NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016 

Vaccination Coverage Among Adults With Diagnosed 

Diabetes: United States, 2015
 

Maria A. Villarroel, Ph.D., and Anjel Vahratian, Ph.D. 

Key findings 

Data from the National 

Health Interview Survey 

● Among adults aged 18 and 

over with diagnosed diabetes, 

61.6% had an influenza vaccine 

in the past year. 

● A total of 52.6% of adults 

with diagnosed diabetes had 

a pneumococcal vaccine 

and 17.1% had the 3-dose 

vaccination schedule for 

hepatitis B at some point in the 

past. 

● Among adults aged 60 and 

over with diagnosed diabetes, 

27.2% had ever had a shingles 

vaccine. 

● Among those with diagnosed 

diabetes, the vaccination 

coverage for influenza, 

pneumococcal, and shingles 

was lowest among poor adults, 

increased with age, and varied 

by race and ethnicity. 

● Hepatitis B vaccination 

coverage was lowest among 

poor adults, and it decreased 

with age. 

Persons with diabetes are at an increased risk for complications from vaccinepreventable infections (1–3). Several vaccines are recommended for adults 

with diabetes, including annual vaccination for influenza and at least a onetime dose of pneumococcal vaccine, regardless of age; a shingles vaccine 

starting at age 60; and a hepatitis B vaccine soon after diabetes diagnosis 

among those aged 19–59, and based on clinical discretion thereafter (4). This 

report describes the receipt of select vaccinations among adults with diagnosed 

diabetes by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and poverty status. 

Keywords: prevention • adult immunization • medical care • National Health 

Interview Survey 

The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes who had 

an influenza vaccine in the past year was lowest among 

those aged 18–44 and among adults who were non-Hispanic 

black, Hispanic, or poor. 

Figure 1. Percentage of adults aged 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes who had an influenza 

vaccine in the past year, by select demographics: United States, 2015 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

Significantly different from non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic Asian (p < 0.05).
 2

Significantly different from non-Hispanic black (p < 0.05).
 3

Significantly different from non-Hispanic Asian (p < 0.05).
 

NOTES: There is a significant linear trend by age group and by income status (p < 0.05). Access data table for Figure 1 at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db265_table.pdf#1.
 

SOURCE: NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015, Family Core and Sample Adult components. 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 

National Center for Health Statistics
 
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016

●		 Nearly two-thirds (61.6%) of adults aged 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes had an 

influenza vaccine in the past year (Figure 1). 

●		 The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes who had an influenza vaccine in the past 

year increased with age. A total of 41.4% of those aged 18–44, 51.0% of those aged 45–59, 

69.1% of those aged 60–74, and 74.5% of those aged 75 and over were vaccinated for 

influenza in the past year. 

●		 Among those with diagnosed diabetes, non-Hispanic Asian (71.1%) and non-Hispanic white 

(65.3%) adults were more likely to have had an influenza vaccine in the past year compared 

with Hispanic (53.9%) and non-Hispanic black (51.1%) adults. 

●		 Influenza vaccination increased with income status among those with diagnosed diabetes. A 

total of 50.9% of poor adults with diagnosed diabetes had an influenza vaccine in the past 

year compared with 57.8% of near-poor and 65.9% of not-poor adults. 

The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes who ever had a 

pneumococcal vaccine was highest among those aged 75 and over and 

among adults who were non-Hispanic white, near poor, or not poor. 

●		 Overall, 52.6% of adults aged 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes had a pneumococcal 

vaccine at some point in the past (Figure 2). 

Figure 2. Percentage of adults aged 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes who ever had a pneumococcal vaccine, by 

select demographics: United States, 2015 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

Significantly different from non-Hispanic white (p < 0.05).
 2

Significantly different from non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic Asian (p < 0.05).
 

NOTES: There is a significant linear trend by age group and by income status (p < 0.05). Access data table for Figure 2 at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db265_table.pdf#2.
 

SOURCE: NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015, Family Core and Sample Adult components.
 

