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devices to be applied to the use of unconventional forms of energy, and
a number of other measures. This decree has played a great part in the
matter of increasing efficiency in the use of fuel-energy resources.

Ministries have carried out a number of steps to update existing fuel-
utilizing equipment and to replace worn out and obsolescent equipment.
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan 1200 boilers, 640 turbines, 250 gener-
ators and 80 transformers were modernized in electric power plants of the
USSR Ministry of Power, saving 9 million metric tons of standard fuel.
There has been an increase in the production of heat and electric power
in TETs.

The Councils of Ministers of the Soviet republics have begun work on in-
stalling devices for automatic control of heat supply on the equipment
for public-heating entrance services in apartments and public buildings.
The Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR and the Ministry of the
Electronics Industry have organized production of these instruments and
equipment for subdepartmental enterprises.

In the enterprises of Goskomsel'khoztekhnika of the USSR, 65 shops and
75 mobile teams have been organized for repairing and servicing oil tnak
storage facilities in kolkhozes and sovkhozes, where losses of petroleum
products are especially high. For instance at the Ryazan' Repair Plant
there has been an increase in the production of updated gasoline pumps
for fueling diesel tractors, which provided 80% of the need for these
pumps in agriculture as early as 1976.

The Ministry of the Gas Industry has developed and started production on
improved gas and gas-mazut jet burners and gas-utilizing equipment.
Small-series production of these burners has been organized at the Kamen-
skiy Experimental Plant, and construction is being completed on a
specialized plant for producing gas jet burners in Fastov.

‘he Ministry of the Electrical Engineering Industry has worked out a
group of State standards aimed at introducing more economic electric
motors that have better technical indices (higher efficiencies, power
factors and torques).

However, not all the measures specified in the decree of the Central Com-
mittee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers have been carried
out. Many machine building ministries have not fully completed work on
organizing series production of modern efficient fuel- and energy-using
equipment, monitoring instruments and automation facilities, and are
carrying out this work with delays beyond set deadlines.

The Ministry of the Electrical Engineering Industry together with the USSR
Ministry of Millwright Work and Special Construction, the Ministry of the

Gas Industry and Instrument Making have not yet approved steps for setting
up production facilities and organizing series output for machine building

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The gap was closed during a severe storm on the Caspian. Pre-
viously it had been assumed that three suction dredges working
at night could fill in the partitioning dam from the Caspian
side, but in view of the bad weather it was necessary to halt
this operation. It was decided to intercept the path of the
Caspian water with two pipes 1 m in diameter and 250 m long.
They were laid across the race and damped the water's erosive
force. After this, concrete cubes that held the pipes down and
closed the narrow throat were put in place.

The closing of the strait will make it possible to stabilize
the level of the Caspian Sea and reduce the water losses from
- it.

eee

At the end of October 1979, a detachment of young people ar-
rived to begin building a complex of protective structures that
will save Leningrad from flooding forever, This construction
project was announced by the All-Union Shock Komsomol. In 1979
the value of the work done amounted to several million Tubles.
The main organizations responsible for pbuilding the complex
(the dike is about 25 km long) have been specified,

ek *

Construction of a bypass tunnel that is half a kilometer long
was completed in connection with the construction of the Papan-
skoye reservoir in southern Kirgizia in November 1979. The Ak-
Bura mountain river was blocked and its waters directed into a
diversion tunnel dug for use during the construction period.
Erection of the future reservoir's dam, which will reach to a
height of 100 m, was begun. The reservoir's total volume will
be 260 million m3, which will increase the amount of water
available for 40,000 ha of land.

eK *

A program for the radical reorganization of the Volga River's
delta has been developed. The main purpose of the reorganiza-
tion is to create more favordble conditions for the rapid
growth of reserves of valuable commercial fish in the lower
Volga and the northern Caspian, The reorganization will be
carried out in three different spheres: redistribution of the
water between the delta's eastern and western zones, improve-
ment of the natural spawning grounds, and restoration of the
channels through which fish travel upstream and downstream,

A powerful water separator has already been built not far up-
stream from Astrakhan', Its purpose is to transfer additional
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6-10 minutes later again released to the outside. Analogous phenomena
- are also observed in public buildings with organized exhaust ventilation
(hospitals, motion picture theaters, hotels and so forth).

To eliminate such heat losses, regenerators were installed in 1979 in
three enterprises of the Ministry of the Electronic Industry so that the
exhaust heat could be used to warm the fresh air entering the shop. As
a result, by using the heat of exhaust air at 23°C it has been possible
to heat fresh air entering the shop at a street temperature of -9°C to
416°C, i. e. to use up to 80% of the heat of the air removed from the
room.

If we consider that each year in our nation up to 90 million metric tons
of standard fuel is used for producing heat for comfort, we can readily
imagine the scale of the savings.

Gosplan USSR is now preparing the draft of a resolution with stipulation
of appropriate assignments to ministries and agencies on making equipment
for regeneration of exhaust heat and automatic temperature regulators
for water supplied to living quarters from the public water system for
heating, and a number of other measures. It is necessary that these
assignments be carried out on time and in full volume, and that consumers
get ready for the introduction and use of new equipment. Therefore it
is very important for machine building ministries to follow the example
of the Ministry of the Electronic Industry in immediately organizing the
manufacture of exhaust heat regenerators and rapidly putting them to use.
These units are very simple, and their manufacture can be organized in
any machine building enterprise. All investments are paid back in less
than one year.

Here we have taken up only the two main directions that will ensure great
savings of fuel-energy resources, but this does not mean that we can
relax efforts to save fuel and energy by conventional methods through a
further reduction in specific fuel consumption, updating equipment, pro-
viding monitoring and measurement instrumentation.

A lot still remains to be done to eliminate the wide range of sizes of

low-capacity boilers, to increase the efficiency and degree of mechani-
zation and automation of boiler operation. Such boilers are needed for
operation on liquid, gaseous and solid fuel. Consideration should also
be given to rational amounts of production of such boilers so that they
can be used only in local territories with low and dispersed heat loads,
while large regional interbranch boiler houses are built in other cases.

Machine builders must make a great contribution to accelerating diesel
motor vehicle transport, including passenger cars, to developing and
organizing the production of electric vehicles, even if only for intra-
city use at first,

It is very important to improve the quality of the fuel-utilizing and
energy-utilizing equipment now being produced, to organize centralized _
servicing and repair, to provide spare parts in the necessary amounts.

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ELECTRIC POWER

UDC 621,311.21:621.221.4,004.1

FROPOSED JOINT USE OF HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED-STORAGE ELECTRIC
POWER STATIONS

Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 2, Feb
80 pp 44-45

[Article by L.A, Karol', candidate of technical sciences:
"Utilizing the Storage of Electricity by Increasing the Head of
a GES-GAES" ]

[Text] At the GES's that are now in operation or are being
built in the European part of the USSR (with the exception o?
the Caucasus), only one-third of that area's technical hydraul-
ic energy potential is being or will be used. The fuller util-
ization of these resources is prevented primarily by the fact
that in the ranges of the proposed GES's on the remaining un-
used sections of the large and medium-sized rivers, the head is
limited to 10-15 m. Even when there is integrated utilization
of the hydraulic resources, as a rule the capacity and electri-
city produced under these conditions are inadequate to justify
the construction of a GES,

Some increase in efficiency without any substantial increase in
the capacity of low-head GES's can be achieved by convertin;
them into GES-GAES's [pumped-storage electric power station
fa). However, this type of electric power stations is not
widely used because of its high cost under low-head conditions,

