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Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring 

Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington, June 2003

By R.S. Dinicola and R.L. Huffman

Prepared in cooperation with the

Department of the Navy

Engineering Field Activity, Northwest

Naval Facilities Engineering Command

Open-File Report 2004-1330

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

For more information about the USGS and its products:

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Dinicola, R.S., and Huffman, R.L., 2004, Selected natural attenuation monitoring data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1330, 

19 p.
iii

Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ................................................................................................ 1

Purpose and Scope ................................................................................. 3

Acknowledgments ................................................................................. 6

Sample Collection and Analysis ........................................................................ 6

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data .................................................................. 7

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox Conditions ....................................... 7

Volatile Organic Compounds ..................................................................... 16

June 2004 Sampling ................................................................................. 16

Summary ................................................................................................... 18

References Cited .......................................................................................... 19

Figures

1. Map showing location of Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. .............................. 2

2. Map showing location of data-collection sites and other 

features at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, June 2003. ................................................ 4

Tables

1. Construction data and water-level measurements for monitoring 

wells and piezometers sampled at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2003 .............................. 5

2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical 

data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003 ................................................ 8

3. Concentrations of selected chlorinated volatile organic compounds 

in ground water from piezometers and monitoring wells sampled 

by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999 to 2003 ........................... 17
iv

Conversion Factors, Datums, and Abbreviations

 CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply By To obtain

acre 4047 square meter

acre 0.4047 hectare

feet (ft) 0.3048 meter

Temperature in degrees Celsius (oC) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (oF) as follows:

 oF=1.8 oC+32.

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) may be converted to degrees Celsius (oC) as follows:

 oC=(oF-32)/1.8.

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given in milligrams per liter, micrograms 

per liter, or nanomoles per liter (nanomolar). One milligram per liter is equivalent to one 

thousand micrograms per liter. One microgram per liter is equivalent to “parts per billion.”

 DATUMS

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NAVD of 1988). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the NAD27.

 ABBREVIATIONS

Organizations

 USGS U.S. Geological Survey

 EFANW Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Engineering Field Activity,

 Northwest

 NUWC Naval Undersea Warfare Center

 NWIS National Water Information System

 NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory

Other

 CA chloroethane

cis-DCE cis-1,2-dichloroethene

 CVOCs chlorinated volatile organic compounds

 DO dissolved oxygen

 H2 dissolved hydrogen

 nM nanomolar

 mg/L milligram per liter

 ORP oxidation-reduction potential

 OU 1 operable Unit 1

 TCA 1,1,1-trichloroethane

 TCE trichloroethene

 VC vinyl chloride

 VOC volatile organic compound

μm micrometer

 1,1-DCA 1,1-dichloroethane

 1,1-DCE 1,1-dichloroethene
Abstract

Previous investigations have shown that natural 

attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds (CVOCs) are substantial in shallow ground 

water beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 

(OU 1), Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Division 

Keyport, Washington. This report presents the ground-water 

geochemical and selected CVOC data collected at OU 1 by the 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) during June 17-20, 2003 in 

support of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation.

Strongly reducing conditions favorable for reductive 

dechlorination of CVOCs were found in fewer upper-aquifer 

wells during June 2003 than were found during sampling 

periods in 2001 and 2002. Redox conditions in water from 

the intermediate aquifer just downgradient from the landfill 

remained somewhat favorable for reductive dechlorination. 

As was noted in previous monitoring reports, the changes in 

redox conditions observed at individual wells have not been 

consistent or substantial throughout either the upper or the 

intermediate aquifers. 

Compared to 2002 data, total CVOC concentrations 

in June 2003 were nearly unchanged in all northern 

plantation piezometers sampled, although the concentrations 

were historically low at two of those sites. Total CVOC 

concentrations decreased consistently in the southern 

plantation samples. Historically low total CVOC 

concentrations were observed in three of the piezometers 

sampled, and a two order-of-magnitude decrease in total 

CVOCs was observed at one of those sites. The observed 

decreases in CVOC concentrations appear to be in contrast 

with the 2003 redox data that suggested less favorable 

conditions for reductive dechlorination. The Navy and USGS 

plan to do more extensive data-collection and interpretation 

during 2004 to better understand and document possible 

changes in redox conditions and contaminant biodegradation.

Introduction

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) have 

migrated to ground water beneath a 9-acre former landfill at 

Operable Unit 1 (OU 1) of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center 

(NUWC), Division Keyport. The NUWC is a small peninsula 

in Kitsap County, Washington, in an extension of Puget Sound 

called Liberty Bay (fig. 1). The former landfill at OU 1 is 

on the narrow strip of land connecting the peninsula to the 

mainland and is adjacent to tidal flats that are an extension 

of Dogfish and Liberty Bays. The OU 1 landfill is unlined 

at the bottom and was constructed in a former marshland. 

The landfill was the primary disposal area for domestic and 

industrial wastes generated by NUWC Keyport from the 1930s 

through 1973. Paints, thinners, solvents, acids, dried sludge 

from a wastewater-treatment plant, and other industrial wastes 

were disposed in the landfill. The most concentrated disposal 

area for waste paints and solvents was at the southern end of 

the landfill.

Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable 

Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington, June 2003

By R.S. Dinicola and R.L. Huffman
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Figure 1. Location of Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington.

2 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
CVOCs are present in the upper and intermediate 

aquifers and in surface water at OU 1. Ground water beneath 

OU 1 occurs within a series of aquifers that are composed of 

permeable sand, gravel, or fill materials separated by finegrained silt or clay layers. Contamination at OU 1 is known 

to occur only in about the top 60 feet of the unconsolidated 

deposits in the hydrogeologic units referred to as the 

unsaturated zone, the upper aquifer, the middle aquitard, 

and the intermediate aquifer. Water in the unconfined upper 

aquifer generally flows from east to west toward Dogfish Bay. 

Water in the predominately confined intermediate aquifer 

flows from the south and west toward the landfill, and then 

northwest from the landfill toward Dogfish bay (Dinicola 

and others, 2002). Two perennial freshwater creeks drain the 

marsh adjacent to the landfill and discharge into the tideflats 

of Dogfish Bay.

The predominant contaminants in ground water 

beneath OU1 are trichloroethene (TCE) and its degradation 

byproducts cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinyl 

chloride (VC). The compound 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) 

and its degradation byproducts 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), 

1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), and chloroethane (CA) have 

been detected at concentrations of concern at a few locations 

at OU 1. A need for remedial action was identified because 

those compounds present a potential health risk to humans 

(URS Consultants, Inc., 1998). Phytoremediation combined 

with on-going natural attenuation processes was chosen by 

the Navy as the preferred remedy for reducing or eliminating 

that risk (URS Consultants, Inc., 1998). The Navy planted 

two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill (fig. 2) in spring 

of 1999 to remove and control the migration of CVOCs in 

shallow ground water (URS Greiner, Inc., 1999). The landfill 

between the plantations is covered with pavement, but the area 

north of the northern plantation is permeable.

Purpose and Scope

The Navy began a cooperative effort with the USGS in 

1995 to investigate various natural attenuation mechanisms 

at OU 1. Field and laboratory studies conducted from 

1996 through 2000 have shown that natural attenuation and 

biodegradation of CVOCs in shallow ground water at OU 1 is 

substantial (URS Consultants, Inc., 1997; Bradley and others, 

1998; Dinicola and others, 2002). The USGS has continued 

to monitor the geochemistry of ground water to assure that 

conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation.

