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By

Florian Maldonado, Jan Mohammad Menga 1 l, Shahid Hasan 

2

Khan, and Jean-Claude Thomas 2 3

2011 1U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo. Graphic names and their spellings do not necessarily reflect recognition 2Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Pakistan of the political status of an area by the United States Government 3

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va.

 MAP A. GEOLOGIC MAP

DIGITAL GEOLOGIC MAP AND LANDSAT IMAGE MAP OF PARTS OF LORALAI, SIBI, QUETTA, AND KHUZAR DIVISIONS, BALOCHISTAN PROVINCE, WEST-CENTRAL PAKISTAN

TKc

Tsm

Tn

CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS

SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

Qay

Qao

I. MOLASSE DEPOSITS

ii. FLYSCH DEPOSITS

(PISHIN FLYSCH PROVINCE)

Qb Qd

QTu QTm

Ts

IV. INTRUSIVE ROCKS

(AFGHANISTAN BLOCK)

Kms

Kmc

Kmm

Kmu

Kmt

Kdd

Kmo

V. OPHIOLITE, MELANGE, AND INTRUSIVE

AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

III. PREDOMINANTLY MARINE SHELF

SEQUENCE (SULAIMAN FOLD AND

THRUST BELT)

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(Base not exposed)

Pl

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BASEMENT ROCKS

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Holocene

Pleistocene

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

Paleocene

Upper Cretaceous

Lower Cretaceous

Upper Jurassic

Middle Jurassic

Lower Jurassic

Upper Triassic

Middle Triassic

Lower Triassic

QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

PENNSYLVANIAN

TO CAMBRIAN

LATE PROTEROZOIC

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KHWAJA AMRAN RANGE 

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TLUAF NAMAHC

T A

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A

KILOMETERS

SEA LEVEL

5

5

10

15

20

1 kilometer=0.62 miles

Qay thickness exaggerated locally

TKc

Qay

PISHIN BASIN

Qb Qay

?

Js

Jc

TKu

KJm

Jc

Js T A

KJm

TAKTU RANGE

^_u

Jc

Js

Zs

Zr Basement

?

^_u

BOHZ-DNABAZAHG

TLUAF

?

TKu

Tg

Tk

QTu

MOUNTAINS

SEA LEVEL

5

10

15

20

^_u

?

?

Js

?

T A

ZARGHUN

KILOMETERS

5

A

Tsm

Qay

B

1 kilometer=0.62 miles. Qay and Qap shown as Qay.

Some surficial deposits not shown. Js equivalent to parts of Jas.

20

15

10

5

5

SEA LEVEL

KILOMETERS

Zs

T A

Tk

Qay Qay

Tg

Js Js

TKu

MASHELAKH CHILTAN RANGE

BOHZ-DNABAZAHG

TLUAF

Js

Js

Js

Jc

Jc

Jc

KJm

KJm

TKu

?

?

Js

^_u ^_u

Js

Jc

KJm

TKu

KJm

TKu

Js

Jc

KJm

TKu

Zs

? Zr Basement

Qay

Zs

?

QUETTA VALLEY MURDAR GHAR

^_u

^_u

^_u

?

Tg

QTu Qay

?

SOR RANGE

Js

Jc

?

?

MOUNTAINS

Zr

Tk

ZARGHUN

KILOMETERS

5

5

10

15

20

SEA LEVEL

B

?

Tsm Tn

QTm

Qb Qay

Kmo

Kmm

Kmu

Kmc

Kms

TKjd

ZHOB VALLEY

BOHZ-DNABAZAHG

C

TLUAF

20

15

10

5

SEA LEVEL

KILOMETERS

Jal Jas

Zs

TKJd

TKu

Jal

Jas

Zs

KJm

Jal

Jas

Qay

Zr

TKu

KJm

Zs

Jal

TKu

TOR GHAR

GWAL-BAGH

1 kilometer=0.62 miles. Qay and Qao shown as Qay.

Some surficial deposits not shown. TKu is equivalent 

to parts of KJm. Part of Jal is equivalent to Jc.

^_u

^_u

K^b

?

FAULT

?

?

5

?

MALIK SALAR

NISHPA

Zr

?

?

Zr

TKu

KJm

KJm

Zs

Jc

Jas

Tg

^_u

Qay Qd

?

?

?

Zr

Zs

Jas

Jc

KJm

TKu

^_u

Tg

Ts

Qay

Ts

Tk

?

SIBI-URAK TROUGH

KAZANA TER

?

Qd

Qay

KILOMETERS

SEA LEVEL

5

C

5

20

15

10

?