As is well known, hydraulic storage is normally carried out by
pumping water up to an elevated plateau and then releasing it
through hydroturbines, A similar but somewhat more complicated
system involving three reservoirs [2,3] and a GES-GAES is shown
in Figure 1: water from the head race enters the Pumps, which
are located in electric power station building 1, and is pumped
by them through pipelines 2 into elevated basin 3, As electri-
city consumption increases, water from this basin passes
through the hydroturbines into tail water 4, thanks to which
the stetic head of the hydraulic accumulator's discharge Hy is

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in all the studied structural zones: in the fracture folds of the slope
of the platform, in the reef, central and eastern parts of the boundary
depression, There are also well-founded grounds to begin work in the near
future on solution of the problem of the oil and gas content of

the pre-Cambrian formations developed here, It is uecessary to
consider as priority structures the largest Shikhanskiy, Arlarovskiy and
Temirarkinskiy [7, 10] structures, in the limits of which it is necessary
to conduct seismic prospecting of the MGT (not further identified |

and, according to the results of it, perform exploratory drilling,

References
1. Bakirov, A.A., “Geologicheskiye osnovy prognozirovaniya neftegazo-

nosnosti nedr" [Geological Bases of Forecasting Content of O11 and
Gas in the Barth], Moscow, Nedra, 1973,

2. Vassoyevich, N.B., "Theory of Sedimentary-migration Origin of 041,"
ZV. AN SSSR, SER, GHOL., 1967, No 11, pp 135-156.

3. Vassoyevich, N,B,, Sokolov, BsA., "On the Oil and Gas Content of Plat-
form Formations of the Pre-Cambrian," in the book: “Korrelyatsiya
dokenbriya" [Correlation of the Pre-Cambrian], Vol. 1, Moscow, 1977,

. pp 288-296.

- 4, "Geologiya 4 neftegazonosnost' rifeyskiky and vendskikh otlozhenly

. Volgo-Ural'skoy provintsii" [Geology and 011 and Gas Content of the
Riphean and Vend Deposits of the Volga-Ural Province], M.M. Aliyev,
8.G. Morozov, I,Ye, Postnikova and others, Moscow, Nedra, 1977.

5. Davitashvili, L.Sh,, “Evolyutsiya usloviy nakopleniya goryuchikh
- iskopayemykh v svyazi s razvitiyem organicheskogo mira" [ Evolution
of Conditions of Accumlation of Minerals in Connection With the
Development of the Organic World], Moscow, Nauka, 1971.

6. Romanov, V..
Profiles of
1973.

7. Romanov, V.A., Yarullin, K.S., "Substantiation of the Prospects of
O41 and Gas Content in the Upper Riphean and Vend of the Forward
Folds of the Southern Urals," in the book "Geologiya i neftenosnost'
Bashkirii" | Geology and Oil Content of Bashidrie |, Ufa, 1975, pp 4-14,

“Tipovyye razrezy dokembriya Yuzhnogo Urala" (typical
ie Pre-Cambrian of the Southern Urals], Moscow, Nauka,

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enterprises to produce standardized mechanized and automated flame :

heaters and thermal furnaces that work on liquid and gaseous fuel with ,

high efficiency, Such furnaces are currently being made by every machine
building ministry individually, and are not ax good in the technical
characteristics as the best individual non-Soviet models. Nor has pro-
duction been organized on recuperators for existing furnaces. Overcon-
sumption due to this reaches several million metric tons of standard fuel.

The ministries of the motor vehicle and machine tool industries, heavy
machinery and railroads are behind in work on converting to roller bear-
ings for use in railroad freight cars that are being produced or are now
in use. In this connection we observe a yearly overconsumption of con-
siderable amounts of diesel fuel, electric energy, axle grease, and large
numbers of personnel are occupied with servicing axle bearings.

In the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of
Ministers it was pointed out that the Ministry of Chemical Machinery
should, beginning in 1977, switch to production of piston compressors
only with straight-flow rather than plate valves, which will save 13-15%
of the electric energy in producing compressed air, and will simultane-
ously increase the capacity of the compressors by 10%. However, the
Ministry of the Chemical Industry has fallen behind in retooling the
Venibe Plant for producing these valves.

The Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building should have begun
providing all mainline locomotives with new four-cycle diesel engines
in 1978. These engines have a 5-6% lower fuel consumption than those
presently in use, and plans were made to build a special plant to make
them in 1976-1978. However, it was not until 1978 that construction of
the plant was started.

The Ministry of Power Machinery has not met the quotas set by the decree
of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers
relating to fully satisfying the needs of the national economy for auxili-
ary boiler equipment, and spare parts for boiler facilities beginning in
1976.

Enterprises of the Ministry of Chemical Machinery have not organized
series production of pump units with regulated discharge or valves for
automatic control of fuel systems at the inlets with diameter of 50-150
mm, and enterprises of the Ministry of Road Building Machinery have not
started series production of blowers with controllable capacity. The
Ministry of Instrument Making has not planned to produce new instruments
and facilities for automating regulation of the supply of heat transfer
agent to steam heat and hot-water supply systems until 1980-1981.

Enterprises of the Ministry of the Petrochemical Industry and the Ministry

- of the Chemical Industry have not been producing the necessary amounts
of heat insulating materials and sealants, and enterprises of the USSR

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1 (le

aK.

Mg. 1. Schematic Structural Geological Map of Southern
Cis-Ural Region

Deposits: 1, Permian united; 2. Sakmarskiy and Artinskiy  (Assel'skiy

in places) united; 3, Mid-upper-carboniferous; 4, Mid-devonian lower-
carboniferous united; 5, Ashinskiy series, Vend; 6. Tectonic fractures;
7. Eastern edge of Cis-Ural ‘boundary depression; 8. Contour and
number of local structures (I. Krasnousol'skiy, _ II, Kurgashlinskiy,

III, Shikhanskiy,. IV, Arlarovskiy, V. Urazbayevskiy, VI. Ishtuganskiy);
9. Wells which have revealed deposits of the Ashinskiy series (a) and
the upper part of the upper-Riphean complex (b); 10, Section suggested
for deep drilling; 11, Geological profiles,

a. Belaya; b. Usolka, c. Ishimbay, d. Nugush

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the Simferopol’ Electric Power Plant. At the present time a large heat
pump station is being planned for construction near Moscow in the near
future. The heat transfer agent will be the heat from purified waste
water of the city.

The advantages of such a method of heat production are obvious if we
consider that the heat pump station operates with the use of electric
energy that can be generated in a power plant operating on low-grade coal
that could not be used in a boiler house, and in a nuclear power plant.
The heat pump station is an absolutely clean source of heat that does
not contaminate the environment. Moreover, there is a sharp reduction
in the numbers of service personnel since control of the station can be
automated and implemented from a dispatcher station. The heat pump
station could be disconnected for 3-4 hours during the maximum electric
load.

During the first stages of introducing these facilities, it would be
advisable to concentrate on existing designs of refrigeration machines
with capacities of 0.5, 2 and 5 Gcal/hr, and also on a machine with
capacity of 25 Geal/hr for which technical documentation has already been
worked out. These machines need to be modified to produce heat (instead
of cold) with the use of Freon-12 as the working fluid.

More powerful machines (50 and 100 Geal/hr) with electric motors of 15
and 30 MW have no prototypes at present, and will have to be designed
from scratch. These facilities will have to use a new working fluid with
physicochemical characteristics such that the water from the supply
network would be heated in the heat exchangers of the pump units to
120-125°C instead of the 80-90°C when freon is used.

The production of thermal energy planned for these facilities by 1990
will be only 10% of the total volume of thermal energy that will be
produced in the nation for the needs of heating, ventilation and hot
water supply by sources of centralized heat supply, but even this will
save about 12 million metric tons of standard fuel.

Improvement of the efficiency of utilizing thermal energy will also
result in considerable savings.

