 2, 2a; Pl. XVII, fig. 3. 

Pecten coosewis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, pt. 2, p. 122, 1858; Gabb, Pal. California, II, 

p. 122, 1869. 

Pecten coosaewis Meek, Smithsonian Che<!kl. Miocene Foss., p. 3, 1868. 

Pecten (Patinopecten) coosewis Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, pt. 4, p. 700, pl. 26, fig. 2, 1898; Arnold,· 

· Tert. and Quat. Pect. California, Prof. Paper U.S. Geol. Survey No. 47, p. 61, pl. 6, fig. 2, pl. 7, 

figs. 2, 2a, 1906. · 

Shell equilateral, nearly equivalve, slightly longer than high, the valves well cornpressed and with smooth margins; right valve with 29 to 31 prominent T-rail-shaped 

ribs, flattened and sometimes feebly duplex above by reason of a median sulcus; 

interspaces about equal to the ribs at the margin, narrower above, deep, and more or 

less channeled; incremental lines close set, rather conspicuous, surface with a few 

obsolete radial striations; ears strongly concentrically striated, with two to four / 

obsolete radial sulci; byssal notch. wide, deep, with a well-marked fasciole; left valve 

with narrower, rounded, concave-sided ribs with wider roundly concave interspaces, 

crossed by numerous sharp, moderately elevated, concentric lines; ears subequal, 

obsoletely radially sulcate, and rather strongly concentrically striated. Altitude, 

110 mm.; longitude, 115 mm. ;· longitude of hinge line, 54 mm.; diameter, 26 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

107791; also collected from the same locality by Shumard, Dall (153969), Diller, and 

others, and reported by Arnold from Benton County, Oreg., as collected by Diller. 

PECTEN (PATINOPECi'EN) PROPATULUS Conrad . . Pl. XV, figs. 1, 2; Pl. XVI, fig. 1. 

Pecten propatulus Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 726, pl. 18, figs. 13, 13a, 1840; Mock, Chcckl. Mioc. 

Foss. N. Am., p. 26, 1864; C~nrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 154, 1865; Gabb, Pal. California, II, 

p. 103, 1869. 

Pecten (Patinopecten) propat1dus Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 699, 1898; Arnold, Tert. and Quat. 

Pect. California, Prof. Paper U.S. Geol. Survey No. 47, p. 64, pl._7, pl. 9, figs. 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 1006. 

Miocene.of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; Clallam Bay, Fuca 

Strait, Washington, Arnold; Newport, Yaquina Bay, Oregon, Hill; Port Simpson, 

British Columbia, in California Acad. Sci., fide Arnold; Griswolds, San Benito 

County, Cal., Turner and Cooper. 

This ·species has been confounded with the recent P. caurinus Gould, by Carpenter and others, but is sufficiently distinguished by its smaller size and more convex 

valves, and by having only 15 primary radial ribs. 
MOLLUSCA. ii3 

Subgenus PSEUDAMUSIUM Adams. 

PECTEN (PsEUDAMUSIUM) PECKHAMI Gabb. 

Pecten peckhami Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 59, pl. 16, figs. 19, 19a, 1868; Cooper, Seventh Ann. Rept. 

California State Min. Bureau, p. 258, 1888; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 705, 1898. 

Pecten(Pseudamusium) peckhainiArnold, Tert. and Quat. Pect. California, Prof. Paper, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

No. 47, p. 56,.p}. 3, figs. 6, 7, 8, 1906. 

Oligocene or Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. 

Mus. 3575; also at vario1,1s localities in Washington and California; Miocene of Ojai 

ranch, Ventura County, Cal., Peckham; and many other localities in California. 

Superfamily MYTILACEA. 

Family MYTILIDJE. 

Genus MYTILUS (Linne) Bolten. 

Mytilus Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 157, 1798; Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 88, 1799; type, M. edulis.Linne. 

MYTILUS FICUS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IX, figs. 1, 4. 

Shell solid, thick, subpyriform, with rather blunt apical umbones; dorsal slope 

subarcuate, with a tendency to angulation somewhat behind the middle; posterior 

end ovately rounded; base somewhat swollen toward the middle, behind which it is 

nearly straight; apices slightly decurved; surface sculpture of incremental lines and 

coarse, wide, little-elevated, rounded wrinkles, without any radial furrows; interior 

:filled with matrix. Longitude, 95 mm.; altitude, 47 mm.; diameter, 28 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153950. 

Tliir species has many of the characteristics ~f the Pliocene and recent M. californicus, but is destitute of the radial sculpture found in that species and were not the 

variations of form so notorious in the Mytilidm; the single specimen found might be 

said to differ in that respect also. The shell still retains the dark coloration characteristic of such species as M. edulis and californicus. 

Gen.us MODIOLUS Lamarck. 

Modiolus Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 87, 1799; type, .Mytilus modiolus Linne; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III,· 

p. 790, 1898; Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San Pedro, p. 120, 1903. 

Modiola Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., p. 113. 1801. I 

MoDioLus DIRECTUS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XII, figs. 11, 12. 

Shell thin, elongate, covered with a brown periostracum of which the remaining 

portions show alternating zones of darker and lighter color; umbones low, inconspicuous, not very close to the posterior end of the valves, as figured; dorsal margin 

straight anteriorly, arcuate posteriorly, obliquely descending to the hinder end of the 

37351--~0.59--09----8 
114 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

shell, which is bluntly rounded; umbonal ridge broad, prominent, extending from 

the beaks to the lower posterior end of the shell, ·the part of the disk immediately in 

front of it sligh~ly excavated; basal margin slightly concave, arching anteriorly 

toward the subangulate anterior extremity, surface smooth or distally slightly concentrically wrinkled. Longitude, 105 mm.; altitude, 40 mm.; diameter, 26 mm. 

Upper Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, and also near Fossil Point,Dall, purchased 

of B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 154206 and 153947. Miocene of the Astoria 

group, Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 110451. Upper Miocene of Santa 

Cruz, Cal.?, Arnold. 

This species, without a careful comparison, would be taken for M. rectus Conrad, 

of which it is doubtless the precursor. On comparison, however, it is evident that 

the anterior end of M. directus is proportionately much shorter than in rectus, and the 

posterior end still more so; the fossil is not alate above like the variety jiabellatus 

Gould, and it is also more arcuate than rectus. 

The Astoria specimen is very young. Whether the specimens which have been 

reported from various other localities shoufd be referred to rectus or directus depends 

on future scrutiny of the material, which unfortunately on this coast is rarely so perfectly preserved as to afford a basis for critical comparisons. 

MoDIOLUS INJ<'LATUS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XII, figs. 8, 9. 

Shell short, stout, inflated, thin, externally smooth and polished, with t;races of 

concentric zones of darker and lighter brownish coloration; umbones low, blunt, near 

the anterior end of the shell as figured; umbonal ridge inflated, distinct only on the 

anterior half of the shell; hinge line straight, about half as long as the shell, anterior 

dorsal margin arching into the wider, posterior, ro~nded end; base very slightly concave, anterior end narrower, rounded; sculpture only of more or less distinct incremental lines; interior brilliantly iridescent. Longitude, 48 mm.; altitude, 27 mm.; 

diameter, about 22 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153946. 

On comparison with a large series of specimens of M. cq,pax Conrad and M.jornicatus Carpenter, its nearest allies on the coast, this species appears less alate and 

angulate dorsally and more evenly convex anteriorly than the former. M.jornicatus 

is a small species, averaging hardly more than an inch in length, and the present form 

is nearly twice that size. The fossil is more bluntly rounded behind, and more 

inflated than M. modiolus of the same length. With a general resemblance to several 

of the recent forms, it differs from each of them in some essential particulars. 

It may be noted here that the M. fornicatus referred to in Arnold's San Pedro 

memoir was probably in part young specimens of M. modiolus, inasmuch as his measurements, 54 mm. long and 30 mm. in diameter, appear too large to have been taken 

from a typieal specimen ofjornicatus, which rarely exceeds half of those dimensions. 
MOLLUSCA. 

Order TELEODESMACEA. 

Superfamily CYRENACEA. 

Family CYRENID..:E. 

Genus CYRENA Lamarck. 

115 

Cyrena Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., V, p. 551 bis, 1818; type, C. zeylanica Lamarck; Dall, Trans. Wagner 

Inst., III, p. 1441, 1903. 

Subgenus LEPTESTHES Meek. 

Leptesthes Meek, Prel. Rcpt. Geol. Survey Wyoming, p. 316, 1872; type, Corbicula jracta Meek. 

?CYRENA FIBROSA Shumard. 

Lucina fibrosa Shumard, Trans. Acad. Sci: St. Louis, ~' p. 120, 1858. 

Cyclas fibrosa Conrad, Am. Jour. Con~h., I, p. 153, 1865. 

Upper Eocene shales, found interbedded with the coal, at Coos Bay and Port 

Orford, Oregon, Shumard. " 

These shales contain a brackish-water fauna, including Corbula, Cyrena, Goniabasis, and fragments of plants, usually badly crushed. No lucinoid shell was found 

in them by the collectors of the United States Geological Survey. The Cyrena is 

very abundant, and there is nothing in the description of Shumard's unfigured species 

to invalidate the conclusion that it might have been based on Cyrena, as his Cerithium 

lclamathensis is doubtless on a Goniobasis. 

Superfamily CARDITACEA. 

Family CARDITID..:E. , 

Genus VENERICARDIA Lamarck. 

Vencricardia Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., p. 123, 1801; type, V. imbricata Lam.; Dall, Trans. Wagncr Inst., III, p. 1416, 1903. 

Section CYCLOCARDIA Conrad. 

Cyclocardia Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., III, p. 191, 1867; C. borealis Conrad; Daii, Trans. Wagner lnst., 

III, p.1417, 1903. · 

VENERICARDIA SUBTENTA Conrad. 

Cardita subtenta Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 726, pl. 18, figs. 12, 12a, 1849. 

Cardium subtentum Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865. 

Cardita ventricosa Gabb, Pal. Califomia, II, p. 101, 1868; not of Gould, 1850; cf. Dall, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia, for 1902, p. 709; and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, No. 1342, 1903. 

Miocene of the A~toria group, Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3502 

(Conrad's types), 3515, and 3484. Variety quadrata Dall, 1 mile east of Clallam Bay, 

Washington, Arnold, and Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. 

Mus. 153936 (part) and 110455. 

The typical form is a small, ovate, delicately sculptured shell, with from 20 to 24 

radial riblets more or less minutely nodulous. It is nearest to V. ventricosa (Gould) 
116 THE MIOCENE 01!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Dall, but is shorter and with higher beaks. The variety quadrata is a larger, more 

. quadrate shell with 25 to 26 low, rounded ribs. 

The largest specimen of subtenta is 19 mm. high, 18 mm. wide, and8 mm. in diameter; the largest specimen· of the variety quadrata 28, 27.5, and 18 mm. in the 

respective dimensions. 

The small but constant differences which separate the recent species of this 

group were also probably characteristic of the Tertiary species, but the col}dition of 

the fossils for the most part is so poor that it is difficult to recognize the discriminating factors. By most of the writers on Pacific coast paleontology the species have 

been indiscriminately lumped together, with each other and with some of the recent 

forms. A very careful comparison with the recent types indicates that none of the 

Miocene fossils can be prudently identified with either of the recent species of the 

coast. 

VENERICARDIA CASTOR Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XI, figs. 1, 3. 

Shell robust, solid, ventricose, thick, equivalve, inequilateral, with high, full, 

anteriorly recurvecl umbones j lunule short, cordate, defined by a deeply impressed 

line; escutcheon linear or none; ligament stout, -seated on well-marked nymphs; 

sculpture of about 22 feebly defined fiattish radial ribs, separated by much narrower, 

shallow, unchannele(l interspaces, the whole crossed by rather rude, close-set, incremental lines; anterior dorsal slope shorter, excavated; posterior longer, convexly 

arcuate; base evenly rounded; interior smooth, muscular impressions somewliat 

impressed; margins with broad crenulations corresponding to the sculpture of the 

exterior. Altitude, 27 mm.; longitude, 25.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 17.0 mm. 

Figured specimen collected by Arnold one-sixth mile east of East Twin River,-

Clallam County, Wash.; U.S. Nat. Mus. 153936. 

This species has much of the oval form and elevated beaks of V. subtenta, but it 

is much larger and more coarsely sculptured, with the lunule more deeply impressed 

and the beaks more strongly prosocmlous. The characters of the interior of the 

valves, unfortunately, are inaccessible. 

Superfamily LUCINACEA. 

Family LUCINIDJE. 

Genus PHACOIDES Blainville. 

Phacoides Blainville, Man. Mal., I, p. 450, 1825; type, L-ucinajamaicensis Lamarck; Dall, Proc. U.S. 

Nat. Mus., XXIII, No. 1237, p. 805, 1901; Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 1359, 1903. 

Section LUCINOMA Dall. 

PHACOIDES ACUTILINEATUS Conr&d. 

Pl. XII, fig. 6. 

LucinaacutilineataConrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 723, pl.18, figs. 2, 2a-b, 1849. 

Pect·unculus patul1<s Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 726, pl. 18, figs. 8, Sa, 1849. 

Cyclas acutilineata Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865. 

Axinxa barbarensis Gabb, in syn., Pal. California, II, p. 102, 1868; not of Conrad, 1857. 

Axinxa patula Gabb, Pal. California, II, p, 102, 1868. 

Phacoides (-!-ucinoma) acutilineata(Conrad) Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, No.1237, p. 813,1901. 
MOLLUSCA. 117 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3519 (types of acutilineata), 3605 (type of patulus). Miocene (upper) of Coos Bay, Oregon, at Fossil 

Point, W. H. Dall; U.S. Nat. Mus.153976. 

The Lucina acutilineata was well figured by Conrad, and the figure at p~esent 

given is based on a younger specimen obtained at Coos Bay in the upper part of the 

Empire formation. It differs specifically from Lucina borealis of :1\orthern Europe 

and from L. annulata Reeve, the recent species of the California coast, with both of 

which it has often been hastily united. 

I have thought it worth while to rewrite the diagnosis of the species from the 

Coos Bay specimen,·as the original description is so brief and unsatisfactory. 

Shell thin, :flattish, suborbicular, equivalve, nearly equilateral; beaks low, inconspicuous, slightly behind the middle of the valve; valves little convex; lunule very 

small, narrow and short (in the figured specimen 2.5 mm. long), mostly situated on 

the right valve; sculpture, near the beaks, of fine, low, little-elevated, concentric 

lamellre, the interspaces hardly wider; away from the beaks the interspaces become 

gradually wider and the lamellre mote elevated, between the latter the surface is 

sha:rply concentrically striated; ligament moderately long (in the figured specimen 8 

mm.); dorsal slopes nearly. straight, the remainder of the margins orbicularly 

rounded. Latitude of figured specimen, 23 mm.; altitude, 20.5 mm.; diameter, 7.5 

mm. Fully adult specimens re~ch more than twice this size. 

Family DIPLODONTIDJE. 

Genus DIPLODONTA Bronn. 

Section FELANiillA Dall. 

DIPLODONTA (FELANIELLA) PARILIS Conrad. 

Pl. XI, fig. 6. 

Loripes parilis Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V. p. 432, fig. 7, 1848. 

Mysia paralis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865 (not of Conrad, 1860 or 1866); Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 100, 1868. 

Diplodonta parilis Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 1182, 1900. 

Shell large, sriwoth, moderately thick, slightly oblique, equivalve, inequilateral, 

with a thick brown periostracum which is sometimes preserved in the fossils; beaks 

low, inconspicuous, nearer the anterior end; dorsal slopes rounded, the anterior 

shorter, the remainder of the margin rounded, somewhat produced below and behind; surface smooth when not pitted by the pressure of sand grains in the matrix, 

with only the sculpture of faint incremental lines; valves somewhat inflated, their 

interior margins smooth, hinge as usual in the genus. Altitude of figured specimen, 

24 mm.; latitude, 24 mm.; diameter, 10 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153930. Also from northeast of Rock Point, near the entrance of Coos Bay, at 

station 2952, collected by W. H. Dall; U. S. Nat. Mus. 154018. Miocene of Astoria, 

Oreg., J. K. Townsend, and of Clallam Bay, Washington, Diller. 

The similarity of this species to Diplodonta acclinis Conrad, of the Miocene of 

the Atlantic Coastal Plain, is very marked, though the species are distinguishable. 

The figure of Diplodonta harfordi Anderson a is not unlike this species, but has a 

longer and straighter hinge line, reminding one of a Limopsis. · 

a !'roc. California Acad. Sci., 3d ser., Geol., II, No.2, 1905, p. 197. 
118 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Family THYASIRIDJE. 

Genus THYASIRA Leach. 

Thyasira Leach, in Lamarck, Anirn. s. Vert:, V, p. 492, 1818; type, Tellina jlexuosa Montagu; Dall, 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus~, XXIII, No. 1237, p. 784, 1901. 

THYASIRA BISECTA Conrad. 

Venus bisecta Conrad, Geul. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 724, pl. 17, figs. 10, lOa, 1849. 

Thyatira bisecta Meek, Checkl. Mioc. :Fos. N. Am., p. 8, 1864. 

Cyprina bisecta Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 153, 1865. 

Conchocele disjuncta Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 28, pl. 7, fig. 48, 1866. 

Conchocele bisecta Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 99, 1868. 

Thyasira bisecta Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVII, pl. 26, figs. 2, 5, 1895; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 

No. 1237, p. 789, 1901. 

Miocene of Astoria, J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3518 (Conrad's types) and 

3500. Upper Miocene of Washington near Seattle, Arnold; Pliocene of San Pedro, 

Cal.; living in 69 fathoms, Puget Sound, near Seattle, Wash., Johnson. 

This very remarkable shell is the largest of its family, far exceeding its congeners. 

Superfamily CARDIACEA. 

Family CARDIIDJE. 

Genus CARDIUM Linne. 

Cardium (1.) Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, No. 1214, p. 383, 1900. 

Subgenus CERASTODERMA Morch. 

CARDIUM (CERASTODERMA) COOSENSE Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIII, figs. 3, 4. 

Shell rounded, inflated, moderately thick, with pr~minent adjacent incurved 

umbones; anterior dorsal slope short, with a cordate smooth polished space (representing a lunule ?) in front of them; posterior slope longer, with an elongate, rather 

narrow lanceolate escutcheon inclosing the ligamental nymphs (in the figured specimen 11.5 mm. long); base and ends rounded; surface with a well-marked polished 

periostracum.which is frequently preserved in the fossils; sculpture of about 45 (44 

to 49) radial ribs separated-by narrower, partly channeled interspaces; the ribs on 

the anterior third of the shell are subangular, and the interspaces narrower, those 

on the posterior and middle part are flatter with the interspaces wider and more 

' distinctly channeled; all the ribs are crossed by more or less evident incremental 

lines, and these are emphasized at three or four resting stages on the disk; the margins are slightly crenulated by the sculpture. Altitude, 50 mm.; latitude, 48.5 mm.; 

diameter, 36.5 mm., in the figured specimen. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153933. 

Although the specimens are far from perfect, the species can not be referred to 

any previously known from the coast. The ribs are more compact, more numerous, 
MOLLUSCA. 119 

and less prominent than in 0. ciliatum Fabricius or 0. corbis Martyn; the shell is 

more ovate than in 0. calijorniense or its variety comoxense; the ribs are much 

more numerous and the interspaces less channeled than in 0. decoratum,· 0. meekianum is much more oblique and has the sculpture absent on the submargins; its ribs 

are also fewer. 

The fossils still retain what seems to be a dark-brown remnant of the periostracum. Mr. Arnold informs me this species has been reported from the Miocene 

of Santa Cruz, Cal., under the name of C. meekianum. 

CARDIUM (CERASTODERMA) DECORATUM Grewingk. 

Cardium d.ecoratum Grewingk, Beitr. zur Kenntn. N. W. Kiiste Amerikas; p. 274, pl. 4, fig. 3, a-g, 1850; 

Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, No. 1214, p. 390, 1900. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, W. H. Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. 154004; also purchased from B. H. Camman. Also widely 9-istributed in the lower Miocene of the 

Alaskan coast, and in the bowlder clays of the Pleistocene of Alaska and British 

Columbia. 

The species see~s to show a more abrupt transition from large and well-spaced 

_to small and crowded ribs at the edge of the posterior submargin than is indicated 

by Grewingk's figures, but this may be a variable character. 

CARDIUM (CERASTODERMA) coRBIS Martyn. 

Cochlea corbis Martyn, Univ. Conch., tabl. fig. 80, 1784. 

Curdi·urn nuttallii Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 229, pl. 17, fig. 3, 1837. 

Cardiurn californiamtm Conrad, .Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VTI, p. 229, pl. 17, fig. 4, 1837 

(young shell). 

Cardium nutt_allianum Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. for 185G, p. 192, 1857. 

Cardium corbis Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. for 18G3, pp. 527, 642, 1864; Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 98, 

1868; Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, No. 1211, p. 390, 1900. 

~Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, W. H. Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus. 154004; Pliocene 

of California, Gabb; Pleistocene of Coos Bay, in Coos conglomerate at Fossil Point, 

W. H. Dall; and of Santa Barbara and San Pedro, Cal., Gabb and Arnold; living 

from Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, southward to Morro Bay, Lower California. 

The Miocene specimens appear to belong to this species, but are so poorly preserved that a positive identification is impracticable. 

The Cardium modestum Conrad, 1856,a from the "Miocene" of San Diego, Cal., 

is probably an Eocene species; the type is still extant in the National Museum No. 

1864. It is a small and quite distinct species, and may possibly be referable to Trigoniocardia. It is not the Cardium modestum Adams and Rceve,O and must therefore 

receive a new name. It may be called C. blakeanum, after Prof. W. P. Blake, who· 

collected the specimen. . . 

a Pacific R. R. Rcpts., V., 1856, p. 322, pl. 3, fig. 15. 

bVoy. Samarang, Zoo!., 1850, p. 77, pl. 22, (ig. 6. 
120 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Superfamily VENERACEA. 

Family VENERIDJE.a 

Genus MACROCALLISTA Meek. 

Section P ARADIONE Dall, n. nom. 

Chionella Cossmann, Cat.)llustr., I, p. 105, 1886; not Chionella Swainson, Mal., p. 335, note, 184.0. 

Paradione Dall, MS., 1901; type, Cy~herea ovalina Desh. 

~ MACROCALLISTA VESPERTINA Conrad. 

Cytherea vespertina Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 433, fig. 9, 1848. 

·Dione vespertina Meek, Ch:eckl. Miocene Fos. N. Am., p. 10, No. 306, 1864; Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., 

I, p. 152, 1865 . 

. Chione ·vespertina Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. ll8, 1868. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. K. Townsend. 

With the other types collected by Townsend, the present whqreabouts of the 

specimen on which this species was found is unknown to me, and I have seen no specimens from the Miocene of Oregon which could safely be referred to it. 

Genus CHIONE Megerle. 

Section CHIONE s. s. 

CmoNE SECURIS Shumard. 

Pl. XI, fig. 8; Pl. XIII, figs. 2, 8, 9. 

Venus secnris Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., ( No.2, p. 122, 1858. 

Chione succincta Gabb, Pal. Caliiornia, II, p. 95, in syn., 1868; .not of Valencieimes, 1840. 

Shell large for the genus, heavy, equivalve, inequilateral, with elevated blunt 

beaks and a short cordate, slightly impressed lunule but no well-defined escutcheon; 

sculpture of numerous, low, narrow, flattish, subequal radiating ribs, with narrower, 

shallower interspaces, crossed by low, irregular, less conspicuous, concentric lamellre; 

the radial sculpture becomes finer on the anterior portion of the sh~ll near the margin, 

and is obsolete or absent on the posterior slope, though the concentric sculpture is 

more regular and close set on the posterior dorsal area; anterior slope of the valves 

short, the vertical of the beaks near the anterior fourth; posterior dorsal area markedly flattened, slightly arcuate; whole shell somewhat compressed; hinge as usual 

in the genus (see Pl. XI, fig. 8); muscular impressions not very large, moderately 

impressed; pedal retractor scars distinct, separated from the anterior adductors and 

rather deeply impressed; pallial line with a short triangular sinus as figured; inner 

margins of the valves finely crenulate. Longitude of adult, 77 mm; height, 70 mm.; 

diameter, 40 rom. . . 

Upper Miocene sandstones below the Coos conglomerate .at Fossil Point, Coos 

Bay, Oregon, Dall; U.S. Nat. Mus. 153942, 153971, 154007, 154022. Also abundantly, from the same rocks, purchased of B. H. Camman, and collected by Evans, 

according to Shumard. Miocene of Bogachicl River, Washington, Arnold. 

One of the largest and finest species of the group, not intimately connected with 

any of the recent species of the present fauna. 

a For a revision of the subdivisions of this family see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.; XXVI, No. 1312, pp. 33&--366. 
MOLLUSCA. 121 

CHIONE STALEYI Gabb. 

Pl. XIII, fig. 6. 

? Dosinia staleyi Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 24, pl. 7, fig. 42, 1866. 

? Tapes stareyi Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 57, pl. 16, figs. 17, 17a, 1868. 

Shell'rounded quadrate, somewhat compressed, solid, very inequilateral, equivalve; beaks low, small, anteriorly directed; lunule cordate, strongly concentrically 

striated, slightly projecting in the middle line, bounded by a deeply impressed line; 

escutcheon elongate, narrow, lanceolate, wider on the left than on the right valve; 

posterior dorsal slope convexly arcuate, posterior end rounded-truncate, anterior 

.end rounded, base moderately, eveniy arcuate; surface sculptured with low, closeset concentric lamellre, crenate and reticulated by fine: close, subequal, rounded, 

radial ribs; the ribs have a tendency to associate in pairs and the sculpture is probably normally weaker on the beaks, where in the type specimen it is worn smooth; 

interior inaccessible, but the inner margins are probably crenate. Longitude, 53 . 

. mm.; altitude, 48 mni.; diameter, 25~5 mm.; altitude of lunule, 5.5 m-';ll. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregori, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153943. Pliocene, Russian River, Sonoma County, Cal., Staley, fide Gab b. 

I am somewhat in doubt as to the identity of this shell with Gabb's California 

fossil. The radiating riblets ·are coarser and laid clown in pairs; the lunule instead 

of being depressed projects above its boundary; the shell is also considerably larger. 

Knowing the uncertainty of figures, I prefer to adopt Gabb's name instead of proposing a new one, at least for the present. The hinge is inaccessible, but the sculpture and external form are like Chione. Further material which will show the interior is needed to settle the question. 

CHIONE BISCULPTA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XI, figs. 10, 12. 

Shell small, rounded, rathe1 thick, with rather small: full, and high beaks, inequilateral, equivalve; lunule cordate, striated, defined by a marked sulcus; escutcheon, 

if any, obscure; posterior dorsal slope rather straight, base and ends of the shell 

evenly rounded; sculpture of concentric ridges, a few of which in the middle of the 

disk are more prominent and wider than the others, which become obsolete toward 

the base; these ridges are crossed and more or less reticulated by small, rounded, 

radial, subequal, rather close-set ribs which are more conspicuous in the intersp-aces 

between the ridges; the beak in the type specimen is worn smooth, but was probably 

originally sculptured; hinge with three radiating cardinal teeth, the anterior smallest; 

there are no indications of lateral teeth; internal margil).s of the valve coarsely feebly 

crenulate; muscular scars strongly impressed; pallial line distinct, deeply impressed 

with a small triangular sinus not reaching the middle of the shell. Longitude, 45 

mm.; altitude, '42 mm.; double diameter of the valve, 31 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. JL Camman; D.'S. Nat. Mus. 

153941. 

Of this species only a single 'right valve was obtained, but in very perfect condition nearly free from matrix. The peculiar combination of flattish ripples on the 

external disk, with a fine peripheral reticulation, is seldom seen. 
122 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGO~. 

Genus VENUS (L.) Lamarck. 

Section VENUS s. s. 

VENUS PARAPODEMA Dall. n. sp. 

Pl. XI, fig.ll; Pl. XIII, fig. 1. 

Shell small for the genus, subtriangular, equivalve, inequilateral, the anterior 

end shorter; beaks rather elevated, full, anteriorly directed over a deeply impressed, 

concentrically striated, cordate lunule; anterior slope short, excavated; posterior 

slope arcuate, slightly flattened, with no defined lunule; ligament strong, deep 

seated; base roundly arcuate; sculpture of numerous, flattish, crowded concentric low waves or ridges, slightly less prominent in the middle of the disk. and becoming obsolete on the posterior slope; when eroded, riblike radial structure of the 

shell is often developed, but the surface, when intact, has no radial sculpture; 

interior inaccessible. Longitude, 59 mm.; altitude, 53 mm.; diameter, 33 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

143944; also as pebbles in the Coos conglomerate, W. H. Dall; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153979. 

This species recalls V. kennicottii Dall, of the recent fauna, in size and form, 

but the concentric ripples of the fossil contrast strongly with the thin, sharp lamellre 

of the recent shell. As in other V eneridre, erosion of the shell substance reveals a 

radial internal structure which is invisible when the original surface is intact. It 

is decidedly more trigonal than V. lamellifera Conrad and could hardly be mistaken 

for it even when the latter has lost its lamellre by wear. What appears to be a 

cast of V. parapodema was found on the west shore of Bering River, Controller Bay 

district, Alaska, a quarter of a mile below Green's cabin, in a hard :Miocene shale, 

by Mr. Madden, of the United States Geological Survey; U.S. Nat. Mus. 4318. 

The Venus perlaminosa Conrad, not rare in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, 

Cal., is a true Venus, and, like the rare recent V. lcennicottii Dall, differs from all 

the eastern species of the genus in the obsolescence of the rough area of the hinge, 

which is the distinguishing character of the group. In V. stimpsoni Gould, of 

Japan, this feature seems to have wholly disappeared in the adult. 

'?VENUS ENSIFERA Dall, n. nom. 

Venus lamellifera Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 724, pl. 17, figs. 12, 12a, 1849; not V. lamellifera 

Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 251, pl. 19, fig. 19, 1837. 

Venus lamellifera Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865. 

Chione succincta (pars) Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 95, 1868; not of Valenciennes, 1840. 

Miocene of the Astoria beds, Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

(type), 3611. 

Conrad's specific name of 1849 had been previously used for another shell in 

1837, so it is necessary to rename it. 

The lamellre were very profuse, and projected 2 or 3 mm. from the surface of 

the valve, which was finely closely radiately threaded between them. The hinge 

is inaccessible, but I should not be surprised if the shell proved to be a Chione when 
MOLLUSCA. 123 

better specimens are available for study. It is however quite distinct from either 

of the Chiones des9ribed in this memoir from the Oregon Miocene. 

Gabb's synonymy under Chione succincta is. absurdly heterogeneous. His 

Mercenaria (=Venus) perlaminosa Con"rad, originally described from the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, according to Gabb a typical Mercenaria, still sometimes 

retaining a purple border to the interior of the valves, is also confounded_ with 

Marcia kennerleyi Reeve, an ashy-white shell of different form and hinge. J 

Genus MARCIA Adams. 

MARCIA OREGONENsrs Conrad. 

Pl. II, fig. 12; Pl. XI, fig. 9; Pl. XII, fig. 3. 

Cytherea oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V. p. 432, fig. 8, 1848. 

Venus angustifrons Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp:, p. 724, pl. 17, fig. 11, pl. 18, fig. 1, 1a, 1849. 

Venus brevilineata Conrad, Geol. U. S. Expl., Exp. p. 724, pl. 17, fig. 13, 1849. 

Dione angustifrons Meek, Miocene Checkl., p. 9, 1864; ,Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865. 

Dione brevilineata Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865. 

Dione oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865. 

Saxidomus gibbosus Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 58, pl~ 16, fig. 18a-b, 1866. 

Chione oregona Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 95, 1868. 

Chione suceincta (pars) Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 94, in syn., 1868; not of Valenciennes, 1840. 

Chione angustifrons Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 118, 1868. 

Shell thin, rather large, with moderately full, anteriorly. twisted umbones situ- · 

a ted at about the anterior fourth of the shell; equivalve, inequilateral, moderately 

convex; lunule cordate, bounded by an obsolete impressed line; escutcheon not 

defined; anterior slope rather straight, posterior arcuate; ends evenly rounded, 

the anterior slightly attenuated; base evenly arcuate; surface sculptured only with 

slightly elevated, close-set, concentric, incremental lines, ·a little stronger in front; 

ligament and hinge as usual in the genus; internal margins smooth, muscular 

impressions large, distinct; pallial line distinct with a short triangular sinus not 

reaching the middle of the shel]. Longitude of large specimen, 60 mm.; altitude, 

47.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 31.5 mm. · 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153945; 107786, figured from the same lot. Oligocene of Coos Bay,· Oregon, at 

Miller's beach, station 2942, collected by W. H. Dall, No. 154085, internal cast, 

figured. Upper Miocene at Fossil Point, Coos Bay, Oregon, W. H. Dall, 153973. 

Miocene and Oligocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; type of brevilineata, U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 3606; types of angustifrons, 3492; cotypes, 3521, 3601,3615. Pliocene 

of Eagle Prairie, Humboldt County, Cal., Gabb (asS. gibbosus). 

This species is easily recognizable by its nearly smooth surface, not polished, 

but showing fine incremental lines like those of Agriopoma. It is very similar to 

and the probable progenitor of Marcia subdiaphana Carpenter, which is found 

living off the coast from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to the Santa Barbara 

Islands, California; and like that species it varies in profile from short to long ovate. 

I have not seen the type of 0. oregonensis and its whereabouts is unknown, but 

the description and figure leave little doubt that it was founded on a rather short 
124 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORI4 AND COOS BAY, OREGON, 

specimen of this species. V. brevilineata and angustifrons were founded on types 

which are stil~ in the National Museum and of whose identity there can be no doubt. 

Saxidomus gibbosus is merely a. rather large specimen of this species, and, as the 

hinge was unknown to Gabb, was referred to Saxidomus at a venture. 

Before taking leave of the Veneridre it may be noted that the '' Tapes diversum 

Sow.," from the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, Cal., figured by Conrad in the Pacific 

railroad reports (V, pl. 4, figs. 31, 31a-b, 1856) is a typical specimen of Paphia 

(Protothaca) staminea Conrad, 1837. The type is No. 1847, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

The Miocene "Tapes montana" Conrad (Pacific R. R. Repts., VII, p. 192, pl. 

5, figs. 3-5, 1857) is apparently a typical Paphia, U. S. Nat. Mus. 13321. 

Saxicava abrupta Conrad (Pacific R. R. Repts., V, p. 324, not figured), from 

the type (U.S. Nat. Mus. 1869), is a specimen of Petricola carditoides Conrad, 1837, 

which has grown in the boring of a pholad. The latter name of course takes 

precedence. The S. abrupta appears to be a Pleistocene shell. 

Superfamily TELLIN ACEA. 

Family TELLINIDJE. 

Genus TELLINA Linne. 

Tellina Linne, Syst. Nat,. ed. 10, p. 674, 1758; Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 84., 1799, type T. virgata Linne; 

Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII, No. 1210, p. 289, 1900. 

TELLINA OREGONENSIS Conrad. 

Tellina oregonensis Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 432, fig. 5, 1848; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 

1865. 

Macorna nasuta Gabb, Pal. California, II, p, 95, in syn., 1868; not of Conrad, 1837. 

Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg., J. K. Townsend; and of Clallam 

Bay, Washington, Diller; U. S. Nat. Mus. 110458. 

Recalls in its general appearance and fine concentric striation T. georgiana 

Dall, of the recent Atlantic coast fauna .. 

TELLINA EUGENIA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIX, fig. 3. 

Shell narrow, elongate, with an attenuate obliquely truncate rostrum, the 

surface finely 'concentrically striate near the margin and with the posterior dorsal 

area with more elevated concentric lamellre; val"'~s nearly equilateral, beaks low, 

dorsal slopes subequal, anterior end rounded, posterior attenuate and subtruncate; 

base nearly straight. Length, 55 mm.; height, 25 mm.; semidiameter of cast, 3 mm'. 

Miocene of Smith's quarry, Eugene, Oreg., C. A. White; U.S. Nat. Mus. 110459 .. 

Much more narrowly rostrate than the following species and recalling T. cumingi 

Hanley, of the recent fauna, in its profile. 

TELLINA ARAGo:inA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIV, fig. 3. 

Shell elongate, comp~essed, subequilateral, slightly inequivalve; beaks low, 

slightly behind the middle of the shell; right valve a little flatter than the other, 
MOLLUSCA. 125 

' with the rostra ted posterior part of the shell somewhat bent to the right; dorsal 

slopes subequally oblique, the anterior slightly arcuate, the posterior slightly excavated; ligament strong on strong nymphs about (in the type) 15 mm.long; posterior 

end subrostrate, bluntly pointed below, with an obscure ridge from the beak forming 

on the right valve a narrow dorsal area; anterior end evenly rounded, base gently 

arcuate; surface smooth, finely concentrically grooved, with wider, flattishinterspaces, 

the sculpture strongest in front. Interior inaccessible for the most part but with no 

indication of any internal umbonal rib. Longitude, 62 mm.; latitude, 32 mm. ;: 

diameter 12 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman, U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153940. 

Tlus species recalls T. oregonensis Conrad, from the Astoria Miocene, but is more 

equilateral and larger, and shows no indications of the umbonal radial rib mentioned ' 

and figured by Conrad. The species is related to T. bodegensis Hip.ds, of the recent 

fauna, which has been also reported from the Pleistocene ~f California, and to T. 

emacerata Conrad, whlch is, however, much more inequilateral and more slender. 

TELLINA EMACERATA Conrad. 

Tellina emacerata Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 725, pl. 18, fig..4, 1849; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 

1865. 

Tellina bodegensis Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 92, in syn., 1868; not of Hinds, Voy. Sulph., Zool., p. 67, 

1845. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana. 

The type of this species is no longer among the specimens in the National 

Museum. The figure looks as if the species might be an Angulus, but, in an absence 

of any knowledge of the hinge, it seems best to leave it where Conrad placed it. 

Subgenus MOERELLA Fischer. 

TELLINA. (MoERELLA) OBRUTA Conrad. 

Tellina? obruta Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 432, fig. 6, 1848; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. K. Townsend. 

The type of this species is lost or at least its whereabouts is unknown, and the 

following species does not agree well enough with Conrad's figure to be identified with 

his species without further evidence. 

TELLINA (MOERELLA) ·NUCULANA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XVIII, fig. 2. 

Shell small, subtrigonal, thin, compressed, very inequilateral, the beaks nearer 

the posterior end, which is obliquely truncate, dorsally compressed and very short; 

anterior end longer, rounded, base and dorsal slope subequally rounded; outer surface 

nearly smooth, with faint concentric sculpture in harmony with the incremental 

lines.; internal surface polished, muscular impressions obscure. Length, 10.5 mm.; 

height, 8.0 mm.; diameter, 3.0 mm. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. ·D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3529a. 
126 ; THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

The above species, which recalls the recent T. salmonea of the coast, was found 

in breaking up some of the extraneous rock attached to some of Dana's specimens. 

It is much more trigonal than Conrad's figure of T. obruta, and has much the same 

outline as Psephidia ovalis of the recent fau~a. 

Subgenus ANGULUS Megerle. 

TELLINA (ANGULUS) ALBARIA Conrad. 

Tellina albaria Conrad, GeoL U. S. ExpL Exp., p. 725; pl. 18, fig. 5, 1849; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 

1865; Gabb, PaL Cdifornia, II, p.ll7, 1868; not T. albaria Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 138, pl.ll, 

fig. 7, 1865. 

:Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3614 (type), 3615, and 

3529. 

This species is abundant in the concretions, though the hinge is always inaccessible. It has much the aspect externally of Angulus buttoni, of the recent Californian 

fauna, but does not possess the thickened anterior rib which characterizes that 

species. 

It is probable that there is more than one species of Angulus in this fauna, but 

the poor condition of the fossils and the impossibility of clearing the hinge from adherent rock make careful and exact comparisons impracticable. 

There are two species described by Conrad, very briefly and wi~hout measurements,from the Astoria group, which have never been figured and of which the whereabouts of the type specimens is unknown. These are Tellina bitruncata and T. 

nasuta Conrad (1849, not T. nasuta Conrad, 1837), afterward renamed T. subnasuta 

(Conrad, 1865). These forms, under the circumstances, can not be identified; even 

the genus is and must remain uncertain. It is probable that they should be finally 

expunged from our catalogues. 

Genus MACOMA Leach. 

MACOMA ARCTATA Conrad. 

Tellina arctata Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 725, pl. 18, figs. 3, 3a, 1849; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 

1865. 

Macoma arctata Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 118, 1868. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3481, Conrad's types. 

This species recalls M. elongata Hanley, from the recent Panamic fallha, but has 

the posterior extremity broader and less angulatecl. I have seen only Conrad's types. 

The species was not obtained at Coos Bay, and it is possible that it belongs in the 

Oligocene rather than the Miocene contingent of the Astoria concretions. 

Conrad's Tellina congesta from the Monterey (Miocene) shale of California, 

though poorly preserved, also appears to be a Macoma, recalling Macoma leptonoidea 

Dall, from the recent fauna, but a smaller shell. 

MACOMA CALCAREA Gmelin. 

Pl. XIV, fig. 8. 

Tellina calcarea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., VI, p. 3236, No. 38, 1792. 

Macoma calcarea Dall, Proc.·u. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 299, 1900. 

Macoma tenera Leach, 1819, and Tellina sabulosa Spengler, 1798. 
MOLLUSCA. 127 

Shell thin, inequilateral, moderately inequivalve, with small, low, pointed beaks 

and the shorter posterior extremity bent to the right; length of posterior part of shell 

to that anterior to the vertical of the beaks as 11 to 28, or thereabouts; left valve the 

larger and more inflated; surface smooth except for more or less pronounced incremental lines and in each valve an obscure ridge bordering an ill-defined posterior 

dorsal area; form of the shell essentially as figured, but varying to some extent in 

different individuals; hinge normal, pallial impression inaccessible. Longitude, 28.5 

rom.; altitude, 18 rom.; diameter, 9 rom., of which 5 mm. belongs to the left valve. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153935 and 153938. Also collected by W. H. Dall from the upper Miocene sandstones of Fossil Point, Coos Bay, underneath the Coos conglomerate, 153982; in the 

lower Miocene, northeast of Rocky Point, Coos Bay, 154002; and dredged in Miocene 

gravel by the U. S. S. Albatross at station 3450, off Cape Flattery, in 75 fathoms. 

This species seems to be the most common Macoma of the formation, and is 

usually very well preserved, with the valves united as in life. It is also found in the 

Pliocene of San Pedro (Arnold); the Pleistocene of California and most northern 

countries; and living in all Arctic and boreal seas,. on the Pacific southward to the 

coast of Oregon. It attains, under favorable circumstances, a considerably larger 

size than the fossil above described, 43 mm. being a not uncommon length for the 

adult. · 

MAcOMA NASUTA Conrad. 

Tellina nasuta Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 258, 1837; Hanley, Mon. Tellina in 

Thes. Conch., I, p. 314, pl. 64, fig. 224, 1846. 

Macoma nasuta Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, No. 1210, p. 307, 1900; Arnold, PaLand Strat. San 

Pedro, p. 163, pl. 16, fig. 3, 1903. 

Shell thin, suboval, nearly equilateral, slightly inequivalve, the posterior end 

bent to the right; beaks small, low, adjacent, a little behind the middle of the shell; 

anterior dorsal slope passing evenly into the rounded anterior and arcuate basal 

curves; posterior dorsn,l slope straighter, more rapidly descending, the posterior end 

almost rostrate, bluntly pointed, with, in each valve, a rounded ridge descending from 

the beaks toward the lower posterior angle, the ridge in the right valve more prominent; surface smooth or even polished, sculptured only by incremental lines of which 

the stronger are more or less zonally arranged; hinge normal. Longitude of an 

average specimen, 37 mm.; altitude, 25 mm.; diameter, 11 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153941. Collected from the upper Miocene sandstones at Fossil Point, Coos Bay, by 

W. H. Dall, 1.53981; from the shore northeast of Rocky Point, Coos Bay, by W. H. 

Dall, 154002 and 154003; from the Oligocene (?) sandstones at Millers Beach, 

Coos Bay, by W. 'H. Dall, 154087; Pliocene and Pleistocene of California, Arnold; 

living from Kadiak to Lower California, Dall. 

Common, but rarely well preserved. Specimens reported from west of Kadiak 

Island, Alaska, have invariably proved, when I could examine them, to be the 

allied M. inquinata Desha yes. According to Conrad this 1s not the Tell ina nasuta of 

the report on the fossils of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition,a which was left linfiga Geol. U.S. Ex pl. Exp., 1849, p. 725. 
128 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

ured, and of which the type is lost; notwithstanding this, he named the latter Tellina 

subnasuta in 1865. Neither is it the same as Conrad's T. oregonensis, as supposed by 

Gabb in 1868. 

MAcoMA ASTORI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIV, figs. l, ll. 

Shell suboval, nearly equilateral, slightly inequivalve, subrostrate, with the posterior extremity bent to the right; valves thin, moderately convex, the right valve 

slightly less so than the left; beaks low, adjacent, nearly medial; anterior dorsal 

slope arcuate, anterior end evenly rounded; posterior direct, posterior end bluntly 

pointed; base nearly evenly arcuate; surface smooth except for more or less 

impressed incremental lines somewhat zonally distributed; an obscure fold in each 

valve, near the margin, borders a posterior dorsal area; interior inaccessible. Longitude, 50 mm.; altitude, 35 mm.; diameter, 14 mm. The height of the original 

specimen of fig. 11 is 44 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153937 and 153939 .. Also from upper Miocene sandstones of Fossil Pomt, Coos Bay, 

W. H. Dall, 153978. . 

The larger specimen .represented by fig. 11 was at first regarded as a variety or 

distinct species, but more careful study shows that the difference of outline on the 

posterior slope is due to erosion. 

M. calcarea is a narrower species and proportionally more attenuated behind; 

M. edentula Broderip and Sower by, which comes nearest to M. astori, is a more 

inflated and inequilateral species, the beaks being nearer the posterior end of the 

shell, while in M. nasuta they are farther away ·and the valves are more conspicuously flexuous. 

MACOMA MOLINANA Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIV, fig. 12. 

Shell of moderate s1ze, rather inflated, thin, nearly equivalve, not quite equilateral, the posterior end subrostrate and bent to the right; beaks small, low; ante-

. rior end longer, rounded in front, rather swollen; posterior end compressed, the 

· dorsal margin rapidly descending to the narrow subtruncate termination;· an 

obscure ridge, more evident on the right valve, bounds a narrow posterior dorsal 

area; ligament short; surface smooth or polished, sculptured only by irregularly 

distribut~d fine concentric striation's in harmony with the incremental lines; hinge 

normal, the pallial sinus extending a little in front of the middle of the disk, rounded, 

not rising above the equator of the disk; muscular impressions large and distinct; a 

rather strong radial concave flexure behind the rostrum. Longitucle of internal cast, 

40 mm.; altitude, 28.5 mm.; diameter, 14 mm. 

Collected from the Oligocene(?) sandstones at Millers Beach, by W. H. Dall; 

U.S. Nat. Mus. 154088. ' 

This species recalls M. injlatula Dall, from Alaska, but is a much larger shell; it 

is more flexuous and more. wedge-shaped than M. nasuta, having the anterior part 

considerably inflated, while the pallial line is quite different from that of nasuta. 
MOLLUSCA. 129 

MACOMA sp. indet. 

A small Macoma is represented by an impression collected by Dana at Astoria, 

which seems to be different from any above referred to; but the specimen does not 

afford data for·a recognizable description, and I put it. aside until further information 

can be had in regard to the species. 

Superfamily SOLENACEA. 

Family SOLENIDJE. 

Genus SOLEN (Lin~e) Scopoli. 

Solen (L.) Scopoli, Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 94\J, 1900. 

Section PLECfOSOLEN Conrad. 

Plectosolen Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., II, p. lO:l, 1866; Fischer, Man. Conchyl., p. 1111, 1887, selects 

Solen ang'Ustus Deshaycs, from Conrad's list, a~ type. 

Plectosolen protextus Conrad, from the Miocene of Astoria, proves from an examination of the type specimen to be the internal cast of a young Solemya. 

SoLEN (PLECTOSOLEN) CURTus Conrad~ 

Solen enrt'Us Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 433, fig. 14, 1848. 

Plectosolen curtus Conrad, Check!. Eoc. Fos. N. Am., p. 8, No. 239, 1866. 

Ensis enrtus Meek, Check!. Miocene Fos. N. Am., p. 12, No. 416, 1864; Conrad, Am. J;ur. Conch., I,p. 

152, 1865; Gabb, Pal: California, II, p. 116, 1868. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. K. Townsend. , 1 , 

The whereabouts of the type of this species is uilknown to me, and I am obliged 

to rely entirely on Conrad's figure ·for comparisons. 

SoLEN (PLECTOSOLEN CURTUS var.?) CONRADI Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XII, figs. 7, 10. 

' Shell short, thin, wide, the extremities subequal in width; beaks terminal, 

ligament about one-fifth of the length; dorsal margin slighLly arcuate, compressed 

and slightly pouting; posterior end truncate, gaping, with the angles rounded; base 

slightly arcuate; anterior end with the margins slightly thickened and expanded, 

obliquely pruncate, the valve perceptibly constricted just behind the margin; surface smooth except for lines of growth, polished; hinge normal; pallial sinus rather 

shallow and irregular in form. Length of figured specimen, 56 mm. Length of 

full-grown individual, 70 mm.; width, 18 mm.; diameter, 11 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153934 .. Also from Clallam Bay, Washington, in the Miocene shales, Arnold and 

Diller. 

Tlus form differs from Conrad's figure of S. curtus by being decidedly 

straighter, by the greater sharpness of the anterior basal angle, and by the presence 

of a distinctly marked dorsal area behind the hinge. 

37351-No. 59-00--9 
130 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

It is possibl(/ that these differences may be due to the draftsman, but the difference of locality being taken into account, it seems more prudent for the present 

to regard the shells as distinct. So much confusiohl has been caused hitherto in 

Pacific coast paleontology by confounding different things together that I am disposed to err, if at all, on the side of caution in this regard. · 

Superfamily MACTRACEA. 

Family MACTRID~. 

Genus SCHIZOTHJERUS Conrad. 

Cryptodon Conrad, Jour. A.cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 235, 1837; sole example, Lutraria nllttallii Conrad, op. cit. Pl. XVIII, fig. 1; not Cryptodon Turton, 1822. 

Tresus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., January, 1853, p. 42; not Tresus Walckenaer, Arachnida, 1833. 

Schizothxrus Conrad, Proc. A cad. Nat. Sci .. Philadelphia, VI, 1852, p. 199, 185:~. 

Tresus Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 885, 1898. 

Gray's generic name preceded that of Conrad by ·about four weeks, but was 

itself preoccupied in zoology. 

ScHIZOTH£RUs PA.JAROANUS Conrad. 

Venus pajaroana Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., VII, pt. 1, p. 192; Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2, 1857, Meek, Smithsonian check!. Miocene fos. 'N. Am., p. 9, 1864. · 

Miocene of Pajaro River, Santa Cruz County, Cal., Conrad. Miocene of the 

Empire formation, Coos Bay, Oreg.; purchased from B. H. Camman, one specimen. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. 153929a. 

The specimen from Coos Bay was mixed with a number of specimens of Spisula 

albaria and at first, since the hinge was inaccessible, was not discriminated from 

them. To Dr. Ralph Arnold is due the recognition of Conrad's poorly figured 

species, of which better specimens, showing the hinge characters, were obtained 

by him in Santa Cruz County. It- has a general resemblance to Spisula albaria, 

but is more inequilateral, gapes slightly behind, and has the typical hinge of 

S chizoth::erus. 

Genus SPISULA Gray. 

Spisula (Gray) D:1ll, Trans. Wagner lust., III, p. 878, 1898. 

Subgenus HEMIMACTRA Swainson. 

Section MACTROMERIS Conrad. 

Although the details of the hinge are inaccessible in the following species, their 

similarity to recent species of the same region (whieh ean be aeeurately determined) 

is so great that it is with mueh eonfidenee I refer them to their probable subdivision 

of the genus. 

SPISULA (HEMIMACTRA) ALBARIA Conrad. 

Pl. X, fig. l. 

Mactra albaria Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, p. 432, fig. 4, 1848; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865; 

Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos. N. Am., p. 11, No. 362, 1861. 

Standella planulata Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 91, in syn., 1868; not of Conrad, 1837. 
M:OLLUSCA. 131 

Shell large, solid, ventricose, rounded-triangular, subequilateral, equivalve, 

with prominent, minutely pointed, slightly recurved beaks; surface smooth, except 

for more or less evident incremental lines; the lunule and escutcheon are not defined 

by any sulcus, but the dorsal slopes are wide ancl flattish; anterior en<l more attenuated, posterior end wider, more arcuate, and with the valves a little gaping on the 

'distal part of the dorsal slope, both ends rounded and the base evenly arcuate; 

valves very convex, especially behind the vertical of the beaks, which is nearly in the 

exact middle of the valves; hinge as usual in the genus; pallial sinus moderate, 

angular; the inner margin of the valves entire. Altitude, 72 mm.; longitude, 90 

, mm.; diameter, 43 mm. 

Miocene of Columbia River, near Astoria, J. K. Townsend, fide ConraJ. Miocene of the Empire formation, Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 153929. Upper Miocene beds at Fossil Point, Coos Bay, W. II. 

Dall, 153972; and near base of Miocene at Rocky Point, Dall, 153999; also at 

Millers Beach and Goldwashers Cove, Coos Bay, Dall, 154092 and 154015. Also 

the sandstones near Eugene, Oreg., Dall. 

The anterior end is often relatively longer in the young shells 25 or 30 mm. 

long. There i,s no recent species closely akin to this one in the fauna of the northwest coast. 

This is one of the most common and characteristic of the .Miocene fossils of 

Oregon. It varies more or less in the length of the posterior extremity .as compared 

with the other, some specimens being very inequilateral, a variation which may 

also be noted in the recent species of the present fauna. 

SPISULA (HEMIMACTRA) Pit~~CURSOR Dall, n. sp. 

PI. XIV, fig. 10. 

Shell small, compressed, subequilateral, equivalve; with rather prominent, 

incurved smooth beaks and no trace of l~nule or escutcheon; anterior end somewhat attenuated, rounded; posterior end broader, more conv-ex, obsoletely obliquely 

subtruncate above; base evenly arcuate; surface of the valves smooth except for 

incremental irregularities; slightly, irregularly, concentrically wrinkled toward the 

extremities, especially on the dorsal slopes; valves not gaping behind; interior 

inaccessible. Altitude, 30 mrn.; longitude, 41 mm.; diameter, 14 mm.; vertical of 

the beaks a.bout 19 mm. behind the anterior extremity. 

Miocene of the Empire formatimi, Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. 

Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 153928. Also upper Purisirna formation, Santa Cruz 

district, California, acconling to Arnold. 

This species, though on a smaller scale, recalls Spisula (daslcensis Dall, of the 

recent fauna. It appears to be rare in the sandstones, as Mr. Camman obtained 

only a single specimen. It is readily separated from S. albaria by its more compressed form and protracted narrower anterior extremity, and the blunter posterior end. 
132 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Genus MULINIA Gray. 

MuLINIA OREGONENSIS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. IX, figs. 2, 3; Pl. XIII, fig. 5. 

Shell solid, heavy, rude, elevated, much higher than long, with very prominent 

incurved beaks, equivalve, inequilateral; beaks full, rounded, anteriorly recurveci,' 

without any distinctly marked lunule or escutcheon; surface with heavy, rude, 

irregular, concentric waves or incremental thickenings; dorsal margins rapidly 

declining, basal margin nearly straight; surface in front of the beaks deeply concave; interior margins of the valve smooth, hinge heavy with a relatively large 

chondrophore or ligamenta} pit. Altitude, 45 mm.; latitude, 35 mm.; diameter, 

50mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153927 and 153977. 

This remarkably coarse and elevated species seems to be not uncommon in the 

sandstones. One valve was found by me in the upper por.tion of the series under 

~ the Coos conglomerate at Fossil Point, Coos Bay. No species with similar characters is known to succeed it in the Pliocene or recent faunas. 

Superfamily MY ACEA. 

Family MY ACIDJE. 

Genus MYA (Linne) Lamarck. 

Mya (L.) Lamarck, Prodrome, p. 83, 1799; type, M. truncata L.; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 857, 

1898; not Mya Moclcer, 1793. 

Chama DaCosta, ex parte, Brit. Conch., p. 232, 1778; no~ of Linne, 1758. 

MYA TRUNCATA Linne. 

Mya truncata Linne, Syst. Nat., eel. 10, p. 670, 1758; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., III, p. 857, 1898. 

Mya praecisa Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., III, p. 215, 1850; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 585, fig. 

498, 1852. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; U.S. Nat. Mus. 

153956. Miocene of Alaska on the Peninsula and the islands of Unga and Kadiak, 

and the Aleutians, Grewingk. Pleistocene of the boreal regions generally. Living 

from Puget Sound northward and· westward to the Arctic seas and northern Japan. 

Several well-preserved specimens were obtained from Mr. Camman, but the 

species does not appear to be common. 

Genus CRYPTOMY A Conrad. 

Sphrenia Conrad, Jour. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 234, 1837. 

Cryptomya Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV, p. 121, 1848; type, S. calijornica Conrad, Jour. 

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, pl. 17, fig. 11, 1837; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., HI, p. 859, 1898. 

CRYPTOMYA OREGONENSIS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XI, fig. 4. 

Shell small, thin, subequilateral, moderately inequivalve; beaks low, subcentral, 

adjacent; right valve slightly larger; dorsal slopes ,su bequal, the posterior slightly 
MOLLUSCA. 133 

compressed and subangular, the anterior evenly declining to the rounded anterior 

margin; posterior end bluntly rounded, base evenly arcuate; surface rude, the only 

sculpture being the irregular, more or less marked, concentric, incremental lines; 

interior mostly inaccessible, the hinge apparently typical, but very heavy and strong 

for the size of the shell. Longitude, 22 mm.; altitude, 15 mm.; diameter, 8 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153931. Also from the upper part of Miocene sandstone, under the Coos conglomerate, at Fossil Point, collected by W. H. Dall, 153984. 

This species appears to be not uncommon. Its most striking characteristic is 

its subrhombic shape, the recent 0. californica being of nearly the shape in miniature 

of Mya arenaria, and the 0. ovalis Conrad, from the Tertiary of Monterey County, Cal., 

having the beaks more posterior and the anterior half of the valves conspicuously 

expanded, ,vertically, compared with the part behind the beaks. I do not agree 

with Gabb's opinion that 0. ovalis should be considered a synonym of 0. californica, 

if any dependence is to be placed on Conrad's figure of 1856. 

Family SAXICA VIDM. 

Genus PANOPEA Menard. 

Panopea Menard, Ann. du Museum, Paris, IX, p. 135, 1807; Dall, Trans. ·wagner Inst., III, p. 827, 1898. 