^_u

0 200 400 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Eurasian Plate

Makran-Khojak-Pishin flysch belt

Bela-Muslim Bagh-Waziristan-Ophiolite

belt and Kohistan-Ladakh block

India-Pakistan block

AB Afghanistan block

B Bela Ophiolite

CF Chaman fault

DF Dalbandin fault

GB Gwal-Bagh fault

GF Gardez fault

GZF Ghazaband-Zhob fault

HF Herat fault

IPB India-Pakistan block

KAB Karakoram block

KB

KR

Kohistan block

Kirthar Range

LB Ladakh block

MB Muslim Bagh Ophiolite

MBT Main Boundary thrust

MKP Makran-Khojak-Pishin flysch belt

MKT Main Karakoram thrust

MMT Main Mantle thrust

ONF Ornach-Nal fault

SF Sarobi fault

SR Salt Range

SRT Salt Range thrust

SUR Sulaiman Range

TB Turan block

W Waziristan Ophiolite

Ophiolite

Fault

Thrust fault

Strike-slip fault

Concealed tectonic boundaries

Approximate international boundary

o

o

o

o

o

TB

TAJIKISTAN

CHINA

KAB

MKT

KB

LB

AB

HF

SF

GF

MMT

MBT

SR

SRT

CF

MKP

AB

W

Quetta

Islamabad

Lahore

Kabul

GZF

GB

MB

Map

area

GZF

ONF

KR IPB

B

SUR

PAKISTAN

INDIA

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

IRAN

DF

MKP

ARABIAN SEA

Karachi

65o o

o

o

o

o 70 75

35

35

30o

30

o

o

o o o o

75

25

60 65 70 25 Modified from Farah 

and others, 1984

PAKISTAN

Figure 1. Index map showing map area and major tectonic boundaries of Pakistan and adjacent Afghanistan.

 

Figure 2. Structural domains and locations of structural, topographic, and

 geographic features within the map area.

I

Structural domains

Sibi-Urak trough (molasse deposits)

Pishin flysch province (flysch deposits)

Sulaiman fold and thrust belts (predominantly

 marine shelf sequence)

Afghanistan block (intrusive rocks)

Muslim Bagh Ophiolite Complex and Bagh 

 Complex (ophiolite, melange, and intrusive

 sedimentary rocks

 

)

EXPLANATION

Dotted where concealed or approximate. 

Structural, topographic, and geographic features

1 Pishin Basin

2 Zhob Valley

3 Urak

4 Khwaja Amran Range

5 Toba Kahar Range

6 Khojak Pass

7 Mach

8 Ziarat

9 Bagh

10 Gwal

11 Chiltan Range

12 Kach

13 Gogai

14 Sanjawi

15 Chinali

16 Nisai

17 Shad Muhammad

18 Hamai

19 Sor Range

Thrust fault Sawteeth on upper plate. Opposed

Thrust fault beneath Muslim Bagh Ophiolite

Complex

arrows show component of strikeslip movement. GZ, Ghazaband-Zhob

fault; GB, Gwal-Bagh fault

Sawteeth on upper plate

Strike-slip fault

Sibi-Urak trough axis

Fold axis or fault-plane trend

Greatest principal strain direction

I

II

III

IV

V

0 50 KILOMETERS

CHAMAN

FAULT

IV 4

6

1

II

5

10

GZ

11

III

17

7

12 13

8

15

III

18

2

GZ

V

16

9

GB

Muslim Bagh

Pishin

Quetta

14

o

o

o

o Sibi

SIBI-URAK TROUGH

66 30’ 67 00’ 67 30’ 68 00’ 68 30’

31 00’

30 30’

30 00’

29 30’

19

3

I

o

o

o

o

o o o o o

 

.

T

A

?

40

Contact Showing dip where known

Fault of unknown geometry 

Bar and ball on downthrown side. DotStrike-slip fault Dotted where concealed; queried

 

 

Thrust fault Younger on older strata relationship.

 Dotted where approximately located or concealed;

 Sawteeth on upper plate. 

Anticline Showing trace of axial plane and plunge of

 axis. Dashed where approximately located; dotted

 where concealed

Syncline Showing trace of axial plane and plunge of

 axis. Dashed where approximately located; dotted

 where concealed; quiered where uncertain

 

Strike and dip beds (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961)

Observed

Horizontal

Showing dip where known

From photo interpretation

Horizontal

Inclined

Vertical

Overturned

Thrust fault Older-on-younger strata relationship

 Dotted where approximately located or concealed; 

 queried where uncertain. Sawteeth on upper plate.