More than 20% of the thermal energy being generated is expended for
heating and ventilation purposes. In each industrial shop in the process
of operation of technological equipment, substances are released into
the atmosphere of the shop that are hazardous to human health; exhaust
blowers operate to remove these pollutants. Depending on the amount and
toxicity of these substances, the number of exchanges of air in the shop
fluctuates from 6-10 in conventional shops to 40 in the galvanic, paint
and varnish, and some other shops. This means that on the average every
6-10 minutes all the air in the shop at a temperature of 20-25°C is re-
leased to the outside and replaced with fresh air from the street at a
temperature of from -10 to -20°C in winter, which is heated to +18°C and

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8, Sidorenko, A.V., Sidorenko, S.A., "Pre-Cambrian Sedimentary-
Metamorphic Foundation as One of the Sources of Hydrocarbons in the
Earth's Crust,” in the book “Sovremennyye probleny geologii 4
geokhimii goryuchikh iskopayemykh” [Contemporary Problems of the
Geology and Geochemistry of Mineral Fuels}, Moscow, 1973, pp 72-79.

9. Yusupov, B.M., Yarullin, K.S,, Isherskaya, M.V., "Struktura_i nefte-
nosnost' stratigraficheskikh kompleksov Zapadnoy Bashkirii" (Structure

and Oil Content of Stratigraphic Complexes of Western Bashkiria],
Moscow, Nauka, 1974,

10, Yarullin, K.S., Romanov, V.A., "On Explorations for Deposits of 011 and
Gas in the Pre-paleozoic Deposits of the Southern Cis-Ural Region,"
GHOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, 1974, No 12, pp 15-20.

Submitted 6 April 1979
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvs "Nedra", "Geologiya nefti i gaza", 1979

10908
CSO: 1822

END

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In 1978 the overall volume of extraction and production of primary fuel-
energy resources was 1,772 million metric tons of standard fuel, or about
one-fifth of world production. Petroleum, gas and coal occupy a predomi-
nant place in the overall extraction and production of primary fuel-energy
resources. In future, the percentage of these forms of fuel will decrease
in connection with the ever increasing amount of electric power being
generated in hydroelectric and nuclear plants, heat energy based on
nuclear heat supply plants, and also thanks to the use of nonconventional
forms of energy such as solar, geothermal, wind and so on.

Despite the enormous amounts of fuel-energy resources being extracted
and produced in the nation, there is still a certain strain on providing
fuel and energy to the national economy, but the reasons bear not even
the remotest resemblance to the causes of the energy crisis in nations
of the capitalist world.

First of all, it should be noted that the natural supplies of fuel-energy
resources are nonuniformly distributed over an enormous territory of our
nation, a considerable portion being located in the eastern thinly popu-
lated regions with severe natural and climatic conditions.

At the same time, in the European part of the USSR, where most of the
population is located and more than 75% of all production forces of the
nation are concentrated, a considerable part of the most accessible
supplics of fuel has already been used up, and the mining and geological
conditions have appreciably worsened in a number of coal, gas and pe-
troleum deposits that are being worked.

For example right now in Donbass mining is being done at a depth of
1000-1100 meters in a number of mines, which involves additional expenses
to deal with increased gas release, mine detonations, and sudden emis-
sions of coal and gas. At such depths there has been a considerable in-
crease in rock pressure, which has acutely complicated shoring and raised
the temperature in the working space.

The main increase in petroleum and gas is now coming from west Siberia,
including from the northern territories, which has i: volved increased
expenditures for rigging fields, building roads, living quarters and
facilities for communal, cultural and maintenance purposes, and has
tripled or quadrupled the extent of gas and oil supply lines. All this
requires considerable monetary and material expenditures.

Thus our difficulties in developing the sectors of the fuel-energy com-
plex and providing fuel and energy to the national economy can be charac-
terized as difficulties of growth and economic acquisition of new un-
populated and remote territories with severe natural and climatic con-
ditions.

These difficulties to a considerable extent can be overcome first of all
by limiting new construction and expansion of fuel-intensive and

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At the All-Union Shock Komsomol Construction Project for the
Cheboksarskaya GES, which will have a capacity of 1.4 million
kW and will be the last stage on the Volga River chain, the
construction and assembly work is proceeding on a large scale.
Concreting of the above-water section of the lock has begun,
More than 1,5 million m3 of concrete have been poured for the
basic structures of the Cheboksarskaya hydraulic engineering
complex,

Installation of the first turbine's stator was completed in the
first half of December 1979, This complex assembly for the
power~generating unit weighs more than 150 t. Its installation
Tequired special accuracy and high production standards, As-
sembly of the rotor chamber has begun. First-class equipment
and structural parts are arriving at the construction site from
Leningrad, the Urals, the Ukraine and cities along the Volga.
The cleaning of the bottom of the future "Cheboksary Sea" is
proceeding at full speed, This hydraulic engineering complex's
reservoir will be almost 350 km long and will make it possible
to improve navigating conditions on the Volga.

. The hydraulic construction workers have decided to prepare the
GES's first unit for operation by the end of 1980,

eK

Construction of the Baypazinskaya GES -- the sixth in the
Vakhsh River chain -~ began early in December 1979. The basis
of its construction was an existing hydraulic engineering com-
plex for irrigating virgin lands in the Yavanskaya Valley, The
height of the existing dam must be raised by 20 m. This com-
plex's reservoir will serve as a counterbalance for the Nurek-
skaya GES when the latter is operating under peak load condi-
tions, The uneven water discharge from the Nurekskaya GES will
be redirected into the reservoir and it will insure the uniform
discharge of the Vakhsh River's water into the lower reaches,
Four units with a total capacity of 600,000 kW will be in-
stalled at this GES,

The construction of the Baypazinskaya GES is in the hands of
the collectives of Nurekgesstroy and its subcontracting organi-
zations, who put the Nurekskaya GES into operation ahead of
schedule, The preparatory period work will be combined with
the basic construction work, which will make it possible to ac-
celerate the GES's introduction into operation considerably.

This electric power station will be completed by the end of the
ilth Five-Year Plan, It will contribute up to 2.5 billion kWh
of cheap electricity to the Unified Power System of Central
Asia every year,

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As is known, the hydrogeologic factor plays a large part in the accumula-
tion and preservation of hydraarbon deposits. Mary researchers consider
the mountainous part of the Ural region as the feeding area for the
Sedimentary complex of rocks, and the Cis-Ural depression and the Caspian
Syneclise as discharge areas, The paths of movement of the fluids could
have been the numerous breaks in the forward folds and structures of the
depression, It is considered that in the process of active movement and
discharge of the waters the hydrocarbons are washed out of the traps,
oxidized and destroyed, However these ideas, not without reason, are
disputed by a number of hydrogeologists (N.K, Ignatovich, A.Ye, Khod'kov,
V.V, Kolodiy, A.V, Kudel'skiy and others), In their opinion, the role of
the Urals as an area for feeding the water-bearing layers of the paleozoic
in the eastern territory of the platform was very modest, This is evidenced
by the high mineralization and often high metamorphization of waters of
the unified pre-Cambrian and Paleozoic hydrogeological complex (Beketovskiy,
Voskresenskiy and other sites) and the numerous sources of fresh waters on
the western slope of the Southern Urals. Consequently, the basic discharge
of waters is carried out still on the periphery of the Urals, not reaching
the depression, and the negative effect of the water on accumulation of
hydrocarbons was hardly significant, The existence of industrial deposits
of oil and gas in the sediments of the Paleozoic even in the zone of

the forward folds broken by fractures serves as a vivid example of the
hydrodynamic discreteness of the Cis-Ural depression and the Urals,

Favorable paleogeologic conditions, and also the presence of the major
factors controlling the formation and disposition of aggregations of hydro-
carbons make it possible for us to recommend exploratory operations for oil
and gas in the Riphean-Vend complex of the cis-Ural depression,