Glycimeris Lamarck, 1799, H. and A. Adams, 1856, and Gray, 1857; not of DaCosta, 1778, Lamarck, 1801, 

nor Schumacher, 1817. 

PANOPEA ESTRELLANA Conrad. 

Mya abrupta Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 723, pl. 17, fig. 5, 1849; not Panopea abrupta Deshayes, 

1843. . 

Glycimeris estrellana Conrad, Pacific R. R. Repts., VII, p. 194, pl. 7, fig. 5, 1857. 

Glycimeris abrupta Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 152, 1865. 

Glycimeris generosa Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 90, in syn., 1868; not of Gould, 1850. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3479, 3608 (type); also 

by J. K. Townsend. Miocene of the Estrella Valley, California, 13320, Conrad's type. 

A smaller, more equilateral, and more slender species than Gould's recent shell. 

Genus PANOMYA Gray. 

Panomya Gray, Fig. Moll. An., V, p. 29, 1857; type, P. norvegica Spengler; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., 

III, p. 832, 1898. 

p ANOMY A (AMPLA var. ~) CHRYSIS Dall, nov. 

Pl. XI, fig. 7. 

Shell of moderate size,. rude, rather thin, inequilateral, equivalve, gaping in 

front and more widely behind; beaks slightly anterior, with two obscure ridges, one 

extending vertically, the other from the beak to the basal posterior angle, separated 

bJ a shallow, ill-defined constriction; dorsal slopes subequally oblique, the anterior 

shorter; the anterior end obliquely subtruncate and widely gaping; base nearly 

straight; valves convex, compressed a little near the base; hinge teeth obsolete; 

pallial impressions as usual in the genus, broken up irregularly as figured. Longitude 

of shell, 51 mm; width, 38 mm.; diameter, 23 mm. 
134 THE MIOCENB 0.1!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Miocene beds of Gold washers Gulley, Coos Bay, Oregon, collected by Dall; U.S. 

Nat. Mus. 154093. Also in the upper Purisima formation, Santa Cruz district, California, fide Arnold. 

This species recalls P. norvegica Spengler, of the recent fauna, but is less cylindrical and does not gape as widely. The hinge does not appear to differ from that of 

P. ampla Dall, the recent Alaskan species, but is only partially visible. The ext~rnal 

surface is visible only in some small areas, but has all the characters of P. ampla, 

from which the valves differ in being thin, inste~d of enormously thickened, and in 

wanting the conspicuous anterior oblique truncation of the living species. 

Superfamily ADESMACEA. 

Family PHOLADID~. 

Genus PHOLADIDEA Goodall. 

Section PENITELLA Valenciennes. 

Pum,ADIDEA PENITA Conrad. 

Pholas penita Conrad, Jour. A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 237, pl. 18, fig. 7, 1837. 

Pholas concamerata Deshayes, Mag: de Zoo!., Guerin, pl. 17 and text, ]840. 

Penitella Conradi Valenciennes, Pl. Voy. Venus, pl. 24, fig. 1, 184(). 

Pholadidea penita Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoe. for 1863, p. 637, 1864; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., ITT, 

p. 819, 1898; Arnold, Pal. and Strat. San Pedro, p. 184, 1903. 

Penitella pemta Gabb, Pal. California, II, p. 88, 1868. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153957. Pleistocene of California at Santa. Barbara, Gabb. Living from Santa 

Barbara northward to the Aleutian Islands, Dall; Bering Island, Stejneger. 

In following Gabb, who united Penitella spelrea Conrad, with P. penita, in the 

W agncr Institute Transactions, a I was misled. On inspection of Conrad's type 

from the Pleistocene of San Pedro, it appears identical with P. ovoidea Gould,.1851, 

a name which has several years' precedence. 

P. ovoidea can be distinguished fro1i1 P. penita by being much shorter and more 

ovoid behind the lateral sulcus, and by the vacant space between the umbonal plate 

and the umbo, whereas in P. penita the plate is closely appressed to the milbo. 

Family TEREDINIDJE. 

Genus XYLOTRY A Leach. 

Xylotrya (Leach MS.) Gray, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London for 1847, p. 188; type, Teredo bipalmnlata Lamarck, 

1801. H. and A. Adams, Gen. Hec. Moll., II, p. 333, 1856; Gray, Fig. Moll. An., V, p. 28, 1857. 

Bankia Gray, Syn. Bril. Mus., 1840; nude name? 

~ XYLOTRYA sp. indet. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3571, 3574. Miocene 

of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; 153964 and 153965. 

Fossil wood bored through and through by some species of shipworm is common 

in'the Miocene beds of Oregon, but the borings so far as·examined contain no remains 

"Vol. 3, 1898, p. 820. 
MOLLUSCA. 135 

of the shell or pallets. As the genus Xylotrya is the characteristic form of this 

coast in the recent fauna, it is altogether more probable that these borers belonged 

to Xylotrya than to Teredo, properly so called. The borings are of various calibers, 

but I have seen none closely approaching in size the Teredo pugetensis of White, 

from the Puget group (Eocene) of Washington. 

Some of these specimens passed through Conrad's hands in 1849 and doubtless 

influenced him in proposing the name of Teredo substriata, for which, however, his 

figures represent only Dentalia. 

As it is impossible to determine the species, to say nothing of the genus, of 

shipworms from the borings alorie, I refrain from applying any specific name to 

these specimens. 

Order ANOMALODESMACEA. 

Superfamily ANATINACEA. 

Family TIIRACIIDAB. 

Genus THRACIA Blainville. 

Thracia Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., XXXII, p. 347, 1824; Man. Mal., II, p. 660, 1827; type T. corbuloidea Blainvillc; Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst., 'nr, p. 1522, 1903. 

THRACIA TRAPEZOIDEA Conrad. 

Pl. II, fig. 14; Pl. XIII, fig. 7. 

Thracia trapezoides Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Ex.p., p. 723, pl. 17, fig. 6, 1849; Am. Jour. Conch., I, p. 

152, 1865. 

Miocene of the Astoria group, J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3604 (Conrad's 

types). Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; 107785 

(figured) and 153953. . 

Shell thin, smooth, except for incremental lines which become sublamellose 

on the posterior dorsal area; valves slightly unequal, nearly equilateral, moderately 

convex, with an umbonal ridge bounding the lower side of the posterior dorsal area, 

in front of which the valves are slightly concave; dorsal slopes subequal, anterior end 

rounded, posterior squarely truncate; base arcuate, a .little prominent in the middle; 

interior inaccessible. Longitude 53 mm.; altitude,.40 m1i1.; diameter, 19 mm. 

The specimens from Astoria are smaller than those from Coos Bay, but appear 

to belong to the same species. 

T. mactropsis Conrad, from the Tertiary of Monterey County, Cal., is a much 

more triangular shell, apparently without the compressed posterior dorsal area 

usually present in this genus. ~he Eocene T. dilleri Dall, from the adjacent Arago 

formation, is much more elongated in proportion to its height. 

THRACIA CONDON! Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XIX, fig. 5. I 

Shell large, moderately convex, nearly equilateral, rounded in front, abruptly 

truncate behind, the base gently arcuate, the posterior dorsal slope slightly exca-
136 THE MIOCE~E Ol!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

vated, the anterior gently rounded; an obscure ridge extends from the beak toward 

the basal portion of the truncation, which is somewhat rounded; the beak in the 

right valve little elevated above the general hinge line; outer surface nearly smooth, 

more or less minutely granulose with variably prominent incremental lines; muscular impressions faint; pallial sinus wide, subquadrate, blunt in front, not reaching 

the vertical from the beak. Length, 60 mm.; height, 44 mm.; scmidiameter, 8 mm. 

Miocene of Smith's quarry, near Eugene, Oreg., Thomas Condon and C. A. 

White, two right valves in soft greenish sandstone, U. S. Nat. Mus. 110460. 

This species somewhat resembles the recent T. conradi of the Atlantic coast, 

but has less prominent umbones and a generally more quadrate shape. It is considerably larger and less rostrate than T. trapezoidea Conrad. It has somewhat 

the shape of a Saxidomus, but a much thinner and less solid shell. The hinge is 

not accessible. 

Class SCAPHOPODA. 

Family DENTALIIDJE. 

Genus DENTALIUM Linne. 

Dentalium Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 785, 1758; Pilsbry, Man. Conch., XVII, p. xxix, 1898. 

DENTALIUM CONRADI Dall, n. nom. 

Teredo substriatum Conrad, Gcol. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 728, pl. 20, fig. 7a (only) 1849. 

Dentaliwn snbstriatum Woodward, in Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. for 1856, p. 367, 1857; Co.nrad, Am. 

Jour. Conch., l, p. 151, 1865; Gabb, Pal. California, Il, p. 115, 1868; not D. snbstriatum Deshayes, 

Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist., Paris, II, p. 366, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2, 1825. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3481 (part). Miocene 

of Coos Bay, Oregon, fragments observed by W. H. Dall; and of Clallam Bay, 

Washington, Diller. 

This large, finely striated Dentalium seems to be rather frequent in the Miocene 

of Clallam Bay. The name used by Conrad being preoccupied, I have proposed a 

new one. 

DENTALIUM PETRICOLA Dall, n. nom. 

Teredo snbstnatnm Conrad, ex parte, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 728, pl. 20, figs. 7, 7b (only) 1849. 

Miocene of Astoria, J. D. Dana, and Coos Bay, Dall; also in Miocene rocks of 

Clallam Bay, Washington, Diller. U. S. Nat. Mus. 3481 (part) and 3528. 

This species is similar to the other in size and form, but perfectly smooth. It 

occurs less frequently than D. Conradi, but is not very uncommon in the rocks of the 

Oregonian Miocene. 
:tv.[OLLUSCOIDEA. 137 

Subkingdom MOLLUSCOIDEA. 

Class BRACHIOPODA. 

Order TELOTREMATA. 

Superfamily RHYNOHONELLACEA. 

Family. RHYNOHONELLIDJE. 

Genus HEMITHYRIS D'Orbigny. 

HEMITHYRIS ASTORIANA Dall, n. nom. 

Terebratula mtens Conrad, Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 726, pl. 19, figs. 1, 1a, 1849; not T. nitens Hisinger, 

Lcthea Succica, p. 77, 1836. " 

Rhynconella nitens Conrad, Am. Jour. CorrelL, I, p. 154, 1865. 

Rhynchonella nitens Meek, Checkl. Miocene Fos. N. Am., p. 3, No. 45, 1864. 

Miocene shale of Astoria, Oreg., J. D. Dana; U. S. Nat. Mus. 3487 (types). 

This is a very pretty Hemithyris with polished surface, having the form and 

profile of Frieleia halli Dall, from the recent fauna, but with the fo}d wider, deeper, 

and in the opposite direction. It has not the prominent beak or inflated body of 

H. psittacea, which also is much more strongly radially striated. The interior 

is inaccessible. 

Order NEOTREMATA. 

Superfamily DISCINACEA. 

Family DISCINIDJE. 

Genus DISCINISCA Dall. 

DISCINISCA OREGONENSIS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. II, fig. 6. 

Shell large, depressed-conic, of a blackish-brown color, subcircular when normal; 

upper valve only known; apex defective; general surface marked with concentric, 

not very conspicuous incremental lines crossed by very fine, numerous, radiating 

strire. Altitude of type specimen, about 8 or 9 mm.; maximum diameter, 35 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 107779. 

· This species recalls the Miocene species of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, D. lugubris Conrad, but seems larger, less elevated, and of less solid structure. The interior 

of the type being filled with matrix, the internal muscular and other markings are 

unfortunately inaccessible. 
138 THE MIOCF.NE OF ASTORTA AND .COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Subkingdom ARTHROPODA. 

Class CRUSTACEA. 

Superorder OSTRACODA. 

Family CYPRID~." 

In breaking up the soft fine-grained shales, the product of the cqnsolidation of 

fine marine silt, at Millers BE)ach, Coos Bay, impressions were noticed which appeared 

to b~ due to the former presence of a smooth species of Cypris. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

154091. 

Superorder CIRRIPEDIA. 

Family BALANIDJE. 

Genus BALANUS Linne. 

BALANUS TINTINNAlHTLUM Linne, var. coosENSIS Dall, nov. 

Pl. XIX, figs. 1, G. 

?Balanns tinftnnabulu.m (L.) Darwin, Mon. Cirripedia, I, p. 194, pl. 1, figs. a-1, 1854. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153960. 

The fine Balanus which I have figured does not preserve the opercular valves 

in any of the four specimens obtained. As the specific characters are largely dependent on the sculpture and form of these appendages, I have referred the specimens to 

the recent species to which they seem most nearly allied, as a variety, pending the 

discovery of the opercular valves. The specimen figured is about 50 mm. in greatest 

diameter and 30 mm. in height. 

Subkingdom VERMES. 

Class ANNELIDA. 

Order POL YCHJETA. 

Suborder TUBICOLA. 

Genus SERPULA Linne. 

~SERPULA OCTOFORIS Dall, n. sp. 

Pl. XX, figs. 1, 2. 

·Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased from B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153963. 

Among the fossils obtained from Mr.. Can1man, collected from the Empire 

formation at Coos Bay, was a mass of fan-shaped profile, about 100 mm. high, .. 
VERMES. 139 

measured along the lateral edges; 140 inm. in greatest breadth; and about 35 mm. 

in average thickness. In general appearance this fossil resembles a mass of V ermi-

. cularia or Serpula tubes, more or less worn by weathering and the action of the waves 

on the beach. 

A careful inspection of the fossil arouses doubts as to its true nature which I am 

unable to resolve definitely, and I have therefore placed it provisionally in the 

genus Serpula, with great doubt as to whether it will permanently remain there. 

The mass consists, as will be seen by the figure, of agglutinated tubl~les, radiating roughly from a common center or root which has not been preserved. On 

close examination the tubes appear more as if they had been bored through a solid 

substance than as if they had formed a solid mass hy agglutination. Theyimpinge 

upon each other at various points so that apertures open from one tube into another, 

which is something the shipworms sedulously avoid. The interior of the tubes is 

nearly smooth, more or less transversely striated toward the aperture, which, when 

perfectly preserved, is of a "figure-of-eight" shape, but when, as usual, broken 

back by beach wear, is transversely oval. The contraction of the ''figure-of-eight" 

is marked in' some cases by a faint ridge extending longitudinally a few millimeters 

into the tube. So far I have observed these ridges only. on one side of the tube, 

the other side in each case having been broken or worn away. Notwithstanding 

the fact that the tubes look as if they were borings into a solid substance, 

the material of which they are composed appears in general to have been deposited 

either in layers parallel with the tube itself or concentrically where interstices appear 

to have been filled with matter of the same sort. There are a number of cavities 

. evidently secondary, due to the boring of Pholas or other boring mollusk into the 

mass, but this may have occurred after the original had been fossilized. The 

substance of the mass is not fossil wood as in the case of .Xylotrya borings, but of the 

same appearance as the casing of the tubes themselves, and apparently of animal 

ongm. But I have not found any recent Serpula which has apertures of the shape 

here described, nor which, in masses, has intercommunication between the tubes. 

Nor is there any sponge which closely approaches this enigmatical form in its 

tubulation. The borings of Limnoria are short, and occupy space iri masses of 

wood, which these certainly did not, while the structure of tubular coral is entirely 

different. The explanation of the true relations of this fossil will he awaited with 

interest. 

Class ECHINODERMATA. 

Order HOLECTYPOIDA. 

Impressions of indeterminable fragments of sea-urchin tests, recalling the 

surface of Conoclypeus, appear on parts of concretions from Astoria and Coos Bay, 

but nothing which can he definitely identified. U. S. Nat . .Mus. 3509 shows some 

of the· impressions collected by Dana at Astoria. Spines belonging to some form 

like Toxopneustes or Strongylocentrotus are also found in some of the specimens, as 

in No. 3522. 
140 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Order CL YPEASTROIDA. 

Family SCUTELLIDJE. 

Genus SCUTELLA Lamarck. 

Subgenus ECHINARACHNIUS Leske. 

ScuTELLA (EcHINARACHNius) OREGONENSIS W. B. Clark. 

Pl. VII; fig. 2. 

Disk small, subcircular, depressed, margin not notched at the amhulacral 

extremities, the edge rounded and blunt in the young, somewhat flatter in the 

larger specimens; anal pore above and within the margin; star symmetrical, the 

two posterior petals shorter, the apex behind the center; petals not reaching the 

margin; ambulacral furrows of the base feeble, hardly traceable; whole surface 

when perfect covered with prominent pustules, rather crowded, and originally 

bearing small spines; dome of the upper surface rising evenly rounded from 

the margin to the apex. Diameter of figured specimen (transverse), 28 mm.; 

maximum vertical diameter, 3 mm. 

Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, purchased of B. H. Camman; U. S. Nat. Mus. 

(figured) 153959. Upper Miocene sandstones at Fossil Point, W. H. Dall, 153962, 

153997, and 153975. 

The figure is enlarged one-half. A fuller description will be .given by Professor 

Clark in his forthcoming monograph of our Tertiary echini. 

This differs from S. gabbi Remond, by its less symmetrical star and by the 

anal pore being more distant from the margin. 

Order SPATANGOIDA. 

Family ECHINONEIDJE. 

Genus GALERITES Lamarck. 

~ GALERITES OREGONENSIS Dana. 

? Galerites oregonens,is Dana, Geol. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 729, pl. 21, figs. 5, 6, 6a, 1849. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat~ Mus. 3498. 

Indeterminable small fragments of the test. 

Subclass OPHIUROIDEA. 

0PHIUltiTES sp. indet. 

Fragments of arms of ophiuroid origin are found both at Astoria and Coo13 Bay, 

but not in a condition to permit the identification generically, to say nothing of the 

species to which they belong. Of these, U.S. Nat. Mus. 3683 was collected at Astoria 

by J. D. Dana, and 153958 at Coos Bay, by B. H. Camman. 
PROTOZOA. 141 

Subclass ASTEROIDEA. 

AsTERITES sp. indet. 

Pl. XIX, fig. 2. 

The central portion of a five-armed starfish-of which the arms are densely 

covered with slender, slightly curved, longitudinally striated spines, about 3 or 4 

mm. in length-was obtained from B. H. Camman, who collected it from the Miocene sand3tone of Coos Bay; U. S. Nat. Mus. 153961. It is unfortunate that this 

interesting specimen is not in a condition to exhibit its characters more distinctly, but 

it is figured so as to draw attention to the presence in these beds of a member of this 

group. 

Subkingdom CCELENTERATA. 

Class ANTHOZOA. 

Order MADREPORARIA. 

Family TURBINOLIIDJE. 

Genus STEPHANOTROCHUS Mosely. 

8TEPHANOTROCHUS sp. 

Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., J.D. Dana; U.S. Nat. Mus. 3575. Pliocene clays <?f 

Los Angeles~, Cal., Hamlin 1 

Two imperfect specimens which T. W. Vaughan is disposed to refer to the 

genus Stephanotrochus, or to a closely related form, are among the collections of the 

Exploring Expedition under Wilkes. 

Though the genus has been definitely recognized only in the recent state, it is 

probable that it not only occurs in the Miocene of Astoria, but also that some poorly 

preserved solitary corals obtained by Homer Hamlin " from the clays of the Los 

Angeles tunnel may be identical with the older and more northern form. 

Subkingdom PROTOZOA. 

Class RHIZOPODA. 

Order FORAMINIFERA. 

Numbers of small, calcareous Foraminifera occur scattered through the finegrained shale near Millers Beach, Coos Bay, but owing to the toughness of the matrix 

they are almost impossible to extricate. The genera observed were Gristellaria, 

Cyclammina, Pulvulina, and Polymorphina, an assembly recalling that indicated by 

,;Cl. Radiolites hamlini Stearns (Science, n. s., XII, No. 294, August 17, 1900, pp. 247-250). Part of these specimens are 

regarded by T. W. Vaughan as undoubtedly solitary corals, probably of the genus Stephanotrochus. 
142 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Anderson in his study of the Eocene rocks of the Mount Diablo Range in California, a 

as occurring in the Kreyenhag~n shale. It is notable, however, that in the Arago 

formation, of undoubted Eocene age, which underlies the supposed Oligocene of Millers Beach, no Foraminifera were observed, nor were there any in the distinctively 

Miocene or Pleistocene beds of the same vicinity. This may be due to the fact 

that the coarse-grained matrix of the Empire formation and Coos conglomerate is 

unfavorable to the preservation of these delieate organisms. 

a Proc. California Acad. Sci., 3d scr., Geology, vol, 2, No.2, 1905, pp. 192-193. 
A FURTHER. ACCOUNT OF THE FOSSIL SEA LION PONTOLIS 

MAGNUS, FROM THE MIOCENE OF OREGON. 

By FREDERICK w. TRUE, 

Head Curator, Department of Biology, U.S. National Museu.m. 

In 1905a I published a diagnosis of a new genus. and species of fossil sea lion 

based on a skull from Oregon (Pls. XXI, L~II, XXIII). As this article is brief and 

contains a summar.v of the circumstances under which the skull was found, as well as 

measurements, it is reprinted here. The present addition to that account gives 

the information available from the specimen in more detail and with a more complete discussion. The original account is as follows: 

At the suggestion of Mr. William H. Dall, the National Museum purchased from Mr. B. H. Camman, 

of Empire City, Coos County, Oreg., inl898, a portion of a large fossil skull from the soft Miocene sandstone 

of that locality. The specimen, as I am informed by Mr. Dall, was found by Mr. Camman in the sandstone bluff on the east side ofthe lower part of Coos Ray, between Empire City and the "south slough," in 

the formation to which Mr. J. S. Diller has given the name of the" Empire beds." 

Upon examination, the skull proves, as Mr. Cam man had supposed; to be that of a sea lion. It represents a genus allied to Eumetopi(UJ, but much larger. The fragment consists of the brain case, or cranium 

proper, together with tho pterygoids and the palatines as far forward as tho posterior enrl of the hard palate. 

Both zygomatic processes of tho squamosal are broken off near the root, and the right parietal bone has been 

lost, leaving a largo opening through which the whole interior of the brain ca.sc can be examined. The 

tympanic bullrn are crushed and splintered off down to the level of the basioccipital and so mingled with 

the matrix that their form is lost. The surrounding foramina are also obliterated, and the base of the 

skull thus presents a broad, nearly flat surface, the appearance of which is at first sight very misleading. 

In other respects, however, tho fragment is in an excellent state of preservation, and presents characters 

which plainly indicate its affinities. * * * 

PONTO LEON new genus. 

Similar to Enmetopias, .but with the ventral surface of tho basioccipital nes.rly plane, and the dorsal 

surface strongly concave. Postglenoid process of the squamosal strongly produced distally and directed 

somewhat posteriorly, so that tho glenoid fossa is broader distally than proximally. Dorsal surface of 

squamosal, between the wall of the cranium ::mel the zygomatic process, concave antoroposteriorly 

throughout its whole extent. Hard palate abbreviated, the iwsterior margin concave. 

PoNTOLEON MAGNUS new species. 

Size much larger than that of the largest of existing eared seals. Skull when complete probably 

about 50 em. (or 20 inches) long. Distance from the occipital condyles to the posterior end of the hard 

palate nearly equal to the mastoid breadth of the skull. Occipitomastoid processes widely divergent, 

compressed laterally, nearly plane internally. External wall of the ascending plate of the palatines 

thickened, forming a strong rounded ridge. Posterior nares as broad as deep. 

'l'ype.--.No. 3792, U. S. N. M. (Vert. Pal.). Empire beds (Miocene) ·of Empire City, Oreg. 

Collected by B. H. Camman. 

a Diagnosis of a new genus and species of foNsil sea lion from the Miocene oi Oregon: Smithsonian Misc. Coli. (quarterly 

issue), vol. 48, pt. 1, No. 1577, Muy 13, 1905, pp. 47-.49. 

143 
144 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Dimensions of the type skull of Pontoleon may·nus and of two adult skulls of Eumetopias jubata. 

Pontoleon Eumctopias jubata. 

Measurmnents. 

Total length (basi-{)ranial) ........................................................... . Total height posteriorly (from line of occipitomastoid processes to top of occipital crest in a straight line) ... c ........................................................ . Greatest breadth between occipitomastoid processes ................................ . Greatest breadth between outer margins of zygom•ttic processes of squamosal.. ...... . Greatest breadth between outer margins of occipital condyles ...................... . Height of occiput from upper margin of foramen magnum to top of occipital crest ..... . 

~;!~~l~~g~~~~~~~:::i',n~ ~ ·. ·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~i~mho~t~n°~~:?\~~t~f~~~a~;,: ::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Greatest transverse breadth of occipital crest ....................................... . Breadth between occipital condyles inferiorly ....................................... . Greatest breadth of occipitomastoid process antero-postariorly ..................... . Distance from inferior margin of foramen magnum to outer inferior angle of exoccipi- tal ................................................................................. . Distance from outer inferior angle of exoccipital to postglenoid process of squamosal .. Distance from inferior margin ol foramen magnum to tip of hamular process of 

pterygoid .................. _ ......... __ ...... _ ... _ .... _ .......... __ ...... _ .... _ .... _ Distance from tip of hamular process of pterygoid to posterior end of hard p11late ..... . Distance from surface ol occipital condyles to end of hard palate ........ _ .. _ ... _ ... _ Greatest breadth between outer walls of ascending plates of palatines at their poste- rior end ............. _ ... _ ......... -.................... -- ........... -.... · .... --· .. · Greatest breadth of posterior nares ......... __ ................... __ ......... _ ...... _. Length of glenoicl fossa of squamosal (transverse) ........ _ ..... __ ._ .......... _ .. _ .. . Lenl'ct;h of glenoid fossa of sguamosal (~tntero-posterior) ....... _ ... _ ..... _ ..... _ ... _. 

magnus, 

typo (No. 3792). 

em. 

19:1 

a24.8 

b25.0 

11.0 

11.2 

5. 7 4.1 

8.1 

3. 7 15.4 

Cl.7 

7.1 

8.6 

10.2 

13.4 

10.2 

24.1 

8.6 

5.1 

7.1 

4.1 

Bering I d., 

Kamchatka 

(No. 49729). 

em. 40.1 

17.0 

23.2 

23.9 

9.0 

9.2 

4. 5 

3. 9 6. 2 3. 4 15.8 

2. 1 5.9 

8.2 

7.8 

11.6 

6.0 

19.1 

5.7 

3. 6 

7.5 

3. 9 

a Actually 24.0 em .. but the left side is broken and 0.8 em. has been added to agree with the right side. b Actually 23.0 em., but the right side is broken. c The condyles are a little defective below. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE TYPE SKULL. 

Genus PONTOLIS True. 

St. Paul Id., 

Alaska 

(No. 49730). 

em. 36.5 

15.2 

2l. 6 23.1 

8. 6 8. 1 

4. 7 3. 7 6. 4 3.1 

13.8 

1.7 

5. 2 

7.8 

7.2 

10.9 

5.1 

17.2 

5. 6 3.9 

6.3 

3. 2 

Pontoleon True, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (quarterly issue), XLV,III, No. 1577, p. 47, May 13, 1905. 

(Preoccupied.) 

"Pontolis True, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVIII, p. 253, Dec. 9, 1905. 

PoNTOLIS MAGNUS True. 

Pontoleon maqnus True, Smithsonian Misc. Cull. (quarterly issue), XLVIII, No. 1577, p. 48, May 13, 

1905. 

Inferior aspect.-The basis of the skull presents a broad, rather feebly concave 

surface, bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by the posterior nares and occipital condyles, respectively, and laterally by the broad occipitomastoid processes. The concavity is deepest in the median line and grows gradually shallower to the mastoids. 

This even concavity is due in part to the almost complete obliteration of the tympanic bullre and basal foramina and to the absence of the transverse rugosities for the 

insertion of the rectus anticus muscles, which were either little developed or have 

been obliterated. The median longitudinal ridge adjoining the foramen magnum, 

which is characteristic of all sea-lion skulls, is present, but feebly developed. 

Anteriorly, the basal surface juins the roof of the posterior nares, which are 

rather deeply concave, and bounded by the thick pterygoid walls. The nares are not 

floored over by the posterior extension of the bony palate, as in Otaria, but are open 

far forward, as in Eumetopias, Zalophus, and other otarids. External to the pterygoid walls are the very broad glenoid fossre of the squamosal, which resemble those of 

Eumetopias, but are somewhat directed backward. 
THE FOSSIL SEA LION PONTOLIS MAGNUS. 145 

Lateral aspect.-The lateral aspect of the cranium is characterized by the deep 

concavity of outline between the occipital condyles and occipital crest, which is only 

approximated in .Oallotaria and adult male skulls of Eumeto[>ias. This concavity is 

due to the strong backward.development of the occipital crest midway between the 

vertex and base, and to the retreating outline of the supraoccipital immediately 

above the condyles. The appearance is perhaps partially due to distortion of the 

skull. The lateral walls of the cranium are as strongly convex as in Zalophus, and 

from the appearance of the surfaces at the vertex, it seems probable that a high sagit:-

tal crest was originally present, as in adult·Zalophus and Eumetopias. The thick and 

strongly projecting free margin of the glenoid fossa and the great anteroposterior 

·breadth of the occipitomastoid process are also especially striking characteristics of 

this aspect of the skull of Pontolis. 

Superior aspect.-The upper surfaces of the skull of Pontolis are so much broken 

as to render the interpretation of the contours difficult, but it may be noted that the 

margin of the occipital crest is evenly rounded, as in Otaria, but as thick as or thicker 

than in adult males of Eumetopias. The zygomatic processes appear to have been 

very thick at the base, leaving a proportionally narrower space between their inner 

face and the wall of the cranium than in other sea-lion skulls. 

Occipital.-The supraoccipital is slightly convex immediately above the foramen 

magnum, as in. all sea-lion skulls, but evenly concave over the general surface higher 

up; resembling the same part in Eumetopias (adult males) rather than in Zalophus, 

Oallotaria, etc., but without a clear indication of the strong median ridge found in 

Eumetopias. The foramen magnum is round and the condyles arc without the sharp 

internal border found in other genera, but this is doubtless due to the wearing away 

of the edges in the fossil. The paroccipital processes are broader and more transverse 

than in the recent genera, though approximating those of Eumetopias in this respect. 

They have not, however, more than a slight indication of the prominent rounded 

ridge which occupies their posterior and distal surface in Eumetopias, and in that 

respect more resemble those of Otaria. 

It has already been remarked that the under surface of the basioccipital of Pontolis is broad and nearly flat, in contrast with that of the existing genera, owing in 

part to the feeble development of the median ridge immediately anterior to the foramen magnum, and in part to the obliteration of the foramen lacerum posterius. On 

the right side, the latter foramen can be traced, but is clogged by a piece of dense 

bone which must belong elsewhere. The upper surface of the basioccipital within the 

brain case, on this side, has been filled with plaster by the preparator, but on the left 

side the outlines of the foramen lacerum posterius are traceable. The median depression on the upper surface a is about as deep as in Otaria; more so than in Eumetopias 

and much less than in Zalophus and Oallotaria. 

Sphenoid.-The inferior surface of the body of the sphenoid is in the same general plane with,the basioccipital. Depr-essions marking the position of the foramen 

lacerum medium are conspicuous a little posterior to the insertion of the pterygoids. 

On the upper surface of the basisphenoid the sella turcica is marked by a depression 

less deep than in Eumetopias and Zalophus.- _This is bounded posteriorly by the clinoid 

plate, which is broadly triangular in outline and rounded in front where the posterior 

a Possibly a vascular recess, according to Murie. 

37351-Xo. 59--09--10 
146 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

clinoid processes were given off. These processes are lacking in the skull, and the 

extent of their development can not be determined. The lateral borders of the 

clinoid plate are not emarginate, as in existing genera, but convex; this appearance, 

however, may be due in. part to the imperfection of thes6l edges. More anteriorly is 

the elongated processus olivarius, and on each side very distinct grooves leading 

backward from the foramen lacerum anterius to the foramina ovale, lacerum 

medium, and lacerum posterius. These are disposed in a maniH:ir closely similar to 

that of the same channels in Eumetopias. The foramen ovale is obliterated, but a 

rather deep depression marks its location on the left side. On the same side a conspicuous depression indicates the position of the foramen lacerum medium, immediately behind which is a triangular rough mass, which is obviously the anterior end 

of the petrous portion of the temporal, similar in shape to the same bone in Eumetopias, hut broader. This mass is followed, posteriorly, by a deep, irregular cavity, 

probably representing in part t.he foramen lacerum posterius and in part the vacuities left by the absence of the posterior part of the petrous portion of the temporal. 

Anteriorly, the sphenoid is broken off at the suture between the presphenoid and 

orbitosphenoid, which remains open late in the Otariiclre. 

Temporal.-The temporal is remarkable chiefly for the great anteroposterior 

breadth and strong distal development of the glenoid fossa. These characteristics 

are not shared by existing genera of Otariidro, in all of which the fossa is narrowed 

distally, though least so in Otaria. In spite of the large development of the glenoid 

fossa just mentioned, the zygomatic process is so thick at the root that the space 

between its ramus and the wall of the cranium is much less relatively than in any of 

the existing Otariidre, and considerably less absolutely than in Eumetopias jubata, 

though adult skulls of that species are a fourth smaller than that of Pontolis. As the 

zygomatic processes are broken off close to the root, nothing can be definitely 

determined as to the original form of their distal ends. 

The tympanies, as already mentioned, are so much crushed and abraded that 

their original form can not be determined, though they were prob~bly as flat as or 

flatter than in Zalophus and Arctocephalus. The paroccipital and mastoid elements 

of the occipitomastoid process can not he distinguished, but the inferior surface of the 

mastoid is much flatter and broader anteroposterior~y than in the existing sea lions. 

Parietals and frontals.-The wall of the cranium on the left side is preserved to a 

point a little farther forward than the line of the anterior margin of the glenoid fossa. 

It therefore probably includes a porti9n of the posterior end of the frontal, though the 

suture is not traceable,. As in Eumetopias, the gen~ral surface is somewhat concave 

superiorly and is narrowed anteriorly. In Zalophus and other existing genera, 

except Eumetopias, the brain case is more oblong or quadrate in form, owing to the 

stronger development of the anterior cranial fossoo, while in Otaria a distinct postfrontal process develops in this region. . A strong sagittal crest probably existed in 

Pontolis as in Eumetopias, but it is wanting in the fossil skull. . 

Palatines.-Thc palatal region is remarkable for the abbreviation of the bony 

' palate, the length from the hind margin of the palate to the posterior margin of the 

pterygoid immediately above the hamular process nearly equaling the length from 

the latter point to the occipital condyles. In existing genera the former length is about 
THE FOSSIL SEA LION PONTOLIS MAGNUS. 147 

half the latter, except in Otaria, in which it is hardly more than a fourth. The skull 

of Pontolis is broken opposite the posterior end of the bony palate, but a small portion of the posterior end remains on the left side. The vertical plates of the palatines 

are remarkably bulbous externally, at the point marking the suture with the pterygoids and alisphenoids. Below this swelling a rather deep groove runs parallel with 

the ipferior free .margin of the wall of the nares.. This groove is not present in 

Otaria, but is developed to a minor degree in Zalophus, Arctocephalus; and other 

existing genera. 

Pterygoids.-The suture between the pterygoids and palatines is obliterated. 

The posterior free margin of the pterygoids is emarginate, hut much more nearly vertical than in existing genera, except Otaria. The hamular processes appear to have 

been well developed, but their original form is uncertain. This is a point of little 

importance on account of the large individual variation in the form of the process in 

the several genera of Otariidre. II!- the skull of Pontolis, a fragrpent of bone has 

been placed at the end of the right pterygoid, but it is not certain that it belongs 

there. The free margin of the right pterygoid has been too mueh chiseled out. 

The walls of the alisphenoid canal have been chiseled away, or were already 

broken off when the skull was found. · 

Foss;;e of the cranial cavity.-Compared with that of E'umetor,ias, the anterior 

cranial fossa is remarkable inferiorly for its postero-external extension; also for the 

obliql1e posterior boundary, due to a thickening of the internal parietal ridge. The 

middle fossa is restricted externally from the same cause. The shape of the posterior 

fossa is not determinable exactly, on account of defects in the skull, but it appears to 

have extended outward less than in E'umetopias. 

DESCRIBED SPECIES OF FOSSIL SEA LIONS. 

Fossil remains of sea lions are extremely rare, and but few species have been 

established. The family Otariidre is dismissed with but a word or two by Zittel 

(Paleontologic, vol. 4, Vertebrata, Mammalia, IS91-1893) and no mention of fossil 

forms is made in such works as Beddard's Mammalia (1902). The fossil species supposed to be referable to the family which were made known prior to 1880 were 

reviewed by J. A. Allen in his History of North American Pinnipeds, published in 

that year. One or two later ones are included in Trouessart's Catalogue Mammalium, Supplement, 1904. The names of these species and the m~terial on which they 

were based is as follows: a 

l. Otaria? prisca Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. franc., 1850-1855, p. 276, pl. 8, fig. 8. 

Based on a tooth. "Van Bcneden has since determined it to be referable to Sqnalodon" (Allen). 

2. Otaria ondriana Deliortrie, Aetes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, livr. 4, 1872, p. 28. 

Based on a last upper molar from the bone breccia of Saint-M6dard-cn-Jalle, ncar Bordeaux. 

3. Otaria leclercii Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, livr. 4, 1872, p. 28. 

Based on an outer lower incisor from the same locality. Van Benedcn contended that these teeth 

belonged to his genus Palxophoca, a fossil phocid, allied to Monachns, and Allen concurred in the 

opinion that they were not otarinc. 

4. Mesotaria ambigua Van Beneden, Ann. Mus. roy. hist. nat. Belg., I, 1877, p. 56, pl. l. 

Based on the bones of the greater part of the skeleton, and nunierous teeth; skull wanting. 

Assigned by Allen to the Phocidre, as probably allied to Cystophora and Maerorhin·us. 

a See Allen, J. A:, History of North America.n l'innipeds, 1880, p. 217. 
148 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

5. Otar·iajubata (foss.) Ameghino, Mam. f6sil. Argentina, 1889, p. 343. 

Remains frequently found, according to Ameghino, in the postpampean marine formations, 

assigned provisionally to the lower Quaternary. 

"Alrededores de La Plata, Punta de Lara, Quilmes, etc." (Ameghino). 

6. Arctocephalus williamsi MacCoy, Prodrome Pah.contol. Victoria, decade 5, 1879, pls. 41-44. 

Pliocene. Based on an "old male skull." Considered by Allen (Pinnipeds, p. 770) as not differing materially from females of Zalophus lobatus. (Gray). . 

7. Arctocephalus fischeri Ameghino, Bol. A cad. Nac., Argentina, Cordoba, IX, 1886, p. 214; Act. Acad. 

Nac., Argentina, Cordoba, VI, 1889,342 (=Otariafischeri H." Gervais and Amegh., Mam. foss. de 

1' Amok Sud, 1880, p. 223; nomen nudum). 

Oligocene. Based on a fragment of the horizontal ramus of a mandible, with the alveoli of the last 

three molars, from "las barrancas del Parana." Resembles Arctophocajalklandica (=Arctocephalus 

australis Zimm.), but is smaller. (Arctophoca Peters is considered by J. A. Allen a synonym of 

Arctocephalus F. Cuvier.) 

8. Arctocephalusjorsteri(foss.) Peron, Voyagedansterresaustrales, 1816, Il, p. 37. 

Pleistocene of New Zealand. 'l'rouessart credits this fossil form to Peron (by error written "Lesson"), but there is no mention of it on the page cited. 

It will readily be seen that whether any of the nominal species of fossil sea lions, 

with one exception, are valid, is a matter of little importance in the present connection, as they are not based on the skull, and could not, owing to this circumstanc:;e, be 

correlated with Pontolis. The exception relates to Arctocephalus williamsi MacCoy, 

which was founded on an "old male. skull," according to the original describer, but 

which, as we have seen, is considered by Allen as not differing materially from a 

female skull of Za1ophus lobatus, a recent species. After an examination of ~he original figures, I concur in this opinion. 

It is an interesting fact, brought out in the foregoing diagnosis and description, 

that Pontolis is closely related to Eumetopias jubata, a living species of the region in 

which the fossil was found. That it was the progenitor of Eumetopias is probable, 

though such an opinion can not be asserted with much positiveness on the basis ofthe 

single fragment now available. · The fossil skull proves, however, that sea lions 

existed iri the North Pacific region in Miocene time. They either originated there, or 

if derived from some other region, must have entered the fauna of the North Pacific at 

a still earlier epoch. 
• 

APPENDICES. 

The following rare and to many inaccessible brief .papers on the paleontology of 

the Pacific coast Tertiary are reprinted with the intention of making them more 

easily available for students, especially of the Pacific States, where the originals 

would often prove difficult of access. The reprints are arranged in the order of their 

original publication, and are followed by a bibliography of the whole literature from 

.the time of Carpenter's summary of it in his British Association Report of 1863 to 

and including the year 1905. A few earlier titles, omitted or insufficiently referred to 

by Carpenter, .and a few later items of importance have been added. 

149 
APPENDIX I. 

FOSSIL SHELLS FROM TERTIARY DEPOSITS ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER, 

NEAR ASTORIA. a 

By T. A. CONRAD. 

[page 432] The following interesting Miocene species were collected by J. K. Townsend, and are 

described at his request: 

Nucula divaricata (figs. la, lb).-Subovate, convex, with divaricating stri:::e, extremities rounded; 

ligament margin very oblique, slightly curved; basal margin curved; beaks near the anterior extremity. 

N. cuneijormis (fig. 2).- 0vate, ventricose in the middle, with strong lines of growth; anterior side 

short, margin rounded; posterior side cuneiform; subtruncated at the extremity; basal margin rounded. 

N. abrupta (fig. 3).-Somewhat elliptical, convex; truncated anteriorly; ligament margin rectilinear, oblique; posterior margin obliquely truncated, contracted. 

0 8 3 9 

10 

7 

12 

2 • 4 13 

5 

~ 6 14 11 

FIGs. 1-14.-Fossil shells from Tertiary deposits on Columbia River, near Astoria. 

Mactra albaria (fig. 4).-Triangular, ventricose; beaks medial; umbonal slope angulated; anterior 

and posterior margins nearly equally oblique; posterior extremity truncated, direct; basal margin 

regularly curved. 

Tellina oregonensis (fig. 5).-Elliptical, thin, much compressed; valves flattened, and having 

regular concentric fine lines; anterior submargin somewhat angulated, the margin nearly direct, truncated; beaks rather nearest to the anterior extremity; posterior end acutely rounded. 

In the cast, an oblique shallow furrow meets the apex on the posterior side. I 

T. obruta (fig. 6).-0vate, compressed, thin; very inequilateral; ligament margin elevated; basal 

margin rounded; anterior hinge margin straight and very oblique, extremity truncated. 

150 a Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 5, 1848, pp. 432-433. 
APPENDICES. 151 

Laripes parilis (fig. 7).-Lentiform, inequilatera1, not ventricose; length and height equal, summit 

slightly prominent; margins very regularly rounded. 

Cytherea oregonensis (fig. 8).-Suborbicu~ar, ventricose, inequilatcral; summits prominent; surface 

with fine lines of growth; anterior extremity acutely rounded; basal margin rounded; posterior margin 

obtusely rounded. This species is remarkably similar in form to C. ovata Rogers, a fossil of the Virginia 

Miocene; but it wants the impressed concentric lines of that species. 

[page 4?3] C. vespertina (fig. 9);--:-Acutely ovate, ventricose; very inequilateral; summits prominent; 

surface with concentric lines, which are not very smooth and regular; posterior side somewhat cuneiform; 

anterior extremity acutely rounded; basal margin rounded. 

A number of specimens were together in a small fragment of rock, all of which were much smaller 

than the one selected to figure. 

Nucula penita (fig. 10).-0vate acute, ventricose; anterior side very short, obtuse; ligament margin 

concave; posterior side rostratcd, acute; basal margin rounded. 

Somewhat similar in outline to the Virginia Miocene N. acuta, but has a much shorter anterior side. · 

It is a cast, and the character of the exterior is unknown. 

Bullina petrosa (fig. 11).-Narrow-cylindrical; margin of labrum straight, extremity elevated above 

the apex; spire slightly raised above the shoulder, which is oblique and angulated. 

Pyrula modesta (fig. 12).-Pyriform, thin,. with approximate prominent alternated revolving lines 

reticulated with minute longitudinal lines; spire very short, conical; upper portion of body whorl 

regularly rounded. · · 

Fusus oregonensis (fig. 13).-Fusiforrn, with unequal prominent revolving lines, a few of which arc 

considerably larger than the others on the upper portion of the body whorl; they are also coarser toward 

the base, and alternated in size; shoulder with a series of tubercles; one of the larger stri:cB on the body 

whorl somewhat tuberculated; a prominent line margins the suture; spire conical, the volutions 

reticulated and tuberculated. 

Solen curtus (fig. 14).-Slightly curved, short, convex, equally wide at the extremities; anterior 

margin very obliquely truncated, reflected, rounded toward the base; posterior extremitytruncated, 

slightly oblique. ' 
APPENDIX II. 

FOSSILS FROM NORTHWESTERN. AMERICA. a 

By J.D. DANA.b 

1. CETACEAN. 

[page 722] Vertebrre and fragments of other cetacean bones arc occasionally found in the argillaceous 

sandstone of Astoria (south side of the Columbia, about 13 miles above its mouth), and may be picked up 

along the shores of the river.-Pl. 16, fig. 1, represent's one of the vertebrre, of its natural size. 

2. FISHES. 

In tl?.e same region, just alluded to, we obtained the remains of four species of fossil fish. 

Fig. 2, pl. 16, represents a species allied to Trigla. It was found (as figured) in a concretion of limestone in the argillaceous rock. The surface of the mass having been worn on the river's banks, the skeleton is exposed to view in the manner here shown. A large part of the vertebral column remains, and portions of the bones of the head, with parts of the pectoral fin, and many of the scales. The bones and scales 

have the color, translucency, and hardness of tortoise shell. The scales have the surface strongly striated 

below the central line, and a pectinate lower margin; they are also concentrically and neatly marked with 

delicate lines of growth. The striated character is owing to thin trenchant ridges, which have a serrulate 

edge. The form is stiborbicular, the larger approaching quadrate, and the smaller somewhat hexagonal; 

the lower margin is strongly arcuate. The vertebrre are longer than their breadth. 

Fig. 3, pl. 16, is another species, of which we have only a cast in a fragment of argillaceous slate. The 

genus we have not made out. 

Figs. 1, 2a, 2b, pl. 17, of natural size, represent large vertebne from the same locality. Those of the 

latter two figures pertain, as we suppose, from the very open texture and fine calcareous plates, to a 

species of shark. The first is also very open in its texture, and owes its apparent solidity to the limestone 

with which it is mineralized. In the specimen, edges of vertical plates are seen occasionally on the sides 

(as on the left side of the figure, and also on the back top edge toward the right), and on the broken surface 

(front of figure) there are a few irregular oblique plates either side of the center, as represented; all 

indicating a very coarsely cellular structure. 

3. CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa oregonensis (Dana).-Remains of a single species of Crustacea are found in the calcareous 

concretions of the argillaceous rock near Astoria. (See pl. 17, fig. 3.) It is related to Callianassa, a genus 

whose species live mostly in holes on muddy shores. The comprelilsed form and nearly equal length and 

breadth of the hand and carpus arc characteristic of this family of Crustacea. 

[page 723] The joints of the leg figured have a smooth surface. The under margin of the hand and 

thumb is straight and denticulate. The inner margin of the thumb and finger is slightly crenulate. The 

finger is narrow, slightly arcuate, shbacute, and shuts rather closely upon the thumb. The length of the 

hand is nearly three-fourths of an inch, and its breadth three-eighths of an inch; the carpus has the 

same length, and is little broader; its upper and lower margins are entire; the next joint preceding is but 

one-eighth of an inch broad, and apparently somewhat shorter than the carpus. 

Balanus.-In the soft argillaceous shale remains of a barnacle are found, but in too imperfect a state 

to be characterized. A figure is given on pl. 17, fig. 4. 

a Geol. U.S. Expl. Exp., 1849, Appendix 1, pp. 722-730. 

b Descriptions of Mollusca, Radiata, and plants by T. A. Conrad, with notes by Dana. 

152 
APPENDICES. 153 

4. MOLLUSCA. 

The fossil shells of Astoria have been described for this place by Mr. T. A. Conrad, whose labors in 

conchology in general, and especially in the department of Tertiary species, are well known. We insert 

his descriptions in his own words, adding a few measurements from the specimens. 

1. Mya abrnpta (Conrad).-Subelliptical, slightly ventricose, widely gaping posteriorly. Surface 

marked with concentric undulations. Beaks separated, nearly medial, slightly prominent. Anterior 

margin acute, orbiculate; posterior margin abrupt, arcuate, somewhat reflexed; basal (inferior) margin 

arcuate; dorsal margin short, straight, nearly parallel with the base·.-Pl. 17, figs. 5, 5a. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 2! inches; height -f0

7

0 L.; thickness (and breadth of gaping behind) T".?o L., or-fo"0 H. Apical 

angle 162°.] 

2. Thracia trapezoides (Conrad).-Trapezoidal; ventricose; flank flattened, carinate, side anteriorly 

compressed. Surface faintly concentric undulate, and neatly but unequally marked with concentric 

strire. Beaks prominent, medial. Posterior margin truncated, basal margin tumid at middle.-Pl. 17, 

figs. 6a, 6b, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 1/cy inches; height No L.; thickness No L., or -f,f0 II.; apical angle 140°. Cast having the 

surface faintly concentric undulate. Muscular impressions rather indistinct, the posterior quite small, 

palleal sinus large.] 

Solemya ventricosa (Conrad).-Oblong; ventricose; dorsal and basal margins straight ·and parallel. 

Anterior side narrowed, the margin orbiculate. Posterior margin scalloped, the inferior half truncated 

obliquely inward. Beaks distant from the anterior extremity .-Pl. 17, figs. 7, 8, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 3! inches; breadth 1~ inches. Lateral surface smooth, radiated with narrow bands.] 

Donax? protexta (Conrad).-Much elongate, ventricose; anterior margin orbiculate, posterior side 

produced; basal margin straight; ligament margin straight and oblique. Beaks little prominent. 

Sides somewhat flattened inferiorly, contracted slightly [page 724] from beak to base; cavity most capacious between the umbones.-Pl. 17, fig. 9, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length about 1k inches; height one-half inch; beak one-third inch back of the front; apical angle 

140°.] 

Venus bisecta (Conrad).-Oblique, subrhomboidal, ventricose, with robust lines of growth. Anterior 

side very short, trul).cate, angulate below, having a submarginal vertical furrow, and the inferior margin 

at its termination slightly excavate. Posterior surface strongly excavate from the upper side of the beak 

to the posterior margin, and subcari~ate below the excavation; ligament and superoposterior margin 

forming together a regular curve. Basal margin arcuate, a little tumid behind the middle.-Pl. 17, figs. 

10, lOa, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 2 inches; height rVo L.; thickness rVo L. or -{'/0 H.; distance anterior to beak one-third 

inch; apical angle 120°. Valves quite thin.] 

· Venus angustijrons (Conrad).-Obliquely cordate, ventricose. Anterior side narrow, rounded. 

Posterior extremity somewhat truncated, arcuate; ligament margin elevated, arcuate; basal margins 

arcuate. Exterior surface everywhere convex, marked with fine lines of growth.-Pl. 17, fig.ll, natural 

size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length li inches; height ,Vo L., or It inches; part anterior to beak 5 lines; apical angle 134°; 

valves quite thin.] 

Venus lamellijera (Conrad).-Subtrigonal, ventricose, ligament margin very oblique and slightly 

curved, long, posterior margin direct, truncate; basal arcuate. Lateral surface everywhere convex, and 

having thin concentric elevated lamellre.-Pl. 17, figs. 12, 12a, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 2 inches; height 11f\ L.; valve very stout; cast excavate just below palleal impression.] 

Venus brevilineata (Conrad).-Suhtrigonal, ventricose. Anterior extremity truncate; ligament 

margin elevated, curved; posterior margin subtruncate; basal margin strongly arcuate. The specimen 
154 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY,_ OREGON. 

is a cast, and it is remarkable for a series of irregular vertical impressed lines or sulci, toward the base, 

which must correspond with prominent lines on the interior of the valve.-Pl. 17, fig. 13. 

[Length of cast 2 inches; height ·No L.; thickness fifo L. The irregular sulci on the lower half of the 

cast are nearly half an inch long, and extend upward from the palleal impression. The sinus in the palleal 

impression is acute triangular. The surface of the cast is faintly concentric undulate.] 

[NoTE.-Figs. 1, 1a; pl. 18, represent stil.l another Venus, with a very thick valve, and smooth cast, 

having the sides evenly convex. It resembles the angustifrons, but is hardly as ventricose, and the 

valve in that is very thin. ·Length of cast 2k inches; height 1.6 inches; thickness 1 inch.] 

[page 725] Lucina acutilineata (Conrad).-Suborbicular; ligament margin short, .straight, and a 

little oblique; posterior margin somewhat truncate widely, nearly direct; supero-anterior margin truncate. Surface with concentric lamelliform strire and intermediate fine lines; anteriorly with a slightly 

prominent fold. Basal margin orbiculate. This species is very nearly related to L. contracta (Say), 

a recent shell of the Atlantic coast, and fossil in the Miocene of Virginia. It differs from Say's species 

in being proportionally more elevated, and in having a much shorter ligament margin.-Pl. 18, figs. 

2, 2a, b, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 1~ inches; height slightly less than length; thickness No L.; the more prominent ridges 

of the surface nearly a line apart.] 

Tellina arctata (Conrad).-Oblong subelliptical, compressed; front very obliquely truncate and 

a little sinuous, below reflected; basal margin arcuate; ligament margin declining, arcuate; posterior 

extremity roimded. Beak nearest the anterior extremity.-PI. 18, figs. 3, 3a. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length2inches; height ftf'o L.; thickness t'tf'o L., or 11Prr H.; apical angle 124°. Valves very thin.] 

Tellina emacerata (Conrad).-Elliptical, much compressed; anterior extremity obliquely truncate, 

straight from the apex, front reflected; dorsal margin posteriorly declining; posterior margin rounded; 

inferior margin arcuate. Lateral surface marked with fine, regular, closely arranged, concentric, impressed lines.-Pl. 18, fig. 4, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 1! lines; height half the length; apical angle about 140°.] 

Tellina albaria (Conrad).-Thin smooth, subtriangular; beaks medial; anterior extremity obtuse; 

posterior margin regularly rounded; basal margin straight at middle.-Pl. 18, fig. 5. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Tellina nasuta (Conrad).-Subtriangular, convex, anterior side with a slight prominent fold, 

angulated anteriorly; anterior margin curved above, truncated at the extremity; posterior margin 

rounded. Beaks medial. Anterior basal margin arcuated; basal margin tumid near the middle. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Tellina bitruncata (Conrad).-Elliptical, compressed; anterior side reflected; extremity truncated; posterior margin obliquely truncated. Ligament margin short, straight, parallel with the anterior basal·margin; basal margin slightly contracted in the middle; posterior extremity acutely rounded. 

Astoria, Oreg. . 

Nucula divaricata (Conrad).-Subovate, convex, with divaricating stri::e. Extremities [page 726] 

rounded; ligament margin very oblique, slightly arcuate; basal margin arcuate. Beaks near the anterior extremity.-Pl. J.8, figs. 6, 6a. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Nucula impressa (Conrad).-;-Oblong ovate, convex, with regular concentric. impressed lines. 

Anterior extremity rostrate, slightly recurved, ·extremity truncated; ligament margin arcuate, slightly 

declining; rounded behind. Beaks submedial. Basal margin arcuate, slightly contracted near the 

anterior extremity.-Pl. 18, figs. 7a, b, c, d, e. · 

Astoria, Oreg .. 

[Length 1 inch; breadth very nearly half an inch. Apical angle 155° to 160°. The fine lines of the 

surface are neat, but closely crowded.] 

Pectunculus patulus (Conrad).-Suborbicular, convex, with radiating lines. Hinge margin elongate. Extremities rounded; anterior margin curved inward; posterior margin, nearly direct.-Pl. 18, 

figs. 8, Sa, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length 1! inches; height about 1~ inches.] 
. APPENDICES. 155 

Pectunculus nitens (Conrad).-Suborbicular, oblique, smooth and polished, with fine obsolete 

radiating lines, extremely neat. Hinge margin guite short, rectilinear; posterior margin slightly 

arcuate.-Pl. 18, figs. 9, a, b, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length one-third inch; height ·N+, L.) 

Area devincta (Conrad).-Rhomboidal. · Ribs narrow, flattened, and little prominent anteriorly; 

on the posterior side wider, slightly convex, and longitudinally striated. Beaks distant.-Pl. 18, figs. 

10, lOa. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Area ---.-A cast having a rhomboidal outline, with prominent distant beaks.-PI. 18, figs. 

lla, b. · 

Cardita subtenta (Conrad).-Not longer than high, broad obovate, ventricose, with about 22 rounded, 

not very prominent radiate costre, and with strong concentric wrinkled lines. Posterior extremity 

somewhat truncate.-Pl. 18, figs. 12, 12a. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length and height three-fifths inch; thickness two-fifths inch; apical angle 105°.) 

Pecten propatulus (Conrad).-Large, subequivalve, suborbicular, compressed; costre about 17, 

rounded, narrow, interstices much. wider than the rib~; ears unequaL-Pl. 18, figs. 13, 13a. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[Length and height 4_inches.] 

Terebratula nitens (Conrad).-Ovate, smooth and glossy. Superior valve convex; inferior val\·e 

flattened toward the base; basal margin sinuous; beak prominent, [page 727) curved. Valves very 

thin. This shell is remarkable for ·having the peculiar luster and consistence of many species of Anomia. 

The shell is partially removed, and the surface exhibits obsolete radiating lines.-Pl. 19, figs. 1, la. 

---? .-A broken shell from the argillaceous shale below Astoria.-Pl. 19, fig. 2. 

Dolium petrosum (Conrad).-Ovate globose with.revolving ribs about on the body whorl; shoulder 

angulate, tuberculate, below the angle having a slightly concave space, with a revolving prominent 

line. Spire scalariform, and rather elevated; volutions 5.-Pl. 19, figs. 3a, b, 4a, b, 5a, b, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

There are -three specimens of this species, all of which are casts. In the smaltest the tubercles are 

very prominent, and less so.in the others; and there is a row of small tubercles below the flattened space 

on the upper part of the body whorl. 