This report presents ground-water chemical and selected 

CVOC data collected by the USGS at OU 1 during June 17-

20, 2003 in support of the long-term monitoring for natural 

attenuation. USGS data collected from 1996 through 2002 

were presented in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), 

and Dinicola (2004) . In June 2003, the USGS collected water 

samples from 12 wells and 9 piezometers (table 1 and fig. 2); 

data collection focused on constituents that could be used to 

evaluate ground-water redox conditions. Concentrations of 

various chemical constituents were determined in all samples; 

however, concentrations of CVOCs were determined by the 

USGS in samples from all 9 piezometers but in samples 

from only 3 of the 12 monitoring wells. The Navy collected 

samples from other OU 1 monitoring wells during April 

2003 to determine concentrations of CVOCs; those data 

are presented in a different report (The TEC LTM Team, 

2004) The June 2003 data were not interpreted in detail for 

this report because natural attenuation at OU 1 will again 

be thoroughly evaluated in support of the 5-year review 

scheduled for 2005.

Introduction 3
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Figure 2. Location of data-collection sites and other features at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington, June 2003.

4 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
Well No. USGS site No. Date Time 

sampled

Waterlevel 

altitude

(ft)

Waterlevel

(ft bmp)

Altitude 

of measuring 

point (ft)

Depth of 

well

(ft)

Casing 

diameter 

(in.)

Screened 

interval 

(ft)

VOCs sampled by Geochemical 

sampling 

specified in 

ROD

USGS Navy

1MW-1 474151122373201 06-17-03 16:00 3.06 7.00 10.06 16.5 2 5.5-15.5 X X

MW1-2 474153122373101 06-18-03 10:25 1.84 10.05 11.89 18.5 4 12.5-17.5 X X

MW1-3 474152122372501 06-17-03 13:00 9.34 4.21 13.55 11.5 4 5.5-10.5 X

MW1-4 474145122372801 06-20-03 10:50 5.67 6.53 12.2 13.0 4 7-12 X X

MW1-5 474146122373201 06-20-03 13:20 4.33 8.75 13.08 12.0 4 6-11 X X

MW1-16 474146122372801 06-20-03 15:15 5.53 7.30 12.83 12.0 2 6-11 X X

MW1-20 474145122372501 06-17-03 15:05 6.68 3.76 10.44 16.0 2 10-15 X

MW1-25 474154122373201 06-19-03 12:10 2.29 9.62 11.91 49.0 2 38-48 X X

MW1-28 474153122373301 06-19-03 11:00 -.75 10.98 10.23 45.0 2 39-44 X X

MW1-33 474140122373201 06-17-03 12:00 11.12 .38 11.50 41.0 2 30-40

MW1-39 474157122373701 06-19-03 14:00 -.42 10.27 9.85 33.7 2 27.7-32.7 X X

MW1-41 474152122372901 06-18-03 14:15 6.41 8.80 15.21 15.0 2 5-15 X

(dup) 14:16

P1-1 474153122372801 06-18-03 13:30 6.14 8.22 14.36 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-3 474153122373101 06-18-03 11:30 3.21 9.58 12.79 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-4 474152122373101 06-18-03 12:30 4.74 7.81 12.55 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-5 474152122372801 06-18-03 15:45 5.89 9.17 15.06 15.0 1 10-15 X

(dup) 15:46

P1-6 474146122373001 06-20-03 14:00 5.39 7.37 12.76 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-7 474145122373101 06-20-03 11:55 5.23 6.89 12.12 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-8 474147122372801 06-20-03 16:00 6.19 5.87 12.06 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-9 474145122372901 06-20-03 10:00 5.48 6.43 11.91 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-10 474145122372601 06-19-03 14:00 6.59 5.27 11.86 15.0 1 10-15 X

Table 1. Construction data and water-level measurements for monitoring wells and piezometers sampled at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare 

Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2003

[Well No.: MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. USGS site No.: Unique number for each site based on latitude and longitude of the site. First six digits are 

latitude, next seven digits are longitude, and final two digits are a sequence number to uniquely identify each site. Altitudes of water levels and measuring 

points are given in feet above or below (-) NAVD88. Water level is in feet below measuring point (bmp). Depth of well and screened interval are in feet below 

land surface. Measuring point: Water levels in wells are usually reported as depths below land surface, although the measuring point can be any convenient 

fixed place near the top of the well. For these wells and piezometers, the measuring points are marked points on the tops of well casings—they vary from being 

near the land surface to a few feet above land surface. The altitude of the measuring point is commonly recorded so that static water levels also can be reported 

as altitudes. Abbreviations: ft, foot; in, inch; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ROD, Record of Decision; dup, field duplicate sample; VOCs, volatile organic 

compounds]

Introduction 5
Acknowledgments

The author thanks Douglas Thelin of the Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command, Engineering Field Activity, Northwest 

(EFANW) for his guidance and for securing funding for 

the continued monitoring. Mick Butterfield of EFANW and 

Gene Ellis of NUWC Keyport provided logistic support for 

field activities. Stephen Cox, Raegan Huffman, C.G. Laird, 

Anthony Paulson, and Bill Simonds of U.S. Geological 

Survey, Tacoma, Washington, assisted with data collection and 

analysis.

Sample Collection and Analysis

Sample collection, processing, and field analyses were 

in accordance with applicable USGS procedures (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1997 to 2002). The analytical methods 

used for the June 2003 data-collection activities were 

generally consistent with previous USGS data-collection 

activities at OU 1.

The geochemical measurements and concentrations 

determined for samples from all wells and piezometers 

included dissolved hydrogen (H2), dissolved oxygen (DO), 

filtered organic carbon, filtered nitrate plus nitrite, filtered 

manganese, filtered iron (II), filtered sulfate, unfiltered sulfide, 

dissolved methane, dissolved carbon dioxide, pH, specific 

conductance, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and 

filtered chloride. The concentrations of 64 VOCs, including 

all CVOCs of interest at OU 1, also were determined for 

samples from the piezometers and from selected monitoring 

wells. Monitoring wells and piezometers sampled at OU 1 

are of different depths and diameters (table 1), but all were 

constructed with PVC casings and screens with sand filter 

packs.

All samples were collected with a peristaltic pump and 

single-use polyurethane tubing. A stainless-steel weight was 

attached to the bottom of the pre-measured length of tubing to 

accurately collect the sample from the mid-screen elevation 

in each well or piezometer. Samples were collected after 

approximately three casing-volumes of water were purged 

from the wells or piezometers and after allowing pH, specific 

conductance, and DO to stabilize within 0.1 units, 5 percent, 

and 0.3 mg/L, respectively. Those three analytes, as well 

as oxidation-reduction potential, were measured in a flowthrough chamber using temperature compensated probes from 

a YSITM data sonde. The specific conductance probe was 

checked daily with standard reference solutions; the pH probe 

was calibrated daily with two pH standards; and the dissolved 

oxygen probe was calibrated daily with water-saturated air 

and occasionally verified with zero dissolved-oxygen solution. 

Dissolved-oxygen analyses were confirmed for most samples 

using 0 to 1 milligram per liter (mg/L) CHEMets RhodazineDTM colorimetric ampoules (manufactured by CHEMetrics, 

Inc., Calverton, Virginia.). The ampoules were filled directly 

from the sampling tube after well purging was complete.

