JPRS-UEN-84-005

15 FEBRUARY 1984

USSR REPORT

ENERGY

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FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

REPRODUCED BY

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JPRS-UEN-84- 005

15 February 1984

USSR REPORT

ENERGY

CONTENTS

FUELS

OIL AND GAS

Oil, Gas Drilling, Extraction Figures for First Half of

1983

(VYSHKA, 8 Apr - 7 Aug 83) 1

COAL

Determining Planned Productivity of Mine

(I. G. Eoshchupkin; UGOL', No 11, Nov 83) 14

Engineering State of Art in Future Mines

(A. S. Burchakov; UGOL', No 11, Nov 83) 19

Developing Mining at Operating Mines

(I. D. Posyl'nyy, G. G. Kuznetsov; UGOL', No 11,

Nov 83) 26

ALTERNATE FUELS

£*\J

Prospects for Wind Power in Armenia Surveyed

(V. Markaryan, R. Sarkisyan; KOMMUNIST, 26 Oct 83) 32

Academy of Sciences Official Urges Greater Use of

Geothermal Energy

(I. Dvorov; TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA, 2 Oct 83) 35

Small Scale Solar Water Heaters Introduced in Turkmen SSR

(TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA, 27 Oct 83) 39

- a - [III - USSR - 37]
ELECTRIC POWER

NUCLEAR POWER

Delivery Problems Delay Construction at Balakovo AES

(A. Krotov; SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA, 1 Dec 83) , 40

Information, Progress Report on Paksh AES

(Kätalin Boshshani; PRAVDA, 3 Nov 83) 42

SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA Details Atomraash Developments

(SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA, various dates) 44

Contribution of Workers

Komsomol Watch

Prior to Finish

NON-NUCLEAR POWER

Solar Power Station Construction Report

(V. Torgayev; SOVETSKAYA KUL'TURA, 23 Jun 83) 47

Sayano-Shushenskaya GES Construction Report

(B. Malyshev; LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA, 9 Aug 83) 50

Maynskaya GES Construction Report

(B . Malyshev; LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA, 10 Aug 83) 56

Briefs

Ekibastuz-Barnau:l LEP 61

Rogunskaya GES Report 61

Bratskaya GES Modernization 61

Tobolskaya TETs Report 62

Nurekskaya GES Report 62

Bureyskaya GES Report 62

GRES for Samotlor Oil Field 63

Yerevanskaya TETs Report 63

Katun River To Produce Energy 63

Angrenskaya GRES-2 Report 63

Neryungrinskaya GEES Report 64

LEP From Stavropolskaya GRES 64

Ekibastuzskaya GRES-1 Report 64

Ekibastuz Coal Report 65

Ekibastuz Infrastructure Report 65

Ekibastuz Response to Above

Dnestrovskaya GES Report

Ali-Bayramlinskaya GRES Report 66

Equipment for Sayano-Shushenskaya GES 67

Cheboksarskaya GES Report 67

Frunzenskaya TETs Modernized 67

Rogunskaya GES Equipment 68

Spandaryanskaya GES Report

65

66

68

More on Spandaryanskaya GES 69

b -
PIPELINES

PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

Glavsibtruboprovodstroy To Accelerate Work

(S. P. Vel'chev; STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV, No 10,

Oct 83) 70

Sibkomplektmontazh To Improve Management

(G. Ye. Subbotin; STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV, No 10,

Oct 83) , 73

Use of 'Sever-!' Apparatus in Constructing Gas Pipelines

Between Field Installations

(N. P. Okhrimenko; STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV, No 10,

Oct 83) 83

Pipeline Insulation in the North

(A. A. Gerdt; STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV, No 10,

Oct 83) 86

New Gas Pipeline Under Construction in Moscow

(R. Yevseyeva; SOVETSKAYA R0SSIYA, 22 Jul 83) 90

French Reports on Urengoy-Uzhgorod Gas Pipeline

(ZA RUBEZHOM, No 32, Aug 83) 92

Messoyakha-Norilsk Pipeline

(A. Trofimuk; STROITEL'NAYA GAZETA, 30 Sep 83) 97

Financial, Other Incentives for Pipeline Workers

(An. Shakhov; LITERATURNAYA GAZETA, No 40, 5 Qct 83) 99

Penza Plant Increases Output of Ball Values

(I. Kalashnikov; IZVESTIYA, 11 Jul 83) 106

Want Ads Call for Foremen, Pipelayers, Metalworkers for

Jobs in Tyumen Obiast

(EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA, No 39, Sep 83) 107

Briefs

Urengoy-Uzhgorod Pipeline 109

Pipelines Near Orenburg 109

Pipeline Near Lipetsk 110

Urengoy Gas Reaches Tambov 110

-Gas Pipeline in TaSSR 110

Gas Condensate Processing Plant 110

Pipeling Insulation 111

Severnyy Balkum 111

Kirovskiy Rayon Gas Pipeline 111

- c -
Kirghiz Pipeline Delivers Petroleum 111

Fuel Pipelines Operative 112

Ukrainian Pipeline Sector Advances 112

Pipeline Segment Meets Test 112

Turkmen-Uzbek Gas Linkup 112

Gas Pipeline Segment Completed 112

Czech Turbines in Use 113

Automated Gas Cooling Station 113

Urengoy-Center Pipeline Progress 113

COMPRESSOR STATIONS

Report on Chaykovskaya Gä>s Compressor Station

(M. Bulanzhe; IZVESTIYA, 26 Oct 83) . 114

New Remote-Controlled Compressor Models

(A. Sarukhanyan; KOMMUNIST, 20 Nov 83) 116

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Figures on CEMA Fuel and Energy Production, Use Cited

(E. Sheynin; ARGUMENTY I FAKTY, No 43, 25 Oct 83) 117

GENERAL

GSSR Official Urges Improved Power System

(Vakhtang Gomelauri; ZARYA VOSTOKA, 15 Sep 83)... 121

Oil and Gas Sales To Western Europe Questioned

(ARGUMENTY I FAKTY, No 35, 30 Aug 83) 124

Minsk Heating System Reconstruction

(V. Grech; STROITEL'NAYA GAZETA, 1 Jul 83) ... 127

Tyumen Bottleneck Described Again

(A. Savinykh; SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA,

4 Oct 83) 129

Briefs

Rotary Excavators 131

Paper Greenhouse Heating Ducts 131

Excavator Wins Gold Medal 131

Empty Metal Drums Utilized 132

- d -
OIL AND GAS

OIL, GAS DRILLING, EXTRACTION FIGURES FOR' FIRST HALF OF 111 83

Baku VYSHKA in Russian 8 Apr - 7 Aug 83

/Articles providing data on drilling and extraction results in the

Azerbaijan SSR for six-month period/

ß Apr 83 p \J

/Text/ Oil and Gas: How Drilling is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of drilling plans for the first quarter of 1983 (given

as a percentage of plan)

March Jan - Mar

Total Explor- Total ExplorDrill- ation drill- ation

ing inj

Azneft Association

Apsheronskoye UBR (G.Gasanov)

(M.Mamedov)

Siazanskoye UBR (Kagramanov

Guvvetov)

Ali-Bayramlinskoye UBR

(G. Alekperov and N.

Ismaylov)

Neftechalinskoye UBR (D. Akhun- 94.2

dov and A. Guseynov)

Kyursanginskoye UBR (A. Bakhshiyev and Sh. Abilov)

Gobustanskoye UBR (A. Abdullayev and G. Israfilov)

Dzharlinskoye UBR (R. Veliyev

and M. Dzhafarov)

104.7 102.3

1 10.3 105.2

106.7 60.5

107.6 132.7

94.2 72. 1

103.0 184.4

102.6 102.6

1 12.0 87.7

104.8 103.8

103.7 53. 1

105. 1 75.3

104.4 115.9

106.8 146.9

103.8 107.3

102.7 102.7

108.9 59.8
\y

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom

MUBR Neftyanyye Kamni (0. Abasov 107.8

and K. Dadashev)

MUBR Peschaninsköy^; (Sh . Mekhti- 100.2

yev and B. Mamedov)

MUBR Sangachalskoye (M. Mamedov

and M. Alekskerov)

MURB Primorskoye (A. Ismaylov

and E. Imanov)

MURB Bulla (A. Abbasov and M.

Mamedov)

MURB Bukhta Ilicha (A. Gasymov

and 0. Süleymanov)

MURB so STS (0. Selimkhanov and

A. Muradverdiyev)

Total for Azerbaijan SSR

83,0 4 7.6 97.2 90.4

107.8 - 1 15.5 -

100.2 - 111.8 -

88.0 - 94.0 -

104.3 65.0 105.3 103.6

100. 1 100. 1 101.5 101 .5

38.4 1 1.6 86.0 66.8

36.3 36.3 32.3 32.3

95.3 76.3 101.5 92.4

In spite of fulfilling the plans for drilling in the first quarter overall for

the republic, the VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom did not meet its plan. It fell short

of its drilling plan by 2,000 meters. The drilling administrations

Sangachalskoye, Bukhta Ilicha did not meet their plans owing to specialized

equipment, which fell short of the drilling plan by 6,300 meters. The Azneft

association permitted a lag in exploration drilling by allowing the Dzharlinskoye

URB, Apsheronskoye UB.R and the Siazanskoye UBR not to meet their drilling

plan by 3,700 meters.

/8 Apr 83 p jj

/TextJ Oil and Gas: How Extraction is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of the oil and gas extraction plans for the first quarter of 1983 (given as a percentage of plan)

March Jan - Mar

Oil Gas Oil Gas

Azneft Association 101.7 110.8 100.2 109.6

NGDU Leninneft (R. Vezirov, 93.7 106.6 94.6 102.4

chief, and M.Mamedov, party

secretary)

im. 26 Bakinskikh komissarov 100.0 102.0 101.1 102.3

(A. Bagiyev and Ch. Mustafayev)

Ordzhonikidzeneft (Z. Tagi**

yev and R. Ragimov)

Karadagneft (K. Kerimov and

M. Ragimov)

Kirovneft (S. Nazarov and

I. Ibragimov)

100.4 1 10.2 100. 1 109.9

104.8 143.9 105.6 126.4

100.0

2

105.7 100.6 105. 1
Azizbekovneft (T. Gasanov 100.0 100.4 100.8

and M. Alpatov)

Siazanneft (M. Musayev and 83.2 100.6 94.2

A. Medzhidov)

Shirvanneft (V. Mamedov and 102.2 110.0 100.9

Z. Geydarov)

Salyanyneft (F. Guseynov and 106.2 103.1 103.2

T. Gasanov)

Neftechalaneft (S. Mamedov and 100.0 105.4 89.2

I Dzhafarov)

Muradkhanlyneft (T. Zeynalov 210.0 100.0 137.6

and I. Babayev)

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom 100.3 100.9 100.4

PO im. XXII CPSU Congress (R. Ibra- 100.0 100.0 100.1

gimov and N. Zaidov)

NGDU Artemneftegaz (B. Khalilov 100.0 106.2 100.0

and T. Azizov)

im. Serebrovskoye (F. Musayev 100.0 106.6 100.7

and V. Alekperov)

im. N. Narimanov (G. Gumbatov 100.0 102.3 100.5

and E. Mamedov)

im. 50-letiye SSSR (B. Mamedov 103.0 91.7 101.3

and A. Ponyayev)

Total for Azerbaijan 100.8 101.4 100.3 101.4

The NGDUs Leninneft, Siazanneft and. Neftechalneft fell short of their plans for

the first quarter by 180,000 tons of oil.

The Kaspmorneftegazprom Association did not meet its additional

assignment for oil extraction, falling short of its assignment by

1 16,500 tons.

JJ May 8 3 p \J

/Text/ Oil and Gas: How Extraction is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of oil and gas for the period January through April

1983 (given as a percentage of the plan)

108 .8

105 5

1 10 .7

103 .7

120 7

100 0

101 .0

100 .0

1 10 .0

106 .2

103 .3

91 .8

April Jan - April

Oil Gas Oil Gas

Azneft Association (General Di- 100.0 125.7 100.2 113.4

rector B. Gadzhiyev)

NGDU Leninneft (R. Vezirov 96.9 101.2 95.2 102.1

and M. Mamedov)
im. 26 Bakinskikh komissarov 103.1 101.3 101.6 102.1

(A. Bagiyev and Ch. Mustafayev)

Ordzhonikidzeneft (Z. Tagiyev

andR. Ragimov)

Karadagneft (K. Kerimov and M.

Ragimov)

Kirovneft (S. Nazarov and I.

Izbragimov)

Azizbekovneft (T. Gasanov and

M. Alpatov)

Siazanneft (M. Musayev and A.

Medzhidov)

Shitvanneft (V. Mamedov and Z.

Geydarov)

Salyanyneft (F. Guseynov and T.

Gasanov)

Neftechalaneft (S. Mamedov and I.

Dzhafarov)

Muradkhanlyneft (T. Zeynalov and

I. Babayev)

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom (chief, K.

Abasov)

PO im. XXII CPSU Congress (S. Ibragimov and N. Zaidov)

NGDU Artemneftegaz (B. Khalilov and

T. Azizov)

im. Serebrovskoye (F. Musayev and

V. Alekperov)

im. N. Narimanov (G. Gumbatov and

E. Mamedov)

im. 50-letiye SSSR (B. Mamedov

and A. Ponyayev)

Total for the associations 100.0 106.2 100.1 102.5

100.0 109.8 100. 1 109.9

103.7 159.6 105. 1 133.8

100.0 106.5 100.4 105.4

100.0 1 12.5 100.6 109.5

100.0 100.6 95.7 104.2

103.9 122. 1 101.6 1 13.4

107.5 146.9 104.3 113.2

41.0 133.3 77. 1 123.0

100.3 100.0 128.6 100.0

100.1 105.2 100. 1 101 .0

100.0 100.0 100. 1 100.0

100.0 1 10.0 100.0 109.9

103. 1 1 14.5 101.3 108.2

102.6 111.3 101.0 105. 1

89.4 90.7 98.0 91.5

According to results for January-April 1983 in the Azneft Association

the following NGDUs did not meet their oil extraction plans: Leninneft, Siazanneft and Neftechalaneft. These organizations fell short

of their plan by 25,300 tons. The NGDU im. 50-letiye SSSR in April

fell short of its plan for oil and gas extraction, as a result of

which at the end of four months the organization has some 5,400 tons

of oil and 123.6 million cubic meters of gas to make up.

The Kaspmorneftegazprom Association did not fulfill its additional

task for oil extraction against which some 164,100 tons of oil were

not extracted.
ß May 83 p \J

/Text/ Oil and Gas: How Drilling is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of drilling plans for the period January-April 1983

(given as a percentage of plan)

April Jan April

Total

drilling

Explor- Total Exploratory drill- atory

ing

Azneft Association (General Di- 101.9 85.4 104.0 91.3

rector B. Gadzhiyev)

Apsheronskoye UBR (G. Gasanov 105.5 19.4 104.2 46.8

and M. Mamedov)

Siazanskoye UBR (I. Kagramanov 75.8 29.8 96.9 62.1

and I. Guvvetov)

Ali-Bayramlinskoye UBR (G. 107.1 79.1 105.2 104.4

Alekperov and N. Ismaylov)

Neftechalinskoye UBR (D. Akhun- 105.0 102.9 106.3 137.1

dov and A. Guseynov)

Kyursanginskoye UBR (A. Bakh- 102.8 148.4 103.5 119.1

shiyev and Sh. Abilov)

Gobustanskoye URB (A. Abdul- 93.9 93.9 100.4 100.4

layev and G. Israfilov)

Dzharlinskoye URB (R. Veliyev 107.4 85.4 108.5 67.5

and M. Dzhafarov)

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom (K. Aba- 89.2 77.7 92.3 78.3

sov)

MUBR Neftyanyye kamni (0. Aba- 105.5 - 112.9

sovpand K. Dadashev)

MUBRNFeschaninskoye (Sh. Mekh- 100.5 - 108.9

tiyev and B. Mamedov)

MUBR Sangachalskoye (M. Mamedov 60.6 - 85.4

and M. Aleskerov)

MURB Primorskoye (A. Ismaylov 102.7 104.6 104.6 103.9

and E. Imanov)

MURB Bulla (A. Abbasov and M. 42.5 42.5 84.5 84.5

Mamedov)

MURB Bukhta Ilicha (A. Gasymov 136.0 70.3 100.3 67.9

and 0. Suleymanov)

MURB so STS (0. Selimkhanov 108.2 108.2 52.5 52.5

and A. Muradverdiyev)

Total for the associations 96.2 81.4 98.6 84.9
In spite of fulfilling the January-April drilling plan overall, the Azneft

Association did not meet its goal for exploratory drilling. As of this date

the association owes 3,000 meters of exploratory drilling. The Siazanskoy URB

fell short of its drilling plan by 300 meters. The Siazanskoy UBR, the

Apsheronskoye UBR and the Dzharlinskoy UBR fell short of their plan by 5,100

meters and are behind in their exploratory drilling.

The VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom fell short of its drilling target by 8,500 meters.

The Sangachalskoye and Bulla drilling administrations did not meet their

drilling plans, owing to specialized equipment, by 10,500 meters. These

administrations and also the MURB Bükhta Ilicha are behind in their exploratory

drilling, having failed to meet their plan by 7,800 meters.

/J Aug 83 p J_7

/Text/ Oil and Gas: How Extraction is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of the oil and gas extraction plans for the period January through July 1983 (given as a percentage of plan)

July Jan - July

Oil Gas Oil Gas

Azneft Association 100.2 104.9 100.2 112.0

NGDU Leninneft (R. Vezirov and 100.0 100.7 97.3 101.5

M. Mamedov)

NGDU im. 26 Bakinskikh komis- 100.0 101.8 100.9 101.9

sarov (A. Bagiyev and A.

Mustafayev)

NGDU Ordzhonikidzeneft (Z. 100.0 109.1 100.0 109.6

Tagiyev and r. Ragimov)

NGDU Karadagneft (K. Kerimov 100.1 116.3 103.3 122.4

and M. Ragimov)

NGDU Kirovneft (T. Mamedov and 100.1 104.0 100.3 105.7

I. Ibragimov)

NGDU Azizbekovneft (T. Gasanov 100.0 106.8 100.3 108.8

andM, Alpatov)

NGDU Siazanneft (M. Musayev 100.0 100.0 97.5 102.3

and A. Medzhidov)

NGDU Shirvanneft (V. Mamedov 100.0 101.1 101.0 111.8

and V. G^ydarov)

NGDU Salyanyneft (F. Guseynov 105.3 101.8 103.5 116.9

and G. Gasanov)

NGDU Neftechalaneft (S. Mamedov 67.8 127.9 82.4 122.5

and I. Dzhafarov)

NGDU Muradkhanlyneft (S. Mura- 125.9 100.0 120.7 100.0

dov and I. Babayev)

100.3 103.4 100.1 103.2
VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom 100.3 103.4 100.1 103.2

PO im. XXII CPSU Congress 103.4 100.0 100.9 100.0

(S. Ib'rag'imov and N. Zaidov)

NGDU Artemneftegaz (B. Khalilov 100.0 115.0 100.0 110.6

andT. Azizov)

NGDU imeni Serebrovskoye (F. 100.0 105.4 100.7 109.4

Musayev and V. Alekperov)

NGDU imeni N. Naimanov (G. Gum- 102.1 100.2 101.9 104.6

batov and E. Mamedov)

NGDU imeni 50'-letiye SSSR 82.1 101.8 9 1.7 94.0

(B. Mamedov and A. Ponyayev)

Total for the associations 100.3 103.4 100.2 103.7

-9-

' According to the results for January-July 1983 for the Azneft Association the NGDUs Leninneft, Neftechalaneft and Siazanneft did not

fulfill their oil extraction plans; they fell short of their target

v'by^r28,100 tons. The NGDU imeni 50-letiye SSSR, based on results for

""the seven months of the current year, is behind by 42.200 tons of

oil and 154.6 million cubic meters of natural gas.

The VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom did not meet its additional assignment

for oil extraction, against which it failed to extract some 284,600

tons .

ß Aug 83 p 2.7

/TextJ Oil and Gas: How Drilling is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

the fulfillment of the drilling plans for January-July 1983 for

the Azneft Association and the VPO Kaspmorneftegasprom. (Given as

a percentage of plan)

July Jan - July

Azneft Association 68.6 59.7

Apsheronskoye UBR (G. Gasanov 100.1 138.3

and M. Mamedov)

Siazanskoye UBR (I. Kägramanöv 55.5 42.2

and I. Guvvetov)

Ali-Bayramlinskoye UBR (G. Alek- 45.6 30.3

perov and N. Ismaylov)

Neftechalinskoye UBR (D. Akhun- 77.3 37.0

dov and a. Guseynov)

Kyursanginskoye UBR (A. Bakh- 4 1.9 85.9

shiyev and Sh. Abilov)

Gobustanskoye URB (A. Abdul- 104.4 104.4

layev and G. Israfilov)

Total Explor- Total Exploradrill- atory drill- tory

ing ing

96.7 91.6

100.2 63.3

87.2 50.7

93.0 92.7

100.2 111.3

92.2 144.2

103.6 103.6
In spite of fulfilling the January-May 1983 drilling plan overall, the Azneft

Association did not meet its exploratory drilling plan and now owes 3,000 meters.

The Siazanskoye UBR did not fulfill its drilling plan by 1,100 meters. The

Apsheronskoye UBR, Siazanskoye UBR and the Dzharlinskoye UBR, which fell short

of their plan by 6,200 meters, are lagging in their exploratory drilling.

The VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom has not met its drilling plan for the five months,

having fallen short of their plan by 12,400 meters. The Sangachalskoye and

Bulla drilling administrations fell short of their drilling plans by 14,000

meters, owing to specialized equipment. The MURBs Bulla, so STS and Bukhta

Ilicha fell short of their drilling plan by 10.600 meters.

[8 Jun 83 p 1]

/Text/ Oil and Gas: How Extraction is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of the oil and gas extraction plans for the first six

months of 1983. (Given as a percentage of the plan)

June Jan - June

Oil Gas Oil Gas

Azneft Association cl00.4 110.8 100.2 113.3

NGDU Leninneft (R. Vezirov 100.0 100.8 96.8 101.7

and M. Mamedov)

NGDU im. 26 Bakinskikh komis- 100.0 102.1 101.0 101.9

sarov (A. Bagiyev and Ch.

Mustafayev)

-"'NGDU Ordzhonikidzeneft (Z. Tagiyev and R. Ragimov)

y NGDU Karadagneft (K. Kerimov

and M. Ragimov)

NGDU Kirovneft (T. Mamedov

and I. Ibragimov)

NGDU Azizbekovneft (G. Gasanov and M. Alpatov)

NGDU Siazanneft (M. Musayev

and A. Medzhidov)

NGDU Shirvanneft (V. Mamedov

and Z. Geydarov)

NGDU Salyanyneft (F. Guseynov

and G. Gasanov)

NGDU Neftechalaneft (S. Mamed- 100.0

ov and I. Dzhafarov)

NGDU Muradkhanlyneft (S. Murad-102.7

ov and I. Babayev)

100.0 109.4 100.1 109.7

100.9 105. 1 103.9 123.5

100.0 107.7 100.3 106.0

100.0 106.3 100.4 109. 1

100.0 100.2 9 7.1 102.7

100.4 1 15.2 101. 1 1 13.8

102.2 123.9 103.3 1 19.5

100.0 1 15.6 84.8 121.9

102.7 100.0 120.0 100.lt''
Dzharlinskoye URB (R. Veliyev 34.0 19.7 95.1 67.7

and M. Dzhafarov)

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom 88.9 82.7 90.6 80.6

MUBR Neftyanyye kamni (0. Abasov 108.6 - 113.0

andf K.Dadashev)

MUBRJPeschaninskoye (Sh. Mekh- 100.5 - 106.0

tiyev and B. Mamedov)

MUBR Sangachalskoye (M. Mamedov 90.2 - 83.2

and M. Aleskerov)

MURB Primorskoye (A. Ismaylov 81.0 98.5 100.1 108.5

and E. Iraanov)

MURB Bulla (N. Ragimov and M. 100.3 100.3 91.8 91.8

Mamedov)

MURB Bukhta Ilicha (A.Gasymov 67.9 6 1.7 99.1 7 1.1

and 0. Suleymanov)

MURB so STS (V. Aliyev and A. 48.7 48.7 46.3 46.3

Muradverdiyev)

Total for the associations 77.1 71.6 93.9 85.9

During the period January-July 1983 the Azneft Association fell short of its

drilling plan by 8,300 meters. The drilling administrations of Siazanskoye,

Ali-Bayramlinskoye, Kyursanginskoye and Dzharlinskoye did not fulfill their

plans and now owe some 10,200 meters of drilling. The association fell short

of its exploratory drilling goal by 5,700 meters. The Siazanskoye, Dzharlinskoye

Apsheronskoye and Ali-Bayramlinskoye drilling administrations underdrilled

by 6,300 meters.

The VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom fell short of its drilling plan by 18,900 meters.

The Sangachalskoye and Bulla drilling administrations fell short of their

plans by 20,300 meters owing to specialized equipment. The association fell

short of its exploratory drilling plan by 13,900 meters. The MURB Bulla and

the MURB so STS and the MURB Bukhta Ilicha underdrilled by 14,800 meters.

MURB so STS and the MURB Bukhta Ilicha underdrilled by 14,800

meters.

ß Jun 83 p J

V'"' /Text? Oil and Gas: :1SQW Extraction, is Proceeding; \ m]

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of the oil and gas extraction plans for the period

January to May 1983. (Given as a percentage of plan)
VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom

PO im. XXII CPSU Congress (S.

Ibragimov and N. Zaidov)

NGDÜ Artemneftegaz ( B. Khalilov

and T. Azizov)

NGDU imeni Serebrovskoye (F. Muse

ayev and V. Alekperov)

NGDU imeni N. Narimanov (G. Gumbatov and E. Mamedov)

NGDU imeni 50-letiye SSSR (B.

Mamedov and A. Ponyayev)

Total for the associations

100.3 106.2 100. 1 103.2

102.7 100.0 100.5 100.0

110.0 1 10.0 100.0 1 10.0

100.0 1 14.0 100.9 1 10. 1

102.3 105.0 101 .9 105.3

83.6 96.2 93.5 92.7

100.3 106.4 100.2 103.7

According to the totals for January-June 1983 for the Azneft Association the Leninneft, Siazanneft and Neftechalaneft NGDU's did not

fulfill their oil extraction plans; they fell short against a plan

calling for 25,300 tons. The NGDU imeni 50-letiye SSSR failed to

meet its plan in June for the extraction of oil and gas, as a result of which according to the results for the six months of the

current year it now owes 27,900 tons of oil and 161.1 million cubic

meters of gas to the plan.

The VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom did not meet its additional task for

oil extraction, against which some 244,600 tons of oil were not

extracted.

ß Jun 83 p J

/Text/ Oil and Gas: How Drilling Is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of the drilling plans for the first six months of 1983.

(Given as a percentage of the plan)

June Jan - June

Azneft Association

Apsheronskoye UBR (Gasanov

and M. Mamedov)

Siazanskoye UBR (I. Kagramanov

andl. Guvvetov)

Ali-Bayramlinskoye UBR (G.

Alekperov and N. Ismaylov)

Neftechalinskoye UBR (D. Akhunr

dov and A. Guseynov)

Kyursanginskoye UBR (A. Bakh- 100.1 300.0 102.4 154.9

shiyev and Sh. Abilov)

10

Total Explor- Total Explordrill- atory drill- atory

ing ing

96.5 118.1 102. 1 97.8

8 1.1 151 .9 100.3 53.6

100.5 55.7 93.2 52.6

88.4 89. 1 102.0 105.2

101.2 136.6 104.6 128.0
[8 Jul83 p 1]

[Text] Oil and Gas: How Extraction is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on fulfillment

of the oil and gas extraction plans for the period January to May 1983.

(Given as a percentage of plan)

Gobustanskoye UBR (A. Abdul*-

layev and G. Israfilov)

Dzharlinskoye UBR (R. Veliyev

and M. Dzhafarov)

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom

MUBR Neftyanyye kamni (0. Abasov

and K. Dadashov)

MUBR Peschaninskoye (Sh. Mekhtiyev and B. Mamedov)

MUBR Sangachalskoye (M. Mamedov

and M. Aleskerov)

MURB Primorskoye (A. Ismaylov and

E. Imanov)

<:; MURB Bulla (A..Abbasov and M.

Mamedov)

MURB Bukhta Ilicha (A. Gasymov and 114.6

0. Suleymanov)

MURB so STS (V. Aliyev and A.

Muradverdiyev)

Total for the associations 93.2 104.7 97.1 88.7

In spite of fulfilling the January-June drilling plan overall, the Azneft

Association did not meet its exploratory drilling target and now owes 1,200 meters

of drilling to the plan. The Siazanskoye UBR fell short of its drilling plan

by 1,100 meters. The Apsheronskoye UBR, the Siazanskoye UBR and the

Dzharlinskoye UBR lagged behind their exploratory drilling, falling short of

their plan by 6,800 meters.

The VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom did not fulfill its drilling plan for the first

six months of the year, having fallen short of the plan by 15,600 meters. The

Sangachalskoye and Bulla administrations fell short of their plan by 18,200

meters owing to specialized equipment. The association fell short of its

exploratory drilling plan by 11,900 meters. The MURB Bulla, so STS and

Bukhta Ilicha underdrilled by 12,000 meters.

103.8 103.8 103.4 103.4

100.2 89.7 107.8 78.0

89.2 93.6 90.8 80.2

1 16.0 - 1 13.7 -

100.8 - 107.0 -

67.8 82. 1 -

100.2 123. 1 103.5 1 10.2

100. 1 100. 1 90.3 90.3

1 14.6 103.8 106.0 73.7

43.0 43.0 45.9 45.9

11
/9 Jul 83 pj_/

/Text/ Oil and Gas: How the Drilling Is Proceeding

Data from the Azerbaijan SSR Central Statistical Administration on

fulfillment of the drilling plan for the period January-May 1983.

(Given as a percentage of plan)

May Jan - May

Total Explor- Total Explordrill- atory drill- atory

ing ing

Azneft Association (General101.71007.103.593.5

Director B.A.Gadzhiyev)

Apsheronskoye UBR (Gasanov 102.7 13.0 103.9 44.5

and M. Mamedov)

Siazanskoye UBR (I, Kagramanov 74.1 18.2 9 1.5 5 1.8

and I. Guvvetov)

Ali-Bayramlinskoye UBR (G. Alek-105.1 123.6 105.2 109.2

perov and N. Ismaylov)

Neftechanlinskoye UBR (D. Akhun-102.1 89.0 105.4 126.4

dov and A. Guseynov)

Kyursanginskoye UBR (A. Bakh- 100.8 149.3 102.9 125.8

shiyev and Sh. Abilov)

Gobustanskoye URB (A. Abdul- 114.1 114.1 103.4 103.4

layev and G. Israfilov)

Dzharlinskoye URB (R. Veliyev 113.6 101.5 109.8 75.3

and M. Dzhafarov)

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom (K. Abas-r 87.0 72.6 91.2 77.0

ov)

MUBR Neftyanyye kamni (0. Abas- 114.7 - 113.3

ov and K. Dadashev)

MUBR Peschaninskoye (Sh. Mekh- 105.7 - 108.2

tiyev and B. Mamedov)

MUBR Sangachalskoye (M. Mamed- 83.0 - 84.9

ov and M. Aleskerov)

MURB Primorskoye (A. Ismaylov 103.0 119.3 104.2 107.4

and E. Imanov)

MURB Bulla (A. Abbasov and M. 100.4 100.4 88.1 88.1

Mamedov)

MURB Bukhta Ilicha (I. Gasymov 117.8 63.1 104.2 66.7

and 0. Suleymanov)

MURB so STS (0. Selimkhanov 27.1 27.1 46.6 46.6

and A. Muradverdiyev)

total for the associations 95.4 86.2 97.9 80.8

12
May Jan - May

Öil Gas ~ Oil Gas

Azneft Association (B.A.Gadzhiev) 100.2 115.2 100.2 114.0

NGDU Leninneft (R. Vezirov and 100.0 100.8 96.2 101.8

and M. Mamedov)

NGDU im. 26 Bakinskikh komis- 100.0 101.3 101.3 101.9

sarov (A. Bagiyev and Ch.