Sigaretus scopulosus (Conrad).-Obliquely oval, somewhat ventricose, flattened on the upper half 

of the body whorl. Disks with numerous revolving lines.-Pl. 19, figs. 6, 6a, b, c, d, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Natica saxea (Courad).-Subglobose. Whorls five, convex, with distinct· lines of growth; a broad 

brown band at base of the shell, and a lighter-colored brown band revolves on the upper part of the 

whorls, contiguous to the suture; a narrow darker band margins the suture. Umbilicus large, partially 

covered by a callus.-Pl. 19, figs. 7a, b. Natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Thi~ species closely resembles N. heros (Say) in contour and in the umbilicus; but the brown band 

at the base is, I believe, wanting in the heros. 

Bulla petrosa (Conrad).-Cylindrical, narrow, sides gently curved.-Pl. 19, fig. 8, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Crepidula prrerupfa (Conrad).-Oblique, oolong, somewhat elliptical and ventricose, with simple 

lines of growth. Sides flattened, beak narrowed and laterally curved; the side toward which the apex 

is directed, slightly contracted, and having a somewhat sinuous margin.-Pl. 19, figs. 9, 9a, natural size; 

lOa, b, views of a cast, probably of this species. · 

Astoria, Oreg. . 

Crepidula ---? .-This ~pecies, of which there is only a cast in the collection, is very much 

depressed, with the summit narrow and nearly straight,.subacuminate, broadest across the beak, the 

sides there being somewhat dilated.-Pl. 19, figs. lla, b, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 
THE MIOCE,NE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Rostellaria indurata (Conrad).-Subfusiform, with oblique, curved, rounded ribs [page 728], whorls 

contracted or narrow toward the suture. The specimens are fragments of casts. The lip does not appear 

to have been greatly expanded.-Pl. 19, fig. 12, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Cerithium mediale (Conrad).-Turreted, with fine acute revolving lines;' whorls angulated in the 

middle, and having a row of tubercles on the angle; suture· impressed; whorls contracted beneath the 

suture.-Pl. 20, fig. 1, natural size; 1a, cast. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Buccinum? devincturh (Conrad).-Elevated, with numerous wrinkled revolving lines; whorls flattened and sloping above. Middle of revolutions of the spire nodulous. Margin of the labrum profoundly 

arcuate.-Pl. 20, figs. 2, 2a, natural size. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

Fusus geniculus (Conrad).-Fusiform, with closely arranged revolving lines, alternate in size. 

Whorls of the spire angulated below the middle, and with longitudinal ribs on the inferio~ half. Body 

· whorl with short ribs on the angle, and beneath the revolving lines are larger and more prominent than 

above.-Pl. 20, fig. 3. 

F·usus corpulent·us (Conrad).-Fusiform. Body whorl ventricose, suddenly contracted at base, flattened and sloping toward the suture; whorls of the spire angulated and nodulous in the middle, flat and 

sloping above.-Pl. 20, fig. 4, cast, natural size. 

Natttilus angustatus (Conrad).-Compressed. Septa sinuous and profoundly angulated toward the 

periphery; from the angle the outer margin of the septa is parallel with the periphery, and anteriorly 

suddenly becomes transverse across the margin or periphery.-Pl. 20, figs. 5, 6, natural she. 

Astoria, Oreg. 

[The largest specimen of this species in the collectio~s is 9 inches in diameter.] 

Teredo substriata.-Nearlystraightand evenly cylindrical, very slightly tapering. Surface minutely 

and very neatly striate longitudinally.-Pl. 20, figs. 7, 7a, b, natural size. 

· Astoria, Oreg. 

NoTE.-The figures from 8 to 13, inclusive, on pl. 20, representing species from Astoria, are given of 

natural size, ,without names. 

Fig. 8 is an external cast; and fig. Sa an internal cast. 

Fig. 9 is an external cast. 

Figs. 10, 11 are external casts; lOa, lla arc internal casts. 

Figs. 12, 13, species of Turritella, natural size. 

Fig. 1, pl. 21, an imperfect cast. 

[page 729] Foraminifera.-Figs. 2 to 4, inclusive, pl. 21, represent three species of Foraminifera 

found rather abundantly, but poorly preserved, in the soft argillaceous shale on the shores below Astoria. 

5. RADIATA. 

Galerites oregonensis (Dana).-Figs. 5; 6, 6a represent a species of the Echinidoo, occurring only in 

broken fragments and scattered spines in the Astoria argillaceous shale, associated with minute Foraminifera. Specimens are so imperfect that we refer it with hesitation to the genus Galerites. The spines 

are half an inch long, very slender, delicately striate, with the strioo punctate or subcrenulate. 

NoT~<:.-Fig. 7, pl. 21, represents what appears to be a fossil, but it shows no regular characters beyond 

what is observed in the figure. The texture is soft, with the color brownish black, differing decidedly 

from the rock in which it is embedded. The texture would· suggest the idea of the ink hag of a sepia, but 

other characters do not seem to sustain this view. 

Fig. 203 is another doubtful fossil. It appears at first sight to be a coral extending through the limestone in convoluted or intersecting plates, 1~ to 2lines thick, consisting of hexagonal cells. But the cells 

are very unlike those of any coral within the knowledge of the writer. The interstices are extremely 

thin, and the cells are destitute of rays or septa of any kind. Their diameter is nearly half a line, and the 

length 1! to 2 lines; and ·they are transverse in position, being oblong across the plates, like horizontal . .. 

columns or cells of a honeycomb. They differ widely in form and position from the cells of the Bryozoa 

and Hydroidea, and seem ratlicr to pertain to the spawn of some species of mollusk. This is only a.suggestion, offered with much hesitation. 
APPENDICES. 157 

6. PLANTS. 

• Abies? robusta (Dana).-Only one species of fossil plant with distinct leaves was observed by the 

writer in the Astoria deposits. This, like most of the specimens, occurs in a limestone nodule. It is 

represented in fig. 9, pl. 21. It is one of the Conifene, and appears to be a species of Abies. The leaves 

are attached to a stem, and apparently were placed somewhat irregularlY. around it. They are very stiff 

and rigid, four-sided, with sharp angles and flat surfaces, the section being rhomboidal; the width is a 

line, and the transverse diameter about one-third the width. 

Near the mouth of Frasers River a dark-blue slate was observed by a party from the Vincennes, and 

specimens obtained, one of which is represented in fig. 10, pl. 21. It is supposed to pertain to the Tertiary formation of the coast, and to he of the same age with that of Astoria. The leaves are all beautifully 

preserved, as shown in the figure. 

No. 1 may be a .Lycopodiwn, or possibly a JuniperHs. 

[page 730] Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are leaves of one or more species of Taxodinm .. 

No. 10 appears to be a leaf of a Smilax. 

Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 of uncertain species. 11 and 12 are opposite sides, probably, of similar leaves; 

and 13, 14, 15 are like No. 11. 

The same specimen contains, at a, a round piece of fossil resin, probably from some of the coniferous 

plants whose leaves are here embedded. 

Fig. 11, pl. 21, represents a very thin calcareous leaf-like expansion, occurring in the argillaceous 

shale near Astoria. It is too imperfect to be fully characterized. The specimen is apparently one of the 

calcareous alg::e. The frond is very thin, and deeply lobed; the lobes longitudinally undulate; the surface very smooth, and without markings of any kind. It is extremely tender, and its thickness does not 

exceed that of common writing paper. 
APPENJHX III. 

NOTES ON SHELLS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS QF NEW s.PECIES.a 

By T. A. CoNRAD. 

[page 199] CRYPTODON, Con. 

The name of this genus, founded on Mya cancellata,b haVing been previously applied by Turton to 

another group of bivalves, and now adopted by some conchologists, it is necessary to change it, and I therefore propose Schizoth&rus, in allusion to the profound channel which indents the hinge on both sides of the 

cardinal teeth. 

ScHIZOTH£Rus NUTTALLII. 

Cryptodonnuttall:iiCon., Journ. A. N. S., vol. 7, p. 235, pl.l8, fig. I, [1837]. 

Unio mortoni Con., December, 1835. 

U. turgidns Lea, 1837. 

UNIO. 

Mr. Lea's description of this species. was read at a meeting of the Philosophical Society in December, 

1834, but not published before 1837. · 

MIOCENE SPECIES ? 

OSTREA. 

Ostrea titan.-Elliptical or oblong; extremely thick and ponderous, contracted toward the hinge; 

ligament cavity profound; upper valveslightlyarched; surface coarsely laminated. Length 10~ inches. 

[page 200] Locality, San Luis Obispo, Cal. 

This huge species is'. embedded in friable limestone which contains abundance of siliceous sand 

rounded by attrition. No other fossil can be detected in the portions of limestone which accompany 

the specimens. 

CRETACEOUS SPECIES. 

PHOLAS. 

Pholas pectorosa.-Ovate-cuneate; anteriorly inflated, contracted in the middle; posterior side 

cuneiform; disk with radiating ribs, largest anteriorly, and interrupted by concentric furrows; anterior 

side very short, margin obtusely rounded or subtruncated; basal margin rounded anteriorly, contracted 

medially, straight posteriorly. 

Locality, Tinton Falls, Monmouth County, N.J. 

This rare species was found by the late Lardner Vanuxem. It is a cast, on the right valve of which 

an impressed line runs obliquely from the apex, while on the opposite valve there is a corresponding furrow, and th~ three ribs nearest the posterior end are more remote from each other than in the right valve. 

INOCERAMUS Sow. 

Inoceramm ienseni.-Rounded; both valves profoundly curved; beaks involute, the volutions of the 

larger valve, 3, contiguous in both valves. Length J 1 inches; width 2* inches. 

Locality, Missouri River, Nebraska; Mr. Senseny. 

Inoceramns perovalis.-Oval, convex, slightly oblique; beaks medial, both dorsal margins equally 

declining; basal margin acutely rounded; surface with obsolete concentric undulations. Height about 

li inches; length less than the height. . 

Locality, Chesapeake and DelawareCanal; Mr. Vanuxcm. 

---~-~-

a Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. G, January 31, 18.13, pp. 199-ZOO. 

b The genus was founded on Lutraria nuttallii, while Mya cancellata was the type of the simultaneously proposed genus 

Platyodon Conrad.-W. H. D. · 

158 
APPENDIX IV. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FOSSIL SHELLS OF THE UNITED STATES.a 

By T. A. CoNRAD. 

[page 273] GNATHODON Gray. 

Gnat~odon lecontei (pl. 24, figs. 1, 2).-0bliquely ovato-triangular, ventricose; anterior side short, 

the margin regularly rounded; posterior side cuneiform; umboual slope oblique, carinated; carina not 

prominent, obtuse, except on the umbo, where it is rather acute; right valve with two cardinal teeth 

separated by a profound pit; left valve with one cardinal bifid tooth nearly direct; latera,! teeth prominent and acute; posterior one elongated, slightly curved; anterior one about half the length of the posterior tooth, slightly curved. 

Locality, southern district of Up per California; Doctor Le Conte. 

This interesting species approaches the recent G. cuneatum nearer than the fossil G. grayi. It is 

much smaller than those, and the carinated umbonal slope is a character which prominently distinguishes it from either. 

No recent species of Gnathodon is known to occur in California and this fossil may be of the Miocene 

period. If itis still existing, it will probably be found where the fresh water of the Gila mingles witJ:l the 

salt water of the Gulf of California. 

Doctor LeConte, to whom I have dedicated this interesting shell, found it north of Carisco Creek, in 

limestone beds formed almost entirely of the species, and farther in the desert it occurred in clay, lying 

almost horizontally. This is at a distance of 120 miles from the Gulf of California and 150 miles from the 

Pacific. 

CRETACEOUS SPECIES. 

EXOGYRA Say. 

Exogyra caprina (pl. 24, figs. 3, 4).-Ventricose; larger valve having the umbo spiral, or shaped like 

a ram's horn; back with obtuse or obsolete angles and furrows, and undulated strong lines of growth; 

superior valve convex. 

Locality, San Felipe Creek, near Rio Grande, western Texas; Doctor Woodhouse. 

A single specimen of this curious species was obtained by Mr. Edward II. Kern inN ew Mexico, and 

Doctor Woodhouse found it ab1~ndantly in Texas. The strata in which they occur are probably synchronous with those of New Jersey. Doctor Woodhouse found, also, Exogyra boussingaultii D'Orbigny 

and Gryphma pitcheri Morton in western Texas. · 

[page 274] AVICULA. 

A. abrupta (pl. 24, figs. 5, 6).-Suborbicular, convex; posterior margin nearly direct; extremity 

of hinge on a line with the posterior margin. 

Locality, Nimrod Woodward's farm, New Jersey. 

This small species is well preserved, but very thin and fragile. I fomid two right valves, one of 

them perfect. 

A. petrosa (pl. 24,· fig. 15).-Subquadrangular, very oblique, ventricose; anterior hinge extremity 

sharply angulated; anterior margin obliquel.y subtruncated inferiorly; posterior extremity subangu~ 

lated. 

Locality, Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. 

A single cast of this species is in the collection of the Academy. On the apex are two tubercles, 

which must represent corresponding pits in the interior of the shell. 

a Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, new ser., vol. 2, pt. 3, January, 1853, pp. 273-276. 

159 
160 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

SOLEMYA. 

S. planulata (pl. 24, fig. 11).-Elliptical, compressed, sides flattened; end margins rounded; hinge 

and basal margins nearly parallel. 

Localities, Monmouth-County, N.J.; Alabama. 

Casts of this species are not uncommon in the Cretaceous limestone of Alabama. They exhibit a flat 

groove, which margins the posterior side of the anterior cicatrix; this groove represents the interior rib, 

and rapidly widens from its inferior acute extremity toward the apex. 

CRASSATELLA. 

C. subplana (pl. 24, fig. 9).-Subtriangular, compressed or plano-convex; anterior margin obtusely 

. rounded; posterior extremity subtruncated; posterior basal margin straight or slightly contracted; 

disk marked with numerous prominent acute concentric ridges and fine concentric lines. 

Locality, Arneytown, N.J. 

Allied to C. reg1tlaris D'Orbigny. BPONDYLUS. 

S. capax (pl. 24, fig. 8).-0vato-triangular, profoundly ventricose; summit elevated; ribbed; 

larger ribs about seven in number, not elevated, remote and armed with irregular spines, arched or 

foliated, a few of them rather elongated, curved and pointing downward; intermediate ribs rounded, 

unequal, not very prominent and rough with numerous arched scales; submarginal areas profoundly 

impressed ·or excavated; inner margin thickened and profoundly crenate. 

Locality, Nimrod Woodward's farm, New Jersey. 

I have found fragments of this beautiful fossil, whenever I have visited the locality above named, 

for many years past, and more than fifteen years since obtained a whole specimen, which was presented 

to my friend, Dr. William Fleming, of Manchester, England. Yet it docs not appear to have been 

described, and may have been regarded as a variety of Morton's Plagiostoma dumosum, a:J?. Eocene 

species. 

[page 275] PANOPJEA. 

P. decisa (pl. 24, fig. 19).-0blong, ventricose, concentrically waved or furrowed; slightly contracted posteriorly; posterior hinge line nearly parallel with the base; posterior margin truncated 

obliquely inward; basal margin nearly straight; beaks situated about one-third the shell's length from 

the anterior margin. 

Locality, Burlington County, N.J., Mr. Budd; Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, Doctor Morton. 

ARCA. 

A. uniopsis (pl. 24, fig'. 1 7).-0blongo-rhomboidal, contracted in the middle; posterior hinge and 

basal margins parallel; beaks situated about one-fourth of the shell's length from anterior extremity; 

dorsal area narrow; umbonal slope rounded. (A cast.) 

Locality, Burlington County, N.J. 

TELLINA. 

T. ¢ensata (pl. 24, fig. 14).-0vato-triangular, compressed?, the right valve convex; the left nearly 

flat, or a, little plano-convex anteriorly; posterior side reflected; anterior margin regularly rounded; 

posterior subtruncated, direct. 

Locality, Burlington County, N.J.; Mr. Budd. 

A cast of a large species, with the impression of the hinge representing large and prominent teeth. 

LUCINA. 

L. pinguis (pl. 24, fig. 18).-Suborbicular, ventricose; inequilateral; posterior margin truncated 

obliquely inwards; basal margin su bangulated posterior to the middle. 

Locality, New Jersey? CARDIUM. 

C. protextum (pl. 24, iig. 12).-Suboval or subtriangular, inequilateral, ventricose; ribs about 28 

in number, narrow, rounded, obsolete on the posterior submargin; posterior extremity obliquely truncated; beaks prominent; basal margin rounded; umbonal slope undefined; posterior end gaping. 

(A cast.) 
APPENDICES. 161 

Locality, Burlington County, N. J .. 

This beautiful species has an analogue in the European chalk, and is somewhat similar in form to 

C. hiantulum Ag. 

VENILIA? Morton. 

V. rhdrnboidea (pl. 24, fig. 7).-Rhomboidal; cavity of valves profound; sides concave; anterior 

side very short; umbo very prominent and curved as in Isocardia; umbonal slope profoundly carinated; 

posterior slope concave, depressed; posterior margin rectilinear, oblique, biangulated; disk with two 

or three wide shallow concentric furrows. (A cast.) 

Locality, Burlington County; Mr. Budd. 

PECTEN. 

P. quinquenaria (pl. 24, fig. 10).-0vate, much compressed, with five distant ribs, broad and 

rounded on one valve, narrow and subangulated on the opposite valve. (A cast.) 

Locality, Chesapeake and Delaware Canal; Doctor Morton. 

[page 276] ASTARTE. 

·A. parilis (pl. 24, fig. 16).-8mall, triangular, equilateral, compressed; basal margin regularly 

rounded; angles of the end margins situated at about equal distances from a'pex and base; disk concentrically undulated. 

Locality, Monmouth County, N.J. 

DENT ALlUM. 

D. subarcuatmn (pl. 24, fig. 13).-Slightly curved; tapering very gradually, flattened on the side 

of the outward curve, where a longitudinal raised line is margined by an impressed line on each side; 

on the inside curve is a longitudinal impressed line; another impressed line runs on one of the sides. 

(A cast and fragment.) 

Locality,'New Egypt, N.J. 

37351-No. 59---09-11 
APPENDIX v. 

NOTES ON SHELLS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE RECENT AND 

ONE FOSSIL SPECIES.a 

By T. A. CoNRAD. 

[page 31] Gnathodon.flexuosum, Con. Amer. Journal of Science and Arts, vol. 38, p. 93 (figured), 1840. 

G. rostratum Petit, 1853, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., p. 552. 

G. trigonum Petit is probably identical with G. lecontei Con., fossil in California (Journ. Acad. Nat. 

Sc., Jan., 1853). Petit's description was published July, 1853. 

NOTE ON THE GENUS TRIGONELLA, Con. 

This name being superseded, I propose to substitute thai of Pachydesma. 

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW DOLIUM. 

D. album.-Oblong-suboval, with convex ribs, which are closely arranged, except on the shoulder; 

about 18 on the body whorl; spire conical, with rounded volutions, columella perforated at base; lip simple, margin acute. 

This species most nearly resembles D. perdix in form, but is proportionally much narrower, with the 

ribs more distant and prominent on the shoulder, and with a channel round the suture which the other 

does ~ot possess. The spire is less elevated, the species much smaller, and the color nearly white without 

spots. 

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CONULARIA. 

C. indentata.-Elongated, quadrate, tapering very gradually, angles somewhat truncated and crossed 

by numerous indentations; surface minutely granulated by fine equal decussated lines. 

Locality, Galena, Ill.; Mr. Germain. 

This species has distant septa, and the middle of each side has an obsolete, slightly impressed, longitudinalline; on the cast there are two carinated approximate lines, with an impressed line on each side of 

them. 

[page 32] DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BULIMUS. 

B. lineolatus.-Oblong-ovate, thin, slightly umbilicated; whorls six, smooth; columella reflected, 

very narrow; lip reflected, very thin and acute; color white and fulvous, variegated, with dark-brown 

stripes, aperture more than half the length of the shell; spire conical. 

Inhabits volcano of Cartago, Costa Rica. 

This species approximates B. pazianus of D'Orbigny, but is more ventricose, has a shorter spire, 

broader bands,.narrower columella, and the lip is somewhat reflected, which is 'not a character of the 

allied species. That shell has the aperture less than half the length of the shell, whilst the other has it 

more than half its length. 

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ALASMODONTA. 

Subovate, thin, slightly contracted medially; umbonal slope rounded, slightly ventricose; 'ligament 

margin elevated; posterior margin obliquely truncated, the extremity subangulated and much above the 

line of the base; epidermis olivaceous, with a few obscure rays; cardinal tooth single in the right valve, 

long, compressed, elevated, triangular; in the left valve widely trifid, the posterior lobe obsolete, and 

situated posterior to the apex; within bluish. Length 1~, nearly; height seven-eighths. 

Locality, ---; J. G. Anthony. 

Exteriorly this shell closely resembles U. collinus Con., when young and without spines. 

a Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, March, 1854, pp. ~1-32. 

162 
APPENDIX VI.. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF FOSSIL SHELLS FROM THE EOCENE AND MIOCENE 

FORMATIONS OF CALIFORNIA.a 

By T. A. CoNRAD. 

[page 9] I. EOCENE. 

CARDIUM Lin. 

1. C.linteum Conrad (pl. 1, fig. 1).-Cordate, ventricose subequilateral, with closely arranged radiating lines, umbonal slope subcarinated; posterior submargin with closely arranged smooth strire, fine, but 

much larger than those of the disk. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas. Allied to C. nicolleti Con., but very distinct. 

DOSINIA Seopoli. 

2. D. alta Con. (pl. 1, fig. 2).-Elcvated equilateral?, posterior side short; disk with fine closely 

arranged concentric lines, becoming large toward the base; posterior extremity obtuse, direct. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding. 

MERETRIX,~am. CYTHEREA,Lam. 

3. M. uvasana Con. (pl. 1, fig. 3).-Suboval, convex, inequilateral, margins rounded; beaks distant 

from anterior margin; disk with concentric, rather distant ribs, which were probably laminiform when 

perfect. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas. 

There is but one broken valve of this species, in hard sandstone and with the ribs broken off. 

4. M. calijorniana Con. (pl. 1, fig. 4).-Subcordate, ventricose,· inequi}ateral; posterior extremity 

truncated somewhat obliquely inwards; basal m3.rgin nearly straight in the middle; lunule lanceolate; 

anterior extremity acutely rounded. 

Locality, occurs at the Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding species. Allied to M. poulsoni Con. 

CRASSATELLA Lam. 

5. C. uvasana Con. (pl. 1, fig. 5).-Subtriangular, compressed, concentrically sulcated above, and 

having a few slight concentric undulations inferiorly; ligament slope very oblique, rectilinear; anterior 

extremity regularly rounded. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding species. 

6. C. alta Conrad.-This species occurs in the same rock with the preceding, but only in small 

fragments. It appears to have been abundant, as it likewise is at Claiborne, Ala. The fracture has 

resulted from breaking the rock, as the shell appears to have been perfect and not waterworn. 

a Report of Mr. T. A. Conrad on the fossil shells collected in California by Wm. P. Blake: Rouse Doc. No.129,July, 1855.pp. 

9-20. This document, a thin octavo, was an appendix to Blake's preliminary geological report of the Pacific Railroad survey, 

Conrad's report forming Article I. It was printed without illustrations. The same.descr!ptions were reprinted in the quarto 

final reports (vol. 5, 1856, pp. 32(}-329). The final report contained the illustrations, the numbers of which do not correspond 

exactly to those assigned in the octavo. The principal other discrepancies between the two prints are here indicated by brackets or footnotes. Some of them are obviously mere typographical errors. 

163 
164 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

[page 10] MYTILUS Lin. 

7. M. humerus Con. (pl. 1, fig. 10).-0vate, ventricose, summit acute; anterior margin rectilinear; 

basal margin rounded; anterior extremity [obtusely rounded; posterior extremitya] less obtuse; disk 

with minute radiating lines. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding fossils. 

CARDITA Brug. 

8. C. planicosta (pl. 1, fig. 6).-0bliquely cordate; ribs about 22, broad and flattened, separated 

by a narrow groove which becomes obsolete toward the base; ribs on the posterior slope narrow, indistinct, a~d crossed by numerous profound wrinkles. Lunule small, cordate, profoundly impressed; 

inner margin crenate .• 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding fossils. Vencricardia planicosta Lam., An. sans 

Vert. (Desh. ed.), Vol. VI, p. 381. 

This common speeies occurs much larger, though less perfeet, than the one represented. This shell 

occurs abundantly in the Eocene strata of Maryland, Virginia, and Alabama, and is quite as ch~raeteristic of the American as of the European Eocene period. I discovered it in Maryland in 1829, and at 

that time regarded it as the first indication of the occurrence of deposits in the United States synchronous with those of the London clay. Professor Rogers has since named this shell Venericardia ascia. 

NATlCA Adanson.b 

9. N. cet?:tes? Con. (pl. 1, fig. 7). 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding fossils. 

N. cetites Conrad, Foss. Shells of Tert. Form., October, 1833. 

10. N. gibbosa and semilunata Lea, Cont. to Geol., December, 1833. There is but one specimen 

of this shell, which I refer with doubt to a Claiborne species. The outline is similar to that of the latter. 

but the aperture is concealed in the rock, which prevents the· necessary comparison to determine the 

identity or the difference. 

2.c N. alveata Con. (pl. l, figs. 8 and 8a).-VolutiOit8 five, flattened above, carinated on the angle, 

a few minute obsolete lines revolve on the upper side of the whorls; aperture inclining to an obovate 

form; umbilicus small. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas. 

This species is remarkable for its truncated whorls, which are channeled by the earina on the margin. 

There are no analogous species in the Eocene of the Atlantic 8lope. 

TURRITELLA Lam. 

11. T. uvasana Con. (pl. 1, fig. 12).-Subulate, whorls with the sides straight and oblique above, 

rounded below, and having large revolving striffi with intermediate minute lines; striffi near the suture 

on the upper part of the whorls finer than the prominent lines below. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding, in Canada de las Uvas. 

[page 11] This species is allied to 1'. obruta Conrad ( T. lineata Lea), but that Claiborne shell differ8 

in having fewer revolving lines, and in being indented at the suture. 

VOLUTATITHESd Swains. 

12. V. calijorniana Con. (pl. 1, fig. 9).-Resembles V. sayana Con., but smaller, having numerous 

rounded tubercles instead of the comparatively few spiniform ones of the latter. '!'he tubercles are 

somewhat oblique; base with rather distant impressed lines. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding. 

BUSYCON? 

1~. B?. blakei Con. (pl. 1, fig. 13).-Fusiform, body whorl bieariuated; shoulder profoundly tuberculated; tubercles acute, trarisversely compressed; lower angle distant, entire. Surfaee covered with 

a Words in brackets omitted in quarto. 

lJ Adamson in quarto. 

c This is made No. l1 in tho quarto, and all the remaining numbers are one higher. 

<I Misprint for Volutilithes.-W. H. D. 
APPENDICES. 165 

rather fine unequal or a'ternated wrinkled lines; upper side of the whorls flattened and sloping; whorls 

of the spire angulated and tuberculated in the middle. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding. , 

The beak of this shell being broken, its form and length are uncertain, and the aperture being concealed in the rock, the generic character can only be inferred-from the contour of the shcli. This corresponds with Busycon, except in the biangular form of the body whorl, in which respect it differs from 

any undoubted species that I have seen. 

CLAVATULA? Swains. 

14. C.? calijornica Con. (pl. 1, fig. 11).-Fusiform; spire conieal, volutions rmtnded, somewhat flattened above; body whor~ ventrieose; beak short and narrow. 

Locality, Canada de las Uvas, with the preceding. Allied to C. prornta Con., of the Claiborne 

Eocene, but proportionably narrower. 

II. FOSSILS ·oF THE MIOCENE AND RECENT FORMATIONS OF. CALIFORNIA. 

CARDIUM Lin. 

15. C. rnodest1~m (n,. s.) Con. (pl. 2, fig. 15).-Very small; ribs. about 22, narrow; coneentric 

wrinkled lines on the disk; posterior margin direct, truncated; umbonal slope angular; ligament margin 

parallel with the basal, and forming nearly a right angle with the posterior margin. 

Locality, San Diego.a 

NUCULA Lam. 

-16. N. decisa (n. s.) Con. (pl. 2, fig. 19).-Suboval or subrhomboidal, posterior margin obliquely 

truncated; disk with devaricating strire. 

Locality, San Diego, with the preceding. 

[page 12] This species resembles, in its divaricating strim, N. divaricata of the Oregon Miocene 

but the lines are proportionately larger, and_ the shell is smaller and different iu outline. 

CORBULA. 

17. c: d·iegoana Con. (pl. 2, fig. 16).-Triangular, ventricose, inequilateral, extremities subangulated; anterior margin very oblique, rectilinear; posterior margin forming with the ligament margin a 

slightly curved line, about equal in obliquity to the anterior margin; basal margin profoundly and 

nearly equally or regularly rounded. 

Locality, Mission of San Diego. 

MERETRIX Lam. 

18. M. uniomeris Con. (pl. ii, fig. 20).-0vate, very inequilateral, convex; posterior side cunei 

form; ligament margin very oblique, rectilinear; pmt.Prior extremity truncated, direct; beak distant 

from anterior margin. 

Locality, Monterey County, 18 miles south of Tres Pinos, in sandstone. 

19. M. decisa Con. (pl. ii, fig. 27).-Subquadrate, convex, very inequilateral; ligament slope very 

oblique, nearly straight; posterior extremity truncated; cardinal and lateral teeth robust. (Cast.) 

Locality, Ocoya Creek, in friable ferruginous coarse sandstone. (For the associate fossils, see pls. 

vi, vii, and viii.) 

20. M. tulararia Con. (pl. ii, figs. 22 and 22a).-Suboval or subtriangular, inequilateral, convex 

anteriorly; compressed and cuneiform posteriorly, anterior extremity acutely rounded and as nearly 

in a line with the beak as the base; basal margin tumid medially; posterior extremity subtnmcated. 

Locality, Tulare Valley. 

(NoTE.-This specimen is a. clay cast, and was found in a bowlder that had been washed down from 

the hills at the head of the Tulare Valley, about 20 miles west of the Canada de las Uvas.-W. P. B.) 

a' 'Mission" added in quarto. 
166 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

TELLINA Lin. 

21. T. diegoana Con. (pl. ii, fig. 28).-0vate-elliptical, compressed, inequilateral, concentrically 

striated. Slope carinated; posterior extremity suddenly produced or rostrated, and he low the posterior 

basal margin. 

Locality, San Diego, in sandstone. 

22. T. congesta Con. (pi: ii, figs. 14, 18, 21).-Subtriangular, ventricose, incquilateral; anterior 

margin obliquely truncated; anterior basal margin subrectilinear, oblique, extremity angulated, [page 

13] much above the line of the base; posterior margin and posterior basal margin regularly rounded. 

Localities, Monterey, Mission of San Diego, Carmelo. 

This interesting species is very abundant at Monterey, in indurated drab-colored clay. There is 

merely a chalky trace of the shell remaining. It occurs in a somewhat similar rock at Carmelo, and in 

sandstone at San Diego. Fig. 21 is from San Diego, 22 from Monterey, and 23 from Carmela. 

23. T. pedroana (n. s.) Con. (pl. 2, fig. 17).-Subtriangular, inequilateral, compressed; anterior 

dorsal margin oblique, rectilinear; anterior extremity truncated, posterior margin regularly rounded, 

basal margin subrectilinear. · 

Locality, San Pedro; rcc~nt formation. 

A thin smooth species, of which only one valve was obtained. 

ARCA Lin. 

24. A. m·icrodonta Con. (pl. 2, fig. 29).-Rhomboidal, ventricose, thick in substance; anterior side 

very short; umbonal slope rounded. Ribs 25, prominent, narrow, wider posteriorly, except on the posterior slope, where they are small and not prominent, about five in number. Cardinal teeth small, numerous, closely arranged, larger toward the extremities. Inner margin profoundly dentate; dorsal area 

rather wide and marked with about six impressed lines; beaks distant. 

Locality, Tulare Valley?; Miocene. 

There is but one valve in the collection, and it has some resemblance to A. arata Say, of the Maryland 

Miocene .. The locality is given by Mr. nlake with a mark of .doubt. 

TAPES. 

25. T. diversum Sow. (pl. ii, figs. 24, 24a, and 26).-0btusely oval or suborbiculary ventricose, 

inequilateral; disk with numerous radiating prominent strire or ribs, and concentric wrinkled lines, 

which arc profound anteriorly; posterior margin nearly direct, obtusely rounded or subtruncated; inner 

margin with small crenuhtions; ligament plate broad and profoundly indented. 

Locality, San Pedro, in calcareous marl; recent formation. 

SAXICAVA Fleur. de Bell. 

26. S. abr-upta Con. (pl. ii, figs. 25 and 25a).-Suboval, ventricose, inequilateral; concentrically 

wrinkled; anterior margin obtusely rounded obliquely inward; posterior extremity truncated, direct, 

dorsal and basal margin nearly parallel. 

Locality, San Pedro; recent formation. 

PETRICOLA L~m. 

27. P. pedroana Con. (pl. ii, fig. 23).-Elliptical, profoundly inequilateral, comP.ressed, undulated 

concentrically, and with very minute closely arranged radiating lines. 

[page 14] Locality, occurs with the preceding shell; recent formation. 

One broken valve of this species occurred in the same specimen of rock iri which they had bored. 

Some specimens of the Saxicava are entire, and fill the cavities they have formed, when living. 

SClliZOTH<ERUS Conrad. 

28. S. nuttalli Con. (pl. iii, figs. 33 and 33a).-Ovatc, ventricose, gaping widely posteriorly; moderately thick in substance; anterior side short, abruptly rounded at the extremity; posterior side elongated 

extremely truncated; dorsal line slightly concave; umbo not prominent; basal margin profoundly 
APPENDICES. 167 

rounded; hinge plate broad, cartilage pit large, obliquely ovate, profound; cardinal teeth in the left 

valve two, one in the right valve; anterior cardinal plate broad, with an angular depression throughout 

its entire length, posterior one narrow, with a deep angular channel in which is a bifid plate in the right 

valve; cavity of shell and umbo profound. 

Locality, 'San Pedro, in calcareous marl; recent formation.-\V. P. Blake. 

I have referred this shell to the same genus in which I placed Lutraria nuttaZZ,i of the California coast. 

The hinge is very similar to that of Lutraria, but the long deep channels of the hinge are similar to those of 

L. mdtalli, the animal of which differs from that of Lutraria. I do not know of any recent species of the 

latter genus in California. 

LUTRARIA? Lam. 

29. L. traskei Con. (pl. iii, fig. 30).-Suboval, ventricose, inequilateral, hinge and basal margin 

nearly parallel; posterior margin subtnmcated and slightly oblique, or approaching a direct outline; posterior extremity rounded. 

Locality, Carmela; Miocene? (Received frot~dohn B. Trask, by whom it was collected.-W. P. B.) 

MACTRA Lin. 

30. llf. diegoana Con. (pl. iv, fig. 35).-Triangular ventricose, inequilateral, anterior side oblique, 

rectilinear; umbonal slope carinated and nearly terminal; basal margin profoundly and regularly 

rounded. 

Locality, San Diego; Miocene? 

This species is nearly allied to· Jf. albaria of the Oregon Miocene, which probably belongs to the same 

rock as the present species. The concentric ridges represented in the figure are caused by weathering, as 

the disk was originally smooth. 

MODIOLA Lam. 

31. Jlf. contracta Con. (pl. iv, fig. 35).-Elongated, narrowed anteriorly, contracted submedially; 

basal margin widely contracted; disk with numerous minute radiating lines. 

Locality, Monterey County, !Sa miles south of Tres Pimos [Pinos]; recent formation. 

A portion of the shell remains, showing traces of fine radiating lines. Miocene? 

[page 15) MYTILUS Lin. 

32. Jf. pedroanus Con. (pl. -;fig. 40).-0blong-subovate, ventricose, dorsal line ungulated medially, 

angle rounded; beak projecting slightly beyond the basal margin; posterior extremity rounded; basal 

margin rectilinear. 

Locality, San Pedro; recent formation. 

PECTEN Lin. 

33. P. deserti Con. (pl.-, fig. 41).-Suborbicular, both valves convex; ribs about 23, rounded, somewhat flattened toward the base, about as wide as the interstices; [in the lower valve much wider than the 

interstices, b) and the valve more convex than the opposite one; ears equal in the upper valve; left ear of 

lower valve ~xtended downward and very obliquely striated; cartilage pit profound; a submarginal 

channel parallel with the upper margin. 

Locality, Carrizo Creek, Colorado Desert; Miocene. 

ANOMIA Lin. 

34. A. subcostata Con. (pl. -,fig 34).-0btusely ovate, thick in substance, umbo of larger valve ventricose, hinge thickened; surface of this valve obtusely undulated concentrically and marked with 

waved, wrinkled, very irregular interrupted ribs, not much raised except toward the base, where they are 

larger and somewhat tuberculiform, upper valve entire, or with obsolete radii toward the base. 

Locality, Carrizo Creek, Colorado Desert; Miocene. 

Allied to A. ruffini of the Virginia Miocene, but thicker, less expanded, and with the radii more numerous and more riblike. 

alfi in quarto. b Words in brackets omitted in q uurto. 
168 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

OSTREA Lin. 

35. 0. vespertina Con. (pl. -, figs. :~6, 37, 38).-0vate, sub falcate, lower valve plicated or ribbed 

more or less profoundly; hinge long and wide, sharp and somewhat pointed; ligament cavity wide, pro· 

found, minutely wrinkled; margins abrupt; cavity not very deep; muscularimpression large, impressed; 

upper valve flat, irregular, plicated on the margin; a submarginal furrow, slightly impressed, crenulated 

[nearly to its basal curve, profoundly crenulated a] toward the hinge. 

Locality, Carrizo Creek; Miocene. 

35. 0. 1;espertina Con., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., new series, vol. 2, part 4, p. :100.-This species is 

very similar in form and plications to 0. subfalcata Con., of the Virginia Miocene. 

,36. 0. heerman[n]i Con., [Proc.]Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia [VII, 1855, p. 267)-h-Very irregular 

in form, thick,c ovate and often dilated; lo'wer valve shallow; exterior very irregular, with large distant 

angular radiating ribs, and with pits,d irregular cavities; cartilage pit broad and oblique; upper valve 

flat or concave, with a profoundly irregi1lar surface. Length 5i inches, height 6! inches.e 

Locality, Carrizo Creek, Colorado Desert; Dr. Heermann. 

[page 16] This large oyster shell probably belongs to the same deposit which contains 0. vesper-. 

tina and Anomia subcostata. The surfaces of most specimens have a resemblance to worm-eaten wood, 

having been evidently sculptured by some marine animal. f 

PENITELLA. 

37. P. spelceum Con. g (pl.-, 43, 43a, 43b) .-Ovate, ventricose, anteriorly inflated with fine radiating lines and transverse wrinkles, transverse furrow medial, angular, slightly oblique; posterior side 

cuneitorm, truncated at the extremity, which is direct, and with prominent, acute, wrinkled concentric 

lines; front dorsal margin widely recurved, trisulcate; cardinal plate broad, sulcated process slender, 

direct. 

Locality, San Pedro; recent formation. 

No trace of the coriaceous cup, characteristic of this genus, remains in the collection. It is widely 

distinct from the recent species of the California coast, P. penita Conrad. 

FISSURELLA Lam. 

38 . .F. crenulata Sow. (pl. -, fig. 44).-0blong subovate, slightly contracted laterally opposite 

the foramen. Shell with numerous radiating conspicuous compressed li~es; foramen large, subovate, 

not nearly central; inner margin crenulated, thickened basal margin sinuous; inner margin of foramen 

broadly callous; cavity profound. 

F. crenulata Sowerby, Zankerville rTankerville] Catalogue. 

Locality, San Pedro; recent formation. This is the largest fossil species I have seen. 

CREPIDULA Lam. CRYPT A Humph. 

39. C. princeps Con. (pl. -, fig. 52).-0blong ovate, thick and ponderous, contracted or compressed superiorly; upper side or portion of the shell sloping; back regularly rounded; beak prominent, 

rounded, laterally curved; apex distant from the margin of the aperture; diaphragm very large, with 

a very sinuous margin. 

Locality, Santa Barbara; recent formation. 

'This is the largest species that has come under my observation, and is very distinct from any that 

has yet been described. · 

---------,.-----------------------------------

a Words in brackets omitted in quarto. 

b This species is not figured in the Philadelphia Proceedings, nor in the quarto Pacific R. R. report, nor anywhere else, 

so far as known. It is believe:l to be identical with 0. haitensis Sowerby. '!'he imperfect reference of the original has been 

completed by the insertion of the words in brackets.-W. H. D. 

c "Thick" omitted in quarto. 

d ( • And'' inserted in quarto. 

e Footnote added in quarto: "The figures which are given in Pl. - are from a smaller and more characteristic specimen than that of which the dimensions are given by Mr. Conrad. The specimen which is figured is, however, much worn and 

broken on the edges." Sec note b, above. 

f These specimens were picked up by Dr. Heermann in the bed of the creek, and were undoubtedly derived from a portion of the stratum of shells that I found in situ.-W. P. Blake. 

g • 'P. spelcea" in quarto. 
APPENDICES. 

NARICA. 

40. N. diegoana Con. (pl.-, fig. 39).-Subglobose, sides flattened; obtuse above. 

Locality, San Diego; Miocene? 

Partially imbedded in the rock and its form not accurately determined. 

[page 17] TROCHITA Schum. 

169 

41. T. diegoana Con. (pl. -, fig. 42.)-Conical; volutions three, rounded, smooth; body whorl 

ventricose. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding; Miocene? 

CRUCIBULUM Shum. 

42. C. spinosum Con. (pl. -, fig. 46).-Moderately elevated, suboval, armed with numerous prominent spines in radiating series; spines smaller, and the series more closely arranged anteriorly; apex 

subcentral?, prominent, acute; shell with concentric wrinkles. 

Calyptrxa spinosa? Sowerby. 

Locality, San Diego? Recent on the coast of Peru. 

NASSA Lam. 

43. N. intastriata a Con. (pl. -, fig. 4!J).-Ovate-acute; whorls 5!, rounded, cancellated; longitu. 

dina! strire nodulous, except toward the base of body whorl; a deep sulcus behind the beak, two upper 

volutions entire; labrum striated within; spire conical, longer than the aperture. 

Locality, San Pedro; recent formation: . 

The surface of this shell is roughened by a tubercle on the longitudinal, at each intersection of the 

revolving lines. 

44. N. pedroana Con. (pl. -, fig. 48).-Subfusiform, smooth; volutions rounded, spire conical, 

longer than the aperture, which is elliptical; columella very regularly concave. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding; ~ecent formation. 

This small species resembles Nassa lunata Say, as the preceding approximates N. trivittata SayThis is very remarkable, as the two latter are recent shells of the Atlantic coast, associated with each 

other, both in the sea and in the Miocene deposits of Virginia and Maryland. 

STREPHONA Browne. OLIVA Lam. 

45. S. pedroana Con. (pl. -, fig. 51).-Small, elliptical; spire conical, about equal in length to 

the aperture; base of columella with a prominent fold. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding; recent formation. 

A small abundant species, sometimes waterworn, without any prominent character except the 

fold at the base, which is more conspicuous, considering .the size of the shell, than is usual in the genus. 

LITTORINA Fer. 

4&. L. pedroana Con. (pl. -, fig. 50).-Suboval; spire very short; body whorl abruptly rounded 

abo.ve; aperture obliquely subovate. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding; recent formation. 

STRAMONITA Shum. PURPURA Lam. 

47. S. petrosa Con. (pl. -, figs. 47 and 47a).-Subglobose; whorls four, subangulated; body whorl 

with three revolving rows of distant tubercles [page 18] and flattened at the summit. Spire conical; 

penultimate whorl with one series of tubercles. . 

Locality, Tulare Valley. (Found' with Meretrix tularana Con. (pl. ii, figs. 22 and 32a. Both specimens are clay casts, but very perfect.-W. P. B.) 

III. TERTIARY SHELLS OF THE ISTHMUS OF DARIEN. 

MIOCENE? 

Mr. Blake has forwarded me casts of three bivalves. They are forms which are new to me, and 

probably Miocene species. The Gratelupia, except in being truncated posteriorly, much resembles 

G. hydeana Conrad, an Eocene fossil. 

a "N. inter striata" in qna.rto. 
170 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

GRATELUPIA Desmoulins. 

48. G.? mactropsis Con. (pl-.-, fig. 54).--Triangular, inequilateral; dorsal margins equally oblique, 

straight; basal margin rounded anteriorly, slightly curved posteriorly, posterior extremity truncated, 

direct, considerably above the line of the base. 

Locality, Isthmus of Darien. 

MERETRIX. 

49. 1lf. daricna Con. (pl. -, fig. 55).-0btusely and obliquely subovate; ventricose; inequilateral; 

anterior extremity angulated and situated much nearer the beak than the base; anterior dorsal line 

straight and oblique; beak not prominent; basal and posterior margins profoundly rounded. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding. 

TELLINA Lin. 

50. T. dariena Con. (pl. -, fig. 53).-Subtriangular, compressed; anterior hinge margin rectilinear, 

very oblique, extremity truncated, direct; posterior extremity regularly rounded; base moderately 

curved. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding. 

IV. MIOCENE FOSSILS FROM OCOYA CREEK. 

The following are descriptions of some of the fossils from Ocoya Creek (Pose Creek), which occur only 

as casts. The collection contains many of these casts, but the descriptions are principally based upon 

the drawings made at the locality by Mr. Blake. 

NATICA. 

51. N. ocoyana Con. (pl. vi, fig. 57).-Spire conical, volutions three or four, rounded on the sides, 

depressed above; body whorl. very wide, depressed. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake. 

52. N. geniculata Con. (pl. vi, fig. 67).-Globose, volutions angulated above; spire short, conical; 

body whorl contracted ncar the summit. 

Locality, OcoyaCreek; W, P. Blake. 

[page 19] Resembles N. alveata Con., of the California Eocene. (Seep. 10.) 

BULLA. 

53. B. jugularis Conrad (pl. vi, figs. 62, 62a, 62b).-Oblong elongated, much contracted toward the 

apex; acutely rounded at the base. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake. 

PLEUROTOMA. 

54. P. transmontana Conrad (pl. vi, fig. 69).-Fusiform, with rugose revolving lines and distant short 

longitudinal undulations on the body whorl; volutions of the spire rounded; longitudinally undulated. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake. 

[55. P. ocoyana Conrad (pl. vi, fig. 71).-Short fusiform body, whorl ventricose, contracted near the 

suture, surface marked with revolving lines and numerous longitudinal furrows. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake.] a . 

SYCOTOPUS.I> 

56. S. ocoyanus Conrad (pl. vi, fig. 72):-Spirc depressed; whorls flattened above; shoulder subangulated, sides somewhat flattened, columella profoundly rounded above and concave below. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake. · 

TURRITELLA. 

57. T. ocoyana Conrad (pl. vii, figs. 73, 73a, 73b).-Volutions 13 or 14, straight at the sides, rounded 

at base, and having well-marked revolving lines, base broad; volutions suddenly tapering to the apex. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake. 

wThc description of P. ocoyana does not appear in the quarto, but the numbers jump from 55 to 57 and the name is 

included in the catalogue that precedes the descriptions. 

b "Syctopus" in quarto;=Sycotypus.-W. H. D. 
APPENDICES. 171 

COL US. 

58. C. arctatus Conrad (pl. vii, fig. 76).-Narrow fusiform; whorls rounded; beak very slender, somewhat sinuous. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek, California; W. P. Dlake. 

TELLINA. 

59. T. ocoyana Conrad (pl. vii, fig. 75).-Elliptical compressed inequilateral; posterior extremity 

acutely rounded, much above the line of the base; anterior end somewhat acutely rounded; car-iinal 

teeth robust. 

PECTEN. 

CO. P. nevadanus Conrad (pl. viii, fig. 77).-0vate, flat or slightly concave; ribs 17?, large, flattened 

on the back; interstices strongly wrinkled transversely. 

This shell is so much nearly allied to N. humphreysii of Maryland that, taken in connection with P. 

catillifornisc (pl. viii), it may be regarded as a Miocene species. The strata in which they occur may 

safely be referred to that period. 

Locality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake. 

[page 20] 61. P. catillifornis a Conrad (pl. viii, fig. 83).-0rbicular planoconvex, with radiatine- strire 

and distinct rounded ribs; ears equal. 

J,ocality, Ocoya Creek; W. P. Blake. 

This large pecten has such a general resemblance toP. madisonius Say, of the Virginia Miocene, that I 

have no doubt that it existed at the same period, or at least after the Eocene. There is none such now 

living on the coast of California, and none in the Eocene, of this group of large pectens, which occur 

almost everywhere in the Miocene deposits of the Atlantic slope. 

In addition to the above-described species, there are many specimens and drawings in which the 

specific characters are not preserved with sufficient distinctness for description. Among these arc individuals of the genera [Cardium? or] b Area, Solen, Dosida, and Venus. 

a"?. cattlliforruis ''in quarto. b Words in brnckets omitted in quarto. 
APPENDIX VII. 

NOTE ON THE MIOCENE AND POST-PLIOCENE DEPOSITS OF CAIJIFORNIA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW FOSSIL CORALS.a 

By T. A. CONRAD. 

MIOCENE. 

Post-Pliocene deposits of shells occur at various places on the coast of California, as Santa Barbara, San 

Pedro, etc., but I have seen specimens of Miocene fossils from no other locality on the coast than near the. 

former town, where they were obtained by Doctor Heermann, who informs me that they are very little 

elevated above the sea, and that the post-Pliocene fossils rest immediately upon them. This Miocene 

deposit consists chiefly of fine loose brown sand and small corals, the most qf which are a species herein 

described as Idmonea californica. The shells have been described in the Proceedings for February, 1855, 

page 267, and consist of .Me:rcenaria perlaminosa, Pecten heermanni, Diadora crucibuliformis, Pandora bilirata, and Cardita occidentalis. 

The .Me:rcenaria and Peeten arc closely related to species of the Virginia Miocene, and indeed there is 

an extraordinary analogy in all the above-mentioned shells to species of the Atlantic Miocene deposits; 

and what is equally remarkable, they have no resemblance to the existing California species, many of 

which are embedded in sand above them; affording perhaps a stronger contrast between the two groups 

than occurs in any other part of the world. The Atlantic Miocene and post-Pliocene, on the contrary, 

contain a few species in common and others which arc analogous. 

IDMONEA Lamouroux. 

· Idmonea californica.-,-Branches compressed, slender, bifurcated; tubular openings projecting, 

irregularly grouped, but disposed to form in transverse series; longitudinal line between the openings or 

cells, microscopic or obsolete; reverse surface planoconvex, transversely wrinkled and slightly furrowed; 

section exhibiting 15 to 20 angular pores. 

The branches of this species arc about one-eighth of an inch wide. I have not seen any among them 

anastomosed. It belongs to the genus Crisisina D'Orbigny. 

Among these corallines is a species of Tubulipora, a Retepora, and a Lichenopora which may be 

namedLichenopora californica.-Adhering; tubular openings numerous; arranged in irregular branching 

rays; central depression rather deep and with numerous unequal pores. Diameter about one-fourth of an 

inch. 

POST-PLIOCENE. 

Near Santa Barbara and San Pedro Doctor Heermann collected a number of fossil shells of the same 

species which inhabit the acljaccnt coast, among which are Platyodon cancellatum Conrad, Schizothx]"'Us 

nuttallii Con., Venus nuttallii Con., Tellina nasuta, an<l Tapes diver sa Sower by, among the bivalves, and a 

number of univalves. 

a Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, December, 1855, p. 441. 

172 
APPENDIX VIII. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW GENERA, 

SPECIES MIDDLE TERTIARY FOSSILS 

TWENTY-THKEE NEW 

FROM CALIFORNIA, AND 

ONE FROM TEXAS.a 

By T. A. CONRAD. 

[page312] JANIRA Schum. 

Janira bella.-Subtriangular; inferior valve convex, ribs 14 or 15, square, about as wide as the intervening spaces, very prominent, some of them with [page 313] one or two longitudinal obsolete lines; disk 

finely wrinkled concentrically; upper valve flattened, deeply depressed toward the apex; ribs rather 

narrower than those of the opposite valve, obscurely bicarinated above, disk ornamented with close, fine, 

squamose, concentric wrinkles. Length 4 inches; height3i inches. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

PALLIUM Klein. 

l. P. estrellanum.-Suborbicul~r; lower valve ventricose, slightly undulated; ribs 17, broad, little 

prominent, convex, with an intermediate linear rih, from which the larger ribs are separated by an 

impressed line; upper valve convex, somewhat undulated, ribs flattened and the intermediate small rihs 

with a longitudinal impressed line on the lower part of the valve. Height 2~ inches. 

. Locality, Estrella Valley, California; Dr. Newberry. 

2. P. erassicardo.-Ohtusely ovate or suborbicular, thick; lower valve ventricose; ribs 15-16, 

elevated, back rounded, sides flattened, disks radiato-striate, 9 or 10 on the ri~s, intervals of ribs concave, 

umbo or whole disk at wide intervals having a tendency to be humped and nodose; upper valve convex 

or ~lightly ventricose; ears large, equal; hinge thick, with prominent, acute, oblique teeth; fosset profound; muscular impression very large. Height 5 inches. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; A. S. Taylor. 

PECTEN Lin. 

l. Pecten meekii.-Suborbicular, compressed; ribs 19, not very prominent, convex-depressed ou·the 

back, angulated on the sides. Height 6~ inches. 

Locality, San Rafael Hills; Mr. Antisell. 

2: P. altiplectus.-Obtuscly ovate; ribs squamose, slender, nine of them distant, profoundly elevated. Height 2?, inches. 

Locality, with the p_receding; Mr. A ntisell. 

PACHYDESMA Conrad. 

P. inezana.-Triangular, equilateral; anal side subcuneifonn; teeth robust. 

Locality, Santa.Ynez Mountains; Mr. Antisell. 

MULINIA Gray. 

M. densata.-Subovate, ventricose, thick, very inequilateral; posterior side very short compara· 

tively, contracted; extremity subtruncated, much above the line of the base; posterior basal margin 

very oblique and contracted; anterior end obliquely truncated; anterior basal margin roooded; summits prominent, distant; lateral teeth very robust and prominent; inner margin entire. Length 2t 

inches. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

a Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 8, December, J8.51i, pp. 312-316. 

173 
174 THE MIOCENE 01!' ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

THRACIA Leach. 

Thracia mactropsis.-Subtriangular, subequilateral, ventricose; anterior side cmieiform or subrostrated, posterior end regularly rounded; ligament margin very oblique; base regularly and profoundly 

rounded; umbonal slope abruptly rounded; summit prominent, posterior to the middle of the valve; 

anterior extremity angular. Length 1 inch. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; Doctor Newberry; 

MYA Lin. 

Mya montereyana.-Suboval, slightly ventricose, thin, inequilateral; summit hardly prominent, 

anterior end subtruncated? posterior end acutely rounded, [page 314) the extremity situated more nearly 

on a line with the beak than the base; disk concentrically rugoso-striate. Length It inches. · 

Locality, Monterey, Cal.; Dr. Newberry. 

ARCA Lin. 

l. Area canalis.-Subtrapezoidal, ventricose; ribs 24-26, flattened, scarcely prominent, divided by 

a longitudinal furrow; disk concentrically wrinkled; umbo ventricose; summits prominent, remote 

from the center. Length 2! inches; height li inches. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal. 

2. Area trilineata.-Trapezoidal, somewhat produced, inequilateral, ventricose; ribs 22-24, scarcely 

prominent, square, wider than the intervening spaces, ornamented with three impressed or four raised 

lines; disks concentrically wrinkled; summits prominent; beaks approximate. Length 3 inches. 

I~ocality, occurs with the preceding. 

3. Area congesta.-Rhomboidal, ventricose, inequilateral; ribs about 27, convex on the back, wider 

than the intervals which are transversely striate; anterior ribs crenate; ligament margin elevated; posterior end obtusely rounded; summits prominent. Length five-eighths inch. 

Locality, California; Doctor Newberry. 

AXINlEA Poli. PECTUNCULUS Lam. 

Axinxa barbarensis.-Lentiform, subequilateral, concentrically wrinkled; ribs about 37, scarcely 

prominent, flat, defined by an impressed line, wanting on the sub margins and obsolete toward the base; 

summits slightly prominent. Length li inches; height rather more than 1} inches. 

ARCOPAGIA. 

Areopagia medialis.-Oval, both valves slightly ventricose, anteriorly; upper valve much contracted 

or concave toward the umbonal slope, which is angulated; postumbonal slope slightly contracted in 

the middle, emarginate at base; the corresponding slope of the lower valve deeply folded, refleeted 

toward the extremity; disks rugosa-striate concentrically. It has an affinity to A. biplicata Conrad, but 

. is proportionally longer. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; A. S. Taylor. 

'TAPES Sowerby. 

Tapes linteatum.-Ob1ong-ova1, ventrieose; buecal side short, extremity obtusely rounded; anal 

side elongated, end regularly rounded; ligament margin long, oblique, straight; disks radiated with fine 

unequal lines, exeept on the postumbonal slope, whieh is entire. Length 2 inehes. 

Lo_cality, ---; Doctor Newberry. 

CRYPTOMYA Conrad. 

Cryptomya ovalis.-Oval, compressed, posterior end truncated; umbonal slope angulated on the 

umbo; beaks medial; basal margin medially truncated; disk medially flattened. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

CYCLAS ~lein. LUCINA Lam. 

Cyclas tetrica.-Suboval, compressed? Very inequilateral, somewhat oblique; disks concentrically striate; larger strim prominent, acute, distant, the intervals with four or five unequal, fine, wrinkled 

lines; beaks scarcely prominent above the dorsal line. Length lt inches. 
APPENDICES. 17 5 . 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; A. S. Taylor. 

[page 315] Spondylus estrallensis.-Obtusely ovate; both valves ventricose; ribs 17, not very 

prominent, rounded, rugose; valves with radiating strire. 

Locality, Estrella Valley; Mr. Antisell. 

DOSINIA Scopoli. 

1. Dosinia longula.-Regularly ventricose, inequilateral, longitudinally oval; margins 

regularly rounded; summit prominent; buccal margin more obtusely rounded than the anal. 

1} inches. 

Locality, Monterey, Cal.;- Doctor Newberry. 

and base 

Length 

2. Dosinia alta.-Obtusely subovate or suboval from beak to base; posterior margin curved, profoundly oblique; base regularly and rather acutely rounded; summits prominent, oblique; surface 

marked with numerous fine, concentric, impressed lines; beaks medial. Height 4 inches. 

Locality, Monterey, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

LUTRARIA. 

Lutraria transmontana.-Longitudinally ovato-triangular, inequilateral, thin; anal side subcuneiform; surface concentrically indented, umbo irregularly plicated. 

Locality, Rancho Triumpho, near Los Angeles; Mr. Antisell. 