Concentrations of iron (II) were measured in the field in 

a sample filtered through a 0.45-μm membrane filter using a 

colorimetric 1,10 phenanthroline indicator method and a Hach 

Model 2010 spectrophotometer according to Hach analytical 

method number 255 (Hach Company, 1998). Concentrations 

of sulfide were measured in the field using a colorimetric 

methylene-blue indicator method immediately using the same 

spectrophotometer according to analytical method number 690 

(Hach Company, 1998). Information about the methodologies 

used to determine iron and sulfide concentrations is described 

at http://www.hach.com. Concentrations of dissolved carbon 

dioxide (CO2) were measured in the field using Titret®- 

Sodium hydroxide tirtrant with a pH indicator (manufactured 

by CHEMetrics, Inc., Calverton, Virginia). In previous years, 

alkalinity titrations were performed on samples to determine 

bicarbonate concentrations as an analog measure of CO2

concentrations, but the recent availability of the field test kits 

makes direct measurement more desirable. CO2 concentrations 

were measured in a laboratory during 2002, and alkalinity was 

measured in the field.

Dissolved H2 in ground water was sampled using 

the bubble-strip method of Chapelle and others (1997) 

and concentrations were measured in the field using a gas 

chromatograph equipped with a reduction gas detector. Initial 

gas samples from each well or piezometer were collected and 

analyzed after at least 20 minutes of stripping; subsequent 

samples were collected and analyzed at about 5-minute 

intervals until consecutive H2 concentrations stabilized to 

within 10 percent, a process that often required an hour or 

more. If dissolved H2 did not stabilize and did not consistently 

increase or decrease after approximately one hour, the range 

over which the concentrations fluctuated was reported. 

Samples for analysis of nitrate, manganese, sulfate, and 

chloride were filtered through a 0.45-μm membrane filter into 

polyethylene bottles, chilled, and sent to the USGS National 

Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Lakewood, Colorado. 

The manganese sample was acidified in the field with nitric 

acid to a pH of less than 2, and then analyzed at NWQL by 

inductively coupled plasma as described by Fishman (1993). 

Chloride and sulfate were analyzed using ion chromatography 

as described by Fishman and Friedman (1989). Nitrate plus 

nitrite (reported as nitrite plus nitrate as N) were analyzed 

calorimetrically by cadmium reduction and diazotization as 

described by Fishman (1993). The results for the nitrate plus 

nitrite analyses are referred to simply as nitrate in this report 

because of the expected small contribution of nitrite to the 

total concentration determined.

6 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
Samples for analysis of dissolved organic carbon were 

filtered through a 0.45-μm filter, collected in amber glass 

bottles, acidified in the field with sulfuric acid to a pH of less 

than 2, chilled to less than 4°C, and shipped to the USGS 

laboratory in Ocala, Florida, for analysis. Organic carbon 

concentrations were determined using high temperature 

combustion according to Standard Method 5310B as described 

by Franson (1992).

Samples for analysis of dissolved methane were collected 

in 150-mL glass bottles, sealed with rubber stoppers, chilled 

to less than 4°C, and analyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey 

Laboratory in Tacoma, Washington. Samples were analyzed 

using a gas chromatograph with a flame-ionization detector as 

described by Kambell and others (1989).

Samples for analysis of CVOCs were collected in preacidified 40-mL glass vials, placed on ice, and shipped to 

the Severn Trent Laboratories (STL) in Denver, Colorado, 

for analysis using purge and trap capillary-column gas 

chromatography/mass spectrometry (USEPA Method 8260B).

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data

The data collected in support of long-term monitoring for 

natural attenuation included geochemical and selected CVOC 

data. The predominant redox conditions at each sample 

location were determined from the geochemical data.

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox 

Conditions

The June 2003 data and the previous geochemical data 

collected by USGS at OU 1 (Dinicola and others, 2002; 

Dinicola, 2003; and Dinicola, 2004) are shown in table 2. A 

duplicate sample collected from well MW1-41 was analyzed 

for organic carbon, manganese, sulfate, and chloride. The 

duplicate results for those constituents agreed within 5 percent. 

As mentioned previously, OU 1 samples were not analyzed for 

CO2 prior to 2002, but these analyses have been made since 

then because the analyte is of interest in the analysis of natural 

attenuation. The concentration of CO2 is a direct measure 

of the primary byproduct of microbial respiration, whereas 

bicarbonate concentration is only an indirect measure of the 

carbon dioxide concentration. Therefore samples collected 

during June 2003 were not analyzed for bicarbonate. 

The predominant redox conditions for June 2003 

samples were determined primarily on the basis of dissolved 

oxygen and dissolved H2 concentrations. The process and 

uncertainties in determining the predominant redox conditions 

from geochemical data are described in detail in Dinicola and 

others (2002). Generally, dissolved-oxygen concentrations 

greater than 1 mg/L indicate aerobic conditions, and 

concentrations less than 1 mg/L indicate anaerobic conditions. 

More specific anaerobic conditions are indicated by dissolved 

H2 concentrations: 0.2–0.8 nanomolar (nM) indicate iron 

reduction, 1 to 5 nM indicate sulfate reduction, and greater 

than 5 nM indicate methanogenesis. Anaerobic ground water 

with a dissolved H2 concentration less than 1 nM (manganese 

and iron reduction) is referred to as mildly reducing, and 

water with a dissolved H2 concentration greater than 1 nM 

(sulfate reduction and methanogensis) is referred to as strongly 

reducing. These general terms for describing anaerobic 

redox conditions are useful because reductive dechlorination 

of CVOCs is more likely to occur under strongly reducing 

conditions (Gossett and Zinder, 1996; McCarty and Semprini, 

1994).

In June 2003, the strongly reducing conditions most 

favorable for reductive dechlorination of CVOCs were 

identified in 4 of 15 samples from the upper aquifer beneath 

the landfill, whereas analyses of most other upper aquifer 

samples indicated mildly reducing conditions. In contrast, 

the majority of upper-aquifer samples from beneath the 

landfill indicated strongly reducing conditions during 2001 

and 2002. It is not clear if these results indicate a long-term 

trend towards less reducing conditions in the upper aquifer 

or simply a significant interannual variability. The historical 

data on redox conditions have often varied significantly from 

year to year. For example, conditions in wells MW-2 and 

MW-20 have shifted from iron reducing to sulfide reducing 

to anaerobic and back to iron reducing from 2000 to 2003. 

Redox conditions in water from the intermediate aquifer 

just downgradient from the landfill (wells MW1-25 and 

MW1-28) also remained somewhat favorable for reductive 

dechlorination. As was noted in previous annual monitoring 

reports, the changes in redox conditions observed at individual 

wells have not been consistent or substantial throughout either 

the upper or the intermediate aquifers. At least an additional 

year of monitoring data and more thorough interpretation are 

needed to ascertain if phytoremediation activities are affecting 

redox condition and if conditions favorable for continued 

biodegradation are changing over time. In support of the 5-

year review data and conditions at OU 1 scheduled for 2005, 

the Navy and USGS plan to do more extensive data-collection 

and interpretation during 2004 in order to better understand 

and document possible changes in redox conditions.