Mustafayev)

NGDU Ordzhonikidzeneft (Z. Tagi- 100.0 109.4 100.1 109.8

yev and R. Ragimov)

NGDU Karadagneft (K. Kerimov 102.2 109.2 104.5 127.8

and M. Ragimov)

NGDU Kirovneft (S. Nazarov 100.0 106.8 100.3 105.7

and I. Ibragimov)

NGDU Azizbekovneft (T. Gasanov 100.0 110.0 100.5 109.6

and M. Alpatov)

NGDU Siazanneft (M. Musayev 100.0 100.1 96.6 103.3

and A. Medzhidov)

NGDU Shirvanneft (V. Mamedov and 100.0 113.7 101.3 113.5

Z. Geydarov)

NGDU Salyanyneft (F. Guseynov 100.3 139.9 103.5 118.6

and G. Gasanov)

NGDU Neftechalaneft (S. Mamedov 100.0 122.1 81.8 122.8

and Dzhafarov) '■■■> . » 1 . .

NGDU Muradkhanlyneft (A. Kerimov 100.0 100.0 123.0 100.0

and A. Babayev)

VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom (K. Abasov)100.2 105.6 100.1 102.6

PO im. XXII CPSU Congress (S. 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0

Ibragimov and S. Zaidov)

NGDU Artemneftegazprom (B. 100.0 110.4 100.0 110.0

Khalilov and T. Azizov)

NGDU imeni Serebrovskoye (f. 100.0 113.9 101.0 109.3

Musayev and V. Alekperov)

NGDU imeni Narimanov (G. Gum- 105.0 106.5 101.8 105.4

batov and E. Mamedov)

NGDU im. 50-letiye SSSR (B. 87.2 94.0 95.6 92.0

Mamedov and A. Ponyayev)

Total for the associations 100.2 106.0 100.1 103.2

According to the totals for January-May 1983 for the Azneft Association the

NGDUs Leninneft, Siazanneft and Neftechalaneft did not fulfill their oil

extraction plans; they fell short by 25,300 tons. The NGDUI imeni 50-letiye SSSR

failed to meet its plan in May for oil and gas extraction, as a result, according

to results for the five months of the current year, it is now indebted to the

plan for 15,400 tons of oil and 146.8 million cubic meters of gas.

The VPO Kaspmorneftegazprom did not meet its additional task for oil extraction,

against which some 205,900 tons were not extracted.

8927 13

CSO: 1822/356
COAL

ÜDC -622.272.8:622.33.012.2

DETERMINING PLANNED PRODUCTIVITY OF MINE

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 11, Nov 83 pp 16-17

[Article by I. G. Roshchupkin, candidate of technical sciences, Tula Polytechnic Institute]

[Text] In the Moscow Basin the reserves of coal deposits in exploited regions

are gradually being reduced. Large mines with modern mechanization and technology are now under construction or have been completed. But these mines for the

time being are inadequate for meeting the needs for Moscow region coal. Provision is being made for the planning and construction of mines in new regions

(in the northwestern part of Tul'skaya and in the eastern part of Kaluzhskaya

Oblasts). The deposits of these regions are characterized by complex geological conditions, are discontinuous in area and are represented by individual

lenses of various configurations and extents. The coal reserves in these lenses are 20-250 million tons. The deposits for the most part are characterized

by limited coal reserves and it is desirable that they be worked by a single

mine.

The planning of a mine for deposits with limited reserves should be "from top

to bottom," that is, beginning with the setting of the productive capacity of

the enterprises, then proceeding to the structural subdivisions down to the

cleaning face. A different planning method can lead to a determination of productive capacity not confirmed by the reserves.

In the Moscow Basin mines with a capacity of 150-2,300 tons of coal annually

with a lifetime of 15-40 years have been planned. However, in many cases the

mine fields were worked out earlier, as a result of which the expenditures on

construction, reconstruction and operation of the mines have not paid for themselves. Accordingly, in the planning of mines there must be a rigorous determination of the reserves in the mine fields and the genetic characteristics

of the strata.

In the construction of a mine for the working of a deposit with limited coal

reserves its optimum planned productivity must be established by the economicmathematical modeling method, taking into account the increase and droppingoff of production in accordance with the following mathematical model:

+2c/f (i+£^ )-'•—> min'

14
where SSp ve& axe the total specific reduced expenditures, rubles/ton; A is

the annual planned productivity of the mine, thousands of tons; Kti are the

capital expenditures for the lifetime of the mine (t-., years), thousands of

rubles; Ct? are the operating expenditures during the period during which

the mine attains its planned capacity to the dropoff of production (t2, years),

thousands of rubles; C^d are the operating expenditures during the period of

development and dropoff of production (t3, years), thousands of rubles; Er

sr

- n

is the normalized coefficient of efficiency of capital investments; E is

the normalized coefficient of reduction of expenditures in time, Esr = 0.08.

sp

18

n

16

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1k

13

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bles/i on

<\

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k

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0 300 600 300 1200 1500 1300 A

PP

Fig. 1. Dependence of specific reduced expenditures SSpec red on planned productivity of mine App (in thousands of tons) with industrial coal reserves in

deposit: 1, 2, 3, 4 — 20, 40, 60, 80 million tons.

In the mathematical model the total capital expenditures include expenditures

on constructing major mine workings., cleaning work, transport, the work complex at the surface, hoisting, water drainage and ventilation during the period t]_. The total operational expenditures include expenditures on constructing major, preparatory mine workings, maintaining mine workings, cleaning work,

transport, the work complex at the surface, hoisting, water drainage, ventilation and maintaining a conditionally constant body of workers during the periods t£ and t3» The data base for reckoning the total expenditures are the integrated cost indices obtained on the basis of processing of the planning and

some production data. -.

On the whole for the branch the normalized coefficients of efficiency of capital investments is constant for an adequately long period of time. But in

determining the optimum parameters of mining enterprises its Values must be

assumed different, since the time required for paying off capital investments

varies, depending on the production capacity, reserves and lifetime of the

mine in a wide range.

An analysis of the operation of mines in the Moscow Basin during the last 15

years reveals that the normalized coefficient of efficiency of capital investments is not constant and varies from 0.05 to 0.25 or more.

15
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17
The results of application of the mathematical model for four typical groups

of deposits with industrial reserves of 20, 40, 60 and 80 million tons are

given in the table. The data in the table were used in plotting the dependence

of the specific reduced expenditures on annual planned mine productivity (see

Fig. 1). It follows from the data in the figure that the optimum annual planned productivities of mines for deposits with industrial reserves of 20, 40,

60, 80 million tons are 600, 1,200, 1,500, 1,800 thousand tons. Taking into

account the error in the computations, as well as the insignificant changes

in the expenditures in the zone of the extremum, we obtain the region of optimum values of the annual planned productivities of mines in the range 1,000

to 1,500 tons of coal.

Deposits with coal reserves of 80-250 million tons should be divided into individual mine fields when establishing the productivities of mines.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1983

5303

CS0: 1822/69

18
COAL - ' ;jA'.

UDC 658.Oil.54/.56:622.33.012.2.001.18

ENGINEERING STATE OF ART IN FUTURE MINES

Moscow UGOL1In Russian No 11, Nov 83 pp 20-22

[Article by A. S. Burchakov, doctor of technical sciences, Moscow Mining Institute]

[Text] GENERAL PRMGIFLES, Specialists at the Moscow Mining Institute have developed a scientific school In the field of formulation of new technological

and technical solutions for underground coal production — mines of the

future. Under the term "mine of the future" we do not refer to any specific

mine or even proposal for a mine, but a scientific direction—the on-going

formulation of new technological and technical solutions corresponding to

a scientifically validated prediction of changes in the technology of coal

production by the underground method.

The scientific content of the "mine of the future" problem includes the

following directions:

— formulation of technical and technological solutions for highly productive

mines with traditional technology (complexly mechanized and "assembly line"

excavation);

— formulation of the scientific principles for the development of methods and

apparatus ensuring waste-free production and precluding the need for man's

presence when carrying out most production processes under underground conditions;

— validation of the principles for underground coal production without the

construction of shafts, precluding man's presence under underground conditions.

At the present time the technological and technical solutions constituting the

first group of items in the "mine of the future" problem have been most fully

formulated: creation of highly productive methods and apparatus for the underground production of coal.

The following basic principles were scientifically validated for solving the

problem of increasing work productivity by a factor of 3-5: prediction for

10-15 years; a high mine productivity; a high load at the cleaning face; a high

degree of concentration and intensification of mining work; simplicity of technological plans and the possibility of their modernization; smooth operation of

the technological plan with uninterrupted transport from the face to the concentration plant; reduction of the volumes of auxiliary work in a mine not directly related to coal excavation (mine management, preparatory and other work);

a high degree of standardization of mining and transport equipment; great

19
reserves of productivity, and accordingly, a high reliability of the entire

technological plan; degassing of coal strata or the use of means for overcoming the ventilation barrier and ensuring safe and comfortable working conditions.

Before examining the essence of the formulated technical solutions it is necessary to mention still another fundamental aspect of the scientific approach

of the Moscow Mining Institute to formulation of the problem of reducing the

negative influence of rock pressure and presence of gas on the efficiency of

underground mining work..The problem of the effective and safe working-out of

strata containing gases or subject to bursts is one of the principal problems

in mining science and practice. The employed local methods for contending with

these phenomena are not adequately effective and in implementing all these

measures there are unjustifiable stoppages of highly productive equipment.

In his time Academician A. A. Skochinskiy devised and Academician V. V. Rzhevskiy, the author of this.article and N. V. Nozhkin later developed a regional

method for hydraulic "breakdown" of a stratum through boreholes from the surface. The fundamental feature of this method is the advance (prior to working

of the mine field or its parts) change in the properties and state of the coalbearing stratum. Thus, a necessary condition for the effective working-out of

mine field reserves and the use of the developed highly productive excavation

apparatus should be preliminary reduction of the coal-bearing stratum to a

safe state. This is being achieved by the introduction of different fluid substances and their interaction with coal, gas and rock. This results in an increase or decrease in permeability, an increase in the uniformity of strength

of the rock mass, a decrease in the release of gas due to its removal from the

stratum and a decrease of the danger of bursts. This method for the elimination of gas is now standard; it makes it possible not only to contend with

methane, but also to use it in the national economy. This method is undergoing

checking and is being introduced at individual mines as an antiburst procedure

(efficiency 40-80% for gas and dust).-. ".'

For the uniform processing of strata of gas-bearing rocks and rocks which are

dangerous for bursts it is proposed that the hydraulic breakdown be accomplished through horizontal shafts with a length of 500-800 m situated over the stratum, under the stratum and through the stratum. From a single installation

point it is possible to drill two or more boreholes (the parts of the borehole

are vertical, curvilinear and horizontal; the total length is 1,615-1,815 m).

The vertical and curvilinear parts of the borehole are reinforced by an operational column of cased pipe with subsequent cementing of the space outside the

pipes (Portland cement). The principle for advance, preliminary reduction of

the mine field to a state of maximum readiness for carrying out mining work and

operation of mining equipment is one of the fundamental principles for ensuring

highly productive operation of the coal mine of the future.

ESSENCE OF PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR MINE OF FUTURE.

As the principal means for the mechanization of cleaning work for the mine of

the future the F-l frontal planing apparatus has been developed. This ensures

the total mechanization and automation of the technological process of coal

20
excavation without the constant presence of people at the face. In this apparatus provision is made for the use of a working mechanism of the planing

type with its constant frontal deployment to the face. Problems of its control in the vertical and horizontal planes have been solved. In addition, the

apparatus includes a frame, delivery mechanism of the scraper type with an

upper supporting arm, supports of the limiting types, couplings, reloader,

control system, etc. The cross-sectional area of the drifts is not less than

8 m

2

, the length of the column is not less than 500 m. The pickup is 50-100

mm. The handling capacity of the conveyor is up to 700 tons/hour, the speed

is 2 m/sec. The daily advance of the cleaning face is 14-26 m, the shift productivity of labor is from 113 to 266 tons.

!

The technical specifications for the F-l apparatus were prepared at the Moscow

Mining Institute and the State Planning-Design Technological Institute of

Hoisting-Transport Machine Building (GPKTI PTM) of* the "Kran" Association. An

experimental model of the F-l apparatus was fabricated by the Uzlovskiy Machine Building Plant and the Malakhovskiy Experimental Plant of Giprouglemash

and is undergoing acceptance tests in the Kuzbass.

The technology and means of mechanization for the excavation of coal strata

without leaving pillars constitute a variant of working-out of sectors of mine

strata without waste. The fundamental feature of the proposed technology is

the working-out of a great part of the mine field reserves without preliminary preparation of the mine workings (OKS-1, OKS-2 complexes). The makeup of

the equipment is standard-produced excavation apparatus used in combination

with cross-timbering. The technical specifications were developed by the Mosscow Mining Institute, the GPKTI PTM of the "Kran" Association and Kargomash.

Experimental models have been fabricated by the Uzlovskiy and Novo-Karagandinskiy imeni 50-letiya Oktyabr'skayä Revölyutsiya machine-building plants. The

technological plan is now being tested in the Kuzbass.

The ABT excavation apparatus with a productivity of 1,600-2,000 tons/day has

been developed for the working of thin strata with a thickness of 0.6-1 m

with bedding angles up to 35°. Its principal distinguishing characteristic is

the matching of the breaking-off of coal and the loading of coal by means of

a single actuating mechanism closed in the horizontal plane. There is a counter

movement of the working and transport (empty) arms of the planing mechanism,

which ensures the efficient use of the worked-out space, which is extremely

limited in extent and which makes it possible to do without a special conveyor

in the drift.

The AFMG-1 and AFG-2 frontal mechanohydraulic and hydraulic apparatuses, developed jointly by the "Gidrougol"' Association and the VNIIgidrougol', are

intended for the mechanization and automation of the technological process of

coal excavation in strata with a thickness of 2T2.5-3.5 m with bedding angles

up to 15° when working along the stratum dip or strike.

The equipment includes the K-56MG combine, mounted on rotatable platforms, and

moving along a special trench, together with 2M-81E timbering. The number of

working mechanisms of this combine is 4; the total available power is 160 KW;

the angle of rotation in the horizontal plane is 30° and in the vertical plane

21
is 27-33°; regulation in thickness of the stratum is 2-3.5 in; rated handling

capacity is 6 tons/min; depth of cutting is 0.7 in. The special trench serves

as a support for the working mechanisms and forms a flow of pulp along the

drift. The rated capacity of the apparatus is 1,500-2,000,tonsytdiay.-'';Iriu»ddition,

for conveyorization with large loads in the drift specialists at the Moscow

Mining Institute have developed the 2LU-160 belt conveyor with a nominal rated capacity of 2,300 tons/hour. The conveyor is intended for slanting shafts

and slopes (with an angle of 3-18°). It was developed in three variants: with

lengths of 2,130, 2,710 and 3,620 m; the belt width is 1,600 mm, the rate of

movement is 3.15 m/sec with angles up to 3°. The conveyor has been fabricated

and will undergo acceptance tests.

Jointly with the UkrNIIproyekt the Moscow Mining Institute has prepared technical specifications for the 2LN-100 steeply slanting conveyor. In formulating the technical specifications, as the principal type of steeply slanting

^'" conveyor the choice was la t conveyor with a pressure belt and provision was

made for the broad standardization of the principal elements and parameters

with the 2LU-160 main-line conveyor. The nominal rated capacity is 2,300 tons/

s/' hour, the width of the belt is l,600:mT^ahd its rate of movement is 4 m/sec.

The conveyor was developed in three variants with motors having powers of

1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 KW respectively. A monorail system for carrying freight

and personnel has been developed for the delivery of auxiliary materials with

an MGLD-75 locomotive (the technical specifications were formulated jointly

with the VNIIgidrougol'). The system can be used for the delivery of heavy

equipment, materials and personnel from the surface to the face without intermediate reloading in mine workings with a complex configuration with slopes

up to 35°. The power of the diesel is 55.2 KW. A load of 7-8 tons can be moved

at a speed up to 15 km/hour with slopes up to 4°; a load of 3-3,5 tons is

moved at a speed of 2.5 km/hour with slopes up to 35°,

In order to reduce the volume of assembly and disassembly work and increase

the coefficient of continuous use of the mechanized complex a technological

plan has been developed for the preparation and working-out of pillars with

rotation of the apparatus by 180°; this is undergoing tests at the mines of

the Kuzbass and Donbass.

TECHNOLOGICAL ?LAN FOR COAL EXCAVATION W.Im USE QF HEAV$FLUIDS . Depending oiil

the mean density of the coal, as the heavy*fluid it is possible to use solutions of mineral salts or suspensions. We feel that the most promising is the

use of the following heavy fluids: saturated solution of sodium chloride (mean

density 1,360 kg/m3), materials from salt dumps (1,230 kg/m3), solutions of

calcium chloride (up to 1,460 kg/m2/), two-component magnetite suspensions (up

to 2,000 kg/m3). rhlThe annual plans for scientific research work under the "mine of the future"

project provide for implementation of research in the field of both improvement of modern technology with the use of existing or newly created mechanization techniques and the validation of fundamentally new technological solutions.

VALIDATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR COAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES WITHOUT SJAFT CONSTRUCTION. Investigations have now been made ofthe engineering principles for the

22
Underground production of coal without the presence of man underground. An

analysis of coal production methods without the construction of shafts has

been made taking into account the geological mining conditions for mines of

the future and the needs of the national economy for power and coking coals.

In the analysis of production methods not involving shaft construction an allowance has also been made for their peculiarities and advantages from the

point of view of multisided processing and use of coal in the national economy.

On the basis of an analysis of the geological conditions for the construction of

mines by'fthe USSR Ministry of the Coal Industry» and also on the. basis of branch

long-range forecasting for the purpose of further investigations for developing

processes for mines of the future, we determined the ranges of exploitable thicknesses and bedding angles, the category and depth of working of coal strata,

their average number per shaft and inflow of water into the shaft. We studied

the degree of study and testing and the prospects for actual creation or such

techniques for coal production without shaft construction as underground gasification, extraction, hydrogenizatlon of coal^ direct transformation of the

chemical energy of coal into electric power on the basis of the.fuel cell '

method, borehole hydraulic production of coal and other minerals from the

surface. The investigations which have been carried out made it possible to

establish that with allowance for the modern level of development of scientific and technical progress in the coal branch the most feasible variant

of production without shaft construction is the borehole hydraulic production

of coal.

Further scientific research work has been directed to the creation of means

and methods for coal production without shaft construction, especially a borehole apparatus which is an automated mechanism performing purposeful operations underground in a completely automatic regime. A necessary condition for

the operability and effectiveness of such an automated system in the geotechnological working of coal is the controllability of the technology itself and

its processes. We validated the legitimacy of the idea of creating a technology for coal production without shaft construction, so-called robotized technology, in which the principal actuating mechanism is a multipurpose automated robot having a tool for the destruction of rock and coal, a movement mechanism and other functional mechanisms of a productive purpose, transducers for

picking up information on the surrounding medium (sensory system) and a system

for the processing of data and making decisions. Such a type of cybernetic

mechanism can be assigned to the specific class of robots called mining robots.

One of the variants of a mining robot may be a borehole hydromonitcring apparatus. A study has been made of the possibility of .use of standard-produced, components for assembling an experimental model of the apparatus. Computations"

have been made of the principal parameters of the movement mechanism, consisting of thrust sections and movement jacks. Statistical computations of the

forces operative on the thrust section indicated its operability when using

standard-produced hydromonitors.

As already noted earlier, a mining robot is the principal element of a robotized technology without shaft construction and can have an actuating mechanism based on fundamentally different methods for the destruction of coal and

23
rocks. In particular, at the Moscow Mining Institute, under the direction

of A. P. Dmitriyev and Yu. I. Protasov, specialists have formulated principles

for creating a coal-producing robot with an electrodynamic working mechanism

which has been tested in the fragmentation of rocks of large dimensions and

in constructing mine workings in hard rocks. These principles served as a

basis for the development of an original design of a self-propelled borehole

apparatus which differs fundamentally from the borehole hydromonitoring apparatus not only with respect to the working mechanism for electrodynamic destruction, but also in the method for the transporting of broken coal and rock based on the action of air or gas (pneumatic transport). The use of the electrodynamic method in a robotized method for coal production without shaft construction has both its merits and its shortcomings. The principal merit of

the method is that the breaking-off of coal is accomplished without the efforts involved in delivery of a mechanism to the face (as exist in the mechanical destruction methods) and this facilitates the construction of the apparatus and makes it maneuverable. In addition, there is simplification of

overcoming of geological barriers, including solid inclusions. The shortcomings of the method include the danger of initiation of an explosion of coal

dust and a methane-air mixture, and also complexity in supporting the roof

in the excavated chamber. The first can be eliminated if the worked-out space

is filled with a neutral gas, such as nitrogen, carbon monoxide or methane;

the second can be eliminated by creating an excess of the pressure of this

same air or gas, that is, pneumatic energy, in the mine working.

Pneumatic energy is the principal source of energy in implementing a whole

series of production processes in the proposed technological plan, including

such an important process as the transport of the broken-off rock mass. We

analyzed existing methods and schemes for pneumatic transport of solid loads

and computed the parameters of the pneumatic transport system, as a result of

which it was demonstrated that despite the absence of analogues of such systems at the present time the idea of pneumatic,transport for coal production

without shaft construction is viable.

It has been established by investigations that:

— the electrodynamic breaking-off of coal from the frontal surface of the

face upon its contact with the working electrodes is accomplished with a probability of 0.9 with the following parameters: output voltage <3$, ,power pulse generator not less than 168 KVj distance between electrodes 400-700 mm; mass of

broken-off coal 10 kg; depth of funnel 44 mm; destruction area 20.6 dm2; specific energy capacity of destruction 1.38 KWh/ton. In order for there to be

uniform breaking-off of coal over the area of the face it is necessary to control the direction of imparting of energy pulses to the pairs of working electrodes situated uniformly over the zone at a distance of 400-700 mm from one

another;

~ when there is delivery of energy pulses in the cleavage there will be a pulverization of the coal without its detachment and therefore it is necessary

either to change the direction of breakage along mutually perpendicular axes

or make provision for combined detachment with the use of another, such as

the mechanical method for the destruction of coal and rock;

-- there can be different variants of management of the zone of actual destruction beyond the limits of the working zone of the actuating mechanism.

24
In conclusion it can be noted that a scientific direction in the creation of

new technological and technical solutions in the field of underground mining

work is necessary both from the point of view of the present-day needs of the

coal industry and also for a scientifically sound prediction of its prospects

for the future.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL , 1983

5303

CSO: 1822/69

25
COAL"

UDC 622.33.012.2"Rostovugol"!

DEVELOPING MINING AT OPERATING MINES

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 11, Nov 83 pp 23-25

[Article by I. D. Posyl'nyy and G. G. Kuznetsov, candidates of technical sciences, "Rostovugol"1 Association]

[Text] The "Rostovugol"' Association is one of the largest in the branch. By

1985 the production of coal at the association should reach 17.7 million tons.

However, in the 11th Five-Year Plan no provision was made here for the construction and starting-up of new mines. Accordingly, the increase in coal production should be ensured by already operating mines, which requires the implementation of a series of engineering-technical measures for maintaining and

augmenting their productive capacity.

The association includes 25 mines and mine administrations (32 technical entities) . Among these two mines were put into operation in the pre-Revolutionary period, 9 mines prior to the Great Fatherland War and others in the postwar period. In addition to the large mines, producing more than a million tons

of coal annually, there are eight mines with an annual productive capacity of

less than 300,000 tons of coal (including four with a capacity of less than

150,000 tons).

As a result of the prolonged period of operation, at virtually all mines the

fields on a slope have been worked out, as well as many sloping fields that are

at a depth as great as 1,000 m. At a number of mines the working of the remaining reserves has begun at the lower limits of the mine fields by means of

vertical shafts. There has been a considerable increase in the depth of working (at 12 mines work is being done at depths of 600-900 m, at 8 mines in the

range 400-600 m). More than 60% of the work is being done in rocks with a

strength factor f> 8 on the scale proposed by Professor M. M. Protod'yakonov.

Simultaneously with an increase in the depth of working there is an increase

in the extent of the maintained workings, which for the association has attained 1,400 km (at 18 mines the extent of the maintained workings is more

than 50 km). There has been a considerable increase in the amount of gas in

the mines. In the course of the next two to four years there will be a redistribution of coal production by thickness of the strata; strata with a thickness of more than 1.2 m will be worked out. All this has led to a substantial

decrease in the productive thicknesses in the operating mines.

26
For the purpose of maintaining existing volumes of coal production at operating mines measures have been developed and implemented at the association

for augmenting output and lengthening the lifetime of mines which are working out their reserves. This has ensured an increase in output by 2.43 million tons. Below we will mention the principal directions in improvement of

underground and surface mine facilities.

LENGTHENING OF LIFETIME OF MINES AS A RESULT QF THE REDISTRIBUTION OF THE

BALANCE OF COAL RESERVES. As examples of the realization of this direction

we will examine the operation of the "Oktyabr'skaya Revolyutsiya" and "Krasin"

mines.

The "Oktyabr'skaya Revolyutsiya" mine was put into operation in 1914 with a

planned annual capacity of 450,000 tons and an annual productive capacity of

530,000 tons. The mine exploits two anthracite strata with a thickness of

0.65 m and 1 m. The reserves within the limits of the planned boundaries

of the mine field were worked out in 1979. In 1963, in order to prolong the

lifetime of the mine, reserves were added on beyond the eastern technical

boundary from the field of the "Bessergenevskaya" mine. The construction of

W the latter was 'put in mothballs^in 1962. In order to develop work on the addedon part of the mine field an air-supply shaft was constructed with a depth of

132 m, as well as a ventilation shaft with a depth of 190 m and a slope. The

working of strata was initiated here in 1966 and continued with deepening of

the slope until 1981. In 1980 a second shaft was driven and to eliminate the

"step" scheme for the transport of rock, delivery of material and people, and

also for supplying fresh air the shaft of the "Bessergenevskaya" shaft was

widened and deepened by 320 m. All this made it possible to work out the mine

field by four complexly mechanized drifts. As a result of the repeated add-on

of reserves, in 1978 the lifetime of the mine was lengthened by an additional

20 years. The total expenditures on mining work in the new sector of the mine

field were 22.2 million rubles.

The "Krasin" mine was put into operation in 1928 with an annual planned capacity of 210,000 tons. The annual productive capacity of the mine is 580,000

tons. Beginning in 1973, after working-out of the "Nesvetayevskiye" strata :

the mine proceeded to the working of stratum K^, the "Lutuginskiy" stratum,

with a thickness of 0.65-0.8 m. It was proposed that the enterprise be closed

down in 1986 with approach of. cleaning work under the central part of Shakta

city. In order to lengthen the lifetime of the mine it was decided to open

the reserves in the free sector along the K" stratum, situated 2 km beyond

the technical limit of the mine." A total of 5.5 km of mine workings with a

a great cross-sectional area have now been driven, including 2.8 km of crosscuts and field drifts. In the first stagein the construction plans called

for the preparation of a sloping field with start-up of work on two cleaning

faces and the replacement of the ventilation apparatus at pit No 2 with a

higher-capacity apparatus. Expenditures on the first stage will be 5.3 million rubles. In the course of- the second stage plans call fqr the construction of a vertical air-supply shaft with a depth of 250 m^and two ventilation

shafts, together with the preparation of a slope workings' for four drifts.

Expenditures on the second stage will be 13.5 million rubles. As a result of

implementation of these measures the lifetime of the mine will be extended

for more than 15 years.

27
RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICALLINKS. With an increase in

"tue"depth of the mine workings bottlenecks will arise in some technological

links limiting the development of the mines and increase in their output.

The elimination of bottlenecks will be accomplished by the implementation

of a major reconstruction and modernization of individual links. For example, during recent years there has been reconstruction of three mines with

a total increase in capacity of 1.27 million tons.

The "Mayskaya" mine was put into operation in 1954 with an annual planned capacity of 600,000 tons. Two anthracite strata are being worked. Favorable geological mining conditions favored the rapid increase in'mine output,and already by 1964 the output of coal had increased to 1.3 million tons annually.

However, as a result of this, the inclined field and the first thousand meters

of the sloping field were worked out. Serious difficulties arose in the operation of transport, the raising of coal and ventilation.

The mine was reconstructed in 1965-1971 for the purpose of improving mining

work and augmenting productivity. A skip shaft with a depth of 650 m was

driven and outfitted in a new industrial area at a distance of 1,100 m from

the operating industrial area. In addition, here a complex was constructed

for the reception and unloading of coal and rock, a ventilation apparatus

was installed and a railroad siding was constructed. Two flanking ventilation

shafts with depths of 440 and 540 m were constructed and three slanting

fields were prepared. The cleaning faces were supplied with planing apparatus with individual and mechanized timbering in place of the used side-cut

machines and wide-reach combines. The administrative-living combine, boiler

plant and cleaning structures were reconstructed. Already two years after reconstruction the output of coal at the mine during the year attained 1,817

million tons (annual planned capacity ~ 1.8 million tons), the daily load

at the cleaning face was 1,308 tons, the productivity of work per worker in

production was 67.1 tons/month. The expenditures on reconstruction were 18.4

million rubles.

The "Glubokaya" mine was put into operation in 1955 with an annual planned

capacity of 800,000 tons. Two anthracite strata with thicknesses of 1 and 1.5

m are being worked. After an increase in the depth of working by more than

700 m in 1962 the quantity of air for ventilating the mine workings became

inadequate and the temperature in the shaft rose to 30°C. For the normalization of work and increasing productive output of the mine its reconstruction

was begun in 1962. Provision was made for: construction of two vertical ventilation shafts' with a depth of 700 m each for a changeover to flank ventilation and a vertical skip shaft with a depth of 700 m and toweE above; expansion of the yard around the shaft; increase in the capacity of the boiler

plant; outfitting of the cleaning faces with mechanized complexes. In 1967,

after ending construction of the ventilation shafts, the ventilation of the

mine was considerably improved. This made it possible to proceed to improvement in the mining work and the introduction of mechanized complexes. During

the subsequent three years in all the inclined fields there was a changeover

to a shaft system for working the mine and the use of KM-87 complexes was

initiated. Reconstruction of the shaft was completed in 1981 with "the introduction of a new skip shaft with a tower headwork. The total expenditures on

reconstruction of the mine were 23.1 million rubles. The improvement of mining work at the "Glubokaya" shaft favored an increase in the annual productive capacity of the mine from 0.8 to 1.05 million tons (coal output, volume

28 '
from 733 to 1,111 thousand tons annually); daily load on drift —increase

from 222 to 846 tons; work productivity per worker in coal production — increase from 222 to 846 tons; work productivity per worker in coal production

— increase from 29.5 to 62.5 tons/month.

The "Sambekovskaya" mine prior to reconstruction consisted of two shafts with

an annual planned capacity of 150 thousand tons each, constructed by the "fast"

method in 1955. One anthracite stratum with a thickness of 0.85-0.9 m is being

worked. Both mines were opened by slant shafts with cable haulage at the end.

By 1968 the reserves at the mines were worked out to a depth of 900 m along

the stratum dip, which led to the necessity for establishing stepped slopes.

In order to improve mining operations and increase mine productivity, in 1973

the decision was made to reconstruct them. The main idea of the reconstruction

was the joining of mines Nos 26 and 27 by mine workings, elimination of the

stepped structure of transport, concentration of the delivery and unloading

of coal at the surface of mine No 27. In order to accomplish this provision

was made for: construction of a main slanting conveyor shaft in the mine

head area of mine No 27 with a total length of 2,200 m and a surface complex;

in this same work area construction of a vertical auxiliary cage shaft with

a depth of 630 m, a complex of buildings and structures above the mine; driving of a cross-cut with a length of 1,800 m from the auxiliary shaft for penetrating the stratum to be worked below the level where cleaning work is being

done and preparation of a slope field; construction of two main ventilator

systems in the former slant shafts of mines Nos 26 and 27 for the organization of flank ventilation; running of a major drift with a length of 3,700 m

connecting the mine workings of both mines at a depth of 620 m; preparation

ot slant panel No 1 and construction of living quarters for the workers.

Reconstruction work was initiated in 1974 and was to be completed in 1983.

However, due to technical and organizational measures adopted by the workers

of the "Rostovugol"' Association and the "Rostovshakhtostroy" combine, the

reconstruction of the mines was completed in 1981. Already in 1982 this made

possible an almost twofold exceeding of the planned productivity of mines Nos

26 and 27 prior to the: reconstruction. For the years immediately ahead plans

°* Lo0L«nCrßasing the annual volume of coal production to the planned goal

of 900,000 tons. The total expenditures on reconstruction were 56.7 million

rubles.