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NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016

●		 The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes who ever had a pneumococcal vaccine 

increased with age. A total of 27.5% of those aged 18–44, 38.4% of those aged 45–59, 

60.0% of those aged 60–74, and 74.2% of those aged 75 and over had a pneumococcal 

vaccine at some point in the past. 

●		 Sixty percent (60.1%) of non-Hispanic white adults with diagnosed diabetes had a 

pneumococcal vaccine at some point in the past compared with 36.8% of Hispanic, 40.8% 

of non-Hispanic black, and 44.3% of non-Hispanic Asian adults with diagnosed diabetes. 

●		 The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes who ever had a pneumococcal vaccine 

increased with income status. A total of 42.2% of those who were poor, 51.5% of those 

who were near poor, and 55.7% of those who were not poor had ever had a pneumococcal 

vaccine. 

Adults with diagnosed diabetes who were most likely to have had the 

3-dose vaccination schedule for hepatitis B were those aged 18–44 and 

adults who were not poor. 

●		 Seventeen percent (17.1%) of adults with diagnosed diabetes had the 3-dose vaccination 

schedule for hepatitis B (Figure 3). 

●		 Having had the 3-dose vaccination schedule for hepatitis B decreased with age among adults 

with diagnosed diabetes. A total of 30.2% of those aged 18–44 had the 3-dose vaccination 

schedule for hepatitis B compared with 21.9% of those aged 45–59, 14.8% of those aged 

60–74, and 7.0% of those aged 75 and over. 

Figure 3. Percentage of adults aged 18 and over with diagnosed diabetes who had the 3-dose vaccination schedule for 

hepatitis B, by select demographics: United States, 2015 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTES: There is a significant linear trend by age group and by income status (p < 0.05). Access data table for Figure 3 at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db265_table.pdf#3.
 

SOURCE: NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015, Family Core and Sample Adult components.
 

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NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016

● Having had the 3-dose vaccination schedule for hepatitis B increased with income status 

among adults with diagnosed diabetes. A total of 13.6% of poor, 14.3% of near-poor, and 

19.1% of not-poor adults had the 3-dose vaccination schedule for hepatitis B at some point 

in the past. 

Among adults aged 60 and over with diagnosed diabetes, the groups most 

likely to have been vaccinated for shingles were those aged 75 and over, 

non-Hispanic white adults, and not-poor adults. 

●		 More than one-fourth of adults aged 60 and over with diagnosed diabetes (27.2%) ever had 

a shingles vaccine (Figure 4). 

●		 Nearly one-third of adults aged 75 and over (31.7%) with diagnosed diabetes had a shingles 

vaccine compared with one-fourth of those aged 60–74 (25.2%). 

●		 Among adults aged 60 and over with diagnosed diabetes, non-Hispanic white adults 

(32.0%) were 2.5 times as likely as non-Hispanic black adults (13.0%) and 1.7 times as 

likely as Hispanic adults (18.3%) to have had a shingles vaccine. 

●		 The percentage of adults aged 60 and over with diagnosed diabetes who ever had a shingles 

vaccine increased with income status. A total of 16.1% of those who were poor, 20.0% of 

those who were near poor, and 31.9% of those who were not poor had ever had a shingles 

vaccine. 

Figure 4. Percentage of adults aged 60 and over with diagnosed diabetes who ever had a shingles vaccine, by select 

demographics: United States, 2015 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

Significantly different from those aged 75 and over (p < 0.05). 2

Significantly different from non-Hispanic white (p < 0.05).
 3

Significantly different from non-Hispanic black (p < 0.05).
 

NOTES: There is a significant linear trend by income status (p < 0.05). Access data table for Figure 4 at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db265_table.pdf#4.
 

SOURCE: NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015, Family Core and Sample Adult components.
 