Aggregations of hydrocarbon gas have been established at the Shikhanskiy
and Kabanovskiy sites, In Shikhanskaya well No, 5 at depths of from 3152
to 3900 meters tested (Jointly) were five intervals represented by sand-
stones with bands of aleurolites and fissured limestones (an analog of
the Min'yar suite of the Urals), Observed at the mouth of the well was
intensive liberation of gas and air, The analysis of the sample is as
follows (vol. %)1 CH,--24.6, CHHg--6.68, CHa--2, 00,--0.6, No--66.1,

and density of the gas 0.8% grams per cuble centineter,

The well, along with the gas, yielded mineralized water (573 mg/equiv.) of
the calcium chloride type with a density of 1.15 grams per cubic centimeter,
During subsequent separate testing of the beds the inflow of gas, however,
Was not obtained, just of bed water, An inflow of mineralized water from
the Vend deposits occurredalso in the Ishimbay well 300,

Among the rocks of the Vend, and upper Riphean both in the outcrops and in
the cuts of the wells there are rather many layers which can be regarded
as collectors of hydrocarbons, Possessing the best properties are the
loosely cemented, friable sandstones and aleurolites encountered in the
composition of the Bederyshenskiy mass of the Zi'merdakskiy suite, in

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Figure 2, continued

Composite theoretical cross-section of upper-Riphean and Vend
deposits of the Cis-Ural toundary.. depression (A) and geological
files (B) through the Krasnousol'skiy (I-I), Kurgashlinskiy
II-II), Shikhanskiy (III-III), Arlarovskiy (IV-IV), Urazbayevskiy

V-V) and Ishtuganovskiy (VI-VI) structures.

Key: a. Series
>. Ashinskiy (Vas)
c, Karatau (R,)
d. Suite |?
e. Ziganskiy
f, Kukkaraukskiy
g. Basinskiy
h. Uryukskiy
4, Ukskiy
_ j. Min'yar
k, Inger
1, Katav
m, Zil'’merdakskiy
n, Lithologic column
0. Capacity, meters

1, Conglomerates
2, Gravelites
3. Sand particles
4, Aleurolites
5. Argillites
6, Idmestones
2. Dolomites
8, Marle
. 9. Drilled (a) and planned (b) wells
10, Explosions
ll, Intervals of possible oil and gas bearing cross-section

The o11 source deposits in the upper-Riphean Vend complex (according to
Uthological composition, content of OV)could be argillo-aleurite and
marlaceous-limestone layers, present in the cuts of the Nugush and
Bederyshinskiy rock masses of the 2.1'merdakskiy suite, the sub-Inzer
mass of the Katav suite, the upper half of the Inger suite, the
Min'yar suite and certain suites of the Vend. Whereas in the indicated
rocks the content of bitumoids fluctuates basically in the limits of

n+ 1072 n'10TM percent in the rock, a significant increase in then
(up to 0.3 percent) has been established in the Cis-Ural trough and in

the boundary part of the platform, where accumulations of hydrocarbon gas
have been revealed (Shikhansk and Kabakovsk sites),

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machinery and then goes into its vortex chamber and, through a
conduit, into the elevated basin (see Figure 1). In this mode,
gate 3 is open, When the hydraulic storage area is discharging
gate 3 closes end gate 5 opens, and the water from the elevated

- basin passes through the conduit, turns the hydraulic machinery
and flows into the tail race through suction pipe 4,

This design for a GES-GAES with reversible equipment can be
used for integrated drainage utilization not only in GES's lo-
cated in front of dams, but also with river GES's and even in
systems involving the drawing off of water from the main flow,
In this case, in the area of the station there must be the ap-
propriate topographic and geological conditions for the place-
ment of an elevated basin and the installation of a head condu-
it.

The location of the gates in the underwater part of the elec-
tric power station building makes it possible to use the crane
equipment of the hydraulic units to install and repair them.
They can also be produced with hydraulic drives and installed
in the head race and on the tail water side of the pipe's suc-
tion section.

Conclusions, The proposed structural plan for a GES-GAFS (see
Figure 2) with a turbine-mode head H that is greater than the
charging head Hy provides the following advantages:

1, It expands the possibilities of using pumped storage in the
plains regions of the country, with high unit capacities of re-
versible equipment, and increasing the economic potential of
the hydraulic energy resources of rivers, including integrated
river drainage utilization.

2. It reduces the depth to which hydraulic machinery and elec-
tric power station buildings must be sunk into the ground.

3. Depending on how much less Hy is than Ht, it is possible to
make the optimum efficiencies of both pumped storage modes con-
verge or coincide and to increase the overall efficiency of
this method; a more thorough description of the proposed plan
can be obtained after experimental design work and laboratory
investigations of models of aggregate GES-GAES's with increased
heads are carried out.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Karol', L.A,, GIDRAVLICHESKOYE AKKUMULIROVANIYE ENERGII (Hy-
dpagtie Storage of Energy), Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Energiya,
1 .

2. Dziallas, R,, and Hoffman A., "Radiale umkehrbare Pumpen-
turbinen," ENERGIE UND TECHNIK, No 1, 1966,

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THE

Figure 1, Diagram of a GES-
GAES with an increased head
and separate turbine and
pumping units: --- = path
of water in the turbine mode
of operation; --- = the

same, in the pumping mode,
Key:

1. Normal backwater
level

NASI ~~

(2)

za
Figure 2, Diagram of a GES-
GAES with increased head and
reversible hydraulic machin-

as

1. Normal backwater
level
2, Tail water level

greater by H, than the head H,,
of the section of river that is
being used, The reservoir lo-
cated in the head race must
have enough capacity for ex-
tended regulation, which will
insure the fuller utilization
of the fluvial drainage, The
capacity of elevated basin 3
can be limited by the require-
ments for daily regulation. In
tail water 4 it is sufficient
to create the minimum backwater
needed according to the condi-
tions for equalizing the pas-
Sages of water in the GES-
GAES's tail water.

The proposed plan can be used
on plains rivers, in ranges
where one of the banks is com-
paratively steep and there is a
terrace or area for the crea-
tion of the elevated basin.

The flaw in this method is the
need for separate installation
of the pumping and turbine
equipment, which is rarely used
at the present time even for
heads of more than 500-600 m.
Meanwhile, on plains rivers the
turbine mode heads Hy do not
exceed 100-150 m when this plan
is used,

Thus, for the more efficient
combined utilization of hydrau-
lic energy resources with the

storage of electricity in the plains regions of this country,
it is necessary to look for methods that use two-machine equip-

ment, primarily the

reversible radial-axial hydraulic machinery

for operation with heads of 100 m that we have mastered. In

particular, we have proposed a design for a GES-GAFS with in-
creased head (Figure 2) where in the Pumping mode, the water
passes from the head race through water intake 1 and is not
sent directly into the reversible hydraulic unit's vortex cham-
ber, but into the specially installed pumping section 2 of the
unit's suction pipe. In connection with this, in the pumping
mode its suction section 4 is closed by gate 5, because of
which the water from the reservoir first reaches the hydraulic

2
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energy-intensive facilities in regions of the European part of the USSR,
locating them close to fuel bases in the eastern territories of the
nation, and secondly by cutting the requirements for fuel-energy re-
sources by more efficient and economic consumption. Fuel economy is the
cleanest and cheapest source of additional reserves, and therefore we
have given and will continue to give first-rank importance to the solu-
tion of this problem. However, there are difficulties here as well.