The major reconstruction carried out at the three mines of the "Rostovugol»"

Association made possible a complete renovation of their mining operations, introduction of good order into the surface technological.complexes arid creation of conditions for stable operation of these coal production enterprises. Nevertheless, such a reconstruction is economically and technically feasible only when

there are coal reserves for a long time to come, which is by no means the case

a rov" colT In.

addiJion'the ^adequate capabilities of the "RosSvshakhtosnecific S^Lfr rl!

e t0 a prolon8ed tlme required for reconstruction; the

specific capital investments per ton of increased productivity have increased

sharply during recent years due to the overall increased costs o'constru'ion.

29
In order to obtain a more rapid return with respect to increased capacity^

with the minimum possible capital investments, at the "Rostovugol"' Association there is an on-going modernization of the mines (improvement in the

individual technological links). The nature of the measures carried out for

the modernization of technological links can be represented in the example

of the following mines.

The "Vostochnaya" mine was-put into operation in 1964 with a planned annual

production of 750,000 tons. Two strata with thicknesses of 0.85 and 1.1-1.8

m are being worked. The mine field has been penetrated by two central-paired

vertical shafts with a depth of 220 m. By 1973, when the mining work was proceeding at a considerable distance from the shaft entrance area, difficulties arose in the mine with the ventilation and transport of loads through the

mine workings and hoisting up the lift. In order to improve ventilation with

the existing main ventilator systems, in the flanking ventilation holes there

was a changeover to a system of working with long pillars along the rise

y with straight-through ventilation^ and there was a more rational distribution

of the quantity of air between the ventilation systems and a reduction of internal air leakage. There was a broadening of 630 m of mine workings and

10.5 km of old workings were sealed off. The productivity of underground

transport and the lift was increased as a result of replacement of the dumper in the area surrounding the shaft by a dumper with a greater handling capacity; the holding capacity of the lift was increased from 4.7 to 7.1 m and

the diameter of the cable for the lift was increased from 33 to 35.5 m (the

pulleys on the pile driver, the lift loading apparatus and the reducer for

the lift were replaced and on the main lift both motors operated in-parallel);

the 8ARP locomotives were replaced by 2AM-8 and 13ARP paired electric locomotives; there was an increase in the handling capacity of the surface unloading complex for the lift shaft. The total expenditures on modernization

were 750,000 rubles. The annual productive capacity of the mine was increased by 80,000 tons.

The "Ayutinskaya" mine consisted of four shafts;,, put into operation in 1925-

1926. Their total planned annual production was 900,000 tons. In the 1960's

the mines were joined by mine workings into an integrated mine complex as a

result of the driving of a diagonal slant conveyor shaft with a length of

1,000 m. The annual productive capacity of the mine attained 960,000 tons.

The second thousand meters of the mine field along the dip of the stratum

was worked out at this rate. Further implementation of mining work under the

existing technological plan would inevitably lead to a complicating of the

transport system and the scheme for ventilating the mine. The required coal

reserves did not exist for a major reconstruction of the mine. Accordingly,

it was decided to modernize it with the minimum possible expenditures. In

1967 work on mine modernization was begun. The plan provided for deepening

of the main diagonal slant conveyor shaft and the slant auxiliary shaft by.

1,000 m along the stratum dip; construction of a work area around the shaft

at a new horizon; construction of a vertical air-delivery shaft with a depth

of 490 m at the center of the mine field; drilling of three ventilation holes

with a diameter of 1.8 m and a depth of 500 m (two paired at the center of

the mine field and one at the flank); shifting of the ventilation of excavated fields to "flank" ventilation; construction of a new administrative-residential complex. In 1972 modernization work was completed and already in 1973

30
the increment in mine productivity called for by the plan was realized and

was 200,000 tons of coal annually. The total expenditures on modernization

were 8.9 million rubles.

THE TECHNICAL BEOUTFITTING OF OPERATING MINES IS : ONE OE THE PRINCIPE DIRECTIONSIN MAINTAINING AND AUGMENTING THEIR PRODUCTION CAPACITY., A

t the "Ros-

'"tovugoi"' Association it is being accomplished for the most part as a result

of use of scrapers capable of working thin and moderately thick anthracite

strata and also mechanized timbering adapted for work with scrapers. The

technical reoutfitting of mines at the "Rostovugol"' Association developed

most intensively in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. For example, during 1971-1975

the annual volume of output by mechanized complexes increased from 1.6 to 9.7

million tons or by a factor greater than 6. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan

work continued on the introduction of scrapers of improved Soviet (SO-75,

SN-75, USV) and foreign types, and also modified narrow-reach combines (2K-52,

1K-101, lGSh-68) and mechanized timberings. By the end of the five-year plan

the volume of output by mechanized complexes had increased to 12.3 million

tons annually, which was 67.3% of the total cleaned output.

As the many-sided mechanization of coal excavation has been introduced there

has been improvement in mine operations. For example, the percentage of pillar

systems for the working of mines with back-excavation along the strike and

rise of strata increased from 38% in 1970 to 77% in 1980. There has been a

considerable increase in the level of concentration of mining work. The mean

daily load in the drift during this time increased from 300 to 382 tons "and

the number of active cleaning faces was reduced from 211 to 152. The work productivity of a worker in coal production increased from 39.7 to 43.2 tons/

month or by 8.9%.

Thus, the work experience of the "Rostovugol"' Association in the development

of mining work shows that with a creative approach to solution of the problems

involved in improving mining operations in operative mines it is possible not

only to maintain but also to increase their productive capacity; arid ::to considerably lengthen their-lifetime, at'the same time improving the technical-economic

work indices.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1983

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31
ALTERNATE FUELS

PROSPECTS FOR WIND POWER IN ARMENIA SURVEYED

Yerevan KOMMUNIST in Russian 26 Oct 83 p 2

[Article by V. Markaryan, deputy director for science» ArmNIIE v

i/ f^Armenian .Scientific Research Institute for Energy),) and R.iiSarkisyan ...

senior scientific associate: "Wind Energy is Gathering Speed"; passages enclosed

in slantlines printed in boldface]

[Text] The earth's fuel and energy resources are limited. Even now, some

regions are expriencing shortages of them. In addition, the use rates of liquid

and gas fuel as raw materials for the processing industries are increasing,

rfhis means reductions in their share in the fuel and energy balance.

Since the beginning of the 1970's a number of developed nations have begun

the development and implementation of long term energy programs which give

more importance to renewable energy resources — the energy of the sun, the

wind, the heat in the earth's interior, etc.

A widespread interest in wind energy can be observed in many nations. There

is clearly a tendency for wind energy installations (WEI) to become larger,

as this reduces construction costs and the payoff period of the station.

In addition to traditional approaches, specialists in various nations are

developing original designs and proposing bold engineering solutions, for

example, a system to use the wind's energy at heights of 10 kilometers. The

constant and powerful winds here will permit the use of devices with a 10

kWh capacity.

A fundamentally new type of unit — the vortex aerogenerator — capable of

considerably increasing unit capacity, is now being developed. Such a unit

^ can work in a weak wind and even when there is no wind', as long- as there, is a

temperature difference of 10 degrees between the bottom and top of the tower.

The use of wind energy saves scarce organic fuel. It is also absolutely "clean",

not releasing any harmful emissions into the environment.

Just what is delaying its extensive introduction? It is above all the high

cost of the energy produced, the large area needed for the construction of

32
wind energy facilities, the noise made by such units, which can have.ji substan-

*--"" tial effect upon the fauna in adjacent areas, and the interference^d/th TV and

radio.

^^ These must be taken into consideration. Nevertheless the prospects«for

V^*""' the use of wind energy in a number of industrially developed nations^is

estimated to be quite high.

The USSR began to develop wind energy in the 1920's. In 1931 a 100 kWt unit

was built in the Crimea, and in 1938 work began on the installation of a 5,000

kWt unit, a giant for its time, on the summit of Ay-Petri. However, it was

not completed.

/In our nationi intensive work is now under way on WEI of the most diverse design

and function. More than 10 types of low power units have been developed,

primarily for agricultural purposes./In some regions units with capacities

ranging from 400 to 1,250 kWt are being built. One original suggestion is

their construction on hydroelectric dams. This could produce tens of thousands

of kilowatts of additional power.

/The use of non-traditional, renewable energy sources, in particular wind

energy, is an urgent problem, especially for our republic, which is not rich

in energy resources. The ArmNIIE is evaluating the energy potential of wind

in the republic, determining sites and advisable scales of long term introduction

for use in the economy./

Unfortunately, the lack of a detailed wind energy survey for the Armenian

SSR is very much hindering the accurate determination of the wind's energy

potential. /A preliminary analysis of the results from a three hour observation

of wind speed at all the meteorological stations in the republic shows that

at only six stations (Pushkinskiy Pereval, Aragats, Sisianskiy Pereval, Yanykh,

Lake Sevan and Kochbek) is the average annual wind speed within the range

recommended by Soviet and foreign specialists for wind energy production./

When consideration is given to terrain conditions unfavorable to the construction

of WEI and to the poor economics of constructing sets of them in the republic,

the real annual economic effect which could be obtained in Armenia is 20-30

percent of the theoretically possible figure, that is 80 - 120 million kWt.

/Thus, the use of wind energy in the republic would make possible an average

annual savings of 270,000 - 400,000 tons of organic fuel (gas and mazut)./

The units upon which it is intended to base wind energy development in the

republic (rotor diameter not more than 24 m, operational at wind speeds of

5-15 meters per second, power output 10-300 kWt) are suitable for work without

being tied into the energy system. This means they can be used for local

energy consumption and agricultural needs: mainly for the electrification

of livestock farms in remote mountain regions, for irrigation, etc.

/In the long term, larger, improved WEI, producing 1000 and more kWt will

be able to operate within the energy system. This will make possible the

more efficient use of equipemnt and save large amounts of organic fuels./

33
Problems in studying the potentials of wind energy in the republic and its

use in power production are still at the beginning stages and require serious

attention from many organizations to ensure its extensive economic introduction,

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34
ALTERNATE FUELS

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OFFICIAL URGES GREATER USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Ashkhabad TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA in Russian 2 Oct 83 p 2

[Article by I. Dvorov, deputy chairman, USSR Academy of Sciences Council

on Geothermal Research: "The Earth's Heat —in the Service of Humanity"]

[Text] Implementing the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress

on expanding the study and use of geothermal resources,

on 3-4 October 1983 in Ashkhabad, the USSR and the Turkmen

SSR Academies of Science conducted an All-Union Conference

on the theme: "Geothermal Research in Central Asia and

Kazakhstan". The "Basic Directions for the Economic and

Social Development of the USSR during 1981-1985 and for

the Period up to 1990" state: "Increase the scales of the

national economy's use of renewable sources of energy (hydro,

solar, wind» geothermal). This is a very important task

as such types of energy are less costly and obtaining them

does not require the combustion of fossil fuel. Because

of this, the interest of scientists and production workers

in renewable sources of energy is steadily increasing.

I. Dvorov, deputy chairman of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Council on Geothermal Research, discusses one such source

— geothermal.

Geothermal research is now given great attention in the USSR. It has received

especially widespread development in the past 15-20 years. Fundamental and

applied geothermal problems are being solved by scientific-research institutions

in the Academies of Science of the USSR and the union republics, and by many

ministries and departments.

Geothermal conditions in our nation are extremely diverse. In volcanic regions

(Kamchatka, the Kurils) the temperatures of rocks and water even on the surface

can reach 100°C. On the other hand, throughout the widespread permafrost zone,

temperatures at a depth of 2,000 meters and greater frequently do not exceed

4-10°C. In the Moscow region temperatures at a depth of 1,500 m do not exceed

40°C, while at similar depths in the North Caucasus they are twice that. According to data from the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Ministry of Geology,

the predicted reserves of thermal waters with temperatures in the 40-200°C

35
range and mineral content of up to 35 grams per liter at depths in the 3,000-3,500

m range amount to 22-24 million cubic meters per day. If the heat from such

waters is used at an efficiency of 0.5 this is equivalent to 40-45 million

tons of standard fuel. If these thermal water deposits are developed using

methods for maintaining reservoir pressure by injecting the withdrawn water

back into the reservoir, as petroleum workers often do, the energy yield from

predicted reserves reaches 150 million tons of standard fuel annually.

Geothermal resources can be divided into several groups with respect to their

heat resources. Low potential thermal waters with temperatures of up to 100°C

(they are 90 percent of our nation's resources) find use in space heating and

hot water supply for residential, agricultural and industrial buildings and

for all sorts of production processes.

The most economical use of low potential thermal waters is for heating greenhouses. The range of their use in our nation is very broad — from the subtropics

to the polar regions. ^ w^r

yr As is known, greenhouses make it possible to raise 2-3 crops/yper year'in the middle

latitudes of the nation and to obtain 20-25 kg of produce per square meter,

12-15 fold more than can be raised on open ground.

The main costs in raising produce in greenhouses go for heating the facility.

They are at least 60-70 percent of production costs. The overall production

costs of hothouse produce are quite high — more than 60 rubles per quintal.

In the middle latitudes of our nation a 10 hectare greenhouse facility requires

as much heat as is used for the service and communal needs of a modern city

of 60,000 - 70,000 inhabitants. Huge amounts of fuel are burned in the boilers

of such a facility. There is no future in this way of expanding greenhouse

operations. The use of geothermal waters results in a considerable savings

and conserves traditional fuel.

More than 70 elements are found in dissolved form in geothermal waters. They

are often in high concentrations, making such waters a valuable raw material,

a unique "liquid ore" for the chemical industry. It is known, for example,

that geothermal chloride solutions contain, in addition to chlorides of sodium,

potassium, magnesium and calcium, a huge range of metallic and nonmetallic

trace elements. All of the iodine and 70 percent of the bromine produced in

the USSR is extracted from geothermal brines.

A unique deposit of geothermal brine is located on the Cheleken Peninsula in

the Turkmen SSR. Iodine and bromine were extracted here back in the beginning

of the century. Nobel, the well known entrepreneur, who had oil fields in

Baku and the Trans-Caucasus, drilled several shallow wells here and, obtaining

large flows of iodine brine, organized small, primitive production operations

for extracting iodine and later bromine. Now there is a large, modern equipped

enterprise at Cheleken.

The brines at Cheleken reach temperatures of 90-105°C at the bottom hole.

In addition to the high content of iodine and bromine there are also trace

elements such as rubidium, lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, arsenic and strontium.

36
Almost all geothermal waters are, as a rule, curative. Highly effective treatment with such waters and their widespread use in balneology are characteristic

features of sanitarium and spa operations in the USSR.

In our country there are about 250 known deposits having a total flow of about

300,000 cubic meters daily, suitable for balneological purposes. More than

100,000 cubic meters of this flow have been approved as reserves. The number

of mineral water bottling plants is increasing.

The republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan are exceptionally rich in geothermal

waters. Take, for example, Kopet-Dag. In the hydrogeological literature,

a line drawn from Kazandzhik to Ashkhabad and further along the foreranges

has long been known as the Kopet-Dag Thermal Line. Along it many springs

have been discovered'with temperatures which exceed average annual ambient

temperatures by 5-20°C. The Archman Spring is 28°C and the Bakharden Underground

Lake 33-35°C. A number of wells drilled close to the thermal zone have temperatures of 28°C. Waters in this zone are most often weakly sulphuric (Archman),

have diverse chemical compositions, are weakly mineralized and, as a rule,

have a high rate of flow.

It is a feature of Kopet-Dag geothermal waters that here one generally encounters

iodine and bromine containing waters with relatively low mineralization.

The iodine and bromine waters of Kopet-Dag can be used in many ways: for balneological purposes and at industrial facilities, where valuable chemicals can

be extracted,

As is known, greenhouse operations heated by geothermal waters do not use

heat evenly; they consume less in the day than during the night. In southern

areas they do not operate in the summer. Heat from greenhouse operations

can be used at refrigeration facilities. The joint construction of greenhouse

and refrigeration facilities in unified energy blocks is therefore an especially

promising idea. Steady flow of deep heat completely eliminates the need for

expensive cooling installations and saves fuel for the national economy.

An absorption lithium bromide refrigeration unit with a capacityx>f 2.5 million

kilocalories per hour is now being made in our nation. It can operate not

only on electrical energy, but also on the heat from geothermal waters. This

unit is notable in that it not only is a refrigerator, but is also a heat

pump. It can work year around, cooling in the summer and heating in the winter.

It is especially valuable for cooling in the republics of Central Asia and

in Kazakhstan, where geothermal resources are quite plentiful.

Just what are the problems and difficulties encountered in the use of geothermal

resources? Among the main ones is corrosion and wear of well casings, pipes

and other metal items. Such damage is caused by corrosive elements and gases

in these waters.

Salt deposition is a serious difficulty in the development of a whole series

of geothermal deposits. It often leads to heavy depositions on heat supply

pipes, especially if calcium carbonate is present.

There are often environmental problems in the operation of large geothermal

deposits and in large discharges of waste waters. The discharge, into open

37
bodies of water, of such waters presents specialists with complex technical

problems if the waters contain compounds harmful to life (phenols, hydrogen

sulfides, increased concentrations of salts). For a number of reasons there

is no single answer to this problem, as geothermal waters have variable and

quite diverse compositions of toxic ingredients.

The inertia of public opinion is a substantial barrier on the way towards

the accelerated development of geothermal energy. In particular there is

x/\^x" the old idea that traditional fuels £coal, oil, gas)jhaving been successfully

N></'used for many decades^will continue to be inexhaustible.

A

The use of the earth's heat as a cheap source of energy will make possible

a more successful solution to problems in heating and cooling cities, heat

supply to production process and agriculture. This will undoubtedly help

s"- inxorking out the Food Program.

In conclusion it should be stated that the study and use of geothermal waters

is going very slowly. This conference will, undoubtedly, direct the serious

attention of many scientific and production organizations toward the further

use of geothermal waters in the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

The earth's deep heat is enormous. It is constantly being renewed and, with

proper exploitation, is practically inexhaustible.

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38
ALTERNATE FUELS

SMALL SCALE SOLAR WATER HEATERS INTRODUCED IN TURKMEN SSR

Ashkhabad TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA in Russian 27 Oct 83 p 4

[Article by TurkmenlNFORM: "Solar Energy — The Wealth of the Desert"]

[TfeBSfc]1:The first group of economical solar water heaters has been produced

in Turkmenistan. The Solntse Scientific Production Association of the TSSR

Academy of Sciences began the series production of the solar installation.

It .has a solar boiler in the form of a darkened metal container housed within

an insulation layer in a glass box. Even on a relatively cool sunny day it

can produce 150 liters of hot water. The Sovet Turkmenistany Kolkhoz in

Gyaurskiy Rayon and the Bezmein Truck Transport Enterprise, the first to receive

the new units, have highly praised the innovation. The prime cost per cubic

meter of hot water does not exceed 50 kopecks. This is one-fourth the cost

for a water heater burning traditional fuels. It is planned to install 1,000

such units in the republic's villages prior to 1985. They will save up to

5,000 tons of high heat value fuel annually. The economic effect is estimated

at 3 million rubles.

The extensive economic use of solar energy is one of the main problems which

Turkmen scientists are solving. They have made recommendations on the use

of solar energy for heating and cooling buildings, electrifying remote villages

and shepherds' camps, desalinating saline water, raising green fodder in the

desert, efficiently drying fruits and for industrial uses. The list of new

uses for the sun is rapidly growing. It includes pumping water from deep

wells, the super pure smelting of metals and raising vegetables and fruits

in solar greenhouses with a closed water cycle.

Scientists think that in the future the sun will provide more than half of

the energy needs of agriculture and other sectors of the economy located in

the desert.

11574

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39
NUCLEAR POWERDELIVERY PROBLEMS DELAY CONSTRUCTION AT BALAKOVO AES

Moscow SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA in Russian 1 Dec 83 p 3

/Article by A. Krotov, minister of power machinebuilding:, "Deliveries Must

Be Made on Schedule\"J

/"Text/ The 10 August issue of SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA published

a letter entitled "Futile Shifts" from the construction project of the Balakovo AES. The installation-group brigade

leaders A. Baginskiy, M. Dityuk, and A. Okulov reported that

the assembly and installation of the first power unit's equipment have been delayed by the supplier-plants. The authors directed a request at their partners to make up their liabilities

and strictly observe the schedule for shipping out assemblies

and parts. Thboeditors have received a number of official replies. A repeatt check-up, however, has shown that certain responsible officials have turned out to be more generous with

their promises than with genuine help. The newspaper talked

about this in the remarks entitled "Replies...without a Response," published in the issue of 20 October. And here is a : v

new reply from the Ministry of Power Machine Building, dated 17

November.

"The report entitled 'Replies...without a Response' was discussed on 2k October of this year at an expanded session of the collegium of the Ministry of

Power Machine Building with the participation of the general directors of the

production associations and the directors of enterprises. The criticism was

acknowledged to be correct.

'"Completing ,; equipment deliveries for the first unit of the Balakovo AES is

provided for in the first quarter of the coming year. Enterprises of the Ministry of Power Machine Building have been issued appropriate directives with

regard toithe up-to-date preparation of production and guaranteeing the output of equipment within the planned time periods. With respect to the specific items which were mentioned in the newspaper, the following shipment times

were established:

TThe Atommash Production Association will ship out 3 of the 5 gate valves in

December and the remaining 2 during the first quarter of 1984.

40
v^ »IThei E^aBpyyl^tälshchik Production Association has shipped out 10 units of

heat-exchanging equipment, and 2 more units will be delivered in November. For

the turbine-regeneration system one unit of equipment has been shipped out,

and another one will be delivered in November of this year.

"The Podolsk Machine-Building Plant imeni Ordzhonikidze has shipped 3 heatexchangers to the Balakovo AES, and 2 more will be sent out in November of

this year.

"Out of 1376 tonB of pipelines, the Belgorod Power Machine-Building Plant has

delivered 1184 tons to the Balakovo AES, while the remaining 192 tons will be

shipped out in November—December 1983, as pipes are received from enterprises

of the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy.

"The Sibenergomash Production Association has shipped out all 4 condensate

tanks.

"The collegium indicated the irresponsibility of the leading officials of the

individual associations and enterprises specified as having failed to meet the

deadlines for shipping out equipment and named in Deputy Minister V. G. Pershin's reply to the letter of the installation brigade leaders. For insufficient monitoring controls over the observance of deadlines for deliveries for

the AES by their sub-departmental enterprises the chief of the Atomic MachineBuilding Administration, V. G. Sotsenko, and Deputy Minister V. G. Pershin

have been strictly admonished."

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41
NUCLEAR POWER ;

INFORMATION, PROGRESS-REPORT ON PAKSH AES

Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 3 Nov 83 p 4

, ,H

/Article by Katalin Boshshani, correspondent of the newspaper NEPSZABADSHAG:

"The AES near the Village of Paksh: "Facets of Cooperation';/ '

/Excerpts/ "Paksh is a milestone construction project not only for the Hungarian economy but also for cooperation among the CEMA countries," we were told

by a plenipotentiary of the HPR /Hungarian People's Republic/ Ministry of Industry, Attila Lyorintsi. "This is the first integrated AES. Its creation is

based on a multilateral agreement among the fraternal socialist countries concerning production specialization and cooperation in atomic power machine '"

building. The plan was created in Kiev. The VVER-W-O reactors have been manufactured at the Czechoslovak Skoda Combine in accordance with Soviet documentation and with the participation of Soviet specialists. Their 220-Mtf- turbinesbhave-'Eomeoc from Kharkov. Uralmash and other plants of the Soviet Union

have supplied us with steam generators, pumps, a number of large machine units,

instruments, and electronic equipment. Specialized cranes bear the trademark

of the GDR. Poland has supplied us with heat exchangers, and its builders

have worked on many facilities of this AES. Bulgarian enterprises have concerned themselves with the protective apparatus. All the equipment, including

the Hungarian, has shown itself to the best advantage and has passed muster."

As A. Lyorintsi notes, the proportion of Hungarian output increased throughout

the course of the construction, and by the end it came to half the cost of the

machine and technological equipment. From among the many native Hungarian enterprises we must single out, above all, the Gants-MAVAG Combine. It was •'

there, based on Soviet documentation, that they mastered the output of 20-

meter, telescoping arms which function as robot-manipulators with the precision of a millimeter and perform the operations of reloading the cassettes in

the active zone of the reactor. On the basis of the agreement on specialization, these units are being turned out serially for the other GEMA countries

as well. The Lang Plant has begun to produce heat-exchanging apparatus and

special tanks for spent nuclear fuel. Our Soviet partners have formed a good

opinion of Hungarian cooperative deliveries, and in ensuing AES units our participation will increase even further.

In the practice of power engineers there is such a concept as the following

about the readiness of a project: "equipment in operation." On 11 August the

Soviet specialists of Atomenergoeksport handed over to the Hungarian users the

first unit of the AES.

42
"The start-up commission of the construction granted permission to include : ;

Paksh in the nationwide electric-power network, though by this time the station had already provided the country with more than a billion kW-hrs of electric power," stated Layosh Bayor, secretary of the start-up commission. "We

were able to reach the stage of "Equipment in operation' three months earlier

than the calculated time."

And we were accorded yet another interview in the HPR Electric Power Trust.

The director for production, D. Lendelfdeclared the following:

A

"We calculated that by the end of the year the AES in Paksh would produce 1.6

billion kW-hrs, but, since the equipment is operating without interruption,

2 billion will be obtained. This will replace 400,000 tons of petroleum. At

the Danube and Tisza Thermal Stations we are curtailing the operation of two

units and are holding them in reserve. That amount of petroleum which will

not be burned thanks to this will be sent for refining to the new cracking >.:, I

unit in Sazkhalombatt. This will enable us to obtain 10 percent more gasoline

and diesel fuel. Such a structural modification over the course of the next

few years will bring the republic billions and billions of forints in savings.

It is planned that by 1990 Paksh, having achieved a capacity of 1,?60 MW, will

already satisfy one-fourth of Hungary's entire needs for electric power."

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43
NUCLEAR POWER,;,_.:: ...... „^KäE.

SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA DETAILS ATOMMASH DEVELOPMENTS

Contribution of Workers

Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 3 Novi: 83 p 2

_ _ '':t*

V-/ /Text/ The holiday edition No 45 (253) "Sotsialisticheskaya Industfriya at Atommash" opens with the, speech of brigade leader A.

Shabale from Kavelektromontazh ^Caucasus Electric Installation Organization/. The author writes that "greeting international holidays with successful labor has become a good rule for us. The 66th

Anniversary of the October Revolution is approaching and once again

each of us is working especially hard and preparing our labor gifts.

The collective of our sector has raised the daily output to 126 percent in the installation of equipment in the first building."

The newspaper is informing everyone about the labor accomplishments

of the builders and operators in honor of the celebration.

An election Party conference was held at Atommash. The newspaper

contained the report about the meeting of the plant communists.

Under the title "Step After Step" the newspaper contained a stocy

about the leading brigade leader of cutters from the lay-out and

preparing shop No 1, M. Gribanov.

"Recipe for Health" - such is the unusual document following a

careful medical examination that was given over the past year to

/ nearly 300 patients at Volgodonsk polyclinics. In the article "l£

You Want To Be Healthy" the chief doctor at the treatment and physical culture dispensary, T. Perekhodov, reports that they are now

developing a city-wide comprehensive "health" program.

-■■""' The newspaper acquaints readers with new-developments in culture and

everyday events, and with .sports information.

Komsomol Watch

Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 27 Oct 83 p 2

iTextJ The No 44 (252) edition "Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya at

Atommash" opens with, a report on the results of the communist h

44
sübbotiiik. The builders and operators have worked diligently and with

honor at the plant.

On 29 October they celebrate the birth of the Komsomol. This date

is being extensively celebrated in the young peoples' city of Volgodonsk. Nearly 10 years have passed since the Komsomol decided to

declare the construction of the atomic machine building plant to be

an all-union shock Komsomol construction project. The first secretary of the Volgodonsk Party Committee of the Komsomol, G. Aleynikov, in his article "Always in the Lead" tells of the praiseworthy

pages in the annals of Atommash and of the remarkable deeds of the

Komsomol members. Now at each project and in all shops the young

people are working under the slogan "Komsomol energy to the plans

of the five-year plan".

The collective of the house building combine has within a short

period of time achieved a significant reduction in losses of work

time. What has the party organization done to reduce stand-downs

and strengthen labor discipline? In his article "Comprehensive

Approach", Ye. Nemtsov, the secretary of the party committee, responds to this question.

V. Navozov's article "How to Save the Computer?" is dedicated to

an important topic - the accomplishment of a unified policy of

adopting an automated control system (ASU) at Atommash.

\^y Continuing under the rubric nHow Are You Being Served?", the newspaper

offers an article "Waiting for the elevator". The reader will find

in this issue answers to the critical presentations of the newspap-

.^ er and a letter to Kuzma Volgodonskiy "We are carrying water in a

sieve.", A

Prior tö^ Pliri'sh" ? " "

c :-

Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 10 Nov 83 p 2

/TextJ At the start of this year the Volgodonskenergostroy Trust

conpluded several contracts with their compatriots for a competition on the "workers' relay race" principle. The year is coming

to an end and it will soon be time to add up the results. In No

46 (254) "Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya at Atommash" there is an

article entitled "With what are we;proceeding toward the finish

line?"

"Att this point in time we can say something about the efforts of

the collective of the Production Association Kuybyshevenergostroyprom. This enterprise, writes member of the coordinating council

on the construction of Atommash and the Rostovskaya AES, Ya. Khaustov, is doing a good job of keeping up with deliveries of prefabricated reinforced concrete. The Central Urals Metal Structures

Plant, the Production Association Dneproenergostroyprom, the Volgograd Construction Materials Plant and the Voronezh Iron Hoop Plant

are doing a good job of meeting their obligations.

45
U-'-

\S

At the same time, the article points out, there has been an increase

in the number of enterprises which fail to deliver on schedule.

These include the Kharkov Timber and Lumber Combine, theSSerovskiy

Experimental Timber Combine, the Production Association Kamgesenergo-

„>- stroy /Kama Hydroelectric Bower Station Construction Organization/,

the By7trorechenskoye and Uepnyauskoye OjBen pit M,ining Administrations and others. All of the compatriots of the giant plant are to

:. work under the slogan "All Atommash orders on schedule".

W'Under the rubric "Practice of Ideological W;ork" in this issue there

is an article by the Director of the Volgodonsk Branch of the NPD

/Scientific-Production Association/ Atomkotlomash /Atomic Boiler

Machine Building/ and Chairman of the Board of the City Organization of the Znaniye Society, V. Kostenich, entitled "We K.eep 0/,ur

Lord". The author sees the main task of the lecture propaganda in

its maximum specificity and its proximity to those problems which

are being resolved at the construction site and in the production

facility.

In continuing the rubric "Labor .Productivity is the JCey „Indicator"

the newspaper under the title "Salary jMust be .Earned" carriyes the

speech of the Chief of the Scientific "Organization of Labor,TWages

U-- and Management for Atommash, Ye. Voronkov, Under the rubric "Startup Projects Put Into Operation" the newspaper contains the -report

l"'- "Truncated Variant" and an article by the shop chief for the repair

of technological equipment at Atommash, 0. Krutovoy, "A Tung Upward."

The reader will be able to familiarize himself with the answers to

the critical commentaries of the newspaper and with the letter to

I. Kuzma Volgodonskiy "Sincere ^adequacy", and with news on cultural

events, everyday events and 'sports information.

8927

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\^

46
NON-NUCLEAR POWER

SOLAR POWER STATION CONSTRUCTION REPORT

Moscow SOVETSKAYA KUL'TURA in Russian 23 Jun 83 p 8

/Article by V. Torgayev: "A Trap for Light: In the Soviet Union

The First Solar Electric Power Station is Being Built^/

/Text7 The concept of renewable energy exists. It can

provide mankind with energy for hundreds and hundreds of

millions of years. It is the force of water, which turns

the turbines of hydroelectric power stations, the wind,

and finally the Sun. Their energy is eternal just as the

earth and sun, for it is given life by them. It is no accident that at the June (1983) Plenum of the CPSU Central

Committee it was noted that among the major problems, the

importance of which continues to increase, is the mastery

of new sources of energy. A leading place in this undertaking is occupied by solar energy.

Several years ago, while visiting the Energy Institute imeni G.M.

Krzhizhänovskiy, I saw the first steps in solar energy. They were

embodied in the design of a solar electric power station, which

was developed by the specialists of this scientific center. It

should be noted that not so long ago the helictechnicians were seen

as eccentrics chasing after "sunrays" with their enormous mirrors.

Today this scepticism has given way to real optimism because the

work of recent years has shown that the scientists have succeeded

in coming up with several interesting engineering solutions and

have proven in action the possibilities of the "golden ray".

And so the ideas of using solar energy have begun to be put to use.

The contours of the enormous construction site have appeared today

near the settlement of Lenino, located near the Arabatskaya Strelka on the Crimean peninsula. Here the specialists have started to

construct the Soviet Union's first solar electric power station.