SCHIZOPYGA Conrad. 

Bucciniform; columella concave, plicate; lower part of body volution deeply channeled, the 

channel emarginating the columella. 

Schizopyga cal-(_forniana.-Volutions rounded, having revolving ribs and longitudinal furrows, 

giving the ribs a nodulous character; basal excavation profound. -

Locality, Santa Clara, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

TAMIOSOMA Conrad. 

An elongated tube, apparently entire, porous and cellular throughout its substance; interior 

filled with numerous irregula.rly-disposed vaulted cells connected by longitudinal slender tubes, funnel-shaped beneath; aperture resembling that of Balamts. 

Tarniosoma gregar·ia.-Subquadrangular, elongated, longitudinally furrowed and striate, and 

having fine, undulated, transverse lines; mouth small, oblique; upper part of the tube oblique, deeply 

indented or balaniform, and coarsely striated longitudinally. Length, 8 inches. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; A. S. Taylor. Growing in clusters like Balani. No sutures, 

indicating separate valves; cells very thin plates, convex surface downward. 

ECHINODERMS. 

ASTRODAPSIS Conrad. 

Suboval, depressed; ambulacral areas elevated or ridged; ambulacra nearly straight, widely open 

at the extremity; mouth central; anus submarginal, beneath; radiating grooves as in Lagamtm. • 

Astrodapsis antiselli.-Pentangular, suboval; ambulacral ridges rounded on the back, straight and 

oblique on the sides; interambulacral areas profoundly depressed, angulated in the middle; point of 

divergence of the ambulacra depressed below the level of the ridges, not quite central, but anterior to 

the middle; anus small, almost marginal. Length 1~ inches. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; A. S. Taylor. 

[page 316] MELLITA Klein. 

Melliia texana.-Suborbicular; very wide anterior to ·the middle; ambulacm. moderately curved, 

nearly closed; lunules five, moderately wide. 

Locality, Texas; Dr. Francis Moore. 

Form of M. testinata Klein, but the ambulacm are proportionally longer and narrower, and the 

middle lunule much shorter. (A Tertiary fossil.) · 
APPENDIX IX. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE TERTIARY FOSSILS COLLECTED ON THE 

SURVF.Y.a 

ny T. A. CoNRAn. 

[page 69] CALIFORNIA FOSSILS. 

UNIVALVE. 

scmZOPYGA Conrad. 

Bucciniform; columella concave. plicate; lower part of body volution deeply channeled, the 

channel emarginating the columella. 

Schizopyga cal·iforniana (Pl. II, fig. 1).-Volutions rounded, having revolving ribs and longitudinal 

furrows, giving the ribs a nodulous character; basal excavation profound.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. 

Sci., December, 1856, p. 315. 

Locality, Santa Clara, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

The above genus is probabfy related to Cancellaria. 

BIVALVE~. 

CRYPTOMYA Conrad. 

Cryptomya ovalis (Pl. II, fig. 2).-0val, compressed, posterior end truncated; umbonal slope angulated on the umbo; beaks medial; basal margin medially tr,tmcated; disk medially flattened.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. for December, 1856, p. 314. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

Rather smaller than the recent C. cal1;forniea, less regularly oval, inequilateral, etc. 

THRACIA Leach. 

Thracia mactropsis (Pl. II, fig. 3).-Subtriangular, subequilateral, ventricose; anterior side cunei- . 

form or subrostrated, posterior end regularly rounded; ligament margin very oblique; base [page 70] 

regularly and profoundly rounded; umbonal slope abruptly rounded; summit prominent, posterior 

to the middle of the valve; anterior extremity angular. Length 1 inch.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., 

December,1856, p. 313. 

• Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

MYALin. 

Mya mon{ereyana (Pl. II, fig. 4).-Suboval, slightly ventricose, thin, inequilateral; summit hardly 

prominent; anterior end subtruncated?, posterior end acutely rounded, the extremity situated more 

nearly on a line with the beak than the base; disk concentrically rugoso-striate. Length 1t inches.-

Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., December, 1856, p. 313. 

Locality, Monterey, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

This and the preceding fossil belong to the same rock in which the Schizopyga occurs, the group 

having no resemblance to that of Estrella, or other localities referred to in this paper. 

Myn? subsinuatn (Pl. II, fig. 5).-Somewhat sinumts, ovate, slightly reflected at both ends; contracted medially or from beak to base. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal. 

a Pacific R. R. Repts., vol. 6, pt. 2, No.2, 1857, pp. 69-73. 

176 
APPENDICES. 177 

ARCOPAGIA Leach. 

Arcopagia medialis (Pl. II, fig. 6).-0val, both valves slightly ventricose anteriorly; upper valve 

much contracted or concave toward the umbonal slope, which is angulated; postumbonal slope slightly 

contracted in the middle, emarginate at base; the corresponding slope of the lower valve deeply folded, 

reflected toward the extremity; disks mgoso-striate concentrically.-Proceedings A cad. Nat. Sci., 

December, 1856, p. 314. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; A. S. Taylor. 

TAPES Sowerby. 

Tapes linteatum (Pl. II, fig. 7).-0blong-oval, ventricose; buccal side short, extremity obtusely 

rounded; anal side elongated, end regul,arly rounded; ·ligament margin long, oblique, straight, disks 

radiated with fine, unequal lines, except on the pogtumbonal slope, which is entire.-Proceedings Acad. 

Nat. Sci., December, 1856, p. 314. 

Locality, California; Doctor Newberry. 

ARCA Lin. 

1. Area canalis (Pl. II, fig. 8).-Subtrapezoidal, ventricos~; ribs 24-26, flattened, scarcely prominent, divided by a longitudinal furrow; disk concentrically wrinkled; umbo ventricose; summits 

prominent, remote from the center.-ProceedingsAcad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 314. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

2. Area trilineata (Pl. II, fig. 9).-Trapewidal, somewhat produced, inequilateral, ventricose; ribs 

22-24, scarcely prominent, square, wider than the intervening spaces, ornamented with three impressed 

or four raised lines; disks concentrically wrinkled; summits prominent; beaks approximate. Length 

3 inches.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 314. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding. 

3. Area con,qesta (Pl. II, fig. 10).-Rhomboidal, ventricose, inequilateral; ribs about 27, convex 

[page 71] on the back, wider than the intervals, which are transversely striate; anterior ribs crenate; 

ligament margin elevated; posterior end obtusely rounded; summits prominent. Length, five-eighths 

inch.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 314. 

Locality, California; Doctor Newberry. 

AXINlEA Poli. PECTUNCULUS Lam. 

Axinrea barbarensis (Pl. III, fig. 11).-Lentiform, subequilateral, concentrically wrinkled; ribs 

about 37, scarcely prominent, flat, defined by an impressed line, wanting on the submargins and obsolete toward the base; summits slightly prominent. 

MULINIA Gray. 

M. densata (Pl. III, fig. 12).-Subovate, ventricose, thick, very inequilateral; posterior side very 

short comparatively, contracted; extremity subtruncated, much above the line of the base; posterior 

basal margin very oblique and contracted; anterior eJ?.d obliquely truncated; anterior basal margin 

rounded; summits prominent, distant; lateral teeth very robust and prominent; inner margin entire.-

Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 313. 

Locality, Santa Barbara and shores of San Pablo Bay?, California; Doctor Newberry. 

DOSINIA Scopoli. 

1. Dosinia longula.-Regularly ventricose, inequilateral, longitudinally oval; margins and base 

regularly rounded; summits prominent; buccal margin more obtusely rounded than the anaL-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 315. 

Locality, Monterey, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

2. Dosinia alta (Pl. III, figs. 13a and 13b).-Obtusely subovate or suboval from beak to base; posterior margin curved, profoundly oblique; base regularly and rather acutely rounded; summits prominent, oblique; surface marked with numerous fine, concentric, impressed lines; beaks medial. Height 

4 inches.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 315. 

Locality, Monterey, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

37351-No. 59-09--12 
178 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

PECTEN Lin. 

Pecten pabloensis (Pl. III, fig. 14).-0rbicular, compressed, thin, concentrically wrinkled; ribs 

1&-20, slender; little prominent, with an intermediate radiating line. 

Locality, San Pablo Bay, California; Doctor Newberry. 

PALLIUM Klein. 

P. estrellanum (Pl. III, fig. 15).-Suborbicular; lower valve ventricose, slightly undulated; ribs 

17, broad, little prominent, convex, with an intermediatelinear rib, from which the larger ribs are 

separated by an impressed line; upper valve convex, somewhat undulated, ribs flattened, and the 

intermediate small ribs with a longitudinal impressed line on the lower part of the valve.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 3"13. 

Locality, Estrella Valley, California; Doctor Newberry. 

JANIRA Schum. 

Janira bella (Pl. III, fig. 16).-Subtriangular; inferior valve convex, ribs 14 or 15, square, about 

as wide as the intervening spaces, very prominent, some of them with one or two longitudinal obsolete 

lines; disk finely wrinkled concentrically; upper valve flattened, deeply [page 72] depressed toward 

the apex; ribs rather narrower than those of the opposite valve, obscurely bicarinated above, disk ornamented with close, fine, squamose, concentric wrinkles. Length, 4 irches; height, 31 inches.-.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, December, 1856, p. 312. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal.; Doctor Newberry. 

OSTREA Linn. 

Ostrea titan (Pl. IV, fig. 17; Pl. V, fig. 17a, profile).-Produced from beak to base, straight or slightly 

curved, substance very thick, coarsely laminated; upper valve flat, very thick, somewhat gibbous; 

lower valve profoundly ventricose, umbonated, the summit rising above the beak of the opposite valve. 

Length, --.-Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1855. · 

Locality, San Luis Obispo, Cal. 

FOSSILS OF GATUN, ISTHMUS OF DARIEN. 

Malea ringens (Pl. V, fig. 22). 

Dolium ringens (Cassis) Swainson; 

MALEA Valone. 

Locality, Gatun. This shell inhabits the Pacific coast of South America, and the genus is unknown 

in the Atlantic. 

TURRITELLA Lam. 

1. Turritella altilira (Pl. V, fig. 19).-Subulate, carinated; volutions with two distant, elevated, 

revolving, crenulated ribs, interstices with revolving lines; body volutions bicarinated at the angle. 

Locality, Gatun; Doetor Newberry. 

2. Turritella gat·unens·is (Pl. V, fig. 20).-Subulate; volutions each with two slightly concave spaces; 

body volution ventricose, much larger than_ the penultimate, having about 20 revolving lines, s(lven or 

eight of which are on the base, which is flattened; three lines on the body volution larger than the others, 

the two lower ones remote. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding. 

TRITON Lam. 

An ii;uperfect cast of an unknown species occurs with the preceding. 

I have compared the above three univalves with what recent species and figures I have access to, and 

can not identify them; but if they should be representatives of existing shells they will doubtless prove 

to be inhabitants of the Pacific coast, of the Isthmus, or of South America. \ 

CYTHEREA! Lam. 

Cytherea? (Meretrix) dariena? (pl. V, fig. 21).-llferetrix dariena Con., Desc. of Foss. and shells collected in California by William P. Blake, p. 18. I have referred this shell to Cytherea, as it is probable 

that Venus meretrix may prove the type of a genus distinct from Cytherea. · 
APPENDICES, 179 

TAMIOSOMA Conrad. 

An elongated tube, apparently entire, porous and cellular throughout its substance; interior filled 

with numerous irregularly disposed vaulted cells connected by longitudinal slender tubes, funnel-shaped 

beneath; aperture resembling that of Balanus. 

Tamiosoma gregaria (Pl. IV, fig. ~8).-Subquadrangular, elo.ngated, longitudinally furrowed [page 

73] and striate, and having fine, undulated, transverse lines; mouth small, oblique; upper part of the 

tube oblique, deeply indented or balaniform, and coarsely striated longitudinally. Length 8 inches. 

Locality, Monterey County, Cal.; A. S. Taylor. 

Growing in clusters like Balani. No sutures, indicating separate valves; cells very tl:lin plates, convex surfaee. downward. 

PANDORA Lam. 

Pandora bilirata (Pl. V, fig. 25) Conrad, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences for 1855, vol. vii, p. 267. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal. 

CARDil'A Brug. 

Cardita occidentalis (Pl. V, fig. 24), lb. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal. 

Diadora crucibuliformis (Pl. V, fig. 23), Ib. 

Locality, Santa Barbara, Cal. 

DIAD ORA. 
APPENDix ·x. 

REPORT ON THE PALEONTOLOGY OF THE SURVEY.a 

By T. A. CONRAD. 

[page 189) DEAR SI,R: Accompanying this is the description of the fossils collected by you in south 

ern California. 

In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences for 1855, page 441, I have remarked that the 

Miocene of Santa Barbara contains a group of shells more analogous to the fossils of the Atlantic slope than 

to the existing shells of California; but it is evident, from the specimens in your collection, that there 

must be subdivisions in those Tertiary deposits of California which range between the Eocene and Pleiocene periods, for the group of the Estrella Valley and Santa Ynez (Barbara) Mountains does not appear to 

contain one species, even, analogous to any in the Santa Barbara beds, and, on the contrary, some oi 

them remind us of the existing Pacific fauna. Thus Dosinia alta is closely allied to D. simplex, Hinnites crassa related to Hinnites gigantea. Pachydesma and Crytomya [Cryptomya] arc existing California 

genera, represented in the Miocene, and which do not occur in the Atlantic. I think it probable that 

the Estrella group :may prove to be of later origin than that of Santa Barbara. There is another at 

San Diego, of which I have seen but a few specimens, and can not yet determine its relation to the other 

groups. In referring these fossils to the Miocene group, it is not with the understanding that they are 

exactly parallel with European or even Virginian Miocene strata, but that they are unquestionably 

situated between the Eocene and newer Pliocene, containing no species analogous to the former, which 

is admirably characterized in California by its general forms, and even by a few well-known Claiborne 

species. Like the Miocene of Virginia, the Estrella group is characterized by large and even comparatively gigantic species of Pectinidre, so unlike any living on the coasts of California or the Atlantic 

States. It wouid seem that this family then reached their maximum of development and the genus 

Pallium was first introduced, and of far larger size than any which now exist. It is worthy of remark that 

the generic character is developed on a far grander scale than appea~s in subsequent epochs, the 

prominent teeth and thick hinge reminding us of the genus Spondylus. 

Every new collection of Miocene fossils shows more clearly the connection between some of the Tertiary strata of California and those of Virginia. The species in the present collection arc far more interesting than any others of the same formation on the Pacific slope which I have yet seen. It does not 

appear that this group of fossils has any living representative in the present fauna of the Pacific coast, but 

several of them approximate to extinct Virginia species; and I am not sure that the large Pecten magnolia, 

herein described, is not identical with the Virginia species P. y'effersonius. I think it may safely be assumed 

that the San Rafael Hills, Santa Y ncz Mountains, and Estrella Valley contain strata which arc parallel to 

the Miocene sands and clays of the James and York rivers, in Virginia. No doubt there are groups of different geological age, as the species vary greatly in different localities; but in your collection I find not 

one Eocene species, and none more recent than the Miocene, except the few shells collected from the 

[page 190) coast deposits, consisting of recent species, among which I recognize Pachydesma crassatelloides 

Con., Venus nuttali, Saxidomus nuttali, and other species which live in the same latitude. This is most 

likely a recent, or post-Pliocene formation. It occurs in the valley of San Luis Obispo and at Santa 

Barbara. 

a Pacific R. R. Repts., vol. 7, 1857, pp. 189-196. This report is addressed to Thomas Antisell, M. D., geologist of the 

expedition. 

180 
.· 

APPENDICES. 181 

The large pectens, so like to Virginia species to which I have alluded, suggest the probability that 

large species of Busycon may yet be found in California. If so, it will be very interesting to compare 

them with the eastern forms·. 

I have no doubt but that the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were connected at the Eocene period; 

and the fossils herein described afford strong evidence that the connection existed during the Miocene 

period. 

Of the Miocene shells collected by Mr. Blake in California, and described by me, I believe that no 

species, except.Pecten deserti, and perhaps Anomia subcostata, is to be found in the present collection. 

Yours, etc., 

T. A. CoNRAD. 

Doctor ANTISELL. 

HINNITES Defrance. 

Hinnites crassa (pl. 1,Ct figs. 1 and 2).-0vate or subovate, thick, irregular, with large, rounded, 

unequal, radiating, irregular ribs, squamose, and with foliated spines on the lower part of the valves or 

near the base; intervals of the ribs with three or four squamose, prominent lines; hinge profoundly 

thickened; fosset profoundly excavated, angular; muscular impression very large. 

Locality, Santa Margarita, Salinas Valley. 

This species is remarkable for the thickness of the hinge and the upper part of the valves in old 

specimens. It resembles the recent California species H. gigantea Gray; and it probably attains a 

larger size than the latter. 

PECTEN Lin. 

Pecten meekii (pl. 1, fig. 1).-Suborbicular, compressed; ribs about 19; lower valve convex, with 

broad ribs, not very prominent, convex depressed on the back, angulated on the sides, about as wide 

as the intervening spaces, and scarcely prominent at the base; upper valve convex depressed, with 

narrower and less prominent ribs, ears equal, moderate in size. . · 

· Locality, San Ra.fael Hills, California. 

Named in honor of F. B. Meek. A very large species, comparable toP. jejfersonius in size, but 

very distinct from all of the large pectens of the Atlantic States. The upper valve is nearly flat, and 

both are thin for so large a shell. 

Pecten deserti Conrad (Blake's collection, desc. p. 15).-Suborbicular, both valves convex; ribs 

about 23, rounded, somewhat flattened· toward the base, about as wide as the interstices, in the lower 

valve much wider than the interstices, and the valve more convex than the opposite one; ears equal 

in the upper valve; left ear of lower valve extended downward, and very obliquely striated; cartilage 

pit profound; -a submarginal channel parallel with the upper margin. 

Locality, Carrizo Creek, Colorado Desert; Carrizo Creek of Estrella River. 

Pecten discus· (pl. 3, fig. 1).-Suborbicular, slightly oblique, profoundly compressed or dis- [page 191[ 

coidal, thin; ribs about 17, rather distant, not very prominent, narrow, subtriangular, slender, and more 

distant toward the lateral margins; ears very unequal, rather small. 

Locality, between La Purisima and Santa Ynez. 

This species is described from a cast beautifully preserved in indurated clay. The height is about 

2 inches. The upper valve appears to have been nearly fiat. 

Pecten magnolia (pl. 1, fig. 2).-Suborbicular, ribs 11, very large, prominent, convex-depressed 

on the back, laterally angulated, longitudinally rugoso-striate. 

Locality, Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, Cal. 

This species will compare in size withP. jejfersonius Say, and is so remarkably similar to it that it 

may prove to be the same species when more perfect specimens are collected. 

Pecten altiplicatus (pl. 3, fig. 2).-0btusely ovate, thin; ribs squamose, slender, nine of them distant, profoundly elevated, an intermediate small rib and fine radiating strim, ears--. 

Locality, San Rafael Hills, Santa Barbara County. 

There is but one imperfect valve of this species in the present collection. It is remarkable for the 

great prominence of its larger ribs. Height 21 inches. 

a Err. 1.yp. for Plate II. 
182 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

PALLIUM Conrad. 

Pallium estrellanum (pl. 3, figs. 3 and 4) . .---Suborbicular; lower valve ventricose; ribs about 17, 

broad, flattened, not very prominent, with an intermediate small rib, longitudinal, sulcated below the 

umbo or bilinear; ears rather small, equal, with five or six radiating prominent rugose lines. Height 

4inches. 

Locality, Estrella, Cal. 

The flat valve of this species does not accompany the specimen of the other valve. The shell attains 

a larger size than any fossil Janira (which it resembles) I have heretofore seen. The hinge is furnished 

with six distant diverging prominent teeth, and presents a marked contrast to that of the genus Pecten, 

more nearly resembling the hinge of Spondylus. The specimens are imperfect and worn, but there are 

indications on one or two that the ribs were carinated or subcarinated on the margins. One small specimen has the ribs inferiorly ornamented with fine, rugose, prominent transverse lines, and each rib with 

three longitudinal prominent strite, and is also striated longitudinally. 

This genius originated in the Miocene period, and there it attained its maximum in size and prominence of the generic character. Hinnites also and Pecten have similar gigantic proportions in the strata, 

which I have considered the equivalents of the English Miocene, and which certainly occupy a stratigraphical position immediately above the Eocene formation. 

SPONDYLUS Rond. Lam 

Spondylus estrellanus (pl. 1, fig. 3).-0btusely ovate, both valves ventricose; ribs about 17, not 

very prominent, rounded, rugose, interstices convex-depressed; valves with radiating strite, distinct 

about the base, obsolete above; posterior side subcuniform; cardinal area narrow. 

Locality, Estrella Valley, California. 

This species has thick valves, is about 4 inches in height, and has entire or unarmed ribs; the ears 

are broken, but they are apparently very unequal, and the beaks are not very distant. The lateral 

tubercles or teeth of the hinge are prominent, conical, and very robust. In· some specimens the radiating 

strite are very distinct near the posterior margin. 

[page 192] TAPES? Miihlf. 

Tapes montana (pl. 5, figs. 3 and 5).-Suboval, ventricose, very inequilateral; posterior margin 

very oblique and rounded, end obtusely rounded; basal margin slightly contracted medially; disk 

with concentric impressed lines. 

Locality, San lluenaventura. 

Tapes inezensis (pl. 7, fig. 1).-Less ventricose than the preceding, with a rounded base, and prominent concentric lines. 

Locality, Santa Ynez Mountains. 

VENUS Lin. 

Venus pajaroana (pl. 4, figs. 1 and 2).-0hliquely ovate-obtuse, ventricose, very inequilatcral; 

anterior margin obtusely rounded, posterior side subcuniform; posterior end truncated obliquely 

inward. 

Locality, Pajaro River, Santa Cruz. 

ARCOPAGIA Brown. 

Arcopagia unda (pl. 4, figs. 3 and 4).-Subtriangular; right valv.e profoundly ventricose anteriorly; 

profoundly sinuous posteriorly, or contracted from beak to beak; anterior end regularly and obtusely 

rounded; beaks nearly central; valves rugose-striate concentrically. 

Locality, shore of Santa Barbara County, Cal. 

'!'his species is described from one imperfect valve, which resembles A. biplicata Con. It is somewhat larger than that species, has a much larger umbo, is less curved, being almost straight. In the 

same rock is a cast of a bivalve resembling a shell I have described under the name of Carditamon acarinata. There is in the collection another cast of this shell in limestone, from Estrella. 

CYCLAS Klein. LUCINA Lam. 

Cyclas permacra (pl. 7, fig. 4).-Compressed, · inequilateral; concentrically rugose-striate, strire 

distinct and acute. 

Locality, Sierra Monica. 

a Err. typ. for Oarrlitamera. 
APPENDICES. 183 

The specimen described is imperfect. It somewhat resembles C. pandata Con. (Lucina compressa 

Lea), but differs in having prominent lines. 

Cyclas estrellana (pl. 6, fig. 6).-Suboval, inequilaterally ventricose; valves extremely thick; surface 

with concentric lines, probably mere lines of growth on the middle, but promineJ.lt and robust anteriorly. 

Locality, Estrella. 

Length, 3t inches. A broken cast, with a large portion of the shell of the left valve crystallized, 

and exhibiting a remarkable thickness over the umbo. 

ARCA Lin. 

Area obispoana (pl. 5, fig. 1).-0blong, or trapezoidal; very inequilateral, ventricose; ribs about 

26, little prominent, flattened; sides rectangular with the back; transversely rugose, or subcrenulated. 

Locality, San Luis Obispo Valley, California. 

This species has been described from very perfect casts in· an argillaceous gray marl. 

[page 193] PACHYDESMA Conrad. 

P.achydesma inezana (pl. 5, figs. 2 and 4).-Triangular, equilateral, convex; anterior and posterior 

margins equally oblique; anterior extremity rounded; posterior extremity acutely rounded; posterior 

side subcuneiform; cardinal and lateral teeth robust. 

Locality, Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa, Barbara County, Cal. 

This species is smaller than P. crassatelloides Con.; proportionally shorter, with straighter lateral 

outlines, more robust teeth, and a broaqer cardinal plate. It is the first fossil species of the genus that 

I have seen. The only recent species inhabits the coast of California. Length, 3 inches. 

CRASSATELLA Lam. 

Crassatella coZZ.ina (pl. 6, figs. 1 and 2).-Triangular, inequilateral, ventricose, thick; anterior mid 

posterior margins very oblique, and nearly equal in slope-the anterior a little incurved, the posterior 

straight or a little sinous; umbo contracted or laterally compressed and triangular; summit prominent; 

posterior side cuneiform. 

Locality, Santa Ynez Mountains. 

A fragment of one valve, the lower portion wanting. Length, li inches. 

OSTREA Lin. 

Ostrea subjecta (pl. 2, fig. 3).-Very irregular, valves sometimes subplicated; cardinal area broad 

. and carinated laterally; cartilage pit but slightly impressed. 

Locality, between Santa Clara River and Los Angeles Valley, on the Sierra Monica. 

Height, 2 inches. (In pl. 2 this fossil is improperly included under the 0. panzana.) 

Ostrea panzana (pl. 2, fig. 4).-0vate, thick, lower valve with a few lateral distant radiating plicre; 

upper valve thick, concentrically undulated and rugose; hinge area wide and carinated on the margins. 

Localities, Panza and Estrella valleys. 

Ileight, 21 inches. The hinge of this shell resembles that of the preceding; and, possibly, it may 

be the old shell of that species; the specimens of which, in the collection, are evidently all young shells. 

At Gaviote Pass specimens of 0. panzana occur twice the size of those from the above localities. 

DOSINIA Scopoli. AZTHEMISa Poli. 

Dosinia alta (pl.-, fig. -).-Obtusely subovate or suboval, slightly ventricose; elevated; posterior 

margin curved, profoundly oblique; base irregularly and profoundly rounded; summits prominent, 

acute; surface marked with numerous fine concentric impressed lines?, beaks medial. 

Locality, Salinas River, Monterey County, Cal. 

There is but only one cast in the collection; portions of the shell remaining appear to have 

concentric sulci. It is quite an elevated species, occurring 4 inches in height at Hill's ranch, Salinas 

River. (The illustration of this specimen has been accidentally omitted.) 

Dosinia longula (pl. 7, fig. 2).-Shell regularly ventricose, inequilateral, longitudinally oval, margins and base regularly rounded; sum1nit prominent; anterior margin more obtusely rounded than 

the posterior. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding. 

[page 194] Height 1! inches; length 1i inches. A cast with a thin chalky coating of the shell, 

without a trace of external lines. 

a Err. typ. for A rthemis. 
184 THE :)\iiOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

Dosinia montana (pl. 6, fig. 4).-Suboval, inequilateral; length greater than height; convex; 

anterior margin regularly and obtusely rounded; posterior margin and base regularly rounded; disk 

concentrically sulcated; beaks. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding. 

Dosinia subobliqua (pl. 6, fig. 5).-0btusely subovatc, slightly oblique, convex; height exceeding 

the length; concentrically sulcated. 

Locality, occurs with t.he preceding. 

With these species of Dosinia oc!'ur a small Venus, a Natica, and Pecten, in limestone. 

MYTILUS Lin. 

lrfytilus inezensis (pl. 8, figs. 2 and 3).-Subovate-oblong? ventricose anteriorly; compressed posteriorly; ribs radiating, numerous, bifurcated, and trifurcated near the inferior margins. 

Localities, Santa Ynez 'Mountains and Santa Ynez River. 

A'few fragments of this species present the character of the ribs well defined, but the outline of 

the shell is uncertain. 

LUTRARIA Lam. 

Lutraria transmontana (pl. 5, fig. 6).-Longitudinally ovate-triangular, inequilateral, thin; anterior 

end and base regularly rounded; posterior side cuneiform, extremitJ rounded; summits prominent; 

surface concentrically indented or subplicatcd, umbonal region concentrically plicated; plicoo irregular. 

Locality, Rancho Triumpho, Los Angeles. · 

This shell is allied to L. papyria Con., and is well preserved in a hard, dark-colored limestone. 

There is another specimen from the sh~re between San Luis and Santa Barbara. · 

AXINEA Sow. PECTUNCULUS Lam. 

Axinea barbarensis (pl. 6, fig. 3).-Subglobose; equilateral; ribs about 35, little prominent, convexdepressed, interstices narrow, square. 

Locality, occurs with the preceding. 

Height, It inches. ' 

MACTRA! 

lrfactra? gabiotensis (pl. 7, fig. 4).-Triangular, equilateral; anterior extremity acutely rounded, 

posterior extremity subangulated; umbonal slope carinated, slightly curved. 

Locality, Gaviote Pass. 

A cast about 1 inch long, associated with a species of 1lfytilus and Infundibulum gabiotensisa. It 

may belong to the genus Schizodesma Gray. 

GLYCIMERIS Lam. PANOPlEA Menard. 

Glycimeris estrellanus (pl. 7, fig. 5).-0blong or inclined to be trapezoidal, ventricose, very inequilateral, irregularly plicated concentrically, plicoo more approximate and profound on the umbo, valves 

profoundly gaping posteriorly, margin obliquely truncated; ligament margin incurved, elevated posteriorly. 

Locality, Panza and Estrella valleys. 

A cast allied to Panopxa reflexa Say; length, 3 inches. 

[page 195] PERNA Lam. 

Perna montana (pl. -, fig. -).-Elevated, anterior margin nearly straight; hinge line slightly 

incurved. , 

Locality, San Buena ventura, Santa Barbara County. 

An imperfect cast, about 4! inches in height, allied to P. maxillata, of Virginia, from which it 

differs in having a straighter front and incurved cardinal margin. (Not illustrated.) 

a This shell is subsequently described and figured under the name Trochita costellata. 
APPENDICES. 185 

UNIVALVES. 

TROCHITA. 

Trochita costellata (pl. 7, fig. 3).-Convex or convex-depressed; volutions 3~; suture distinct; 

surface irregular and marked by radiating interrupted ribs, which arc obsolete or wanting above, and 

distinct, though little prominent, toward the periphery; apex not central and slightly prominent. 

Locality, Gaviote Pass. 

A cast in sandstone. There are two very perfect casts, one more elevated than the other, with a 

ess disti net suture and radii. 

TURRITELLA Lam. 

Turritella inezana (pl. 8, fig. 4).-Subulate, thick; sides of volutions straight, with an obtuse carina 

on each side of the suture, and contiguous to it. 

Locality, Santa Ynez Mountains. 

A large species with the last volution 1i inches wide. The specimen is an imperfect cast With 

portions of the crystallized shell remaining. There are traces of two or three revolving lines on one of 

the volutions. 

Turritella variata (pl. 8, fig. 5).-Subulate, volutions with straight sides, each with four to six revolving prominent ribs, body whorl with a broad furrow revolving above the angle of the base. 

Locality, Santa Ynez Mountains. 

A variable species; one speci~en of which shows two revolving lines on the upper part of each 

whorl distant from three equidistant ribs beneath, all nearly or quite equal in size. Others have six 

unequal equidistant ribs but I believe the species is always excavated at base. 

NATICA. 

Natica inezana (pl. 10, figs. 5 and 6).-Subglobose; whorls five; spire prominent; volutions depressed 

or slightly channeled above, scalariform; umbilicus of ovata-acute outline, patulous toward the base. 

Locality, Santa Yncz. 

A large species, abundant, but the specimens are imperfect. Portions of the shell remain on the 

cast, and are crystallized. Height, 2i inches. 

MULTIVALVES. 

Balanus estrellanus (pl. 8, fig. 1).-Very large, subconical, not elevated; valves sculptured with 

close, undulated, or very irregular radiating lines. 

Locality, Estrella. 

Height about 2 inches; width, 2~ inches. A single specimen is in the collection, with its external 

characters almost obliterated. 

[page 196] ECHINODERM. 

ASTRODAPSIS Conrad. 

Astrodapsis antiselli (pl. 10, figs. 1 and. 2).-Pentangular, suboval; disk with five broad angular 

profound depressions; ambulacra not greatly curved, open at the marginal extremities; apex central 

or subcentral, beneath fiat, or slightly depressed, with five distinct furrows; anus submarginal. 

Locality, Estrella. 

Masses of limestone appear to be composed chiefly of the fragments of this species, and contain 

many entire, but apparently waterworn specimens. In this respect it resembles a Miocene rock on the 

Patuxent River, Maryland. Length, li inches. 

• 
APPJi~NDIX XI. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FOSSILS FROM THE TERTIARY FORMATION 

OF OREGON AND WASHINGTON TERRITORIES AND THE CRETACEOUS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND, COLLECTED BY DR. JOHN EVANS, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGIST, UNDER INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.a 

By B. F. SHUMARD, M. D. 

[page 120] TERTIARY SPECIES. 

LucrNA FIBROSA Shumard. 

Shell compressed, convex, inequilateral, length greater than the height; buccal margin obtusely 

subangulato above, obliquely subtruncate below; basal margin very slightly arched, or straight in the 

middle and rounded at the extremities; anal margin rounded; ligament margin straight in young specimens and gently arched in the adult; ligament impression lanceolate, deeply excavated, wrinkled, 

margined by a slightly elevated carina; beaks obtusely rounded, slightly elevated; surface with inequidistant concentric lines of growth, and a broad transverse fold in advance of the beaks. With a magnifier we can perceive close, fibrous, longitudinal strioo in the spaces between the concentric lines; these 

arc quite irregular and frequently bifureate. In old age the shell assumes a subquadrate form, and 

the basal margin is quite straight or even slightly concave. 

Length, about 26 lines; height, 20 lines; thickness, 9 lines. There are fragments in the collection· 

which show that this species considerably exceeds these proportions. 

Formation and locality.-Obtained by Doctor Evans in dark argillaceous shale at Port Orford, 

Oregon Territory and at Davis's coal mine. The specimens under observation are crushed and distorted 

from pressure. 

CORBULA EVANSANA Shumard. 

Shell subtrigonal, gibbous, slightly inequivalve, inequilateral, length greater than the height; 

buccal margin short, rounded; anal end oblique, prolonged, somewhat rostrate, obliquely truncated 

at the extremity; posterior slope forming nearly a right angle with the umbo. An elevated sharp carina 

extends from tho beak of each valve to the posterior inferior extremity, and interior to this is a second 

carina, which is somewhat rounded and usually most distinct in the right valve; basal margin obtusely 

rounded, slightly produced near the middle, and in most specimens slightly contracted posteriorly; 

beaks f!atten[page 121]ed near the anterior margin, convex, rather prominent, incurved; surface marked 

with fine, rather distinct, concentric strioo, and generally with several distinct folds. The cardinal 

tooth of the right valve is thick, trigonal, and placed under the beak nearest the buccal side, while the 

cavity for receiving the tooth of the opposite valve is triangular, deep, and situated directly under the 

beak. The substance of the shell is rather thick, and at the cardinal margin quite robust. 

Length, 7~ lines; height, about 5lines; thickness, 4! lines. These proportions vary some~ hat with 

the age of the shell. 

Although the collection contains many specimens, not one of them retains its original form, all 

being more or less distorted from pressure. 

a Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, No. 2, 1858, pp. 12()-123. 

186 
APPENDICES. 187 

In a few specimens the posterior slope exhibits a double carina on only one of the valves and a single exterior one on the other, but generally there arc two carime on each valve. 

Our shell resembles C. densata (Conrad), from which it is distinguished by the double carina on 

the posterior side and its thinner valves. 

]/ormation and locality.-This species is ex.ceedingly abundant in the dark aluminous shale at 

Davis's coal mine, and at the coal mines of Port Orford, where it is associated with Lucina fibrosa and 

Cerithium klamathensis. 

LEDA WILLAMETTENSIS Shumard. 

Shell small, oblong-ovate, convex, inequilateral; buccal margin gently arched, and forming with 

the cardinal margin nearly a right angle; anal side prolonged, rostrated, truncated at the extremity; 

basal margin slightly arched; cardinal border oblique in advance of the beak and slightly excavated 

behind; beaks submedial, not very prominent. The surface markings are entirely obliterated on the 

only specimen we have obtained of this species. 

- Formation and locality.-Occurs with Lucina parilis in dark-gray siliceous limestone, at Brooks's 

lime quarry, Willamette Valley, 5 miles north of Salem, Oregon Territory. 

LEDA OREGONA Shumard. 

Compare Leda (Nucula) impressa (Conrad), in Geology of U. S. Exploring Expedition. 

Shell rather large, ovate, compressed, convex; anterior extremity strongly arched; posterior extremity rostrate, slightly recurved, truncated; basal margin forming a broad curve, slightly contracted 

near the posterior extremity;.ligament margin slightly concave; beaks situated a little in advance of 

the middle; surface neatly ornamented with regular, concentric, impressed lines, becoming more approximate above; [page 122j hinge with a line ,of closely set oblique teeth on each side of the beak. 

Length, 20 lines; height, 10 lines. 

The specimens in the collection were obtained by' Doctor Evans and the writer, in the autumn of 

1851, from the Willamette Valley, a few miles south of Oregon City, Oreg. They are all internal 

casts in fine-grained, soft, yellowish and white argillaceous sandstone of the Miocene epoch. Their 

surfaces arc coated with a thin film of brown hydrated oxide of iron. One of the specimens, a mold 

of the exterior, shows the surface markings very plainly. 

PECTEN COOSENSIS Shumard. 

Shell large, suborbicular, much compressed; valves flattened convex, the superior one more depressed than the other; surface ornamented with from 27 to 31 coarse, radiating, prominent ribs, which 

are flattened, and marked with an obscure, median, longitudinal groove toward the palleal margin; on 

the inferior valve the ribs are about equal in width to the spaces, but on the superior one the spaces 

are much the widest; ribs and spaces crossed by numerous fine, subimbricating, concentric strire of 

growth; ears nearly equal, those of superior valve marked with distinct strire, and folds running parallel with their lateral borders; those on the anterior one are crossed by from six to eight indistinct, 

radiating ribs; anterior ear of lower valve deeply emarginate for the passage of the byssus, striated, and 

marked with three or four rather broad, radiating ribs; strim of posterior ear nearly vertical; ligamentary 

pit triangular and rather deep. 

Apicial angle, excluding the ears, 100°. 

This species is subject to more or less variation. In some specimens we find the ribs of the middle 

of the shell bearing a longitudinal, slightly elevated, rounded carina, with a shallow groove on either 

side, while toward the lateral margins they are marked only with a single median groove. In other 

specimens the ribs exhibit merely a plain surface, without groove or carina. 

Formation and locality.-This fine species Doctor Evans found in great profusion at the mouth of 

Coos Bay, in slightly coherent sandstone of the Miocene period. 

VENUS SECURIS Shumard. 

Shell large, ovate-subtrigonal, moderately convex, length a little greater than the height; basal margin and anterior extremity rounded; posterior extremity subangulated; buccal side very short, excavated under the beaks; posterior portion [page 123] long, angulated from beak to posterior inferior end; 
188 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

corselet excavated superiorly, becoming nearly plane below, and forming almost a right angle with the 

umbonal region; ligament impression very deep and its edges strongly defined; lunule cordate, somewhat 

longer than wide, deeply impressed, and its edges strongly defined; beaks rounded, elevated incurved, 

situated nearest the anterior extremity; surface marked with subimbricating ribs and fine strim, the ribs 

attenuated in front and posteriorly; on reaching the posterior angle they are suddenly directed obliquely 

upward over the corselet and reduced to fine imbricating strim. The anterior muscular impression is 

rather large, broad ovate and distinct; the posterior one is shallow subovate, broadly rounded below, 

narrow and truncated above; palleal impression broad and distinctly impressed; sinus triangular, not 

deep. 

When the exterior crust of the shell is removed, we find numerous radiating ribs.extending from 

beak to base, crossed by very closely arranged concentric waved lines, and the whole surface presenting 

a remarkably elegant appearance. 

The dimensions of a full-grown specimen are, for the length, 2/0 inches; height, 2/0 inches; thickness 

l!oinches. 

Formation and locality.-Collected by Doctor Evans in gray, fine-grained sandstone of the Miocene 

age, at the mouth of Coos nay, Cape Blanco, and on the shores of the Columbia a short distance above 

Astoria, Oreg. At all of these localities it is quite common. 
APPENDIX XII. 

ON THE PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS COLLECTED BY COL. E. .JEWETT AT 

SANTA BARBARA, CAL., WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.a 

By PHILIPP. CARPENTER, B. A., PH. D. 

The study of the recent and Tertiary mollusks of the west coast of America is peculiarly interesting 

and instructive, for the following reasons. It is the largest unbroken line of coast in the world, extending from 60° N. to 55° S., without any material salience except the promontory of Lower California. 

Being flanked by an almost continuous series of mountain ranges, the highest in the New World, it might 

reasonably be supposed that the coast line had been separated from the Atlantic from remote ages. The 

almost entire dissimilarity of its faunas from those of the Pacific Islands, from which it is separated by an 

immense breadth of deep ocean from north to south, marks it out as containing the most isolated of all 

existing groups of species, both in its tropical and its temperate regions. When we go back in time, we 

are struck by the entire absence of anything like the boreal drift, which has left its ice scratchings and 

arctic shells over so large a portion of the remaining temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, arid 

also by the very limited remains of what can fairly be assigned to tlre Eocene age. The great bulk of the 

land on the Pacific slo.Pe of North America (so far as it is not of volcanic origin) appears to have been 

deposited during the Miocene epoch. Here and there only are found beds whose fossils agree in the main 

with those now living in the neighboring seas. To trace the correspondences and differences between 

these and their existing representatives may be expected to present results analogous to those now being 

worked out with such discerning accuracy from the various newer beds of modern Europ(J. 

The first collection of Californian fossils seen in the cast was made near Santa Barbara by Col. E. 

Jewett in 1849; but no account was published of them before the list in the British Association Report 

(1863), page 539. They consist of 46 species, of which 29 are known to be now living in the Californian 

seas, and others may yet be found there. The following 10 ar~ Vancouver species, some of which may 

travel down to the northern part of California: 

Margarita pupilla, Priene oregonensis, 

Galerus fastigiatus, Trophon orpheus, 

Bittium filosum, Chrysodomus carinatus, 

Lacuna solidula, C. tabulatus, and 

Natica clausa, C. dirus. 

Some of these are distinctly boreal shells, as are also Crepidula grandis (of which Colonel Jewett 

obtained a giant, 31 inches long, and which now lives on a smaller scalejn Kamtchatka) and Trophon 

tenuisculptus (whose relations will be presently pointed out). So far, then, we have a condition of things 

differing from that of the present seas, somewhat as the Red Crag· differs from the Coralline. But in the 

very same bed (and the shells are in such beautiful condition that they all appear to have lived on the 

spot, which was perhaps suddenly caused to emerge by volcanic agency) are found not only tropical 

species which even yet struggle northward into the same latitudes (as Chione succincta), but also 

species now found only in southern regions, as Cardi1tm graniferum and Pectenfloridus. Besides these, 

the following, unknown except in this bed, are of a distinctly tropical type, viz: 

· Opalia var. insculpta. Pisania fortis. 

Chrysallida sp. 

From a single collection made only at one spot, in a few weeks, and from the very fragmentary 

information to be derived from the collections of the Pacific railway surveys (described by Mr. Conrad, 

a Ann. and Mag. Nat. Uist., 3d ser., vol. 17, April, 1866, pp. 274-278. 

189 
190 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

and tabulated in the Brit. Assoc. Report, 1863, pp. 589-596), it would be premature to draw inferences. 

We shall await with great interest the more complete account to be given by Mr. Gabb in the report 

of the California Geological Survey. With the greatest urbanity, that gentleman has sent his doubtful 

Pleistocene fossils to the writer, to be compared with the living fauna; but it would be unfair here to 

give any account of them, except that they confirm the foregoing statements in their general character. 

The following are diagnoses of the new species in Colonel Jewett's collection. 

'!'URRITELT,A JJ<;WETTII. 

T. testa satis tereti, hand tenui, cinerea rufo-fusco tincta; anfr~ subplanatis, suturis distinctis; lirulis 

distantibus (quarum t. jun. dme extantiores) et striolis subobsoletis spiralibus cincta; basi parum 

angulata; apertura subquadrata; labro tenui, modice sinuato. 

Hab.-Santa Barbara, Pleistocene formation (Jewett). San Diego, on beach (Cassidy). 

This species comes nearest to T. sanguinea Rve., from the gulf, but differs in the faintness of the 

sculpture. Mr. Cassidy's specimens may be washed fossils, or very poor recent shells. 

I3ITTIU~1 ?ASPEHUM. 

B. testa B. quadrifilato forma, magnitudine, et indole simili, sed sculptura intensiore; eodem vertice 

nucleoso abnormali; sed, vice filorum, costulis spiralibus costas spirales superantibus, subnodu-

. losis; t. jun. costulis ii. anticis majoribus, alteris minimis; postea plerumque iv. sub:cequalibus, 

interdum iii. interdum aliis intercalantibus; sculptura basali intensiore; costis radiantibus 

subarcuatis. 

?= TurbonillaasperaGabb, inProc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 368. 

Hab.-Santa Barbara, fossil in Pleistocene beds; abundant (Jewett). San Pedro, San Diego, 

Catalina Islands, 30-40 fms. (Cooper), State Col. No. 591 c. 

Mr. Gabb informs me that his Turbonilla aspera is a Bittium. Unfortunately, the type is not accessible; and as the diagnosis would fit several closely allied species, it can not be said with precision to 

which it rightfully applies. As this is the commonest of the group, it is presumed that it is the "Turbonilla" intended. Should the type, however, be recovered, and prove ~istinct, this shell should take 

the name of B. rugatum, under which I wrote the diagnosis, and which was unfortunately printed in the 

Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 539. The fossil specimens are in much better condition than the recent shells as 

yet discovered. 

BrrTIU~f ARMILLATUM. 

B. testa B. aspero simili; anfr. nucl. ii. l:cevibus, tumentibus, vertice declivi, celato; dern anfr. ix. 

normalibus planatis, suturis impressis; t. adolescente seriebus nodulorum tribus spiralibus extantibus, supra costas instructis; costis radiantibus eire. xiii. fere parallelis, seriebus, a suturis separatis, 

spiram ascendentibus; t. adulta, costulis spiralibus, interdum iv., intercalantibus; costulis radiantibus creberrimis; costis suturalibus ii. validis, haud nodosis; basi effusa, !iris eire. vi. ornata; apertura 

subquadrata; labro labioque tcnui~ms; columella vix torsa, effusa, vix emarginata. 

Hab.-Santa Barbara, Pleistocene, 1 sp. (Jewett). San Pedro, San Diego (Cooper). 

The sculpture resembles Cerithiopsis; but the columella is pinched, not notched. 

0PALIA (?CRENATOlDES var.) INSCULPTA. 

0. testa 0. erenatoidei simili; sed costis radiantibus pluribus, xiii.-xvi., in spira validis; anfr. ult. obsoletis; sculptura spirali nulla; punctis suturalibus minus impressis, circa fasciam basalem lmvem 

postice, non antice continuis. 

liab.-Santa Barbara, Pleistocene, 1 sp. (Jewett). 

Very closely related to 0. erenatoides, now living at Cape St. Lucas, and, with it, to the Portuguese 

0. cr~nata. It is quite possible that the three forms had a common origin. 

THOPHON TENUISCULPTUS. 

T. testa T. barvicensi simili, sed sculptura minus extante; vertice nucleoso minimo; anfractibus uno et 

dimidio l:cevibus, apice acuto; normalibus v., tumidis, postice subangulatis, suturis impressis; 
APPENDICES. 191 

costis radiantibus x:.-xiv., plerumque xii., haud varicosis, angustis, obtusis; !iris spiralibus majoribus, distantibus, quarum ii.-iii. in spira m_onstrantur, aliis intercalantibus, supra costas radiantes 

undatim transeuntibus; tota superficie lirulis incrementi, supra liraB spirales squamosis, eleganter 

ornata; canali longiore, subrecta, vix clausa; labro acutiore, postice et intus incrassato, dentibus 

eire. v. munito; labio conspicuo, loovi; columella torsa. 

Hab.-Santa Barbara, Pleistocene formation (Jewett). 

This very elegant shell is like the least-sculptured forms of T. barvicensis, from which it appears to 

differ in its extremely small nucleus. It is very closely related to T. fimbriatulus, A. Ad., from Japan, 

but differs in texture, and is regarded by Mr. Adams as distinct. It stands on the confines of the 

genus, there being a slight columellar twist, as in Petisternia. 

PrsANIA FORTIS. 

P. testa P. insigni simili, sed solidiore; crassissima, sculptura valde impressa; anfr. norm. v., parum 

rotundatis, suturis distinctis; costis radiantibus t. juniore eire. xii., obtusis, parum expressis, postea 

obsoletis; !iris spiralibus validis, crebris (quarum t. juniore v., postea x., in spira monstrantur), • 

submqualibus, anticis majoribus; canali recurvata; lacuna umbilicali magna; labro intus crebrilirato; labio conspicuo, spiraliter rugose lirato. 

Hab.-Santa Barbara, Pleistocene formation (Jewett). 

Colonel Jewett's single specimen is in very fine condition, and is confirmed by a fragment obtained 

by Mr. Gabb, the palooontologist to the California State Survey. Although resembling Purpura aperta 

and congeners in the irregular rugose folds of the labium, and Siphonalia in the strongly bent canal, Mr. 

H. Adams considers that its affinities are closest with the Cantharus group of Pisania. That genus is 

extremely abundant in the tropical fauna, but does not now live in California. It is the only distinctly 

tropical shell in the whole collection; and its presence, along with so many boreal species and types, 

appears somewhat anomalous, like the appearance of Voluta and Cassidaria in the Crag fauna. It is 

distinguished from the extreme forms of P. insignis by having the spiralliroo pretty equally distributed 

over the early whorls, by the close internal ribbing of the labrum, by the absence of the stout posterior 

parietal tooth, and by the great development of the columellar folds. 

NoTE.-Unfortunately, during the long interval which has elapsed between the transmission of the 

MS. and receipt of the proof, the types have been returned to the owner, and (with the remainder of 

Colonel Jewett's invaluable collection of fossils) have become the property of a college in New York 

State. As they are packed in boxes, and at prese~t inaccessible, I am unable to give the measurements; 

but the unique specimens were drawn on wood by Mr. Sowerby for the Smithsonian Institution.-

P. P. C., Montreal, February 22, 1866. 
APPENDIX XIII. 

MATERIAL TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS ON THE 

POST-EOCENE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST OF 

AMERICA, 1865-1908. 

The present bibliography is intended to take the subject up where it was dropped 

by Dr. Philip P. Carpenter in 1864, when he concluded his supplementary report 

to the British Association, which was reprinted, with a short bibliography, as 

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections No. 252, in 1872. 

It has been my object to include all papers published since 1865, bearing on the 

marine post-Eocene mollusks, whether recent or fossil. I have also included a full 

and exact reference to certain works issued before 186t), to which Doctor C~rpenter 

did not refer, or to which his references were insufficiently exact. 

No attempt has been made to include general monographs, or the like, where 

the references to western American forms arc purely incidental; but a few monographic titles were inserted because they were for some reason exceptionally important .for the fauna concerned. Some titles of papers on the tropical west-coast 

fauna, important for comparative purposes, have been included, though I have 

not attempted to make the bibliography complete for the Panaman or South 

American faunas. 

When they could be procured, the full name and years of birth and death of the 

authors referred to. precede the list given of their published papers on this region. 

I shall be glad to receive any additions or corrections to the data of this kind, or 

references to papers which should be inserted in the list. 

(ANONYMous.) Preliminary list of Mollusca, etc., of the Seattle district, Puget Sound. Young Naturalists' Association, Seattle, Wash., 4 pp., 8°, 1894. 

ARNOLD, DELOS (183Q- ). An interrogation regarding the fossil shells of San Pedro Bay. Nautilus, 

X, No. 3, .pp. 33-34, July, 1896. 

ARNOLD, RALPH (1875- ). The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal. Mem. California Acad. Sci., III, pp. 419, pls. 1-37, June 27, 1903. Also 

separately. The work includes a lengthy bibliography. 

-- Bibliography of the literature referring to the geology of Washington. Washington Geol. 

Survey, I, Ann. Rept. for 1901, pt. 6, pp. 1-16, Olympia, 1902. 

-- Faunal relations of the Carrizo Creek beds of California. Science, n. s., XIX, No. 482, March 25, 

1904, p. 503. 

-- Coal in Clallam County, Wash. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 260, pp. 413-421, 1905. Contains list of fossils. 

192 
APPENDICES. 193 

ARNOLD, RALPH (1875- ). The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California. U. S. Geological 

Survey, Professional Paper No. 47; Series ·c, No. 76. 53 pls., 2 text figs., 264 pp., 4°. 

Washington, Government Printing Office, 1906. 

--- Geological reconnaissance of the coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Bull. Geol. 

Soc. America, XVII, 1906, pp. 451-468, pis. 55-58. Contains list of fossils. 

--- New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing Tertiary formations of 

southern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, No. 1545, pp. 525-546, pls. xxxvm-Lr. 

--- Geology and oil resources of the Summerland district, Santa Barbara County, Cal. Bull. U. S. 

Geol. Survey No. 321, 1907, pp. 93, figs. 1-3, pls. I-xvn. Pis. IX-XVII are devoted to Tertiary 

fossils. . --- New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing Tertiary formations of 

· Santa Barbara County, Cal. Smithsonian Misc. Coli. (quarterly issue), vol. 50, pt. 4, No. 1781, 

pp. 29; pls. L-Lvm, December 13, 1907 (separately paginated). 

---and ANDERSON, RoBERT VAN VLECK (1884- ). Geology and oil resources of the Santa Maria 

oil district, Santa Barbara County, Cal. Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 322, 1907, pp. 161, pis. I-xxvr. 

Pis. XII-XXVI illustrate Tertiary fossils. 

---and ARNOLD, DELOs. The marine Pliocene and Pleistocene stratigraphy of the coast of southern 

California. Jour. Geology, X, No. 2, February.:..March, 1902, pp. 117-133, pls. I-rv, figs. 1-7, and 

correlation table. . 

--- See also Haehl, H. L., and Eldridge, G. H. 

AsHLEY, GEORGE HALL. The Neocene of the Santa Cruz Mountains. I. Stratigraphy. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 2d ser., V, pp. 273-367, pls. 22-25, August, 1895. Reprint in Leland Stanford 

Junior University Pubs., Geol. and Pal., II, 1895. 

A URIVILLIUS, CARL wILHELM SAMUEL (1854-1899). L>fversigt ofver de af Vega-expeditionen in sam lade 

arktiska Hafsmollusker. II. Placophora och Gastropoda. Vega Exp. vctensk. arheten, IV, pp. 

313--383, taf. 12-13, 8°, 1885. 

BAILY, JosHuA L., jr. Shells of La Jolla, California. Nautilus, XXI, No.8, pp. 92-93, December, 1907. 

Contains additions to the list given in the same periodical, from the same locality, by Maxwell 

Smith (q. v.). 

BAIRD, WILLIAM (1803-1872). Description of some new species of shells collected at Vancouver Island 

and in British Columbia by J. K. Lord, esq., naturalist to the British North American Boundary 

Commission in the years 1858-1862. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1863, pp. 66-70 (no plate). 

--- Descriptions of two species of shells collected by Doctor Lyall of H. M. ship Plumper at 

Vancouver Island. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1863, p. 71, May, 1863. ' 

---and LoRD, J. K. Remarks on a species of shell belonging to the family Dentaliidm, with notes 

on their use by t~w natives of Vancouver Island and British Columbia. Proc. Zool. Sue. London for 

1864, pp. 136-138. 

BAKER, FREDERICK (1854- ). Cruising and collecting on the coast of Lower California. NautiluR. 

XVI, No. 3, pp. 25-29, July, 1902. 

--- List of shells collected on San Martin Island, Lower California, Mexico. Nautilus, XVI, No. 

4, pp. 40-43, August, 1902. 

BARTSCH, PAuL (1871- ). New mollusks of tho family Vitrinellid;e from the west coast of America. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, No. 1520, pp. 167-176, figs. 1-11, 1907. 

--- A new mollusk of the genus Macr-ornphalina from the west coast of America. Pruc. U.S. Nat. 

Mus., {CXXII, No. 1522, p. 233, 1907. 

--- A new parasitic mollusk of the genus Euhma. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., XXXII, No. 1548, 

pp. 555-556, pl. LIII, June 15, 1907. 

--- New marine mollusks from the west coast of America. Pruc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXUI, 

No. 1564, pp. 177-183, October 23, 1907. 

37351-No. 59-09--13 
194 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

BARTSCH, PAUL (1871- ). West American mollusks of the genus 'l'riphoris. Proc. U. S. Nat. 

Mus., XXXIII, No. 1569, pp. 249-262, pl. XVI, December 12, 1907. 

BECK. See Zeck, M. 

BERGH, LuDYIG SorHus RuDOLPH (1824- ). On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the 

North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

for 1879, pt. 1, pp. 71-132 (129-188), pls. 1-8, May 10, 1879; pt. 2, pp. 40-127 (189-276), pls. 9-16, 

January, 1880. Also separately as Articles V and VI of Scientific Results of the Exploration of 

Alaska, edited by W. H. Dall, 1879-1880. 

-- Die Gruppe der Doridiiden. Mitth. aus der Zool. Stat. Neapel, XI, pp. 107-135, pl. 8, 1893. 

D. purpurewrn Bergh, Santa Catalina Islands. 

--- Die Gattung Gastropteron. Zoo!. Jahrb., VII, pp. 281-308, pls. 16-17, December, 1893. 

--- Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America (etc.), by t~1e U.S. S. 

Albatross during 1891. XIII. Die Opisthobranchier. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., XXV, No. 10, pp. 

125-233, pls . .1-12, October, 1894. ' 

-- Die Opisthobranchier der Sammlung Plate. Zool. Jahrb., 1898, suppl. 4, heft 3, pp. 481-582, 

pls. 28-33. 

--- Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1S96-1897). Die Opisthobranchier. 

Zoo!. Jahrb., XIII, pp. 207-246, pls. 19-21, May 30, 1900. 

BERNARD, FEMX EDOUARD (1863-1898). Anatomie de Chlamydoconcha orcutti Dall, lamellibranche a 

coquille interne. Annales des Sci. Nat., Zoologic, 8th ser., IV, pp. 221-252, pls. 1-2, 1897. 

Etudes comparatives sur la coquille des lamellibranches. Les genres Philobrya et Hochstetteria. Jour. de Conchyl., XLV, No.1, pp. 5-47, pl. 1, November, 1897. 

BERRY, SAMUEl, STILLMAN (1887- ). Note on a new variety of Cerithidea sacrata Gould, from San 

Diego, Cal. Nautilus, XIX, No. 12, p. 133, fig., April, 1905. 