We have recently noted a trend toward reduced effectiveness of steps
aimed at saving fuel itself, and toward increased effectiveness of

steps aimed at economic consumption of thermal and electrical energy

and the use of secondary thermal resources. The savings (in millions of
metric tons of standard fuel) of these fuel-energy resources in different
periods has been:

1961-1965 1966-1970 1971-1975

Boiler-furnace fuel... 108.9 75.9 52.6
Electric and heat energy

(adjusted to standard

fuel)... eee we 24 37.1 41.5
Secondary thermal re-

sources (adjusted to

standard fuel)... .. 2.8 4.1 6.1

In 1976-1980 the savings of boiler-furnace fuel is expected to amount to
30 million metric tons, and in 1981-1985 the savings is not expected to
exceed 22-25 million metric tons of standard fuel. Such a reduction in
the size of fuel savings due to reduced specific consumption is explained
by the fact that at the present time we are approaching the engineering
limit for a whole series of fuel-utilizing and energy-utilizing equipment
now in operation. This limit is predetermined by the design particulars
of this equipment and the technological arrangements used in production.

Thus a further reduction in the specific norms for consumption of fuel-
energy resources will depend mainly on the scale and pace of re-outfitting
industry with new and more progressive fuel-utilizing and energy-utilizing
equipment, and introduction of less energy-intensive technological pro~
cesses,’ and also on how rapidly and effectively the machine builders can
set up production of such equipment in the amount needed by the national
economy.

The Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers, rec~
ognizing the great importance of economic use of fuel-energy resources,
passed a decree in 1973 "On Steps to Improve Efficiency in Using Fuel-
Energy Resources in the National Economy." This decree outlined an ex-
tensive program of work on updating existing fuel- and energy-using equip-
ment and monitoring and measurement instrumentation and producing new and
highly effective equipment and instrumentation, established quotas on the
use of secondary fuel-energy resources, production of equipment and

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ELECTRIC POWER

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION NOTES

Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'StTvo in Russian No 2, Feb
80 pp 47-49

(Briefs: "Construction and Operation Chronicle" ]

[Text] Construction of the Nizhnekamskaya GES -- the last
stage of the Kama River chain -- is continuing. The station's
first unit, which has a capacity of 80,500 kW, is already in
operation, The gate for the Nizhnekamskaya GES ts dam weighs 67
t and is being finished ahead of schedule.

In 1979, 1,500 more ships than were planned passed through this
hydraulic engineering complex's navigation lock. The construc-
tion of both branches of the lock was completed before the
sailing season began, Mastery of the equipment ahead of sched-
ule and close cooperation with the river transport workers made
it possible to reduce the lock transit time by 10 percent. The
cooperation of all the river transport services made it possi-
ble to extend the sailing season on the Kama by more than a
month, Despite the difficult meteorological conditions en-
countered in the area, the lock is functioning without inter-
ruption,

- eek

Good results in hydraulic turbine building have been achieved
by the "Metal Plant" association in Leningrad. For instance,
the turbine for the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES contains 8 percent
less metal than the one used at the Krasnoyarskaya GES, The
introduction of new techniques for manufacturing rotor blades
made it possible to reduce the rotor's weight and save 59 t of
stainless steel, The efficiency of the turbines for the
Sayano-Shushenskaya GES is 1.5~2 percent higher than that of
the ones previously produced,

eek
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All reserves must be put into action, for the goal justifies all efforts
and expenditures, and serves the noble end of improving the living

standard of our people. Machine builders have a primary part to play
in this matter.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Yestnik mashinostroyeniya"
1980

6610
cso: 1822

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The head diversion unit, which has a total length of 7.5 km to
the equalizing shaft, consists of three sections: two pressure
tunnels 3.5 m in diameter and a reinforced concrete water con-
duit that lies between them.

The station unit's structures include a two-chambered equaliz-
ing shaft, a turbine water conduit with a disk gate building,
tne GES building (in which there are three power-generating
units with vertical bucket turbines and synchronous genera-
tors), a discharge channel, and a high-voltage outdoor distri-
bution system. The maximum static head is 400 m and the rated
head is 370 m. The average annual amount of electricity that
is produced is 217 million kWh,

eee

The builders of the ultralarge Tuyamuyunskaya hydraulic engi-
neering complex stemmed the flow of the Amudar'ya River on 6
December 1979, almost a year ahead of schedule. In all, it
took the hydraulic construction workers 2 days to perform one
of the most critical stages in the construction of this unique
complex.

sefore the spring floods, the builders must erect the main dam,
which wili stop the flow of this river that for centuries has
washed away its banks and caused great damage to nearby agri-
cultural areas, The hydraulic engineering complex being built
on the Amudar'ya will make it possible to create a large zone
for the cultivation of cotton and rice at the juncture of two
deserts -- the Karakum and the Kyzylkum -- and develop and im-
prove the water supply for 1 million ha of land.

ee OK

Jater from the Nurekskaya GES's reservoir will flow through a
cunnel that is about 14 km long and then be used to irrigate an
area of 100,000 ha of arid land in the Dangarinskaya Valley.

In order to shorten the construction period, tunnelers from the
Gidrospetsstroy construction administration in Dangara are
sinking three vertical shafts to different depths. The driving

- of the basic tunnel is being done simultaneously from both the
intake and outlet portals.

By the end of October 1979 shaft No 1 had been sunk to its full
depth of 242 m. Of the 318 m to which shaft No 2 is to be
sunk, 220 m have been completed and lined with structural con-
crete, The drilling of this shaft was made more complicated at
the very beginning by the fact that a quicksand zone was en-
countered at a depth of 13 m. After freezing this soil, the

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* 4 *

The rate of construction at the Rogunskaya GES -- the largest
one in Central Asia -- on the Vakhsh River is increasing,
rock-filled dam, which will be 335 m tgil, will create a reser-

voir containing more than 13 billion m

of water. The hydro-

electric power station's six units will generate 13.3 billion
kWh of electricity. Residentigl ecnstruction is proceeding on

a large scale: about 40,000 m

of living space has already

been built, mountain roads are under construction, construction
tunnels are being driven, e bridge is being built across the
Vakhsh River, a concrete plant is in continuous operation, and
bases are being set up for the subcontracting organizations.

aK *

The Vilyuygesstroy administration's collective, which built the
unique Vilyuyskaya GES -- the first one to be built in the
permafrost zone -- has begun working on the construction of a
second GES on this river, The first crew of construction work-

ers, led by Communist Party member 0, Kharev,

one of Vilyuyges-

stroy's leading crew chiefs, has arrived at the site of the fu-
ture GES, There it is working to set up transportation and
power lines, a concrete plant, machine shops and living quar-
ters, A dam almost 60 m high must be erected here, along with
the GES building and a comfortable workers' settleme:
first unit of Vilyuyskaya GES-3 is supposed to begin operating

in 1985,

Ke -

Khramskaya GES-1, with three power-generating hydraulic units
having a total capacity of 112,500 kW, went into full operation
in Georgia in 1949. Work on the construction of this GES was
begun in 1937, The war with the Fascist ageressors interrupted
the construction work, It was begun again after the wa:
and the first units were already in operation in 1947,

- This GES consists of a main unit, a diversion section and a
station unit. The rock-filled dam which is 110 m long and has
@ maximum height of 32 m, was built at the entrance to a narrow
ravine, The dam's body consists primarily of rock fill, and
also contains a stainless steel antifiltration screen on 2 pre-
pared concrete base made from dry masonry, The dam holds back

a reservoir with a capacity of 312 million m3,

The spillway

for discharging a catastrophic river flow rate at 500 m3/s con-
sists of a concrete spillway with six spans that are each 6.5m
wide and are closed by flat gates, as well as an overflow chan-
nel; the water intake's deep-water gate is designed for a flow

rate of 36 m3/s.
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Analogous impermeable rock masses are known in the cross-section of the
upper Riphean and Vend and, consequently, they have also served as
fluid-stops on the path of lateral and vertical migration,