 Some faults (for example, Ghazaband-Zhob fault) 

 have components of both thrust and strike-slip

 movement

Normal fault

Closely spaced folds Showing strike of axial plane

Axis of Sibi-Urak trough

Trace of bedding plane Shown schematically in

 cross sections only

Inclined

 Vertical

Overturned

EXPLANATION

May be thrust, reverse,

or normal fault. Dotted where concealed; queried where existence or location uncertain

 ted where concealed; queried where uncertain

where location uncertain. Opposed arrows indicate relative movement. In cross sections, T,

movement toward viewer; A, movement away

from viewer

45

60

o

p60

x

e

ý

x

) )

( (

È

SCALE 1:250000 

15 20 25 KILOMETERS

5 0 5 10 15 MILES 20 

5 0 5 10

 

Kdd

 DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS

 SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

Young alluvium (Holocene)—Includes gravel, sand,

 silt, and silty clay derived from the surrounding

 mountains and older alluvium; present in areas of

 low relief in intermontane valleys and along

 present-day channels. Deposits show little dis-

 section

Old alluvium (Holocene to upper Pleistocene)—

 Gravel, sand, silt, and silty clay locally derived

 and deposited as valley fill. Locally covered by

 loess. Deposits are semi-consolidated and are 

 presently being dissected by streams

 I. MOLASSE DEPOSITS

Bostan Formation (Pleistocene)—White, light-gray, 

 red, maroon, and light-green clay, conglomerate,

 and gray, brownish-gray and maroon sandstone. 

 Clay is poorly consolidated, silty, and gypsiferous

 and of lacustrine origin. Conglomerate contains

 subrounded pebble- and boulder-size clast of

 limestone, sandstone, and volcanic and ultra- 

 mafic rocks. Sandstone is fine to coarse grained,

 and has salt and pepper texture; sandstone beds 

 are widely spaced and interbedded with boulder

 conglomerate. Upper contact is unconformable

 or transitional with alluvial deposit. Lower

 contact unconformable with Multana Formation

 and forms an angular unconformity on older 

 strata [(Shaigalu Sandstone, Murgha Faqirzai 

 Shale, Nisai Formation, Shirinab Formation (Js),

 and Loralai Limestone (Jal)]. Exposed mainly in 

 northern part of map area in the Pishin Basin

 and north of the Zhob Valley (fig. 2 locs. 1 and 

 2). Cheema and others (1977) report thickness

 of 750 m in the Pishin Basin

Dada Conglomerate (Pleistocene)—Conglomerate

 and minor green-gray and brown sandstone. 

 Conglomerate consists of limestone boulder and 

 pebble in a sandstone matrix interlayered with

 subordinate sandstone lenses. Sandstone is

 coarse grained, pebbly, and cross-bedded. 

 Upper contact is commonly gradational into 

 older alluvial deposits; lower contact is conform-

 able or discomformable. Exposed in the Sibi-

 Urak trough in southern part of map area. 

 About 1,000 m for Urak area (Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, Limited (1961)

Urak Group, undivided (lower Pleistocene to 

 Oligocene?)—Include in descending order Urak,

 Shin Matai, and Uzdha Psha Formations (Kazmi

 and Reza, 1970). These three formations were 

 not mapped separately. The basal part of the 

 Urak Group as mapped by Hunting Survey

 Corporation, Limited (1960), also contains basal

 ferruginous-argillaceous shelly limestone beds of

 the Gaj and Nari Formations. These two forma-

 tions are included as part of the Urak Group in

 the study area because of scale and lack of

 mapping information. In the Salt Range area, 

 about 350 km northeast of map area (fig.1), the 

 Soan, Dhok Pathan, and Nagri Formations in the

 upper part of the Siwalik Group (Cheema and 

 others, 1977) are equivalent to the Urak, Shin

 Matai, and Uzdha Psha Formations, respectively.

 The Siwalik Group of the Urak Group represents

 a different basin of deposition from that of the 

 Urak Group; therefore, the Urak Group nomen-

 clature is preferred for the map area. The Urak 

 Group is exposed mostly in northern part of the

 Sibi-Urak trough (fig. 2) in central part of map

 

Qay

 

 

 

 

 

Qao

 

 

 

 

 

Qb

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Qd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QTu 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 area

 Urak Formation (lower Pleistocene and

 Pliocene)—Conglomerate, interlayered with sub- 

 ordinate varicolored sandstone, siltstone, and

 claystone. Conglomerate contains poorly sorted 

 to well-sorted, subangular to well-rounded

 boulder- and pebble-size clast of limestone,

 sandstone, chert, and igneous rocks in a sandy-

 clay matrix. Lower contact is gradational with 

 Shin Matai Formation. Cheema and others

 (1977) reported that the equivalent Soan

 Formation is 1,500-3,000 m thick in the Quetta

 area (fig. 2). However, a thickness of 470–940 

 m may be more accurate

 Shin Matai Formation (Miocene)—Composed of

 a cyclic alternation of gray, light-gray, white,

 reddish- brown, brownish-gray, greenish-gray, 

 and buff sandstone and orange, brown, red, 

 orange, and yellowish-gray, claystone, and

 and conglomerate. Sandstone is fine to coarse

 grained, massive, cross bedded, calcareous, and 

 moderately cemented. Claystone is calcareous

 and sandy. Lower contact is transitional. Chee- 

 ma and others (1977) indicated that the equiva-

 lent Dhok Pathan Formation is 120–300 m

 thick in the Quetta area (fig. 2)