--- Molluscan fauna of Monterey Bay, California. N au til us, XXI,' pp. 17-22, June, 1907; pp. 34-35, 

July, 1907; pp. 39-47, August, 1907; pp. 51-52, September, 1907. 

Murex carpenteri, form alba. Nautilus, XXI, No.9, pp. 105-106, January, 1908. 

See also Dall, W. H. 

BERTIN, VIcTon (1850-1880). Revision des Tellinides. Nouv. Arch. du Museum, Paris, 2d ser., I, pp. 

201-361, pls. 8-9, 1878. 

--- Revision des Donacidees du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Nouv. Arch. du Mus., 2d ser., IV, 

pp. 57-121, pls. 3-4, 1881. 

BLOOMER, HARRY HowARD (1866- ). The anatomy of certain species of Siliqua (patula Dixon) · 

and Ensis. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, No.4, pp. 193-196, pl. 12, March, 1905. 

BoYcE, SARAH ELIZABETH (1820- ). Cyprxa spadicea. Nautilus, IV, No. 6, p. 71, October, 1890: 

BRADSHAW, Mrs. MARY F.· Haminea vinscens. Nautilus, VIII, No. 9, pp. 100-101; January, 1895. 

Megatebennus bimaculatus. Nautilus, VIII, No. 10, pp. 112-113, February, 1895. 

Extract from a .notebook. N au til us, X, No. 7, pp. 82-84, November, 1896. 

Record of a lost year. Nautilus, XI, No.9, p. 104, January, 1898. 

Collecting at Laguna and Fishermans Bay, California. Nautilus, XII, No.,]., p. 9, May, 1898. 

BuLow, C. Einige Seltenheiten, aus meiner Sammlung. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen·malakozoologische Gesellschaft, XXXVII, p. 78, pls. I-II, 1905. 

BURTON, VIRGINIA. Coffee-bean cowries of the California coast. Los Angeles Weekly Tribune, 

August 16, 1890. 

BusH, KATHARINE JEANN!fTTE (1855- ). Revision of the marine gastropods referred to Cyclostrema, 

Adeorbis, Vitrinella, and related genera, with descriptions of some new genera and species belong-

: ing to the Atlantic fauna of America. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., X, pp. 97-144, pls. 22, 23, 

July, 1897. 

BuTTON, FRED LAWRENCE (1856- ). List of Mollusca of the west coast of the United States, for 

exchange by Fred L. Button, etc., 4 pp., 8°, no date. 

--- Note sur ]'habitat du Cyprxa spadicea Gray. Jour. de Conchyl., XXVI, p. 97, January, 1878. 
APPENDICES. 195 

Bm•roN, FRED LAWRENCE (1856- ). WestAmericanCypneidre; with a prefatory note by L. St. G. 

Byne,M. Sc. Jour. Conch., X, pp. 254-258, October, 1902. 

--- Note on Trivi~ acutidcntata Gaskoin. Nautilus, XIX, No. ll, p. 132, March, 1906 . 

. BYNE, LoFTUS ST. GEORGE. See Button, F. L. 

CAMPBELL, JoHN H. (1847-1897). Mollusca of the United States; Haliotis. Nautilus, IV; No. 9, 

pp. 101-104, January, 1891. 

CAMPBELL, Mrs. JULIA ELin\ (1855- ). Marine shells on the southern California coast. Nautilus, X, 

No. 5, pp. 56-57, September, 1896. 

--- Quaternary fossil shells, Long Beach, California. Nautilus, XII, No. 1, pp. 7-8, May, ;J-898. 

CARPENTER, PHILIP PEARSALL (1819-1877). Notice of shells collected by Mr .. T. Xantus at Cape St. 

Lucas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1859, pp. 321-322, 1860. 

--- Lectures on shells from the Gulf of California. Smithsonian Institution, Ann. Rept. for 1860 

pp. 195-218, 1861. Also separately. 

--- Descriptions of new marine shells from the coast of California, I-III. I. Proc. California. 

Acad. Nat. Sci., III, pp. 155-159, July, 1864; II, idem, pp. 175-177, December, 1864; III, idem, 

pp. 207-208, February, 1865; pp. 209-224, February, 1866. Also separately. 

--- . Contributions toward a monograph of the Pandoridre. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London for 1864, 

pp. 596-603, 1865. 

--- On the connection between the Crag formations and the recent North Pacific faunas. Geol. 

Mag., II, No. 10, pp. 152-153, April, 1865. 1 

--- Diagnoses specierum et varietatum novarum molluscorum prope sinum Pugetianum a Kennerlio 

Doctore, nuper decesso, collectorum. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1865, pp. 54-56, 

April, 1865. 

--- On the Acmreidre of the Vancouver and Californian province. Am. Jour. Conch., II, pp. 332-

348, October, 1866. 

--- Catalogue of the family Pandoridre. Am. Jour. Conch., IV, app., pp. 69-71, 1869. 

--- The mollusks ·of Western North America, embracing the second report made to the British 

Association on this subject, with other papers; reprinted by permission, with a general index. 

Smithsonian Misc. Coli., X, No. 252, Washington, December, 1872; 8°, pp. xii, 325, and index 

pp. 13-121; the index covering all the papers, whether reprinted or not, mentioned in bibliography, 

pp. ix-xii. 

CocKERELL, THgoDORE Dn_u ALISON (1866-

pp. 79-80, 1901. 

). Pigments of nudibranchiate Mollusca. Nature, XV, 

--- Three new nudibranchs from California. Jour. Mal., VIII, pp. 85-87, September, 1901. 

--- Lncapina crenulata Sowerby, Navanax inermis Cooper. Nautilus, XV, No.· 6, pp. 71-72, 

October, 1901. 

A new Tethys from California. Nautilus, XV, No.8, pp. 90--91, December, 1901. 

Notes on two California nudibranchs. Jour. Mal., VIII, pp. 121-122, December, 1901. 

Thre·e new species of Ch~omodoris. Nautilus, XVI, No.2, pp. 19-20, .Tune, 1902. 

Note on Tritonia palmeri Cooper, 1862. Nautilus, XVI, No. 10, p. 117, February, 1903. 

California nudibranchs. Nautilus, XVIII, No. ll, pp. 131-132, March, 1905. 

Mollusca of La Jolla, California. Nautilus, XXI, No.9, pp.l06-l07, .Januar,y, 1908. 

--- and ELI01', C. N. E. Notes on a collection of Californian midibranchs. Jour. Mal., XII, No. 3, 

pp. 31-53, pl. 7-8, September, 1905. 

CoNRAD, TIMOTHY ABBOTT (1803-187'7). Descriptions of new marine shells from Upper California, 

collected by Thomas Nuttall, esq. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,VII, pp. 227-268, pls.17-20, 

1837. 

--- Description of two new genera and new species of recent shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV, p. 121, December, 1848. 
196 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

CoNRAD, TIMOTHY ABBOTT (1803-1877). Fossil shells from the Tertiary d.eposits on the Columbia 

River, IJ,.ear Astoria. Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., V, pp. 432-433, 15 cuts, 1848. 

--- Descriptions of new fossil and recent shells of the United States. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia, n. s., I, pp. 207-209, August, 1849. 

--- Notes on shells with descriptions of new genera and species. Jour. A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 

n. s., I, pp. 210-214, 1849. 

--- Descriptions of new fresh-water and marine shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV, 

pp. 155-156, 1849. 

--- Fossils from northwestern America; Mollusca. United States Exploring Expedition during 

the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842, under the.command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Geology 

by James Dwight Dana. WJ, with a folio atlas of 21 plates. App. I, pp. 723-729, pls. 17-20. 

New York, G. P. Putnam, 1849. 

--- Descriptions of new fresh-water and marine shells. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s., 

I, pp. 275-280, pl. 39, January, 1850. 

--- Notes on shells, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI, pp. 

199-200. 1852. 

--- Descriptions of new fossil shells of the United States. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s., 

II, pt. 3, p. 273, January, 1853. 

--- Synopsis of the genus Parapholas and Peni0-illa ( =Penitella). Jour. A cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s., II, p. 355, February, 1854. 

--- Notes on shells, with descriptions of three recent and one fossil species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia, VII, pp. 31-32, 1854. 

--- Note on the Miocene and post-Pliocene deposits of California, with descriptions of two new fossil 

corals. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, p. 441, 1855. 

--- Report on the fossil shells collected in California by W. P. Blake, geologist of the expedition 

under the command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson, U .. S. Topographical Engineers, 1852. 20,pp. 8°. 

1855. In Description of the fossils and shells collected in California by W. P. Blake (etc.). A pp.endix, 

art. 1, pp. 5-20. House Doc. 129, July, 1855. · 

--- Descriptions of eighteen new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1855, VI I, pp. 265-268. 

---. Descriptions of the fossil shells. Pacific R. R. Repts., V, pt. 2, app., pp. 322-329, pis. 2-9, 1856. 

--- Descriptions of three new genera, twenty-three new species of middle Tertiary fossils from California. and one from Texas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1856, VITI, pp. 312-316, 1857. 

--- Description of the Tertiary fossils collected on the survey. Pacific R. R. Repts., VI, pt. 2, No. 

2, pp. 69-73, pls. 2-5,1857. AppendixtoreportofDr. J. S. Newberry. ' 

--- Report on the paleontology of the survey. Pacific R. R. Repts., VII, pp. 189-196, pis. 1-10, 

1857. Appendix to report of Thomas Antisell. 

-.-- Descriptions of new genera, subgenera, and species of Tertiary and recent shells. Proc. Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VI, pp. 284-291, 1862. 

--- Catalogue of the older Eocene shells of Oregon. Am. Jour. Conch., I, pp. 150-154, 1865. The 

fossils are really Oligocene and Miocene. 

Paleontological miscellanies. Am. Jour. Conch., III, pp. 5-7, 1867. _ 

--- Description of new genera of fossil shells. Am. Jour. Conch., III, pp. 8-16, 1867. 

--- Descriptions of new west coast shells. Am. Jour. Conch., III, pp. 192-193, September, 1867; 

p. 335, April, 1868. 

--- Note on a cirripede of the Califomia Miocene, with remarks on fossil shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. 

Sci, Philadelphia, 3d ser., VI, pp. 273-275, 1876; cf. also Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XIII, pp. 156-157, 

1877. 

CoOPER, JAMES GRAHAM (1831-1902). Report upon the Mollusca by William Cooper, with notes by J. 

G. Cooper. Pacific R. R. Repts., XII, pt. 2, pp. 369-386, 1860; also in The Natural History of 

Washington Territory, byJ. G. Cooper and George Suckley, pp. xiv, 497,4°. New York, 1859. 
APPENDICES. 197 

CooPER, JAMES GRAHAM (1831-1902). On some new genera and species of California Mollusca. Proe. 

California Acad. Nat. Sci., II, pp. 202-207,1863. 

--- Strategus (preoccupied) changed to Navarchus Cooper. Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., III, 

p. 8, 1863. See also Pilsbry, II. A. 

--- On new or rare Mollusca inhabitating the coast of California. Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., 

III,pp.56-60, fig. 14,1863. 

--- Geographical catalogue of the Mollusca found west of the Rocky Mountains between 33° and 49° 

north latitude. Geol. Survey of California. 40 pp., 4°. San Francisco, 1867. 

Notes on Mollusca of Monterey Bay, California. Am. Jour. Conch., VI, pp. 42-70, 1870'. 

Note on Gadinia and Rowellia. Am. Jour. Conch., VI, pp. 319-320, 1871. 

Note on Waldheimia pulvinata Gould. Am. Jour. Coneh., VI, p. 320, 1871. 

AdditiQils and corrections to the catalogue of Monterey Mollusca. Am. Jour. Conch., VI., pp. 

321-322. 1871. 

--- Catalogue of California fossils, I-V. Seventh Ann. Rept. State Mining Bureau, pp. 221-308, 

1888. See also Bull. No. 4, California State Mining Bureau, pp. 65, pis. 1-6, 1894. Contains a very 

imperfect bibliography. 

--- Pacific coast oysters. Overland Monthly, XXXIII, 2d ser., pp. 648-6BO, San Francisco, June, 

1894. 

--- On some Pliocene fresh-water fossils of California. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 2d ser., IV, pp. 

166-172,pl. 14,1894. 

--- Catalogue of west North American and many foreign shells, with their geographical ranges. For 

labels, exchange and check lists, with a supplement. Printed for the State Mining Bureau, April, 

1894, 4°. No pagination, and sheets printed on one side only. Sacramento, State Printer, 1894. 

--- Lists of fossils from the oil-bearing formations of California. Bull. California State Mining 

Bureau, No.3, pp. 7, 10, 25, 38-40, 43, 49, 53-59, 62-65. Sacramento, State Printer, 1894. 8°. See 

also Wall, W. L. 

--- Catalogue of marine shells collected chiefly on the eastern shore of Lower California, for the Caiifornia Academy of Sciences during 1891-92. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 2d scr., V, pp. 34-48, 1895. 

--- Lists of fossils from the oil-bearing- formations of California. Bull. California State Mining 

Bureau for 1897, pp. 79-87. Sacramento, State Printer, 1897. See also Wall, W. L. 

CooPER, WILLIAM (1798-1864). See CoOPER, J. G., 1859. 

CRoSsE, JosEPH CHARLES HIPPOLYTE (1826-1898). Catalogue des mollusques qtji vivent dans le detroit 

de Behring et dans les parties voisines de !'Ocean Aretique. Jour. de Conchyl., XXV, pp. 101-128, 

April, 1877. 

DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY (1845- ). Conchological notes: I. Note on Octopus puncta(us Gabb. 

Proc. California Acad. Sci., III, pp. 243-244, 1866. 

--- Materials for a monograph of the family Lepetid:oe. Am. Jom. Conch., V, pp. 140-150, pl. 15, 

1869. 

--- On the natural history of Alaska. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 136-138, 143-145, 

164, 171, 1869. 

--- Materials toward a monograph of the family Gadiniid:oe. Am. Jour. Conch., VI, pp. 8-22, pis. 

2-4. 1870. 

--- Remarks on the anatomy of the genus Siphonaria, with a description of a new species. Am. 

Jour. Conch., VI, pp. 30-41, pis. 4-5, 1870. 

--- A revision of the Terebratulid:oe and Lingulid:oe, with remarks on and descriptions of some recent 

forms. Am. Jour. Conch., VI, pp. 88-168, pis. 6-8, October, 1870. 

--- On the limpets; with special reference to the species of the west coast of America, and to a more 

natural classification of the group. Am. Jour. Conch., VI, pp. 227-282, pis. 14-17, 1871. 

--- Preliminary sketch of a natural arrangement of the order Docoglossa. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. 

Hist., XIV, pp. 49-54, 1871; reprinted in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 286-291, 1871. 
198 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OHEGON. 

DALL, WILLLUI HEALEY (1845- ). Supplement to the "Revision of the Terebratulidoo "·with additions, conections and revision of the Craniidm and Discinidm. Am. Jour. Conch., VII, pp. 39-85, 

pis. 10-11, November, 1871. 

---. Descriptions of sixty new forms of mollusks from the west coast of North America and the North 

Pacific Ocean, with notes on others already described. Am. Jour. Conch., VII, pp, 93-160, pls. 

13-,16, November, 1871. 

Note on Gadinia. Am. Jour. Conch., VII, pp. 192-193, March, 1872. 

--- Notes on California Mollusca. Proc. California Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 182-183, 1872. 

--- Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the northwest coast of America. 

Proc. California Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 270-271, October, 1872 . 

. --- Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the northwest coast of America. 

Proc. California Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 302-303, pl. 4, December, 1872. 

--- Preliminary descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the coast of Alaska, with notes on 

some rare forms. Proc. California Acad. Sci.,_ V, pp. 57-62, pl. 2, April, 1873. 

--- Catalogue of the recent species of the class Brachiopoda. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

for 1873, pp. 177-204. 

--- Catalogue of sl}ells from Bering Strait and the adjacent portions of the Arctic Ocean, with descriptions of three new species. Proc. California Acad. Sci., V, pp. 246-253, February, 1874. 

--- Notes on some Tertiary fossils from the Californ~a coast, with a list of the species obtained from 

a well at San Diego, Cal., w-ith descriptions of two new species. Proc. California Acad. Sci., V, 

pp. 296-299, March, 1874. 

--- Notes on an examination of four species of chitons with reference to posterior orifices. Bull. 

Essex Inst., Salem, Mass., VI, 2 pp., 1874. 

--- On the marine faunal regions of the North Pacific. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 

1876, pp. 205-208, Dec"ember, 1876; Sci. Results, pp. 1-4, 1876. 

--- On the extrusion of the seminal products in limpets, with some remarks on the phylogeny of 

the Docoglossa. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, pp. 239-247, December, 1876; Sci. 

Results, pp. 35-43. 

--.- On the Californian species of Fusus. Proc. California Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 1-5, March 19, 1877. 

--- Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks, from the northwest coast of America. 

Proc. California Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 6-12, March 19, 1877. This and the preceding paper form 

the only part whi~h was printed of Vol. VII of the first series of the Proceedings. 

--- Report on the Brachiopoda of Alaska and the adjacent shores of northwest America. Proc. 

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1877, pp. 155-170; Sci. Results, III, pp. 45-62, July, 1877. 

--- Note sur la machoire et la plaque linguale du Liriola peltoides Carpenter, var. vernalis. Jour. 

de Co!1chyl., Paris, XXVI, pp. 68-73, January, 1878. 

--- Descriptions of new forms of mollusks from Alaska, contained in the collections of the National 

Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, pp. 1-3, Febmary, 1878. 

--- Post-Pliocene fossils in the Coast Range of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, p. 3, February, 1878. 

--- Fossil mollusks from later Tertiaries of California. Proc. U. S. Nat~ Mus., I, pp. 10-16, February, 1878. 

--- Note on shells from Costa Rica kitchen midden, collected by Drs. Flint and Bransford. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., I, pp. 23-24, March, 1878. 

--- Distribution of Californian Tertiary fossils. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., I, pp. 26-30, March, ]878. 

--- Descriptions of new species of shells from California in the collections of the National Museum. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, pp. 46-47, March, 1878. 

--- Report on the limpets and chi tons of the Alaskan and Arctic regions, with descriptions of genera 

and· species believed to be new. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, pp. 281-344, pis. 1-5, February, 1879; 

Sci. Results, IV, pp. 63-126, 1879. 

--- On the genera of chitons. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,'1881, pp. 280-291, January 20, 1882. · 
APPENDICES. 199 

DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY, (1845- ). Note on Alaska Tertiary deposits. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., 

XXIV, No. 139, pp. 67-68, July, 1882. 

--- Species in Buccinurn. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1882, pp. 118-121. 

--- Notes on the Pacific coast trade in shells, shrimps, cod, and salmon, during the year 1882. Bull. 

U.S. Fish Comm., III, p. 425, 1883. 

--- Trade in California invertebrates. Science, I, p. 78, 1883. 

--- Notes on fishing products exported from San Francisco, Cal., during the year 1883. Bull. U.S. 

Fish Comm., IV, pp. 125-128, 1884. 

--- Report on the Mollusca of the Commander Islands, Bering Sea, collected by Leonhard Stejneger in 1882 and 1883. Proc. U.S. Nat . .Mus., VII, pp. 340-349, pl. 2, September, 1884. 

--- A remarkable new type of mollus.ks. Science, IV, No. 76, pp. 50-51, July 18, 1884. Describes 

Chlamydoconcha orcutti. 

The arm~ of the octopus, or devilfish. Science, VI. No. 145, p. 432, November 13, 1885. 

--- Mollusks from near Point Barrow. Rept. Pt. Barrow Exp. under Lieut. P. H. Ray, pp. 177-

184, plate, 1885. 

-.-- Notes on the mollusks of the vicinity of San' Diego, Cal., and Todos Santos Bay, Lower California (by C. R. Orcutt, with notes and comments by \V. H. Dall). Proc. U. S. Nat . .Mus., VIII, 

pp. 534-552, pl. 24, September 30, 1885. 

--- Contribution to the natural history of the Commander Islands. VI. Report on Bering Island 

Mollusca collected by Mr. Nicholas Grebnitzki. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, pp. 209-219, October 

11, 1886. . 

--- Supplementary notes on some species of mollusks of the Bering Sea and vicinity. Proc. U.S. 

Nat. Mus., IX, pp. 297-309, pls. 3-4, October 19, 1886. 

Notes on Lophocardiurn Fischer. Nautilus, III, No. 2, pp. 13-14, June, 1889. 

On the. genus Corolla Dall. Nautilus, III, No.3, pp. 30--31, July, 1889. 

On a new species of Tylodina. Nautilus, III, No. 11, pp. 121-122, March, 1890. 

Scientific results of exploration~ by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. VII. Preliminary report on the collection of Mollusca and Brachiopoda obtained in 1887-88. Proc. U. S. 

Nat. Mus., XII, No. 773, PP: 219-362, pls. 5-14, March 7, 1890. 

--- Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. XX. On 

some new or interesting west American shells obtained from the dredgings in 1888, and from other 

sources. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, No. 849, pp. 172-192, pis. 5-7, June, 1891. 

Conchologicalnotes from Oregon. Nautilus, IV, No. 8, pp. 87-89, December, 1890. 

--- Notes on some recent brachiopods. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, for 1891, pp.172-175, 

pl. 5. 

---and PILSBHY, II. A. On some Japanese Brachiopoda, with a description of a species believed 

to be new. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia fo~ 1891, pp. 165-171, pl. 4. 

------ Terebratulina (1mguiwla Cpr. var. ?) kiiensis Dall and Pilsbry. Nautilus, V, No. 2, pp. 

18-19, pl. 1, June, 1891. 

On a new species of Yold·ia from California. Nautilus, VII, No. 3, pp. 29-30, July, 1893. 

--- On the species of 11factra from California. Nautilus, VII, No. 12, pp. 136-138, pl. 5, April, 1894. 

--- On some species of Mulinia from the Pacific coast. Nautilus, VIII, No. 1, pp. 5-6, pl. 1, 

May, 1894. 

--- Monograph of the genus Gnathodon Gray (Rangia Desmoulins). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 

No. 988, pp. 89-106, pl. 7, July, 1894. 

--- Synopsis of the Mactridre of North America. Nautilus, VIII, Ko. s; pp. 25-28, July, 1894, 

and No. 4, pp. 39-43, August, 1894. 

--- Description of a new species of Doridiwn from Puget Sound. Nautilus, VIII, Ko. 7, pp. 73-74, 

November, 1894. 

--:---- A new chiton from California. Nautilus, VIII, No.8, pp. 90-91. December, 1894. 
200 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

DALL, WrLT,IAM HEALEY (1845- ). Scientific result~ of explorations by the U.S. Fish Commission 

steamer Albatross. XXXIV. Report on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredged in deep water, chiefly 

near the Hawaiian Islands, with illustrations of hitherto unfigured species from northwest America. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, No. 1032, pp. 675-733, pis. 23-32, July, 1895. 

--- On some new species of Scala. Nautilus, IX, No. 10, pp. 111-112, February, 1896. 

-.-- Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the northwest coast <Jf America. Proc. U. S. Nat. 

Mus., XVIII, No. 1034, pp. 7-20, April, 1896. 

--- New species of Leda from the Pacific coast. Nautilus, X, No. 1, pp. 1-2, May, 1896. 

--- Report on the mollusks collected by the International Boundary Commission of the United 

States and Mexico, 1892-1894. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, No. 1111, pp. 333-349, pis. 31-33, 

January, 1897. 

Editorial correspondence. Nautilus, XI, No.6, p. 66, October, 1897, 

--- New West American shells. Nautilus, XI, No. 8, pp. 85-86, December, 1897. 

--- Notice of some new or interesting species of shells fr0m British Columbia and the adjacent 

region. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. British Columbia, II, pp. 1-18, pis. 1-2, 1897. 

--- Synopsis of the recent and Tertiary Psammobiidm of North America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia for 1898, pp. 57-62, May, 1898. 

On a new species of Fusus from California. Nautilus, XII, No. 1, pp. 4-5, May, 1898. 

On a new species of Drillia from California. Nautilus, XII, No. 11, p. 127, March, 1899. 

A new species of Pteronotus from California. Nautilus, XII, No. 12, pp. 138-139, April, 1899. 

Synopsis of the American species of the family Diplodontidre. Jour. Conch. (Leeds), IX, 

No. 8, pp. 244-246, October, 1899. 

--- Synopsis of the recent and Tertiary Leptonacea of North America and the West Indies. Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus., XXI, No. 1177, pp. 873-897, pis. 87-88, June, 1899. 

--- Synopsis of the Solenidre of North America and the Antilles. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 

No. 1185, pp .. 107-112, October, 1899. 

--- The mollusk fauna of the Pribil6ff Islands. The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the north 

Pacific Ocean, pt. 3, pp. 539-546 and map, November, 1899. 

Note on Sigaretus oldroydii. Nautilus, XIII, No. 8, p. 85, December, 1899 . 

. A new species of Capulus from California. Nautilus, XIII, No. 9, p. 100, January, 1900. 

Note on Petricola denticulata Sowerby. Nautilus, XIII, No. 11, pp. 121-122, March, 1900. 

A new species of Lima. Nautilus, XIV, No. 2, pp. 15-16, Jun\), 1900. 

A new Jlfurex from California. Nautilus, XIV, No. 4, p. 37, August, 1900. 

Synopsis of the family Tellinidre and of the North American species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

XXIII, No. 1210, pp. 285-326, pis. 2-4, November, 1900. · 

-- On a genus (Phyllaplysia) new to the Pacific coast. Nautilus, XIV, No.8, pp. 91-92, December, 1900. 

--- A new species of Pleurobranchus from California. Nautilus, XIV, No. 8, p. 92,- December, 1900. 

--- Synopsis of the family Cardiidm and of the North American species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

XXIII, No. 1214, pp. 381-392, January, 1901. 

A new Lyropecten .. Nautilus, XIV, No. 10, pp. 117-118, February, 1901. 

A new species of Stibemarginula from California. Nautilus, XIV, No. 11, pp. 125-126, March, 1901, 

A new Pinna from California. Nautilus, XIV," No. 12, pp. 142-143, April, 1901. 

Synopsis of the Lucinacea and ofthe American species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, No. 

1237, pp. 779-883, pis; 39-42, August, 1901. 

---and BARTSCH, PAm,. A new California Bittium. Nautilus, XV, No.5, p. 58, September, 1901. 

On the true nature of Tamiosoma. Science, n. s., No. 366, pp. 5-7, January 3, 1902. 

A new species of Volutomitra. Nautilus, XV, No. 9, pp. 102-103, January, 1902. 
APPENDICES. 201 

DAn, WILLIAM HEALEY (1845- ). Illustrations and descriptions of new, unfigured, or imperfectly 

known shells, chiefly American, in the United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 

XXIV, No. 1264, pp. 499-566, pis. 26--40, March, 1902. 

Note on the names Elachista and Pleurotomaria. Nautilus, XV, No. 11, p. 127, March, 1902. 

Notes on the giant Limas. Nautilus, XVI, No. 2, pp. 15-17, June, 1902. 

New species of Pacific coast shells. Nautilus, XVI, No.4, pp. 43--44, August, 1902. 

Note on viviparity in Corbic:ula and Cardita. Science, n. s., XVI, No. 410, pp. 743--744, 

November 7, 1902. 

--- Synopsis of the family Veneridoo and of the North American recent species. Proc. U. S. Nat. 

Mus., XXVI, No. 1312, pp. 335--412, pls. 12-16, December, 1902. 

--- On the genus Gemma Deshayes. Jour. Conch .. (Manchester), X, No.8, pp. 238-243, December, 

1902. 

--.-and BARTSCH, PAuL. A new Rissoa'from California. Nautilus, XVI, No.8, p. 94, December, 1902. 

--- Synopsis of the Carditacea and of the American species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

for 1902, pp. 696-716, January, 1903. 

--- Review of the classification of the Cyrenacea. Proc: Bioi. Soc. Washingt(\n, XVI, pp. 5-8, February, 1903. 

--- Note on the name Jfiodon. Nautilus, XVI, No. 12, p. 143, April, 1903. 

---and BARTSCH, PAUL. Pyramidellidoo. Mem. California Acad. Sci., III, pp. 269-285, pis. 1-2, 

1903. [The portion of Mr. Arnold's memoir relating to the Pyramidellidoo.] 

--- Two new mollusks from the west coast of America. Nautilus, XVII, No.4, pp. 37-38, August, 

1903. 

--- A new species of .Metzgeria. Nautilus, XVII, No. 5, pp. 51-52, September, 1903. 

--- Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Proc. Bioi. 

Soc. Washington, XVI, pp. 171-176, December, 1903. 

---and BARTSCH, PAUL. Synopsis of the genera, subgenera, and sections of the family Pyramidellidoo. Proc. Bioi. Soc. Washington, XVII, pp. 1-16, February, 1904. 

--- A new species of Periploma from California. Nautilus, XVII, No. 11, pp. 122-123, March, 1904. 

--- Neozoic invertebrate fossils, a report on collections made by the expedition. Harriman 

Alaska Expedition, IV, pp. 99-122, pis. 9, 10, March, 1904. 

--- An historical and syste~atic review of the Frog-shells and Tritons. Smithsonian Misc. Coli. 

(quarterly issue), XLVII, No. 1473, pp. 114-144, August, 1904. 

-·-- Note on· Lueina (Jfiltha) childrem: Gray, and on a new species from the Gulf of California. 

Nautilus, XVIII, No. 10, pp. 110-112, February, 1905. 

--- New species of mollusks from California. Nautilus, XVIII, No. 11, pp. 123-125, March, 1905. 

--- Two undescribed California shells. Nautilus, XIX, No. 2, pp. 14-15, June, 1905. 

--- ~ Notes on a variety of Crepidula nivea C. B. Adams, from San Pedro, Cal. Nautilus, XIX, 

No. 3, pp. 26-27, July, 1905. · 

--'- Thomas Martyn and the Universal Conchologist. · Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIX, No. 1425, 

pp. 415--432, October, 1905. 

--- Land and fresh-water mollusks. Harriman Alaska Expedition Repts., XIII, pp. i-ix, 1-171, 

pis. 1-2, text figs. 1-118, November, 1905. Inserted on account of the references to such forms 

as Siphonaria and Arctonchis, as well as for the Pleistocene fossils. 

--- Note on some names in the Volutidoo. Nautilus, XIX, No. 12; PP' 143-144, April, 1906. 

-- Early history of the generic name Fusus. Jour. Conch. (Leeds), XI, pp. 289-297, April, 1906. 

---and BARTSCH, PAuL. Notes on Japanese, Indopacifi'c, and American Pyramidellidoo. Proc. 

· U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, No. 1452, pp. 321-369, pis. "17-26, May, 1906 .. 

--- A new Scala from California. Nautilus, XX, No. 4, p. 44, August, 1906. 
202 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

DALL, WIL!,JAM HEALEY (1845-

111-112, February, 1907. 

). A new Cardiwn from Puget Sound. Nautilus, XX, No.lO, pp. 

~~- A review of the American Volutida;. Smithsonian Misc. Coil. (quarterly issue), XL VIII, pt. 3, 

No. 1663, pp. 341-373, February, 1907. Reviewed by Burnett Smith, Nautilus, XX, No. 11, pp. 

129-131, March, 1907. 

~~- Notes on some Cretaceous Voiutidt:e, with descriptions of new species and a revision of the 

groups to which they belong. Smithsonian Misc. Coil. (quarterly issue), L, pt. l, No. 1704, pp. 

1-23, figs. 1-13, March, 1907. · 

~-- Three new species of Scala from California. Nautilus, XX, No. 11, pp. 127-128, March, 1907. 

~-- Correspondence [American Volutidw]. Nautilus, XX, No. 12, pp. 142-143, April, 1907. A 

response to a review by Burnett Smith of the above-mentioned paper on Voiutida;. 

~-- On climatic conditions at Nome, AlasKa, during the Pliocene, and on a new species of Pecten 

from the Nome gold-bearing gravels. Am. Jour. Sci., n. s., XXIII, June, 1907, pp. 457-458, fig. 

1' in text. 

~-- Descriptions of ne\y species of shells, chiefly Buccinidre, from the dredgings of the U. S. S. 

Albatross, during 1906, in the northwestern Pacific, Bering, Okhotsk, and Japanese seas. Smithsonian Misc. Coil. (quarterly issue), L, pt. 2, No. 1727, pp. 139-173, July 9, 1907. 

~-- On the synonymic history of the genera Clava Martyn and Cerithinrn Bruguiere. Proc. Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1907, pp. 363-369, September, 1907. 

~-- Supplementary notes on Martyn's Universal Conchologist. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 

No. 1565, pp. 185-192, 1 text figure, October, 1907. 

~~- On a Cymatiwn new to the California fauna. Nautilus, XXII, pp. 85-86, December, 1907. 

See also note on Ilyanassa obsoleta in San Francisco Bay, page 91. 

~~-and BARTSCH, PAuL. The pyramidellid mollusks of the Oregonian faunal area. Proc. U. S. 

Nat. Mus., ~XXIII, No. 1574, pp. 491-534, pls. XLIV-XLVIII, December, 1907. 

~-- A new species of Cavolina, with notes on other pteropods. Smithsonian Misc. Coli. (quarterly 

issue), L, No. 1785, pp. 501-502, January, 1908. 

~-- Subdivisions of the Terebrida;. Nautilus, XXI, No. 11, pp. 124-125, March, 1908. 

~-- Note on Turbonilla castanea and Odostomia montereyensis. Nautilus, XXI, No. 11, p. 131, 

March, 1908. 

Some new Californian shells. Nautilus, XXI, No. 12, pp. 136-137, April, 1908. 

·--- A revision of the Solenomyacidre. Nautilus, XXII, No. 1, pp. 1-2, May, 1908. 

--- Descriptions of new species of mollusks from the Pacific coast of the United States, with notes 

on other mollusks from the same region. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIV, No. 1610, pp. 245-257, 

June, 1908. 

DANA, JAJ\IES DwiGHT (1813-1895). See Conrad, T. A. 

DAVENPORT, CHARLES BENEDICT (1866- ). A comparison of some pectens from the cast and the 

west coasts of the United States. Mark Anniversary Volume, art. 6, pp. 121-136, pl. 9, 1903. 

DAWSON, GEORGE ME~cgR (1849-1901). See Whiteaves, J. F. 

DE FoLrN, L:EoPOLD GUILLAUME Ar,EX:ANDRE ( -1896). Les Meleagrinicoles, especes nouvelles. 

Lepelletier, Havre, 1867, 8°, pp. 1-74, ·pis. 1-G. 

--- Descriptions des espcces nouvelles de ClEcida;. Jour. de Conchyl., XV, pp: 44-58, 1867. 

·--- Les fonds de Ia mer. Paris, Savy, 1867-1880, Vois. I-IV, 8°; Vol. I, pp:6-12, 1868; pp. 130-136, 

166-174, 1869; pp. 262-263, 1871; II, pp. 163-168, 1873; pp. 250-251, 1874; IV, p. 37, 1880. 

DEsHA YES, GERARD PAUL (1796-1875). [Descriptions of shells from California, etc.]. Rev. Zoo!. Soc. 

Cuvicrienne, 1839, pp. 324; 357, 358-360; 1841, pls. 25-29, 34-40, 43, 45, 47, 48; 1843, pl. 82. 

~~- Description de deux especes nouvelles de Jouannetia. Jour. de Conchyl., X, pp. 375-376, 

October, 1862. 
APPENDICES. 203 

D'ORBIGNY, ALCIDE DESSALINES (1802-1857). Voyage dans !'Amerique meridionale, III, Mollusques. 

4°, 2 vols. [Vol. Vof the series, published in fasciculi as follows: pp. 1--48, 1835; pp. 49-184, 1836; · 

pp.185-37G, 1837; pp. 377-408, 1840; pp. 409--488, 1841; pp. 489 to end, 1846. The date on the 

title-page is 1835-1843, and it is frequently cited as 1847.] 

DoRE, HARRY E. 

tember, 1891. · 

Mollusks in the Portland, Oreg., market. Kautilus, V, No. 5, pp. 58-59, Sep-

\ 

DRAKE, Mrs. MARIA. Marine shells of Puget Sound. Nautilus, IX, Ko. 4, pp. 38--42, August, 1895. 

--- Notes on some shells of Pugct Sound. Nautilus, X, N'o. 6, pp. 68-70, October, 1896. 

DUNN, GEORGE WASHINGTON. Coleoptera and Mollusca of the ocean beach at San Francisco. Zoe, 

II, pp. 310-312, January, 1892. 

ELDRIDGE, GEORGE RoMANS, and ARNOLD, RALPH. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills, and Los 

Angeles oil districts, southern California. Bull. 1;, S. Geol. Survey N'o. 309, pp. xii, 266, figs. 

1-17, pis. I-HI, 1907. Pis. XXV-XLI illustrate Tertiary fossils. 

ELIOT, Sir CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE (1864- ). Notes on a remarkable nudibraneh from 

northwest America. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, IV, pp. 163-165, fig., 1901. 

--- See also Cockerell, T. D. A., and Eliot, C. N. E. 

EVANS, JoHN (1812-1861). See Simmard, B. F.; also Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XXXII, pp. 311-318, 1861, 

and Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1904, pp. 455, 696, 1906. 

FISCHER, PAUL HENRI (1835-1893). Mollusques marins des 1les Aleoutiennes provenant du voyage de 

M.A. Pinart. Jour. de Conchyl., XXI, pp. 243-248, July, 1873. 

--- Remarques sur Ia coloration generale des coquilles de Ia elite occidentale del' Amerique. Jour. 

. de Conchyl., XXIII, pp. 105-112, April, 1875. 

--- Des anomalies de l'opercule dans les genres Volutharpa et Buccimtm. Jour. de Conchyl., 

XXIII, pp. 112-114, April, 1875. 

--- Invertebres marins des iles Aleoutiennes; ·mollusques et cirripedes. In Pinart, A. L., Voyages 

a Ia cote nord-.ouest de 1' Amerique; Zoologic, pp. 37-39, pl. E, 1875. 

--- Sur un nouveau type de mollusques (Chlamydoconcha). Jour. de Conchyl., XXXV, pp. 201-

20(), 1887. 

---and CRossE, H. Note sur Neritina picta Sowcrby. Jour. de Conchyl., XL, pp. 292-293, 1892. 

FISCHER, PIERRE-MARIE HENRI (186Q- ). Decouverte d'un nouveau type de mollusques gastropodes entoparasites (Entocolax). Jour. de Conchyl., XXXVII, pp. 101-105, 1889. 

FISHER, WALTER KENRICK (1878- ). The anatomy of Lottia gigantea Gray. Zoo!. Jahrb., XX, I, 

pp. 1-66, pis. 1-:4, 1904. 

For,IN, L. G. A. See De Folin. 

FoRD, JoHN (1827- ). Description of a new species of Ocinebm (utichaeli). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia for 1888, p. 188, cuts. 

A new variety of Olivella. Nautilus, VIII, No.9, pp. 103-104, January, 1895. 

GAnn, WILLIAlll MoRE (1839-1878). Descriptions of new species of American Tertiary fossils and a new 

Carboniferous cephalopod from Texas. Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., V, pp. 367-372, 

1861. 

--- Descriptions of two new species of cephalopods from the ~Iuseum of the California Academy of 

Natural Sciences. Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., II, pp. 170-173, September, 1862. 

--- Description of new species of marine sheps from the coast of California. Proc. California A cad. 

Nat. Sci., III, pp. 182-190, January, 1865. 

--- Paleontology of California, I, II. Gcol. Survey of California, Paleontology, I, 1864, pp. xx, 

243, pis. 1-32; II, 1869, pp. xiv, 38 (issued February, 18G6), pp: 39-299, pls~ l-36 (issued December, 

1868). 

GouLD, A uausTus ADDISON (1 805-1866). Report on shells from California. Am. Jour. Sci., XXXVIII, 

p. 39G, 1840. . 
204 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

GouLD, AuGUSTUS ADDISON (1S05-1S66). On the relation of shells from the cast and west coasts of 

America. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. 27-2S, 1S51. 

--- Descriptions of shells from the Gulf of California and the Pacific coasts of Mexico and California. 

Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 374-40S, pls. 14-16, October, 1S53; also in Otia Conchologica, pp. 

1S4-1SS, 1S62; also issued in advance of the Journal, separately, April, 1S52. 

--- Descriptions of California shells collected by. Maj. William Rich and Lieut. Thomas P. Green. 

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. s7.:.93, 1S51; also in Otia Conchologica, pp: 210-215, 1S62. 

--- Catalogue of shells collected in California by William P. Blake, with descriptions of the new 

species. House Ex. Doc. 129, art.' 2, pp. 22-2S, Washington, D. C., July, 1S55. 

--- Catalogue of the recent shells with descriptions of the new species. Pacific R. R. Repts., V, 

pt. 2, app., art. 3, pp. 330-336, pl. 11, 1S56. 

--- Description of shells collected in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. IIist., VI, pp. 422-426; VII, pp. 40-45, 13S-142, 161-166, 

1S59; pp. 323-340, 3S2-3S9, 1S60; pp. 400-409, 1S61; VIII, pp. 14-40, 1S61. Reprinted in Otia 

Conchologica, pp. 101-178, 1S62. 

GRAY, JoHN ED'XARD (1S00-1S75). On a recent species of the genus Hinnita of De France. Annals of 

Philosophy, XXVIII, pp. 103-106, 1S2fl. 

GREWINGK, CoNSTANTiNE. Die an der Westkiiste Nord-Amerika's und auf den Aleutischen Inseln 

bisher gefundenen Fossilen Thier- und Pflanzen-Reate. Verb. der Russ. Kais. min. Ges. St. Petersburg, Jahrg. 1S4S-49, pp. 343-366, with 3 plates, 1S50. 

--- Beitrag zur Kenntniss der orographischen und geognostischen Besehaffenheit dcr Nordwestkiiste Amerika's mit den anlicgenden lnseln, S0 , pp. 351, pis. 1-4, St. Petersbourg, 1S50. 

GRIFFIN, BRADNEY B. Adaptation of the shell of Placunanomia to that of Saxidomus, with remarks on 

shell adaptation in general. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XVI, pp. 77-81, February, 1S97. 

--- See also Harrington, N. R. 

HAEHL, HARRY LEwis, and ARNOLD, RALPH. The Miocene diabase of the Santa Cruz Mountains in 

San Mateo County, Cal. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XLIII, No. 175, pp. 15-53, figs. 1-25, 1904. 

HANKs, HENRY G. Catalogue of the State Museum of California, 350 pp., S0 , Sacramento, 1SS2. 

HARRINGTON, N. R., and GRIFFIN, B. B. Notes upon the distribution and habits of some Puget Sound 

invertebrates. Trans. New York Aead. Sci., XVI, pp. 152-165, March, 1S97. 

HEATH, HAROLD (1868- ). External features of young Cryptochiton. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia for 1897, pp. 297-302, pl. 8, 1897. 

---and SPAULDING, M. H. Cymbuliopsis vitrea, a new species of pteropod. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia for 1901, pp. 509-511, October, 1901. 

The function of the chiton subradular organ. Anat. Anzeiger, .XXIII, pp. 92-95, 1903. 

--- The larval eye of chitons. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1904, pp. 257-259, figure. 

--- The habits of a few Solenogastres. Zool. Anzeiger, XXVII, No. 15, pp. 457-461, April, 1904. 

HErLPRIN, ANGELO (1853-1907). North American Tertiary Ostreidre. Fourth Ann. Rept. U. S. Gcol. 

Survey, app. 1, pp. 309-316, pis. 62-72, 18S3. 

HEMPHnL, HENRY (1830- ). Catalogue. !,and, fresh-water, and marine shells of California and adjacent States. For sale _by Henry Hemphill, San Diego, CaL Leaflet of 2 pp., 8°, no date. 

---' Edible mollusks. of western North America. Zoe, II, pp. 134-13.9, July, 1S7L 

--- Catalogue. Land, fresh-water, and marine shells of California (etc.). San Diego, CaL, the 

author, 12°, S pp., 1875. 

--- . Catalogue of North Ameriean shelis collected and for sale by Henry Hemphill, San Diego; July, 

1S90. S0 , 26 pp. 

Haliotis rufescens Swainson. Nautilus, IV, No.5, p. 59, September, 1S90. 

Studies among mollusks. Instinct and genera. Zoe, II, pp. 312-318, 1S92. 

Note on a Californian Loligo (stearnsii n. sp.). Zoe, III, pp. 5.1-52; 1892. 
APPENDICES. 205 

HEMPHILL, HENRY (1830- ). A new species of Bulimulus (Eulimella occidentalis). Zoe, IV, pp. 

395-396, March 12, 1894. 

--- Notes on Haliotis rufescens Swainson. Nautilus, XVI, No.7, p. 84, November, 1903. 

--- A second contribution to west cuast conchology, I, II. Nautilus, XIX, No. 1, pp. 5-8, May, 

1905; No.2, pp. 19-24, June, 1905. 

--- Note on the genus Haliotis, with a description of a new variety. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. 

Hist., I, No.2, pp. 56-60, 1907. 

HERZENsTEIN, SALOMON. .\per<;u sur la faune malacologique de l'Ocean Glacial russe. Proc. Soc. Imp. 

des Amis d'Hist. Nat. (Moscow), p~. 1-21. 

HoYLE, WILLIAM EvANs (185.5- ). Reports on the dredging [etc., ofthe U.S. S. Albatross, 1891-1900] 

off the west coast of Central America. Reports on the Cephalopoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

XLIII, No.1, pp. 1-S3;pls. 1-12, March, 1904. 

lrrERING, H. voN. Ein vermeintliches Mollusk (Entocolax). Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 

XXII, pp. 46-48, 1890. 

IsBISTER, A. K. On the geology of the H udsons Bay territories and of portions of the Arctic and north-

. western regions of America, with a colored geological map. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., XI, .pp. 

497-520, 1855. The Miocene beds of Oregon are especially referred to, with their fossils. 

JAcKSON, CrrARI,ES THOMAS (1805-1880). On the Miocene and Cretaceous formation at Santa Barbara, 

Cal. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., X, pp. 262-263, 1866. 

JEFFREYS, JOHN GwYN (1809-1885). Notes on the Mollusca in the Great International F-isheries Exhibition, London, 1883. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., XII, p. 119, 1883. 

JENSEN, Aom,PH SEVERIN (1866- ). Studier over Nordiske Mollusker. I. Mya. Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. i Kjiibenhavn, 1900, pp. 133-158, figs., June, 1900. 

--- Studier over Nordiske Mollusker.• III. Tellina ( Macoma). Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. i 

Kjiibenhavn, 1905, pp. 21-52, tab. 1, 1904; pp. 149-152, 1905. 

JONAs, J. H. Molluskologische Beitrage. 4°, pp. 1-30, taf. 7-11. Abh. aus d. Gebiete d. Naturwiss. 

Hamburg, I, pp. 99-130, taf. 7-11, 1846. Cf. also Proc. Zool. Soc. London, XIV, pp. 34-36, 1846, and 

Ann. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 121-123, 1846. 

KEEP, JosiAH (1849- ). Common sea shells of California. San Francisco, 1881, 64 pp., 95 figs. 

--- West coast shells: A familiar description of the marine, fresh-water, and land mollusks of the 

United States found west of the Rocky Mountains. San Francisco, Bancroft Bros., 1887; sq. 16°, 

230 pp., 182 cuts, 1 col. plate. 

Cabinet notes. Conchologists' Exchange, II, pp. 107, February, 1888. 

The Haliotis. Nautilus, IV, No.2, pp. 13-15, June, 1890. 

Mollusks of the San Francisco markets. Nautilus, IV, No.9, pp. 97-100, January, 1891. 

West coast species of Ilaliotis. Nautilus, IX, pp. 129-132, March, 1896. 

Exotic mollusks in California. Nautilus, XIV, No. 10, pp. 114-115, February, 1901. 

Sheils and sea life. San Francisco, 1901. 200 pp., 16°, illustrated. 

West American sheiis. A description in familiar terms of the principal marine, fresh-water, and 

land mollusks of the United States found west of the Rocky Mountains, including those of British 

Columbia and Alaska. San Francisco, \Vhitaker & Ray Co., 1904, sm. 8°, 360 pp., 1 pl., 303 cuts in 

text. 

KELSEY, FREDERICK WiLLis (1858- ). San Diego, California, as a coilecting ground. Nautilus, 

XII, No.8, pp. 88-89, December, 1898. 

Dredging in San Diego Bay. Nautilus, XIII, No.9, pp. 101-102, January, 1900. 

Serridens oblongus Cpr. Nautilus, XV, No. 12, p. 144, April, 1902. 

A peculiar Haliotis. Nautilus, XVIII, No.6, p. 67, October, 1904. 

Mollusks and brachiopods collected in San Diego, Cal. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., I, pp. 

31-55.1907. 
206 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

KING, Mrs. ENSIGN H. Collecting in :Monterey Bay. Nautilus, XI, No.2, pp. 23-24, June, 1897. 

--- Collecting in southern California. Xautilus, Xlll, No.2, pp. 23-24, June, 1899. 

KonELT, WILHELM (1840- ). Dall, cinleitende Bemerkungen tiber die Provinzen der marinen 

Fauna im nord-pacifischen Ocean. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., IX, pp. 33-35, 1877. 

--- Neptunea et Siphonalia. Syst. Conchylien Cabinet, ed. Kuster, pt. 281, pp. 89-136, pis. 11-46, 

1879. 

--- Zur Synonymie der uonlischen Bucdnwn. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., XIII, pp. 

18-22, 1881. 

--- Die Buccinen des Petersburger :Museums. Jahrbuch d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., IX, pp 229-235, 

1882. 

KRAUSE, ARTHUR. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Mollusken-Fauna des Berings-Meeres, I, II.' Arch. 

ftir Naturgesch. LI, heft 1, pp. 14-40, pl. 3, 1885; heft 3, pp. 256-302, pls. 16-18, 1886. 

LAWRENCE, Mrs. ELIZABETH ANN. Seeing eyes. Nautilus, XI, No.4, pp. 42-43, August, 1897. 

LECHE, JAKOB WILHEL)l EBBE GUSTAF (1850- ). Ofversigt ofver de af Vega.-expeditionen insa.mlade arktiska Hafsmollusker. I. Lamellibranchiata. Vega Exped. vetensk. iakt., Ill, pp. 4337 

453, pls. 32-34, 1883. 

LoCKINGTON, W. N. Rambles around San Francisco. Am. Naturalist, XII, pp. 505-512, 1878. 

LoRD, JoHN KEAST (1817-1872). List of sliells taken on the eastern side of Vancouver Island, dredged 

in 10 fathoms water and collected from rocks between tide marks. The Naturalist in British Columbia and Varicouver Island, II, appendix, pp. 356-370, London, R. Bentley, 1866. 

Low:E, HERBERT NELSON (1879- ). My first year collecting and studying shells. Nautilus, IX, No. 

7, pp. 80-81, November, 1895. 

Cuttlefishes washed ashore in San Pedro Bay. Nautilus, X, No. 1, pp. 11-12, May, 1896. 

Collecting during the summer of 1896. Nautilus, X1, No. 7, pp. 80-81, November, 1897. 

Dredging off San Pedro. Nautilus, XIII, No .. 3, pp. 27-30, July, 1899. 

Notes on the mollusk fauna of San Nicholas Island. Nautilus, XVII, No. 6, pp. 66-69, October, 1903. 

--- A dredging trip to Santa Catalina Island. Nautilus, XVIII, No.2, pp. 18-20, June, 1904. 

LuBOMIRSKI, Prince L. N.otice sur quelques coquilles du Peron. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1879, 

pp. 719-728, pis. 55-56. · 

MABILLE, JuLES FRAN~cors (1831-1904). Mollusques de la Basse Californie recueillis par M. Diguet. 

Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (8), VII, pp. 54-76, 1895. 

MACFARLAND, FRANK MACE (1869- ). A preliminary account of the Dorididre of Monterey Bay, 

California.· Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVIII, pp. 35-54, February 2, 1905. 

--- Opisthobranchiate mollusca from Monterey Bay, California, and vicinity. Bull. Bureau Fisheries, XXV, Jlp. lO!l-151, pis. 18-31, 1906. 

MARRAT, FREDERICK PRICE (1820-1904). List of shells from Fuca Straits and Cape Flattery, collected 

and presented to the Liverpool Free Public Museum, by Dr. David Walker. Proc. Lit. and Phil.. 

Soc. of Liverpool, XXXII, pp. xcix-ci, 1878. . . 

MARTENs, CARL EDUARD voN (1831-1904). Conchylicn von Cook's Reisen. Malak. Blatt., XIX, pp. 

1-48, 1872. 

Conchylien aus Alaschka. Malak. Blatt.,. XIX, pp. 78-99, taf. 3, 1872. 

--- Schnecken aus dem Tschuktschcn Iande. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Gcs., XIV, pp. 43-

44, March, 1882. 

Krause's shells. Sitz.-Ber. der Ges. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, No.9, 1882, pp. 138-143. 

--- Conchologische miscellen. II. Uebereinigc Olividen. Arch. fur. Naturg., I, heft 2, pp.l57-

180, taf. 16-17, 1897. 

--.- Purpur-Fiirberei in Central America. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., XXXI, pp. i13-

122, 1899; also Verh. des Berliner anthrop. Ges., Sitz. vom 22 October, 1898. 

--- Die Mecrcs Conchylien der Cocos-Insel. Sitz.-Ber. der Ges. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1902, 

No. 6, pp. 137-141. 
APPENDICES. 207 

MEEK, FIELDING BRADFORD (1817-1876). Descriptions and illustrations of fossils from Vancouver and 

Sucia islands, and other northwestern localities. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey Terr., II, 

No. 4, pp. 351-374, 6 pis., 1876. 

MELVILL, JA~IEs CosMo. Description of a new species of Mitra (id:e). The Conchologist, II, pp. 140-

141, fig., 1893. 

--- The genera Pseudoliva and Macron. Jour. Conch. (Leeds), X, No. 11, pp. 320-330, July, 1903. 

MENKE, KARL TnEODOR (1791- ). Verzeichniss einer Sendung von Conchylien von Mazatlan, mit 

ciningen kritischen Bemerkungen. Zcitschr. fiir Malak., IV, pp. 177-191, December, 1847. 

--- Conchylien von Ma:zatlan, mit kritischen Anmerkungen. Zcitschr. fiir Malak., VII, pp. 161-

173, 177-190, April, 1851; VIII, pp. 17-25, May, 1851; pp. 33-38, July, 1851. 

MERRIAM, JoHN CAMPBELL (1869- ). A list of type specimens in the Geological Museum of the 

University of California which have served as originals for figures and descriptions in the paleontology of the State Geological Survey of California under J.D. \Vhitncy. Berkeley, the Unversity, 

1895. 3 pp., 8°. 

--- Note on two Tertiary faunas from the rocks of the southern coast of Vancouver Island. Univ. 

California, Bull. Dept. Geol., II, pp. 101-108, 1896. 

--- The distribution of the Neocene sea urchins of middle California, and its bearing on the classification of the Neoccne formations. Univ. California, Bull. Dept. Geol., II, pp. 109-118, 1898. 

--- The fauna of the Sooke beds of Vancouver Island. Proc, California Acad. Sci., 3d ser., I, No. 

fi, pp. 175-180, pl. 23, March, 1899. 

--- Lists of fossils in the oil and gas yielding formations of California. Bull. California State Mining 

Bureau, No. 19, pp. 218-224, Sacramento, State Printer, 1900. 

--- A note on the fauna of the lower Miocene in California. Univ. California, Bull. Dept. Geol., 

III, No. 16, pp. 377-381, March, 1904. 

MICHAEL, GEORGE \VIL]<'RED, jr. On colleeting and preserving chitons. Conchologist's Exchange, 

II, No. 1, .p. 8, July, 1887. 

--- Shells collected at a point on the coast of San Luis Obispo County, Cal. Conchologist's Exchange, II, No.5, p. 68, November, 1887. · 

MICHELIN, HARDOUIN. Venericardiajlammea. Mag. de Zoo!., l, p. 6, May, 1830. 

1£IDDENDORFF, ALEXANDER THEODOR VON (1815-1894). Beitrage zu einer Malacozoologia Rossica. 

M6m. Sci, Nat. del' A cad. Imp. des Sci. de St.-Petersbourg, VI, pt. 1, pp. 1-151, pis. 1-14, 1847; 

pt. 2, pp. 1-187, pis. 15-21, 1849; pt. 3, pp. 1-94. 4°. 

--- Vorlaufige Anzeige einiger neuen Arten und Synonymien, nebst einer neuen ausgezeichneten 

Varietiit, aus dem Geschlechte .Patella L. Bull. Classe phys.-math., de l' A cad. des Sci; de St. 

Petersbourg, VI, No. 20, pp. 1-5, April, 1847. 

--- Beschreibung von zehn neuen Arten aus dem Geschlcchte Chiton .. Bull. Classe phys.-math., 

de l'Acad. des Sci. de St.-Petersbourg, VI, No. 8, 1847; No. 11, 1847. 

--- Vorliiufige -Anzeige einiger neuer Konchylien aus den Geschlechtern: Littonna, Tritonium, 

Bullia, Natica, und Margarita. Bull. Classe phys.-math., de l'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St.-Petersbourg, VII, No. 16, pp. 1-7, October, 1848. , 

--- Vorliiufige Anzeige einiger neuer Konchylien Russland's, a us den Geschlechtern: Scalaria, 

Crepidula, Velutina, Trichotmpis, Purpv,ra, und Pleurotoma. Bull. Classe phys.-math., de l'Acad. 

des Sci. de St.-Petersbourg, VIII, No. 2, pp. 1-4, December, 1848. 

--- Grundriss fiir eine Geschichte der Malako-Zoographie Russlands. Bull. der Naturf. Gesellschaft in Moskau, XXI, pp. 424-476, 1848. 

--- Die Meeresmollusken Russland's in ihren Ber-iehungen zur zoologischen und physicalischen 

Geographic. Bull. Classe phys.-math., de l'Acad. des Sci. de St.--Petersbourg, VIII, No.5, pp. 

1-21, May, 1849. · 

--- Sibirische Reise, Bd. II, th. I: Molluskcn, pp. 163-508, pls. 8-30, St.-Petersbourg, Kais. Akad. 

Wiss., 1851, 4°. 

Mi:iRcH, 0'l"l'O ANDR~;As LowsciN (1828-1878). Diagnoses "Molluscorum novarum littoris Ame.ricoo 

occidentalis. Medel. fra d. 'naturh. Foren. i Kjobenhavn, 1857, No. 18-21, pp. 340-342. Summary in Jour. de Conchyl., VII, p. 103, 1858. 
208 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

MoRen, OTTo ANDREAS LowsoN (1S2S-1S7S). Description de nouveaux mollusques de l' Amerique 

centrale. Jour. de Conchyl., VI, pp. 2S1-2S2, 1S57. 