What will-this "trap" for the sun, or as it is officially called

the SES-5? be like?

47
The deputy director of the institute, Doctor of Technical Sciences

R. Akhmedov, reports, "Let us introduce the open-work metal tower

which has already been raised to its 70 meter height. On its top

will be installed a boiler of sorts - a steam generator. Around

the tower there will be mirrors in concentric circles - these are

the heliostats. Some 1,600 heliostats will be installed. The mirror surface of each will be 25 square meters. Four hectares of

solid mirror - such will be their combined area! The rated capacity of this first solar power station will be 5,000 kilowatts."

Of course, based on today's scale this power station is on the

small side. But let us remember that the first atomic electric

power station, which was built 30 years ago in Obninsk, had the

same rated capacity.

The most unusual feature of the operation of the power station's

heliostats is the synchronous tracking of the light source. Each

of the mirrors, just as if it were a living being, does not permit

the sun to leave its field of vision, in (spite of the fact that the

sun moves about the heavens and even changes its altitude above the

horizon depending upon the time of year.

The designers have placed the heliostats so that they do not cast

shade upon each other; and they have also found a way to control

them. The computer will become a sort of "leader", into the memory

of which a special program is fed every day. Signals from the computer will be transmitted to the mechanisms which control the mirrors; these mechanisms will execute all commands. The specialists

have made use of devices capable of controlling the precision of

the mode and constantly maintaining both the sun and the tower on

target at all times.

The sun's rays, which are directed at the tower from all sides,

heat the water in the steam generator to a temperature of 250 degrees. Then the steam releases its energy to the turbine, which

turns the electric power generator.

When bad weather arrives provision has been made for an enormous

thermal battery. A portion of the hot water will be used to produce electricity and a portion will be stored for later. Although

the battery is called a thermal battery,the water in this 1,000-ton

reservoir will be in a so-called reheated condition. When bad

weather sets in the water is converted to steam, which will provide its energy to the turbine.

R. Akhmedov continues, "The primary task of the SES-5 is to amass

experimental materials, to develop designs for units and assemblies,

after all everything is new as regards construction and operation

of such a power station. It needs to be pointed out that when designing the solar electric power station there were other participants besides our institute and its Belorussian branch. There were

specialists from the All-Union Thermotechnical Institute imeni F.E.

48
Dzerzhinskiy, Glavenergostroymekhanizatsiya /Main Administration

for the Mechanization of Power Station Construction/. The Riga

v^-'* department of the institute of Atomteploelektroproyekt /Institute

for the Designing of Atomic and Thermal Electric Power Stations/

was tasked with developing a design.

Now the construction work is entering the crucial phase. The first

part of the power station is to be completed next year. It is true

that only 400 heliostats will be operation at the start, but as the

construction work comes to an end the remaining assemblies will be

put into operation.

The operation of the first SES-5 must provide an answer to one of

the main questions presently of interest to power industry workers:

how will the solar power station compete with thermal electric power stations? It is clear that it is necessary to consider both the

ecological and economic aspects, including reducing the cost of a

kilowatt-hour.

Scientists and engineers are already working on designs of solar

power stations with rated capacities of 200,000 to 300,000 kilowatts.

The scientist continues, "of course the scale of constructing big

solar power stations will be enormous, For such a power station

it will be necessary to build several towers. Their height will

L^ be about one quarter of a ^kilometer and the area of the mirror surfaces will be something on the^ order of 2.5 square kilometers.

However, the energy of the sun reaching the earth's surface is

enormous. According to estimates, for example, in Central Asia,

where construction is planned in the future, in one year it is possible to obtain electric power in an amount equal to that generated

by all electric power stations in the USSR today."

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49
NON-NUCLEAR POWER

SAYANO-SHUSHENSKAYA GES CONSTRUCTION REPORT

Leningrad LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 9 Aug 83 p 2

/Article by B. Malyshev: "Meetings_at the Karlov Channel: Rapid

Development for the Energy Complex^/

/Text/ The Sayano-Shushenskaya GES in correctly called

a" giant of Soviet hydroelectric power industry. Today one

can confidently say that the decision of the 26th Party

Congress to complete the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES in the current five-year plan will be fulfilled. This has become possible due to the clear interaction of all participating collectives engaged in the

construction of the electric power station. The starting

point for this close cooperation was set eight years ago

by the "contract of the 28", which was approved by the

CPSU Central Committee.

"...to provide a well organized and uninterrupted work

of the entire economic mechanism," was emphasized by Yu.

V. Andropov in his speech at the June Plenum of the CPSU

Central Committee, "this is the requirement of the day

and a program task for the future." It is no accident

that the experience of the Leningrad enterprises and organizations, which are participating in the construction

of the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES, in developing socialist

competition to reduce the amount of time and to come up

with a high quality of work came to be used in many sectors of industry. And in Sayany the creative cooperation

of the Siberians and Leningrad workers has long ago gone

beyond the framework of building a hydroelectric power

station. At present this cooperation is helping to solve

complicated problems connected with establishing and expanding the Sayansk territorial-production complex - the

largest in Siberia.

50 '
On the southern edge of the Minusinskaya Basin where the Yenisey

River, having gone on a rampage, slips out of the rocky embrace of

the mountains into the flowering steppe, the city of Sayanogorsk

has spread out. Sayanogorsk is the home of the builders of the

world's largest hydroelectric power station and a major aluminum

plant. From here to the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES - the source of

energy for the enormous territorial-production complex - it is 40

kiJt.ome'fee.r-s to the deep canyon that has been cut in the rocky cliffs

by the powerful Siberian river.

The cliffs could withstand the pressure of the Yenisey, but man

subdued it with a dam weighing 25 million tons, which disrupted the

rapid speed of the river, forcing it to do its task, Nearly five

years ago - 18 December 1978 - the first power unit produced industrial current; now there are six units in operation. The SayanoShushenskaya GES will reach its full capacity in the next five-year

plan, when the reservoir behind the 245-meter dam will hold more

than 30 billion cubic meters of water.

Si at ion will ptuuuie in uue jeai luiiuwiug ine 1us1.a1101.1un

ten power units. The Leningrad workers, direct participant

construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES, share with the

r.»^ %-1* ä *• n o i* *s ** t\v A .MiAnn r\ r\ tit•& f o t- a <- 4 n « Kin 1 /lar o a n A f~\\ o i r» v

s in the

Siberian

The pace of the construction is very taut. Before the end of the

five-year plan they must complete the remaining four power units

at the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES and another three units at the

Maynskaya GES, which is some 25 kilometers below on the Yenisey

River - this is the pledge made by the Siberian hydroelectric power

station builders. Seven "start-ups" within two years - never before has such a pace been set.

Vyacheslav Sergeyevich Demidenko, a candidate member of the CPSÜ

Central Committee and crew chief of installers from the Spetsgidroenergomontazh Trust, is convinced that they will complete nine

start-ups rather than seven. Today the dam is at the Karlov Channel and is holding a column of water almost 130 meters thick. But

51
the level of the Sayanskoye reservoir continues to rise: soon it

will hold ten billion cubic meters of water. Soon it will be time

to remove the spare wheels of the turbines of power units number

one and two, which are rated for a small amount of pressure, and

install the regular wheels. This is an undertaking no less complicated than:, installing the new hydrounits.

When one approaches the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES one feels howelastic the concrete trembles beneath your feet - this is the Yenisey

River pounding against the blades of the six super-powerful turbines .

Above the floor of the immense machine room one can see only the

small cylinder domes, barely the height of a man. Only after having proceeded through the room about 200 meters toward the power

units, which are still being installed, does one understand what

is concealed beneath the floor. Several tens of meters below into

the deep trench are the circular shafts in the interweavings of

the pipes and fittings. Somewhere far below on the bottom of these

enormous wells the lights of the electrowelding can be seen as little sparks.

"Are you impressed?", asks Vladimir Petrovich Zhiltsov,the chief

of the brigade of installers. "Another 'filler' must be here - a

turbine and generator. One generator weighs almost 2,000 tons.

Can you imagine such a bulky object?"

Zhiltsov's brigade is now finishing the installation of the turbine and the guide device for power unit number seven. Installers

of the highest skill levels are working in the brigade. Let us

take a closer look at just Ivan Maksimovich Taymentsov. He installed units at the Bratskaya, Krasnoyarskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya^and

other GES's and knows every aspect of his job. Ivan Maksimovich

and his comrades, N.N. Belousov, G.Ya. Musokhranov andA.F.^

Sazonov are the most respected people at the construction site.

Everyone remembers what these men did in the spring of last year.

In March they had to shut down power unit number five for current

maintenance. The task would take at least six months. According

to all estimates this meant that the power station would be without one generator by the time that the spring flooding arrived.

Millions of cubic meters of water would have to be allowed to run

through the spillway on a no-load basis.

To prevent this Zhiltsov's brigade suggested not removing the unit

from the shaft, but rather just lifting it up a bit and suspending

it on the blades of the guide device. Thus without dismantling

the turbine assemblies, the installers repaired its lower section.

They accomplished this feat in less than two months - a record setting short period of time.

52
It is no accident that out of six brigades from the Spetsg'idroenergomontazh Trust, which are working on the Sayano-Shushenskaya

GES, the best is that headed by V.P. Zhiltsov. For 12 of his 36

years Vladimir Petrovich has been a builder of hydroelectric power

stations. Not so long ago he was in charge of an element in the

famous brigade headed by V.S. Demidenko. Today Zhiltsov's brigade

is leading his teacher's in the competition. Demidenko's collective is working along side that of Zhiltsov on the installation of

of the fittings, pipelines and fastening devices for power units

number nine and ten.

The chief of the Krasnoyarsk Installation^Administration of the

Gidroelektromontazh Trust, Nikolay Mikha^lovich Tolkachev, will

peek into the machine room to see how things are going with the

turbine installers. The nearer the start-up date for power unit

number seven the more work that the electricians have to do. For

they are responsible for connecting!- the next generator to the

unified power grid for Siberia.

The Gidroelektromontazh collective is not limited to working on the

GES. The brigades of electricians can be encountered throughout

the area of the Sayanskiy territorial-production complex: at the

Abakanskaya and Minusinskaya thermal electric power stations that

are now under construction; at the livestock complexes in the

Khakass Autonomous Oblast; and in remote Tuva; and two kilometers

from the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES - in Cheremushki, a settlement for

the hydroelectric power station builders, where the electricians

are working... and in a school. After all the school must be

readied for the next school year.

In Cheremushki one forgets that thousands of kilometers separate

this village from Leningrad. One gets the impression that only

Leningrad residents are living here. The engineers are from the

Elektrosila plant, the Leningrad Metallurgical Plant and the Elektroapparat Plant. The workers are from the Spetsgidroenergomontazh

and Gidroelektromontazh trusts. And there are representatives from

the scientific and design institutes. This is a true Leningrad

land holding in Siberia.

These people are rarely at home. This is the case for an engineer

from Elektrosila, Viktor Grigoryevich Isayev, whose children were

Were born and raised here. The family of Valeriy Leonidovich

Vasyukov, a foreman and graduate of the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute, has lived here for five years. The Leningrad hydroelectric

power station builders have gotten use to Siberia and more than

likely many of them will not be returning home any time soon. After

all after November 1987, when by the celebration of the October Revolution 70th anniversary all work on the Say_ano-Shushenskaya GES

will be completed, the KrasnoyarskGESstroy /Krasnoyarsk GES Construe

tion Trust/ will start work on new power stations in the Yenisey

River cascade. So the cooperation of the Siberians and Leningradpeople will not stop for even a minute.

53
Karill Konstantinovich Kuzmin, the chief engineer from the KrasnoyarskGESstroy Trust, has highly praised the work of his partners

from the shores of the Neva River.

He reports, "I cannot recall one instance when we as the general ;

contractors have been let down by the Leningrad suppliers or subcontracting organizations, who are doing almost one sixth of all

the work on the construction of the GES."

The reputation of the reliable partner is being won with a great

deal of difficulty. Thus, while the first power unit of the SayanoShushenskaya GES was put into operation only after the rotor of the

generator was dropped into position, another month passed before

the unit was put on load; by the time the installers were working

on power unit number six the work was performed almost one and a

half times faster.

Such has been the case with everything that the Leningrad workers

do: from year to year they fulfill their tasks faster and better.

The working wheel for the ninth power unit is now enroute to the

Yenisey River via the Northern Sea Route. The Leningrad machine

builders must ship a wheel to Sayany this year for the final and

ninth power unit. Now the question of when the next generators

of the GES will provide current depends only upon those who are

working in Sayany.

The energy heart of the Sayanskiy territorial production complex

is growing and getting stronger. And the people whohave given

themselves to this project are also growing. Communist Gleb Fedorovich Ognev, a common installer, of which there are many here, in

August 1982 made a trip to the Kolymskaya GES, where he headed a

brigade of stator installers. On the 15th day following the installation of the rotor the second power unit at the Kolymskaya

GES was put into operation. For now that is the quickest that a

power unit has been put into operation - and the feat was accomplished by men from the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES.

In the evening we accompanied Anatoliy Illarionovich Yaroslavskiy,

the acting chief of the Bratsk Administration of the Spetsgidroenergomontazh Trust on a trip to the other side of the Yenisey

River to an inspection site, from which one can in a single glance

take in the entire construction project. In the canyon directly

below us on the exterior side of the gigantic arc in the channels

of the spillway rushed the rapid current - from a height of 120

meters the Yenisey River falls down into an apron well and the

water is changed into white foam.

Yaroslavskiy exclaimed, "Here it is - the energy. It must pass

through the power units."

54
He stood above the high precipice and pondered his own affairs. Perhaps he was thinking about the fact that in only two years the

Yenisey River, having been harnessed by all nine of the power units,

of the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES, will be again dammed for the Maynskaya GES, which will be located some 25 kilometers further down the

river. And only after having yielded its energy will it flow into

the Krasnoyarskoye reservoir.

The Mayna River. These words are being heard more and more often

in Sayany. The hydroelectric power station builders must build

this small hydroelectric power station (small on a Siberian scale

and representing half the rated capacity of the DenproGES) before

the giant at the Karlov channel reaches its full capacity. The

Maynskaya GES, which until recently was overshadowed by the enormous dam of the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES, has become an object of

key importance for the Siberian and Lenigrad hydroelectric power

station builders.

And I was not surprised when Anatoliy Illarionovich said, "Have

you seen enough? Now we have to go take a look at the Mayna."

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NON-NUCLEAR POWER

MAYNSKAYA GES CONSTRUCTION REPORT

Leningrad LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian id Aug 83 p 2

/Article by B. Malyshev: "Rapid Development for the Energy Complex: In the Hands of the Mountains^/

/Text7 The Maynskaya GES is being built to ensure that the water

TeveT of the Yenisey River remains constant regardless of the mode

of operation of the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES. That is .'why the

Maynskaya GES is called a counter-regulating hydroelectric power

station. After visiting the grandiose dam at the Karlov channel

the construction site at the Mayn settlement seems small.

One can fully appreciate the size of the construction work on the

Mayn River only by going down from the steep shore of the Yenisey,

along which passes the Sayanogorsk-Cheremushki highway, to the

trench that is set apart from the river by earthen bulkheads. It

reminds one of an open coal quarry - on the bare bottom of the

river. A quadrangular "bath" has been blasted to a depth of 25 -

30 meters in the black shale. It has then been squeezed on two

sides by high concrete walls. The GES building will stand here

with its three power units, each of which will be able to generate

107,000 kilowatts.

Only the central portion of the power station, where the spillway

and power units are to be placed, will be concrete. Everything

else will be a filled dam of gravel and loam, which will raise

the water level of the Yenisey by 19 meters and connect Sayanogorsk with the Shushenskiy Rayon. When this done one can travel

via an excellent asphalt highway to Shushenskiy to the dam at the

Karlov channel in just an hour.

If the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES can be called a key project, then

the Maynskaya can certainly be called the advanced post of the

Sayano-Shushenskaya. The best hydroelectric power station builders from the KrasnoyarskGESstroy, the best of the best, have come

together here. It is sufficient to say that the brigade of concrete workers headed by Hero of Socialist Labor Valeriy Aleksandrovich Poznyakov, the first to receive this high rank in the building

56
of the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES, is working on the Mayn River pro--

\^ \^ ject. Next to this collective works anothej-j no less famous collective, which is led by Leninist Komsomol "prize winner and holder of the Order of Lenin, Sergey Yegorovich Kolenkov.

The first cubic meter of concrete was poured on the botton of the

river on 22 April 1980. Since then some 150,000 cubic meters, representing more than one half of the concrete work, have been

poured. In commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the 2nd Party

Congress the hydroelectric power station builders pledged to speed

up the pace of their work so that the Yenisey River would be spanned by 22 April 1984 and the first power unit would be put into

operation at the new power station in December of 1984.

According to the approved design it was proposed to place the dam

on a "dry" bottom, which means that the bulkheads would be poured

and all work would be done in the trench. But specialists from

KrasnoyarskGESstroy and Lengidroproyekt made a substantial adjustment to this concept during the course of the construction work.

They decided to proceed without erecting bulkheads on the righthand shore. This means that (-,.,22 April 1984 will not only be the

day that the Yenisey River is spanned for the third time at the

Mayn River but also the first day for the new dam. The dam will

come into being immediately after the river is spanned; it will

\„„- increase in size and density at the same time that the water level

in the Maynskoye reservoir rises. This bold decision will make it

possible to reduce the amount of time required to construct the

GES by a year to eighteen months. Thus, the cooperation of the

, Siberian construction workers and Leningrad designers has made it

possible to significantly speed up the'construction of the GES on

the Mayn River, which will without doubt save a lot of money.

The "little shoulder" of cooperation, which is what the labor collectives working on the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES call the business

dealings among themselves, is producing similar savings. Brigades

from the Gidromontazh Trust are working on the Sayano-Shushenskaya

GES on a tight schedule. They have a lot to do. The most complicated task of all is now getting underway - on the dam they are

installing the upper portion of the spillway and water intake.

Each man has a responsible task. The concrete workers on the Mayn

River project are pressed to get their work done - the hydraulic

seals must be installed.

A complicated situation has evolved. Then the brigades from the

Spetsgidroenergomontazh took on the task of doing the installation

work on the Mayn. Now they are not only installing the fiurbogen^-Ji

erator units, but all of the groove structures, the seals for the

water intakes of the draft tubes and the spillway as well.

57
K

\S

V.,"'

v

iC.K. Kuzmin, the chief engineer from KrasnoyarskGESstroy states,

'.'.For us, the general contractors, it is advantageous to have all

jf the installation work centralized in one organization."

Having taken on the additional^ pledges, the Leningrad installers

got< together with the concrete workers from KrasnoyarskGESstroy

and came up with a plan of joint efforts. Thety proposed assembling

a powerful KBGS-1000 lifting crane on the left-hand shore of the

river. This is the crane used for pouring concrete at the SayanoShushenskaya GES. They decided to assemble it without waiting until a spot was prepared for it on the dam.

A.I. Yaroslavskiy explained the nature of this proposal in this

manner: "The *1000' will build the road for itself from the shore

to the GES building. It will pour concrete in front of itself

and we will need only to raise the tracks on the finished scaffolding."

'By that time, when the installers begin installing the large assemblies of the hydrotechnical facilities and assemblies, the

"1000" will be there to assist us. The installers and the concrete

workers stand to gain from this."

And now everything depends upon the brigade of Vladimir Grigoryevich Dudcheriko, which is assembling the crane. In August - nearly

one month ahead of schedule - the crane will be placed in an upright position. It was manufactured with the participation of the

Lenpodyemtransmash /Leningrad Production Association of Lifting

and Transport Machine Building^/ Association - such was the pledge

made by this collective.

At the installation site nearby is the brigade of Anatoliy Aleksandrovich Seleznev, which is assembling the multi-ton fastening

parts for the stator of the first turbine, which bears the trademark of the Leningrad Metallurgical Plant Association. This brigade has decided to finish work on the stator by the end of the

year .

Sergey Vladimirovich Overchenko, a graduate of the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute, is in charge of all installation work on the

Mayn River. He is not yet 30 years old and already he has had experience on the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES.and has installed units

at the Ust-Ilimskaya and Kolymskaya ,GESea. His wife also graduated

from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and is now working in

Sayany.

On the Yenisey River the effect of the creative cooper ation, :<

which was given impetus by the "contract of the 28", is quite evident. And this effect is manifest not only in reducing the amount

of time to do the task and improving the quality of the work. The

cooperation determines the fates of people. Overchenko himself

while a student participated in the research for the development

58
of the hydrounits for the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES. After receiving

his diploma, he came here to oversee their assembly.

In Cheremushki, Sayanogorsk and Mayn one encounters young boys and

girls in their green uniforms bearing the emblem "Polytech". Each

year hundreds of students from the Polytechnical Institute spend

their third work semester here. This year in Sayany some 500

young boys and girls from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute are

working. And more than likely among them there are those who in

the near future will be required to install new power giants on

the Yenisey River and its tributaries.

It is not just hydroelectric power stations that they will be constructing. Could brigade leader V.S. Demidenko have ever dreamed

that his star installers would one day be required to be reclassified as land reclamation workers? But that is exactly what has

happened. The Siberians appealed to the Leningraders for help in

modernizing the Uyskaya irrigation system and building the Oznachenskaya irrigation system, which are earmarked to bring irrigation to the Koybalskaya Steppe. It was necessary to extend the

pipelines from Mayn through the mountains and into the steppe.

And the hydroelectric power station builders took on the job.

Demidenko's brigade, or to be more precise an element of his brigade that is headed by Aleksandr Ivanovich Malyuzhanets , was the

first to reach Mayn. Malyuzhanets, who is quiet and thoughtful

and accustomed to taking on any task only after having given it

careful consideration, followed his policy in this strange situation. Before laying the first pipe, he assembled his element and

conferred with his comrades.

The conclusions reached by the hydroelectric power station builders were unexpected for land reclamation workers. First, the

Leningrad workers recommended changing the proposed route for the

pipeline. Second, they decided to reject the traditional methods

of laying pipe.

Usually, in mountainous conditions pipes are welded in short

lengths and raised to the positions that have been prepared on the

slope. And here the lengths are joined together. After all a

lifting crane cannot be used on the slope of a mountain and without it the pipes cannot be connected. Malyuzhanets1

element took

an easier path. Having "saddled" the next mountain, the installers dragged the pipes to it and welded them into lengths and then

using a winch and an installation trolley they lowered the finished

sections down the slope to the section of the pipeline that had already been prepared. To tear the pipes from the earth and lift

them to the joint, they used "air pillows", large rubber chambers,

rather than a crane.

59
As if to see a miracle people came to admire the work of the Leningrad workers. They were accustomed to seeing the side of a mountain

totally destroyed when a pipeline is installed on a steep slope of

a mountain. And here they beheld a strand of pipeline going from

one mountain to another without disturbing a single tree.

Demidenko's brigade continues to work in two elements - one in the

mountains and the other at the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES. Within a

short period of time, both elements will be joined together to

work at Mayn, where they will help with the start-up of the final

hydrounits for the power source of the Sayanskiy territorial-production complex. And then there will be new power stations and

new labor victories.

But in Sayany they will long remember those who brought new life

to this distant kray. The mighty electric power stations with

their powerful hydrounits and the manmade reservoirs in the hands

of the mountains, the power transmission lines and pipelines which

bring life and flowering gardens to the dry steppes will remain.

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60
NON-NUCLEAR POWER

BRIEFS

EKIBASTUZ-BARNAUL LEP—A LEP-1150, a 1,150 volt system, has reached the Pavlovskiy Rayon of the Altay Kray. The LEP starts in the

Kazakh SJ3R. The energy bridge will connect Ekibastuz with__Barnaul.

/TextV /Moscow SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA in Russian 12 Jun 83 p \_l 8927

ROGUNSKAYA GES REPORT—The builders of the Rogunskaya GES in the

Tajik SSR have fulfilled their assignment ahead of schedule. A

prefabricated shop for the cutting and welding of pipes with a

diameter greater than five meters has been shipped to the power

station from the Irtysh Gidrostalkonstruktsiya /Hydroelectric power

station steel structures/ Plant. The shop was placed on a single

railroad flatcar. The installers will be able to quickly set up

such a shop even in the mountains - the prefabricated metal housing unfolds like an accordion. This relieves the hydroelectric

power station builders from having to dig the trench and delivering the construction materials and other work needed when erecting stationary structures. The compact structure is especially

convenient for transporting via narrow roads in the canyons. And

the thermal insulation of the exterior cover does a good job of

protecting the workers from heat. /TextJ /Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 24 ijun 83 p J/ 8927

BRATSKAYA GES M0DERNIZATI0N--An important stage in the modernization of the Bratskaya GES has been completed. Today the final,

number 18 hydrounit was again put into operation. This coincided

with the generation by the power station of 400 billion kilowatthours of electricity. Hydroelectric technology has never seen the

equal of a single power station generating so much electricity anywhere in the world. We recall that the first unit of the power

station was put into operation over 20 years ago. Throughout this

period of time the operators and the scientists and machine builders have sought to improve the power station. The rated capacity

of the station was increased by nearly 500,000 kilowatts through

modernization. The modernization of the GES will continue. Together with the Ust-i-Ilimskaya GES the Bratskaya GES is the heart

of the major territorial-production complex, which has come into

being on the Angara River. The energy from these power stations

operates enterprises of the non-ferrous metallurgy and celluose

and paper industries; the LEPs deliver electricity to__the cities

and settlements of the Baykal-Amur Railroad. /Text7 /Moscow

xy SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 21 May 83,p 1] 8927

61
TOBOLSKAYA TETS REPORT—The tight schedule of the pre-adjustment

work on the first power unit of the Tobolskaya TETs has not died

down. The TETs was put into operation in April; already the construction workers are working on the second power unit with a rated capacity of 175,000 kilowatts. The brigades led by N. Masakovskiy and A. Belyayev from the TETs construction administration are

now pouring concrete for the foundations beneath the turbine and

boiler assembly. The installers who work for honored builder of

the RSFSR, S. Krylov and V. Panteleyev from the Uralenergomontazh

Trust are now assembling the steam boiler and other equipment.

Within a four month period the builders completed work valued at

600,000 rubles more than had been planned. This confirms their

resolve t^o put the second power unit into operation this year.

/Text/ /Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 23, Jun 83 p 15/

8927

NUREKSCAYA GES REPORT—The construction of the final of the key

facilities for the Nurekskaya GES has been completed. This is the

so-called catastrophic spillway. This almost 350 meter tunnel,

which is intended to release excess water during particularly

heavy flooding of the turbulent Vakhsh River. Although such

floods, according to estimates of specialists, happen only once in

a hundred years, the GES which was built in the mountains with a

rated capacity of 2.7 million kilowatts must be insured against

all dangerous catastrophes. The spillway was built in difficult

geological conditions: it was ruptured at an inclination of 30

degrees. /Text/ /Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 29 Jun 83 p 2/ 8927

BUREYSKAYA GES REPORT—The builders have commenced their assault

on the tayga massif, which approaches Talakan, the settlement for

the builders of the Bureyskaya GES. Powerful bulldozers are laying the sidings, clearing the sites and marking the boundaries

for the first facilities. It is necessary to raise a city, in

which the builders and operators of the power station will live.

Having come to the Amur tayga from various regions of the Soviet

Union, the Komsomol envoys have already completed a great deal of

work. Production bases and repair shops have been established;

and a temporary settlement has been built. In addition, a highvoltage LEP has been built from the Zeyskaya GES. While working

on the main facilities the builders are starting to set up the

city. The city will be made up of seven microregions consisting

of multi-storey apartment buildings, a common city center with a

club, movie theater, hotel and other facilities. Amid the white

stone buildings they will preserve some small patches of the original tayga. /-Text/. Moscow SEL'SKAYA ZHIZN' in Russian 2 Jul 83

p 1/ 8927

62
GRES FOR SAMOTLOR OIL FIELD—In Nizhnevartovsk, near the famous

Samotlor oil deposit, work has gotten underway on a powerful GRES.

The need to build this important facility is evident: after all

more and more energy is needed here. The development of the region continues at a rapid pace. In the next five-year plan the new

power station in the Central Ob River region will generate its first

current. /Tex_t/ /Moscow IZVESTIYA.in Russian 26 Jun 83 p \J 8927

YEREVANSKAYA TETS REPORT—An original design done by the specialists

from the Armenian Scientific-Research Institute of Power Engineering

of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification has made it pos-:

sible to significantly reduce the expenditure of natural gas that is

used by the Yerevanskaya TETs. The burner devices for the boilers

and the new technological layout that was adopted will make it possible to use exhaust gases from the chemical enterprises located

nearby as a fuel. These devices were_ins_talled based on recommendations made by__the specialists. /Text/ /Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian

15 Jun 83 p 3/ 8927

KATUN RIVER TO PRODUCE ENERGY—In the 11th Five-Year Plan in the

Mountainous Altay Kray work will get underway on an hydroelectric

power station that will be the largest in Western Siberia. All

glaciers in Altay Kray feed into Katun River. V.V. Sapozhnikov,

a renowned professor and researcher on this river basin from Tomsk

University, has noted that the Katun River possesses a great deal

of energy and in capacity takes a back seat only to +

ho

Vonisov

River. " - '-- -

L

-

r

-'--- J~- —*—- ~«= t,„.i i-„i..

s

ya GES. Among

tne pioneers ror tne new troo ace vasnijr HAK.U j.a^c v J.UH t.a.«.i,ia.

Igor„Afanasyevich Zaytsev, KrasnoyarskGESstroy veterans, who came

to Siberia twenty years ago on a Komsomol travel pasa to__work on

.- ._ - r\ (-11 _1 1. ~ m? O HT,-.T.T *-V> /-. * * 4 c V a +1irt I T d V f /

are Vasiliy Nikolayevich Zakharov and

asnoyarskGESstroy veterans, who

^ _w n a Komsomol travel pas^ to__work

the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES. Now there is Katun. /Text/

/Moscow KOMSOMOL'SKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 28 Jul '83 p 2/ 8927

ANGRENSKAYA GRES-2 REP0RT--A red flag, raised to the 330-meter^

height above the valley of the Angren River, marks the labor victory of the construction workers. At the Angrenskaya GRES-2 the

pouring of concrete in the casing for the smoke stack of this

thermal electric power station was completed ahead of schedule.

The GRES 2, which will burn coal from the Angrenskiy deposit, is

being built at a fast pace. The first of its eight power units

with a rated capacity of 300,000 kilowatts is to be put into operation next year. The report was issued from Nurabad in Tashkent

Oblast^ /.Text/ /Kishinev SOVETSKAYA MOLDAVIYA in Russian 25 Jun

83 p 1/ 8927

63
NERYUNGRINSKAYA GRES REPORT—The brigades of P. Statsenko, Yu.

Sukhodolskiy and N. Savateyev from the Vostokenergomontazh Trust

have completed the installation, of the boiler and turbine for power

unit No 1 at the Neryungrinskaya GRES, with a rated capacity of

210 megawatts, a full month ahead of schedule. The GRES will be

put into operation at the end of this year and will generate current for the Southern Yakutsk Territorial Production Complex, the

first such complex in the area served by the Baykal-Amur Railroad.

The success of these progressive installers was made possible by

the friendly efforts and high degree of good organization of the

collectives and their constant concern for strengthening labor discipline and increasing labor productivity. The report is filled

from the settlement of Serebryanyy Bor in Yakutsk Oblast. /Text7

/Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 24 Aug 83 p J_7

8927

LEP FROM STAVROPOLSKAYA GRES—Construction workers are installing

a power transmission line between Inguriges and the Stavropolskaya

GRES through the Nakharskiy Pass in the mountains of the Greater

Caucasus. Here, at a height of 3,000 meters, they have completed

the installation of the final, one hundredth mast without a concrete foundation. Earlier they chiseled a trench in the cliff

for the reinforced concrete foundation, which supports the mast.