The previous USGS monitoring report for OU 1 

(Dinicola, 2004) hypothesized that the practice of deploying a 

data sonde downhole while purging a well created abnormally 

high and non-equilibrium concentrations of dissolved H2. The 

2003 data support the hypothesis that the deployment of the 

sonde downhole during the purging of wells in 2002 did result 

in non-representative dissolved H2 concentrations. Thus the 

data sonde was not deployed while purging any wells during 

June 2003, and previously high (>20 nM) concentration of H2

in wells all decreased back to concentrations similar to pre2002 historical data.

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 7
Piezometer 

or

Well No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)

1MW-1 09-17-96 Fe 0.4 2.8 7.0 – <0.02 0.18 0.24

04-16-97 Fe .8 .4 – – .11 – 8.0

03-05-98 Fe/S .2 .1 8.3 – – .39 12

10-09-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – .08 .39

06-21-00 Mn/Fe .1 .5 12 – <.05 .96 13

06-11-01 Fe .6 .7 13 12 <.05 .24 2.9

06-10-02 Fe .4 .2 14 – <.05 .37 7.3

06-17-03 Fe .1 .1 – 10 <.06 .17 1.2

1MW-4 09-17-96 Fe .6 1.6 23 – <.02 .77 1.5

04-16-97 S 1.8 .0 – – .03 – 1.7

MW1-2 09-17-96 A .5 2.4 6.0 – <.02 .05 .23

04-16-97 Fe .7 .2 – – <.02 – .13

03-02-98 Fe .3 – – – – – .16

10-07-98 Fe .1 .1 – – – .05 .14

06-09-99 Fe .9 .2 – – – .08 .09

06-21-00 Fe .3 .1 6.0 – <.05 .06 .10

06-12-01 S 3.5 .3 5.3 5.0 <.05 .08 .29

06-11-02 An >20 .1 45 – <.05 .09 .27

06-18-03 Fe .2 .1 – 6 <.06 .10 .29

MW1-3 06-09-99 Fe .8 .4 – – – .07 <.01

06-20-00 Fe .2 .3 2.0 – .99 .08 <.01

06-12-01 A – 4.0 2.3 1.1 1.1 .04 .02

06-10-02 S 2.7 .4 1.4 – 1.6 .10 .01

06-17-03 A – 4.3 – 1.7 1.8 .09 .05

MW1-4 09-17-96 Fe .5 2.8 2.0 – <.02 .28 1.8

04-16-97 Fe .6 .4 – – .24 – <.01

03-03-98 S 1.7 .2 4.0 – – .10 .01

10-08-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – – .28

06-07-99 Fe .9 .1 – – – .20 1.2

06-22-00 Fe .2 .1 8.6 – – .70 –

06-14-01 S .9-3.2 .5 2.9 2.5 .08 .54 1.6

06-13-02 S 2.4 .1 3.8 – .08 .47 1.2

06-20-03 Fe .8 .1 – 2.5 <.06 .53 .22

MW1-5 09-17-96 S 1.2 .0 15 – <.02 1.6 19

04-16-97 Fe .5 .0 – – .08 – 3.1

03-04-98 Fe .7 .0 12 – – 1.3 4.5

10-08-98 S 2.4 .0 – – – 1.5 11

06-08-99 Fe .6 .3 – – – 1.2 31

06-22-00 Fe – .0 17 – – 1.5 39

06-13-01 Fe .8 .3 10 9.6 .12 1.5 25

06-13-02 S 3.4 .5 11 – .14 1.5 20

06-20-03 Fe .1 .1 – 11 <.06 1.5 30

MW1-6 09-17-96 S 1.1 .0 33 – 1.2 1.2 30

04-16-97 Fe/S .5 .0 – – .07 – 36

10-08-98 Fe .2 .0 – – – 1.1 32

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

8 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
Piezometer

or

Well No.

Filtered sulfate (mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)

1MW-1 7.5 <0.01 10 640 7.9 – – 43

1.4 .01 29 1,100 7.2 – – –

– .06 – – – – – –

– .01 – 660 7.7 1,080 – –

.9 <.01 .39 590 7.0 1,070 -92 44

2.2 <.01 5.6 550 7.1 974 -110 50

1.7 <.01 14(15) 77(81) 520 7.7 835 -160 54

2.2 <.01 7.1 50 – 7.3 847 – 54

1MW-4 .04 <.01 16 780 7.3 – – 25

.36 .02 47 1,300 7.3 – – –

MW1-2 4.6 <.01 1.2 510 6.9 – – 50

4.6 <.01 2.5 1,100 6.7 – – –

– – – – – – – –

– <.01 – 300 6.7 868 – –

– <.01 – 490 6.8 901 – –

4.3 <.01 .04 460 6.8 870 37 36

5.4 <.01 .78 470 6.5 853 27 48

4.2 <.01 .92(92) 200(200) 500 6.6 829 200 37

4.3 <.01 .98 160 – 6.4 870 62 41

MW1-3 – <.01 – 81 6.0 202 – –

13 <.01 .02 82 5.9 205 180 8.4

14 <.01 .12 90 6.1 203 220 10

11 <.01 .06(.02) 140(140) 80 5.8 182 400 9.7

12 – .02 80 – 6.0 199 200 10

MW1-4 7.1 <.01 1.2 130 6.9 – – 15

8.6 <.01 .70 270 7.3 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 170 6.7 368 – –

– <.01 – 180 6.6 350 – –

5.5 <.01 .56 230 6.8 412 -26 19

5.4 <.01 3.7 180 6.5 360 -8 22

5.5 <.01 5.2(5.5) 60(65) 190 6.6 442 -14 20

5.7 <.01 3.7 40 – 6.7 324 0.26 17

MW1-5 6.4 <.01 2.4 410 6.7 – – 21

2.8 .03 18 1,400 6.6 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 410 6.4 1,740 – –

– .01 – 510 6.5 855 – –

6.4 <.01 1.1 460 6.6 790 -80 19

6.0 .01 2.4 470 6.4 766 -70 12

6.3 .02 7.4(7.2) 180(180) 740 6.5 608 -77 9.6

6.8 .03 4.9 180 – 6.4 711 .45 10

MW1-6 .10 <.01 7.0 840 6.7 – – 27

4.1 .15 15 1,100 6.5 – – –

– .01 – 720 6.4 1,170 – –

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 9
Piezometer 

or

Well No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)