-~- Note on the genus Volutharpa Fischer. Jour. de Conchyl., VII, pp. 40--44, 1S5S. 

--- Novitates Conchologic&. Mollusca Marina. Cassel, Theodor Fischer, 1S5S, pp. 1-S, pls. 1-2; 

p. 103, pl. 34 (Herausg. von Wilhelm Dunker, 1S09-1SS5). 

--- Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna Central Amerika's. Malak. Blatt., VI, pp. 102-126, 1S60; VII, 

pp. 66-106, 170-213, 1861. 

MoNKS, SARAH PRESTON. San Pedro as a· collecting ground. Nautilus, VII, No.7, pp. 7~77, November, 1893. 

NELSON, EDWARD T. On the molluscan fauna of the later Tertiary of Peru. Trans. Connecticut Acad. 

Arts and Sci., II, pp. 1S6-206, pl., 1871. 

NEWBERRY, JoHN STRONG (1822-1892). On the flora and fauna of the Miocene Tertiary beds of Oregon 

and Idaho. Am. Naturalist, III, pp. 446--447, 1S70. 

NEWCOMB, WESLEY (1S08-1892). Description of a new ApecieA of Pedicularia. Proc. California Acad. 

Nat. Sci., III, p. 121, March, 1S64; IV, pl. 1, fig. 9, January, 1S73. 

--- Description of a new species of shell from San Francisco Bay. Proc. California Acad. Sci., V, 

p. 415, December, 1S74. 

NEWCOMBE, CHARLES F. Preliminary check-list, marine shells of British Columbia. R. Wolfenden, 

Victoria, B. C., 1893, 8°, 13 pp. 

--- Report on the marine shells of British Columbia. Dull. Nat. Hist. Soc. British Columbia, I, 

art. 5, pp. 31-72, February, 1S94. 

--- New or rare speeies of marine Mollusca recently found in British Columbia. Nautilus, X, No. 

2, pp. 16-20, June, 1896. 

--- A preliminary catalogue of the collections of natural history and ethnology in the Provincial 

Museum, Victoria, British Columbia. R. Wolfenden, 1S9S, S0 , 196 pp. Of. pp. S3-107. 

NIERSTRASZ, H. F. Demerkungen ueber die Chitonen-Sammlung im Zoologisches :M;useum zu Leiden. 

Notes Mus. Leideri, XXV, pp. 141-159, pls. 9-10, 1905. . 

OLDROYD, Mrs. To~1 SHAW. See Shepard, I. M. 

ORBIGNY. See D'Orbigny, A. D. 

ORCUTT, CHARI,ES RussELL (1S64- ). Notes on the mollusks of the vicinity of San Diego, Cal. 

and Todos Santos Bay, Lower California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 534-552, pl. 24, 1SS5. 

Edited, with notes, by W. H. Dall, q. v. 

--- Mollusks of San Diego. West American Scientist, II, No. 1, pp. 3--4, January, 1SS6. 

--- Some notes on Tertiary fossils of California. West American Scientist, VI, No. 45, p. 70; No. 

46, p. S4, 1890. 

--- California pearl shells (Haliotis). West American Scientist, X, No. 5, pp. 30--31, March, 1900. 

--- West American Mollusca, I-XIII (reprints), S0 , pp. 1-36, subsequently paginated by columns 

37-67, 1900. Continued, West American Scientist, XI, pp. 27-34, 41--49, 63-69, 74-76, 7S-SO, 1901. 

OsMONT, VANCE c. Areas of the California Neocene. Univ. California nun. Dept. Geol., IV, No.4, 

pp. 89-100, pls. S-11, 1904, 

PEASE, WILLIAM HARPER ( -1S72). Remarks on marine Gasteropoda inhabiting the west coast of 

America: with descriptions of two new species. Am. Jour. Conch., V, pt. 2, pp. SO-S4, October 7, 

1869. 

PEcK, JAMES I. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. 

XXVI. Report on the pteropods collected by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross during 

the voyage from Norfolk, Va., to San Francisco, Cal., 1SS7-88. Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, No. 

943, pp. 451--466, pls. 53-55, September 30, 1893. 

PERRIER, EDMOND, and RocHEBRUNE, A. T. DK Sur un Octopus nouveau (0. digueti) de Ia basse Californie, habitant les coquilles des mollusques bivalves. Comptcs Rend us del' Acad. Sci., CXVIII, 

pp. 770--773, 1S94. 
APPENDICES. 209 

PETIT DE LA SAUSSAYE, SAUVEUR (1792-1870). Notice sur le genre Trichotropis Sowerl:iy, et description de coquilles appartenant probablementa ce genre. Jour. de Conchyl., II, pp. 17-24, May, 

1851. 

--- Description d'un genre nouveau, genre Recluzia, appartenant a la famille des Janthinidees. 

Jour. de Conchyl., IV, pp. H6-120, May, 1853. 

PHILIPPI, RuDOLF AMANDUS (1808-1904). Kritische Bemerkungen iiber die von Rschscholt:>: aufgestellten Arten von·Acmma. Zeitschr. fiir Malak., III, pp. 106-108, July, 1846. 

PrLSDRY, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1862-

No. 8, p. 96, December, 1890. 

). Lucapinella, a new genus of Fissurellidm. Nautilus, IV, 

--- Monographs of the Acmmidm and Lepetid:£. Man. Conch. Strui::t. and Syst. (Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia), XIII, pp. 1-76, pls. 1-40, 1891. 

--- and JoHNSON, C. W. Catalogue of Fissurellidm of the United. States. Nautilus, V, No.9, pp. 

102-107, January, 1892. 

--- On Acanthopleuraand its subgenera. Nautilus, VI, No.9, pp. 104-105, January, 1893. 

---.,Notes on the Acanthochitidm, with descriptions of new American species. Nautilus, VII, No. 

3, pp. 31-32, July, 1893. 

--- A synonym of Leptothyra (Petropoma Gabb). Nautilus, VII, No.7, p. 84, November, 1893. 

--- Monograph of the Polyplacophora. Man. Conch. Struct. and Syst. (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia), XIV, pp. xxxiv, 350, pls. 1-68, 1892-93; XV, pp. 133, pls. 1-17, 1894. 

On Chiton hartwer1ii Cpr. and its allies. Nautilus, VIII, No.4, pp. 45-57, August, 1894. 

Trachydermon raymondi in British Columbia. Nautilus, VIII, No.5, p. 57, September, 1894. 

Navarchus (preoccupied) changed to Navanax. Nautilus, VIII, p. 131, March, 1895. See also 

Cooper, J. G. 

On Dolabella californica Stearns. Nautilus, IX, No.7, pp. 73-74, November, 1895. 

--- Notes on some west American chi tons. Nautilus, X, No.5, pp. 49-51, September, 1896. 

--- Manual of Conchology. Scaphopoda. Man. Conch. Struct. and Syst., XVI, pp. i-xxxii, 1-280, 

pls. 1-34, 1897-98. 

Note on Halistylus. Nautilus, XII, No.4, pp. 46-47, August, 1898. 

--- Notes on a few chitons. Nautilus, XII, No.5, p. 51, September, 1898. 

--- Note on the subgenus Eucosmia Cpr. ( Eulithidium Pilsbry). Nautilus, XII, No.5, p. 60, September, 1898. 

--- Ilalwtis cracherodii variety californiensis Swainson. Nautilus, XII, No.7, pp. 79-80, November, 

1898. 

--- Chitons collected by Dr. Harold Heath at Pacific Grove, near Monterey, California. ProcAcad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1898, pp. 287-290. 

--- Margarita sharpii, a new Alaskan gastropod. Proc. Acad. Nat .. Sci. Philadelphia for 1898, p. 486, 

fig.l. 

---and RAYMOND, W. J. Note on Septifer bifurcatus Conrad. Nautilus, XII, No.6, pp. 69-71, October, 1898. 

-- See also Dall;W. H. 

PIN ART, ALPHONSE Lours. See Fischer, Paul Henri. 

RANDOJ,PH, PEYTON BROOKS. Collecting shells in the Klondike country. Nautilus, XII, No. 10, pp. 

109-112, February, 1899. 

RAYMOND, WILLIAM JAMES (1865- ). The Californian species of the genus Nuttallina. Nautilus, 

VII, No. 12, pp. 133-134, April, 1894. 

A new Dentalium from California. Nautilus, XV"II, No. 11, pp. 123-124, March, 1904. 

--- Two new species of Pleurotoma from California. Nautilus, XVIII, No.1, pp. 1-3, May, 1904. 

--- A new species of Pleurotomafrom the Pliocene of California. Nautilus, XVIII, No.2, pp.14-16, 

June, 1904. 

37351-No. 59-09--14 
210 THE MIOCENF. OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OHEGON. 

RAYMOND, \VrLLIAM JAMES (1865- ). The west Arneriean species of Pleurotoma subgenus Genota. 

Nautilus, XX, No.4, pp. 37-3!l, pl. 2, August, 1!)06. 

REDFIELD, JoHN HowARD (1815-1895). Description of some new species of shells. Annals New York 

Lye. Nat. Hist., IV, pp. 163-168, pl. 10, 1846. 

REMOND, AuGuSTE. Description of two new species of bivalve shells from the Tertiaries of Contra Costa 

County. Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., III, p. 13, 1863. 

RIVERS, .TonN JAMES (1825- r Occurrence of a Miocene shell in the living state (Nassa californiana 

Conrad). Zoe, II, pp. 70-72, fig., April, 1891. 

--- A new volutoid shell from Mon.terey Bay. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 2d ser., III, August, 1891 

(per separate). Reprinted, Nautilus, V, No. 10, pp. 111-112, February, 1892. The shell is really 

from Magellan Straits. 

--- Pandora (Kennerlia) yrandis Dall. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., I, No. 6, p. 69, June, 

.1902. 

--- Descriptions of some undescribed fossil shells of the J?lcistoccnc and Pliocene formationsofthe 

Santa Monica Range. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., III, No.5, pp. 69-72, 1 pl., ll~~y, 1904. 

RocnEBRUNE, ALPHONSE TnEMEAli DE (1836- ). Diagnose d'esp?wes nouvelles de la famille de 

Chitonidre, premier supplement. Bull. Soc. Philom., 7thser., Vl, pp.190-197, 1882. 

--- Note sur les mollusques recueillis par M. Diguet en Basse Californie. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 

de Paris, I, p. 36, 1895. 

--- Surles proprietes toxiques du Spondylus americanus Lamarck. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., de 

Paris, I, pp. 151-156, 1895. See also Revue Scientifique, LV, p. 728, and Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., 

1895, p. 621. 

--- Diagnoses de mollusques nouveaux provenant du voyage de M. Diguet en Basse-Californie. 

Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., de Paris, I, pp. 239-243, 1895. 

RoEMER, EDUARD (1819-1874). Ueber Saxidomus. Malak. Blatt., VIII, pp. 63-70, April, 1861. 

Rous, SLOMAN (1838-1!)07). Cancellaria obtusa Deshayes. Nautilus, XXI, No. 9, p. 105, January, 

1908. 

ScHRENCK, LEOPOLD voN (1826-1894). Les diagnoses de quelques nouvelles especes de mollusques 

~ trouvees dans le detroit de Tartaric et dans lamer de Japon. Bull. del' Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St.-

Petersbourg, IV, pp. 408-41:3, November, 1861. 

--- Remarques sur la faunc de Sakhaline ct des isles Kouriles. Bull. de l' Acad. Imp. des Sci. de 

St.-Petersbourg, IV, pp. 413-433, 1861. 

--- Reisen und Forschungen im Amurlande. II (III). Mollusken des Amur-landes*und des Nordjapanischen Meeres~ 40, pp. 259-974, pls. 12-30, October, 1867. 

SHEPARD, loA MARY (1853- ). With a dredge. Nautilus, IX, No.6, pp. 71-72, October, 1895. 

SHUMARD, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1820-1869). Descriptions of new fossils from the Tertiary formation 

of Oregon and Washington territories and the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, collected by Dr. 

John Evans, U. S. geologist, under instructions from the Department of the Interior. Trans. St. 

Louis Acad. Sci., I, pp. 120-125, 1858. 

SIMPSON, CHARLES ToRREY (1846- ). The molluscan fauna of the Galapagos Islands. Am. Naturalist, XXVIII, No. 327, pp. 255-257, March, 1894. [Review of Stearns's paper on this subject.] 

SMITH, EDGAR Ar:BER'l' (1847- ). Remarks on several species of Bullidre, with descriptions of some 

hitherto unknown forms and of a new species of Planaxis. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., IX, pp. 

344-355, May, 1872. 

--- Remarks on the genus Alaba, with the deseription of a new species. Proe. Zool. Soe. London 

for 1875, pp. 537-540. 

--- Account of the zoological collection made during the visit of H. M. S. Peterel to the Galapagos 

Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1877, pp. 69-73, pl. 11. 

--- Descriptions of twelve new species of shells. .Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1880, pp. 478-485, 

pl. 48; cf. p. 481, pl. 48, fig. 6. 
APPENDICES. 211 

SMITH, EDGAR ALBERT (1847- ). · Descriptions of six new species of shells from Vancouver Island. 

· Ann. Mag. Nat. Il.ist., 5th ser., VI, pp. 286-289, October, 1880. 

--- Observations on the genus Astarte, with a list of the known recent species. Jour. Conch. (Leeds), 

III, No. 7, pp. 196-232, July, 1881. 

--- Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidm in the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. IIist., 6th 

ser., II, pp. 300-317, 1888. 

--- Descriptjons of new species of shells from the Challenger expedition. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 

for 1891, pp. 436---438, pl. 34, figs. 5-6. 

--- Descriptions of new species of shells from Mauritius and California. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

6th ser., IX, pp. 255-256, March, 1892. 

------ Description of a new species of Nucula and a list of the species belonging to the subgenus Acila. 

Jour. Conch. (Leeds), VII, pp. 110-112, October, 1892. 

--- Observations on the genus Sphenia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., XII, pp. 277-281, October, 

1893. 

--- A list of the recent species of the genus Pirula Lamarck, with notes respecting the synonymy . 

.Tour. Mal., III, pt. 4, pp. 64-69, December, 1894. 

--- On some Mollusca from Bering Sea, with descriptions of two new species of Trochidm. Proc. 

Malac. Soc., III, pt. 4, pp. 205-207, figs. 1-2, March, 1899. 

--- Note on the genera Calloeardia and Vesicomya. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, IV, pt. 2, pp. 81-83, 

August, 1900. 

SMITH, JA~ms PERRIN (1864- ). Studies fo)' students. Geologic study of migration of marine 

invertebrates. Jour. Geol., III, No.4, pp. 481-4!)5, 18!)5. 

--- Periodic migrations between the Asiatic and American coasts of the Pacific Ocean. Am. Jour. 

. Sci., 4th ser., XVII, No. !.l9, pp. 217-233, March, 1904. 

SMITH, MAXWELL. Annotated list of the Mollusca found in the vicinity of La Jolla, San Diego County, 

Cal. N'autilus, XXI, pp. 55-59, September, 1907; pp. 65-67, October, 1907. 

Triton gibiJOsus Broderip in California. Nautilus, XXI, No. 9, p. lOG, January, 1908. 

SorER, EMMA CATHERINE. Notes on shells. Nautilus, IX, No. 6, pp. 69-71, October, 1895. 

SowERBY, GEORGE BnE'l'TINGHAM, sr. (1783-1854). A descriptive catalogue of the species of Leach's 

genus Margarita. Mal. and Conch. Mag., I, pt. 1, pp. 23-27, 1838. 

SowERDY, GEORGE BRETTINGHAJ\1 (3d) (1843- ). Descriptions of. two new species of shells from 

Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat. llist., 7th ser., IV, pp. 370-372, figs., 1899. 

STEARNS, RoHER'l' EDwARDS CARTER (1827- ). Conchological memoranda. I, July 16, 1866; II, 

August 20, 1866; III, December 2,.1867; VI, May 18, 1871; VII, "August 28, 1871; IX, September 

4, 1871; X, June 5, 1872; XII, April 7, 1873. [Referred to below as C. M.] 

--- List of shells collected at Baulinas Bay, California., .Tune, 1866. (C. M., I.) Proc. California 

Acacl. Nat. Sci., III, pp. 275-276, January, 1867. 

--- List of shells collected at Santa Barbara and San Diego, by Mr . .T. Hepburn in February-March, 

1866. (C. M., I.) Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., III, pp. 283-286, January, 1867. 

--- Additional shells from Baulinas Bay. (C. M., II.) Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., III, p. 

291, January, 18fi7. 

--- Shells collected at Santa Barbara, by W. Newcomb, M. D., in January, 1867. (C. M., II.) 

Proc. California Acacl. Nat. Sci., III, pp. 343-345, September, 1867. 

--- List of sl;lells collected at Pmissima and Lobitas, California, October, 1866. (C. M., II.) Proc. 

California Acad. Nat. Sci., III, pp. 345-346, September, 1867. 

--- List of shells collected at Bodega Bay, California, .Tune, 1867. (C. M., III.) Proc. California 

Acad. Nat. Sci., III, pp. 382-383, May, 1868. 

--- Shells collected by the U.S. Coast Survey expedition to Alaska, in the year 1867. (C. M., III.) 

Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., III, pp. 384-385, May, 1868. Also in U. S. Con.st Survey, Ann. 

Rept. for 1867, app. 18, pp. 291-292. 
212 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

STEARNS, ROBERT EJ?WARDS CARTER (1827-

III, No. 5, pp. 250-256, figs., July, 1869. 

). '!'he Haliotis or pearly ear-shell. Am. Naturalist, 

--- Preliminary descriptions of new ~pecies from the west coast of America. Conchological Memoranda, VI, 1lf., May 18, 1871. 

--- Descriptions of new marine mollusks from the west coast of North America. Conchological 

Memoranda, VII, August 28, 1871. Also Proe. California Acad. Sci., V, pp. 78-82, pl. 1, May, 1873. 

--- On the habitat and distribution of the west American species of Cyprreidre, Triviidm, and 

Amphiperasidre. (C. M., IX.) Proe. California Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, pp. 186-189, January, 1872. 

· --- Description of a new species of Monoceros from California, with remarks on the distribution of the 

·North American species. Am. Jour. Conch., VII, pp. 167:._171, pl. 14, fig. 16, March, 1872. 

--- Descriptions of new California shells. Am. Jour. Conch., VII, pp. 172-173, pl. 14, figs. 14, 15, 

March, 1872. (Of. also C. M., VI, May, 1871.) 

--- The California Trivia and some points in its distribution. Am. Naturalist, VI, pp. 732-734, 

figures, December, 1872. 

--- Description of a new Mangelia from California. (C. M., X.) Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., 

IV, p. 226, pl. 1, fig. 10, January, 1873. 

--- Remarks on marine faunal provinces on the west coast of Americ·a. (C. M., X.) Proc. California Nat. Sci., IV, p. 246, January, 1873: See also Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., XII, p. 185, 1873. 

--- Description of new species of shells from California. (C. M., X.) Proc. California Acad. Nat. 

Sci., IV, p. 249, pl. 1, January, 1873. 

--- Notes on Purpura canaliculata of Duclos. (C. M., X.) Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, pp. 

250-251, January, 1873. 

--- A partial comparison of the conchology of portions of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North 

America. (C. M., X.) Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, pp. 271-273, pl. 1, January, 1873. 

--- The pectens, or scallop shells.. Overland Monthly, April, 1873, 4 pp. 

--- Remarks on xylophagous marine animals, or marine animals which destroy wood. California 

Horticulturalist and Floral Magazine, May, 1873, 4 pp. with figures. 

--- Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of nudibranchiate mollusks from thjl coast of 

California. (C. M., XII.) Proc. California Acad. Sci., V, pp. 77-78, figs. 1-2, May, 1873. 

--- Description of new marine mollusks from the west coast of North America. (C. M., VII, XII.) 

Proc. California Acad. Sci., V, pp. 78-82, pl. 1, May, 1873. 

--- Remarks on the nudibranchiate or naked-gilled mollusks. California IIorticulturalist and 

Floral Magazine, .Tuly, 1873, 2 pp. with figures. 

--- Shells collected at San Juanico, Lower California, by William M. Gabb. Proc. California Acad. 

Sci., V, pp. 131-132, July 21, 1873. 

--- Shells collected at Loreto, Lower California, by William M. Gabb, in February, 1867. Proc. 

California Acad. Sei., V, p. 132, July 21, 1873. 

--- Description of new fossil shells from the Tertiary of California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1875, pp. 463-464, pl. 27, November 23, 1875. 

--- Description of a new species of Dolabella from the Gulf of California, with remarks on other rare 

or little-known species from the same region. Proc. 'Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1878, pt. 3, pp. 

395-401, pl. 7. 

Mya arenaria in San Francisco Bay. Am. Naturalist, pp. 362-365, May, 1881. 

--- Verification of the habitat of Conrad's Mytilus bifurcatns. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

for 1882, pp. 241-242. 

--- The edible clams of the Pacific coast and a proposed method of transporting them to the Atlantic 

coast. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm., III, No. 23, pp. 353-3G2, October 19, 1883. 

The giant clams of Puget Sound. Forest and Stream, May 28, 1885. 

--- The teredo or shipworm. Am. Naturalist, XX, pp.131-13G, February, 188G. 

--- On certain parasites, commensals, and domiciliars in the pearl oysters, Mcleagrin<B. Rept. 

Smithsonian Imit. for 1886, pt. 1, pp. 339-344; plates 1-3, June, 1889. 
APPENDICES. 213 

STEARNS, ROBERT EDWARDS CARTER (1827-

Fish Commission steamer Albatross. XVII. 

and marine shells, with notes and comments. 

pis. 15-17, September 16, 1890. 

). Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. 

Description of new west American land, fresh-water, 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus,, XIII, No. 813, pp. 205-225, 

Edible mollusks, etc. Here and there. Nautilus, V, No.1, pp. 2-4, May, 1891. 

--- Edible shell notes for "The Nautil{rs." Nautilus, V, No.3, pp. 25, 26, July, 1891. 

--- List of shells collected on the west coast of South America, principally between latitude 7° 30' 

S. and 8°49' N., by Dr. W. H. Jones, surgeon, U.S. Navy. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, No. 854, pp. 

307-335, 1891. 

-- Preliminary descriptions of new molluscan forms from west American regions, etc. Nautilus, 

VI, No. 8, pp. 85-89, December, 1892. 

--- Description of a new species of Nassa from the Gulf of California. Nautilus, VII, No. 1, pp. 

10-11,May, 1893 .. 

. --- On rare or little-known mollusks from the west coast of North and South America, with descrip· 

tions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, No. 941, pp. 341-352, September 28, 1893. 

--- Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. XXV. 

Report on the mollusk fauna of the Galapagos Islands, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U.S. 

Nat. Mus., XVI, No. 942, pp. 353-450, September 29, 1893. 

--.- On recent collections of North American land, fresh-water, and marine shells received from the 

U. S. Department of Agriculture. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 971, pp. 7.43-755, ·February 9, 1894. 

Urosalpinx cinereus in San Francisco Bay. Nautilus, VIII, No.2, pp. 13-14, June, 1894. 

--- The shells of the Tres Marias and other localities along the shores of Lower California and the 

Gulf of California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, No. 996, pp. 139-204, July 19, 1894. 

A new variety of Ocinebra circumtexta Stearns. Nautilus, IX, No. 2, p. 16, June, 1895. 

Uvanilla regina, a new·locality. Nautilus, XI, No. 1, p. 1, May, 1897. 

Description of a new species of Actxon from the Quaternary bluffs of Spanish Bight, San Diego, 

Cal. Nautilus, XI, No.2, pp. 14-15, June, 1897. 

--- Descri_ption of a species of .Actxon from the Quaternary bluffs at Spanish Bight, San Diego, Cal. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXI, No. 1145, pp. 297-299, 1 fig., November 2, 1898. 

--- Notes on the Cytherea ( Tivela).crassatelloides Conrad, with descriptions of many varieties. Proc. 

U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, No. 1149, pp. 371-378, pis. 23-25, November 10, 1898. 

--- Preliminary description of a new variety of Haliotis. Nautilus, XII, No.9, pp. 106-107, January, 1899. 

Urosalpinx cinereus Say, in San Francisco Bay .. Nautilus, XII, No. 10, p. 112, February, 1899. 

Crepidula convexa Say, variety glauca Say, in San Francisco Bay. Nautilus, XIII, No. 1, p. 8, 

May, 1899. 

--- Natural history of the Tres Marias Islands of Mexico. Nautilus, XIII, No. 2, pp. 19, 20, June, 

1899. 

--- Natural history of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. 

1899. 

Science, new scr., X, No. 239, July 28, 

} 

--- Donax st1tltorum Mawe=Conrad's species Cytherea crassatelloides. Nautilus, XIII, No. 7, pp. 

73-75, November, 1899. f 

--- Abalone fishery in California. Protective regulation. Nautilus, .XIII, No. 7, pp. 81, 82, 

November, 1899. 

Modiola plicatula Lamarck, in San Francisco Bay. Nautilus, XIII, No. 8, p. 86, December, 

1899. 

--·- Description of a new variety of Haliotis from California, with faunal and geographic notes. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, No. 1191, pp. 139-142, April 7, 1900. 

--- Exotic Mollusca in California. Science, new ser., XI, No. 278, pp. 655-659, April 27, 1900. 
' 

214 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

STEARNS, RoBERT EDWARDS CARTER (1827- ). Notes on the distribution of and certain characteristics in the Saxidomi of the west coast. Nautilus, XIV, No. 1, pp. 1-3, May, 1900. 

--- The fossil shells of the Los Angeles tunnel clays. Science, new ser., XII, pp. 247-250, August 

17, 1900 .. 

An abnormal chiton. Nautilus, XV, No. 5, pp. 53-54, September, 1901. 

--- Fossil shells of the John Day.region. Science, new ser., XV, No. 369, pp. 153-154, January 

24, 1902. 

Mollusks occurring in southern California. Nautilus, XVI, No. 12, pp. 133-134, April, 19m. 

Abalones and the earthquake. Nautilus, XX, No. 12, pp. 135-136, April, 1907. 

In re Cytherea petechialis of Carpenter's Mazatlan catalogue. Nautilus, XXI, No. 3, p. 29, 

July, 1907. 

STIMPSON, WILLIAM (1832-1872). Review of the northern Buccinums, and remarks on some other northern marine mollusks. CanaG;3n Naturalist, new ser., II, pp. 362-388, October, 1865. 

STOUT, ARTHUR B. (1814-1898). Remarks on Octopus pU1ictatus Gabb. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 

IV, pp. 30-31, November, 1868. 

STUXBERG, ANTON Jm,Ius (1849-1902). Evertebratfaunan i Sibiriens ishaf. Vega Exp. vetensk. 

iakt., I, pp. 695-715, 756, 766, 793-810, 1882. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE WILLIAM (1854- ). ·Notes of a collecting trip to Departure Bay, Vancouver 

Island. Nautilus, VII,_ No. 9, pp. 100-102, January, 1894. 

--- Preliminary catalogue of the marine Mollusca of the Pacific coast of Canada, with notes upon 

their distribution. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, pp. 17-100, 1895. 

THIEL~;, JoHANN~;s. Bemerkungen tiber die Gatlung Photinula. Nachrichtsbl. Deutsch. malacozool. 

Gesellsch., heft 1, 1906, pp. 12-15. 

THOMPSON, D' AncY WENTWORTH (1860- ). On a rare cuttlefish, Ancistroteuthis robusta (Dall) 

Steenstrup. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London for 1900, pp. 992-998, figs., UiOI. 

THROCKMORTON, SAMu~;I, R. Eastern oysters in California waters. Proc. California Acad. Sci., V, p. 

306, December, 1874. 

TRASK, JoHN BoARDMAN (1824-1879} Descriptions of fossil shells from the Tertiary deposits [of 

Santa Barbara, Cal.]. Proc. California Acad. Sci., I, pp. 41-43, April 9, 1855. [Describes Chemnitzia papillosa, Tornatella elliptica, Murcx fragil-is, F11sus barbarensis, F. robustus, and F. rugosus, 

from the Pliocene of Santa Barbara, as new.] 

TROWBRIDCH1, LAURA HELEN. Collecting at Ballast Point. Nautilus, XI, No.6, pp. 67-:-69, October, 

1897. 

VANATTA, EDWARD G. West American Eulimidre. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1899, pp. 

254-257' pl. 11. 

VERKRUZEN, T. A. Zusammenstellung der Buccinen der nordlichcn Hemisphaere. Nachrichtsbl. d. 

Deutsch. Mal. Ges., XIII, pp. 42-44, March, 1881 (cf. pp. ]8-22, January, 1881); Jahrb. d. Deutsch. 

Mal. Gcs., XI, pp. 203-229, 356-365, 1882; Nachrichtsbl., XIV, pp. 161-172, December, 1882; XV, 

pp. 144-150, October, 1883; XVI, pp. 98-103, July, 1884; XVII, pp. 85-88, June, 1885. 

VERRILL, ADDISON EMERY (1839- ). Contributions to 

VI. Descriptions of shells from the Gulf of California. 

March, 1870. 

zoology from the museum of Yale College. 

Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XLIX, pp. 217-227, 

--- North American cephalopods. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., V, pp. 245-252, pls. 23-24, 

February, 1880. · 

--- Descriptions of two species of Octopus from California. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. at Harvard 

College; No. 6, XI, pp. 117-124, pis. 4-6, 1883. 

VoGDES, ANTHONY WAYNE. (1843- ). A bibliography relating to the geology, paleontology, and 

mineral resources of California. Bull. California State Mining Bureau, No. 30, Sacramento, State 

Printer, 1904, 290 pp., 5 pl., 8°. 
APPENDICES. 215 

WATTS, W. L. The gas and petroleum yielding formations of California. Bull. California State Mining Bureau, No. 3, Sacramento, State Printer, 1894, pp. 1--u5. [Contains lists of fossils by J. G. 

Cooper.] 

--- Oil and gas yielding formations of Los Angeles, Ventura, and Santa Barbara counties. Bull. 

California State Mining Bureau for 1897, XI, pp. 1-94, Sacramento, State Printer, 1897. [Contains 

list.~ of fossils.] 

WAsiiBURN, FREDERICK• LEoNARD (1860- ). Present condition of the eastern oyster experiment 

and the native oyster industry. Rept. State Biologist, Salem, Oreg., State Printer, 1900, 8°, pp. 

1-13. 

--- Notes on the spawning.lmbits of the razor clam, Mach::cra pat·ula Dixon. Recommendations 

regarding protective measures. 8'?, 6 pp., 2 pls., Eugene, Oreg., April, 1900. 

WHITE, [Mrs. G. W.] LETTIE HuTCHINS. Collecting in southern California. Nautilus, IX, No. 9, pp. 

102-104, January, 1896. 

WmTEAVEs, JosEPH FREDE lUCK (1835- ). On some marine Invertebrata from the west coast of 

North America collected by Mr. J. Richardson. Canadian Naturalist, new ser., VIII, pp. 464-

471, December 20, .1878. 

--- On some marine Invertebrata from the Queen Charlotte Islands. Rept. Progress, Geol. Survey Canada, 1878-79, pp. 1fl0n-205n, 1880. 

--- On some marine Invertebrata, dredged, or otherwise collected, by Dr. G. M. Dawson in 1885, 

· on the coast of British Columbia [etc.]. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IV, sec. 4, for 1886, pp. 111-135, 

1887. 

--- Notes on some marine Invertebrata from the coast of British Columbia. Ottawa Naturali~t, 

VII, No. n; pp. 133-137, December, 18fl3. 

WHITNEY, JosiAH DwwHT (1819-1896). ~ee Gabb, W. M. 

WILLCOX, MARY ALICE (1856- ). A revision of the systematic names employed by writers on the 

morphology of the Acm:Eida;. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIX, No. 11, pp. 217..:222, April, 

1900. 

\VILJ,IAMSON, MARTHA BuRTON. Leaves from a diary. Nautilus, Ill, pp. 143-144, April, 1890. 

--- Collecting.chitons on the Pacific coast. Nautilus, IV, No. 3, pp. 32-33, July, 1890. 

--- An annotated Jist of the shells of San Pedro Bay and vicinity, with a description of two new 

species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XV, No. 898, pp. 179-220, pls. 19-23, 1892. 

On Clementia subdiaphana Cpr. in San Pedro Bay. Nautilus, VI, No. 10, p. 116, February, 1893. 

--- Edible mollusks of southern California. Nautilus, VTT, No.3, pp. 27-29, July, 1893. 

--- Abalone or Haliotis shells of the Californian coast. Am. Naturalist, XXXII, pp. 849-852, 

October, 1894. 

--- Conchological researches in San Pedro Bay, including the Alamitos oyster fishery Ann. Pub. 

Hist. Soc. Southern California, III, pp. 10-15, 1894. 

--- An interrogation in regard to Septijer bijurcatus Reeve and Jfyt1:lus bifnrcat·us Conrad. Nautilus, XII, No. 6, pp. 67-68, October, 1898. 

--- How Potamides ( Cerithidea) californica travels. Nautilus, XV, No.7, pp. 82-88, November, 1901. 

--- A monograph on Pecten ::cquisul.catus Cpr. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., I, No. 5, pp. 

51-61, pis. 4-6, May, 1902. 

--- New varieties of Crepidula rugosa Nuttall, found on Natica and Norrisia. Nautilus, XIX, No.5, 

pp. 50-51, September, 1905. 

--- West American shells, including a new variety of Corbula luteola Cpr. and two new varieties of 

gastropods. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., IV, No. 8, pp. 118-129, November, 1905. 

--- Abalones and the penal code of California. Nautilus, XX, No.8, pp. 85-87, December, 1906. 

--- West American Mitrida; north of Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Bioi. Soc. Washington, XIX, pp. 193-198, December 31, 1906. 

--- The Haliotis or abalone industry of the Californian coast: preservative)aws·. Ann. Hist. Soc. 

Southern California, VII, pp. 22-30, lfl07. 
216 THE MIOCENE OF ASTORIA AND COOS BAY, OREGON. 

WrMMER, AuousT. Zur Conchylien-Fauna du Galapagos Inseln. Sitzb. der K. Akad. der Wiss., 

LXXX, 1st Abth., pp. 1-50, December, 1879. 

WooD, WILLIARD M., and RAYMOND, WILLIAM J. Mollusks of San Francisco County. Nautilus, V, 

No. 5, September, 1891, pp. 54-58; No.8, p. 94, December, 1891. 

--- On a collecting trip to Monterey.Bay. ·Nautilus, VII, No.6, pp. 70-72, October, 1893. 

--- Bolinas, Cal., the conchologist's paradise. Nautilus, XI, No. 5, pp. 49-54, Septeinber, 1897 . 

. WooDWORTH, FREDERICK AuGusTus (1858- ). See Dall, W. H. 

YATES, LORENZO GoRDIN (1837- ). The Mollusca 9f Santa Rosa Island, California, U.S. Quart. 

Jour. Conch. (Leeds), I, No. 10, pp. 182-185, 1877. 

--- Stray notes on the geology of the Channel Islands. The Mollusca of the Channel Islands of 

California. Ninth Ann. Rept. California State Mining Bureau, pp. 171-178, 1889. 

--- The Mollusca of Santa Barbara County, Cal., and new shells from the Santa Barbara Channel. 

Santa Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., Bull. No. 2, pp. 37-48, pis. I, II, August, 1890. 

--- Cyprmaspadicea. Nautilus, IV, No.5, p. 54, September, 18\JO. 

--- Shells of the Santa Barbara Channel. Overland Monthly, August, 1897. 

·zEcK, Mrs. MATILDA (misprinted Beck). Morning tides. Nautilus, XI, No.8, pp. 89-:-90, December, 

1897. 
. I 

• 

PLATES II TO XXIII. 

37351--No. 59--09----15 217 
PLATE II. 

(All speeies from the Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon.) 

FIG. 1. Fusinus (Buccino(usus) eoosens·is Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 62.0 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

107782----.---- .. -- -- --- -- -- -- - ----- -- -- -- - - - -- - - -- . - --- -- - - -' - - -- -- -- -- . - - - - - - - -

2. Purpura perpondero.m Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 73.0 mm: U. S. Nat. Mus., 107778 ______ _ 

3. Turris coosensis Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 67.0 mm .. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107783. ___________ _ 

4. Chrysodornu.s baird·ii Dall, n. sp. The apex and canal are incomplete. Altitude, 46.0 

mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153905 .. _________________________ . ________________________ _ 

5. Purpura perponderosa Dall, n. sp. Vertical view of same specimen as that represented 

by fig. 2. Maximum diameter, 41.0 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107778 __________________ _ 

6. Discinisca oregonensis Dall, n. sp. The apex of this shdl is broken off. Maximum 

diameter, 35.0 nun. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1077.79 .. ____________________________________ _ 

7. Cancellaria orcgons·is Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 43.0 nun. U.S. Nat. Mus. 107788 .. _______ _ 

8. Calliostorna earnrnani Dall, n. sp. Maximum diameter, 25.0 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

107776.----------------------:---------------------------------------------------

9. The same shell in profile. 

10. Teg-ula (Chlorostoma) stantoni Dall, n. sp. Maximum diameter, 35.0 mm. U.S. Nat. 

Page. 

41 

46 

24 

43 

4(i 

137 

28 

96 

Mus. 107777 _____ · _______ .. ________ . ___ ... _____ . _____ . ______ . ____ : ______________ .· _ _ 95 

11. The base of the same shelL 

12 . . Marcia oregonensis Conrad. Longitude, 53.0 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107786. Sec also 

Pl. XI, fig. 9, and Pl. XII, fig. 3 .. _____ _ : __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ 12~ 

13. Glycymeris g-rewingki Dall, n. sp. Longitude, 38.0 mm. u.~s. Nat. Mus. 107784 .. _ _ _ _ _ 107 

14. Thraeia trapezoidea Conrad. Longitude, 53.0 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107785. See also 

Pl. XIII, fig. 7 _____ .......... _ .... ____________ .. __________ ............ _ .... _ _ _ _ _ 135 

218 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. II 

3 

2 

5 6 

4 7 

9 

10 

8 11 

13 14 

12 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE ITI. 

Pn,gc. 

FIG. 1. Epitoninm (Arctoscala) condoni Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 32.0 mm~ Miocene of Eugene, 

Oreg. U.S. Nat. Mus. 135122..................................................... 53 

2. Tnrcicula columbiana Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 37.0 mrn. Eocene of Oregon. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 107397 __ . _., _ .. _. _________ ........ _. _____ . __________________ , ____________ , _ 100 

3. Epitonium ( Catenoscala) oregonense Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 32.0 mm. Miocene of 

Eugene, Oreg. U. S. Nat. Mus. 135123 ..... _ ........ _ .... _ ........... __ .. _ .. _, _... 54 

4. Architectonica blanda Dall, n. sp. Basal view of type specimen. Maximum diameter, 

19.0 mm. Eocene of Oregon. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107414.............................. 80 

5. The same specimen in profile. 

6. Strepsidura oregonensis Dall, n. sp. Altilude, 30.0 mm. Eocene of Pittsburg, Oreg. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 107395 ............................. ·............................... 51 

7. Ampullina (Amauropsis) oregonensis Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 19.5 mm. Miocene of Coos 

Bay, Oregon. U.-S. Nat. Mus. 107780............................................. 91 

8. Molopophorus gabbi Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 19.0 mm. Eocene of Oregon. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 107377 __ . _________ . ___ . _. _ .. _. ___ . _. ______________________ ... _. ___ . _ .. ____ .. 45 

9. Cerithiopsis exeelsns Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 20.5 mm. Eocene of Oregon. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 107400. ________________________ . ________________ . _____________ .... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7,5 

10. Epitonium (Opalia) rugijerum Dail, n. sp. Altitude, 60.0 mm. Pliocene of Oregon. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 135121............................................................ 52 

11. Turcicula col-umbiana Dall, from the same specimen as fig. 2. Basal view; maximum 

diameter, 50.0 mm. Eocene of Oregon ...... _, ...... __ . _______ ._. __ ..... __ ... _._... 100 

12. Epitonium (Arctoscala) condoni Dall, n. sp., another specimen (cf. fig. 1). Altitude, 

70.0 mm. Miomne of Eugene, Oreg. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107R9R ... _ ... _. _"_ ...... _ _ _ _ 53 

220 

J 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. Ill 

2 

3 

5 

4 

7 

6 8 9 

10 11 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
Fm. l. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

11. 

PLATE IV. 

Page. 

Bathytoma gabbiana Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 33.0 mm. U. S. Nat. :M:us. 153910.......... 28 

Tttrris coli Dall, n. sp. Altitude of the figured specimen, 35 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

107783........................................................................... 26 

Turris (Antiplanes) impecunia Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 18 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153912. 27 

Thais (Nucella) precursor Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 32 rn.m. Pleistocene of Fossil Rock, 

Coos Bay, Oregon. U. S. Nat. ·Mus. 153995.... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

Turcica gabbi Dall, n. sp. Maximum diameter, 25 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153968. See 

also Pl. VI, fig. 11................................................................ 97 

Phalimn (Bezoardica) turricula Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 80 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153898.. 63 

Natica oregonensis Conrad. Altitude, 32 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153914 .... _ .. _. _ .. _... 86 

Bathytorna earpenteriana Gabb. Altitude, 48 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153911............. 27 

Littorina petricola Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 17 mm. Pleistocene. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153991. ... -- .... -.................. -.......................... -........... - --- - . . 80 

Sinum scop1tlosum Conrad. Altitude, 24 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153913. See also 

Pl. V, fig. 8...................................................................... 91 

Argobuccinwn (Fusitriton) cammani Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 36.5 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

] 53907- -.. - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - 55 

Turri.~ eammani Dall, n. sp.; young shell. Altitude, 47 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153909. _ 25 

The same, last whorl of adult, showing sculpture and sinuation of iftcremental lines. 

The carina is worn down and the base covered with polyzoan remains. 

The same, sido view, showing form of sinus. Altitude of this specimen, 44 mm. The 

aperture is solidly obstructed by matrix rock. U. S. Nat. 1\fus. 153909. 

222 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. IV 

2 3 4 

5 7 

6 

11 

8 

10 

9 

12 13 14 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE V. 

Page. 

FIG. 1. l'halium (Bezoardica) xquisulcatum Dall, n. sp. Front view of specimen. Altitude, 45 

mrn. U. ~-Nat. Mus.153896 ......................... ----------'------·-······-- 63 

2. Liomesus sulculatus Dall, n. sp. View of back of the shell, the apex and pillar defective. Altitude, 33 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153904. _. ____ ........................... 44 

3. The same, front view, the base and apex slightly defective. 

4. Phalium ( Bezoardica) xquisulcatum Dall, n. sp. Side view, showing thickened outer lip. 

Altitude, 45 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153896 .............. ----------·······-----·--·· 63 

5. Turris (Antiplanes) perversa Gabb. Apex and pillar slightly defective. Altitude of 

specimen, 27.5 mm. Pleistocene of Fossil Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon. U.S. Nat. Mus. 

110383.----.--.-.-----.------ ... ------ ....... -:--- ... -...... -.----- .. -----------. 26 

6. Calyptrr:ea ( '.['rochita) inornata Gab b. View of specimen from above. Latitude, 18.5 mm. 

U.S. Kat. Mus. 153920 ...................... : .......... ---·········----------····- 82 

7. Scaphander oregonensis Dall, n. sp. Longitude, 13 mm. Magnified f. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

154136.-.-.------.--.---------- ....... --- .. _-._ ... --------------------------------- 22 

8. Sinum scopulosum Conrad. Altitude, 24 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153913. See also Pl. 

IV, fig. 10. _________ . __ ........................................................... 91 

9. Priene pacifica Dall, n. sp. Canal and apex defective. Altitude, 60 mm. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. i53902. See also Pl. VI, fig. 2 .... ---------------------···------------------ 56 

10. Natica ( Cryptonatica) consors Dall, n. sp. The outer lip somewhat defective. Altitude, 

29mm. U.S. Nat. Mus.153917. See also Pl. VI, fig. 9--·------------------------ 86 

11. Calyptr<ea ( Trochita) inornata Gab b. Latitude, 40 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153921. See 

also Pl. VI, fig. 4. ______ .................................. ,....................... 82 

12. Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall, n. sp. View of specimen with outer coating of the shell 

missing, giving a false flattening ip front of the suture and excavation at the umbilicus, 

but indicating the general form. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153916 ............... .'........... 88 

13. A specimen of the same species with the outer coat intact, showing the normal profile at 

the sutures. Altitude, 43 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153916. 

224 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. V 

2 3 

4 

6 

5 7 

8 

10 

9 

11 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE-VI. 

Page. 

FIG; 1. Olivella pedroarrn- Qonrnd .. Altitude, 13 nun., the apex wanting. Magnified- f· U. S. 

Nat. Mu8. 153918 _____ . __ .... ____ .. ___ ... __ .... , ... _______ .. _ ....... ___ ... ___ ... _. 32 

2. Priene pacifica Dall, n. sp. Apex anS. canal defective.. Altitude, 6{1-nun. · U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153902. See also Pl. V, fig. 9. ___ .. __ ... ____ .. ____ ... _. _______ .... ___ ...... ... 5(\=-

3. Scaphander conradi Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 19 mm. Magnified t- U. S: N&t._ Mus. 

154157 ...... ---- ........ -.- ... ------ .. -.- .. -.. ---.-.--------.------- -----.------. 22' 

4. Calyptrxa (7'roehitu) inornata Gabb. Latitude, 40 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153921. Seealso Pl. V, figs. 6, 11. .......... _ .... ___ .. __ ....... __ .. _ .. _______ . _ ... ___ ........ _ _ 82 

5. Astrma (Pachypoma) precursor Dall, n. sp. Basal view. Diameter, 35 mm. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153919 .... __ .... ____ . _ .. ___ ... __ . _ ... ___________ ... _ ...... __ . __ .. ___ ....... 93 

6. 

7. 

The same specimen in profile, the apex wanting, showing the sculpture. 

Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 10 mrn.. Magnified 'f. U. S. Na:t. 

Mus. 153922 .... __ .... _ .. _ ........ ____ . _ ....... _ .. _______ ..... ______ .... _........ 98 

8. The same species from the front. Major diameter, 13 mm. Magnified 1-

9. Natica (Cryptonatica) consors Dall, n. sp. Young shell. Altitude, 12 mm. U.S. Nat. 

Mus. 153915. See also Pl. V, iig. 10, for adult ...... _ ........ _ .. _. ___ .. __ .. ___ ... _.. 8G 

10. Cyrnalium (Linatella) paciflcurn Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 106mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153899. 57 

11. Turcica gabbi Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 30 mm. U. S. Nat, Mus. 153968. Sec also Pl. IV, 

fig. 5 ........ -------- .. ---.- . -- ... ------------ .. -----.--------.------ _·.-- .. --.--. 97 

226 
U.s, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSlO"jijH._ PAPEfl NO. 59 PL. VI 

3 

2 

6 

4 

5 

7 8 

11 

9 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PTJATE VII. 

Page. 

Fro. l. Chrysodomus imperialis Dall,n. sp. Dorsal view of a somewhat worn specimen. Altitude, 

52 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153897. See also Pl. XVIII, fig. l.. _ ........... _......... 42 

2. Scutella (Echinardchn·ius) oref1onensis W. B. Clark, n. sp. Dorsal view of Miocene specimen, from Pleistocene of Coos conglomerate at Fossil Rock. Magnified~- U. S. Nat. 

Mus.153975 ...................... : ... ,........................................... 140 

3. Chrysodomu.~ imperialis Dall, n. sp. Front view, the terminal part of the pillar and the 

outer lip defe<~tive, the surface somewhat worn. Altitude, 52 nun. U. S. Nat. Mus . 

. ] 53897 .................................. - - - -.. - ............... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

4. Argobuet:inum (Fusitriton)coosense Dall, n. sp. The outer lip and end of the pillar missing. 

Altitude, 54 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus.-153903.......................................... 55 

. 5. Chrysodomus postplanatus Dall, n. sp. A large specimen, sho\ving the general form and 

some patches of the external sculpture, but with much of the shell above the shoulder 

of the last whorl detaehecl from the internal cast. U.S. Nat. Mus. 107781............ 43 

6. Uyrineum mediocre Dall, n. sp. A somewhat worn specimen, showing the external suication and heavy varices. Altitude, 44 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153900................. 54 

· 7. Rudolinm oregonense Dall, n. sp. Back of defective specimen, showing the sculpture of 

the last whorl. Altitude, 69 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153895 ........ _.................. 71 

8. Crepidula prxrupta Conrad. Profile of speeirnen for comparison with that of a young 

C. princeps. Longitude, 30 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153925b.......................... 83 

9. Gyrineum mediocre Dall, var. corbiculahun. Back of adult individual, with the sculpture 

somewhat obscured by decay, but showing the general character of the shell. Altitude, 

70 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus, 153870.... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

228 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. VII 

3 

2 

6 

4 

5 

8 

7 9 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE VIfT. 

Pugc.· 

FIG. 1. Crepidula princeps Conrad. Profile of most perfect specimen from Ventura County, Cal., 

in Aldrich collection. Longitude, 82 mm ......... _ ......... _ .... _................. 84 

2. Tho same, ~hawing form of septum intact, the shell being somewhat senile, ami the 

margin of the aperture defective at the right. 

3. Profile of sarne specimen as represented by fig. 2. 

4. Dorsal view of another specimen resting qn the plane of the aperture; the extreme apical 

point broken off. Longitude, 82 mm. 

230 
U.S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. VIII 

• 

2 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
/ 

(', 

PLATE TX. 

(All from Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon.) 

FIG. 1. Mytilus ficus Dall, n. Rp. Longitude, 95 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153950 ................ . 

2. Mulim:a oregonensis Dall, n. sp., showing hinge. Latitude, 35 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153927-----.--'----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - . - . - - - .... - - - . - - - - - - - - . - - - . - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.Page. 

113 

132 

. 3, Another valve, showing exterior. Altitude, 45 mm. See also Pl. XIII, fig. 5.......... 132 

4. My til us ficus Dall, n. sp. Dorsal view of paired valves. Longitude, 95 mm. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153950 ..................................... __ ............................... 113 

5. Crepidula princeps Conrad. A whorl of individuals mounted on one another; one specimen is missing from the gap in the bottom of the figure, otherwise the series is complete. 

Transverse diameter of the whorl, 130 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153925a. See also Pl. X. 

fig. 2.- ... -... -------:----- .. -.- .. -----.----.-----------------------------------... 84 

232 

.. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. IX 

1 

3 

4 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
. ·~ . 

PLATE X. 

(All from Miocene ui Coos Bay, Oregon.) 

Page. 

FIG. l. Spisula (Hemimactra) albaria Conrad. Longitude, DO mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 15392fl..... l:lO 

2. Crepidula princeps Conrad. Basal view oi whorl figured on Pl. IX; the gap from which a 

single specimen of the series is missing is in the upper middle margin of the figure. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 153925a............................................................ 84 

234 

·; .. -
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONA L PAPER NO. 59 PL. X 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 

-· --. --- - --
PLATE XI. 

(All not otherwise indicated are from Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon.) 

Page, 

Fw. 1. Venerieardia castor Dall, n. sp. Lateral view. Miocene of Clallam County, Wash. 

Altitude, 27 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153936 ................ : .......... ·............. U6 

2. Glyr-ymeris conradi Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 37 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153949a........... 107 

" 0. Venerieardia. castor Dall, n. sp. Dorsal view. Miocene of Clallam County, Wash. Diameter, 17 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153936 ................ _ ......................... _.. 116 

-1. Cryptomya oreqonensis Dall, n. sp. teft valve. Longitude, 22 mm. Magnified jj-. U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 153931...... .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1::!2 

5. Glycymeris r,abbi Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 51 rnrn. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153949b ... ___ ....... 108 

(i_ D1:plodonta (Fela.niella.) pa.rilis Conrad. Altitude, 24 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 154205 ... __ 117 

7. Panomya (ampla var. ?)chrysis Dall, ri. sp. Longitude, 51 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 154093. 133 

8. Chione seenris Shumard. Hinge of right valve. Longitude, 19 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153971. ....... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

9. Marcia oreyonensis Conrad. Internal cast, showing muscular and pallial impressions. 

Longitude, 45 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107786. See also Pl. II, fig. 12, and Pl. XII, 

fig. 3 ....................................................... ·....................... 123 

10. Ch1:one biscu.lpta Dall, n. sp. Exterior of right valve. Longitude, 45 mm. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 153941. ........................................ , ........ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

11. Venns para.podema Dall, n. sp. Longitude, 59 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus: 143944. See also 

Pl. Xlll, fig. L ........................................................ _........ 122 

12. Chione biscnlpta Dall, 11. sp. View of interior of valve. Longitude, 45 mm. U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 153941................................................................ 121 

236 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. X I 

3 

2 

4 6 

5 

8 

9 

7 

10 

11 12 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
Page. 

Fr~;. ] . Area (Scapharca) trilineala Conra(l. Dorsal view. Longitude, 64 rnm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153948 ........... : ...................... ·,-.-- .. -............ -- ..... _: __ . .. . . ... . .. . ]'!() 

2. The same, side view. 

3. Marcia oregonensis Conrad. Dorsal view. Longitude, 53 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107786. 

· See also Pl. II, fig. 12, and Pl. XI, fig. fl ..... ·...................................... 123 

4. Nttcula (Acila) conradi Meek. Longitude, 18 mm. · U. S. Nat. Mus. 153952............ 102 

5. The same, (lorsal view. 

6. Phacoides auctilineatus Conrad. Half-g;rown shell. Left valve, somewhat worn. Latitude, 23 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. J5397G ............................. :............... 116 

7. Solen (Plectosolen curtus var. ?) conradi Dall, n. sp. Side view. Longitude, 56 mm. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 153934......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 129 

8. Modiolus injlatus Dall, n. sp. Dorsal view, the right valve somewhat crushed. Longitude, 48 rnm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153946............................................. 114 

9. The same, sicle view. 

10. Solen (Plectosolen curtus var. ?) conradi Dall, n. sp .. Dorsal view. Longitude, 56 mrn. 

U.S. Nat. Mus. 153fl:H ....................... .'................................... 123 

11. Modiolus direct1ts Dall, n. sp. Dorsal view. Longitude, 105 IJlllL U. S. Nat. Mus. 

153947 ............................................. ························ ······· 113 

12. The same, side view. The shell is mostly decorticated ai}cl the valves not quite in apposition. 

238 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUR VEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. X II 

2 

3 

7 

4 5 6 

9 

8 

10 

11 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE XIII. 

Page . 

. Ew. L Ven·us parapoderna Dall, n. sp. Longitude, 59 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 143944. See also 

Pl. XI, fig. lL ____ . ___________ . __ .. __ ........................................ _... 122 

2. Chione secur·is Shumard. Internal cast, showing pallial impressions. Longitude, 64 rnrn. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 154007 ............................ _ ............. ~................ 120 

3. Cardiurn (Cerastoderrna) coosense Dall, u. sp. ·Dorsal view. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153933..... 118 

4. The same, lateral view. Latitude, 48.5 mm . 

. 5. Jllui'inia oregonensis Dall, u. sp. Side view. Altitude, 45mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153927. 

See also Pl. IX, figs. 2 and 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 

6. Chione slaleyi Gab b. Longitude, 53 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 143943..................... 121 

7. Thracia trapezoidea Conrad. Dorsal view. "Longitude, 53 nun. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107785. 

See alsoP!. II, fig.14............................................................. 135 

8. Chione sewris Shumard. Side view. Longitude, 77 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153912..... 120 . 

. 9. The same, dorsal view; anterior margins slightly defective. Longitude, 77 mm. 

240 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSION AL PAPER NO. 59 PL. ~ll 

3 

2 

4 5 6 

• 

7 

9 

8 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
Fw.l. 

2. 

:3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

!), 

9a. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

0 

PLATE XfV. 

Page . 

. JifacomaastoriDall,n.sp. Longitude,50nun. U.S.Nat.Mus.153937. Seealsofig.1L. 128 

Bittium (Stylid·iwn) e.~chrichtii Middendorff. Altitude, 15 rnm. Pleistocene of Fossil 

Rock, Coos Bay, Oregon. Magnified. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153992....................... 76 

Tellina aragonia Dall, n. sp. Side view. Longitude, 62 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153940.. 124 

Leda whitmani Dall, n. sp. Altitude, 17 mm. Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon. U. S. 

.Nat. Mus. 153970................................................................. 10:3 

Cancellaria hemphilli Dall, 11. sp. Altitude, 32 mm. Pliocene of San Diego (Cal.) welL 

U.S. Nat. Mus. 1:350.50........................................................... :10 

Budol:ium petro.~nm Conrad. Altitude, 80 nun. Miocene of \Vashingto11. U. S. Nat. 

Mus. 110425 ......................... _ .............................. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

Cancellaria arnoldi Dall, 11. ·sp. Altitude, 23.5 mm. Pliocene of San Diego (Cal.) well. 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 135038........................................................... 29 

Jfacoma calcarea Gmeli11. Longitude, 28.5 mm. Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon. U. S. 

Nat. Mus. 153935 .......... ~...................................................... l2G 

Yolrlia (Cnesterhtm) strigata Dall, 11. sp. Longitude, :w mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153951.. 104 

The same, .dorsal view. 

Spisula (Hemimactrn) prec1trsor Dall, 11. sp. Longitude, 41 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153928.. 131 

Jlacoma astori Dall, rL sp. Altitude, 44 mm. The posterior dorsal slope is defective 

from erosion. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153939............................................. 128 

Macoma molinana Da.ll, n. sp. Internal cast. Longitude, 40 muL U. S. Nat. }'Ius. 

154088.-.- ....... ----- -.-.-----.-.---. -----.---- .. ---- .. -------.------.-.- .. -----. 128 

242 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL . XIV 

2 3 

4 

5 

7 

-

8 

9 

6 

12 

10 

11 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE XV. 

Fw. 1. Pecten (l'atinopecten) propatulvs Conrad. U. S. Nat. Mus. 3558. Registered as eotype 

of the original description. Exterior of part of right valve. Altitude, 100 mm. From 

Page. 

the Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg .. __ ...... __ .. ______ ... _. ___ .. __ .... _. 112 

Ja. Same specimen and valve as "fig. 1. Portion of di~k showing part of two ribs and included 

interspace. Magnified f. 

2. Same specimen as fig. 1. Exterior of part of left valve. 

2<t. Same S!lecimen as fig. 1. Portion of the disk, showing part of three ribs and iw:ludecl 

interspac:es. Magnified 'f. 

244 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUR VEY PROFESSIONAL PA PE R NO. 59 PL. XV 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PL,ATE XVI. 

FIG.l. Pecten (Pat,inopcctcn) propatuliis Conrad. Stanford University collection. Mold of 

:,\. 