The calculations made by Ya.B, Smirnov (1970) indicate that in the period
of active development of the evgeosinclinal in boundary troughs (with

a certain lag in time) the heat flow on the average reaches 55-60 megawatts
per square meter, which, according to V.Ye, Sal'nikov's data (1977) is
approximately 1.5-fold higher than the value of the present-day flow in the
cis-Ural boundary depression,

High values of the heat flow with a gradient approximately of 25-30

degrees Centigrade per 1 kilometer could have arisen in the depression,
apparently, only since the beginning of the paleozoic stage of accumula-
tion (mid-Devonian), that is, after the laying of the Ural eugeosinclinal.
Prior to this the heat flow in the cis-Urals, probably, was characterized
by smaller values and was close to today's value. By the start of the
mid-Devonian the bottom of the upper-Riphean rocks was submerged to a depth
of 2500-3500 meters. The cross-section of interest to us began from the
bottom surface and was loacted in an interval of paleo-temperatures of
approximately up to 70 degrees Centigrade, Consequently, the basic oil-
source rock masses at this time, apparently, still had not gone through
the main phase of oil formation and the main phases of gas formation,

The upper Riphean deposits underwent the main phase of oil formation from
the Devonian to the mid-Carboniferous, that is, when their bottom was
submerged up to 400-5000 meters, and the whole cross-section was placed

in the paleotemperature interval of 70-130 degrees Centigrade. Iater,

up to the middle of the early Permian the main phase of oil formation

was experienced by the Vend. layers, the depth of occurrence of which reached
2500-3500 meters and the paleo-temperatures 70-100 degrees Centigrade.

The modern structural plan of the Cis-Ural depression was formed at the
concluding stage of the Hercynian tectogenesis, at the boundary of the
Paleozoic ami the Mesozoic. Namely at this time the previously accum-
lated sediments (including the Riphean and Vend) underwent the first
collapse here, leading to the appearance of a single system of plicated
and split dislocations for all these rock masses. The basic anticlinal
traps arose, and active migration of UV began not only according to the
rise of the beds, but also according to the zones of explosive ruptures.
However the latter were formed in the main under conditions of compression
of the rocks (thrusts) and hardly had an essential effect on scattaring
of fluids. In any case the fractures as a negative factor of preservation
of the deposits should be regazied in equal measure both for the Riphean-
Vend and for the Paleozoic deposits. One can only note that at many

oil and gas deposits which were formed in paleozoic rock masses of the
boundary depression such fractures have been established, but they
scarcely led to complete destruction of the deposits.

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However for conversion of OV and concentration of disperse UV up to
industrial accumlations it is necessary to have a fawrable geolo gical
situation in the course of the wiple history of development of the
sedimentary basin (complex of physico-geochemical, hydrogeological, hydro-
dynamic and other conditions), Many researchers consider this indicator as
the determining one [1-3], It seems to be a fair statement [3] that it

is necessary to consider without fail the period for which the rock mss

is in the main phase of oil formation and the main phases of gas formation
and the especially favorable conditions for preservation of the deposits
of o11 formed,

Analysis of the major 1ithological-paleogeographic indicators of the Riphean,
Vend and paleozoic deposits, calculations of the paleodepths and paleo
temperatures, and also reconstruction of the history of tectonic

development of the territory of the Cis-Ural boundary trough show the
following.

At the end of the late Riphean, after extended Sagging, sedimentation ceased
everywhere (pre-Ashinskiy gap). In the area of the Western Ural paleo-
depression the short-lived gap was not accompanied by a noticeable washout,
since the deposits of the Ashinskiy series in the zone of the forward folds
of the SouthemUrals with visual conformity occur at the highest levels

of the basement rocks, A substantial washout occurred only beyond the limits
of the paleo-depression, in the area of the eastern framework of the Tatar
arch fa, and in the central and eastern regions of the western slope of
the Southern Urals [6].

The extended gap in sedimentation began from the boundary of the Vend., and
Paleozoic and continued to the begiinning of the mid-Devonian, It is true
that in the Silurian and early Devonian periods on individual sections of
the paleo-depression shallow deposits did accumulate at times (4], but

on the whole this territory was developed in a calm tectonic situation
without deep submersion or marked washout of earlier accumulated rocks,
The gap was not accompanied by a folding process, although sone gently
sloping hill-shaped dislocations could have begun their formation in this
period, The absence of a substantial washout is confirmed on the whole
by the conformity of the Vena and Devonian deposits both in the zone of
the forward folds of the Urals and in the limits of the slope of the plat-
forn,

. The early-Paleozoic gap continued for approximately 170 million years.
According to duration and intensity of manifestation of ‘tectonic move-
ments 1t is considerably inferior to the gap which began from the boundary
of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic and is continuing up to now (230+10 million
years). In the course of the last gap the paleozoic deposits on the terri-
tory under consideration underwent deep and irregular erosion, However
this did not lead to destruction of the deposits of oil. A deciding fac-
tor in preservation of the UV accumulations was the presence of a regional
impermeable rock mass above the oil and gas bearing layers of the Paleozoic,

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3. Fedulov, Yu.F., Dedkov, V.N., Chmelev, Ye.S., and Agibalov,
N.Ye., PROBLEMY SOZDANIYA OBRATIMYKH GIDROMASHIN I NEKOTORY-
YE REKOMENDATSII PO PROYEKTIROVANIYU PROTOCHNOY CHASTI
(Problems in the Creation of Reversible Hydraulic Machinery
and Some Recommendations for Designing the Flow-Through Sec-
tion), Khar'kov, Izdatel'stvo AN USSR (Ukrainian SSR Academy
of Sciences), 1976.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Gidrotekhnicheskoye Stro-
itel'stvo," 1980

11746
cso: 1822

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Ministry of Construction Materials are not mass-producing high-quality
window and dvor hardware with tensioning devices that keep windows and
doors tightly closed, and also heat-reflecting windowpanes.

The effectiveness of steps to conserve fuel-energy resources is hampered
by unsatisfactory completion of a number o’ assignments on improving
efficiency in the use of fuel, delays in .etting up facilities for pro-
ducing more economic fuel-utilizing equipment, and shortages in supplying
builders with heat insulating materials and sealants. Our task is to
eliminate this lag in the near future, and moreover to carry out large-
scale steps to ensure savings of fuel-energy resources in amounts com-
mensurate with the savings once realized by converting from steam to
diesel and electric locomotives on railroads, conversion to more powerful
generators (300, 500, 800 and 1000 MW) and higher steam parameters in
fossil-fuel electric plants.

Such possibiiities are to be found first of all in the field of produc
tion and utilization of electric and thermal energy.

In the electric power industry, these capabilities are accelerated con-
struction of nuclear electric plants and mastery of fast reactors, intro-
duction of MHD generators that will cut fuel consumption by 25-30% in
the production of electric energy, the use of solar, geothermal and wind
energy, improvement of the main parameters of working conditions in elec~
tric networks, reduction of power losses in networks and so on.

There are enormous reserves for fuel savings in the production of thermal
energy.

There are a large number of low-potential heat sources in industry:
elements for cooling furnaces and technological facilities, purified
waste water from cities and enterprises, with year-round temperature of
at least 13°C, water from cooling towers and so on. ‘There are also
sources of thermal energy in nature: non-freezing lakes, deep ground
water and so on.