MW1-14 09-17-96 Fe 0.6 0.0 42 – <0.02 2.0 67

04-16-97 Fe .7 .0 – – .05 – 78

03-04-98 Fe/S – .1 36 – – 11 68

10-07-98 S 1.2 .0 – – – 1.5 48

06-09-99 S 1.0 .3 – – – .30 57

MW1-15 09-16-96 Fe .2 .0 50 – <.02 5.7 68

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 .0 – – <.02 – 77

03-05-98 S 1.2 .0 33 – – 18 51

10-09-98 S 2.9 .0 – – – 5.8 64

MW1-16 09-17-96 S 2.1 .0 480 – <.02 3.9 130

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 .0 – – <.02 – 120

03-04-98 Fe .7 .3 350 – – 18 100

10-08-98 M 9.6 .0 – – – 5.4 180

06-07-99 M 6.8 .6 – – – >5 140

06-22-00 S – .1 61 – – 1.9 60

06-14-01 S 1.7 .2 64 66 .33 2.4 56

06-13-02 M 4.6-7.6 .9 71 – <.05 3.2 38

06-20-03 S 2.2 .2 – 29 <.06 2.1 37

MW1-17 09-17-96 Fe .7 .0 23 – <.02 1.3 62

04-16-97 Fe .6 .0 – – <.02 – 37

10-09-98 Fe – .0 – – – .80 56

06-22-00 S 1.2 .0 11 – – 1.2 68

06-12-01 S 2.0-2.7 .4 9.2 8.0 <.05 1.2 48

MW1-18 09-17-96 Fe/S 1.0 .0 28 – <.02 4.0 12

04-16-97 Fe .5 .0 – – .05 – 23

10-07-98 Fe – .2 – – – .77 3.3

MW1-20 06-08-99 Fe .9 .3 – – – .35 .03

06-21-00 Fe .4 .0 2.2 – <.05 .24 .11

06-13-01 S 2.1 .2 3.0 1.4 <.05 .28 .01

06-12-02 An >100 .1 1.4 – <.05 .16 .01

06-17-03 Fe .5 .2 – 1.7 <.06 .24 .05

MW1-25 09-17-96 Fe .4 2.7 7.4 – .14 .16 .74

04-17-97 Fe .8 .1 – – <.02 – .88

03-05-98 Fe .3 .3 7.9 – – .20 .73

10-05-98 Fe .2 .1 – – – .19 .99

06-22-00 Fe .4 .2 6.5 – – .16 .80

06-12-01 S 2.8-4.3 .2 7.1 6.8 <.05 .16 .99

06-14-02 S 0.7-2.4 .1 6.2 – <.05 .18 1.1

06-19-03 Fe .3 .1 – 6.5 <.06 .18 1.1

MW1-28 09-16-96 Fe .3 2.1 7.2 – <.02 .20 1.0

04-17-97 Fe 1.0 .0 – – .04 – .99

03-05-98 Fe .4 .5 7.7 – – .20 .67

10-07-98 Fe .6 .0 – – – .19 1.0

06-22-00 Fe .3 .0 13 – – .16 .66

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

10 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
Piezometer

or

Well No.

Filtered sulfate (mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)

MW1-14 0.27 <.01 9.2 1,200 6.4 – – 25

.13 <.01 46 1,800 6.4 – – –

– .05 – – – – – –

– .01 – 600 6.3 1,450 – –

– .04 – 810 6.4 1,220 – –

MW1-15 .11 <.01 8.8 1,200 – – – 18

.08 .03 44 1,600 6.3 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 750 6.3 1,110 – –

MW1-16 .17 <.01 4.3 1,400 6.5 – – 150

2.2 .06 29 1,800 6.5 – – –

– .01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 1,600 6.3 3,370 – –

– .01 – 1,200 6.7 1,820 – –

1.2 .02 1.2 510 6.7 902 -130 43

1.1 .08 10 610 6.4 953 – 40

.4 .04 24(21) 270(270) 700 6.5 1,400 -140 17

.6 .06 9.7 240 – 6.5 835 – 6.8

MW1-17 4.3 <.01 8.9 760 6.5 – – 61

68 .02 23 1,200 6.6 – – –

– .02 – 510 6.4 1,740 – –

– .02 2.8 450 6.5 1,260 -41 160

12 .01 9.4 500 6.5 1,200 -280 120

MW1-18 4.6 <.01 11 880 7.0 – – 86

8.2 <.01 52 1,500 6.8 – – –

– <.01 – 920 6.6 1,780 – –

MW1-20 – <.01 – 260 6.7 546 – –

16 <.01 .01 240 6.8 530 79 14

20 <.01 .27 260 6.4 544 250 33

17 <.01 .06(.05) 97(99) 250 7.0 701 180 29

18 – .09 90 – 6.3 491 290 32

MW1-25 16 <.01 3.6 360 7.1 – – 140

15 <.01 7.9 1,000 7.0 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 450 6.9 1,240 – –

13 <.01 .79 380 6.9 1,230 -49 170

13 <.01 4.7 440 6.7 1,180 -36 160

9.7 <.01 7.0(7.1) 83(83) 370 6.7 1,030 -60 170

11 .01 8.1 65 – 6.7 1,180 -17 170

MW1-28 48 <.01 1.7 350 – – – 380

51 <.01 5.3 1,100 7.4 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– .02 – 320 6.6 2,630 – –

44 <.01 .45 – 480 7.3 2,460 -87 510

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 11
Piezometer 

or

Well No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)

MW1-28 06-12-01 S/M 4.1-5.7 0.5 10 6.9 <0.05 0.16 0.90

(Continued) 06-14-02 An >100 .1 7.0 – <.05 .16 .92

06-19-03 S 2.5 .1 – 6.8 <.06 .16 .66

MW1-29 09-16-96 Mn/Fe .0 1.9 – – <.02 .86 2.0

04-17-97 Fe .7 .0 – – .29 – 2.1

MW1-31 09-16-96 Mn/Fe – – 5.6 – – 3.6 .32

MW1-32 09-16-96 Fe .4 2.7 .8 – 0.07 0.23 1.3

04-17-97 Fe – 1.2 – – .17 – .87

03-02-98 Fe – <1.0 – – – .10 1.1

10-05-98 Fe .1 .0 – – – .36 1.0

MW1-33 10-07-98 A – 3.3 .1 – – .003 <.01

06-21-00 A – 3.8 .7 – 1.3 <.002 <.01

06-11-01 A – 3.8 1.5 1.4 1.1 <.003 <.01

06-10-02 A – 3.4 1.2 – 1.1 <.002 <.01

06-17-03 A – 3.0 – .7 .98 <.004 <.01

MW1-35 10-07-98 A – 2.4 1.9 – – .15 <.01

06-08-99 A – 2.1 – – – – –

06-20-00 A – 3.0 2.2 – .16 <.002 <.01

MW1-36 10-09-98 Fe – .0 – – – .30 3.6

06-20-00 Fe .5 .1 2.4 – <.05 .28 3.2

MW1-37 09-16-96 Fe .8 1.5 6.9 – <.02 .12 .48

04-17-97 S 3.3 .0 – – <.02 – .80

03-03-98 Fe .4 .4 5.7 – – .10 .86

10-09-98 Fe .4 .0 – – – <.01 .43

06-07-99 Fe .4 .4 – – – .10 .32

06-20-00 Fe .1 .1 5.8 – <.05 .13 .25

MW1-38 10-09-98 Fe – .1 – – – .20 .08

06-20-00 Fe .1 .2 5.6 – <.05 .08 .10

06-12-02 S 1.4 .0 5.0 – <.05 .08 0.42

MW1-39 09-16-96 Fe/S .6 2.0 4.4 – <.02 .02 <.01

04-17-97 S 4.5 .0 – – <.02 – .05

03-03-98 Fe/S .3 .3 3.7 – – .10 .03

10-09-98 Fe/S .5 .0 – – – <.01 .04

06-07-99 Fe/S 1.0 .3 – – – .10 .02

06-20-00 Fe/S .5 .1 2.4 – <.05 .01 .07

06-12-01 S 1.4 .3 3.4 3.3 <.05 .01 <.01

06-12-02 M >30 .0 2.8 – <.05 .01 0.1

06-19-03 S 1.8 .1 – 2.5 <.06 .01 <.01

MW1-41 06-09-99 S 1.0 0.3 – – – 2.2 60

06-21-00 S 1.2 .1 22 – <.05 3.5 55

06-11-01 S 2.0 .3 14 14 <.05 3.7 66

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

12 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
Piezometer

or

Well No.