· interior of right valve, showing a portipn of the umbonal area and ears. Altitude, 

flO mm. From the Miocene of the Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg ..... ___________ . ____ _ 

2. Pecten (Patinopecten) coosensis Shumard. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107791. Exterior of right 

valve, anterior ear slightly defective. Altitude, 103 mm. From the Miocene of the 

Astoria group, Astoria, Oreg. _________ · ______ .. ______ .. ________ ._ .. __ . _____ .. _______ _ 

2a. Same specimen as fig. 2, viewed in profile from behind. 

24G 

, . 

• <.: "· 't~·~ 

rage. 

112 

112 
PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XVI 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE XVII. 

Page. 

FIG. 1. Tu.rcicula washingtoniana Dall, n. sp. View from above. Maximum diameter, 53 mm. 

Oligocene of Restoration Point, Puget Sound, Washington. U. S. Na:t. l\fus. 110448.. 99 

2. The same, view <if the· base. 

3. Pecten (Patinopecten) wosensis Shumard. U.S. Nat. Mus. 107791. Exterior of left valve. 

Altitude, 103 mm. From the Miocene of the Empire formation, Coos Bay, Oreg...... 112 

248 
PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XVII 

U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY 

2 

3 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE XVIII. 

FlG. 1. Chrysodmnns intperial·is Dall, n. sp. Specimen showing spiral sculpture. From lower 

Purisima formation, Santa Cruz district, California, collected by Ralph Arnold. Altitude, 55 mm. See also Pl. VII, figs. l, 3 ...... _______ .·: .. · .... ___ . __ , _. _. __ . _ .... _ _ 42 

2. Tellina (Moerella) nuculana Dall, n. sp. Miocene of Astoria, Oreg., collected by J. D. 

Dana. Longitude, 10.5 n:im. U .. S. Nat. :Mus. 3529a .. _ .. _________ . ___ . _ .... ____ .... "125 

3. Mioplewna oregonensis Dall, n. sp. Front view. l\fiocene of Coos ]~ay, Oregon. Altitude, 77 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. 153894 ............ __ ......... __ ....... _____ .... __ .. 35 

4. Turcicula washingtoniana Dall. Profile. Diameter, 53 mrn. Oligocene of Restoration 

Point, Pnget Sound, Washington. U. S. Nat. Mus. 110448. See also Pl. XVll, 

figs. l, 2 ............. _ .......... __ ..... __ .. ________ . _ ........ __ . __ ... __ . _ ...... _ . 99 

5. Miopleiona indurala Conrad. Internal cast showing posterior sinus. Oligocene of Astoria, Oreg., Dr. Thomas Con<lon. Altitude, 100 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. 112409. _. ___ . 35 

6 . .Miopleiona ind1<rata Conrad. Showing external sculpture. Altitude, 64 mm. Oligocene of Freshwater Bay, Washington, Arnold. U. S. Nat. Mus. 110428. _ ..... :....... 35 

7. M·iople·iona oregonensis Dall, n. sp. Same spe~imen as fig. 3, viewed from the opposite 

side. Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon. U. S. Nat. Mus. 153R94. _ .. ______ .... ______ .. _. 35 

250 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XVIII 

2. 

3 

4 

7 

6 

5 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE XIX. 

Page. 

Fra. 1. Baianus tintinnabulum Linne var. coosensis Dall, nov. Latitude, 53 mm. Miocene of 

Coos Bay, Oregon. U.S. Nat. Mus.l53960......................................... 138 

2. Asterites sp. indet. Latitude, 35 mm. The arms bwken off, leaving only the central 

portionofthed1sk. Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon. U.S. Nat. Mus.15396L _________ 141 

3. Tellina eugenia Dall, n. sp. Internal cast. Longitude, 55 mm. Miot:ene of Eugene, 

Oreg. U.S. Nat. Mus. 110459............................................. .... .. . 124 

4. Yotdia ( Cnesteri1im) oregona Shumard. Cast of right valve. Longitude, 51 mm. Miocene of Halls Ferry, Oregon. U. S. Nat. Mus. 110450.. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 105 

5. Thracia condoni Dall, n. sp. Internal cast of right valve. Longitude, 60 mm. -Miocene of Eugene, Oreg., Dr. C. A. ·white. U. S. Nat. Mus. 110460................... 135 

6. Balanus iinlinnabulum var. coosensis Dall, from above. Same specimen as is represented by fig. L ......................................................... ·_........ 138 

252 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XIX 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
PLATE XX. • Page. 

FIG. l. ? Serpula octojoris Dall, n. sp. Side view of mass. Altitude, 115 mm. Miocene 'of Coos 

Day, Oregon. U.S. Nat. Mus.l53963 ___________________________________ ;__________ 138 

2. The same; view of distal edge showing oo-shaped orifices of tubes. Diameter, 140 mm. 

254 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XX 

1 

2 

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE FAUNA. 
'"> 

PLATE XXI. 

Page. 

FJG. l. Pontolis magnus True, upper surface. Miocene sandstones of Coos Bay, Oregon, collected 

by B. H. Cam man ......................... _._ .............. __ ._ ... _ .... _ ... __ .. _._ 14:1 

2. The same; lower surface of specimen. 

256 
U. S. GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XXI 

B. 

THE FOSSIL SEA LION PONTOLJS MAGNUS. 
PLATE XXII. 

Page. 

Frn. l. Skull of Fontolis magnus True, showing left side. Miocene of Coos Bay, Oregon, collected by B. H. Camman......................................................... 143 

2. The same; posterior surface. 

258 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 'l'R<l.FESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XXII 

A. 

B. 

THE FOSSIL SEA LION PONTOLIS MAGNUS. 
PLATE' XXHI. 

Page_ 

Fm. L Skull of Pontolis magnus True, restored in outliiw from E?tmetopias jubata. Miocene of 

Coos Bay, Oregon, collected by B. H. Camman ..... _. _ ..... _ .... _. _. _ ........... ___ . 143 

2. The same specimen; anterior view. 

260 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUR VEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 59 PL. XXIII 

A. 

B. 

THE FOSSIL SEA LION PONTOLIS MAGNUS. 

INDEX. 

(Names in italic are those of new species and genera. Figures in bold-face ·.type denote descriptions. Figures in italic denote 

illustrations.] 

A. Page. 

Page. 

'Abies ... ________________________________________ 18,157 

r9busta ...................... __ .... __ .... __ ... __ ... 157 

Acanthina .................................... __ ........ 47 

Angulus ...... __ ................ ____ ................. 125,126 

albaria .... __ ........... _ ...... ____ ............... 12, 126 

but toni .......... __ ........ __ ... _ .. ____ ...... __ .. .. . 126 , 

See also Tellina. 

Acanthochitldre........................................ 209 Anisopleura .......... __ .. ______ .... ___ .............. 22-100 

Acanthopleura ....... .' ........ __ .. __ ................... 209 

Acila .......... ____ ...... __________ . __ . __ . __ ........ 102-103 

Annelida ........... __ ................. __ ........... 138-139 

Anomalocardia ........ __ ........... _ .. ______ .. ____ .. .. . 109 

conradi. __ . _______ .. _____ .. __ ..... __ 10,15,17,20,102-103 Anomalodcsmacea ... __ .. __ ....... __ ..... __ . ____ .... 135-136 

truncata .. __ .. _____ . _ ...... _ _ ... ___ .. ....... ..... 16 Anomia .............. ______ .... ____ ... __ .. ________ ..... 167 

See also N ucula. ruffin! ...... ____ ... ____ ... ____ ... __ .. ____ .. ____ ..... 167 

Acknowledgments to those aiding ..................... . subcostata .. __ .. __ . __ ...... ____ ..... ____ ..... 167,168,180 

Acmreidre ........ __ ... ______ .. ____ ........... ·. 83,195,209,215 Anthozoa ........ _. __ ...... __ ........ __ ................. 141 

Actreon ......................................... __ ... .. 213 

Aculea .................................... __ . __ ... ____ . 78 

Antipianes ........ __ ........ __ ........ __ .. __ .. __ ....... 26-27 

impecunia ... : . ............... __ ........ __ ..... 18, 27,21!13 

Adams! a .......... ·-- ... __ . __ .. __ .. _______ .. __ ..... __ . . . 46, 47 

typica .............. __ .. __ .. __ .... ____ ... __ . ___ .,. . .. 46, 47 

Adeorbis .......... __ ... __ .. _______ ..... __ . ________ . __ __ 194 

perversa ....................................... 18,26-27 

See also 'rurris. 

Aptysis............ ... .. .. ... ............. .... ...... ... 37 

Adesmacea ...... ____ ................. ____ . _. ______ . 134-135 Aptyxis ............................................. 36,37,39 

Agasoma ...... __ ........ ______ .................. ·.... ... 75 

Agnewia ................ ____ ...................... ____ . 47 

Agriopoma .................... ______ .... __ . __ ..... ____ . 123 

Arago formation, description of .... __ ... : ............... 13-14 

Area .............. 109-111, 160, 166,171, 174,177,183,208 

canalis ...................................... 111,174,177 

Akeridrn ... ---------- ... ______ ..... ____ .. ____ ........ __ . 23 congesta ............................... _ .... 111,174,177 

Alaba ......................... ______ .............. ___ .. 210 devincta ................................... 109-110,155 

Alasmodonta .......................... ______ .... __ ..... 162 glycymeris ..................... :................... · 107 

Albula .......... ____ .... __ .... ____ ........... __ ..... _ . . 87 inequivalvis. ... . .. ...... ..... ... ................ ... 109 

Alora ..... · ....................................... _ ..... 77 microdonta ............................. ____ . __ . qo,166 

gouldii. ..... __ .... . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. 77 

Amaura ................ __ ............ __ ... _ ............ · 90 

nore .......... ____ ....... __ . __ . __ ... __ . _ .. .. . .. .. .. . 109 

obispoana ............ __ ... : ....................... _ 183 

Amaurellina ......... __ ................................. 89, 90 osmonti..... ...... .... ... . . . ... . . . .. . .............. 110 

Amauropsella ............... __ ... __ .................... 89,90 pilosa ...................... __ ........... __ .......... 107 

Amauropsina ........... __ ..... __ ............ _ ....... _.. 89 schizotoma ........... _ ........ __ . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 

Amauropsis ... _ ................... __ ...... _..... ....... 90 statninata ......... _ .. _ ..... ____ ......... -------- .. . 109 

oregonensis .... __ ............................. 18, 91, 220 sulcieosta ................... ____ .... ______ ........ . 111 

purpurea ................................... _ .. .. .. . 91 trilineata....... --·----- 110-111,174,177,238 

See also Ampullina. uniopsis... .. . .. .. . .. . . .. ... ....... .... ... ..... ..... 16Q 

Ampullacea lnflata.. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 72 sp ................. _____ ............................ 155 

Ampullar! a ..... _ ........ ____ .. ____ .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . 58 Arcacea ............................................ 106-111 

depressa .............................. __ ......... __ . 89 Architectoma ...................... __ ................... 80 

perovata....... ... .. .... .. ... . . .. . ... ... ........ ... 89 Architectonica ........................................ 80-8\ 

sigaretina ....... _. ............. _ .. __ .. .... . .......... 89 "blanda ........................................ 80-81, f!f!O 

Ampullina ....................................... 87,89-91 Arcidre ............................................. 107-111 

crassatina .......... __ ..... _.. .... . . ...... ........ .• 90 Arcopagia ..................................... 174,177,182 

var. mississipiensis ..... __ ...... __ ........... __ . 90 biplicata. ~-- ..................................... 174,182 

depressa ............ __ . __ .................. __ .. __ ... 90 medialis ........................................ 174,177 

(Ampullinopsis) mississippiensis.................... 90 unda.... ... . ...... .. .... .............. ............. 182 

(Amauropsis) oregonensis ...... i ...... _ .......... 91,220 

slgaretina ....... ___ ........ ____________ ....... __ . . .. 90 

Arctocephalus .................................... 146,147,148 

australis .............. --~ ............... __ .......... 148 

willemeti.. .. ... . .... ... . . . .... .. .. ....... .... ... ... 89 flscheri............................................. 148 

Ampullinopsls ........ _ ................................. 88,90 forsteri. ...... ·...................................... 148 mississippiensis ......................... : ........ 12, 89,90 williamsi. ....................... _ .................. 148 

Anatinacea ......... _ ............................... 135-136 Arctonchis ...................................... ____ ... 201 

Ancilia ....................... _____ ...... __ ............. 81,82 Arctophoca ................................ ___ .......... 148 

Ancistroteuthis robusta ................... __ ........... 214 !alklandica .................... ,.................... 148 

37351-No. 59-Q9--18 263 
264 INDEX .• 

Page. 

Arctoscala. .. . . . . . . ...... .. . . . . .. ... . .. .. . . . . .. . . . 53 

condoni ••••• ••••.•••..•..........•....•• : .•.... 18, 63,220 

See also Epitonium. 

Argobuccinum ........................................ 66-6'1 

(Fusitriton) cammani •........................... 56, 222 

(Fusitriton) coosense ......•.................. 55-56, 228 

(Fusitriton) oregonense............................. 56 

Ariadna... ....... ....... .. .. .. ... . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. 77 

borealis............................................. 77 

Arnold, Ralph, aid of.. ............................. . 

workof............................................. 11 

Arthemis ........................................... 183-184 

Arthropoda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l a 8 

Astarte ............................................. 161, 211 

parilis... .. ... ....... .. .... ........ .. .. . . .. ... .. .... 161 

Astele .................................................. 95,96 

Asterites ......................................... 18,141,£52 

Asteroidea.............................................. 141 

Astoria, fossils from ............................ 8-10,11-12,150 

Astoria group, distribution and character of. . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

Astoria shales, character of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

fossils of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 

Astrrna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-93 

(Pachypoma) inrnqualis ............................ 20, 93 

(Pachypoma) precursor ....................... 18, 93,226 

Astralium... ....... ... . . .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ...... ... .. . . .. 92 

Astrodapsis......................................... 1 '16, 186 

antiselli. ....................................... 1 '15,186 

Aturia ....... ." ....................................... 7,11, 21 

angustata ..................................... 8, 9, 12, 21 

maihewsoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 21 

ziczac ........... · ...... ____ . _ ... ... . . .. .. ...... .. .. . 7,21 

Aturia bed, fossils of.................................... 11 

occurrence and character of. ....................... 8-9,10 

!~:~i~:: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~! A uris veneris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

Austrotriton... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

Avicnla...... ........... .. .. .. .. ...... .. ....... .. ...... 159 

abrupta............... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 

petrosa............................................. 169 

Axinrna .................................... 107,174,1'1'1,184 

barbarensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 116, 1 '14, 184 

patnla ............. ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 

B. 

Bacalia. ....... .. ............ .. .. ...... .... .. .. .. ... . .. . 79 

Balanidre............................................... 138 

Balanus ........................................ 138,152,175 

estrellanns.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1 85 

tintinnabnlum..................................... 138 

var. coosensis ........................... 18, 138, 252 

Bankia... ..... .. ... . .. .... .. .. . . ... . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. 134 

Bathybembix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

Bathytoma.... ........ .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . 2'1-28 

carpenteriana ............................ 18, 2 '1-28, 222 

gabbiana ..• ................................ 18, 20, 2R, 1!22 

Bembix. ............................................... 99 

reola....... .......... .. .. . . ... .... ... ..... .. .. .. . .. . 99 

Benthodolium.......................................... 67 

abyssorum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

Bezoardica .............................. 57, 60, 61, 62, 63,66 

requi8ulcatum • . . . . • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,63-64, 224 

turricula •.•......•..•...................... 18, 63,222 

See also Ph ali urn. 

Bibliography ....................................... 6, 192-216 

Bittium .......................................... 19, '16, 200 

armillatum ............................... ·...... ... . 190 

Page. 

Bittium a.sperum.. ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... ... . . . . .. 190 

(Stylidium) eschrichti. ....................... 20, 76, !142 

filosum ............................................ 76, 189 

quadritilatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 190 

ruga tum ........................................ ."... 190 

Blake, W. P., fossils collected by........................ 163 

Bolma.................................................. 92 

Boreofusus ............................................. 37,38 

Boreotrophon multicostatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 17 

Brachiopoda ................................ 137,198,199,205 

Bryozoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 

Buccina ampullacea...... ... .. .. .. . . . .. .. ......... ..... 72 

Buccinidre ...................................... 42-H, 202 

Buccinofusus ............................... : .... 37,38, 41-42 

coosensis .................................. 18, 41-42, !118 

See also Fusinus. 

Buccinum ............................ 58, 59, 61, 72,199,203,206 

· arcola .............................................. 57,62 

compositum. _ ----- .. ____ .......... •. __ ...... ___ __ ___ 50 

cornutiun .......................................... 58,59 

crispatum. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

devinctum.................................. .. .. . .. 166 

echinophorum ...................................... 58,64 

flammea............................................ 59 

flammeum.......................................... 59 

galea............................................... 73 

glaucum ............................................ 57,61 

lamellosum......................................... 50 

perdix.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 72, 73 

plicatum..... ..... .. . ... .... .... ..... .... .......... 50 

pomum....... ... . .. ... .. ...... ... .. ... . .. .. . .. .... 72 

rufum ........................................... 58, 59, 6Q 

sowerbyi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

saburon.... ... ... . .. . .... .. ... .... ... .. .. . ......... 62 

tcsticulum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

testiculus.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

tuberosum ......................................... 58,59 

vibex ............................................... 59, 61 

Bulimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 

Bulimus lineolatus..... .. . .. . ..... .. . .... .............. 162 

pazianus....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 

Bulla ................................................ 74, 170 

bidentata ............................ ~.............. 23 

ficus................................................ 74 

jugnlaris ......................................... ·. 22, 170 

Iignaria ...................................... , . . . . .. 22 

petrosa ........................................ 23, 11\5 

Bullia.................................................. 207 

Bullinapetrosa ................................... 23,150,151 

B nlllnella. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Bursa spinosa.......................................... 58 

Busycon............. . .................... 164-166, 181 

blakei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-16 5 

c. 

CaditmL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 73, 7 4 

pmnurn.. _ ............ ___ .. .. ... ...... 72 

Cad us............ _ ............................... 72, 73,74 

Calcar.................................................. 92 

California, fossils from ................ 163-178,180--185,189-191 

Callianassa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 

oregonensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 

Calli!inax ......................................... _ . . . .. 32 

Calliostoma ........................................... 95-96 

cammani.. .....................•.....•...... 18, 95, 96, 218 

vlrglnicum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

Callocardla............................................. 211 

Callotarla.......................... . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . 145 
INDEX. 265 

Page. 

Calyptrma ............................................ 81-82 

chinensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

conica.............................................. 81 

extinctoria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

(Trochita) inornata ........................ 18, 82, 224,13136 

spinosa............................................. 169 

unguis.............................................. 81 

Calyptrooidm .......................................... 81-86 

Camman, B. H., fossils collected by ................. l&-18, 143 

Cancellaria ................................. 28-30,46,48, 176 

arnoldi. .... ....................... ~... . . . . . . . . . 29-30, 242 

circi'lmcincta... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . 30 

cooper!..................................... 30 

hemphill!. ......................................... 30,242 

modesta.. .. . .... .. . . . . . .......... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . 30 

obtusa......... .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . 210 

oregonensis .............................. 18, 28-30, 77,218 

reticulata .................. , . . . . . . . . . 30 

unalashkensis ...................... . 

Cancellariidm ........................... . 

Canrena ..................................... . 

30 

. .. 28-30 

46 

Cantharus ....... _ ... _ ................ _ .............. _.. 191 

Canthorbis. __ .......... _ ...................... _ ..... _.. 92 

Cape Gregory, rocks near ........................... _ .. 14,15 

Capulidoo _ ........ _ ................. __ ........ _ ...... _. 83 

Capulus ........... _ ................. __ .......... _.... .. 200 

Cardiacea ............................... _ ...... _ .... 118-119 

Cardiidm ............... _ ...................... _ ...... 118,200 

Cardita ......................................... 164,170,201 

occidentalis .. __ .................................. 172,170 

planicosta .................................. _ ... . . . . 164 

subtcnta ........................................ 115,156 

ventricosa ..... _ ..... _ .. _ .................... ___ .... 115 

Carditacea.: ................................... 11&-116, 201 

Carditadoo .............. _ ...................... _ .... 116-116 

Carditarnera carlnata .......... _ .. _ ........... _ .. __ .... 182 

Cardium ............. 118-119, 16D-161, 163, 16o, 17J,202 

blakeanum .................................. _.. 119 

(Cerastoderma) coosense ........ ...... 17, 18,118-119,240 

californianum .............. _ .............. _. _ .... :. 119 

californiense ........ _ ....... _ .... _ ........... _. __ ... 119 

var. comoxense. _ ........................ _...... 119 

ciliatum ............. __ ..... _ ....... _.. .. .. . . . . .. ... 119 

corbis ................ _. _ ... _ .............. _ 17,18,20,119 

decoratum ................................... : ... 18,119 

granifcmm ......... :. _ ..... _ . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . 189 

hiantulum ........... _ ............. _............... 101 

l!nteurn ... _. __ ....... _ ..... _.. ... .. . .. .. .. . .. . ... .. 163 

rneekianum........................................ 119 

modestum ...................................... 119,166 

nicolet!.. .. _ ................. _ . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 

nuttallianum....................................... 119 

nuttallii. ........ _ ................... _....... ... . . .. 119 

protextum ...................... _ ........... _. ... .. 160 

subtentum ......... _ ...... -- ........ -... .. .. .. ..... 115 

Carpenter, P. P., bibliography by................ 102 

on Mollusca ......................... -.............. 6 

on Pleistocenefossils ................. .' ........ -.. 189-191 

Casmaria ................. -.... -........ -.. . . .. . . .. . . . . . 61 

Cassida ................................. -...... -- ... .. . . 59 

Cassidaire ................ -.... -- ....... -............... 64,65 

Cassidaria ..... _ .. _ ...... .' ........ -.... - -.. 58, 59, 64, 65, 68, 191 

echinophora .......... -............. -- ........... 58, 64,67 

striata ................ -...... .-...... - __ .. _ ........ _ 66 

striatula .... _. _ ........ -...... -.-.- .. - ___ . _ ... _. _... 66 

Cassidea _ ..................... -- ..... -.- ..... 59, GO, 61, 62,63 

can data .. ___ ... _ ................... _... . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

f!ammea ....... _ ........ -·- .... __ .................. . . 59 

Page. 

Cassidea labiata .................. _ ............ _ .. _..... 61 

oniscus .. _ ..... _ ... ----- ..... ---- ... --- -· --.- .. --

rufa ............................................... . 

testiculus .............. _ .. __ ..................... __ _ 

unguiculata ... _ ..................... __ .. _ ... _ .... _. 

·cassldes ..... ! ... ....... ·-·-- ................. _. _ ...... . 

59 

59 

GO 

61 

58 

volutatre veroo ........... _ ........... __ ............ _ 58 

Cassidid::e .......... _ .... , ................. ___ .... __ ... 67-69 

Cassidula ...... __ ........ _ ......... _ ............... _. ... 59 

Cassidulus ............... _ ... . .. . . .. . .... ....... ... ... .. 58 

Cassis ___ ..... _ ............ ___ ............ 57, 58, 59-61, 62,72 

achatina ............... _____ .... _ ... _.. ... .. .... .. . . 61 

bicornis ...... _ ................ _ .. _ .... __ .... _. .. ..... 58 

calantica........ ... .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... 61 

cancellata ....... _ ........... ____ ..... _ ... ___ ....... 61 

chevallieri. . _ ...... _. ____ _ 

coarctata ... _ ........... _ .. __ .... . 

60,61 

GO 

cornuta ...... _. _ ........... _. _. . ...... _. 57, 59, 60,61 

cornu tum ...... __ ................ __ .......... __ ..... 59 

cyprooiformis ...... __ ............ ____ .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 59 

echinophora ... _ ..... _ ............. __ . __ . . 59, 64 

erinaceus ... _ ... ___ ... _. _. __ ......... _. __ . _ .... ____ . 61 

glauca ...... _ ....... __ .... __ . _ ............ ___ .... 59, 61,64 

harp::eformis ... _ ....... __ .. _ . _ ............... __ .. _ .. 61 

inflata.............................................. 64 

interrnedia ....... ___ . _ ..... __ ...................... _ 

interrnedium ... _ .. __ . __ ........... __ ............ _ .. 

isselii .... _ ............. ____ ..... ___ . _ ...... __ ...... . 

loovis areola ... __ ...... ____ ......... _ .............. . 

cinerea ........ _ ........ _. ___ ....... _ ....... _ .. __ 

madagascariensis ..... _ .......... ___ ..... _ 

matnmillaris .... _ .... ____ .... _ ....... _. __ . _ ... _ .... . 

miolrevigata _ .. _ .... _ ... __ .......... _. __ . _. _. __ .... . 

nupera ... _ ......... -...... -- ......... ---- ...... -... . 

pennata ..................... _ ..................... . 

pila ........................... _ ....... _ ........... __ 

plicatum .... _ ..... -- .. ____ ... -........ -.- ......... -. 

pyrurn ... ··-·-· .......... ---- .. ··-- ...... -........ ·-

ringens .................................. .. 

rufa ... _ ........ -.. -.......... -.-. ·· · ·- ·- · · · · ·--- · · · · 

rnfum. __ .......................... _ ..... _ ........ .. 

saburon ___ . _ ... _ ....... _ .......... ____ ...... ·- ..... _ 

sowerbyL .......... _ ...... --····-· ... _ .......... _ .. 

sulcifera .. _ . _. _ ..... _ ..... _ . _ ........ _ ... __ . _ ...... . 

testlculurn ..... _ .. -.......... --, ...... -.... -.-- .... . 

tongriana .. _ ..... __ ........ __ . _ .... __ . _ ....... _ .... _ 

tuberosa ............ -.......... ___ ... -......... -... . 

62 

62 

62 

57 

57 

59 

60 

59 

62 

59 

58 

59 

61 

72 

60 

50 

58,62 

60 

60 

60. 

61 

59 

vibex ....................................... _. 59,61,62,63 

Cassisoma ..... .... . ... .. ........ ...... .... .. .. .. .. . 59 

Catenoscala ....... __ ........... _ . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . 63-54 

oregonensis. _. _ . __ ......................... _. _ . _ . . . . 53, 54 

See also Epitonlurn. 

Catinus ............................................ _. _.. 91 

lactis .................. . 91 

leachli. ........... __ .. .. .. ................ _ 91 

scopulosus .......... ___ .... _. . .. _............... 91 

Cavolina ... _ ....................... _. . .. _ .. ..... 202 

Cepatia .......... __ ............. _ .... . . . ___ . ___ .. 87 

Cephalopoda ..................... ___ ................. _ . . 21 

Cerastodenna coosense ........... ____ ........... 118-119, 240 

corbls .......... _ ..................... __ ..... __ ..... _ 119 

deroraturn .................................... _ .... _ 119 

See also Cardium. 

Cerithidea sacrata .. _ ........................... _ ....... _ 194 

See also Potam!des. 

Cerithiidre .............................................. 76,77 

Cerithiodenna ................ _ .... _ ... _. __ .......... _ .. 76,77 

prima............................................... 76 
266 INDEX. 

Page. Cerithiolum.-.. ___ ------ _____________ -- __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 7G 

Cerithiopsidre. ___________ ----------------- ____________ 7 i>-76 

Cerithiopsls. _____ --------------------- ____________ 71\,78,190 

ex.::clsus ______ ----------------------- _____ ~ ____ . ___ 7 6, 220 

tuhercularis ______ ---------. ____ __ ____ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ 75 

Cerithiurn filosmn ________ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7G 

klamathensis ______ . ____________ . _____________ 115, 187,202 

mediale. ______ ---- ________________________________ 41, I 56 

Cerostoma. ____ ---------- __________ ---------- __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 45 

Cetacean ... ____ ---- _______________ -----_____________ 152 

Chama .... ---------------- ________ -- ____ ------ __________ . 132 

Cheilea _________ --------- _____ ---------------- _ _ _ __ ___ __ _ 81 

Chernnitzia papillosa _________ --------- __ ------ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 214 

Chione _________ ------ ______________________ 120-121,122-123 

angustifrons. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 123 

bisculpta. _ ------------- _______ ---------- ______ 18,121,236 

oregona. ______ -_-- ____________ - ___ - _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 123 

securis ..... ----- __ . ____________ ----- 16,17,18,120,236,240 

staleyi. _______ --- _______ . _ . ___ - _- -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18, 121, 240 

succincta. ______________ . _________________ 120,122.123,189 

vespertina. ___ . _________ . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 120 

Sec also Venus. 

Chionella .. _________________________________________ . __ _ 120 

Chiton ________________________________ . _______ 204,207,209,214 

hartwegii _______ -- ____ ------- ___ ------. _______ ----- _ 209 

Chitonidro _________ -- -- ___________ --- -- -- _ _ 210 

Chlamydoconcha .. _________ . ____ .. -________________ . _ _ _ 203 

orcutti ____________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 194, 198 

Chlorostoma. ____ .-. ___________ . ___ --- ________________ 94--95 

funebrale ______ --- ____ - _- _____ -------- ________ ----. _ 9ii 

stantoni ________________________ -----. ______ 18, 95, 9G, 218 

See also Tegula. 

Chromodoris .. ____ ----- ____ --------------- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 195 

Chrysallida sp ____ . _______________ --- -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 189 

Chrysdorninre. ___ ---- _____ - _-- ____ ------.- _____________ 42-44 

Chrysodomns.-- __ --- _____ --------------.- ______ 39,42-44,57 

bainlii-------------------------------------- 18,43-44,218 

carinatus._.----·.----- ............... _____ .. __ .·.... 189 

dirns _________ -- _- ____ . __ -____ ------ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 189 

imperialis. ____ ------- _ ----. , ___ ----- 17,18, 42-•13,228,2SO 

liratns ___ - ___ -- --- --- -- -. ------ --- ---- _-- - - --- ------ 43 

postplanatus. _--- _____ -------------------- ____ -.. - 43,228 

tabulatns. ____ ---- ____ ----- :. ------------- _________ 44, 189 

Cidarina __ --- ----- ---- -- . -- ------ -- ------- _-- -- -. __ -- _ . _ 98 

Cirripedia .... _____ ------------------------------- __ ----- Cithna cingnlata ... ________ -- ______ ------. _____________ _ 

Clallam Bay, fossils of.. ____ -._. ____ ---- _______________ __ 

Clark, W. B., aid oL______________ ---------------

Ciathrus·--- _______ -------------------------------.------

Clava .. ____ ---------------------------------------------

Ciavatula.- -- - - - - -- - --- ------------------------------ californica __________ - - . ______ ----- ______________ _ 

138 

77 

11 

6 

52 

202 

165 

166 

'proruta .. ________ -----------.------------- _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 165 

Clementiasubdiaphana. __ ---------------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 215 

Clydonautilidm .. - ---- . -- . --- -- ------ --- -- -- _______ . -- _ 21 

Clypcastroida. ____ --- _____ -.------------- _. __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 140 

Clypeola .. ________ -.. -- ___ --.------------- .. -- _ _ __ _ __ __ _ 81 

Cnesteriurn. ___ ----------- .. --- .. -.:------. __________ 104-101\ 

orcgona .. _ _ __ _ _ _. _-.----.--.-.--. _________ ... __ 105 

strigata .. - _____ -- __ -- ---- -- -- ------- __ -- __ 104-105, 242 

See also Yoldia. 

Coaledo formation, description of. __ - _____ . ___________ .. _ 13-14 

Cochleacorbis. __________ . --- _____ -------. _________ ----- 119 

globosre. ______ --- ______ . ___ . __ --.---- _____ --------- 58 

Cochlis. ___________ ---- ___ .---- .. ----------.------------ 85 

Cmienterata _______________ --- _____ -. ---- __________ --- -- HI 

Coleoptera .. __ . ____ .. -- ___ .---- .. --------- __ .----------- 203 

Columbia River, formations along______________________ 8-11 

Page. 

Columbia River, fossils from .. ________________________ 150 

Col us. __ ----------- _________________________________ 26, 36, 171 

arctatus- - - --- _______________________ . _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ 1 7I 

Concbocele bisecta__ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 118 

disjuncta .. --- __ _ __ __ _ 118 

Condon, 'l'homas, fossils collected hy ____ , _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ 9, 21 

on Astoria shales._______________________________ 8,11 

on Pacific coast geology_ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 11 

Conoclypeus.--- .. _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _____ 12, 139 

Conrad, T. A., on Pacific coast paleontology ... ___ ... _.. 6, 7, 

8, 15()-15!, 153-185 Conularia indentata _ _ ___ __ __ __ ___ _ _ ___ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ ______ 162 

Conul us_ --- _____________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ 91\ 

Coos Bay, description of.____ _ ____________________ __ fossils of. _________________________________________ __ 

Tertiary of. _________________________________ _ 

Coos conglomerate, description of. .... ______ ... __ .. ____ . fossils of. _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ ________________ __ 

14-16 

11-20 

13-19 

19-20 

20 Corbicula ____ : __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 201 

fracta. ___ . __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 115 

Corbula .. ___________________________________________ 115,165 

densata. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 187 

diegoana .. __ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ I 65 

evansana _______________________________________ I86-187 

luteola .. _____________________ . _______________ . _ _ 215 

Corolla.__________________________ _ _____ --·-. _ _ I99 

Crassatella __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _________ 160, I63, 183 

alta .. -- . - _ -- _________ . _ . ______ . ______ -- _ . __ __ I 6& 

collina .. _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ 183 

regularis _____________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _____ . ___ . ______ . __ _ 160 

subplana. _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ 160 

uvasana _______________________________ . __ __ __ __ _ ___ 163 

Crassostrea .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ ___ 111 

Crepidnla .. ___ --- _________________________________ 82-85,207 

adolpheL _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ 82 

adunca .. _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 83 

dilatata .. _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ 82 

convexa var. glauca _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ 213 

fornicata .. _ .. _______________________________________ 82,84 

grandis.--.--. ________ . _ _ _ _______ . ___ -____ 84,189 

nivea .. ------ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ______ .. , _ __ __ __ __ 201 

plana.----- ... _________ .__ _ ______ --------- ___ 82,83 

porcellana- - __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 82 

prrorupta.--- __________________ 12,18,83,I55,168,228 

princeps.-----._. ___ I8, 20, 80, 8-l-85, 168, 228,230, 232,234 

rostralis.--- _____________________________________ I2, 83 

rugosa.- __ .-- ____________________ . _____________ .____ 215 

walshL - _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ 83 

sp.---.------ __________ . ______ --- ________ . ______ . ___ 155 

Crepid ulus _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 82 

fornicatus _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ 82 

Crepipatella. ______________ , ______ . __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ 82 

Crepitaceila. ___ --- __________________________________ --- 77 

Cristellaria.---- _________________________________ -- _ ___ 141 

Crommium- -- ______________________________ . ____ . - _ __ __ 89 

Cronia ________ . ___________ . _______ 46, 48, 49,50 

Crucibulum. _____________ . ___ .... -.. ____ -- . _- 169 

spinosum. ___________________ .-- ______ .---.--------- 169 

Crustacea.____________________ _ _____ . _ 138,152 

Cryotriton!um ___________ . __ -------- .. -.--------------- 55 

nutta!liL _ _ __ __ ____ -- _ __ _ 158 

Crypta. ____ . _ _ _ _ ___ . ______ ---. ___ ----- .. -.---- 82,168 

grandis .. __ _ __ ___________ ---- __ .------------- 84 

prrorupta. ________________ .. __ --------------------- 83 

rostralis __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ --- ____ -- -- . __ ---- -- 83 

Cryptaxis. _______________ . ___ .... -. -- ___ .. -. __ . ___ -- . -- 23 

Cryptochiton. _________________ ... ----- __________ .- __ .-- , 204 

Cryptodon. _________________ --------. _____________ . _ 130, I 58 
INDEX. 267 

Page. 

Cryptomya .......................... 132-1R3,174,176,180 

calilornica..................... . .......... 133,176 

oregonensis........................... 18,132-133,236 

ovalis ....................................... 133, I 74,17 6 

Cryptonatica........................................... 85 

clausa.... .. . ... .. . .. .. . . .. ..... .. . . ........ .. . .. . . . 85 

con&ors .................................. .. 1S, 86,224,226 

See also Natica. 

Cryptostorna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

Jeachii. ... . . . ....... .. ... .. .. ... .. . ......... .. . .. . .. 91 

Cryptostomus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

Ctenobranchiata ..................................... 24-100 

Cnma .................................................. 47,48 

snlcata............................................. 47 

Cnmopsis............................................. .. . 47 

Cuncarca............................................... Ill 

Cyclarnmina.................................. 141 

Cyclas .............................................. 182-183 

acutilineata ...................... 116, 174-17a, 182-183 

estrellana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3 

fibrosa. ___ ...... __ ................. _._._._ 115 

permacra........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 

tetrica .......................................... 174-17a 

pandata................... .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 

Cyclocantha............................................ 92 

Cyclocardia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 

borealis............................................. 115 

Cyclostoma ......................................... ·. . . . 52 

delicatwn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Cyclostrema............................................ 194 

Cylichna................ ..... ...... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... ... 23 

orcgona.. ........... .. ... .. .. . . .... .. .. .. .. .. ....... 23 

petrosa............................................. 23 

Cylichnella ............................................ 16, 2 3 

petrosa ........................................ ~ ... 12, 2 3 

cylindracea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Cyrnatinm ......................................... 57, 77,202 

(Linatella) pacijicum ........................... 18,57,226 

Cyrnbuliopsis vitrea.................................... 204 

Cyrnla ............... _. ............................... 47, 49,50 

tectnm.... .. ....... ..... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . 50 

Cyprrea spadicea ........................... ' ........... 194,216 

Cypraecassis... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6(}-61 

Cyprreidre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 

Cypridm... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 

Cyprina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 

Cypris.................................................. 138 

Cyrena ................................................ 14, 115 

fibrosa.............................................. I I 5 

zcylarrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 

Cyrenacea ....................... .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I 5, 201 

Cyrenidre............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 

Cystophora.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 

Cytherea .............................................. 163,178 

(Tivela) crassatelloldes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 

dariena......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 

orcgonensis .................................. 123,)50, 151 

ovata ......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 

petechialis .. ,....................................... 214 

vespertina ................................... 120,150, 1a1 

D. 

Dactylidia .......................... . 

Dall, W. H., fieldwork of ..................... . 

Dana, J.D.: 

32 

8 

on fossils of northwestern America ................ 152-157 

on Tertiary of Astoria .............................. 6-7,17 

Darien, Isthmus of, fossils from ................ 169-170,178-179 

Dentaliidre .......................................... 136,193 

Page. 

Dentalinm .................................. 16,136,161,209 

conrad!. ....................................... 12, 18, 136 

pctricola ....................................... 12, 18, 136 

subarcuatnm... ...... ... .. .. .... .. ........ .. .... ... 161 

substriatnm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 

Diad ora crucibuliformis ............................... 172,179 

Diller, J. S., on Coos Bay geology ....................... 13-14 

Dione angustilrons . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 123 

brevilineata ................ .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 

vespertina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 123 

Diplodonta........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 

acclirris.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 

harfordi.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 

(Felarriella) parilis ...................... 12, ·17,18, 117, 236 

Diplodontidre ....................................... 117, 200 

Discinacea..... .. .. . . .. . .. .... .. .... .... ......... 137 

Discinidre............................................... 137 

Discirrisca .......................... ~............... . . . . . 13 7 

lngubris............................................. 137 

oregonensis ................................. 18,137,218 

Docoglossa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 

Dolabella californlca .......... .- ....................... 209,212 

Dolichotoma....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

~~::~~:~i;.-.-:: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :·:::. ~· ::=~: Doliopsis .................................... : ........... 65,70 

biliratum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

crOsseantlm ...... ___ ..... _____ ... _ .... ____ .. _....... 70 

petrosus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

qnlnquecosta..................................... .. 70 

tricarinata.......................................... 65 

Dolites ........... :...... .. ....... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. . 73 

Dolium .................................... 58,62,69, 70,73, 74 

album.............................................. 162 

fimbria tum ............. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

galea... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 72, 73 

macnlatum ......................................... 72,73 

muticum............................................ 70 

octocostatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

olearinm ............................................ 72,73 

perdix .............................................. 62,72 

petrosuni ..................................... 71, 155,242 

pomnm........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72, 73 

ringens........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 178 

Dolopbancs............................................. 77 

melanoides. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Donacidre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 

Donax protexta...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 

stu! to rum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 

Dorididre............................................ 206 

Doridiiden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 

Doridinm............................................... 199 

purpnreum ........................ :.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 

Dosirria ....................... 168,171,175,177,183-184 

alta .............................. 163, 175, 177, 180, 183 

longula ................................... 175, 177, 183 

montana............................................ 184 

simplex............................................. 180 

staleyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

subobliqna................................... .. . . . . . 184 

Driilia................. .......... .. .... .... .. .. ...... .. . 200 

perversa ........................................... , 26 

E. 

Echinarachnins......................................... 140 

orcgonensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,278 

See also Scutella. 

Echinodermata ......................... 139-141, 175, 185 

Echinoneidre........................................... 140 
268 INDEX. 

Page. 

Echinophoria ••............. ____________ . ______________ . 62 

Echinora ............. _. _ .... _ ..... ____ . ___________ . ____ 64,65 

Elachista •....... _____ . _. ______ . __________ . __ . _. ____ .. _ _ 201 

Empire, location of. ••.. __________________ . __ ._ .. ______ . 15 

Empire formation, distribution and character of. .. _. __ . 13-14 

Ensis ........... _. _. __ . _. _. _________ .. _. ________ ..... _.. 194 

curtus ....... ----- .. _____________________________ ... 129 

Entocolax ...................... __ ......... _ .... _. _ ... 203,~05 

Epitonium ... ________ ... _. __________ .. __ ... ___ . _. _ 62-6-l, 68 

(Arctoscala) condoni ___ . ______________________ 1)3,54,220 

greenlandicum .. ___ ------ .. ___________ ,____ __ __ _ __ __ 53 

(Catenoscala) oregonense _________________________ ii4, 220 

(Opalia) rugijerum _______ _. ______________________ ii2, 220 

Erg>Ca .. __ .......... ___ . _. ______________ .... _ .... _______ 82,83 

Ersina. ___ .. ___ . __ . _ .. __________________ . _. _. __ . _____ . _ _ 68 

Eucosmia .... ______ -------.------ __________________ .. __ . 209 

Eudolium .... ________ ----------- .. _ ..... _ ....... 69,70-72,73 

antiquum .... _ .................... ------ ___ .... _ _ _ __ 70 

oregonense .. _. _____________________________ 18,71-72, 228 

petrosum. _________________________________ . _. _ 12, 71, 242 

Eulima _________ ------------- ____________________ .. _ .. .. 193 

Eulimella occidentalis. _. ________ . ___ .. _____________ .... 205 

Eulimidm ...... __ .. ___________ .......... __ ...... ___ _ _ __ _ 214 

Eulithidium ... __ .... ------ ........... ----- ... ______ . __ . 209 

Eumargarita ... _. _. _. ___ .. ___ . ____ . ___________ . __ . _. ___ . 97,98 

Eumetopias ...... : ___ . _ .. __ .. ____ . ______ . _ 143,145,146,147,148 

juhata. ___ . _ ... _ ............ _ ..... _ .......... _ 144,145,148 

Euspira _________________________________________ 87,88-89,90 

draconis ................ _. _____ . __ .. _. _. _. ___ . __ . _.. 89 

galianoi --------------------------------------- 88-89,224 lewisii. ______________ .... ______ ... _________ 89 

See also Polinices. 

Euthriofusus ..... _______________________________________ 37,38 

Euthyneura ... _____ . ______ . _________ . ___________ . __ . ___ 22-23 

Eutrochus ..... ___ . _. _. ____ .. _. __ :. __ . _ .. _ .. _ .. __ ..... _. 95,96 

Evans, John, fossils collected by .. _ .... _ ...... _ .... 13,185-188 

Exilia. ____ .... ------ .... ------ .... ___ ----- _ .. _ ... 36,37,38,39 

pergracilis. ____ . _________________ . __ .. ____________ .. 36 

Exilifusus. --------- __ __ _____ _ _ ________________ 36,37,39 

thalloides .. ____________________ ... ________ . .... . . .. . 36 

Exogyra ... _______ ------ ______ ____ __ _ _ ____ __ __ _ _ ___ _ __ __ lii9 

boussingaultii. .. ____ ....... _ .. ____ . __ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 159 

caprina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 59 

F. 

Falsifusus .. _ _ _ ___ ___ __ ____ __ _ -------- _____ . _______ 39 

Fasciolariu.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

Fasciolariid>C. __ . ___ .... ------------------- ___________ :16-42 

.Fasciolina .. _____ ... ___________ ........ _______ .. _. ___ . __ 

woodi _____ .. __ . ___________ ... _ .... _______ ..... _ .. _. 

Felaniella ___ . ------ _____ -------- _________ ... _________ _ 

parilis. _____________________ .. _ ......... -..... _. _. _. 

See also Diplodonta. 

47 

47 

117 

117 

Ficopsis .. _____ ... ------------------- .. ------ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ 14 

penita .. ___ ........ ------------ __________ ---- ____ ... 16 

Ficula ..... ---------------------------------- ....... _ _ _ _ 74 

Ficulopsis. ____ . _. __ .... ---- ... --------------- .. _ 69 

Ficus ... ---.----------- ... ----------------------------. ·74-75 

cyprreoides ________ . __ . -- -- ... ---- --- -- -- . -. - -... _ _ _ 8 

modestus .. ___________ .-- --.-- -. -- -- -- --- .. - -.... _ _ 12, 74 

oregonensis ... ..... __ .. ------------------.... ..... .. 75 

Filibranchiata. ____________ ------------------ .. _____ 106-114 

Fishes. ______ ---------- .. -----------------------------_ 17,152 

l<'issurella. _ .......... --.------------- .. -.---------.---. 168 

crenulata .. ___ ... ------------------------------..... 168 

Fissurellidre. _ .. ---.----- .. ----------------------- .. -... 209 

Foliobranchiata _. _ ... ----.------ ---------------- .. - 100-106 

Foraminifera._ .. ___ -- .. --------------.-- 13, 15, 141-142,156 

Page. 

Foratidolium ..... _______ . __ . ___ . _ ....... ___________ .. ..• 73 

Fossil Point, description of. .. ________ .. __ .. _.__________ 19 

Fossil Rock, fossils of._. __ .... _______________________ .__ 20 

Frieleia halli ... _ . __ . _ . _. ______________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 137 

Fulguraria .. __ ------ __ ------ ___ --------- __ .. ___________ 33,69 

gabbi. _______________ . _ .. ____________ . __________ . ___ 33,34 

Fulgurofusus. _________ ------ _______________________ . ___ . 39 

Fusinus. __ . ___ ........ ________ . __ .... ___ .... _ ...... 16,36-42 

ben1iciensis ..... _ .... ___ ......... ____________ .. _ .. _. 39 

burdigalcnsis. _. _ .... ____________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 

caloosaensis ______________ .. ------- ___ .... _______ ___ 38 

(Buccinofusus) coosensis. __________ .. _____ 18, 41-42, 218 

(Priscofusus) corpulentus ___________________ 12,39, 39,40 

(Priscofusus) geniculus .... ___________________ .. __ . 12,40 

( Priscofusus) medialis. ________ . _. __ .. ______ . ___ . _ _ 12, 41 

(Priscofusus) nodiferus ... __________ . ___ . _. _. __ . _. _. 12,41 

ottonis. _ .. _. ______ . ___ . _. _. _. ____ . __ . __ . _. ______ . _ _ 39 

parills. ----- _ ----- _ ... _ --- .. _. _____ .... __ __ _ __ __ _ ___ 39 

pergracilis .. _. ___ . ___ . _. _. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 

quercollis. __ . __ . _. _. _. _. _. ___ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 

syracusanus. __ . _ . _ . ___ . _ . _ . _. _____ . ________ . _____ . _ 39 

thalloldes. _ ... __ . ______________ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 

(Priscofusus) sp ...... ________________ ----- _ ____ _ _ ___ 40 

sp. -------------------------- ... _ -- .. ____ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ 12 

Fusitriton. ___ . __ . _. _. _. _________________ . _ .. _. __ . _. _. _. 77 

camm.ani. ..... ... ____ ................. ____ .. ____ . __ 18,55 

coosense . ............. _ ... ___ . _. __ . _ .. __ . __ . _ _ _ _ 18, Ofi-60 

oregor1ense ... _ ........... _. _ .... ___________ .. .. . ... 66 

oregonensis .. ..... _ . _ . _ . _ ... _. _ .... _ .. ______ .. _ .. _.. 20, 56 

See also Argobuccinum. 

Fusus .......... _. _ .. __ . __ . _. ___ . _ 24, 26, 36, 37, 38,198,200,201 

abyssorum ..... __ . _. _ .. _. ___ .. __ . _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 

aquitanica .... _. _. _. ____ . __ . ______ . __ . _. _________ . _ _ 38 

barbarensis. ______________________ . ___ . ____ . _. ___ . _ _ 214 

berniciensis .. _______ .. _______ . __ ...... ____ . 37 

var so !ida .. _ . ______ . ___ . _ . ___ . _. _. _. __ . _ 37 

burdigalensis. ------- __ .. ___ ----- .. ______ . __ _ 37 

co1osseus. ________ . ___ . _. __ . _. _ .. ______________ .. .. . 38 

coins ...... -.......... ___ . ___ . ______ ._. ___ ._._. _____ 36,37 

corpulentus ..... ___ ........ ___ ... ______________ 3o,39, 1ii6 

devinctus _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 

ecaudis .. ______________________________________ .. ___ 3S 

geniculus .... ------ _______________________ . ____ .. _ 40,156 

kerri __________ : __________________ ... __ .. __ . __ ___ ___ 36 

nodosus. ______________ ..... __ ----- ___ _ ____ _ ___ __ ___ 38 

orditus. _______________ .... _ __ _____ ___ _ __ _ _____ _ _ ___ 37 

oregonensis .. ___________________ .. ______ 40, 56, 75,150,151 

parilis .... _. _. _____________ . ________________ . _. _. ___ 37,38 

peregra ... _. ___________________________ .. ______ . _ ___ 38 

priceL .. --- _________ ...... ___ .. ___ .. ____ . _ ____ _ _ __ _ 39 

protextus .. ____ . _____ . _. _______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 

robustus ... _____________________ -.-- ____ .. ______ . __ __ 214 

mgosus ..... _. _. _. ________ . _. _ ... ____ . __ . __ . _. _. _. _. 214 

salcbrosus ______ .. ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 

syracusanus ________________ . _ ... __ . _ .. _. ___ . ___ . 36, 37, 38 

virgineus ... _. _. ____ . _. _. _. ____________ . _ .. _. _. _. _ _ 38 

G. 

Gadlnia ..... __________________ . __ . __ ... _. __________ . _ 197, 198 

Gauiniidrn ...... _ . _ . _________ . ____ . ___ . ___ . _____ . _ .. ___ . -197 

Galea ..... -.- .. ---.------·---- ....... -._--- _____ --------- 58 

striata cchinophora. _. ________ .. __ .. ___________ .... _ 58 

pennata .. ______________________________________ 58 

Galeoda. ______ --- _____ --- ___ .. __ . _________ ... _ ____ _ ____ 64 

echinophora. ______________ . _. _________ . __ . ___ . _. _. _ 64 

tyrrhena. ___________ .. ---- ... ____________ ..... _. ___ 64 

Galeodarla _____________ . _. _. _. _. _. _. ______ . _____ . __ . _. 65,69 

peterson!._----------- ____ ------ _______ .. ___ .. ______ 65 

Galeodea .. ---------------------------------- _ .. 64-66, 671 69 
INDEX. 269 

. Ga.leodea echlnophora ........... ---. -------- -- ----- - -

Page. 

64,65 

62 

62 

peterson!............ . . ---- .............. -.---

tuberculatus......... . ....................... . 

Galeodes ............... ·. ... ... . . ....... .. .. . . . . .. 'i8,64,65 

Ga.leodia ......... __ . __________ . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . 64 

tricarinata ............. . 

Galeodoca.ssis ........... . 

anceps ............. .. 

Galeodolium .......... . 

Galeodosconsia ..... . 

64 

59,61 

59 

70 

66 

Galerites ......... ____ . . __ ............ __ .. 140,156 

oregonensis .... ____ ..... .. ....... 12, 140, 156 

Galeropsis ............. __ 81, 82 

Galerus ............ ____ .. 81,82 

excentricus ......... _ ....... _ _ _ 82 

fa.stigatus ...................... __ . 189 

Garnotia...... . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . 83 

Ga.stcropoda. ........ __ . ____ ..... ____ . ________ 22-100,193,208 

Gemma ...................... __ . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . 201 

Cienota .............. __ . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . 210 

· Globosa ................. .. 58 

echinophora. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. ______ ................. 58 

Globularia ................ __ ..... __ ... __ ................ 89,90 

Globulus...... ______ .. __ .......... 89 

Glycimeris...... . . . . . . . ................. ____ . . . . . 133, 184 

ahrupta..... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 133 

estrellana......... . ......... 133,184 

generosa ...... __ __ 133 

Glycymcris.......... . .............. 101,107-109 

barbarensis.. .. .. .. ____ . ______ ...... __ . .. .. 108-109 

collinus............................................. 109 

conradi ................. .............. 12, 18, 107-108,236 

gabbi. ........................................ 18, 108,236 

grewingki .................................... 18, 107,218 

intermedia.. . 109 

staminea ......... . 

veatchii.. .. . 

Gnathodon ......... . 

cuneatum .......... . 

flexuosum .. ...... ______ _ 

109 

108-109 

159,199 

159 

162 

gra.yi.. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. 159 

lccontci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 162 

rostra tum................................... 162 

trigonum._.. . ______ .. _ .......... _____ .. ____ _ 162 

1.5 

15 

Goldwa.shcrs Gully, rlP.5cription of. ......... . 

fossils ncar ....... ____________ .... _. _____ _ 

Gonioba.sis .................. _____ _ ... 14,115 

Gonioglea ..... . 59 

Gratelupia ......... . 

bydeana .. __ 

mactropsis .. _ 

Gryphroa pitcheri ..... . 

.. .... -.... -.... ------ .... - 169, 170 

........................ 169 

.. -- .... -- .. --------- 170 

159 

Guildfordia . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . 92 

Gyrineum .............. -------------------- ... 54-55,228 

corbiculatum. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 18, 55, 228 

mediocre............................. . ... 18,54-55,228 

var ............................................. 18,.55 

Gyrotropis............................. .. . . .. .. . . . .. 77 

squamosa. .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 77 

H. 

Haliotidea .......................... . 81 

sigaretoides.. .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 81 

Haliotis .............................. 195,205,208,212,213,215 

cracherodii var. californiensis ...... _ 209 

rufescens. _ .. ____ . _ 204 

Haliotoidea .. 81 

Haliotoideus ........ __ 81 

Page. 

Halistylus. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . 209 

Halocera.s .......... : ... ....................... · .... ·..... 77 

Haminea........ . .............................. ,. 23 

petrosa ........ ·..................................... 23 

virescens .......... _ 

Haustator ............. .. 

Heilprinia ........ __ _ 

Helix .. : ................ . 

haliotoidea ................ . 

Hemimactra albaria ............ . 

precursor ........................ . 

See also Spisula. 

Ilemithyris ... 

194 

78 

38 

74 

91 

17,18,130-131,234 

...... 17,18,131,242 

137 

astoriana . .... _ ------------------------------ 12,137 

psitiacea ........ . - - ----- -- -- --- --- -- - 137 

Herculea .......... . 68,69 

See also Marum. 

Hlnnlta ............................. . 204 

Hinnites......................... .. ......... 181, 182 

cra.ssa ........................................... 180,181 

gigantea .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 180, 181 

Hochstetteria........................................... 194 

IIolectypoida........................................... 139 

Ilydroidea............................................. 156 

Ianachus ............... .. 

Idmonea ........ . 

californica ..... . 

llyana.ssa obsolcta .... . 

Imperator .............. .. 

Inoceramus ........... .. 

perovalls ....... .. 

sensenl. ..... . 

Infundibulum ............. . 

I. 

82,83 

172 

172 

202 

92 

158 

158 

158 

81 

gahiotensis. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. 184 

Iopa.s ................................................ 47, 48,49 

Iphinoc ................................................ 76,77 

Isapis. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . 70 

Isocardia .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 161 

J. 

Janlra .......................................... 173, 178,182 

bella.................. .. ............ 173,178 

J anthinidro .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 209 

Jewett, E., fossils collected by..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 

Jouannetia ........................................... _ _ 202 

Juniperus............................................... 157 

K. 

Kennerlia. See Pandora. 

L. 

Lacuna solidula. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 189 

Laganum.......... ...... .. . . .. .... ... . .. .. ... . ... ...... 175 

Lambidium......... ... . .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... . ... . ... .... .. 68 

Lamprodoma........................................... 32 

undatella. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. 32 

Latirus .............................. . 

Leda ................................... . 

acuta ......................... . 

coolata ................. .. 

(Nucula) impressa ....... . 

48 

103-104,200 

------18,103 

17 

. ---- -------- 187 

oregona....................... __ .. 104,105, 187 

pella ... ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

penita ............................................ 12,103 

whitmani. ............................ 18,20, 103-104,1!42 

willamettensis .......... , .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . 104, 18 7 

sp,... ..... .. . . . .. .. ... . . .. .. .. .... ... . ... . ......... 17 
270 INDEX. 

Page. 

Ledidro ............................................. 103-106 

Leiotrochlfs ............................................. 95,96 

distans.... .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. . . . . .. .. . 95 

Lembulus ........................................... 103-104 

vossiantis .. ... _ ......................... _ ... _ ... _ . _ . 103 

Lepetidre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 209 

Lepsia ................................................... 47,50 

Leptesthes.............................................. 115 

Leptonacca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 

Lcptothyra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 

Levenia..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 61 

coarctata........................................... 60 

Lichenopora californica. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 172 

Lima ................................................. 200,201 

Limnoria............................................... 139 

Limopsidffi ......................................... 106-107 

Limopsis ....................................... 106-107,117 

nitens ....................................... 12, 106, 107 

orcgoncnsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 107 

Linatella pacifica . ........ :: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 226 

See also Cymatium. 

Lingulidre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 

Liomesns sulculatus .................. : ......... 17, 18, 44, 224 

Liriola peltoides var. vernalis........................... 198 

Lirularia condoni. .................................... 98,226 

See also Margarites. 