On the recommendation of Moscow scientists the cliff will serve as

the foundation. They are cutting anchor bolts into the cliff and

reinforcing the cliff with a cement solution - and the mast has

been safely secured. A significant savings in resources is realized. A LEP-500 will connect the power systems of the Caucasus and

the Northern Caucasus. The power bridge is being built__from both

ends. /Text/ /Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 4 Jul 83 p 3/ 8927

EKIBASTUZSKAYA GRES-1 REPORT—At the end of April the sixth power

unit, with a rated capacity of 500,000 kilowatts, at the Ekibastuzskaya GRES-1 began generating current. The total rated capacity

of this first station in the Ekibastuz energy complex has reached

three million kilowatts; the power station has become the largest

in the Kazakh SSR. The completion of power unit No 7, also a

500,000 kilowatt unit, is coming up. Work is proceeding at full

pace on the installation of the boiler and turbine. The power station operators are doing a good job this year. More than four

billion kilowatt-hours of electricity have been generated, which

is in excess of the assignment. The implementation of measures for

raising the reliability of the equipment and reinforcing labor__dis^

cipline and production discipline have led to this success. /Text/

/Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 20? May 83 p 16/ "~8927

64
EKIBASTUZ COAL REPORT—Miners from the Ekibastuzugol /Ekibastuz

Coal Production Association?" have extracted the 800 millionth ton

of coal since the coal deposit was first mined. More.than 100 excavator and locomotive brigades competed for the privilege of shipping this ton of fuel. The brigade led by N. Krivosh^eyenko, which

works at the Bogatyr open pit mine and services theÜRP-2500 rotor

complex, achieved good results. The brigade's account shows more

than 250,000 tons of coal in excess of the plan. The brigades of

excavator operators, which are led by Hero of Socialist Labor A.

Vitt and_S. Zubko, made a major contribution to this labor victory^

/Text/ /.Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 20, May 83 p 16/

8927

EKIBASTUZ INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT—For the energy complex builders of

Ekibastuz the key social and cultural facility is a school that

will be able to handle 1,500 students. The brigade led by V.

Sizintsev, the best in the Ekibastuzenergostroy Trust, is building

the school. A smooth schedule of work has been developed. Problems having to do with deliveries of materials from various cities

have been solved. Only the Yermakovskiy Reinforced Concrete Articles

Plant, which is located nearby, is not holding up its end of the

bargain. The Yermakovskiy plant is delaying the delivery of columns, spanning plates and have shortshipped nearly 70 ventilation

units. The plant managers still have not answered whether or not

they will produce the 120 necessary elements for the installers

which are to be done according to individualized blueprints or if

the order should be given to other enterprises. How soon the children of the energy complex builders and power workers can start

school depends upon the solution of these problems. /Text/

/Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 20, May 83 p 16/ 8927

EKIBASTUZ RESPONSE TO AB0VE--The general director of the Ekibastuzenergo Production Association, G. Barkov, responds to a report in

Issue No 12 of this newspaper. As regards the construction of social and cultural facilities in Ekibastuz I offer the following.

The kindergarten that was mentioned in the article has now been completed in the first quarter. One more kindergarten, a dining hall

and a commercial center are to be completed in the fourth quarter.

At present the work on these facilities is proceeding on schedule. _

/Text./ /Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 20, May 83 p 16/

8927

65
DNESTROVSKAYA GES REPORT—V. Fionov's brigade has done an excellent

job of completing an important task in the construction of the

Dnestrovskaya GES. The workers installed the rotor of the electric

generator considerably faster than called for by the schedule. The

fifth generator is being assembled at the same time as the sixth.

The installers have succeeded in placing the maximum number of

lifting mechanisms in a limited space; and in so doing they used

the high-speed assembly method to the fullest extent. V. Troitskiy, whose brigade was tasked with the final adjustment of the

assembly, says, "the reciprocal earnings concept, a high degree of

labor discipline and well coordinated actions of the related participants will help. We, for example, are satisfied with the pace

and quality of the labor of V. Fionov and his comrades." And the

installers, in turn, have opened up the work front for the concrete workers from V. Yeremeyev's brigade ahead of schedule. The

key complex is near completion: the fifth turbine is to be tested

in the middle of September. By the end of the year the sixth and

final power unit will be put into operation. When this unit is in

operation the GES will attain its planned rated capacity of 700,000

kilowatts. The reservoir of the hydrounit on the Dnestr River will

irrigate 500,000 hectares of land in southern Ukraine and in Moldavia^ The water supply for many populated areas will be improved.

/Text/ /Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 31 Aug 83

p \T~ 8927

ALI-BAYRAMLINSKAYA GRES REPORT--The power industry workers at the

Ali-Bayramlinskaya GRES imeni Ilich have generated some 17 million

kilowatt-hours of electricity for the national economy; they have

overfulfilled their socialist pledges that they made for the third

year of the five-year plan well in excess of the plan. In the progressive collective effective organizational-technical measures

have been successfully implemented, which --has '" made it possible to

ensure the operation of all power units at the power station in an

optimal mode and to conserve nearly 1,000 tons of standard fuel.

They,have also managed: to attain the frontier for generating the

fifth billion kilowatt-hours of electricity well ahead of schedule.

Among the power workers a socialist competition has gotten underway to come up with a worthy accomplishment for the 25th anniversary of the movement for Communist labor. The electrical shop and

the hydroshop as well as the brigades of A. Nagiyev, A. Guseynov

and M. Aliyev have achieved the best indicators. With their outstanding labor they justify '.their honorary title of the collectives of Communist labor., JoiS the celebration of this movement

the progressive workers, have-,, taken on increased pledges. /Texty

/Baku VYSHKA in Russian "fl" "Aug 83 p U 8927 ~*

66
EQUIPMENT FOR SAYANO-SHUSHENSKAYA GES—The 146-ton operating wheel

for power unit number nine at the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES has been

delivered to the Karlov channel. The Sovetskaya Yakutiya ship received the valuable cargo in Leningrad. It passed through five

seas and overcame the icy path of the Northern Sea Route and arrived at the polar city of Dudinka. Here the seamen handed their

baton to the river fleet sailors. Along with the working wheel

they delivered a rotor for the auxiliary generator for the ninth

power unit and a bath_for the lift of the first hydroturbine of the

Maynskaya GES. /Text/ /Moscow VODNYY TRANSPORT in Russian 3 Aug 83

p U 8927

CHEBOKSARSKAYA GES REPORT—The final hydroelectric power station

in the Volga River cascade, the Cheboksarskaya GES, is to receive

a generator whjfcGh will arrive today at the Elektrosila Production Association. The generator with a rated capacity

of 78,000 kilowatts with the station number of "11" was manufactured well ahead of the planned schedule, as stipulated by a contract between the Leningrad manufacturers and the builders of the

GES. Reserves for speeding up the work were found in the hydrogenerator shop of Elektrosila during the course of the competition

to come up with a worthwhile feat for the 25th anniversary of the

Communist labor movement. Among the leaders of this labor competition were the brigades of insulators led by Z. Timofeyeva and

drill operators led by A. Yegorov. While accomplishing their taut

socialist pledges, which were aimed at fulfilling the assignment

for the first three years of the five-year plan ahead of schedule,

these labor collectives made full use of the advantages of the

brigade form of organizing labor. They work against a single order, which prevents tasks from being broken down into those that

are "profitable" and "not profitable" and which promotes the rapid

dissemination of progressive experience - all members of the collective are motivated to achieve the highest common final result.

Some 18 assemblies will be installed at the Cheboksarskaya GES.

The Elektrosila collective is now working on the final generators

in the series. When it reaches designed rated capacity the power

station will begin producing some 3.5 million kilowatt-hours of

electricity every day^ /T*ext_7 /.Leningrad LENIN3RADSKAYA PRAVDA in

Russian 24 Jun 83 p U 8927

FRUNZENSKAYA TETS MODERNIZED—Without additional outlays of fuel

the new buildings in the two microrayons of Frunze are now being

supplied with hot water by the power workers at the capital TETs.

This is the result of modernization, after which the condensation

turbines, which before generated only electricity, took on the job

of producing "thermal" energy .and began to operate in a thermal

heating mode. Without the installation of the new power equipment

the thermal capacity of the TETs increased one and a half fold.

The city is growing and is being built. And while the problem of

the ever growing consumption of electricity in conditions of the

Kirghiz SSR can be solved by the successful construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Naryn River, the problem

67
of how to further provide the city with heat remains unsolved. At

the same time that the question about building a second thermal

"electric power central for the needs of the republic capital is being studied,

specialists have put into operation one of the_ reserves for "making

more rational use of available capacities. /Text7 /Moscow

SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 9 Jul 83 p j_7 8927

ROGUNSKAYA GES EQUIPMENT—Ust-Kamenogorsk. The assembly and disassembly shops will significantly reduce the amount of time required for installing the gigantic water conduits when building

hydroelectric power stations. Their production has been assimilated at the Irtysh Gidrostalkonstruktsiya Plant of the USSR Ministry

of Power and Electrification. Having dispatched from the sidings

a special railroad flatcar, upon which is placed an entire piece

of equipment for cutting and welding pipes with a diameter greater

than five meters* the plant collective filled the order of the

builders of the Rogunskaya GES in Tajik SSR ahead of schedule.

The installers will be able with minimum outlays of labor and.time

to erect such an equipment set even in the most difficult mountainous conditions - the assembly and disassembly mechanized casing unfolds like an accordion. This relieves the hydroelectric power

station builders from efforts connected with digging a trench and

delivering construction materials and other work which were necessary previously for erecting similar stationary shops. The compact structure is particularly convenient when being transported

along narrow roads in the canyons. The external covering of the

equipment set provides reliable protection from heat and cold. To

speed up the assembly of this shop the plant workers were helped by

shifting the primary kinds of work to an automatic mode, the importance of which was emphasized at the June (1983) Plenum of the CPSU

Central Committee. The innovators have adopted a highly_ efficient

weeding stand, which can be run by a single operator. _/Text/

Alma-Ata KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 22 Jun 83 p~j7 8927

SPANDARYANSKAYA GES REPORT—The Ararat Cement and Slate Combine

owed the builders of the Spandaryanskaya GES 1,100 tons of cement

for the second quarter. The work schedule for this key project

of the 11th Five-Year Plan was threatened with disruption. The

shortage of cement s4ows the construction of the power station

building, the pouring of concrete for the tunnel and the construction of other facilities. All efforts of the construction administration managers at the head structures of the Tatevskaya GES of

Armgidroenergostroy to pledge the allocated funds were unsuccessful. The vehicles , which were sentiout almost dally from Sisian

to Ararat, a distance of 150 kilometers, were returning empty. Now

the cement industry^:workers are indicating their readiness to fill

the orders of the power station builders, but whether they will be

able to accomplish this when the end of the quarter is only a few

days off and when some 200 round trips are needed to deliver all of

the cement remains to be seen! The director of the combine, L.

Petrosyan, said, "we are not the only ones to blame. In such an

68
extreme situation the cement could be shipped by a centralized #

shipping method, howeverthe Ararat motor transport enterprise is

most unwilling to allocate vehicles,for long-distance trips . It

is thought that observing the departmental'interests in this case

is inappropriate to say the least. It is necessary to take all

steps on an urgent basis to ensure that the construction of this

final project in the Vorotanskiy cascade proceed at a normal pace.

/TextT /Yerevan KOMMUNIST in Russian 25 Jun 83 p 2/ 8927

MORE ON SPANDARYANSKAYA GES—The turbine water conduit, the construction of which has been completed at the construction site of

the Spandaryanskaya GES, is ready for operation. One of the crucial

stages in the construction of the final stage in the Vorotanskiy

cascade has been completed. The almost three-kilometer pipeline

will start transporting water from the man-made sea, which was created near the power station, to the GES turbines. The path of the

pipeline was built in complicated hydrogeological conditions and

represented particular difficulty. The majority of the stretch of

the water conduit was laid in tunnels. The heterogeneity of the

soil made it necessary to constantly change the map of the drilling.

But the builders remained on schedule. In this they were assisted

by the highly-productive equipment, the brigade method of organizing labor, and the accurate organization of all services and subelements. The Vorotanskiy cascade, where there are now two power

stations in operation, is one of the powerful energy centers of

the Armenian SSR. It supplies electricity to the mining organizations and agricultural facilities in this rapidly developing and

promising region of the republic. The construction workers are

nearing the time when the Spandaryanskaya GES will be put into operation. After it is completed by the year 1985, the annual generation of electricity in the Armenian SSR will reach 16 billion _

-kilowatt-hours. /Text7 /Yerevan KOMMUNIST in Russian 15 May 83 p U

8927

CSO: 1822/355

69
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

UDC 621.643.002.2/.658.589

GLAVSIBTRUBOPROVODSTROY TO ACCELERATE WORK

Moscow STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV in Russian No 10, Oct 83 pp 6-7

[Article by S. P. Vel'chev, Glavsibtruboprovodstroy, Tyumen']

[Text] The subdivisions of Glavsibtruboprovodstroy each year put into operation more than 1,000 km of large-diameter gas pipelines and five or six compressor stations, performing commodity production valued at more than 700 million rubles, thereby ensuring the planned volume of production and transport

of gases from the deposits of Western Siberia. The successful implementation

of the planned work program is being favored by the introduction into pipeline production of scientific and technical advances, progressive experience

and modern technology. For example, due to implementation of measures in the

plan for new equipment, in 1982 there was a saving of 56 million rubles. In

the subdivisions of the administration there has been extensive use of multipost welding outfits, "Sever-1" electric contact welding apparatus is being

introduced and the ."Styk" apparatus for welding with powder wire is being prepared for operation.

The administration is the pioneer in the speedy construction of main gas pipelines by large mechanized complexes, the assembly line-combined Aethod for

the construction of compressor stations. For the first time in the branch the

administration has employed new constructions for the attachment of pipelines

in inundated sectors with use of a nonfabric synthetic material (NSM) and local

ground, pile metal anchors of the AR-401 type with increased supporting capacity. The last two developments alone have made it possible to obtain an

annual economic effect of about 7 million rubles, to achieve a considerable

saving of cement and metal, and with the use of NSM for building work roads

achieve a saving of hundreds of cubic meters of wood. The administration"is

directly participating in the implementation of a number of scientific and

technical programs provided for by the plan of the USSR State Committee on

Science and Technology.

In particular, the administration is constructing experimental sectors of

pipes of new designs: two-layer, multilayer, quasimonolithic, developed by the

Institute of Electric Welding imeni Ye. 0. Paton and the VNIImetmash. However,

the completion of work under these programs has obviously been dragged out,

although positive intermediate results have already been obtained in the testing of two- and multilayer pipes.

70
Despite the considerable economic effect of the use of new equipment and

methods, the rates of their introduction are still inadequate and no one

is doing anything about this.

What is the holdup today in the accelerated implementation of the multisided

programs and the more complete use of attainments in science, technology

and advanced methodology, especially in construction?

It is well known that in order to introduce a new method or machine it is

necessary to restructure production, establish new rates for the performance

of work, obtain material and technical resources and wäge allocations, and

this is not taken into account in the plans for the introduction of new

technology. As was correctly stated by Comrade Yu. V. Andropov at the November (1982) Plenary Session of the Central Committee CPSU;; questions are

asked concerning the nonfulfillment of the production plan, but there is not

a murmur concerning the introduction of new technology, which is most important .

There is no one at all to ask concerning the tardy delivery of new materials

and equipment. Today, in order to obtain, for example, a nonfabric synthetic

material it is necessary to know the need for it provided for in the plan,

but planners do not include it in the plan because new technology and new

materials are involved for which there are no approved norm-setting documents.

A v§*cious circle arises; for builders — the plan,, and for the factory and

planner — nothing.

In addition, the existing system for material stimulation (granting of bonuses) for the introduction of new technology is imperfect, it does not create

interest in the use of technical innovations. As correctly noted by Comrade

Yu. V. Andropov at the June (1983) Plenary Session of the Central Committee

CPSU, "a manager who 'risked' and introduced new technology at an enterprise,

used or produced new equipment, often remains the loser, whereas he who shuns

innovation loses nothing." The June (1983) Plenary Session of the Central Committee CPSU posed the problem of developing such a system of organizational,

economic and moral measures which would interest managers and workers, scientists and planners in the renewal of technology.

From our.point of view the plan for the introduction of new technology must

be raised to the rank of a state plan in order that it be ensured with material and technical resources, in order that specific times be established for

all those involved. The granting of bonuses must be differentiated, depending

on the volumes and times of introduction of the new technology. It is necessary to increase the size of the bonus in order to shorten the time for the

mastery of new technology. It is desirable that the organizations implementing the plan with application of the new technology in the future for a definite period enjoy the advantages that go with it. The same privileges must be

extended to organizations accomplishing the introduction of many-sided scientific and technical programs of the USSR State Committee on Science and

Technology.

As a rule, multisided scientific-production programs have an interbranch character. It is necessary that the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology

71
approve programs which would indicate more specific times for the development

of planning-estimate documents by planning and scientific-research institutes,

assurance of financing, delivery of equipment, apparatus and materials. After

approval the program must incorporate all those involved into the state plan.

Implementation of the program must be regarded as one of the principal technical-economic indices for operation of an enterprise.

Only such a multisided approach will ensure a successful realization of plans

for the introduction of new technology and the multisided purposeful programs

of the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology. The adopted measures

will favor solution of highly important scientific and technical problems.

It is evident that it is necessary to exclude from the plans for the new technology those sections which are not used in the subdivisions or which long ago

became the norm and are provided for in plans.

Trusts have been assigned the task of saving materials by means of use of new

materials and progressive technical solutions, but no plans provide for their

material-technical support. It is necessary that these tasks be unified with

respect both to the savings as a whole and with respect to the items of expenditure by means of which the required savings must be ensured.

Only the balancing of the plans for the introduction of new technology with"

the plans for volumes and delivery times, the raising of this plan to the

ranks of a state plan and differentiated programming will'facilitate accelerated scientific-technical progress.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo f"Nedra" Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, 1983«,

5303

CSO: 1822/72

72
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

UDC 624.09.073-412

SIBKOMPLEKTMONTAZH TO IMPROVE MANAGEMENT

Moscow STROITEL'SVO TRUBOPROVODOV in Russian No 10, Oct 83 pp 11-14

[Article by G. Ye. Subbotin, "Sibkomplektmontazh" Association, Tyumen']

[Text] In the Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises system successful work is being accomplished under the purposeful scientific and technical production program "Creation and Introduction of a Complex of Machines, Technology and Organization of Speedy and Continuous Construction of Main Gas Pipelines With a Diameter of 1,420 mm Under a Pressure

of 7.5-12 MPa and Block-Unitized Compressor Stations for the Transport of Gas

From Western Siberia to the European Center of the Country." In August 1982

the coordination council on this program adopted a resolution on change in the

organizational structure of the administration and improvement in the economic

relationships between the subdivisions of the "Sibkomplektmontazh" Association.

Among the various problems arising in the further development of the assemblyblock construction method in Western Siberia consideration was given to one of

the most important — management of the production-technological building of

projects under construction in block-box increments, construction elements and

prefabricated materials in accordance with the calendar schedules for construction, the technology for the construction of production facilities and the

stipulated times for putting them into operation.

In connection with 'the high rates of growth in work volumes (1980 — 116 million rubles, 1983 — 165 million rubles, 1985 — .200 million rubles), a considerable reduction, in the times required for construction in comparison with

the norm, with a simultaneous increase in the number of erected objects and a

changeover of the association to the construction of technologically complex

production facilities (compressor stations, apparatus for the multisided preparation of gas, etc.) the entire construction-assembly system and each of its

elements individually requires more efficient, uninterrupted functioning:

integration of the material resources of factory production — fabrication of

block-unitized structural elements and construction components at factories

of the association — integration of projects with block-boxes, construction

components, prefabricated materials and transport of project complexes to the

construction site — assembly and implementation of starting-up and adjustment work on a project.

73
Recently there have been more and more instances of lack of control over

processes involved in the construction of projects, and especially due to

the tardy and incomplete delivery of block-boxes, construction components

and materials.

Prior to 1 October 1982 the system for the integration of block construction

functioned on the commodity circulation supply index, which did not orient

the workers of the integrating subdivisions on the final result and did not

stimulate their activity in the acceleration of the times for the construction of projects. The integration trust established within the association

in 1979 did not ensure the formation of effective bonds between the factories, supply bases and assembly organizations. In accordance with a decree of

the Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises on

1 October 1982 the integration trust was abolished and its bases in Novyy

Urengoy, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Komsomol'skiy were transformed into mobile

mechanized columns for transport-integration work — MMC (tiw).

The main task of the MMC (tiw) is the complete (in accordance with work integration documents) and timely (in accordance with integration schedules) production-technological integration of production facilities constructed for

the petroleum and gas industry. Accordingly, the principal functions of the

columns are: carrying out scheduled preventive maintenance and technical servicing of the existing supply of mechanisms and available vehicles and their

efficient operation; implementation of engineering-economic preparations preceding production-technological integration; direct integration with organizations engaged in loading and unloading work and the transportation process;

local fabrication of metal components (these are presently fabricated by the

assembly subdivisions at construction sites) and simple block-boxes (without

technological equipment, block-boxes with few components).

In order to determine the need for material-technical resources the Administration of Production-Technological Integration (APTI) of Block-Unitized Construction was established, which took in the Tyumen' integration base of the

former trust, which will deal with the production program of the association,

its protection in the corresponding agencies, writing of specifications, allocation and disbursing of allotted funds, and also the supplying of factories and other subdivisions of the association with the necessary resources

on an integrated basis.

The mobile mechanized columns for transport-integration work through their

integration sections are bringing about the work integration of projects, depending on their location, under the condition of minimizing of transportation expenditures, and are directly subordinate to the deputy general director for project assembly work (see Fig. 1) and the APTI is directly subordinate to the deputy general director of the association for material-technical

support and transport.

In order to accomplish their transport-work integration functions the MMC

have automobile transport, hoisting equipment, railroad sidings, warehouses

and open areas for the reception of freight, equipped with fixed-position

hoisting mechanisms. In order to carry out repairs and technical servicing

74
of machines and mechanisms the MMC have sections for scheduled preventive

maintenance which have mechanical repair workshops.

Fundamentally new indices lie at the basis of the work done by the MMC (tiw):

volume of commodity construction work (estimated), volume of constructionassembly work (computed). The volume of commodity construction work is the

volume of work carried out in accordance with the estimated cost in the delivery of the project items to the construction site in accordance with the

project work integration document approved by the association. The volume

of construction-assembly work (CAW) is the volume of loading and unloading

work, determined on the basis of the estimated cost, and also, on the same

basis, work on the transport of block-boxes, construction elements and prefabricated material to the construction site, including expenditures on the

local fabrication of items, in accordance with the quarterly (with month- '.:

by-month breakdown) schedule for project work integration approved by the

association.

The work integration document regulates the number, type, make and variety of

block-boxes, construction elements and materials necessary for implementation

of CAW by an assembly subdivision on a complex of subcontracting work and

its handing-over to the general contractor. The work integration schedule

defines the time;, number, type, make, variety and technological sequence for

supplying all the material resources required on a work project on an itemby-item basis.

The initial data for the developing of documents relating to the supplying

of work projects with block-boxes, construction elements and prefabricated

materials are work lists for work projects determined by the quarterly operational-production plan, collated with clients and general contractors and

approved by the deputy minister.

On the basis of the annual production program for the start-up of facilities

and the quarterly plans, the assembly subdivisions, together with the MMC

(tiw) for the work projects work out work integration documents and work

integration schedules which are examined by different sections of the association (work integration section, production section on project assembly, industrial production section, APTI) and which are approved by the

pertinent deputies of the general director.

A schedule for the delivery of block-boxes,,construction elements and prefabricated materials on an item-by-item basis is prepared for the full and

timely ensuring of material resources to construction projects, provided for

in the work integration schedules and work integration documents. The schedule for the delivery of material resources is approved by the general director or his first deputy 15 days prior to the beginning of the planned quarter. This schedule is the initial document for the planning of the following indices: for the factories of the association — the plan for production

of block-unitized elements and construction components in conformity to the

planned volume; for the APTI — the plan for scheduling the integrated supplying of association factories with the material resources necessary for

the production of block-unitized elements by these'plants in a strictly defined variety, range and quantity; the plan for scheduling delivery to MMC

(tiw) of prefabricated materials and construction elements in conformity to

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the prescribed variety, shipped by the plants. The transport section of

the association and the APTI are set the task of supplying the required volume of transport by railroad, water and air transportation facilities planned by the schedules for the delivery of material resources to the MMC (tiw).

The monitoring of adherence to the schedule for delivery of block-boxes, construction elements and materials from Tyumen1 is accomplished by the production-control section of the association. The coordination of all development

work, examination and approval of work integration documents, delivery schedules and the production-technological work integration of projects and monitoring of their implementation is accomplished by the section on productiontechnological work integration of the association.

A system of cross-calculations between assembly columns and MMC (tiw) has been

developed for creating an economic mechanism bringing about acceleration of

the assembly of production facilities, increasing the work productivity of

assembly brigades and reducing the cost of construction production.

The following principles served as its basis.

The acceptance and delivery of material goods to the work project is formalized by an acceptance-delivery document which gives the quantity of materials

and construction elements delivered to the assembly brigade. The document is

signed by authorized representatives of the assembly and transport-work integration columns and is certified by the seals of the subdivisions.

The work done by the MMC (tiw) is written up at the end of each month by a

document attesting to the acceptance of the construction-assembly work performed (standard form 2V with introduction of the column "cost of materials").

The signed document on form 2V is the basis for dropping of the assembly subdivision from the overall implementation (by its own resources) of CAW, regardless of how much work has been completed on a particular project.

So-called commodity construction production is formalized on form 2 after

100% supplying of the project with block-boxes, construction elements and

materials in accordance with the work integration document. The primary documents for writing up a document for the acceptance of the work done on the

completion of the project are the documents certifying acceptance and delivery of material resources and documents on form 2V.

The association has developed an estimated norm for determining the actually

performed volumes of CAW and commodity construction work, planning and computations for work performed by the MMC (tiw). This norm is differentiated by

construction regions (in the Khanty-Mansiy Autonomous Okrug it is 15%, in the

Yamalo-Nenetskiy Autonomous Okrug — 25%). This norm is applied for computations in percent of the estimated cost of the materials.

For planning the volume of CAW the norm is 9 and 15% of the estimated cost of

the work performed by the assembly subdivisions for these two okrugs.

The norm is determined by subtracting from the project estimates the expenditures on transport and warehouse operations, loading-unloading and other

76
work associated with work integration and the delivery of project materials

to the construction site. The estimated norm takes into account the transport scheme for the delivery of freight to projects and in essence reflects

the standard conditional net production of the MMC (tiw), since in the work

volume the cost of block-boxes, construction elements and materials is not

included. However, this volume is part of the estimated cost of the work performed on the project.

The administrative interrelationships between the MMC (tiw) and the association subdivisions are regulated by contractual agreements. The MMC (tiw) draws

up a contract with the assembly subdivisions for the production-technological

work integration of projects in accordance with work integration documents

and quarterly (broken down by months) work integration schedules. The MMC

(tiw) concludes contracts with the factories for the delivery of the full

range of fabricated items to the stipulated projects (in accordance with the

quarterly delivery schedule) and with the APTI it concludes agreements for

the delivery of prefabricated materials in the corresponding variety, range

and numbers provided for in the quarterly schedule.

In the event of nonsatisfaction of contract obligations the defaulting party

bears financial responsibility. The amount of the penalties, the sequence

and time for concluding the contracts and supplying of the projects and the

cross-calculations for the parties are determined by the "Regulations on the

Interrelationships of MMC (tiw) and Subdivisions of the 'Sibkomplektmontazh'

Association" prepared and approved by the association.

The association has developed the enterprise standard "Sequence for the Delivery and Acceptance of Factory Production in Assembly Work" (STP 46-83) for the

purpose of forming in the association a system making it possible to monitor

the flow of industrial production from the factory gates to the construction

sites and to formulate the conditions for the invariability of material and

disciplinary penalties for the ruination and loss, as well as unacceptable

quality of block-unitized structural elements and construction components hidden by the factory. This standard provides for the sequence for delivery and

acceptance of production by factories, the transport of block-unitized structural elements with a breakdown for all the stages of the transportation process, acceptance and storage of production at the MMC (tiw), transfer of production and technical documentation to it by assembly subdivisions, and also

presentation of claims and assignment of responsibility for ruination and incompleteness of block-unitized structural elements. The position of master

has been introduced into the T/0 of the MMC (tiw) for the visual reception of

block-boxes and structural elements at Tyumen' from the factories. This master

will be the authorized representative of this column and will be endowed with

the appropriate rights.

A system of planning and evaluation indices for all participants in the construction process has been established for the formation of an administrative

mechanism having an economically advantageous effect on the final result, the

putting of complexes of subcontracted work into operation. The principal indices of this system are summarized in the table.

77
The mechanism for evaluation and economic stimulation [granting of bonuses] of personnel orients the productive activity of each participant in the

construction process on the project. For example, the evaluation of activity

of the APTI is based on the implementation of the work integration schedule

by the subdivisions with respect to the list of tasks approved by the association. The activity of the work of factories is evaluated on the basis of

implementation of the plan for output of block-unitized structural elements

in the required numbers for stipulated projects (project allocation). The

evaluation of the activity of MMC (tiw) is accomplished in relation to

the-required implementation of the schedule for complete supplying of projects with material resources. These indices are taken into account when summarizing the results of socialist competition among the subdivisions of the

association and are fundamental in awarding the Challenge Red Banner, Certificate of Honor and monetary awards.

The mechanism for the granting of bonuses was developed in the following way:

all the participants in the construction work are assigned a "cost evaluation

index" which orients the personnel of production subdivisions on satisfaction

of the work integration schedules, the plan for output of industrial goods in

the required quantity for stipulated projects and the plan for the handingover of finished work to general contractors. Accordingly, for the APTI a fundamentally new evaluation index was introduced which does not reflect the volume of work done in general, but the volume of complete deliveries in cost

terms, in accordance with the approved schedules for integration of the material resources of factories and MMC (tiw); for factories the index is the

actual volume of production, representing the volume of block-unitized structural elements in the required numbers for stipulated projects delivered to

the MMC (tiw) in accordance with the item-by-item list for the production of

unitized components.

The funds for the granting of bonuses for the subdivisions of the association

are formed in large part from the profit gained as a result of production

work.

The so-called "material approval" fund is the source for granting of bonuses

to personnel. The "Instructions on the Awarding of Bonuses to Workers of the

APTI, Factories, MMC (tiw) and Assembly Subdivisions for Economic Activity in

1983" developed by the association included a mandatory condition for the

awarding of bonuses (see table) in which the source for material rewards for

the personnel of each of the considered subdivisions is the fulfillment of

the plan with respect to the volume of production ("commodity circulation"

in complete deliveries, realization of industrial production from the output

of items in the required numbers, commodity construction production).

The experience of work under conditions of an economic experiment revealed a

number of shortcomings and problems. In creating the new MMC (tiw) the association had no method for planning and calculating the work indices, the volumes of CAW and "commodity" contruction work, costs and profits. The method

employed by the association at the present time does not fully correspond to

the requirements of economic science and the instructions approved by the

USSR Central Statistical Administration on calculation of work indices.

- 78
For example, until now the ministry plans the number of workers and the

wages for the MMC (tiw) under the category "other forms of production," but

the association assigns to these MMC the indices volume of CAW and volume of

"commodity" construction work, regarding the MMC as subdivisions of the basic

production organization. There has been no solution of the problem (in methodological respects) of the reflection of the volumes of work done by the

MMC (tiw) in bookkeeping documents.

The estimated norms developed by the association for the volumes of work performed by the MMC (tiw) require further development and especially improvement in the method for their determination. Qualified assistance has not been

received from branch institutes with respect to these problems.

The association is in great need of assistance from the ministry for solution of the problems which arise.

The association has difficulties of an organizational character. The inertia

of thought of some engineering-technical workers in the association headquarters and a number of directors of assembly subdivisions leads to negative

consequences. One of the main shortcomings is the absence of an efficient

system in the organization of development and approval of work integration

schedules and monitoring of their implementation.

Today it is still difficult to evaluate the economic effectiveness of the new

organizational form and the administrative mechanism for control of work integration of construction projects. But the limited experience has already

demonstrated the advantages of the new system.

The changeover of the MMC (tiw) to internal subcontracting is favoring a

shortening of the times required for the assembly of projects. With a lengthening of the times required for construction the assembly subdivisions experience great economic losses because the volume of work performed by the MMC

(tiw) is removed from their total volume of CAW (or commodity construction

work in the case of total work integration of the project) with all the consequences which follow: a decrease in work output, an overexpenditure of

wages, a worsening of the principal work indices. Under these conditions the

assembly organization must strive to begin the assembly of block-boxes immediately after their delivery to the work site. This means that the work invested in the factories of the association on the fabrication of block-boxes is

"transformed" more rapidly from incomplete production to a "commodity."