In the Black Sea, the temperature at a depth of about 50 m remains con-
stant at 8°C. Use of the heat contained in 0.5 cu. km of this water could
solve the problem of year-round heat supply to the city of Odessa, and
the heat in 2 cu. km of this water could meet the heating needs of all
cities on the Black Sea coast. The utilization of low-potential heat
involves the use of heat pumps that have an electric drive and convert
low~potential thermal energy of the surrounding environment to thermal
energy that can be used to heat the heat-transfer agent in forced-air
heating units. The electric energy expended by the heat pump in pro-
ducing heat when adjusted to standard fuel will be 30% lower than when
this heat is produced in a boiler house.

Heat pump stations are already in operation in Georgia at the Samtredia
Tea Plant, for heating the auditorium at the resort in Pitsunde, and in

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the Ural geosyncline and the Eastern Europe platform, from the Karatau
structural complex to the north to the Aktyubinsk Ural region in the

south, The western side of the paleodepression in the folded bed at a
depth of 6 kilometers is traced along the meridian to the west of the

city of Ufa and to the east of the city of Orenburg. Its more submerged
(up to a depth of 12-14 kilometers) eastern side is arbitrarily marked east
of the Alatau anticlinorium, Within the indicated boundaries it has a
depth of 6-12 kilometers, a width of 100-150 kilometers and a length of

up to 500 kilometers. The paleo-depression is filled with a thick layer of
subaqueous formations of the Proterozoic era (6-10 kilometers) and pri-
marily the same sedinents of the Paleozoic era with a capacity of 2-4
kilometers to the north of it and up to 10 kilometers to the south.

The accumulation of the huge mass basically of mrine formations occurred
as a result of a prolonged submergence of the basin according to graduated
fractures in the bed, having courses coordinated with the main dislocations
of the Urals. The axis of the paleo-depression with the maximum capacities
of pre-Cambrian deposits was displaced towards its eastern side, in the
region of the leading folds of the Urals. In a modern structural plan
the highest hypsonetric position of the complicating structures coincides
with the eastern side of the Gis-Ural boundary depression, with its cen-
tral part and the zone of the Alatau anticlinoriun on the section between
the Usolka river on the north and the Nugush river on the south (figure 1).

: Here the Vend deposits are uncovered by wells at depths of 1-2 kilometers
(figure 2,5), Consequently, in a structural respect, ‘olds of the indica-
ted section posses the best conditions of accumulation of UV in the

- paleo-depression.

Already pointed out[7, 9, 10] have been the presence of anticlinal
traps, their favorable paleotectonic development for formation of oil_and
gas accumulation zones, and also the presence of OV [ organic material
and bitumoids in the rocks of the Vend. and Riphean periodsin this area.
Questions of the development of pre-Cambrian oi] and gas formation, and

- information about the numerous accumulations of o11 and gas in the pre-
Devonian strata in various regions of the world have been treated in detail
in works [1,3-5,8].

Pre-Devonian formations in the Cis-Ural boundary depression have been
revealed by wells at a depth of from several dozen to the first hundred
neters. Practically illuminated by them is only the upper part of the
Vend complex and just Shikhanskaya well 5, which reached a depth of 3972
meters. These deposits have been completely cut and the upper half of the
upper-Riphean cut has been uncovered (see figure 2). The data obtained
are clearly inadequate for a positive judgement about the sequence of
occurrence and the composition of the Vend and upper-Riphean rocks, To
some degree the meagerness of the information can be filled in by
materials about the plicated Urals adjoining the east of the area, where
they have been studied in natural outerope [67, Also compiled taking
- these data into account was a probable cross-section of sedimentary forma-
tions of the upper Riphean and Vend in the zone of the Cis-Ural trough
(see figure 2),

24

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USSR REPORT

ENERGY
(FOUO 7/80)

CoNTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER

JPRS 1/9090

14 May 1980

Proposed Joint Use of Hydroelectric and Pumped-Storage

Electric Power Stations

(L.A. Karol;, GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO,
Feb 80).sececeeeeeee cece eeceeseneeecenceeesetessssceeee 1

Construction and Operation Notes

(GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, Feb 80).......+006. 5

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Methods of Fuel-Energy Conservation Examined

(E.I. Vertel'; VESTNIK MASHINOSTROYENIYA, Mar 80)...... 13

FUELS

Ural Region: New Oil, Gas Exploration Target

(K.S. Yarullin, et al; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, Nov 79). 22

-a- (III - USSR - 37 FOUO]

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water resources into the eastern side of the delta, which is
the more convenient part for use as a spawning ground. An
earthen dike more than 60 km long and up to 6 m tall separates
the eastern and western sides. Normally, two-thirds of the wa-
ter flows through the Volga's main channel and only one-third
passes through the Buzan channel, The dam will make it possi-
ble to direct half the Volga's water to the east and will sup-
port hundreds of thousands of hectares of spawning grounds,

Improvement of the sections saitable for spawning has already
been accomplished over an area of 215,000 ha, A plan for con-
verting another 100,000 ha on the delta's southern edge for
this purpose has been drawn up. Here it will be necessary to
clean out hundreds of deep and shallow channels, lay out and
clean up meadows, create ponds that are suitable for the growth
of young fish and their subsequent transportation to the sea
for fattening,

A plan for the capital repair of fish runs constructed more
than 10 years ago has been formulated. These channels exit in-
to the sea over a stretch of several dozen kilometers, In con-
nection with the drop in the water level in the northern
Caspian, however, the fish runs have become too shallow, They
must be deepened and widened, as well as lengthened an average
of 20 km each,

This reorganization will make it possible, with maximum bene-
fit, to pass through the spawning ponds the maximum amount of
fresh water, thereby improving the hydrological and biological
situation in the areas of the most intensive fish reproduction.

eK

Construction work has begun on a large new reservoir in the
mountainous Bortagay region not far from Alma-Ata, At an alti-
tude of more than 1,000 m above sea level, a reservoir will be
formed on the Chilik River that will make it possible to irri-
gate tens of thousands of hectares of agricultural land.

The construction of the Bortagayskoye reservoir, which will
hold up to 320 million m3 of water, is only the first step in
the irrigational development of this region. Here there will
also be a canal many kilometers long, along which the water
will reach the fields by gravity flow,

At the present time the working plans for the first stage of
the construction are being completed. A settlement for the hy-
draulic construction workers is already being built in the Bor-
tagay region, access routes are being constructed, and work has
begun on a tunnel 400 m long that will be used to divert the

- Chilik's water during the construction of the dan.

il
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ENERGY CONSERVATION

METHODS OF FUEL-ENERGY CONSERVATION EXAMINED
Moscow VESTNIK MASHINOSTROYENIYA in Russian No 3, Mar 80 pp 3-7

[Article by E. I. Vertel', chief of the Department of Budgets and Plans
for Distribution of Fuel and Petroleum Products, Gosplan USSR]

[Text] The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Government
have always given considerable attention to improving the effectiveness
of sectors of the fuel-energy complex.

The fuel-energy complex of the nation unites the petroleum, petroleum
processing, gas, coal, shale and peat sectors of industry, as well as
electric power and the production of heat. This is a vast multisectoral
national economic system that plays a leading part in development of the
material and technical basis of communism.

To a decisive extent the development of this complex determines the pace
and scale of economic and social development of the USSR, allocation of
the productive forces of the nation, and sets up the necessary prerequi-
sites for further development of mechanization and automation of produc—
tion processes, improvement of working conditions and elevation of the

« standard of living of the people.

The fuel-energy complex is closely related to all sectors of the national
economy, and therefore its development is considerably dependent on the
development primarily of machine building, ferrous and nonferrous metal-
lurgy, the construction industry and so on. The sectors of the complex
consume about 70% of the pipes being produced in the nation; more than a
third of the capital investments directed at industry are allocated for
maintaining and developing the complex; about 35% of all national economic
funds are concentrated there; about 10% of the industrial workers are
employed there.