Lischkeia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 97 

Literature, list of. .................................. 6,192-216 

Lithopoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 

Litorina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

Littorina ............................... 19, 79-80, 169, 207 

grandis.. .. . ........ .. . . .. . .. .. .. ... .. ....... .. ... .. SO 

littoralis............................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

littorea......................... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

obtusata............................................ 79 

pedroana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 

petricola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 80, 222 

ruclis........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

Littorine........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 79 

Littus.................................................. 79 

Litus. ... .......... .. .. ...... .. .. . .. . .. .... .... .... .. .. . 79 

Loligo stearnsii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 

r,ophocardium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 

Loripes dubia.......................... .. . . . . . . . . . 8 

paralis ............................................. 8,117 

parilis ............................. .' ........... 8,150,151 

Lottia gigantea......................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 

Lucapina crenulata..................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 

Lucapinella............................................ 209 

Lucina .................................. 160,174,182-183 

acutilineata ........................... 7, 108, 116, 154,238 

annulata ............................. -............. 117 

borealis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 

(Miltha) children! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 

compressa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 

contracta ........................................... 7,154 

fihrosa ...................................... 115, 186,187 

jarnaicensis . .................... -.... -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 

parilis.............................. 187 

pinguis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 

Lucinacere ..................................... llf.-119, 200 

Lucinidro... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116-11 7 

Lucinoma acutilineata.................................. 116 

Lunatia ............................................. 87, 89, 90 

oregonensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 

Lunatus....... .. ... .. . . . . . . . ...... .. .. . .. . ... . .. .. ... .. 85 

Lunella.. .... .... ..... .. . . . ..... .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. . . ..... 79 

Lupia .................................................. 89,90 

Page. 

Lutraria ................................... 130,1f?7,175, 184 

nuttallii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 167, 184 

papyria.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 

transmontana..... .. .... ... .. . . . . ... .. . .... .. ...... 175 

traskii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7 

Lycopodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 

Lyropecten............................................. 200 

squamosa........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

M. 

Macha"a patula...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 

Machmroplax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

Macoma ........................................ 126-129,205 

arctata... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 12 6 

astori.. .................................... 17, 18, 128, 242 

calcarea .................... 10,17,18,20,126-127,128,242 

!Jdentula...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 

elougata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 

inflatula............................................ 128 

inqulnata........................................... 127 

lcptonoidea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 . 

molinana ................... "···················· 128,242 

nasuta .......................... 15,17,18,20,124,127-128 

tenera............................................... 126 

sp ................................................. 12,129 

Macrocallista... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

vespertina ........................................ 12, 120 

Macron..... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ....... ...... ... .. ....... 207 

Macrophalina.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 

Macrorhinus............................................ 147 

Mactra ......................................... 167, 184, 199 

albaria .......................... 8, 15,130, 150,150,167,234 

ash burneri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

diegoana... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 167 

gahiotensis.......................................... 184 

Mactracea ........................................... 130-132 

Mactridae ........................................... 130-132 

Mactromeris ........................................ 130-131 

Madreporaria ..... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 1 

Malea ........................................ 59, 70, 72, 73,178 

carnt1ra. _ ................ _ .... _ ... _ ... _ ... _. _____ ... 72 

latilabris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 

pomum............................................. 72 

ringens ............. : ............................... 72,178 

Malletia..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 

abrupta ........................................... 12, 106 

pacifica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 

Mancinella ............. : ................................ 46, so 

Mangelia....... .. . . . . . . .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .... 212 

Marcia .............................................. 123-124 

kenncricyi... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 

oregoncnsis .............. 9, 12, 15, 18, 123-124, 218,236,238 

subdiaphana........................................ 123 

Margarita .......................................... 97,207,211 

frielei. ......................... .-.................... 97 

helicina.... ........ .... .. .. ...... .... .. ... .. ........ 97 

pupilla.............................................. 189 

Margarites .......................................... 96, 97-98 

cidaris. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

(Lirularia)? condoni. ...................... · .... 18, 98,2211 

he!icina... ... .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. . .. . ..... .. .. .. ....... 97 

(Turcicula) imperialis............................. 98 

lirulata.... ........ .. .. . . .. . .... .. ... .. . .. .. .. ...... 98 

pupilla ................. _ ........................... 97, 98 

s)larpii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 

Margaritopsis ........................................... 97,98 

Megaptera ................................. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . 17" 

Megatebennus bimaculatus.......................... .. . 194 
I INDEX. 271 

Fag e. 

Megatylotus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 89, 90 

Melanopsis cepula...................................... 77 

Melarhaphe............................................ 79 

Meleagrinicoles ............................... : . . _...... 202 

Mellita ..................... _ .... .. . ............... ... . . 17fi 

testudinata ............... _......................... 175 

texana...... .... .... .. . ....... ...... .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . 175 

Melongena .............................................. 58,59 

Mercenaria.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 123 

perlarninosa ...................................... 123,172 

Meretrix ....................................... 163,165,170 

californiana ................................ · ....... :. 163 

dariena ......................................... 170, 178 

· decisa..... .. . . . . . ... .. . . . .. ... . . .... .. .. .... .. . . .. . 165 

poulsoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 

tularana ........................................ 165,169 

uniomeris... .. . ...... ................... .... .. . . .. . 165 

uvasana. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . 163 

Merica ................................................ 29-30 

Mesostoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . 77 

pulchra.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Mesotaria ambigua. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. 147 

Metzgcria ............................. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 

Microstoma .......................... :.................. 47 

Microtoma ............................................. 46, 47 

Millers Flat, description of. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 15-16 

Miltha. See Lucina. 

Miodon..... .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. 201 

Miopleiona ............. --.-- ......................... 7, 31>-36 

indurata .................................. 9, 12, 35, 36,250 

oregonensis............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15, 18, 36-36, 250 

Mitella ....... ,......................................... 81 

Mitrrefusus ............................................. 37,38 

Mitrella ... :.. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . 81 

Mitridre.... ............. ... . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .... . . .. . . ... 215 

Mitrula................................................. 81 

Modiola ............................................. 113, 167 

contracta.. ...... .. ... . . ..... .. . .... . .. .. .. ... . ... .. 167 

_plicatula........................................... 213 

Modiolus ........................................... 113~114 

capax.............................................. 114 

directus ........................... 12, 17, 18, 113-114, 1!30 

flabellatus ....... :. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. 114 

fornicatus.......................................... 114 

in flatus.......... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 18, 114, 1!38 

modiolus........................................... •114 

rectus.............................................. 114 

Modulus... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . '77 

Moerella ............................................ 121>-126 

nuculana ..... ........................... 12, 121>-126, 250 

obruta .............................. : ............. 12,126 

See also Tellina. 

Mitra .......................... : ........................ 48,58 

idm...... ...... .. . ... . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . 207 

Mollusca .................................. 7, 21-136, 153-156 

Molluscoldea........................................... 173 

Mo!opophorus.......................................... 45 

gabbi. ............................................ 4ii, 220 

Monachus. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . 148 

Monoceros.............................................. 212 

Monodonta constricta.................................. 95 

Morio ..... _.. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 64, 65, 66 

echinophora........................................ 64 

tu berculatus... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

Morion ................................................. 64, 65 

Morionassa...... ...... . .. ..... . . .. . .... . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. 66 

amplectens. ... ..... . . .... .. . .. . .... . . . .. .. . . . . . . 66 

Morionella.... .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . 60 

Page. 

Morum ............................................. 66,67-69 

antiquum....................... .... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . (;g 

cancellatum................. ... . .... ... ............ 6S 

costellatum.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

dennison!............................................ 69 

(U erculeaJ domingense. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 69 

exquisittun.. ........... ... .. .. ... .. .. . .. .... ... .. . . 69 

( Oniscidia) harpulum ..................... _ . _ .. . . . . 69 

oniscus............................................. 68 

ponderosum .............................. : .. ....... 68,69 

purpureum.............................. 67 

tuberculosum ............ _ ...................... _.... 68 

Mulinia ................................... 132,173,177, 199 

densata ......................................... 173,177 

oregonensis ............................... 18, 132, 1!32, 240 

Murex .............................................. ·..... 200 

antiquus ......................................... _ _ 42 

babylonius................................. 24 

carpenter!.......................................... 194 

crispatus... ..... . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. ..... . . 50 

ferrngineus. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 50 

fragilis.................. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .... ..... 214 

Iucus. ....... .................... ... .. . .. .. .. .. . .... (6 

gyrinus.......... ..... .. ... .. ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. . .... 54 

javanus ..... ·. ......... ..... .. .... . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .... 24 

lactuca............................................. 50 

maneinella......................................... 46 

trunculus.... .. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . 58 

sp ............................................... 24,36,45 

Muricidre................................. .. ... 41>-61 

Muricinre ............................................. 41i-51 

Mya ...................................... 132, 17<1, 176, 205 

abrupta ......................................... 133, 103 

arenaria ........................... · ............... 133,212 

cancellata...... ........ ... .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .... . 158 

montereyana .................... : .............. 174,176 

prrecisa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 

subsinuata......................................... 176 

truneata ......................... ~- ............... 18, 1&2 

Myacea ............................................. 13~-134 

Myacidw ........................................... 132-1&3 

Mys!a paralis........................................... 117 

Myti!acea .......................................... 113-114 

Myti!idre ........................................... 113-114 

Mytilus .................................. 113, 164,167,184 

bifurcatus ........................................ 212,215 

californicus.... .... ... . ..... . . .. .. .. . .. .. .... . . . . . . . 113 

edulis ......................... ,.................... 113 

ficus ......................................... 18, 113,232 

humerus ........................................... 164 

inezensis ...................................... ___ . 184 

modiolus........................................... 113 

pedroanus ......................................... . 167 

N. 

Nacca .................. .'............................... 85 

fulminea................... ........................ 85 

maxima............................................ 85 

Nacella ...................................... __ ......... 47 

Narica.................................................. 169 

diegoana........................................... 169 

Narona................................................. &0 

Nassa.: ................... __ 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 59, 61, 73, 169, 213 

~aliforniana.. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . 210 

intastriata .......... ____ ... .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . 169 

interstr!ata ....................................... . 

lunata .......................... _ ............ _._ 

pedroana ................................. ___ . _ .. 

169 

169 

169 
272 INDEX. 

Page. 

Nassa trivittata......................................... 169 

Nassidm. •. ................................ .............. 46 

Natica ................... 86-87, 164, 170, 184, 186, 207,215 

alveata .......................................... 164,170 

ampullaria ........................................ . 

canaliculata ..................... : ................. . 

87 

89 

canrena............................................. 85 

cepacea....................................... 87 

clausa ............................................. 86, 189 

(Cryptonatica) consors .......... ... 12, 20, 86-87, 221,, 226 

crassatina.----- ---- ...................... -......... 89,90 

galianoi ................................... 15,88-89,221, 

genicula............................................ 170 

gibbosa. .. . .. .. .......... ... . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 164 

glaucinoides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 

helicoides.. .... ....... ...... .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . 89 

heros .................. ··'· .............. . 7 

ineziana ....................................... 87,90,186 

infundibulum............................ 87 

labellata... ..... ... . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. ... .. . .. . . . . 87,89 

mammilla................................... 87 

mississippiensis........................... 90 

ocoyana .......................................... 87, 170 

oetites.. ... ..... ... . . .. .... .. .. . .. . . . ... . . . .. ... . ... 164 

oregonensis ................................. 12, 18, 86,222 

russa ............................................... 86,87 

saxea .......................................... 87,88,166 

semilunata..... .. ... . ... ... . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. 164 

spirata............................................. 89 

sulcatus............................................ 85 

vitellus............................................. 85 

v!ttata ......................................... -... - 85 

sp ... -·············································· 87 

Naticidre ............................................. 86-92 

Naticina .............. ·.. ... .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. ... . .. . . .. .. . 87 

Naticus ................ :................................ 85 

canrenus... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 

Nautiloidea............................................. 21 

Nautilus................................................ 21 

angustatus ........................................ 21,166 

Navanax ......... ·.. ..... .. .. .. .. . . ... . . . .... .. .... ..... 209 

in ennis............................................. 195 

Navarchus ........................................... 197,209 

Neilo...................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

abrupta ........................................... . 

~:~~~~::: :::·:: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ..... . 

Neomphalius .......................................... . 

N eotremata ........................................... . 

Neptunea...... .. . . .......................... . 

sp ... ··············································· Nerita ................................................. . 

lit to ralls ........................................... . 

mammilla ......................................... . 

Nerita palliata ......................................... . 

spadicea ........................................... . 

vittata ............................................ . 

Neritina picta ......................................... . 

Ncritoides ...................................... -~- .... . 

106 

105 

103 

94 

137 

206 

36 

85 

79 

87 

79 

85 

85 

203 

79 

Ncritrcma.............................................. 79 

Nevcrita .............................................. 87-88 

alta......................................... 88 

imperforata......................................... 88 

ineziana ........................................... 87-88 

joscphinia.......................................... 87 

olla............. .................................... 87 

recluziana .......................................... 87,88 

saxea. ........ .. . ... .. .. ......... .......... .. .. ..... 87 

See also Polinices. 

Page. 

Newberry, J. S., on Chico-Tejon fossils.................. 8 

Noicia.................................................. 83 

chinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

Norrisia................................................ 215 

North Spit, fossils from near............................ 17 

Nucella .................................. : .. 30, 46, 47, 48, 49,50 

lamellosa... ... . ..... .. .... .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... 50 

precursor ......................................... 51,222 

See also Thais. 

Nucula ............................. 1S,17, 101-103,165, 211 

abrupta ..................................... 106, 160, 150 

acuta...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 

castrensis.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 103 

cobboldire ................................. .- ....... : 7 

(Acila) conrad! .................. 12, 18, 102-103, 150,238 

(Acila) cordata..................................... 103 

cuneifonnis .................................. 101, 150, 150 

dccisa ........................................... 102,165 

decussata..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

divaricata .................. 7,8, 102,103, 150, 150, 154,165 

impressa............................................ 1fi4 

penita. ........................ . ..... 103,150, 1fil 

(Acila) shumardi. ~................................. 103 

townsendi . ........ ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 101 

truncata............. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

See also Led a. 

Nuculacea .......................................... 101-106 

N uculana.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

oregona .. ·........................................... 105 

Nuculidre .......................................... 101-103 

Nudibranchiata ...................................... 195,212 

Nuttallina.............................................. 209 

o. 

Ocinebra circumtexta.................................. 213 

michaeli............................................ 203 

Ocoya Creek, fossils from ............................. 170-171 

Octopus................................................ 214 

digucti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 

punctatus ........................................ 197,214 

Odostomia montereyensis.............................. 202 

Oliva ................................................. 32, 169 

alectona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

nota................................................ 32 

Olivella ........................................ 19,31-33,203 

anazora.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

bretica .............................................. 32,33 

biplicata ............... : ............................ 31,32 

c::.erulea. ____ ....................... _. _ ........ _ ....• 

columcllaris........................................ 31 

dama............................................... 31 

eburuca........ ... .. .. ....... .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . ... . .. . 31 

gracilis............................................. 31 

inconspicua ......... -.............................. _ 31 

intorta............................................. 31 

jaspidea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

mutica........ .... .. .. .... .. .. .. . . . . . . .. ... . . ... . . . 32 

nivea.... .. .. . . .. ... . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . 31 

pedroana ............................. 17, 18,20, 32-33,226 

purpurata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

semistriata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

tergina............................................. 31 

undatella ........................................... 31-32 

var. pulchra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

volutella ............................................ 31,32 

Olividrn ................................................ 31-33 

Ornphalia......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 

Om phallus .................................... _......... 94 
INDEX. 273 

Page. 

Oniscia ........................................ 59, 66, 67, 68,69 

oniscus... .. . . . ... .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. ... .. . . . .. . . ... 68 

tuberculosa......................................... 68 

Oniscidia .............................................. 68,69 

cancellata ...... ·.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

oniscus ... ........ ----------- ... ------------ · -- ·- -- · 68 

See also Morurn. 

Oocorys. .... .... .. ... ... .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . ... . . . 67 

sulcata..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

watson!............................................. 67 

Opalia... .. .. .. ... ... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. 52 

crenata.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 

crenatoides var. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 

inscnlpta... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 190 

rugifera...................................... 52,220 

varicostata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

See also Epitoninrn. 

Ophiuritcs sp ...................................... 12, 18, 140 · 

Ophiuroidea............................................ 140 

Opisthobranchiata ............................ 22-23,194, 206 

Orthochoanites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Orthodonta .......................................... 24-100 

Ostracea.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

Ostracoda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 

Ostrea ................................ 111,1o8,168,178,18:1 

contracta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

georgiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

heerrnanl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 

maxima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

panzana............................................ 183 

snbfalcata............................. 168 

subjccta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 

tayloriana........................................ 111 

titan .................................... 18,111,158,178 

vespertina................................. 168 

virginica ... .................. _____ . _ ....... _ _ 111 

Ostreidm ............................................ 111,204 

Otaria ........................................ 144,145,146, 147 

fischeri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 

jubata... .. .. .. ... .. . . . . . . ...... .. . .. .. . .. . . . ... . . .. 148 

leclercii............................................. 147 

oudriana ...... . 147 

prisca. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 

Otarildre ............................................. 146,147 

P. 

Pachydcsma ............................... 162, 173,180, 18.3 

crassatclloides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 183 

inezana ......................................... 173,18:1 

l'achypoma ............................................ 92, 93 

gibberosum......................................... 93 

inrnquale........................................... 93 

precursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 226 · 

var. depressnrn.............................. 93 

See also Astrrea. 

Pacific coast paleontology, papers on , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 

Palreophoca............................................ 147 

Pallium .................................. 173, 178, 180,182 

crassicardo............................ 173 

estrellanum.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 173, 178, 182 

Pandora... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 

bilirata ................................. : ......... 172,179 

(Kcnnerlia) grandls................................. 210 

Pandoridrn: ................. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 

Panornya ........................................... 133-134 

ampla............................................... 134 · 

chrysis.................. 18,133-134,236 

norvegica.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 134 

Page. 

Panopea ....................................... 133, 160, 184 

abrupta............................................ 133 

decisa ............................ :................. 160 

estrcllana................. . .................. 12, 133 

reflexa............................................. 184 

Paphia staminea....................................... 124 

Papillina... ............................................ 36 

Paradione. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 120 

Parapholas. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . 196 

Patella ................................................ 81,207 

chincnsis .......... : ................................ 81,83 

fornicata... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

porcellana. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

Patellipurpura ......................................... 49,50 

Patinopecten coosensis...... .......... .. ...... .... .. .. . 112 

propatulns..... .................................... 112 

See also Pecten. 

Patulaxis . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 80 

Pecten ............................... • ........ 111-118, 161, 

161,171,173, 178,181,182,184,193,202,212 

rnquisulcatus....................................... 215 

altiplcctus ..................................... 173, 181 

catilliformis......................................... 171 

caurinus.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 

coosaensis. . . . . . . . . . . 112 

(Patinopecten) coosensis. 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 112, 187 ,1!46, 248 

deserti.. ..................................... 167,180, 181 

discus.............................................. 181 

lloridus...... ... ... .. . ..... ... . .. .. . . .... .. . ... .. ... 189 

hccrmanni. ............... : . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 

jcficrsonius. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 181 

madison! us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 

magnolia ........................................ 180, 181 

meekii. ........................................ 173, 181 

nevadan us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 71 

pabloensis... ... .. . .. . . ...... .. .. ... . . ... .. .. .... ... 178 

(Pseudamusium) peckhaml. ................... 10, 12, 113 

(Patinopecten) propatulus .......... 12,112, 155,244,246 

quinquinaria .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 161 

Pectinacca ......................................... 111-113 

Pectinidre......... .................. .. 111-113,180 

Pectunculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 17 4, 1 7 7, 184 

kaschewarowi . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

nitens ........................................... 106, 155 

patulus... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 108, 116, 154 

sp.................................................. 106 

Pcdicularia. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 208 

Pclagus vanuxemi....... ... . .. .. . . . ..... ...... 21 

Pclccypoda ........................................ 100-136 

Penicilla................................................ 196 

Penitella ....................................... 134, 168,196 

conra<li . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 

penlta............. ... . . ................ 134, 168 

spelrea...... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 134, 168 

spelreum....... ... .... .. .. .. .. . .. . . ....... .... ... .. 168 

Perdix .................................................. 73,74 

Pcriploma. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201 

Peristernia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 191 

Perna.................................................. 184 

maxilla ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 

montana........................................... 184 

Perrinia. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 97 

angulifcra....... ...... .. .. .. . . ... . . .. ... .. .. .. . . . . . 96 

Petricola. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 6 6 

carditoides......................................... 124 

denticulata......................................... 200 

pedroana. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . 16 6 

Pctropoma ...................... ·....................... 209 
274 INDEX. 

Page. 

Phacoides ......................... ·-- ______________ 116-117 

acuti!ineatus.------- ·------------ 12,18, 108, 116-1 n, 238 patulus. ----- --·- .. · ... __________________ . ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ 117 

Phalium .. __ . _ ........... ___ ----- ____ . _ .. _________ 61-64,70 

(Bezoardica) xquisulcatum ______ ........ ___ 18, 63-64, 224 coronado! ________ . ___ .______________________________ 70 

glaucum. ------------------ .. _. __ __ __ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ _ 61 

globosum ... ________ .. _____ .. ___________________ ... _ 61 

(Bczoardica) turricula.-. ______________________ 18;63, 222 

Philobrya. _. ____ .1. __ .... - .. ________________ _ : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 194 

Pholadidre. ____ .. -----------. __ ___ _ __ ___ __ __ _ ___ ___ _ ___ 134 

Pholadidea. __ ------------- ______________ .. __ ------- _ __ _ 134 

ovoidea .... __ .... _ .... _________ .· .. ___ .. ____________ . 134 

penita. __ ................. ______ .. _____________ 18,20,184 

Pholas .... ___ ------------- _______________ .. __________ 139,158 

concamerata ......... ___________________ . ____ .. _ _ _ _ _ 134 

pectorosa ___ .. _ · .... _ .. _________ . ________________ .. _ _ HiS 

penita. __ -------------- ___ . ______ . _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ 134 

Phorcus. _. _ ----------------- ______________ .. _____ .. ___ - 94 

pulligo. _____________ .. _________ . ____ ... ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 94 

Photinula. _______ ..... ____ .. __ . ___________ .• ---- __ __ __ _ 214 

Phyllaplysia. ___ . ____ . _. _- _. _______________________ . ___ . 200 

Physeter ______ ------. _ ----- _ -- ___ . ___ ... ____ ----------- 80 

pcrspcctivus ... ______ .... ________________________ ... 80 

Pinaxia ..... __ . .-.... ___ .... ________________ -- -- -- --- 46, 49, 50 coronata ... __ .... ______________________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

Pinna. ____ ----------------_____________________________ 200 

Pirula _________________ .. _ .. ________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 4, 211 

Pisania fortis. ___________________ .. __________ .... ____ 189, 191 

insignis. ---------- ______________ . _ _ __ __ __ _ _ 191 

Placunanomia. _ .... ------------------- _____ _ _ ___ _ _ __ __ _ 204 

Planaxis ..................... ________________ -.. _- _. _- _- 210 

Planithais. _ ------------------- ______________ - _ _ 47 

Plants ......... ----·----------- .. _______________________ 157 

Platyodon .... _ ...... __ ------ .. __ .. - _____ .. _------.---.. 158 

cancellatnm. ___ ---------- _ .. ---- __ ---------- .. -- ... 172 

Plectosolen .. _____ .. __ .. ___ .. __________ .. ______ ... _ _ 12 9-180 

conradi .... ..... ____________ ... _____________ 129-130,238 

curtus .. ___________ .... _________________ ---------- _ _ 129 

var., __ ---------------- ______________ -- -------.- 129 

protextus .. ----------------- _______________ ----- __ . _ 129 

See also Solen. 

Plesioniscia. ___________ ----------- _--- ___ .... ----- __ --.- 68 

Pleurobranchus. _____ ---------------- _______ ----- _ --. _- 200 

Pleurotoma .. ______ .......... __________ .. _ 24, 170,200,209,210 

auriculifera ________ - _____ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 

(Surcula) carpenteriana .. _____ . ______ .. __ - _ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 

ocoyana .. ______________________ . ________________ .. _ 170 

(Antiplancs) pervcrsa, ___ - _ ___ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ ___ 26 

(Surcula) perversa .. ------ _- ___ --- _ .. ____ -.... _____ - 26 

transmontana.--.- ----.-------.----- ______ --------- 170 

Pleurotomaria ___ .. _ ...... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 201 

Pleurotomatidre ..... _.-. _-- ________ -... ___________ 24-28, 211 

Plic~~l::~~~;is·_-_-_-:: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: _ f7, 49, ~~ Poculina. _____ -------- __ ---------------- .. -- .. --------- 81 

Polinices. _ ----------------- .. - __ ----.---- .. ------- ... - 87-89 

Polinices (Euspira) galianoi.------------- 12, 17, 18, 88-89, 224 

(Neverita) inezana.---- ___ -_- _- .. ______ --- .. 12, 18, 87-88 

Polychreta .... • ............. ----------------------- _. 138-189 

Polymorphina _________________________ .. _ ... ______ . ___ . 141 

Polyplacophora. _ -__ -- _- .... --- ---- --- -- -.... - --- 209 

Polytha1amia .. ---------------- ______ -- _______ .. _ 7 

Polytropa. ___ --------------.----.-----. _ . 30,46,47,48 

crispata. ____ ..... __ --- .... -. _ ---- _ _ _ 50 

Polytropalicus. __ ------------ ______ . ___ . _ __ __ ___ ___ __ _ 47 

Pomaulax .. ___ ---------------- __ -- ... _.. ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ 92 

undosus- - - -- -.... ----- -- -- -- ---- . -.. -. - -- -.. ----- .. 93 

Page. 

Pontoleon ... ___ .. _.-.---.-- .. _ .. _______ .. --- _______ 143-144 

magnus ..... _- .. ------ .. --- ------------ .. --- __ .. 143-144 

Pontolis. _______ .--.-.-----.-.- ------- .. -- .. -.. -.- _- 14-i-148 

magnus ________ -- _ .... __ .. _______ 17, 144-148,256,258,260 

Port Blakeley, fossils near _______ .... __ .. -: ____ .. _______ 11 

Portlandia. _ .. _____ ------- ----- - __ .. __ .. --- _ . __ -_ .. _ 100-106 

impressa. _____ -------------_ .... ___ .----------_ 100-106 

See also Yoldia. 

Potamides (Cerithidea) california_ .. ____________________ 215 

Priene. _______ -·---- .. __ ------ ___________ .. _______ ..... 56-57 

oregonensis . . __ ........ __ ........ _ .. _ ...... ____ .. . . 56, 189 

pacifica------ ___ -- .. ________________ 17, 18,56-5 7, 224,226 

scaber .. __________________ . _________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57 

See also Tritonium. 

Prionodesmacea. ____________________________ .. _____ 100-114 

Priscofusns .. _________ .. _______________ . _________ 36,38, 89-41 

corpulentus .. _____ ..... _____________ .. __________ .. _ _ 89 

geniculatus. ___________________ .. _______ .. _ 40 

medialis .. ___ ------- ___________ .. _____ .... _. __ . 41 

nodifems .. __ ---------- _______ ... __ .. _____ .. _____ .. _ 41 

oregonensis ___ ...... ___________________ .. _____ ... _ _ _ 40 

sp-: -.. --- -- -_ .. ____________________ - _- ___ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ 40-41 

See also Fusinus. 

Promartynia ______ ------ ________ .. __ .... : _ .. __ ___ _ __ __ _ 94 

Proscenula .. _________ . _______ . __________ .. _ _ ___ _ 82 

viridis. ________ .. ____ ... ___________ ... _ __ ___ _ __ __ ___ R2 

Protothaca. See Paphia. Protozoa .. ___ ...... ___________ ....... _____ .. ________ 141-142 

Proxenula ... ______ : ______ . ______ .. ___ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 82 

Psephidia ovalis .... ___ .. ____ .. _ .. ______ .... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 126 

Pseudamusium peckhami. ____ .. ___ .. _______________ .. . 113 

See also Pecten. 

Pseudofns1,1S .. __________ ----- ________ ------ _______ . _____ 37,38 

Pseudoliva. __________________________ . _ .. ______ ... ___ -.- 207 

Ptenoglossa. ____________________ . _ .. _. ______ . _. _______ . _ 52-54 

Pterocera. _______ _- _______ '_ ...... ___________ ... ______ .. _ 69 

Pteronotus ___ ... ______________ .. ________ ... _______ .. _ _ _ 200 

Pterorhytis ______ .. -_- _- _________ .. __ .. ____ .. ____ .. ___ .. 45 

Ptychostylis. ______________ .. _ .. _________ .. ____ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 96 

caffea. _ . ___ . _____ .. _____ ... ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 96 

Pulaski formation, description oL. _____________________ 13-14 

Pnlvulina __________________________ .. _ .. __ . _____ . __ ... _ 141 

Pupillaria _ .. ____ .... -- - ____________ .. ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 97 

Purrura ... __________________ ... _. __ 45--46,46,47,58,169,207 

amygdala._ .. _---_ .. ____ . _______________ ----------- 46 

aperta. ______ .. --- ___________________ ------- .. --- __ _ 191 

canaliculata ____ ---- __________________ ------- _ _ ___ __ _ 212 

cingulata. ______ ---- _ .. --------- __ . __ ... _ --- __ . __ __ _ 46 

colmnellaris ... _ - ___ . _________ .. _ . __ . ____ . __ ...... _ _ _ 47 

coronata __ . ___ . - ---- ..... __________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46, 50 

crispata. _______ -- _ -_______________ .. -- - --- .... - _ -_ _ 46, 50 

emarginata. ___ -- ---- .. -_ .. _________ -.... _ _ 51 

filosa. _________ . ___________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

foliata. __ .. ____ ---- __ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ _ 46 

lu:emastoma ... _ --- .. --- _____________ -_ .. __________ . 46 

hanstrnm. _ . ____________ . _______ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 

lamellosa .. __________ ... ______ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 

lapillus ______ - _ - _ . _ -_ ... _ . ___________ .. __ . __ .. _- _- _ - 46, 48 

var. crispata .. _______ . ___ ... _ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ _ _ ___ 50 

neritoides. _____ - ______________ . _ .. _ .. ______________ - 46 

patula. ______ . ____ . __________ .. _ __ _ __ __ __ ____ __ _ ____ 46 

persica. ___ _ : __________ .. ___________ , ______________ - 46 

perponderosa. _____________________________ .... 18,46, 1!18 

planospira _______________ .... _____________ ... -:- ____ - 47 

plicata. ___________________ .. _ .... ___________ . _ ___ __ 50 

septentrionalis. _____ .. ___ ...... __ .... -,- .... ________ : 50 

sertnm ____ .. _ .. ____________________ --------- _- _ .. -- 47,48 

subfusiformis .. ____ . ________________ ------ ....... --- 47 
INDEX. 275 

Purpura succincta. ____________________________________ _ 

trochlea. ___ .. __ ._ ........ ___ ._ .. _ .. ___ ...... _._ ... _ 

Page. 

46 

46 

Purpurarius ___ ... __ . __ ... _ ...................... _ . _. _. . 46 

Purpurella. ____ .. __ . __ . __ ... _ .......... _ .... _ ... _. _- __ . 47,49 

canaliculata BellardL __________________ .. -- . -- ---- - 47 

Pyramidellidre _____ . __ . _______________ . _. _ . __ ... _ . 90, 201, 202 . 

Pyrula. _ .. ___________ .. ,. ----- ________ . _ .... ___ . _. __ 69, 70,74 

fasciata _____ . ______________________ . ___ .. _ ... _ . --. -- 70 

modesta_ -------- _______________________ . _. _ 8, 74,150, 161 

R. 

Radiata.--------------------·---- ... ------------------- 156 

Rangia. ________ ------- ______ . _ .. ________ . ___ ____ __ _ ___ _ 199 

Rapana. ____ ------------------ ____________ -·- -·-·· .. --- 77 Recluzia. __________ , _________ . ______________ . __ . __ __ __ __ _ 209 

Rhachiglossa. ___________ :. ___________________________ 31-61 

Rhipidoglossa. _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ 92-100 

Rhizopoda .. _______ . __ .. _____________ . ______ . ______ 141-142 

Rhynchonella nitens ____ ·-. ________________ .. _____ . _ __ _ _ 137 

Rhynchonellacea. ___________ . _______ . _. _. _ .. _. 137 

Rhynchonellidre. _. _ .. ____ .... _ .... _. _. _ .. ___ . _. _ _ 137 

Rhynconella nitens _ . ______ . __ . _ . _ . _ . ____ . ________ . ___ , _ 137 

Rissoa __________ .. __ . __ .. __ . _ . _ .. _ . _______ ... _ .. _____ . . 201 

Rostellaca ______________________ . _______________ . _ . _ __ _ _ 34 

Rostellana. ______________ . _. ___ . _. _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ 34 

Rostellaria iudurata. __ .. ___________________________ . _ 35, 165 

sp. _________ . _________________________ . _________ . __ _ 35 

Rostellinda .... _ ... _ ... ---.-- .. _ .. __ . _. _ ..... ___ . _. ___ .- 34 

Rostellites ... _. ___ . _____________ . _____ . _____ . ___ . _. _ __ __ 33 

texanus __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 33, 34 

sp. __ .. _. ____________ . ___ . ________ . ____ . __ .. _____ . _ _ 35 

Rowellia. ________ . _______ . ___ . _. ________ -------. _. ___ .. 197 

s. 

Sandalium _: _____ . _ . _ . __ . _ . _ . _ .. _____ . ________________ _ 82 

Santa Barbara, fossils from. ____ .. _ .. _. _______________ 189-191 

Saxicava ________________ . _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ 166 

abrupta. _____________ . _. ___ . ___ . ___ . __ .. _________ 124, 166 

arctica .. _________________ . ___________ .. _________ . __ _ 15 

Saxicavidre .. _____________ . _____ .. __ . _. _ .. ________ . _ 133-134 

Saxidomus. ___ .. ---------.------- _---- ___ . ___ 136,204,210,214 

gibbosus. __ .-- _-.- _____ . ____ . ___ . __ . ___ ......... __ 123, 124 

gigantcus. _______________ . _. ___ .. _. __ . 15 

nuttalli ________ . _. __ . _. __ . _. ___ .. ________ .. __ . _ __ _ _ 180 

Scala ________________ . ___ :. _____ .. ______ .. _ . . . __ _ i>2, 200, 202 

Scalaria. _________________ .. ____ . _. _. ____ . _ .. _. 207 

australis _______________ . _ . _ . ___ . ________________ . 52 

grccnlandica ... _. . _. _. _________ . __ .. 53 

Scalidre. ______ .. --- __ . ___________ . __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 52-54 

Scaphander _______________ . _ .. _. ___ . _____ . __ . __ ----. _ 22-23 

conradi. ____ .. ---- __ -- __ ---- __ ------ ___________ 18, 22, 226 

oregonensis .. _____ . _ .. __ . _. ____________ . _. 17, 18,22-23,224 

punctostriatus ____________________ . __ . _ .. _ ... -. _ _ 23 

Scaphandrldre. ___________ . _____ . ___ .. _. ___ . ________ .. 22-23 

Scapharca devincta. ___________ . ___ . __ . ______ . _ 9, 12, 109-110 

microdonta ... ____________________________________ 12, 110 

trilineata .. ____________ .. _________ . __ . _ .. __ .. _. __ . 18,110 

See also Area. 

Scaphella .. __________________ .. --- _ .... --. _ .. __ . 34 

Scaphopoda. _. _ .. ------------------.- .. ------ __ . _. __ 136,209 

Schizodesma. ___________________ . _________ .. ___ -. _ __ __ _ 184 

Schizopyga. _ ------- _ ........ ----- _ .... _. _ ....... ___ 175, 176 

californiana. ____________________________________ 175, 176 

Schizothrerus ___ . _______________ . ______ . __ 130,168,166-167 

nuttalliL .. _______ .... _ .. ___ .... _______ 158, 166-167, 172 p~jaroanus. ______________________________________ 18, 130 

Page. 

Sconsia _________________________________________________ 65, 66 

ala bamensis __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ -- -- -- .... __ __ _ 65 

hodge!. .. ___________________________________________ 66 

lrevigata .. __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ 66 

Iintea .. ___ . _____________________________________ . _ .. 62,66 

striata.____________________________________________ 66 

striatula _______ . __ . 66 sublrevigata. _ _ __ __ __ . __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ 66 

Scope of work_ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ 5-6 

Scutella •. _ _ _ ____ __ _____ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____ 140 

. gabbL .. ___________ : __ .. ____ ______ __ ______ _ 140 

(Echinarachnius) oregonensis _____ . ____ : __ 18, 20, 140, 228 

Scutellidre .. ______________ . _______________ . __________ . __ 140 

Semicassides. __________________________ .. ___ . _ __ __ _ __ _ _ 58 

Semicassis. ____________________________________ 58,59,61,62,63 

areola _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 61 

glauca _____________ ---- _ ---- ______ .. _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ 61 

japonica ____________ .... ____ . __ .. _________ . ________ . 62 

lrevis. ______ . _______________ . __ . _. ____________ . _____ 58 

Separatista ___________________ . ___ . _______ . _____ . ______ . 77 

Septidre . ______ .. _______ .... ____ . __ . _ ... ________ ... ____ 64-6 7 

Septifcr bifurcatus ________________ . ___ .. __________ . ___ 209,215 

Sequoia. _______________ .. ____ ._ ... __________ .... _______ 18 

Scrpula .. _______________ .. ____ . ____ .. __ . _. _. ___ .. ____ .. _ 138 

octoforis .. ----------.-------- ..... --- ... ____ .. _ 18, 138,254 

Serridens oblongus. ___ ----. _ .. _ .... _. __ . ____ .. __ . _ __ __ _ 205 

Shark River (N.J.) group, correlation oL __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 7 

Shumard, B. F., on Oregon •rertiary ______________ 13,186-188 

Sigapatclla. _____ ....... ________ . ______________________ . 81, 82. 

Sigarctopsis. _ . ____ .. ______ . _______ . ______________ . ____ . 87 

Sigarctus .. ________ ........ _____ . __ . _ .... _____ :___ ___ ___ 91 

oldroydi. ___ . __ .... _ ... _____ ..... __ . ___ . ___________ . 200 

scopulosus ------------------------- 86,88,91,165,222,224 Siliqua patula. ____ ... __ .... _ .. __ . _ .. _________ . __ __ _ _ __ _ 194 

Simplicodoli urn. ______ ... ____________ . _______________ . _ 70 

Simplicotaurasia ____ .. _ .... __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 47 

Sinum .. ___ . . . _ .... __ .. --------- ____________________ 91-92 

planicostum ___ .... __ , _ . ___________ .. _ . ____ .. __ .. ___ 91, 92 

scopulosum Conrad---.- __________ ._ 12, 18, 91-92,222,224 

Siphonalia. ___________________ ------- ___________ . _. ___ 191,206 

Siphonaria. ____________ .. ______ . ____________________ . 197,201 

Smilax ... - _________ ... ---- . -- ---- -- ---- ______ . ___ . _ _ __ _ 157 

Smith's Point, fossils at.-------. _______ . __ ._. ________ ._ 10 

rocks at. ___________ .. -- ____ . ________ . _ . _ . _ __ __ _ __ __ 10 

SoL - - - -- -- .. -. -- . -.... -- ... - __ -- .. ____ . ___ . __ _ __ __ __ _ __ 92 

deradiatus .. ___ .... ________________ ... _. _ __ __ _ _ 93 

So1ariaxis. ____________ ------.--------. _______ . _. _____ .. 80 

Solariidrn- -- . ___ . __ .... ___ . __ . _________________________ . · 80-81 

Solariella ___ . ______ .. _______________ . ___________ . __ _ _ __ _ 98 

Solarium- - - --- . __ . ____ -. --- . --- -- . -- -. -- -- _____ . __ _ _ __ _ 80 

Solemya--------.-- ... -----,.---------- _____ . _ 100-101,160 

australis- -. __ . _ ... _ ----- ----- -.- . ---- --- -- ---- _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 

johnsoni __ . __ . _____ .... _ .. __ ........ __ ... _ .. __ __ _ __ _ 101 

mediterranea. ______ ----------.-------- _____ . _____ 100,101 

planulata __________ ------ -:- . -- -- __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 160 

ventricosa - ---- ____ ----------------- _________ 12,101,153 

Solen----- .. ------- .. ----- .. -----_ .. __ .. _____ 8,129-130,171 

augustus- - - -- --... ___ .. ___________ . __ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ 129 

(Plectosolen) conradi. _____________ 15, 17, 18,129-130,238 

(Plectosolen) curtus.----- .. __ . ________ 8, 12, 129,150, 151 

Solenacere.--- ------- .. -... -------------------- ___ . _ 129-130 

Solenidre .. --- ------ ... -- .. --.--------- _______ . _ 129-130,200 

Solenogastres ___________ . _____ . ___ . : _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ 204 

Solenomyacea. ________ --------------- ---- _________ 100-101 

Solenomyacidre ... ___ .. _____ -- ' _________________ 100-101, 202 

South Slough, description of. _ . ___ . _ . _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ 15 

rocks near ..... __ .... _ .. __________ .... _______________ 13,14 
276 INDEX. 

Page. 

Spatangoida ............. :.............................. 140 

Sphrenia.. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . 132 

califomica.......................................... 132 

Sphenia................................................. 211 

Spirocrypta......... ............. ... ... . .... .. ... . . . . . . . 83 

pileus............................................... 83 

Spisula .. .' .......................................... 136-131 

alaskensis ..... , .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . 131 

(Hemimactra) albaria .................... 12, 136-131,234 

(Hemimactra) precursor ......................... 131,242 

Spondylus ...................................... 160, 180, 182 

american us . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . 210 

capax .............................................. 160 

estrallensis ..................................... 175, 182 

Squalodon.............................................. 147 

Standella planulata..................................... 130 

Stellaxis... .. ..... ...... .... .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .... . . . . 80 

Stephanotrochus ...................................... 12, 141 

Stigmaulax............................................. &'l 

Stramonita ..................................... 46,49,50,169 

Strategus ........................................... :... 197 

Strephona.. ...... ..... ...... ... . .. ... . .. ..... ... .. .. ... 169 

pedroana ......................................... 32,169 

petrosa............................................. 169 

Strephonella. See Lamprodoma. 

Strepsidura.... ..... .... .... ..... ...... . . .. .. .. ......... 51 

orcgonensis ................... ..................... 51,220 

jturgidus....... ........ .... .. ...... . . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . 51 

Streptoneura ......................................... 24-100 

Strom bus ............................................... 68,69 

oniscus ............................................. 67,68 

vittatus .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . 24 

Strongylocentrotus...................................... 139 

Stylidium. See Bittium. 

Subemarginula... ...... ... ... . .. . . . . .. . ... .. .... .... . .. 200 

Surcula............................................ 27 

See also Pleurotoma. 

Sycotyphus......... ... ............ .... .. .. .. .. .. . . 74 

modcstus.... ...... .. .... .... .. .... . . .... ........... 74 

ocoyanus. ~. ---- ........... .. ... . ... ... .. .. . ........ 75 

oregonensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

Sycotypus ............................................ 74, 170 

ocoyanus .. .'..... ............... ................ ... . 170 

Syphopatella. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

Syrinx ............................ :.................... 36 

T. 

Trenioglossa ........................................... 54-92 

'l'amiosoma .................................... 175, 179,200 

gregaria ........................................ 175, 179 

Tapes .................................... 166, 174, 171, 182 

diversa... .... ..... ............ .... .. .. .. . . ... . .. .. . 172 

diversum ........................................ 124, 166 

inezensis....... .............. ...... . .. ... . .... . . .. . 182 

lineatum... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . 1 74, 177 

montana ........................................ 124, 182 

staleyi. ... . .............. ... . .. ... . .. . .. .. .. .... . .. . 121 

Taurasia ................................................ 47, 49 

Tax6ditm1 ..... ------------ .......... _ ................. _ 1.57 

Tectibranchiata ....................................... 22-23 

Teguhi ................................................ ·94-95 

elegaus.... ...................................... 94 

pellis-serpentis. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . 94 

(Chlorostoma) stantoni. ....................... 18, 9;>, e1s 

Teleodcsmacea........................ .. ..... 115-131\ 

Tellina .................. 124-126, 160, 166, 170, 171,205 

(Angulus) albocia ......................... 126, 154, 242 

aragonia ... .................... , ............. 18,124-125 

Page. 

Tellina arctata. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . 126 

bitruncata ....................................... 126,11\4 

bodegensis ..................................... ,.... 125 

calcarea. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . 126 

congesta ......................................... 126,166 

curningi.... ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. ... . .... . .... .. . .. .. . 124 

dariena....... ... ..... . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . 1'10 

densata............................................. 160 

diegoana. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. 166 

emacerata .................................... 12,121\, ua 

eugenia .......................................... 124, 252 

flexuosa...... ... ... .. . .. .. ... ... .. .. .... .. . .. . .. . . . 118 

georgiana........................................... !24 

nasuta ... _ ......... -.. -........... _ ..... 126,127, 154, 172 

(Moerella) n~twlana ..................... : .. 125-126,250 

(Moerella) obruta ....................... 17, 125, 150, 150 

ocoyana............... ........ ... ... .. ...... .. .. .. . 171 

oregonensis ............................. 12,124, 150,150 

pedroana........................................... 166 

sabulosa......... ... .. . .. .. . ..... .. .. .... ... ..... ... 126 

salmonea........................................... 126 

subnasuta.......................................... 126 

virgata.......... ... .. . .... . .... ... . . ... . . .. .. . ... . . 124 

Tellinacea .......................................... 124-129 

'l'ellinidre .................................. 124-129, 194,200 

Telotremata.. .... .. ..... .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .... . . .. . . . .. . .. 137 

Terebellmn. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 78 

Terebra ............................................. 24, 54,78 

Terebratalia sp. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. 10 

Terebratula nitens ................................... 137,165 

Terebratulinakiiensis.......... .......... .... .... .. ..... 199 

unguicula.................................... ...... 199 

'l'erebridre.............................................. 202 

Teredinidre ................................ 134-135,197,198 

Teredo bipalmulata..................................... 134 

pugetensis. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . 135 

snbstriata ........................................ 135, 156 

substriatum ... ........................ :............ 136 

Tertiary rocks, character and distribution of............ 6-7 

Tetrabranchiata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

'l'ethys............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 

Texas, fossil from....................................... 175 

Thais ............................................ 19, 46, 46-51 

adams!............................................. 50 

amygdala.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

aperta.............................................. 49 

colmnellaris..... .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 50 

coronata. ______ .... 50 

deltoidea.. .... . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . 49 

cingulata... ... ............. ..... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. . 50 

hremastoma .................................... : .. . . 50 

lapillus ................... :. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . 50, 51 

(Nucella) lamellosa .......................... 17,20, 50,51 

mancinella.......................................... 50 

melones............................................. 49 

mendica............................................ 17 

neritoidca...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

ncritoides........................................... 50 

patula .............................................. 48,50 

planispira........................................... 50 

(Nucella) precursor ............................. 20, 51,222 

sertum ....................... ; . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. 50 

Thalessa................................................ 46 

'l'halotia ................................................. 96, 97 

'l'heliostoma. ........................................... 68 

Thracia ................................... 135-136,174,176 

condoni .. .................................. 131>-lll6, 252 

conradi. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . 136 
INDEX. 277 

Page. 

Thracia corbuloidca -~ ..... _. _ .... _ ............ --....... 135 

diller!................................................ 135 

mactropsis .................................. 135,174,176 

tmpezoidea ............... _ ....... 12,18, 135, 136,218,240 

tmpezoides ............... -.- ..................... 135,153 

Thraciidrn .......................................... 135--136 

Thyasiridrn............................................. 118 

Thyasim ..................... _. ... . . .. ... ... .. . ... . . . . .. 118 

hisecta .......... _ ... : ............................. 12,118 

Thyatira hisecta ... ___ ...... _·_ ................ :. . . . . .. . . 118 

Thylacus.. ... . .... ... .. . . . . . .. . ...... ... . . .. ...... 83 

Tillamook, fossils ncar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Tlvela crassatclloidcs.................. 213 

Tongue Point, fossils near............................... 10 

rocks at .......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11 

Tonna ............................................. 70,72-74 

perdix .. _ ... _. _. _................................... 74 

Torcula.......... .. ... .. . . . . . .. . . .. .... ......... .. . .. . .. 78 

Tornatella elliptica............... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 

Torelli a........................................... 77,98 

vestita ................................. ___ .......... 77 

Townsend, J. K., fossils collected by.................... 150 

on Pacific coast fossils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Toxoglossa ............................................ 24--30 

Toxopneustes ....................................... 12,18,139 

Trachydermonraymondi. .. ..... ... . .. ... .. .. . .. . . .. . .. 209 

Trachyoma.. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. . .. .... .. ... ... . .. . .... .. . 77 

Trachysma ........................ __ ... .. ..... .. . . .. . .. 77 

Tresus.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 

'rrihulus .......................................... 46, 47, 49,50 

Trichopodus.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Trichotropidrn ........................................ 76-78 

Trichotropis .................................. 76-78,207,209 

bicariuata..... .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. . .. 76 

borealis............................................. 76 

densistriata.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

fimbriata........................................... 77 

oregonensis ..................................... 12, 7 7-78 

unicarinata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Trichotropus........................................... 76 

Tricophore ....................... ·...... ... .... .... .. . .. 76 

Trigla.................................................. 152 

Trigonella.............................................. 162 

Triphoris............................................... 194 

Triton ............................................... 178,201 

canccllatus ................................ __ .... __ . 56 

gibbosus ....................................... __ ... 211 

oregonense ................................. •. .. . .. .. . 56 

scabcr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

subalvcatum .............................. __ ....... 47 

Tritonia palmer! ..... __ .............................. __ . 195 

Tritonium ........................... -- .... ....... ... .. . 207 

cancellatum.... ... .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .... ... . ... . 56 

(Priene) oregonense .................... _ ... _ .. : .. _. 56 

Tritonopsis ................................... _ .... _.... . 47 

Trivia acutidentata ................................... 195,212 

Trochatella ..................................... __ ...... 81 

araucana ..... ........ ___ . .. .. . .. . . . . ... .... ... . . . . . 81 

radians ............ -----............................ 81 

Trochella............................................... 81 

Trochla.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, .50 

Trochllla ....................................... _....... 81 

auriculata ................................ _ 81 

Trochllina ................................... ___ .. . . . .. . 81 

Trochldm ............... : . .......... :. . ____ . .. . . .. . 94, 211 

Tr<ichlta ....................................... 81, I69, I86 

clypeolum ................ _ ....... _,. _ .... _. _ ... _. _. 81 

costellata ....................................... 184, I85 

Page. 

Trochita diegoana .................. :.. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . I 69 

lnornata ........................................... 17,82 

radians............................................. 81 

spiralis. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 81 

See also Calyptrma. · 

Trochu! us.............................................. 95 

Trochus. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. 79, 95 

apertus. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . 81 

argyrostomus .................................... :.. 94 

calyptrmiformls .............. __ .............. _ .. .. . 81 

cookii. ......................... _ .............. _.... 92 

diadematus......................................... 93 

gibberosus.......................................... 93 

guildfoldim. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 92 

impcrialis ......................................... _ 92 

inaequalls ................................... __ ..... 92,93 

longisplna.......................................... 92 

monillferus ......................................... 95,97 

nigcrrimus. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . 95 

ocbraceus. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . 93 

persp<ictivus.. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. 80 

radians. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . 81 

stellaris ............................................ ·. 92 

sulcatus. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .... .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . 92 

tuber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 

zizyphinus. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . 95 

var. conuloides .......... .' ... ;.................. 95 

Trophon barvicensls . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 190, 191 

fimbriatulus. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . 191 

orpheus............................................ 189 

tenuisculptus ................ _. ... _ .......... -189, I90-1!!1 

Trophosycon.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7, 7 6 

kernianum . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 

oregonensls ..................................... _ .. . 9, 12 

See also Ficus. 

Tropiphora ..................................... ·... . . .. 76 

Tropi phorus . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 76 

Troschella ................................ , ........... _ . 37, 38 

True, F. w., aid of. .......................... _ 5 

on Ponto lis magnus ...................... _ ....... 143--148 

Tuberculodolium ................................... __ .. 70 

Tuhicanthus ................................. _ ... _..... 92 

Tubicola ........................................... 138--139 

Tuceta ................................... __ ..... ___ ... . 107 

Tunnel Point, rocks at. ................................ 14,15 

Tunnel Point beds, occurrence and character of. ____ .... 15 

Turbinidm ............................................. 92-93 

Turbinoliidm ............................ _ .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 14 I 

Turblnopsis............................................ 77 

hilgardi. .................................... _.. ... . 77 

Turbo ....................................... ____ . .. . 78, 79, 92 

afer ................................................ , 79 

calcar.............................................. 92 

duplicatus ................................ _ . _ .. . . . .. 78 

helicina............................................. 77 

littoralis ...................................... __ . . .. 79 

littoreus ........................................... . 

mtlricatus .. ........... _ ............ _. _ .... _. __ 

neritoides ......................... : . ............... . 

obtusatus ..................................... __ ... . 

rugosus ..............•................... ____ ...... . 

scalaris ............................................ . 

sulcatus .............. ______ ... ___ ............ __ ... _ 

terebra ............................................ . 

Turbonilla ............................................. . 

79 

79 

79 

79 

92 

52 

92 

78 

190 

aspera.............................................. 190 

castanea ................................... :........ 202 

Turcica ................................................ 96,97 

'· 
278 INDEX. 

Page. 

Turcica caffea..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

gabbi.. .................................. 17,18,97,222,220 

imperialis ............. _............................. 96 

monilifera........................................... 96 

Turcicula ........ _ ................................... 98-100 

bairdii .............................................. 99,100 

columbiana ...................................... 100,220 

crumpii..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

irnperialis ................. _ ......................... 98,99 

miranda............................................ 99 

neville!. .. .' ......................................... _ 99 

santacruzana .......... ·... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 

washingtoniana .......................... 99-100,248,256 

Turris ............................................. 24-27,48 

babylonia........................................... 24 

babylonius.......................................... 24 

cammani. ........................... .... 18,25, 25-26,222 

coli •................... _ .....................••• 18, 26,222 

coosensis ...... _ ......................... , 18,24--25,42,218 

(Antiplancs) impecunia ........................... 27,222 

(Antiplancs) perversa ...................... 20,26-27,224 

voyi. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Turrispira.............................................. 36 

Turritella ................ _ ..... 27, 78,156, 164, 170, 178, 185 

acutangula.......................................... 78 

altilira .............................................. 178 

duplicata........................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

eschrichtii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76. 

exoleta... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

gatu.tiensis.......................................... 178 

irnbricataria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

inezana ...... _ ................... _ ..... _............ 185 

lincata.............................................. 164 

jewcttii............................................. 190 

obruta. ............................................. 164 

ocoyana..... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. ... 170 

oregoncnsis ......................................... 12, 78 

sanguinca... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 

terebra.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

uvasana ............................... _ ............. 164 

variata.............................................. 185 

Turritellidre ........................................... 78-80 

Turritellus........... .............................. 78 

Tylacus................................................. 83 

Tylodina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 

u. 

Uber........... ......................................... 87 

Unda................................................... 48 

Unio mortoni........................................... 15g 

turgid us. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 

Urosalpinx cinereus.................................... 213 

Uvanilla.............. .................................. 92 

olivaceus ................ ,.......................... 92 

regina ..................... ---- ........... ---. 213 

v. 

Valvatella........... . ............................. 76, 97,98 

Vancouver Island, fossils of............................. 11 

Velainia................................................ 87 

Velutlna................................................ 207 

Veneracea .......................................... 120--124 

Venericardia ..................................... 14,116-116 

ascia................................................ 164· 

castor ........................................ : ... 116,236 

flammca............................................ 207 

imbricata........................................... 115 

planicosta ........... .' ............................. 16,164 

0 

Page. 

Venericardiaquadrata ........................... 18, 115-116 

subtenta: .................................... 12, 115-116 

ventrlcosa ..................................... _.... 115 

Veneridre ....................................... 120--124, 201 

Venilia... .. .. .. .... ..... .. . . . . . . . ... .. ... ... .... .... ... 161 

rhomboidea .............. :. . .... .. . .. ... . . . ... . .. .. 161 

Venus ............................ 122-123,154,171,182,184 

angustifrons ............................ 123,124, 153, 154 

blsecta .......................................... 118,158 

brevlllneata ................ : . .......... 123,124, 153-16<1 

ensifera ...................................... 12,122-123 

kennicottii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

l!imellifera ....................................... 122, 15:1 

meretrix ........................................ _... 178 

nuttalli ........................... :. . . .. .. . . . . .. . 172, 180 

pajaroana ........................................ 130,182 

parapodema .......... ................. 18,20, 122,2.16,240 

perlaminosa. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122, 123 

(Chione) securis ......................... 13,120,187-188 

, stlm'psoni ........................ -~--- ...... ... .. ... 122 

Verena ................................................. 76,77 

Vermes ............................................. 1:!8-141 

Vermicularla... ... ... . . .. .. .... .... .. . .. ... . .... .. ... .. 139 

Vesicomya....... ... ... .. .. ... . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. 211 

Vexilla... ... . . .. . ... .. .... ... . .. .. .. ... . . .. . ......... .. 49 

Vitrinella ......... _ ...... _.............................. 194 

Vitrincllidre.... .... .. .. .. ........ ........... .... .. .. ... 193 

Voluta....... ..... .. . .. . .. ... . . . . ... . . .. ... . .... .... . .. 191 

Volutharpa ........................................... 203,208 

Volutidre ................................ 83-36, 69, 201, 202 

Volutilithes .................................... 33,34,35,164 

californiana ........... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 

navarroensis........................................ 33 

sayana..... .. .. .... .. ... ... . . .. ... ......... ...... .. . 154 

Volutinre .......................................... -~-. 33-36 

Volutoderma .......................................... 38-34 

bronni. ........................................... :. 34 

callfornica .......................................... 33,34 

navarroensls ....................................... _ 33,34 

stoliczkana.... ...... ..... .... ....... ... . ......... .. 34 

· zitteliana.. ... .. .. .. . ..... . ... .. .. . .. .... ..... ... .. . 34 

Volutomitra. .. ... .. ... .. .. .... . . . . .. ... .... ... ..... .... 200 

Volutomorpha.......................................... 34 

conradi...... .. .. ... ... ... . .. . .. .. . .. .... .. ... . ..... 34 

eufalensis.. .. . .. . .. ........ ....... ......... ... . ... . . 34 

w. 

Waldheimia pulvinata..... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. . 197 

White, C. A., on Chico-Tejon fossils..................... 8 

Willamette Valley, fossils of............................. 11 

x. 

Xenophora ............................................. 92 

Xylotrya ...................................... 134--136,139 

sp ........................................ 12,18,134-135 

Y. 

Yoldia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104-106, 199 

cooper!............................................. 105 

(Portlandia) Impressa .................. 12, 17, 18, 105-106 

(Cnesterium) oregona ......................... 12, 105,252 

(Cncsterium) strigata ................. 17, 18,104-105, 242 

z. 

Zalophus ..................................... 144,145,146, 147 

lobatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 

.'laria................................................... 78 

Zidona..... ...... .... ... .. .... .. ..... .. .. . . ... . . . .. . ... 34 

Ziziphinus... .... ............ ............ ..... .... ... .. . 95