However, in the association there has been a tendency to a more efficient useof the material resources at construction sites because the repeated supplying of a project with one form of material or another (prefabricated rolled

metal, panels, etc.) also is paid for on form No. 2. There is an improvement

in the use of the association's own vehicles, most of which are concentrated

in the MMC (tiw). Whereas earlier the calculations between the assembly organizations and bases of the work integration trust (the owner of the cars

and trucks) were based on the ton-kilometer index, which did not favor a decrease in expenditures on transport, now the expenditures on transport of

project materials are included in the estimated norm, which is employed in

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81
the cross-calculations. In addition, in order to strengthen economic monitoring of the use of cars and trucks for inefficient purposes (for transport of guards, for small loads, for drinking water, fuels and lubricants,

etc. for assembly organizations), since 1 January 1983 there has been limitations on vehicular services. This limit, expressed in cost terms (with the

year broken down month-by-month), is assigned to all assembly organizations.

The use of vehicles above and beyond the established sum of expenditures must

come from the wage allocations for assembly organizations. The sum of wages

allocated for drivers, calculated from primary documents signed by clients

(customers), is removed from the work plan and is assigned to the MMC (tiw).

In the regulations on the awarding of bonuses for the current results of work

it is provided that the key workers of assembly subdivisions will be deprived of up to 50% of their bonus for exceeding the limits for vehicular services.

Thus, in the association a more perfect economic mechanism has been created

for the production-technological work integration of block construction, orienting the system of planning indices and economic stimuli of all participants in the construction (APTI - factories - MMC (tiw) - assembly columns)

on the final goal — assembly of projects with the minimum expenditures.

vX COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra" Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, 1983.*

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PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

UDC 621.643:621.791

USE OF 'SEVER-1» APPARATUS IN CONSTRUCTING GAS PIPELINES BETWEEN FIELD INSTALLATIONS

Moscow STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV in Russian No 10, Oct 83 p 17

[Article by N. P. Okhrimenko, Glavsibtruboprcrvodstroy, Tyumen']

[Text] In the exploitation of the Urengoyskoye deposit the "Sever-1" apparatus

has been used in constructing the linear part of gas pipelines and collectors

with a diameter of 1,420 mm and a wall thickness of 18.7 mm between field installations.

During the construction season 1982/1983 the personnel of the specialized electric contact welding administration No 58 of the Urengoytruboprovodstroy

trust welded 3,291 butts or 120 km of gas pipeline from three-pipe sections,

which is equal to the number of butts welded in 1981-1982.

V. A. Gavrichehkov, heading brigade II working with the "Sever-1," crossed the

boundary of a thousand butts per season; brigade I, headed by N. V. Minayev,

also using the "Sever-1," repeated this feat twice. The administration of the

trust efficiently directed the activity of the teams, guaranteeing the electric

contact welding brigades a rapidly advancing work front.

Using the "Several" apparatus it was possible to construct the collectors for

gas preparation plants Nos 5, 6, 7,9 and 10 running between these installations, construct a linkup between them in the neighborhood of gas preparation

plants Nos 4 and 6, carry out stand welding of three-pipe sections and render

assistance to. ESU-5 assemblers of the Soyuzgazspetsstroy trust on the route of

the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod export gas pipeline.

With respect to the technological characteristics the extent of the gas pipelines and collectors between the field installations is small, but during the

course of the winter the two brigades had to move camp nine times.

However, despite the loss of time in pulling up stakes and the equipment repair

which is inevitable because of this, the brigades in general attained high production indices.

In Tyumenskaya Oblast the "Sever-1" apparatus has been in use for six years.

The administration.has succeeded in solving all the organizational and

83
technical problems involved in preparation of the route associated with use of

the new welding complexes.

The rated productivity of the K-700 welding head-"Sever-l" is 6-8 butts per

hour; proceeding on this basis, it is possible to determine all the other

economic indices of the new welding apparatus. After two-day preventive maintenance of the welding complex the brigade of N. V. Minayev attained the rated

productivity öf the apparatus, in 11 hours welding. 66 butts. According to 5-

year averaged data the optimum productivity of the "Sever-1" apparatus is 3.5-

4 butts per hour.

The high technical possibilities of the "Sever-1" apparatus and the results

attained by the brigades of V. A. Gavrichenkov and N. V. Minayev encouraged

the builders of pipelines to master progressive welding techniques. A brigade

of welders headed by B. P. Diduk, winner of the USSR State Prize, having learned to work with the new apparatus, is being reassigned to the Urengoy-Center

route. Three other brigades of the administration are awaiting receipt of

"Sever-1" complexes.

A number of technical and organizational problems must be solved for the more

successful introduction of "Sever-1" apparatus for electric contact welding.

It is necessary to carry out investigations of the weldability of the butts of

pipes with walls of different thickness. Builders must be supplied equipment

for the electric contact welding of pipes of different thickness.

It is necessary to improve the process of internal burr removal, to develop an

instrument for the constant monitoring of the quality of removal of internal

burr and matching of the pipe edges. In removing external burr it is desirable

that a mobile hydraulic support be used for raising a string of pipes instead

of a pipelayer, which creates the maximum critical loads in the butt.

Instructions are required for technical operation, for use of vehicles and the

available supply of spare parts for the K-700 welding head, apparatus for external burr removal and cleaning the ends of pipes (ANG-141, AZT-141).

Experience has shown that the use of the K-594 pipe layer for the ANG as a base

chassis during the winter made it possible to carry out great amounts of work

and avoid any holdup in insulation-laying operations. However, the use of a

heavy pipelayer is ineffective for the mentioned purposes.

It is necessary to develop the optimum variant of a base chassis. For the removal of burr it is feasible to use triangular plates with a cutting edge of

35-50 mm and weighing up to 100 g, as is the practice abroad.

The problem of centralized technical servicing of "Sever-1" apparatus must be

solved. At the present time the repair of the welding head is accomplished

directly along the route by the brigade with the assistance of highly qualified

specialists of the Institute of Electrical Welding imeni Ye. 0. Paton.

The time was long ago ripe for.the writing of SUPNR [instructions] on welding

techniques. During the last 5 years the mechanical and power resources of the

84
welding brigades increased by several times and there are not enough repairmen of any qualification.

A serious problem is the supply of the welding complex with spare parts. A

high percentage of.standard spare parts is absent in the supply list of the

Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises. Upon individual order spare parts are fabricated by the experimental plant of the Institute of Electrical Welding imeni Ye. 0. Paton or the Kiev Experimental-Mechanical Plant, -but this is possible only after approval of the transaction at the

deputy minister level.

Improvement of. monitoring of the quality of butts welded by electric contact

welding is of great importance.

By contract with the Moscow Higher Technical School imeni N. E. Bauman work is

being done on development of a method for monitoring and automatic ultrasonic

flaw detection, ensuring registry of the results of monitoring on paper tape.

There was a complete agreement of the results of ultrasonic flaw detection ~

traces of the registered parameters of the welding regime and mechanical tests

of samples.

The traces of the registered parameters of the welding regime reveal the general parameters of the welding regime. The nominal Values of the parameters

can be determined by the method given in VSN-2-72-80.

However, the interpretation of the traces of the registered parameters of the

welding regime is complex and requires a high skill of the operator and monitor. Accordingly, it would be desirable that the checking of the quality of

the butts produced by automatic welding be entrusted to automatic devices. This

would considerably increase the effectiveness of introduction of the "Sever-1"

apparatus for electric contact welding.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra" Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, 1983«,

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PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

UDC 621.315.6

PIPELINE INSULATION IN THE NORTH

Moscow STROITEL'STVO'TRUBOPROVODOV in Russian No 10, Oct 83 pp 22-23

[Article by A. A. Gerdt, Glavsibtruboprovodstroy, Tyumen', and V. A. Rüblev,

SibNIPIgazstroy, Tyumen']

[Text] With the movement of the production of gas and petroleum into permafrost regions the number of heat-insulated pipelines is increasing. In solving the problems involved in the heat insulation of pipelines use is being

made of experience in construction of heating networks in the middle zone

of the country and also the experience gained at Noril'sk, Yakutsk, Vorkuta

and Magadan. However, the specific problems involved in the construction work

of the gas industry, which is characterized by remoteness from industrial

centers, considerable extent of pipelines.and a high rate of their construction, require a search for qualitatively new approaches 1 in the heat-insulation field. Materials, heat insulation construction elements and heat insulation technology are component parts of this problem.

The heat insulation materials for pipeline construction in the northern regions must correspond to the following fundamental requirements: be transportable or be produced at the place of use, be technologically effective in the

fabrication of heat insulation or in construction work, and be reliable in operation.

The requirements for operational reliability'must be examined on a different

tial basis. There are certain special considerations for each type of laying

of pipelines. For example, when laying pipelines above the surface it is necessary to take into account the degree of combustibility of the structure and

when laying pipelines underground the absorption of water must be considered.

The safeguarding- of the thermal insulation from ignition, wetting or mechanical damage can be ensured by a combination of protective and hydroinsulating

layers in the heät-insulating elements of the pipeline. The heat-insulating

layer must have a compressive strength of not less than 0.4 MPa and a thermal

conductivity not greater than 0.08 W/m«K with a density of 100-300 kg/m3.

The requirement on technological efficiency must be subordinate to the possibility of rapid setting-up of field bases and take into account the need for

heat insulation of pipelines of all diameters by effective methods with the

broad use of highly productive continuous processes.

86
With respect to the transportability requirement, the objective is to obtain

20-30 volumes of heat insulation on the site from the raw material brought in.

For pipeline construction this requirement corresponds to foam plastic, perlite and vermiculite.

Among the materials produced in situ at the present time we can mention porous

clay filler (keramzit), used for the laying of heating networks without use

of trenches.

Heating networks are usually laid in areas of concentrated construction. In

the years immediately ahead there will be a considerable increase in the volume of bitumen-keramzit insulation of pipes. But even now for these purposes

it is necessary to carry out experiments with more effective materials. It is

possible to use charging materials of the "proteksuleyt" and "asfal'töizol"

type. The use of self-sintering charges ensures the complete mechanization

of installation work, does not require special machines for transport of

loads and reduces to a minimum the variety of materials for the installation

of heat insulation.- The raw material for self-sintering hydrophobic "asfal'töizol" is asphaltite and mazut.

The heat insulation of pipeline communications above-ground for compressor

stations (CS) and plants for the multisided preparation of gas (GPP) with a

temperature of the transported agent up to 150°C can be accomplished using

FRP-1 and FPB foam plastics which are not easily ignited. The construction

work has only mechanical protection and does not require hydroinsulation because the moisture absorption of these foam plastics at 95% air humidity is

only 2% by volume.

Compressor station and gas preparation plant communications can be thermally

insulated by prefabricated foam plastic segments, making provision for subsequent protection with metal foil, or they can be assembled from pipes with foam

plastic, foamed into an axially arranged metal sheathing, wound on with a

"Nokiya" machine. The technology of thermal insulation of pipes "with use of

a sheathing is being perfected by the Tyumen'gazmontazh trust. The branch is

receiving raw material in adequate quantity For performing this type of work.

The thermal insulation of loops which are laid underground here has already

been accomplished by the Spetsneftegazstroy trust. Loops Having a normal-.anticorrosion insulation have been covered with segments of foam polyürethane or

polystyrene and have been wrapped in PVKh film in two layers. In 1982 the

trust processed more than 2,000 tons of foam plastic raw material. About 3,000

tons of such raw material are required each year for the thermal insulation of

loops in the Urengoyskoye deposit. This is evidence that in order to ensure

the required volumes of thermal insulation in the immediate future it is only

necessary to augment the productivity of existing.shops and sections engaged

in the fabrication of thermal insulation.

In the future for industrialization and increasing the quality of thermal insulation of loops and other heat-carrying lines of, intermediate diameters, on

the basis of the continuous technology developed by the SibNIPIgazstroy it is

necessary to create mobile field bases in order to bring them closer to the

87
point of assembly and reduce the distance of transport of heat-insulated

pipes. The small-size apparatus developed by the Tyumen' Affiliate of the

Special Design Bureau /"Gazstroymashina" can be held in special containers

which lock together.

The economic feasibility of using foam plastics for the thermal insulation

of loops was demonstrated earlier*. The cost of production of foam plastics

is greater than that of traditional heat insulators (bitumen-keramzit, minerized items). However, a savings is attained in other spheres of social production — in the transport of the raw materials for foam plastics and in the

process of thermal insulation of pipelines, the labor requirement for which

is reduced by 38%. Whereas the thermal insulation of. loops with bitumen-keramzit requires.236 man-days, with the use of foam plastics only 146 man-days are

required (scaled to 1 km of length). As a result, for each kilometer of pipeline there is a saving of 6,800 rubles. A changeover to a continuous form of

technology and mechanized assembly will ensure an additional reduction of work

and financial expenditures.

The thermal insulation of underground collectors with a diameter of 1,420 mm

between installations is the most complex. In the underground variant there

can be two heat insulation methods: assembly of intact elements on the surface of the line or placement of screening slabs on the bottom of the trench.

These variants are given as alternatives because it is yet to be determined

whether the slab will always be beneath the axis of the pipe when there are

movements of the line with changes in pressure and with the admissible thawing of the permafrost ground. Accordingly, for the time being preference must

be given to heat-insulation constructions attached to the surface of the pipe.

Similar solutions are being proposed by foreign companies. However, the difficulty in their use is that the protective layers of heat insulation segments

during assembly must be carefully welded or rolled. The practical realization

of these solutions is possible in an autonomous hydrophobization of each polyurethane foam segment with a bitumen emulsion**. The use of segments protected

against moistening over their entire surface precludes the time-consuming operation of hermetic protection, which is extremely complex along the route of

pipe laying, of a heat-insulated pipeline of a large diameter. If the segments

are first attached to a common flexible base, pipe-laying manipulators can be

used for their assembly.

Screening slabs of vermiculite, bonded by polyethylene, are being developed for

the heat insulation of main-line pipelines. In the forming of samples by a

change in the volumetric content of polyethylene from 25 to 35% a compressive

strength of 0.6-1.0 MPa is imparted (the computed strength of the slab on rigid

ground under a pipe with a diameter of 1,420 mm is 0.5-0.7 MPa).

* Karagin, I. D., Bulatov, V. S. and Tandalov, V. V., RAZVITIYE GAZOVOY PRO:- ;

MYSHLENNOSTI SEVERA TYUMENSKOY OBLASTI (Development of the Gas Industry in

Northern Tyumenskaya Oblast), Moscow, Nedra, 1979.

** Rublev, V. A., "Use of Segments for Heat Insulation of Main-Line Pipelines,"

STROITEL'STVO TRUB0PR0V0D0V, No 5, 1976.

88
The advantages of such slabs is that they consist of only two components. The

industrial production of raw material has been organized and in addition it is

transportable. The binder is polyethylene, which in contrast to amorphous bitumen has a stable shape. However, for the time being there are great expenditures of energy in their fabrication.

The thermal insulation of main-line pipelines aboveground, employed in the

transport of heated petroleum, can be based on mineralized coverings. In the

overall balance of heat-insulation materials in the USSR mineralized items

constitute more than half. This percentage will remain for a long time because they have a minimum cost. They have the following properties: the thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.07 W/m-K, the strength of the solid slabs

can be 0.1-0.3 MPa and the density is 200-300 kg/m3. The production of new

items has been organized in the country: solid and "lamellar" mineralized

slabs. The practice of fabricating mineralized semi-finished items in the form

of granules is also known. The granules are easily injected into closed cavit^

ies through small openings. Accordingly, the process can be mechanized from

unloading to ejection into the shell situated around the pipe. At the SibNIPI*-

gazstroy the granule ejection method has been tested under polygon conditions.

For heat insulation on the "pipe in a pipe" principle it is possible to use

a sheathing with a diameter from 100 mm to 2 m wound by the "Nokiya" machine.

Thus, it is necessary to broaden the production base for heat insulation of

northern pipelines, with foam plastics and bitumen-keramzit on the basis of

tested technical solutions. Even today it is necessary to improve and diversify new materials, structures and methods for heat, insulation which in the

future will ensure increasing volumes of construction of thermally insulated

pipelines.

/'"' COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra" Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov, 1983»

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PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

NEW GAS PIPELINE UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN MOSCOW

Moscow SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA in Russian 22 Jul 83 p 1

[Article by R. Yevseyeva: "The Capital's Gas Belt"]

[Text] Subdivisions of the Trust "Mosgazprovodstroy" are carrying operations

to build sections in the Moscow area of the new underground trunk line which

in future will become the second line of the gas pipeline that now rings the

city.

If you look at a chart of the country's transportation pipelines, you see

that many of them pass through Moscow. Among them the first, from Saratov to

Moscow, and those which go from Central Asia and the Northern Caucasus, from

West Siberia.... All of them, merged together, make up an underground ocean

of gas. The pipeline around the capital has made it possible not only to

regulate the arrival of gas responsively, it has at the same time become a

kind of a one-of-a-kind storage facility of the blue fuel.

Its importance cannot be overestimated. It provides raw materials and energy

for enterprises, lighting and heat to homes. Gas consumption in the oblast

containing the capital has been growing year after year, and transit flows—

to the north and west—have also been gaining in volume. That is why the

pace of construction of facilities in the fuel and power industry have been

stepped up, and there is an increase in the number of underground arteries

connected to the Moscow gas ring. Second lines—large-diameter pipelinesare being laid in sections with an especially heavy load. We visited one

such section in the district of the Serpukhov compressor station.

... The radio in the little field office is crackling away as usual. Outside

the windows the rows of caravans and "barrels" are where the builders of the

underground trunk lines live in the field. Yet this place is located half an

hour's drive from Moscow.

"It is a very complicated job to lay gas pipelines in the Moscow area," says

Viktor Aleksandrovich Nazarov, deputy chief of SU [Construction Administration]-!^. "For example, in our section there are about 70 intersections with

various roads and underground lines in 38 km. In addition, there is plowland:

careful recultivation is required."

90
Instead of the usual scale, when the uninterrupted line of pipe must extend,

for example, over hundreds of kilometers in the expanses of Siberia, thorough

and painstaking work is required in every meter. That is why experienced and

distinguished builders work here, true masters of their work. Such as the

brigades of the welders Yevgeniy Frolov and Gennadiy Lobastov, the brigades

of installation fitters of Viktor Zenkin and Mikhail Yakovlev....

Roads probably take the first place on the list of complicated intersections.

This is understandable—the places along them are inhabited and livelier.

The work of the pipeline builders must not interfere with them, the uninterrupted flow of traffic cannot be suspended for even a day. That is why the

builders have a specialized service—crossing brigades. This service is

headed by Petr Mikhaylovich Karpenko. Local roads are tunneled under by

horizontal drilling, and major highways by the method of pipe driving. But

even here problems arise—the high level of groundwater. Quick ground does

not offer a minute's respite, it compels serious concern with the problems of

water penetration....

The route of the pipeline in the Moscow area. In a pleasant and highly populated area. Although the builders of the Trust "Mosgazprovodstroy" are accustomed to work far from their homes, sometimes thousands of kilometers

away—this section may be small, but for them it is a particularly responsible one.

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PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

FRENCH REPORTS ON URENGOY-UZHGOROD-GAS PIPELINE

Moscow ZA RUBEZHOM in Russian No 32, Aug 83 p 7 _

[Articles reprinted from French periodicals: "In Defiance of the Sanctions,

in the Interests of Cooperation"]

[Text] The last hundreds of meters of pipe have been laid on the gas pipeline route from Urengoy via Pomary to Uzhgorod. Completion of this stage

ahead of schedule in building the transcontinental trunk gas pipeline, the

longest in the world, is a glorious exploit of the Soviet people and vivid

evidence of the high level of the domestic industry. The flow of Soviet gas

through the trunk pipeline will begin on schedule, in spite of all the attempts of the American administration to interfere with construction of the

gas pipeline and development of areas of cooperation related to it between

the Soviet Union and the countries of western Europe.

Last Kilometers of Pipe Have Been Laid

[Article by Gerard (Strayf) reprinted from L'HUMANITE, Paris]

The laying of pipe has been completed on the route of the Urengoy—Pomary—

Uzhgorod gas pipeline. The solid line of gas pipe joined, welded, insulated

and laid underground has stretched over a distance of 4,451 km. This operation was accomplished in record time—in just 14 months.

Everything in the construction of this gas pipeline was on a truly gigantic

scale. It is sufficient to say that 3 million tons of pipe were laid, about

130 million cubic meters of earth were moved, the builders had to cross 800

water obstacles and to lay 200 km of underwater pipeline.

The gas pipeline starts at Urengoy, in the northern regions above the Arctic

Circle, in the bogs and permafrost. The temperature there in the wintertime

drops to -50° [C], in summer there are the endless swampy bogs and mosquitoes.

Just a few years ago large reserves of natural gas were prospected here.

Since that time an entire city has already grown up here. In 1985 six gas

pipelines will deliver Urengoy gas to the country's western regions.

The gas pipeline from Urengoy to Uzhgorod is the longest gas pipeline in this

series, its fourth in order. The first three are already on stream. Work

has begun on construction of the last two.

92
The transcontinental gas pipeline, which has crossed major rivers such as the

Ob (3 km wide), passes through the Ural Mountains, drops down into the Russian plain, crosses the Volga, climbs up into the Carpathian Mountains and

runs to the Czechoslovak border.

In what section was construction the most difficult? "The work was not easy

in any of the segments," we were told in a recent interview by A. Vesel'yev,

deputy minister of construction of petroleum and gas industry enterprises.

Nevertheless, the schedule was met and exceeded by 6 months. It is especially important to emphasize this, since, as is well known, the United

States carried out an intensified campaign of pressure on its trading partners, attempting to interfere with construction of the gas pipeline. Washington called upon the Western countries to boycott deliveries of equipment

to the USSR. These maneuvers ended in failure. France refused to submit to

the American dictate, and other Western states behaved likewise. The American attempts to introduce an embargo resulted only in undermining the reputation of the European countries as trading partners, and the Soviet Union began to develop more intensively and extensively its own technology in this

field.

Thus the laying of the pipe has been completed. It remains to finish construction of the compressor stations. Located every 100 km along the entire

route of the gas pipeline, their purpose is to cool and pump the gas. The

plans call for putting 40 such stations into service; small settlements will

spring up around them. There will be 18 stations put into service this year,

and the rest in early 1984.

The section of the gas pipeline from Urengoy to Sverdlovsk, along which gas

is being supplied to many enterprises on Soviet territory, is in operation

even now. Thus everything indicates that the work will be completed ahead of

schedule and that next spring Paris will begin to receive its 8 billion cubic

meters of Soviet gas.

[Box]

The building of the gas pipeline from Siberia to western Europe will be completed by early 1984, that is, precisely according to the schedule for beginning of delivery of Siberian gas to western Europe. This indicates that the

maneuvers of the United States, which tried everything possible to hinder

construction of the gas pipeline, experienced utter defeat.

LE MONDE, Paris

Exploit of the Builders, Advances of Soviet Technology

[Article by Patrick Bergaud reprinted from FRANCE-URSS MAGAZINE, Paris]

Construction of the gas pipeline began last July, and an average of 370 km of

pipe have been laid monthly. But that figure is not enough by itself to give

a complete idea of what has been accomplished. If one is to correctly evaluate the work that has been done, he must remember the kind of difficulties

93
and natural obstacles that were encountered along the route of the pipeline.

Two mountain ranges had to be crossed—the Urals and Carpathians, and the

pipeline had to be taken over approximately 600 streams, including such large

rivers as the Ob, the Kama, the Volga, the Don and the Dnieper, as well as

across lakes and reservoirs.

The most difficult and crucial section of the route was the first 1,000 or so

kilometers from Urengoy. The bogs make that area of West Siberia impassable

during all the summer and autumn months. Only in the wintertime, when they

freeze, can machines move over them. The work had to be done day and night

at a temperature of 40° to 45° below zero [C]. Last year the long warm fall

allowed operations to begin in this area only in December, after a delay of

2 months. And then in order to complete construction of this segment of the

pipeline before spring came, the people began a real race against time. This

was the most intensive period of construction. About 50 brigades were employed there, and it took all the knowledge and experience which the thousands of highly skilled workers had acquired in building the previous Siberian gas pipelines to lay about 500 km of pipe in each of those 3 winter

months.

Construction of this gas pipeline is not only an exploit of the people who

built it, but also an outstanding technical achievement. To dig 4,451 km of

trenches, it was necessary to move 130 million cubic meters of earth and

rock, and special machines had to be created for that purpose, which was also

the case for transport and welding of the pipe.

In the last 5 years more than 130 new types of machines, pieces of machinery

and equipment related to gas pipeline construction and operation have come

into being in Soviet design offices and plant shops. We will mention, for

example, the 300-HP excavators which can excavate even frozen earth at a rate

of 1,200 cubic meters an hour. A cross-country vehicle on rubber-metal

tracks, which was given the name "Tyumen," was created for the areas of the

Far North and West Siberia. It is able to cross the bogs with a payload of

more than 30 tons. The "Sever-1" [North-1] automatic machine for electric

resistance welding, developed by Ukrainian researchers at the Institute imeni

Ye. Paton in Kiev, welds a joint in only 4 minutes. It welds 6-8 joints in

an hour, including all the auxiliary operations and checking the seal, that

is, in that time it does the weekly quota for a highly skilled welder. Three

such units were used on the northern section of the Urengoy—Pomary—Uzhgorod

gas pipeline.

As for the pipe, its production had to be increased and its quality improved

so that it could withstand a pressure of 75 atmospheres. Pipe with a diameter of 1,420 km was used in order to increase the flow capacity of the gas

pipeline. We should note that specialists in this field are continuing to

search for new materials. One of the most highly promising solutions is the

creation of multiply pipe made from low-alloy metal, which is capable of

withstanding a pressure of 100-120 atmospheres. A shop for the production of

such pipe has recently been put into operation at the Vyksa Metallurgical

Plant, and it soon will be able to manufacture about 1 million tons of it per

year.

94
Finally, to maintain the necessary pressure along the entire length of the

gas pipeline 41 compressor stations will be built. Their total capacity will

be 3,000 MW. Plants in the Ukraine and the Urals will deliver turbines with

a capacity of 16 MW, and the Nevskiy Plant in Leningrad will undertake to

manufacture turbines with a capacity of 25 MW.

There will be six gas pipelines built from the Urengoy deposit, and this is

only a part of the project for transport of natural gas from West Siberia to

industrial centers of the USSR. The first of the six gas pipelines between

Urengoy and Moscow went into service in 1981. The Urengoy—Petrovsk gas pipeline, which is 1,731 km long, was put into service in 1982 and is now operating at full capacity.

The Immense Scale of the Energy Program

The laying of the gas pipeline from Urengoy to Novopskov has already been

completed, and it will go into service by the end of this year. Construction

of another two gas pipelines, from Urengoy to Kursk and from Urengoy to

Yelets, will also begin this year, and plans have already been made for building still another, a seventh. No other country has undertaken a program on

such a scale. It is necessary for an annual delivery of an additional 200

billion cubic meters of gas to consumers which West Siberia will furnish by

1985, which will make the USSR the world's largest natural gas producer.

The association "Nevskiy Zavod" in Leningrad has undertaken series production

of a new gas pumping unit, the GTN-25, which has no equal in the world with

respect to many parameters. The plant recently shipped the first unit in

this series to the route of the export gas pipeline.

In an interview with the Novosti wire service Viktor Krotov, USSR minister of

power machinebuilding, spoke about development of this unique unit designed

for trunk gas pipelines.

The first full-scale prototype of the GTN-25 was tested in 1979. After the

American embargo its series production had to be started a year earlier than

intended.

This was a complicated job both in its conception and also in its execution.

The new model was not created from scratch. The units manufactured by the

association "Nevskiy Zavod" have been pumping 75 percent of all the gas produced in the Soviet Union. But development of the completely new turbine

capable of pumping tens of millions of cubic meters of gas per day at a pressure of 75 atmospheres in pipes with a diameter of 1,420 mm represented an

extremely complicated matter; the output of the unit had to be increased 2.5-

fold while its weight and size were kept within the allowable limits.

In the USSR, as in many other countries, gas pipelines are being built in

out-of-the-way and sparsely settled areas. Quite often it is very difficult

to deliver the necessary equipment there and to set it up on the spot. That

is why every piece of machinery, every unit or motor must be distinguished by

maximum reliability, power and output and at the same time must have the lowest possible weight and outside dimensions.

95
They managed in the USSR to create a new gas pumping unit that met those requirements. In order to obtain high output, it is customary to increase the

temperature of combustion of the gas ahead of the turbine. Although the temperature is 100-200° less in this unit than in units of similar capacity manufactured abroad, its output is higher.

As a result of this drop in temperature the reliability of equipment is increased. The blades of the turbine's rotor are the most vulnerable place,

since they experience sizable mechanical, thermal and chemical effects. Specialists of the "Nevskiy Zavod" have created an alloy which guarantees the

operation of the blades for 100,000 hours—that is, more than 11 years.

Whereas special cooling is used in most turbines to extend the life of the

blades, in the GTN-25 this is not required because of the lower temperature

at which the fuel is burned.

In addition, it was found possible to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides in

the exhaust gases to between one-fourth and one-fifth of what they are in existing units thanks to invention of an original annular combustion chamber.

The 'Soviet method of burning the fuel has been patented in many countries,

and various firms have already expressed a desire to acquire the patent to

produce this or that assembly in the GTN-25 turbine and supercharger.

In 3 or 4 years construction will begin in the USSR of the first gas pipelines operating at elevated pressure (on the order of 100 atmospheres), which

will make it possible to increase their flow capacity by approximately 40

percent. The construction cost of the compressor stations will be reduced by

10-15 percent thanks to the increased size of the units. Construction time

and manpower requirements will be reduced. There will also be a reduction in

station maintenance, and operation. In addition, there will be a saving of

metal and fuel. Development of the GTN-25 turbine is an important step in

that direction. The new gas pipelines need new and still larger units. In

that context the GTN-25 turbine will be the prototype for a whole family of

gas turbines. Without radical modification, but only by adding some new

parts and assemblies, it is possible to build new units which are considerably more powerful and considerably more productive.

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96
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

MESSOYAKHA-NORILSK PIPELINE

Moscow STROITEL'NAYA GAZETA in Russian 30 Sep 83 p 3

[Article by A. Trofimuk, Hero of Socialist Labor, chairman of the Scientific

Council of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the Problems of Development of the Petroleum and Gas Complex in Tyumen Oblast, member

of the academy: "For the First Time in World Practice"]

[Text] Mingazprom [Ministry of Gas Industry] and Minneftegazstroy [Ministry

of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises] have nominated for

the 1983 USSR State Prize the team of innovators who worked to solve one of

the most important problems of the national economy—developing scientifictechnical solutions that would for the first time in world practice guarantee

construction under the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle the complex of

installations for reliable gas supply to the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical

Comb ine.

The work consisted of the interrelated solution of such exceedingly important

problems as discovering and preparing in a short period of time large gas deposits in the vicinity of the city of Norilsk, supplying this fuel to meet

the needs of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, thanks to the

rapid development of the Messoyakha deposit and construction of the Messoyakha—Norilsk gas pipeline.

Today it can be boldly stated that the world's northernmost gas field was

created under the most complicated conditions of the Arctic Circle for the

first time in world practice on the basis of fundamentally new engineering

solutions and in a short period of time^and that a trunk gas pipeline was

built that fully satisfies the naturaligas needs of the Norilsk industrial

region.

This was a complicated problem to solve primarily because of the difficult

engineering-geological, hydrogeological and climatic conditions of the region

where the deposits were developed and where the gas pipeline was built. It

is sufficient to mention here the permafrost, the large number of bogs, lakes

and rivers, and temperature fluctuations from -50° C to +30° C.

Construction of facilities for production and transport of the gas under such

complicated conditions became possible thanks to creative development and

97
application of new pipeline laying systems. A new above-ground system of

laying the pipe was created to carry the gas; it made it possible to build a

gas pipeline on the principle of preserving the earth of the foundation in

its frozen state. Moreover, to speak specifically, an interrelated set of

problems having to do with the normal operation of pipelines at temperatures

down to -60° C, welding them at low temperatures, protecting them against

corrosion, and so forth, were solved.

Today the productivity of the system of gas pipelines has reached 5.2 billion

cubic meters of gas per year. Its use at the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine has made it possible to increase the output of principal technological processes 25-30 percent and to make more than 8,000 underground miners employed in mining coal available for use in mining the ores of nonferrous metals. A number of social problems were also solved. Above all, working conditions were improved, emission of ash into the atmosphere and discharge of sewage into bodies of water were reduced. Between 1970 and 1982

the total economic benefit from use of the natural gas exceeded 7 billion rubles.

The fundamentally new scientific-technical solutions in building this unique

gas pipeline system, which practical experience has tested for more than a

decade, have not only justified themselves, but they also have been disseminated more widely. For example, they are being used in developing the deposits in the Arctic and in construction of large gas pipeline systems being

laid in the regions of the Far North.