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NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016

Summary 

One in 10 adults aged 18 and over has been diagnosed with diabetes (5). Among adults aged 

18 and over with diagnosed diabetes, influenza vaccination (61.6%) was more prevalent than 

pneumococcal (52.6%) and hepatitis B (17.1%) vaccination. Fewer than 3 in 10 (27.2%) adults 

aged 60 and over with diagnosed diabetes had been vaccinated for shingles. 

Vaccination varied by age. Vaccination for influenza in the past year and pneumococcal disease at 

some point in the past increased with age among adults with diagnosed diabetes. Similarly, those 

aged 75 and over were more likely than those aged 60–74 to have been vaccinated for shingles. 

Although hepatitis B vaccination was infrequent among those with diagnosed diabetes, those 

aged 18–44 were most likely to be vaccinated, followed by those aged 45–59, then those aged 60 

and over. 

Vaccination varied by race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic white adults were more likely than 

non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adults to have been vaccinated for influenza in the past year 

and to have ever been vaccinated for pneumococcal disease and shingles. Non-Hispanic Asian 

adults were more likely than non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adults to have been vaccinated 

for influenza, but these groups did not differ from one another on pneumococcal and shingles 

vaccination. Racial and ethnic differences in adult vaccination have been previously observed and 

may be attributed to multiple social barriers (6). 

Vaccination coverage varied by income status. Adults with diagnosed diabetes who were not 

living in poverty were the most likely to have been vaccinated for influenza, pneumococcal 

disease, hepatitis B, and shingles, despite a higher prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among poor 

and near-poor adults (7). Vaccination coverage for influenza, pneumococcal disease, hepatitis B, 

and shingles was equivalent between women and men with diagnosed diabetes. 

Vaccination coverage among U.S. adults has been previously reported (8). Vaccination coverage 

among U.S. adults overall is lower for influenza and pneumococcal disease, higher for hepatitis 

B, and similar for shingles compared with the vaccination coverage found among adults with 

diagnosed diabetes. 

Definitions 

Diagnosed diabetes: Based on a positive response to the survey question, “Have you ever been 

told by a doctor or health professional that you have diabetes or sugar diabetes?” Women were 

asked to exclude diagnoses received only during pregnancy. 

Ethnicity and race: Hispanic or Latino origin and race are two separate categories. Hispanic or 

Latino origin includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Central and South 

American, Spanish, or other not specified Latin America, Hispanic, or Latino origin. More than 

one race may be reported for a person. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race or 

combination of races. Non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic Asian refers to 

persons who indicated this single race group and are not of Hispanic or Latino origin. 

Hepatitis B vaccine: Based on a positive response to the survey question, “Have you ever 

received the hepatitis B vaccine?” and a response of at least 3 doses when asked the follow-up 

question, “Did you receive at least 3 doses of the hepatitis B vaccine, or less than 3 doses?” 

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NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016

Income status: “Poor” adults are defined as having family incomes below the federal poverty 

level (FPL). “Near-poor” adults are defined as having family incomes that are 100% to less than 

200% of the FPL. “Not-poor” adults are defined as having family incomes that are 200% or 

greater than the FPL. Income is based on reported or imputed family income (9). Poverty levels 

are updated annually by the U.S. Census Bureau to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. 

For further information, visit the U.S. Census Bureau website at: http://www.census.gov/topics/ 

income-poverty/poverty.html. 

Influenza vaccine: Based on a positive response to the survey question, “During the past 12 

months, have you had a flu shot? A flu shot is usually given in the fall and protects against 

influenza for the flu season.” Sample adults were read the following statements after the question 

if necessary, “A flu shot is injected in the arm. Do not include an influenza vaccine sprayed in the 

nose” to exclude the nasal flu vaccine. 

Pneumococcal vaccine: Based on a positive response to the survey question, “Have you ever 

had a pneumonia shot? This shot is usually given only once or twice in a person’s lifetime and is 

different from the flu shot. It is also called the pneumococcal vaccine.” 