Filtered sulfate (mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)

MW1-28 45 <0.01 4.1 480 7.4 2,200 -220 490

(Continued) 39 <.01 3.9(4.0) 40(40) 470 7.2 2,580 -110 460

39 <.01 1.7 32 – 7.1 2,440 -40 490

MW1-29 1.8 .02 8.1 300 – – – 500

1.1 <.01 18 710 7.3 – – –

MW1-31 – – – – – – – –

MW1-32 16 .01 <.01 110 – – – 7.4

17 .01 <.01 300 7.1 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 130 7.2 270 – –

MW1-33 – <.01 – 78 6.6 177 – –

7.5 <.01 .05 74 6.7 164 160 4.0

8.2 <.01 .07 71 6.2 154 300 3.6

7.3 <.01 .04(0.000) 31(32) 81 6.5 138 360 3.4

7.4 <.01 .01 25 – 6.3 156 110 3.7

MW1-35 – <.01 – 110 6.4 301 – –

– – – 76 6.4 187 – –

3.9 <.01 .01 77 6.6 151 360 2.3

MW1-36 – <.01 – 280 7.3 8,610 – –

180 .02 .01 270 7.3 7,940 -130 2,300

MW1-37 23 .03 .30 280 – – – 660

27 .02 .90 730 7.7 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 340 7.9 2,440 – –

– .03 – 340 7.7 2,920 – –

29 .02 .07 350 7.6 3,240 -160 840

MW1-38 – .02 – – 310 7.8 1,460 – –

2.3 .03 .10 – 300 7.8 1,240 -130 230

2.9 .04 1.1(1.1) 7.7(7.9) 310 7.6 1,350 -160 230

MW1-39 .71 .04 1.6 140 – – – 85

13 .06 6.1 360 7.9 – – –

– .05 – – – – – –

– .07 – 170 8.1 502 – –

– <.01 – 180 8.0 512 – –

.2 .08 .41 180 8.0 481 -130 61

.1 .05 2.7 170 7.8 472 -130 61

.1 .06 4.8(4.8) 2.4(2.4) 180 7.9 464 -120 60

1.2 .05 5.4 <10 – 7.7 456 32 58

MW1-41 – .01 – 860 6.6 1,260 – –

<.3 <.01 1.9 1,000 6.5 1,500 -75 8.3

30 .02 25 980 6.3 1,330 -89 9.9

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 13
Piezometer 

or

Well No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)

MW1-41 06-10-02 S 2.2 .8 20 – <.05 3.6 52

(Continued) 06-18-03 S 1.9 .0 – 19 <.06 3.9 50

(dup) 06-18-03 S – – – – <.06 4.0 48

P1-1 06-09-99 Fe .7 .4 – – – 4.0 59

06-11-02 S 1.4 .0 17 – <.05 2.7 40

06-18-03 S 1.5 .0 – 18 <.06 3.4 32

P1-3 06-09-99 Fe .4 .2 – – – 1.0 19

06-11-02 Fe .3 .0 45 – <.05 2.6 39

06-18-03 Fe .3 .1 – 19 <.06 2.0 29

P1-4 06-09-99 Fe .7 .3 – – – 0.34 2.6

06-13-01 Fe .1 .5 9.8 8.7 <.05 .38 3.4

(dup) 06-13-01 Fe – – 8.4 6.2 <.05 .38 3.6

06-11-02 Fe .2 .1 8.0 – <.05 2.6 3.7

06-18-03 Fe .2 .1 – 7.0 <.06 .43 4.1

P1-5 06-08-99 S 3.0 .3 – – – 3.1 72

06-10-02 S 1.7 .1 25 – <.05 2.6 62

06-18-03 S 2.2 .1 – 24 <.06 3.1 54

P1-6 06-08-99 S 1.8 .1 – – – .12 .02

06-14-01 S 1.8 .2 34 34 .23 .45 .95

06-13-02 S 1.6 .0 – 26 <.05 .88 1.0

(dup) 06-13-02 S – – – – <.05 .84 –

06-20-03 Fe .3 .2 – 4.1 <.06 .08 .13

P1-7 06-08-99 S 1.2 .1 – – – .61 2.1

06-22-00 Mn/Fe – .1 19 – – 2.6 3.2

06-14-01 Mn/Fe .2 .2 11 11 <.05 2.3 2.0

06-14-02 Mn/Fe .2 1.3 8.9 – <.05 2.2 1.9

06-20-03 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 5.6 <.06 1.9 1.3

P1-8 06-07-99 S 1.8 .0 – – – .20 .08

06-14-01 Fe .7 .1 4.8 4.7 .06 .16 .22

06-13-02 Fe .6 .3 8.8 – <.05 .21 .38

(dup) 06-13-02 Fe – – 9.0 – <.05 .21 –

06-20-03 Fe .6 .1 – 2.3 <.06 .09 .12

P1-9 06-08-99 M 19 .3 – – – .90 .03

06-22-00 S/M – .1 10 – – .69 .20

06-14-01 M 6.7 .1 2.3 1.7 <.05 .19 .05

06-13-02 An – .6 9.8 – <.05 1.2 .42

06-20-03 Fe .2 .1 – 3.7 <.06 .24 <.01

P1-10 06-07-99 Fe .7 .3 – – – .10 .11

06-22-00 Fe – .0 7.2 – – .07 .25

06-13-01 S 2.0 .2 3.0 4.2 <.05 .07 .20

06-12-02 Fe .3 .1 3.5 – <.05 .05 .41

06-19-03 Fe .2 .1 – 3.5 <.06 .42 .34

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

14 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
Piezometer

or

Well No.

Filtered sulfate (mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)

MW1-41 .4 .04 21(26) 540(530) 830 6.3 1,190 -68 7.9

(Continued) <.2 .03 14.2 500 – 6.3 1,280 93 9.5

(dup) – .03 – 430 – – – – 9.4

P1-1 – <.01 – 930 6.4 1,350 – –

<.1 <.01 29(29) 400(400) 650 6.3 987 -80 9.3

<.2 .02 – 450 – 6.2 1,030 78 11.0

P1-3 – .04 – 730 6.8 1,470 – –

1.0 .03 24(19) 400(400) 820 6.4 1,340 -73 61

1.8 .03 – 350 – 6.4 1,400 73 90

P1-4 – .02 – 450 6.9 867 – –

3.8 <.01 0.9 390 6.6 761 -78 53

(dup) 3.8 <.01 3.2 390 – – – (53)