This work is an example of the interdisciplinary scientific approach to solving an important problem of the national economy. There is every reason to

refer to it as pioneering in the field of building gas pipeline systems under

the extremely complex conditions of the Arctic.

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PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

FINANCIAL, OTHER INCENTIVES FOR PIPELINE WORKERS

Moscow LITERATURNAYA GAZETA in Russian No 40, 5 Oct 83 p 13

[Article by An. Shakhov, LITERATURNAYA GAZETA correspondent]

[Text] "Thrifty generosity": this is not a play on words, but a practical attainment.

The events about which we want to tell developed in three sectors of construct

tion of the Siberian - Western Europe pipeline which have been completed ahead

of time. This is one of the noteworthy results of the first stage of the economic and social experiment devised at the Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises: there has been an increase in the wages of

the pipeline workers on the average by a factor of 1 1/2, but at the same time

the cost of construction in the experimental sectors was cheaper than the computed cost by 1,600,000 rubles.

A paradox? In any case, it's worth looking at...

This was the concern of our correspondent, continuing publication of materials

on the relationship between work productivity and wages (LITERATURNAYA GAZETA,

No 31, 1983).

***

In the course of the visit I was first introduced to the deputy minister A. P.

Vesel'yev. Anatoliy Pavlovich speaks in an unusual manner: he avoids adjectives, giving preference to facts and figures.

In listening to him I think that it is impossible to understand the situation

without understanding people, their experience in searching, in wandering

along the difficult roads of life. From time to time these are wanderings in

the literal sense of the word — through swamps and through the taiga. Here,

at the headquarters of the branch, there are a good many directors whose dedication and purposefulness of whose actions is essential for their difficult

professional tasks. The pivotal contingent of specialists heading the Ministry

of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises are "Tyumen' population" people. By the beginning of the experiment there were seven of them on

the board of the ministry.

99
The first lesson in management was afforded by Nature itself: the "setting

up" (as the professionals say) of each construction worker along pipeline

routes in the high latitudes costs 20,000 rubles! In such regions slipshod

work costs a pretty penny. And overemployment of manpower and a rapid turnover of personnel are ruinous.

In the cold environment of the polar regions the strategy of these organizers,

directed to increasing work productivity, was "hardened."

Now, down to business. What is the essence of the experiment? Why is it of

value from the point of view of the initiators of the experiment? And what

are the first results?

B. Ye. Shcherbin (Minister): "Multidiscipline technological production line

teams (MTPLT) in the modern form in which they are operating for the first

time were established on the pipeline route Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod. Here we

are constructing a superpipeline and are shaping a new type of builder. The

teams are charged with an enormous potential of creative energy. The utilization of this energy, the revealing of individuality, such is the task. The

MTPLT is something like a large brigade, a team performing a variety of tasks

and aimed at a final result — delivery of a finished product. Accordingly,

joint concern arises concerning the quality of preceding and subsequent operations, concerning the efficient use of equipment. In the team there is the

most complete expression of the possibilities of the fundamental principles

of socialist management. This is the most democratic element of management.

Here everything is solved by the group."

Yu. P. Batalin (Chairman of the USSR State Committee on Labor and Social Problems) : "In actuality, the experiment conducted and all the organizational restructuring of pipeline construction is based on three organizational-economic

principles, or one might say, 'on three cornerstones'.

1. Brigades of welders, earth movers, insulation workers, ballast workers,

specialized by individual types of work, technologically rigidly bound together, earlier were subordinate to different construction administrations;

now they have been linked together into a unified administrative formation —

the multidiscipline technological production line team (MTPLT). Due to such

an organizational decision there has been a marked simplification in the coordination of work and an increase in synchronization of the actions of builders, without any wasted work.

2. The personnel of the MTPLT are piecework and temporary workers who together

with engineering and technical personnel have been shifted to a contract method

of organization and work payment. An agreement concluded with the trust defines

the times for implementation of tasks, requirements on the quality, quantity

and times of delivery of material resources and cost of construction of one

kilometer of pipeline.

The work is considered finished after the delivery of a sector by a worker or

the state commission. If the pipeline Is handed over in time, the MTPLT Is

paid the corresponding bonus. The MTPLT has the right to execute its mission

100
with any number of personnel without changing the agreed-upon cost of construction of one kilometer.

The experience of work of such large groups, including engineering-technical

workers, operating on the brigade contract principle, is unprecedented in our

country.

The results exceeded all expectations: individual teams in one year have constructed 200 kilometers of pipeline, whereas in the last five-year plan the

average construction during the year was 45-46 kilometers. At the same time

the wages of team workers increased by a factor of 1.3-1.5.

3. In pipeline construction there is a changeover from specialization by types

of work to specialization by stages of the production process. For this purpose, in addition to MTPLT, construction subdivisions of a new type have been

created, MMC, mobile mechanized columns performing road, transport, engineering

and other specialized types of work.

The principal effect obtained as a result of all of this is a considerable increase in the work and creative activity of people."

The judgment on the experiment after consultation with the Central Committee

of the Trade Union of the branch and the USSR State Committee on Labor and

Social Problems was made by the coordination council of the ministry. The

chief of the work and wages administration, Yuriy Romanovich Anpilogov, showing

me one of the council documents, seemingly noted by chance: "In the branch they

are called 'steel,' from the color of the bindings." I understood what was possibly his involuntary allusion: the "steel documents" reflect the qualities of

determination of the initiators of the experiment and therefore indisputable

authority is embodied. I read, in particular, the following:

"The combination of subdivisions carrying out the principal types of work on

the construction of pipelines with a diameter of 1,420 mm into a self-sustaining unit — a multidiscipline technological production line team, operating

shoulder-to-shoulder, will make it possible to the greatest degree to realize

the principles of collectivism and interehangeability, and also will create

prerequisites for the introduction of the Shchekinskiy method into pipeline

construction. In addition, in this case there is a decrease in the number of

control levels and a reduction in the need for administrative personnel."

The document was signed by Yu. P. Batalin, at that time chairman of the council and first deputy minister.

What led to the appearance of special concern for implementation of the principles of collectivism?

Yu. P. Batalin: "The work team, oriented on the attainment of the result required by the state, has an enormous strength. Precisely in this case real

conditions are created for transforming 'my' to 'our.' Experience shows that

small brigades, carrying out individual processes, do not have such a strength.

Members of brigades waiting for hours for 'auxiliaries' to make an opening for

them have spent their time building scaffoldings or collecting rubbish (in

short, just fussed around) without being conscious of purposeful interests of,,

101
the state and respect for the work of their comrades performing related work.

The contract, like a knife, cuts away these shortcomings. It dictates the

.need for attaining the end result. The contract is encouragement for the economizing of everything: time, work and number of personnel, materials and fuel,

horsepower, kilowatt-hours and vehicles. Bonuses are also awarded for attaining all this. Having a material effect on the moral climate of the group, such

a form of organization and payment of wages increases the smoothness of operations and makes them purposeful. The contract knocks the ground from beneath

self-interest, sloppy work and overemployment of personnel..."

Thus, there is an attack on professional egoism, with setting of sights on the

collectivization of labor. In its time such a striving gave rise to the "Kaluga variant." However, in the new experiment we were first and foremost interested in how it differs from its predecessor, its specific features.

The pipeline route is a wilderness. The builders attack it with "landing parties." The term is not accidentally a military one; the work conditions are

out-and-out "combat" conditions. Usually 200-300 specialists — workers in

the principal trades and auxiliaries, engineers and supervisors are sent here

for a good long time... Here the group, "closed within itself," operates under

the direct pressure of the severe and frequent caprices of the elements. The

almost 4,500 kilometers of route of this pipeline also included the forcing of

the Ob', Volga, Kama and Dnepr. Over a 200-km distance the pipes plunged under

water. They clambered along the mountain slopes of the Urals and Carpathians.

Add 150 kilometers of permafrost and another 700 kilometers of swamps and bogs.

The pipeline layers raised and returned to place 130 million cubic meters

of earth! And what is the total length of the welded seams? 2,200 kilometers!

Indeed, the reader can see that it is difficult to keep from the temptation

to become absorbed with these impressive figures. But we will return to the

experiment. The brigade contract is strengthened here in that it also includes

engineers.

As has been established by sociologists from the NIPIorgneftegazstroy, in the

branch the wages of engineering and technical personnel on the average lag behind the wages of workers by 30%, whereas masters receive even less — their

wages are only one-third of those of workers.

LITERATURNAYA GAZETA has repeatedly written about the wastefulness of such an

"economy" in engineering work. And here it was discovered that 20% of the wages

under the prevailing circumstances are expended (I cite the branch journal

STROITEL'STVO TRUB0PR0V0D0V) on "wages for intrashift work stoppages caused by

shortcomings in engineering and technical preparations and material-technical

support of production." Each fifth ruble spent in vain! That's what comes from

saving on engineers... It was something to think about. The constructive

thought of the experiment initiators saw a reserve in these losses.

As soon as the wages of the engineers were set in relation to the timeliness

and feasibility of their solutions, immediately, after "wavering," the work

stoppage curve dropped off. And the MTPLT, according to the comment of Yu. R.

Anpilogov, "raced more rapidly along the pipeline route." That does not mean

102
that the expedition participants found themselves in easier circumstances. On

the contrary, they had rougher going; it was necessary to accomplish three

times as much concomitant work. Regardless of all this, the 13th MTPLT (172

workers, 34 engineers and supervisors), for example, despite the "superstitious

connotations" of the number assigned the team, in seven months demonstrated an

"out-and-out" racetrack speed in laying the gas pipeline — 100 meters per

hour.

A decisive role was played by the wage structure, in which there has been

a significant increase in the percentage of the variable fraction. It is dependent only on the diligence of the worker.

Miserliness pays off in two ways! This is simple wisdom; if it is assimilated

or adhered to it destroys the usual stereotypes of a "cautious economy." It is

found that generosity in the granting of bonuses can lead to real thrift.

It has become good to pay for workers doing more than one trade and the number

of workers is reduced by 56.8%. Some of„the saved wages, in accordance with

the Shchekinskiy method, have been diverted to the reserve for the granting

of bonuses. Additional pay has been granted for reducing the loss of material,

fuel and energy, for increasing the times between repairs for equipment, for

increasing the quality of work...

The most weighty increment to wages here is from the gain in time. Work is done

1 1/2-2 times more rapidly, excellently, work fully worthy for the granting of

bonuses intended for the entire planning period. According to this idea, if

they could finish a year's work in three days, in accordance with the rules of

the experiment they would immediately receive the entire annual (!) bonus. Of

course, they cannot do it in three days. But a speed-up by two or more times

becomes evident.

But is generosity not a bad thing? asks another reader. The fear in itself is

ruinous for the economy. As is well known, the bonus is paid only after the

work is entirely finished, the product is used by the consumer, the structure

has been put into operation, the technical innovation has been put into mass

production, etc. Reduction in the time of production, construction and introduction is the most advantageous basis for the awarding of bonuses!

It is true that everything goes awry if these sums are divided evenly. Each

month the payroll must show "who is who." The principles embodied in the experiment created the necessary prerequisites enabling workers and engineer- \-

ing and technical personnel to earn (we emphasize earn, and not simply receive)

from 1 1/2 to 5 or more base pays or wage scales. But he who does his work in

a haphazard way, as they say, is stuck with the rock-bottom pay or wage.

The "burst of collective spirit," about which Tvardovskiy spoke, is conspicuous

in their work. In the computations use was made only of the real value of the

personal contribution to the common success. And it turned out that the greatest of the paid-out sums did not exceed 750 rubles per month and the minimum

did not drop below 1 1/2 times the scale.

103
And nevertheless the first stage in the experiment was not without its

stresses and strains. From time immemorial the welders in the field have

been the privileged people. Usually no one could compete with them in wages.

And suddenly the overall indices in the payrolls from month to month began

to even out. At first this caused perplexity among some of the welders. However, the reliability and the clarity of the system for evaluating work performance used here (in combination with consistency with other democratic

principles in the life of the MTPLT) were capable of withstanding conflicts.

The engineers came out all right, and among the workers no more than 5% were

dissatisfied with their wages. In general, the "attitude toward the new system for the organization and payment for work, the prospects for its improvement and extension are positive," state the sociologists, who questioned each

fourth participant in the experiment.

It is interesting that the sociologists discovered some number of "individuals

who could not overcome their distrust of the new system." They could not overcome their distrust, but they somehow performed well. How could this be? In

all probability, the new, uncustomary atmosphere of a primary production group

exerted its influence. It pleased people that now the group became a fully

authoritative entity in its sector and definite demands could be made on

higher echelons: according to the contract the headquarters of the trust was

obliged to support the MTPLT on the work front with all the materials and technical facilities necessary for construction. And this already changes the work

morale of people. It gives rise to a diligence which under ordinary conditions

is often crushed between the hammer of "give!" from the higher echelons and an

empty anvil.

Think: the construction brigade, and the MTPLT, I repeat, in essence, is a

large multidiscipline construction brigade, can now receive material compensation for all possible blunders and omissions of higher and outside organizations! Earlier there could be no thought of this. An attempt was made at affording MTPLT the possibility of exerting an influence on all echelons of

their production rear. Strictly speaking, it is possible to work only on such

a basis.

We have spoken about the first stage of the experiment in the Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises. In the future ten times

as many teams of pipeline workers will participate in the experiment.

Are the initiators themselves confident that what they have begun has a future?

To be more precise, how sure are they that the framework of the experiment

can be expanded tenfold?

B. Ye. Shcherbin: "Experience has shown the advantages of the multidiscipline

technological line teams. Now this has become the norm for us. By the application of such organizational principles we will solve the problem before us.

There can be no retreat. If we want to do something new and unusual it is

necessary to be able to burn our bridges behind us in some organizational

matters."

104
Again and again you become convinced: there is no paradox in that generous pay

is capable of lowering the cost of work production. Provided, to be sure, that

this generosity increases work productivity even more rapidly.

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105
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

PENZA PLANT INCREASES OUTPUT OF BALL VALVES

Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 11 Jul 83 p 1

[Article by I. Kalashnikov, Penza]

[Text] The "Penztyazhpromarmatura imeni 60-letiya SSSR" production association

has tripled the production of large ball valves for the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline and other gas arteries in the country.

Penza workers have been able to organize the production of new items in already

existing production areas, thereby economizing several million rubles. Reserves

of machine tools have also been found. The first ball valves delivered to the

pipeline sectors have received a high evaluation from operational workers.

These complex items are characterized by a high operating reliability and are

well supplied with automatic devices. The portfolio of orders for these items

has begin to grow rapidly.

Machine builders have assumed the obligation to fill the quarterly orders of

builders of the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline a month ahead of time.

This resolution was backed up by precise engineering computations, thorough

technical preparation and shock work.

The chief engineer," P. Petrov, stated: "The sharply inscreasing scales of production required the organization of production line techniques. The production

line for housing parts has already been put into, operation. It is giving a high

rhythm of work to the other production links. Almost simultaneously a specialized welding section began to operate."

The production lines are supplied with excellent equipment and machine tools

with programmed control. And in those cases when certain equipment is not

available bold innovation will solve the problem.

The work of personnel is also efficiently organized. The progressive brigades

headed by V. Churkin, N. Kurnosov and A. Alekseyev are responsible for the integrated fabrication of parts and components. Interchangeability of responsibilities and tutorship are well developed in these teams. They are working

shoulder-to-shoulder.

The totality of all the mentioned conditions is yielding success. Whereas only

recently an average of 15-17 ball valves were produced monthly, now it is 50!

Since the beginning of the year hundreds of items, including large valves for

the builders of the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline, have been fabricated

and shipped to gas pipeline workers.

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PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

WANT ADS CALL FOR FOREMEN, PTPELAYERS,'-METALWORKERS FOR JOBS IN TYUMEN OBLAST

Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 39, Sep 83 p 23

[Unsigned item, "Invitation to Work"]

[Text]

In Tyumen Oblast:

Specialized Administration No 45 of the "Yugansktruboprovodstroy" Trust

Needed for permanent work on the construction of main-line pipelines:

Brigadier of metal workers and pipeline layers with work experience on the

construction of main-line pipelines, machinists for valves and pipeline-laying equipment (Soviet-produced and foreign "KOMATsU" equipment), electric

welders-ceiling workers (with work certificates), classes 5-6, semiautomatic

electric welders, machinists and operators of AKDS-70 oxygen apparatus.

Workers are ensured living quarters in barracks in settlements along pipeline

routes. Unmarried persons (without families) are invited.

Piecework wages, regional factor 1.7, northern increment 10% annually, but not

more than 50%.

Address'^ Tyumenskaya Oblast, Nefteyugansk.

The "Severoenergoremont" Specialized Production Enterprise requires:

Metal workers: boiler makers, turbine and diesel specialists, electric metal

workers, certified electric welders.

The nature of the work involves travel. Assignments with a duration up to 3

months in the Yakutia, Kolyma, Chukotka and Kamchatka regions.

All those arriving on the job will enjoy the privileges of the Far North: ensured living quarters regardless of departmental affiliation, with signing of

a work contract for three years payment will be made for passage, transport

of baggage, raises of two base pays or wage scales, free passage once in

three years to a vacation location and back, time off from 30 to 42 workdays

annually. Percentage increments calculated as follows: 10% of the base pay

107
or wage scale after six months of work (up to 60%) and two increments each

year of work (a total of 80%), regional factor 70% regardless of the point of

assignment (for work in Chukotka — 100%). Payment for work on a time-bonus

basis, using a piecework schedule. Bonus up to 50% monthly.

Living quarters in barracks. The matter of assignment of quarters is resolved

in accordance with waiting list.

Address: 68500, Magadan, Ulitsa Pushkina, 11a,1 Personnel Section, telephone

2-99-94.

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108
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

BRIEFS

URENGOY—UZHGOROD PIPELINE—Hardly more than a year ago the specialists of

the second work squad of the Transcaucasian Pipeline Construction Administration arrived at the Transcarpathian section. Here in the mountains the

struggle was waged for every meter in the true sense of the word. In certain

sections the slopes were on almost a 40° grade. At times only a helicopter

could bring the construction workers to the job. They gained time that way.

In the foothills of one of the mountains we encountered the excavator operator Suren Grigoryan: "There is no equipment that can help you out here, everything depends on people...." Yet another summit had to be taken on the

steep slope of the Carpathian pass. It was even frightening to look on and

see at what angle Suren was working, how boldly and skillfully he performed

the complicated operations. He received reliable help from his rigger Vasiliy Shcherbinin. Each of the 70 km of the trunk pipeline laid in the Carpathians required extraordinary skill and courage on the part of the builders. The line portion of the gas pipeline in the Transcarpathian section became a true construction site of friendship. At the beginning of the year

specialists arrived from the Polish People's Republic. Representatives of

"Energopolya" laid the last 38 km of the westernmost section of the transcontinental gas pipeline on the territory of our country in a very jpj\prt period

of time. The last kilometers proved to be not only the most gratifying, but

also the most difficult. The reason was that the mountains had been replaced

by bogs. The world's largest gas pipeline has come to the border. But the

friendship of the people who built it knows no borders. New jobs which will

make that friendship still stronger await them in the future. [By I. Chopovdya] [Text] [Moscow KOMSOMOL'SKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 26 Aug 83 p 1] 7045

PIPELINES NEAR ORENBURG—The routes of several large gas pipelines cross the

territory of Orenburg Oblast. Dozens of small branches have been laid from

them to nearby cities and worker settlements. The gas pipelines have also

run to villages. As a consequence the cheap natural fuel is being used by 15

cities and settlements, many rayon centers and large kolkhozes and sovkhozes.

In a session of the Ispolkom of the Orenburg Oblast Soviet of People's Deputies measures for further expansion of gas service to rural areas were taken

up and approved. It was decided that branches would be laid to Adamovka,

Dombarovka, the largest centers for development of virgin land, to the rayon

villages of Sharlyk, Aleksandrovka, Ilek and other rural points. [By P. Stepanenkov] [Text] [Moscow SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA in Russian 30 Aug 83 p 1] 7045

109
PIPELINE NEAR LIPETSK—Having completed ahead of schedule work on the Lipetsk

section of the Urengoy—Uzhgorod pipeline, the collective of the Trust

"Shchegingazstroy" has undertaken to lay pipe on the line Novki—Ryazan—

Tula—Orel which is 160 km long. The builders have included in their increased socialist obligations ahead-of-schedule delivery of the section for

operation—before the 66th Anniversary of the Great October Revolution.

[Text] [Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 9 Sep 83 p 1] 7045

URENGOY GAS REACHES TAMBOV—Today the state commission signed the official

document accepting the Tambov section of the Urengoy—Pomary—Uzhgorod gas

pipeline for operation. Work in this section, which is 137 km long, was performed ahead of schedule and with high quality. The relief of the locality

in the northern part of Tambov Oblast which the route passed through is not

considered especially complicated, but it did not give itself up easily to

the builders. The pipeline construction workers had to cross rivers, floodlands, and ravines, to lay pipe under railroads and highways with heavy traffic. The builders of the gas artery were helped greatly by the single contract covering the mixed technological work flow. It was thanks to that organization that high productivity in pipe laying was achieved here—1 km of

finished gas pipeline per day. Today the best construction workers in the

section have met in a rally held in Morshanskiy Rayon. Those who spoke noticed that they had kept their workers' word—the assignment was completed

ahead of schedule. Urengoy gas will serve the world/peace (mir). The construction workers in the field gave assurances that they would apply all

their knowledge, strength and experience to successfully perform the assignments on construction of other fuel arteries in the 5-year period as well.

[Text] [Kiev PRAVDA UKRAINY in Russian 14 Aug 83 p 2] 7045

GAS PIPELINE IN TASSR--The collective of the Trust "Tatnefteprovodstroy" has

won a labor victory. In the section of the gas pipeline from Urengoy to the

center crossing the territory of TaSSR they have welded the 75th km of the

route into the line. The most complicated section of the trunk pipeline has

been covered half a year ahead of schedule. The pipeline construction workers in TaSSR built the central part of the trunk line from Vyatka to the

Volga. There are still 15 tributaries of the Volga and Kama to cross, and a

large number of railroads and highways. The construction workers will be

moving in two technological work flows. The competition is headed by the

collective of I. Shaykhutdinov, Hero of Socialist Labor, the initiator of introduction of the progressive method in the organization of work in this sector—the mixed technological work flow. "We used the experience gained in

building the previous pipeline, and together we choose a new tactic," said

Il'sur Garafiyevich. "The sections most problematical in the relief and

those furthest from the basis had to be done first, before the freezes and

snowstorms. The pipeline construction workers kept their word: they crossed

the flooded bottoms of the rivers in dry weather, at an all-out pace. The

collective of the Trust "Tatnefteprovodstroy" intends to complete all the

line work on the 217-km section ahead of schedule. [Text] [Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 3 Sep 83 p 1] 7045

GAS CONDENSATE PROCESSING PLANT—The riches of Urengoy make it possible to

make combined use of a plant for processing gas condensate. Its construction

110
has begun near Surgut. So far such enterprises have not been built in West

Siberia'. But long ago a pilot unit was in operation at Urengoy, yielding

gasoline and diesel fuel from condensate. The capacity of the plant being

built is tenfold greater. At the same time construction of a main pipeline

has been organized to carry the raw material from under the earth at Urengoy

to the plant. About 100 km of the route have already been laid. A highvoltage electric power transmission line is being erected. The decision has

been made to put the first phase of the plant into operation next year.

[Text] [Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 30 Jun 83 p 2] 7045 *)

PIPELINE INSULATION—The Rostov plant "Sovelit" has manufactured the first

lot of a thermal insulation which differs fundamentally from previous types.

"To be sure, many people have had occasion to see how they wrap municipal

heating lines," we were told by I. Miroshnichenko, the plant's director. "In

order not to lose heat en route, the pipe is carefully wrapped with wool, and

foil is wrapped over that. This is awkward. The new material is a strip of

plastic to which the wool insulation is immediately bonded." [By V. Ogurtsov]

[Text] [Moscow SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA in Russian 18 Oct 83 p 1] 7045

SEVERNYY BALKUM—NAIP GAS PIPELINE—The large gas pipeline covering the 65 km

from Severnyy Balkum to Naip is ready for operation. Fuel from the new gas

condensate deposit will flow through the large-diameter steel pipe to the

main installations at Naip, and from there to the center of the country after

treatment. The field with a capacity of 3 billion cubic meters of gas per

year is a project near completion. The collective of the Trust "Naipgazstroy" and subcontracting organizations are conducting operations on a broad

scale. An automated unit for prior preparation of the gas is now being installed, the republic's first sulfur-cleaning complex is being built, and

utility and energy lines are being laid. Large blocks, elements and fabrications are being used extensively in the development. [By B. Dzhumayev]

[Text] [Ashkhabad TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA in Russian 7 Jun 83 p 2] 7045

KIROVSKIY RAYON GAS PIPELINE—A steel pipeline for natural gas has appeared on

the map of new-built structures in the Kirovskiy Rayon of the oblast. The construction workers of the mobile mechanized column from the "Lengazspetsstroy"

trust yesterday completed welding of a 30-km segment of the steel artery from

the Gryazovets-Leningrad gas pipeline into the main line. With the entry of

this important segment of the oblast gas network into operation natural gas

will be delivered to Otradnoye, Kirovsk and Mgu. Among the leaders of the

socialist competition along the route running through complexly dissected

swampy terrain is the insulation column headed by brigade leader M. Trofimov.

Outpacing the work production schedule, the small group, in which each member

has several trades, insulated and laid in trenches an 11-km segment of the line.

At the same time construction began on gas distribution stations from which

the blue fuel will be distributed to consumers. [By 0. Kryuchkov] [Text]

[Leningrad LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 8 Jul 83 p 2] 5303

KIRGHIZ PIPELINE DELIVERS PETROLEUM—The other day the brigade of Anatoliy

Pisarev from the construction-assembly administration of the "Kirgizneft"' association reported on their great success. With a "good" evaluation this group

put the Niyazbek-Kanibadam petroleum pipeline into operation. It was laid

through complex mountainous terrain of Lyaylyakskiy Rayon. [By P. Khramov]

[Text] [Frunze SOVETSKAYA KIRGIZIYA in Russian 4 Sep 83 p 1] 5303
FUEL PIPELINES OPERATIVE—A sector of the Nikol'skoye-Voronezh pipeline with

a length of 202 kilometers has been put into operation ahead of time. It is

intended for the delivery of gasoline and diesel fuel from the Kuybyshev and

Ufa petroleum refineries. In addition, the Alan gas deposit in the Karshinskaya steppe in Uzbekistan has begun industrial operation. The gas is fed to

the Mubarek gas refinery. [Excerpts] Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 18, Apr 83 p 2] 5303

UKRAINIAN PIPELINE SECTOR ADVANCES—The builders of the Ukrainian segment of

the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline are approaching their goal. The

thousandth kilometer of the steel strand has been laid in the territory of the

republic. At the same time hydraulic tests are being made in the laid segments

of the gas pipeline. A considerable part of the line is ready to receive Siberian gas. [Text] [Moscow STROITEL'NAYA GAZETA in.Russian 15 Jun 83 p 2] 5303

PIPELINE SEGMENT MEETS TEST—Cheboksary. Work on a 127-km sector of the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline in the Chuvash Autonomous Republic is in the

concluding stage. Hydraulic tests are in progress here. Having its beginning

at the Volga, the 57-km segment of the pipeline has already withstood reliability tests. [Text] Moscow SEL'SKAYA ZHIZN' in Russian 5 Jun 83 p 1]

5303

TURKMEN-UZBEK GAS. LINKUP—The welding of pipes into long links has begun in

the Saman-Teplnskoye gas deposit. These are intended for the pipeline which

from here will deliver fuel to the gas refinery in the Uzbek city Mubarek.

The gas in this deposit contains a considerable quantity of hydrogen Sulfides.

Each thousand cubic meters of local fuel with purification can yield about 35

kilograms of pure sulfur — a valuable raw material, in short supply, for the

chemical industry. In connection with the rapid growth of production of mineral fertilizers the demand for this product is increasing. That is why it was

decided to produce sulfur from local gas. With the delivery of three billion

cubic meters of Saman-Tepe gas each year it will be possible to obtain up to

100,000 tons of raw material for the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric and battery acid, as well as other products. The cost of one ton of

sulfur extracted from natural gas will be three times less than with its production from ore in mine pits or underground extraction with its melting-out

by hot water. Turkmen gas is being sent to Uzbekistan for processing beginning next year. This will be in fulfillment of an important resolution of the

26th CPSU Congress on increasing the output of valuable products from natural

gas. [Turkmeninform] [Text] [Ashkhabad TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA in Russian 9 Sep.83

p 2] 5303

GAS PIPELINE SEGMENT .COMPLETED—Ashkhabad. Yesterday natural gas was fed to

Kunya-Urgenich — the northernmost' rayon center in Turkmenistan. Here work

has been completed on construction of a 22-km gas pipeline through which gas

will be fed from the Central Asia-Center main line. The large-scale gasification of residences and industrial enterprises has begun. [Text] Moscow GUDOK

in Russian 9 Sep 83 p 1] 5303

112
CZECH TURBINES IN USE—More than 120 gas turbines produced in Czechoslovakia

are operating at compressor stations on main gas pipelines in the USSR. Their

designing and manufacture is the result of close cooperation between Soviet

and Czechoslovakian scientists and designers. Specialists labored with particular good results on creation of the GT-750-6 turbine, whose improvement

is continuing. Machine builders have mounted on it a vertical combustion

chamber developed by the Neva plant in Leningrad. This will save 2.5 tons of

alloyed steel per item. A system for automatic control of the turbine, the

"Turbostat 6-B," has been jointly developed. With respect to quality it surpasses similar instruments produced by western firms. More than 70 "Turbostat

6-B" systems have already been sent to the Soviet Union. [Text] [Moscow

VODNYY TRANSPORT in Russian 4 Oct 83 p 1] 5303

AUTOMATED GAS COOLING STATION~The first Soviet-produced automated station.

for the cooling of gas in the main gas pipelines, constructed under permafrost conditions, has been developed at the Kiev Automation Institute. The

fact is that the warm gas transported through pipes heats the soil, which in

summer has a temperature of 0 2°, as a result of which swamps develop over

extensive territories. But this is not all. The warm gas disrupts the rigidity of the bracings, and from time to time pipes sag down and then heave up.

The problem of reducing damage and the negative influence on the environment

in regions of the laying of the gas pipeline has been solved by a group of

scientists at the Automation Institute. During the current year the first experimental station will be installed in the neighborhood of Urengoy. [By Zh.

Tkachenko] [Text] [Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 2 Nov 83

p 2] 5303

URENGOY-CENTER PIPELINE PROGRESS—The first 50 kilometers of large-diameter

pipes have been welded into a "strand" in the Tyumen' sector of the UrengoyTsentr-1 gas pipeline. It runs in the same corridor as the export line to Uzhgorod and will become the 11th gas artery originating from the deposits of the

Tyumen' North. Prior to the end of this year the pipeline layers will have

laid about 500kilometers of steel channel here. The tone of the competition

on the new route was set by the brigade of welders headed by V. Mozharov from

the Priob'truboprovodstroy trust, successfully using "summer" construction

techniques. [By Zh. Andreyev] [Text] [Moscow STROITEL'NAYA GAZETA in Russian

14 Sep 83 p 3] 5303

CS0: 1822/87

113
COMPRESSOR STATIONS

REPORT ON CHAYKOVSKAYA GAS COMPRESSOR STATION

Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 26 Oct 83 p 1

[Article by M. Bulanzhe, correspondent, Minmontazhspetsstroy SSSR press center,

Perm Oblast': "Port For a River of Gas"]

[Text] Another compressor station, the Chaykovskaya, is

being readied for opening on the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod

arterial gas pipeline. Hydraulic pressure testing of the

service lines is currently being completed.

Nail' Gil'manov finished the last weld seam and regarded his work with

satisfaction. Everything was now ready for testing. Section foreman

V. Gladkov gave the order: "Prepare to pump the water!"

The powerful pumps droned, and water rushed noisily into the pipeline, where

the pressure was to reach 100 atmospheres. The welded joints must meet very

rigorous quality standards. For this reason all joints are checked twice, once

by the water pressure test and once by x-ray inspection.

The pressure gage point crept slowly toward zero. A person naturally likes to

be present when his work is being rated, but the results of the tests will be

known only in a few hours. And there was no time to wait around. Gil'manov's

work crew immediately moved on to the next station.

Deadlines and quality: these factors are paramount in determining the pace of

construction. Strict accounting is kept of the time. Excitement reigns at the

construction site, but records are not an end in themselves for assembly

workers. The most efficient technology has been worked out for equipping large

gas compressor stations and skills have been honed. The start-up schedule has

been followed without fail. The general contractors of the Votkinskgessstroy

administration have created a good initial construction project, and it is the

duty of the subcontractors to continue the "workers' relay race."