The fuel-energy complex of the USSR is developing at a rapid pace.
During the period of 1961-1978 the extraction of petroleum and gas con-
densate increased by a factor of 3.4, gas by a factor of 6.3, and coal by
a factor of 1.4.

13

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NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.

Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
{] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
macion was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

For further information on report content
call (703) 351-2938 (economic); 3468

(political, sociological, military); 2726
(life sciences); 2725 (physical sciences).

COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

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UDC 553.981 550,812.11 5514732/733(470, 5)
URAL REGION: NEW OIL, GAS EXPLORATION TARGET \

Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 11, Nov 79 pp 11-18

(article by.K.S. Yarullin, V.A, Romanov (Bashkir Branch of the USSR Academy

of Sciences) and I,A. Tagirov (Ishimbay Drilling Administration):
"Pre-Devonian Deposits of the Cis-Uralst A New Target of 011 and Gas
Explorations" |

[Text] The high degree of exploration of the territory of Western Bashkiria
and the reduction in recent years of discoveries of significant deposits of
oil in the paleozoic deposits advance the important and urgent problem of
developing new possibly oil and gas bearing pre-Devonian layers, In the
future the growth in prospected reserves of oil and gas in Bashkiria can

be insured mainly thanks to the discovery of deposits in subsurface
Vend-Riphean and partially in paleozoic deposits in new, still little
studied regions,

- Despite the continuous searches for deposits of oil in the Bavlinskiy
(Vena) formations, so far substantial accumulations have not been dis-
covered either in Bashkiria or in other eastern oblasts of the Volga-Ural
province, Unfortunately, in many ways still unclear are the basic regional
geological factors which could contribute to formation of zones of oil and
gas accumlation in other deposits. As a result, doubts have arisen among
some of the researchers in the possibility of generation of UV [hyaro-
carbons] and in the success of explorations of beds in deposits of the
Vend and Riphean age. Materiais from drilling and geophysics mke it
possible to assume that the exploratory operations were conducted in the
majority of cases on sites with geological conditions not adequately
favorable for accumulation of UV. In connection with this, it is extremely
important first of all to determine, based on the experience of oil
prospecting operations and other oil and gas basins and theoretical
generalizations, the most optimal zone for oil and gas accumulation in the
limits of distribution of ancient sedimentary formations in the eastern
part of the Volga-Ural province,

It seems to us that one of the main zones of generation and accumlation
of oil and gas is the large Western Ural paleo-depression, located between

22

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JPRS L/9090

14 May 1980
USSR Report
ENERGY
: (FOUO 7/80)
FBIS] FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

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the .sub-Inzer mass of the Katav suite, in the lower part of the
cross-section of the Inzer, Ukskiy and Kukkaraukskiy suites, and in

- the middle part of the Min'yar: ‘and Uryukskiy suites. Also deserving of
attention are the fissured aleurolites occurring in the upper half of the
Inger suite and in the composition of the Basinskiy and Zigazinskiy
suites, The good collectors may be the horizons of fissured and porous
(leached) limestones and dolomites known in the cross-section of the
Min'yar and Ukskly suites,

The collector properties of rocks from outcrops and core samples as yet
have been little studied, nevertheless on the basis of study of more than
300 samples it is possible to conclude the following. In natural outcrops
Vend: aleurolites have a porsity of 3.7-14 percent, sandstones have a
porosity of 4-32 percent and a permeability of up to 3.5 nD, for

the upper Riphean aleurolites the figures respectively are 4,8-14.1 per-
cent and the same permeability, and for carbonate rocks it. is from 2.2

up to 5.4 percent ican In Shikhanskaya well 5 the sandstones of the Vend
(depth of 2302-3028 meters) are characterized by a porosity of 1.4-9.8 per-
cent and a permeability of from 0 to 14 mD, and for sandstones of the
Inger suite of the upper Riphean (3600-383 meters) the figures are re-
spectively 4~-9.6 percent and from 0 to 10 mD,

The .cited values of the porosity and permeability of the collector
rocks, of course, do not give the full idea of the capacity parameters of
the rocks, but nevertheless they describe these parameters from the
positive side. It can be hoped that as the depth increases there is an
increase in the role of fissure and fissure-cavernous collectors in compari-
- son with the porous ones, especially if it is considered that the
sedimentary mantle of the ~ Ural region has undergone intensive tectonic
deformation,

In the profile of the Vend-Riphean deposits lying above each potentially
oil and gas bearing horizon are practically impenetrable rock masses--
dense aleurolites, argillites, merles and fine crystalline limestones,

The eastern side of the Cis-Ural depression is complicated by numerous
anticlinals and brachyanticlinals, clearly expressed along the layers

of the Devonian, Carboniferous and Lower Permian, With the aim of
studying the structure and oil and gas content of pre-Cambrian formations
the Krasnousol'skiy, Kurgashlinskiy, Arlarovskiy, Shikhanskiy,
Urazbayevskly and Ishtuganskiy . structures merit attention, These large
high-amplitude folds have a comparatively simple structure. Pre-
Paleozoic complexes in the arch sections occur here at depths of 1200-1500
meters, Consequently, wells with a depth of 4500 meters fully may reach
the trough of the upper-Riphean deposits (see figure 2).

The Western Ural paleodepression is an area with already proven oil and
gas accumulation, with industrial deposits in genetically varied traps in
the rock mass of sandstones and carbonate deposits from the Eifelian
stage of the Devonian to the lower Permian inclusively, It bears o11

30

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Figure 2. Leaption and key on next page]

25
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builders moved ahead rapidly. In August 1979 a record driving
rate of 38 m [sic] was achieved here. Blasthole drilling for
shaft No 3 began in the spring of 1979. Here the shaft has
reached a depth of 70 m, with the lagging rate being related to
the lack of a powerful hoisting machine.

The latest period of work on the driving of the tunnel is char-
acterized by highly productive shock labor, Comrade Sharikov's
work crew section removed 96 m3 of rock on its shift in shaft
No 23 in shaft,No 3, A. Kasatkin's section beat this record by
removing 100 m.

ke OK

The Andizhanskoye reservoir began filling in December 1979; by
the spring of 1980 it wili contain about 1 billion m> of water,
Tne rivers of Uzbekistan were full of water in December 1979
and the workers of the irrigation system operation services
were collecting water_in all 18 of their large reservoirs.
More than 5 billion m3 of water is to be held in them,

ee x

The Gissarakskoye reservoir will supply water to more than
55,000 ha of arid land in Kashkadar'inskaya Oblast. Construc-
tion of a discharge tunnel was completed in the first half of
December 1979, It will be used to divert river water away from
the dam that is under construction.

tk

- The strait connecting the Caspian Sea and Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf
was closed in the middle of December 1979. For the last 150
yoars, the Caspian's water level has been dropping continuous-
ly. dbne of the reasons for this is the constant outflow of 180
m? of water per second from the Caspian to the gulf, where the
water level is about 3 m lower than that of the sea.

Specialists from the Soyuzgiprovodkhoz institute designed a
unique dam for the strait, Its upper mark is at 25.6 m and it
is 550 m long and 15 m wide. The banks slope and are not
washed away by waves. Next to the dam there will be a water-
transmission building that will make it possible to fill Kara-
Bogaz-Gol Gulf with water from the Caspian if it becomes: neces-
sary.

The closing of the strait was carried out in three stages: en-
gineering preparation, preliminary constriction of the channel
and closure of the gap.

9

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kK

Every day the Vazuza River replenishes our capital city's
drinking water. In addition to this, however, the Vazuza turns
the blades of turbines that produce electricity for the hydrau-
lic engineering system's own needs. Two hydraulic power-
generating units were put into operation at the Perepadnaya GES
in November 1979,

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Gidrotekhnicheskoye Stro-
itel'stvo," 1980

11746
CSO: 1822

- 12

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