3.5 <.01 5.9(6.7) 90(86) 380 6.7 734 -86 56

4.0 .01 4.2 70 – 6.6 778 65 59

P1-5 – .01 – 850 6.2 1,320 – –

<.6 .02 23(25) 400(570) 730 6.2 1,200 -59 17

<.2 .02 18 650 – 6.2 1,150 65 16

P1-6 – .04 – – 300 6.8 574 – –

4.9 .12 6.3 – 350 6.4 657 -38 47

4.3 .11 11(11) 170(170) 380 6.4 604 -11 37

7.5 .07 4.8 40 – 8.1 278 – 13

P1-7 – <.01 – – 310 6.7 627 – –

24 <.01 1.5 – 400 6.8 851 -35 55

18 <.01 4.0 – 320 6.5 666 -32 41

12 <.01 6.0(6.5) 87(95) 300 6.6 601 -41 60

7.5 .01 4.8 50 – 6.6 498 – 42

P1-8 – .01 – – 210 7.6 381 – –

.13 .02 6.9 – 200 7.0 363 -73 18

.3 .02 11 40(–) 104 6.9 482 -46 35

(dup) (.3) – – – – – – – 35

.38 <.01 9.6 <10 – 7.2 285 – 3.3

P1-9 – <.01 – – 270 6.6 680 – –

6.6 <.01 1.7 – 250 6.8 548 -17 59

7.6 <.01 1.4 – 200 7.8 289 -120 14

5.6 <.01 7.5(7.5) 91(94) 280 6.5 601 17 71

7.0 .01 2.5 27 – 7.0 353 – 23

P1-10 – <.01 – – 300 6.7 560 – –

<.31 <.01 1.3 – 290 7.1 500 -19 15

.06 <.01 4.9 – 290 7.2 476 -24 15

<.1 <.01 18(81) 51(54) 270 6.8 438 8 14

2.6 <.01 8.2 30 – 6.6 425 – 16

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003 and 2004). 2002 dissolved methane and carbon 

dioxide concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, 

manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25° Celsius; mV, 

millivolt; ORP, oxygen reduction potential. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 15
Volatile Organic Compounds

CVOC data collected by the USGS at OU 1 in June 

2003 and earlier (Dinicola and others, 2002; Dinicola 2003; 

Dinicola, 2004) are shown in table 3. Complete analytical 

results, including those for both chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs, for June 2003 and previous years are 

available from the USGS NWIS web site http://waterdata.usgs.

gov/wa/nwis/qwdata.

In duplicate samples collected from piezometer P1-5, the 

CVOC concentrations agreed within 6 percent (table 3). A 

field blank that was performed with the pump at the end of 

the sampling round showed some carry-over contamination of 

TCE and cis-DCE resulting in field blank concentrations of 60 

and 23 μg/L, respectively. The carry over contamination was 

determined to be the result of reusing the same small piece 

of flexible tubing (Masterflex®) needed to run the peristaltic 

pump. The effect of carry-over contamination on the reported 

data was not substantial because the three pumps used at OU 1 

were first used to sample the least contaminated wells and 

then later used at the end of the field trip to sample the more 

contaminated wells. This conclusion is supported by low or 

non-detectable concentrations of CVOC measured at sites 

P1-1, P1-3, P1-5, and MW1-39 that all had historically low or 

non-detectable CVOC concentrations. For future sampling at 

the site, a new clean piece of Masterflex® tubing will be used 

at each well or piezometer to eliminate the potential for carryover contamination. The polyurethane tubing that is lowered 

into the wells for sampling has been discarded after a single 

use during all prior sampling rounds. 

Compared to 2002 data, total CVOC concentrations 

were nearly unchanged in all northern plantation piezometers 

sampled (P1-1 through P1-5), although the concentrations 

were historically low at two of those sites. Total CVOC 

concentrations decreased in all southern plantation samples 

(P1-6 through P1-10). Compared to 2002 data, total CVOC 

concentrations in 2003 were lower in all southern plantation 

piezometers sampled, and the lowest concentrations of the 

project record were observed in P1-6, P1-8, and P1-10. There 

was an extremely large reduction in concentrations of CVOCs 

in P1-8 — from 32,000 μg/L in June 2002 down to 270 

μg/L in June 2003. Scrutiny of the field notes and sampling 

documentation for P1-8 did not indicate any errors in sample 

handling. Special attention will be directed during the planned 

June 2004 sampling to confirm or refute this dramatic change. 

Observed decreases in CVOC concentrations appear to be in 

contrast with the 2003 redox data that suggested less favorable 

conditions for reductive dechlorination. Again, the Navy 

and USGS have plans in place to do more extensive datacollection and interpretation during 2004 to better understand 

and document possible changes in redox conditions and 

contaminant biodegradation.

June 2004 Sampling

The only change in standard sampling procedures 

proposed for June 2004 is to use a new clean piece of 

Masterflex® tubing at each well or piezometer to eliminate 

the potential for carry-over contamination. In addition to 

usual annual sampling, the more frequent collection and 

analysis of samples from those wells previously sampled and 

from additional wells would enable a better characterization 

of redox conditions and contaminant distribution and 

transport throughout the site. Sampling (with passivediffusion or similar methods) and analysis of shallow ground 

water discharging to the marsh would allow calculation of 

contaminant mass fluxes and loss rates, and comparison of 

these factors with conditions in 2000. 

16 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
Piezometer or 

well

No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total

BTEX

(μg/L)

Total

CVOCs

(μg/L)

P1-1 06-09-99 <2 11 6.1 <1 <4 <2 0.24 <4 <2 19 17

06-11-02 <.2 <.20 .16 .11 <.2 <.20 .46 <.2 <.20 6.8 .73

06-18-03 <1.0 <1.0 0.28 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 0.26 <2.0 <1.0 3.9 0.54

P1-3 06-09-99 <16 35 450 20 120 <16 <16 3.6 <16 nd 630

06-11-02 <.2 <.20 53 4.3 72 <.20 .60 9.9 .20 3.3 140

06-18-03 <2.0 <2.0 58 4.5 79 <2.0 0.56 5.2 <2.0 1.7 150

P1-4 06-09-99 <130 160 4,800 56 540 <130 <130 <270 <130 nd 5,600

06-13-01 <20 <20 4,900 46 650 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 5,600

(dup) 06-13-01 <20 <20 5,000 44 670 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 5,700

06-11-02 <.2 1.2 3,600 41 640 <.20 <10 .8 9.9 1.1 4,300

06-18-03 <100 <100 3,200 42 440 <100 <100 <200 <100 nd 3,700

P1-5 06-08-99 <13 440 400 3.5 11 <13 <13 15 <13 47 870

06-10-02 <.2 <.20 .28 .78 .4 <.20 .27 20.9 <.20 18 23

(dup) 06-18-03 <25 <25 7.8 25 <25 <25 <25 19 <25 nd 27

<25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 19 <25 15 19

P1-6 06-08-99 <400 74 16,000 170 5,400 <400 1,500 300 <400 nd 23,000

06-14-01 <20 370 16,000 220 9,900 <20 4,800 610 11 88 32,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 3,700 170 5,100 <20 4,300 1,400 <20 63 15,000

(dup) 06-13-02 (<20) <20 3,500 170 4,800 <20 4,400 1,400 <20 65 14,000

06-18-03 <50 470 1,100 39 1,300 <50 380 270 <50 nd 3,600

P1-7 06-08-99 <670 26,000 35,000 210 3,100 <670 <670 <1,300 <670 nd 64,000

06-22-00 3.60 27,000 44,000 220 3,800 .24 17 8.4 72 16 75,000

06-14-01 <20 26,000 37,000 190 4,000 <20 <20 <20 44 nd 68,000

06-14-02 <20 37,000 62,000 400 57,000 <20 14 <20 64 nd 156,000

06-20-03 <2,000 28,000 35,000 <2,000 2,800 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 nd 69,000