The work crew headed by S. Nikolayev is completing the fitting of equipment on

the site of the gas cleaning and dust trap unit. Near at hand the welders have

a transportable ballast resistor which they themselves have produced. It is a

very convenient device, since it relieves the welder of the need to constantly

run to the power supply unit to adjust the current strength.

114
The administration collective knows the value of time and how to manage it.

The contract brigade system, which has been given the broadest possible

application on this project, has become a significant work incentive. More

than 90 percent of the equipment has been installed under the contract system.

Installation of the compressor plant equipment, the mighty heart of the gas

pumping station, has been completed 2 months ahead of schedule. The huge

volume of work was done by specialists of Soyuzprombummontazh Trust, First

Leningrad Installation Administration.

"Of course they're tired of waiting for us at home," says work crew foreman

Yu. Semyonov. "So we are trying to speed up our reunion with our families. We

have pledged to deliver the facility by 7 November rather than at the end of

December as scheduled. We are firmly resolved to celebrate the holidays on the

Neva."

6115

CSOs 1822/94

115
COMPRESSOR STATIONS

NEW REMOTE-CONTROLLED COMPRESSOR MODELS

Yerevan KOMMUNIST in Russian 20 Nov 83 p 2

[Article by A. Sarukhanyan, freelance KOMMUNIST reporter, "Advanced

Developments in Production: Compressors of a New Type"]

[Text] The Armkhimmash Association was established 10 years ago on the basis

of compressor, pump, and fitting plants. One of its fundamental specialized

activities is production of atmospheric air compressors, which are very widely

used in various sectors of the national economy.

The Association currently manufactures 15 variously modified special and

general purpose compressors as well as mobile compressor stations.

In the Eleventh Five-Year Plan the Association's designers are carrying out an

important task, that of developing and starting up production of radically new

compressor models.

"We have already accomplished quite a bit of work in this direction," says the

chief designer of Armkhimmash, Marien Avanesyan. "We have started production

of new compressors which will soon entirely replace certain obsolete models.

These new models have already been placed in the highest quality class and are

easy-to-use high-performance compressors. The automatic control console allows

one operator fully to monitor the entire operation of a unit. This model has

another advantage over its predecessors: it weighs 300 kilograms less."

The performance of the ninth version of this model is even higher. The

designers of the Association are currently at work on this version.

The Association's designers very recently completed work on design and

production of prototypes of another two compressor models. They have undergone

pilot plant testing and have been submitted to an interdepartmental commission

for approval.

These accomplishments are the product of efforts by the entire staff of the

Association, and above all of design office heads Svetlana Mosesova and Grachik

Babasyan, engineers Eduard Khosrovyan and Volodya Avakyan, mechanic Mkrtych

Mkrtchyan, lathe operator Lyudvig Boshyan, and others.

6ll5

CSO: 1822/94

"'!.

116
ENERGY CONSERVATION

FIGURES ON CEMA FUEL AND ENERGY PRODUCTION, USE CITED

Moscow ARGUMENT? I FAKTY in Russian No 43, 25 Oct 83 p 4

[Article by E. Sheynin, candidate of economic sciences: "How the Energy Problem

Is Being Solved"]

[Text] In recent years the fuel and energy problem has grown more acute

everywhere in the world. This is explained, in particular, by the fact that

fuel resources are unevenly distributed and that the conditions for their

recovery are becoming increasingly complicated.

At the same time the situation in the countries of the socialist community

has nothing to do with the energy crisis in the capitalist economies. Moreover,

the experience of the CEMA countries shows that the prerequisites needed to

solve this problem successfully are precisely those available to the socialist

community.

Through Joint Efforts.

The main tasks of energy policy have been defined in the five-year and annual

national economic plans of the CEMA countries on the basis of party congress

decisions. They include the following:

—a consistent change in the fuel and energy balances in favor of domestic

energy resources;

—the development of nuclear power engineering;

—achieving a qualitatively new stage in the saving of energy and fuel.

Socialism is resolving these tasks primarily by way of mutual cooperation.

Socialist integration in this sphere offers advantages that are inconceivable

within the framework of capitalist integration with its egoistical interests

and economic piracy.

The following facts indicate the scale of the CEMA countries' long-term goaloriented program for cooperation in the field of energy, fuel and raw materials,

approved at the 32d CEMA session in 1978. The program provides for the

implementation of 87 measures and the conclusion of 51 agreements, including

117
agreements on the construction of projects, international specialization and

cooperation in production, and scientific and technical cooperation«

A first step in the development of the energy system for the CEMA member

countries was the construction and commissioning of the 838-kilometer 750-

kilovolt power transmission line between Vinnitsa (USSR) and Albertirsa (Hungary).

The strategy of the long-term goal-oriented program for cooperation stems

from the fact of the great self-sufficiency of the CEMA member countries in

terms of energy resources.

The populations of the CEMA member countries make up only 10 percent of the

world's total population, but the CEMA countries account for the following

proportions (as a percentage of the world total):

—33 percent of industrial output;

—about one-third of energy production, that is, 2.5 billion tons of fuel

in conventional units, including:

—21 percent of world generation of electric power;

—36.2 percent of world coal recovery;

—24.0 percent of world oil and gas condensate recovery;

—34 percent of world natural gas recovery.

In addition to the long-term goal-oriented program for cooperation there is

also a scientific and technical prediction for solving the fuel and energy

problems through the year 2000 and beyond.

The efforts of the CEMA countries in scientific work on questions of energetics

are being focused on research on the problems of converting coal to liquid

or gas fuel, increasing the throughput capacities of power transmission lines,

extending the use of underground alternating-current lines and so forth.

All this indicates the flexibility of energy strategy in the countries of

the socialist community.

Today the extensive scientific search, accurate economic calculations and

agreed policy in the energy field are bringing forth their fine fruits.

At the same time, coordination of plans not only does not exclude the use

of kinds of energy resources typical of a given country, as some economists

in the West assert, but on the contrary, even makes provision for this. And

the optimal "set" of these resources makes it possible, in particular, to

save the kinds of fuel that are to some extent or other in short supply.

118
A Panorama of Experience.

* In Hungary's fuel and energy balance the proportion of oil was cut from

41 percent in 1978 to 35 percent in 1982. Thanks to further growth in the

extraction and use of low-grade coals and the commissioning of the first unit

of the Paks nuclear power station, the proportion of liquid fuel in total

demand for energy resources has declined even more markedly.

* Since Vietnam possesses major water resources spread evenly across its

territory, priority is being given to hydroelectric power in the construction

of power stations in the country. One of the largest in the country will

be the Hoa-binh hydroelectric project on the Black Da, being built with help

from the Soviet Union.

* In the GDR, as a result of the more active use of its own resources in

economic turnover, the proportion of lignite in the country's energy balance

increased from 64 percent to 70 percent in 1982. [as published]

* In Poland, within the framework of the general course toward eliminating

the disproportions and profound disruptions in the national economy, many

of which arose as the result of the actions of counterrevolutionary forces

in 1980-1981, special attention is being paid to the reestablishment and

development of the fuel and energy sectors. Hard coal and lignite remain

the basic accessible domestic energy raw materials and the most reliable.

* In Romania a more rational use of energy sources is being achieved by the

construction of hydroelectric power stations, the more extensive use of solid

fuels, accelerating the implementation of a program to construct the first

nuclear power station, and increasing the proportion of new kinds of energy.

* Important tasks in the field of the rational use of energy resources in

the Soviet Union were set by the 26th CPSU Congress. The structure of the

energy balance in the USSR is being improved through the rapid development

of nuclear power engineering and increasing the extraction of cheap coals

from the Ekibastuz, Kansko-Achinsk and Kuznetsk basins. The use of hydropower

sources is being extended: during the period 1981-1985 it is planned to commission

hydroelectric power stations with capacities of 12,000 megavolts. During

the same period generation of electricity at nuclear power stations will

almost treble.

During the present five-year plan the proportion of the nuclear power stations

in the generation of electric power will be 26 percent in Bulgaria, 12-14

percent in the GDR and about 20 percent in Czechoslovakia.

Similar measures to activate the use of the most rational energy resources

are also being implemented in the other countries of the socialist community.

The generation of electric power is characterized by the figures shown in

Table 1 below.

A Course Toward Thrift.

Saving fuel and energy and reducing losses during recovery and processing

have become an urgent national economic task. In a number of the CEMA countries

119
Table 1. Electric Power Generated in 1982,

Bulgaria Hungary GBR Cuba Mongolia Poland Romania USSR Czechoslovakia

Billions kW-hr 40.5 24.5 103 11.0 1.5 118 68.9 1367 74.7

1982 as percentage

of 1981 109 101 102 104 97 102 98.3 103 102

*****

the expenditure of fuel and energy resources per unit of output produced still

exceeds the same indicators in the industrially developed capitalist countries.

In the socialist countries, reducing the specific fuel and energy expenditures

is taking place thanks largely to the rapid increases in the capacities of

units in electric power engineering, introducing progressive, waste-free

technologies with fewer numbers of operations, reducing energy intensiveness

in production, and improving the sector structure of industrial production

so as to limit, as far as possible, the development of energy-intensive sectors

in some countries.

The following figures indicate the results achieved from implementation of

steps to save fuel and energy in the socialist countries.

In Hungary energy demand in all sectors of the economy has declined while the

volume of production has increased. In the GDR, compared with 1981, in 1982

the national income grew 3 percent and was accompanied by a 25-percent decline

in demand for fuel oil, and 30-percent decline for gasoline, 13 percent for

diesel fuel, 11 percent for coke, and 3 percent for lignite. In 1982 some

2.4 million tons of fuel in conventional units were saved in the Czechoslovak

national economy. As a result of reducing fuel consumption in the USSR,

during the period 1976-1980 fuel use was cut 4 percent and 14 million tons

of fuel in conventional units were saved.

Thus, the steps taken by the countries of the socialist community to solve

the complex fuel and energy problem are already today bringing a tangible

economic effect.

We see that the combined strategy of the CEMA member countries in an economic

sector as important as energetics takes into account the interests of each

country. "Energy" integration based on mutual aid offers its participants

advantages undreamed of under capitalism.

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CSO: 1822/98

120
GENERAL

GSSR OFFICIAL URGES IMPROVED POWER SYSTEM

Tbilisi ZARYA VOSTOKA in Russian 15 Sep 83 p 2

[Article by Vakhtang Gomelauri, member of the GSSR Academy of Sciences and

chairman of the Scientific Council for Fuel and Energy Problems of the Presidium of the GSSR Academy of Sciences]

[Text] It was emphasized at the June (1983) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee that carrying out the Energy Program, that exceedingly important document with long-range significance, "a kind of GOELRO [State Commission for

Electrification of Russia] plan under present-day conditions," requires an

immense effort. Take, for example, the Georgian electric power system. In

the period of the autumn-winter peak power loads, which coincides with low

water in the republic's rivers, the Georgian electric power system is experiencing a steadily growing shortage of electric power. Accordingly, even at

the present time there is a regularly recurring need during a large part of

the year to restrict and even to completely cut off certain consumers.

It is obvious that under these conditions work cannot be properly stimulated

in the field of electrification of production processes, in the mechanization

of manual labor, and so on. In Georgia, accordingly, the electric power per

worker ratio is very low both in industry and agriculture. It is sufficient

to say that per capita electric power consumption in our republic is barely

half of the national average.

This abnormal situation which has come about in the field of electric power

supply has resulted from the predominance in the Georgian power system of

seasonal hydroplants, which cuts back sharply on the generation of electric

power following passage of the flood, and by the altogether inadequate capacity of the so-called base-load electric power stations, which have the ability to generate electric power uniformly both around the clock and throughout

the year. Comrade G. V. Kolbin, secretary of the Georgian CP Central Committee, pointed to the difficulties that have arisen in the power supply of the

GSSR economy in an article published in the newspaper PRAVDA on 17 August of

this year. He noted in the article that "three-fourths of the capacity of

the republic's power system is made up of seasonal hydroplants, and the electric power received from neighboring power systems does not always make up

all of the shortage."

121
An extremely important role is played by the fact that electric power consumption in the power system undergoes sizable changes in the course of the

day. To be specific, the power loads rise sharply during the morning and

evening hours. These loads are customarily referred to as peak and semipeak

loads. Most acceptable for covering these additional loads which change in

time and which constitute about 40 percent of total electric power consumption, are large hydroplants which have storage reservoirs of sufficient capacity to afford them the possibility of covering the peak and semipeak loads

every day throughout the year. The one-of-a-kind InguriGES and other hydroplants built and planned on the principal watercourses of GSSR represent

power stations of that type.

The problem of generating the base load of electric power in the technically

advanced countries of the world, and in the European part of the USSR in particular, is now being solved by building nuclear power stations. This direction in the development of up-to-date electric power.engineering has resulted

from the growing shortage of heavy fuel oil. An important role is also being

played by the fact that in the petroleum refining industry at the present

time methods are rapidly being mastered for obtaining from petroleum the maximum amount of gasoline, diesel fuel and other valuable fractions necessary

for the chemical industry at the price of a corresponding reduction in the

share of residual fuel oil in the products of refining.

For most power engineers in our republic the need to turn to nuclear power as

the only realistic way of generating electric power to cover the base load in

the Georgian power system became obvious even in the period of construction

of the first nuclear power stations both in the USSR and abroad. But in the

period 1969-1970 due attention was unfortunately not paid to the relevant

studies done in the republic in this area.

By 1975 the attitude toward development of nuclear power in GSSR changed radically, but the delay indicated above was a considerable hindrance to timely

settlement of the question of construction of a nuclear power station iir

Georgia and as a matter of fact resulted in the lag we have observed in development of electric power in the republic.

The delay in settling -this extremely important issue was favored to a considerable degree by an erroneous conception of the harmful effect of a nuclear

power station on the environment. The utter groundlessness of this erroneous

idea has now been vividly demonstrated by experience in operation of nuclear

power stations and by intensive development of nuclear power both in the European part of the USSR as well as abroad.

Development of the electric power industry in the European part of our country—that most densely populated part of the Soviet Union—is based on construction of nuclear power stations. As we know, the Kurskaya, Novovoronezhskaya, Leningradskaya, Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya, Krymskaya, Armyanskaya and other

nuclear power stations are already on line. An extensive new nuclear power

plant construction program is now being carried out in the European part of

the USSR.

122
Nuclear power is developing at a fast pace in the countries of western Europe. It is sufficient to say that the electric power generated at nuclear

power stations now makes up 40 percent of all the electric power consumed in

France, 15 percent of all the power consumed in England and West Germany, and

25 percent of all the power consumed in Belgium and Sweden. The aggregate

capacity of nuclear power stations in operation and under construction in

Switzerland is 6 million kw. The scale of construction of nuclear power

plants is still broader in the United States and Japan. We should also note

the development of nuclear power in Yugoslavia, India, Finland, Argentina,

Cuba, Pakistan, Romania, South Korea, Brazil, Mexico, and so on.

In spite of GSSR's sizable lag in development of the electric power industry,

the question of building a nuclear power station in the republic has not been

resolved as yet. To a certain extent this is explained by the need to build

nuclear power plants at the present time in a number of other regions of the

European part of our country. In addition, construction of a nuclear power

plant involves sizable capital investments and requires making one-of-a-kind

equipment and apparatus.

It is obvious that until this power station is built, the shortage of electric power to cover the base load in GSSR will take on still more sizable dimensions, especially since generation of surplus base electric power is not

anticipated in the foreseeable future in neighboring power systems.

In coming years, then, much attention must be paid in GSSR to all-out electric power conservation both in the economy and in the household. A sizable

contribution to performance of measures aimed at accomplishment of this task

must be made by the technical directors of industrial enterprises. The public must also show a high level of consciousness in the matter of electric

power conservation in the household.

"The future of our fuel and power industry—this is above all use of the most

up-to-date nuclear reactors, and in future—practical solution of the problem

of controlled thermonuclear fusion," Yu. V. Andropov noted in his speech at

the June Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee. Putting a nuclear power station on line and further construction of large hydroplants on our principal

watercourses designed to cover variable power loads will ensure optimalization of the structure of the Georgian power system and will create the conditions necessary to uninterrupted power supply to consumers.

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GENERAL

OIL AND GAS SALES TO WESTERN EUROPE QUESTIONED

Moscow ARGUMENTY I FAKTY in Russian No 35, 30 Aug 83 p 8

[Text] As we know, a portion of our fuel is leaving the

Soviet Union to go abroad. Are we doing right to sell so

much petroleum and gas to the capitalist countries? Aren't

we losing more here than we are gaining?

V. Zyuz', Donetsk; A. Malashenko, Tyumen; and others

The development and improvement of the fuel and power base of our country's

economy has been a subject of constant attention of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Government. In the period between 1975 and 1982 petroleum production (including gas condensate) has increased by 122 million*tons: from

491 to 613 million tons; that of natural gas by 212 billion cubic meters:

from 289 to 501 billion cubic meters; that of coal by 17 million tons: from

701 to 718 million tons. Electric power production has increased by 328 billion kwh over that period: from 1,038 to 1,366 billion kwh. With respect to

total production of petroleum (including gas condensate) the USSR occupies

first place in the world, and with respect to production of coal, natural gas

and electric power—second place in the world.

The USSR Energy Program, which, as defined by Yu. V. Andropov, general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and chairman of the Presidium of the USSR

Supreme Soviet, is "an exceedingly important long-range document, a kind of

G0ELR0 [State Commission for Electrification of Russia] plan under presentday conditions," calls for further development of the fuel and energy sectors

of the economy on an up-to-date scientific-technical foundation.

The Soviet Union has a reliable supply of natural reserves of various energy

resources, which makes it possible to settle the question of developing them

in an interrelated way and with a view to the long term both to satisfy domestic needs and also for export. In the 11th Five-Year Plan a sizable increase

in the production of fuel and power was envisaged, including bringing petroleum production (including gas condensate) up to 620-645 million tons by 1985,

that of natural gas up to 600-640 billion cubic meters, that of coal up to

770-800 million tons, and that of electric power up to 1,550-1,600 billion

kwh. Moreover, under the Energy Program particular attention is being paid

to accelerated development of the huge reserves of natural gas in the north

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of West Siberia, which makes it possible to satisfy domestic needs and expand

gas exports on a long-range basis. At the same time use of petroleum and petroleum products as boiler and furnace fuel has been curtailed even though

petroleum reserves in the north of West Siberia make it possible to augment

its production all the way up to the end of this century. Nuclear power engineering is setting the pace in its development. The growth of production

of electric power, which is planned in the amount of 255-305 billion kwh, is

being achieved mainly from nuclear fuel, hydropower and the use of coal in

the country's eastern regions. The task of building the foundations of a

thermonuclear power industry is being realistically advanced.

This line in the development of fuel and power resources makes it possible to

increase gas exports and also to set aside some of the petroleum produced for

export. At the same time the Soviet Union is receiving certain quantities of

gas and petroleum from certain countries in the framework of trade and economic cooperation with them.

On the whole the share of fuel and power allocated for export (solid fuel,

natural gas, petroleum and petroleum products, and electric power) does not

exceed 15 percent in the USSR fuel and energy balance. Moreover, most of the

export deliveries are to the socialist countries which are CEMA member countries within the frameworks of socialist economic integration, which is taking place in the fuel and energy sectors on the basis of long-range target

programs for cooperation among the fraternal countries.

Fuel exports to the capitalist countries promotes development of mutually advantageous trade with them and optimum use of the capabilities of foreign

economic relations to increase the efficiency of the Soviet economy.

As we know, our country's economic development has become more complicated in

recent years not only because of poor crop years in agriculture resulting

from weather conditions, but also because the principal centers of the fuel

and power sectors and other sectors of the extractive industry have moved to

the east and north, and also because of the related need to transport immense

quantities of fuel and energy to the European part of the country. These

problems are being dealt with effectively. A mighty petroleum and gas complex, which in 1983 will furnish 60 percent of all the country's petroleum

production (including gas condensate) and a large portion of gas production,

has been built in the shortest time in the uninhabited north of West Siberia,

in a period of time unprecedented in other countries, and it is continuing to

develop at a fast pace. Construction of large-scale power stations is being

organized to utilize the immense coal reserves in the Kansk-Achinsk and Ekibastuz coal basins; large new hydropower plants are being built on the rivers

of Siberia and the Far East. In 1983 half of all the country's fuel will be

produced in Siberia as a whole. The world's largest transport system has

been built to supply fuel and energy resources to the European regions, including power transmission lines and pipelines. In the current 5-year period

another five gas pipelines are being built to deliver gas to the European regions and another for delivery of gas for export.

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This huge scale of construction requires immense capital investments not only

for the actual construction of production facilities, but also to build from

scratch the entire related infrastructure related to their construction and

operation, including roads as well as housing, consumer service facilities

and other construction to guarantee normal living and working conditions for

people. This is being done mainly on the basis of domestic engineering and

technology.

The export of a portion of the growing volume of fuel production makes it possible to obtain from abroad additional resources of equipment and machines

both for the fuel and energy sectors as well as for other sectors of the economy. The use of imported equipment and materials, including, for example,

large-diameter pipe for fuel and energy construction projects, eliminates the

need to allocate large capital investments to expand their production and

thereby divert funds from development of other sectors, guaranteeing in this

way a saving on social labor, a gain in time, and also sector proportionality

in economic development.

The fact that prices of petroleum and accordingly for natural gas and other

energy resources have risen many times over on the world market during the

seventies makes it possible to export them with high efficiency for the economy.

The value of fuel exports from the USSR to the capitalist countries has increased from 0.7 billion rubles in foreign currencies in 1970 to 13 billion

rubles in 1980 and more than 17 billion rubles in 1982. In just the last 3

years fuel exports to the capitalist countries have brought in more than 35

billion rubles of convertible currency, which has made it possible to pay for

about 80 percent of all imports of goods from those countries, including

equipment, machines and transportation equipment worth 14.8 billion rubles

and large-diameter pipe worth 4.8 billion rubles. The imported machines and

equipment include drilling and geological exploration equipment worth 730

million rubles, roadbuilding machines and equipment worth 1.1 billion rubles,

etc. The benefit from obtaining energy resources in exchange for deliveries

of equipment is also quite obvious to our trading partners in the capitalist

countries. The conduct of this kind of mutually beneficial trade materially

reinforces the Soviet Union's course of foreign policy aimed at strengthening

peace and peaceful coexistence of states with differing social systems.

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GENERAL

MINSK HEATING SYSTEM RECONSTRUCTION

Moscow STROITEL'NAYA GAZETA in Russian 1 Jul 83 p 3

[Article by V. Grech, engineer: "Heat in Large Cities"]

[Text] The November (1982) and June (1983) Plenums of the CPSU Central Committee have outlined ways of further performance of the Energy Program, including the creation of economical new technology, wide application of nowaste and energy-saving technologies in industry and construction of improved

TETs and ATETs.

Today the growth of heat loads and their concentration in the country's large

cities and industrial centers have created conditions favorable to augmenting

capacities and parameters of TETs. This has substantially improved the efficiency of combined production of heat and electric power.

Nor is it any accident, of course, that the work of building the heating system in Minsk was first to be named on the list of contestants for the prize

of the USSR Council of Ministers in the field of project planning and construction.

It is not difficult to imagine the size of the area usually occupied by heat

and power stations—they are large. And it is quite clear that it is not at

all feasible to locate them within the city limits.

This is unsuitable for reasons that have to do with city development, but

also the ecological equilibrium could be upset.

On the other hand, taking the TETs out of the city will confront designers

and builders with difficult new problems. It is especially complicated to

lay main transit heating lines with a diameter up to 1 meter and a length of

about 30 km and to build area water-heating boilers which after the TETs is

put into operation will go into the mode of operation to cover peak loads.

Creation of the Minsk heating system is a kind of turning point in development of heat engineering today. It is calculated to supply heat and electric

power to housing developments that exist or are under construction with a

population of more than 600,000, along with many public buildings and industrial enterprises.

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v.a'^--/"

The plan envisages the most progressive solutions:.' water-heating boilers

X^s" have been placed outside the area of the TETs, fand use of a higher temperature

makes it possible to reduce the number of pumps in the network. This has

brought about a sizable saving of metal, capital outlays and labor inputs,

and it has also reduced the consumption of electric power to pump water in

the network.

Thanks to introduction of the progressive features, the cost of building the

TETs has been reduced by 8.66 million rubles.

Reliability is becoming especially important in a large-scale heating system.

This has been taken into account here in Minsk: should there be an emergency

shutdown of the pumps of the TETs and damage to the supply lines, provision

has been made for every boiler plant to switch to independent operation. The

experiment in operating the first phase of the Minsk heating system has

proven in practice the reliability, high efficiency and economy of such systems .

The Minsk heating system is a new direction in development of heating systems,

one which can also be utilized intact to build TETs using atomic raw materials.

Nuclear heat and power plants—extremely large sources of heat—cannot be located in the immediate vicinity of settlements. On the other hand construction of a boiler plant using organic fuel to cover peak loads is not possible

on the grounds of the ATETs because of the high temperatures in the trunk

heating supply lines.

That is why creation of large area boiler plants in the zones of heat consumption is an obligatory stage for the future ATETs.

These principles are being applied today in schemes for heat supply of such

cities as Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, Kuybyshev, Volgograd, Gorkiy, Penza and

Voronezh.

The heating system in Minsk, designed by VNIPIEnergoprom [All-Union Scientific Research and Project Planning Institute of the Fuel and Power Industry]

and built by the Trust Belenergostroy of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification, is a prototype of future heating systems using both organic and

nuclear fuel.

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GENERAL

TYUMEN BOTTLENECK DESCRIBED AGAIN

Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 4 Oct 83 p 1

[Article by A. Savinykh, chief of the Trade Administration of the Tyumen Oblast Ispolkom: "Where To Store the Goods?"]

[Text] A railroad train arrived at the railroad station in the city of Surgut. One of its sections was consigned to the Worker supply administration

(URS) of the Trust "Surgutenergostroy." The URS does not have its own refrigerator, and its chief P. Nikoruk went begging to the petroleum people,

tearfully imploring them to take at least 30 tons or so of cooking fat for

storage. But the answer he heard was this: They would be glad to help, but

they had nowhere to put their own property.

Following similar exchanges in the URS's of the builders and geologists,

whose small-capacity refrigerators were also crammed full, Petr Mikhaylovich

went to the gas people:

"Come to my aid, brothers! After all, the penalties are increasing not by

the day, but by the hour!"

They did help him out. At a cost to themselves, of course. Under an absolutely strict condition: that in 2 days he find some other "housing." Their

own goods stood in the entrance....

I am not laying it on thick. Development of the plant and equipment of local

trade is lagging catastrophically behind the very rapid growth of this region

of petroleum and gas production, whose population is growing by more than

100,000 every year. There has accordingly been a fivefold growth in commodity sales in the oblast, but the area of industrial wholesale depots and refrigerators has remained practically at the 1965 level for the past 18 years.

Back 10 years ago a decision was made to build a refrigerated facility in

Surgut to take 10,000 tons of produce. The location was not chosen by accident. This large industrial center of petroleum production in the 0b Valley

is located at the intersection of rail and water routes connecting Tyumen

with other cities where petroleum and gas are being produced. This is where

goods need to be stockpiled for the winter months, goods which thereafter, in

the days of the navigation season which pass rapidly, are to be carried to

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the out-of-the-way areas where the mineral exploration teams, construction

workers and oil and gas workers are working today.

Why is it that even the first step has not been taken to build a facility of

vital importance to the entire region even now in the second 5-year period?

At that time, 10 years ago, 9 million rubles were allocated to build the refrigerated facility in Surgut. But while the Institute "Giprokholod" has

been doing a so-so job on the technical documentation for the project, the

prices of building materials have increased in the country. The total cost

of work on the future refrigerated storage facility has, of course, almost

doubled. It is this objective reality that has become the stumbling block.

The Trade Administration of the Tyumen Oblast Ispolkom has repeatedly called

upon RSFSR Mintorg [Ministry of Trade] to allocate investment ceilings for

completion of the operations called for in the project. In answer to this we

were promptly told: You will not get even a kopeck beyond what has been

stated.

A paradoxical situation comes about: the money which the trade organizations

have already paid the railroad in penalties would have been quite sufficient

to build the refrigerated storage and a wholesale depot in Surgut, and an ice

cream factory in Tyumen. But so far no mention of this has been made at all.

The development of the country's principal source of fuel is going forth at

an unprecedented pace. Quite soon the petroleum workers in Tyumen will begin

to furnish the country 1 million tons of petroleum per day. At the end of

the 5-year period the gas workers will achieve a daily average output of

1 billion cubic meters of the "blue" fuel. The pathfinders of yet another

immense gas project—the Yamburgskoye Deposit—are building housing in a city

which does not yet have a name. And the main thing is that there* is no road

to it. Which makes Surgut more important as a place for stockpiling and supply of goods for the oblast's rayons which are difficult to get to.

So what is more profitable: to conduct fruitless talks about a few million

rubles needed to build refrigerated storage facilities in Surgut, or to lose

many millions of state funds because of the acute shortage of refrigerated

capacity and wholesale depots in the Tyumen North? I assume that the key officials of our ministry will ultimately furnish a specific answer to a question which will not suffer delay.

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GENERAL

v--

BRIEFS

ROTARY EXCAVATORS—In the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin, where beds are being

strip-mined, two new super-capacity rotary excavators are being installed,

each with an output of 5,250 cubic meters of coal per hour. These giants

possess supreme technical characteristics: they weigh 800 tons less than machines in the same class, electric motors with a rating of 4,000 kw make it

possible to break up the bed of coal even without prior drilling and blasting

to break it up, and the reach of their booms is 65 meters. The excavators

will move on "walking skis," and the length of each ski will be 40 meters.

The Zhdanov excavators will deliver the coal to a one-of-a-kind conveyor capable of carrying 10,500 tons of the fuel per hour. This huge moving road?

14 km long*extends from the face where the excavators will be operating to/

the coal storage area for the large thermal electric power stations whose

construction is scheduled for completion by the end of this decade. [By

N. Lisovenko] [Text] [Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 14 Oct 83 p 1] 7045

PAPER GREENHOUSE HEATING DUCTS—Kiev scientists have proposed an innovation

that will help to reduce the cost of growing produce in greenhouses using

plastic film. Together with specialists of the Production Association "Tulabumprom" they have developed a technology for obtaining strong light heat

ducts made of multiply glued paper and cardboard covered inside and out with

waterproof polyethylene film. "About 1,500 hectares have been committed to

the gardens under plastic in the Ukraine," said Yu. Sklyarenko, candidate of

chemical sciences and supervisor of the development project. "But because of

the lack of artificial heating, most of this area is used only in the early

spring. To extend the season into the winter months requires an enormous

amount of pipe made of special steels which will not corrode even at 100-percent humidity. But there is an acute need for such materials in many other

sectors of the economy where it is simply impossible to replace them. The

cardboard-paper ducts are equal to metal ducts in their performance characteristics. They are considerably lighter and cheaper, simpler to manufacture

and are installed far more quickly. The warm air maintains constant temperature in them. [Text] [Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian

6 Sep 83 p 2] 7045

EXCAVATOR WINS GOLD MEDAL—An innovation of the Kostroma machinebuilders has

been awarded the gold medal of the USSR Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy. The E0-5115 excavator, manufactured at the plant "Rabochiy

metallist," will bring a benefit of 3 million rubles to the economy. The

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Kostroma excavators have given a good account of themselves in use by builders, but the new model's predecessors had one essential shortcoming: low

speed and a consequent limitation on its independent movement. Design

changes of the running gear allow the new excavator to move quickly over a

considerable distance like a tractor. This is especially important in building gas and petroleum pipelines and main rail lines. By the end of the year

20 new machines are to be manufactured. [By I. Klimenko] [Text] [Moscow

SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 8 Sep 83 p 2] 7045

EMPTY METAL DRUMS UTILIZED—A use has been found for empty metal drums in the

Production Administration "Mangyshlakneftepromkhim." Every year tens of

thousands of drums arrive on the Mangyshlak Peninsula containing chemical reagents for intensification of petroleum recovery. It is disadvantageous to

carry the empty containers back in freight trains. Thus over the years large

"deposits" of the drums have built up. Efficiency experts of the administration have created machine tools equipped with pneumatic shears and pressure

rollers. The use of these machines makes it possible to obtain from the

drums about 50,000 square meters of sheet metal per year. [By G. Groyser and

B. Vakulenko] [Text] [Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian

7 Sep 83 p 2] 7045

CSO: 1822/79 END

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