Shingles vaccine: Based on a positive response to the survey question, “Have you ever had 

the zoster or shingles vaccine, also called Zostavax®?” This question was preceded with the 

introduction, “Shingles is an outbreak of a rash or blisters on the skin that may be associated 

with severe pain. The pain is generally on one side of the body or face. Shingles is caused by the 

chicken pox virus. A vaccine for shingles has been available since May 2006.” 

Data source and methods 

Data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for this analysis. NHIS 

is a multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year by the National 

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Interviews are conducted in person in respondents’ homes, 

but follow-ups to complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone. The survey consists 

of (a) a Family Core component, which collects information on all family members; (b) a Sample 

Adult component, which collects information from one randomly selected adult per family; and 

(c) a Sample Child component, which collects information about one randomly selected child per 

family. Data for this analysis come from the Family Core and Sample Adult components of NHIS. 

For further information about NHIS, including the questionnaire, visit the NHIS website at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. 

All analyses used weights to produce national estimates. Estimates on adult immunizations in 

this report are nationally representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population 

aged 18 and over living in households across the United States. The sample design is described 

in more detail elsewhere (10). Point estimates and their estimated variances were calculated 

using SUDAAN software (11) to account for the complex sample design of NHIS. The Taylor 

series linearization method was used for variance estimation. Linear trend tests of the estimated 

proportions across the levels of age and income groups were tested in SUDAAN via PROC 

DESCRIPT using the POLY option. Differences between percentages were evaluated using 

two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. 

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NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016

About the authors 

Maria A. Villarroel and Anjel Vahratian are with the National Center for Health Statistics, 

Division of Health Interview Statistics. 

References 

1. Smith SA, Poland GA. Use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in people with diabetes. 

Diabetes Care 23(1):95–108. 2000. 

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of hepatitis B vaccination for adults with 

diabetes mellitus: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices 

(ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60(50):1709–11. 2011. 

3. Suaya JA, Chen SY, Li Q, Burstin SJ, Levin MJ. Incidence of herpes zoster and persistent 

post-zoster pain in adults with or without diabetes in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 

1(2):ofu049. 2014. 

4. Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH. Advisory committee on immunization practices 

recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older—United States, 2016. 

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:88–90. 2016. 

5. Ward BW, Clarke TC, Schiller JS. Early release of selected estimates based on data from the 

January–June 2016 National Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics. 2016. 

Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201611.pdf. 

6. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. A report on reaching underserved ethnic and 

minority populations to improve adolescent and adult immunization rates. Bethesda, Maryland. 

2002. 

7. Blackwell DL, Villarroel MA. Tables of summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National 

Health Interview Survey, 2015. National Center for Health Statistics. 2015. Available from: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/SHS/tables.htm. 

8. Williams WW, Lu PJ, O’Halloran A, Kim DK, Grohskopf LA, Pilishvili T, et al. Surveillance 

of vaccination coverage among adult populations—United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 

65(1):1–36. 2016. 

9. Multiple imputation of family income and personal earnings in the National Health Interview 

Survey: Methods and examples. National Center for Health Statistics. 2016. Available from: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/tecdoc15.pdf. 

10. Parsons VL, Moriarity CL, Jonas K, et al. Design and estimation for the National Health 

Interview Survey, 2006–2015. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(165). 

2014. 

11. RTI International. SUDAAN (Release 11.0.0) [computer software]. 2012. 

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NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 265 ■ December 2016

       

   

       

   

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Suggested citation 

Villarroel MA, Vahratian A. Vaccination 

coverage among adults with diagnosed 

diabetes: United States, 2015. NCHS data 

brief, no. 265. Hyattsville, MD: National 

Center for Health Statistics. 2016. 

Copyright information 

All material appearing in this report is in 

the public domain and may be reproduced 

or copied without permission; citation as to 

source, however, is appreciated. 

National Center for Health 

Statistics 

Charles J. Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., Director 

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate 

Director for Science 

Division of Health Interview Statistics 

Marcie L. Cynamon, Director 

Stephen J. Blumberg, Ph.D., Associate 

Director for Science 

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