P1-8 06-07-99 <710 190 25,000 210 3,400 <710 <710 <1,400 <710 nd 29,000

06-14-01 <20 810 8,600 62 4,200 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 14,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 24,000 190 7,700 <20 <20 <20 16 nd 32,000

(dup) 06-13-02 <20 <20 25,000 200 8,200 <20 <20 <20 16 nd 33,000

06-20-03 <10 230 31 <10 7.2 <10 4.2 <20 <10 nd 270

P1-9 06-08-99 <2,000 48,000 88,000 470 7,200 <2,000 <2000 <4,000 <2,000 nd 140,000

06-22-00 5.00 88,000 64,000 320 5,800 <10 2.6 <20 47 22 160,000

06-14-01 <40 29,000 7,300 32 450 <40 <40 <40 <40 nd 37,000

06-13-02 <20 90,000 79,000 590 7,900 <20 <20 <20 54 11 180,000

06-20-03 <1,000 60,000 27,000 <1,000 1,800 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 nd 89,000

Table 3. Concentrations of selected chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water from piezometers and monitoring wells 

sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999 to 2003

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002). Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs): PCE, 

tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, -1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 

1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; CVOCs, chlorinated volatile

organic compounds. Abbreviations: μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected]

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 17
Summary

Previous investigations have shown that natural 

attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds (CVOCs) are substantial in shallow ground water 

beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Division Keyport, 

Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has 

continued to monitor ground-water geochemistry to assure that 

conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation. 

This report presents the ground-water geochemical and 

selected CVOC data collected at OU 1 by the USGS during 

June 17-20, 2003 in support of long-term monitoring for 

natural attenuation.

Strongly reducing conditions most favorable for reductive 

dechlorination of CVOCs were found in fewer upperaquifer wells in June 2003 than were found during sampling 

periods in 2001 and 2002. Redox conditions in water from 

the intermediate aquifer just downgradient from the landfill 

remained somewhat favorable for reductive dechlorination. 

As was noted in previous monitoring reports, the changes 

in redox conditions observed at individual wells have not 

been consistent or substantial throughout either the upper or 

the intermediate aquifers. The June 2003 data support the 

hypothesis that the downhole deployment of a data sonde 

during purging of wells in 2002 resulted in non-representative 

concentrations of dissolved H2 at some wells. The data sonde 

was not deployed downhole while purging any wells in June 

2003, and previously reported high concentrations (>20 nM) 

of H2 in wells all decreased to concentrations similar to pre2002 historical data.

Compared to 2002 data, total CVOC concentrations 

in June 2003 were nearly unchanged in all northern 

plantation piezometers sampled, although the concentrations 

were historically low at two of those sites. Total CVOC 

concentrations decreased consistently in all southern 

plantation samples. Historically low total CVOC 

concentrations were observed in three of the piezometers 

sampled, and a two order-of-magnitude decrease in total 

CVOCs was observed at one of those sites. The observed 

decreases in CVOC concentrations appear to be in contrast 

with the 2003 redox data that suggested less favorable 

conditions for reductive dechlorination. The Navy and USGS 

plan to do more extensive data-collection and interpretation 

during 2004 to better understand and document possible 

changes in redox conditions and contaminant biodegradation.

Piezometer or 

well

No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total

BTEX

(μg/L)

Total

CVOCs

(μg/L)

P1-10 06-07-99 <1,000 14,000 34,000 270 2,500 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 nd 51,000

06-22-00 1.00 8,700 13,000 100 2,300 <.1 1.2 .13 16 12 24,000

06-13-01 <20 6,600 12,000 68 1,900 <20 <20 <20 11 nd 21,000

06-12-02 <20 4,600 7,000 55 1,970 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 14,000

06-19-03 <400 2,300 9,400 <400 1,100 <400 <400 <800 <400 nd 13,000

MW1-20 06-12-02 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 nd nd

MW1-25 06-14-02 <20 280 1,800 31 280 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 2,400

06-19-03 <67 14 1,800 34 210 <67 <67 <130 <67 nd 2,100

MW1-28 06-14-02 <20 69 1,600 72 700 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 2,400

06-19-03 <50 <50 1,200 68 470 <50 <50 <100 <50 nd 1,700

MW1-38 06-12-02 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 nd nd

MW1-39 06-19-03 <1.0 <1.0 0.56 <1.0 1.3 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 nd 2

Table 3. Concentrations of selected chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water from piezometers and monitoring wells 

sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999 to 2003—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002). Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs): PCE, 

tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, -1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 

1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; CVOCs, chlorinated volatile 

organic compounds. Abbreviations: μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected]

18 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, NUWC, Division Keyport, WA, June 2003
References Cited

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Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-14C] dichloroethene under 

Mn(IV)-reducing conditions: Applied and Environmental 

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Chapelle, F.H., Vroblesky, D.A., Woodward, J.C., and 

Lovely, D.R., 1997, Practical considerations for measuring 

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Dinicola, R.S., 2003, Natural attenuation monitoring data, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington, June 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 03-344, 17 p.

Dinicola, R.S., 2004, Natural attenuation monitoring data, 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington, June 2002: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2004-1203, 19 p.

Dinicola, R.S., S.E. Cox, J.E. Landmeyer, and P.M. Bradley, 

2002, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Weapons Center, Division Keyport, Washington: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 02-4119, 118 p.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory–

Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in 

water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 93-125, 217 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., 1989, Methods for 

determination of inorganic substances in water and fluvial 

sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of WaterResources Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p.

Franson, M.H., ed., 1992, Standard Methods for the 

Examination of Water and Wastewater. l8th Edition: 

American Public Health Association, American Water 

Works Association, and Water Environment Federation, 

Washington D.C.

Gossett, J.M., and Zinder, S.H., 1996, Microbiological aspects 

relevant to natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes: in

Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural Attenuation of 

Chlorinated Organics in Ground Water: EPA/540/R-96/509, 

Dallas, TX, September 1996.

Hach Company, 1998, DR/2010 Spectrophotometer 

Procedures Manual: Hach Company, Loveland, CO.

Kampbell, D.H., Wilson, J.T., and Vandergrift, S.A., 1989, 

Dissolved oxygen and methane in water by a GC headspace 

equilibrium technique: International Journal of Environ. 

Analyt. Chem., v. 36, p. 249-457.

McCarty, P.L., and Semprini, L., 1994, Ground-water 

treatment for chlorinated solvents: in Handbook of 

Bioremediation, Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers, p. 87-116.

The TEC LTM Team, 2004, DRAFT 2003 annual report 

Operable Unit 1, Area 1, former base landfill, Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center Division, Keyport, Washington: 

Prepared by CH2MHill Constructors, Inc., Seattle, 

Washington, for Engineering Field Activity, Northwest, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Poulsbo, WA, 30 p.

URS Consultants, Inc., 1997, Final summary data assessment 

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Center Division Keyport, Washington: Prepared by 

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References 19
Manuscript approved for publication, September 9, 2004

Prepared by the Publishing Group, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, Washington

USGS Publishing staff

Chester Zenone

Bill Gibbs 

Bobbie Jo Richey

For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the 

Washington Water Science Center Director, 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1201 Pacific Avenue – Suite 600 

Tacoma, Washington 98402

http://wa.water.usgs.gov
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