 Uzdha Pasha Formation (Miocene? to Oligo

 cene)—Greenish-gray, bluish-gray, red, sand-

 stone contains interbedded and pale-brown, 

 reddish-gray, and pale-orange claystone and 

 conglomerate. Sandstone is calcareous, medium

 to coarse grained, massive, cross-bedded, and 

 moderate to poorly cemented. Claystone is 

 sandy and silty. Conglomerate contains Eocene

 limestone pebble clasts. Lower contact is 

 variable and transitionally conformable with the

 Gaj and Nari Formation. In areas 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QTm 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Ts Sibi Group (Pliocene and Oligocene)—Green, grayish-

 orange, and maroon sandy shale interbedded with 

 gray, green, and red sandstone and subordinate 

 pebble conglomerate, and minor brown limestone.

 Sandstone is poorly sorted, coarse grained, gritty, 

 pebbly, and cross-bedded. Conglomerate contains 

 well-rounded to sub-angular clasts of chert, limestone,

 and sandstone. Limestone is found only in the lower

 part of group. Lower contact is discomforable with

 Spintangi Formation which is not mapped separately 

 but is included with Kirthar Formation (Tk). Equivalent,

 in part, to the Urak Group, Shin Matai, and Uzdha 

 Psha Formations of the Urak Group (QTu). Exposed

 mostly in the southern part of the Sibi-Urak trough,

 southeastern part of map area. Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, Limited (1961) report 7,190 m thickness

 in the Urak Synclinorium area (fig. 2)

 II. FLYSCH DEPOSITS

 Khojak Group, undivided (Miocene to Eocene)—

 Contains the Shaigalu Sandstone and Murgha Fagirzai 

 Shale

 Shaigalu Sandstone (Miocene and Oligocene)—Mainly

 light-gray, and greenish-gray sandstone interbedded 

 with green, gray, and pale-green shale. Sandstone 

 is fine to coarse grained, locally gritty to pebbly,

 thick bedded to massive, calcareous, micaceous, 

 rarely ferrugenous or carbonaceous, and exhibits

 cross-stratification and ripple marks. Shale is 

 predominantly calcareous, in places arenaceous, 

 and fissile to flaky, but locally blocky; locally 

 carbonaceous, containing lenses of lignite. Thin

 beds of gray sandy limestone are locally present in

 the lower part and conglomerate in the upper part. 

 Thin beds of gray sandy limestone are present locally 

 in lower part of unit. Limestone is argillaceous (rarely 

 sandy) and fossiliferous. Conglomerate contains 

 pebble-, cobble-, and boulder-size clasts of sandstone,

 limestone, marl, jasper, and igneous rocks in a sandy

 matrix. Lower contact is transitional and conformable

 with Murgha Faqirzai Shale. Unit is 950–1,900 m 

 thick in the Khwaja Amran Range (Hunting Survey, 

 Limited,1961) (fig. 2, loc 4); maximum thickness of

 6,250 m in the Toba Kakar Range ) (fig. 2, loc 5); 

 in the northern part of map area 

Murgha Faqirzai Shale (Oligocene and Eocene)—Pale-

 gray, greenish-gray, green, and pale-brown shale; 

 contains gray to green sandstone, pale-brown and 

 yellowish-brown limestone, and pebble conglomerate. 

 Shale is calcareous and flaky; it is the predominate rock

 in unit and is more abundant in lower part. Sandstone 

 is calcareous, fine grained, and present in widely spaced

 beds throughout the shale sequence, but it is more 

 abundant in the upper part. Limestone is shaley, 

 argillaceous, and fossiliferous near base of unit. 

 Conglomerate contains pebbles of limestone and igneous

 rocks near base of unit. Locally, igneous pebbles present

 at base of unit. Parts of unit have been pervasively 

 metamorphosed to chlorite-sericite slates, schist, and

 quartzite. Lower contact is conformable with Nisai 

 Formation (Tn). The Shaigalu Sandstone and Murgha

 Faqirzai Shale form a thick flysch sequence that filled a 

 trough. Unit is 468–625 m thick in most areas (Hunting

 Survey Corporation, 1961), but is about 1,250 m for the 

 Khojak Pass area (fig. 2, loc.6)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tsm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tn Nisai Formation (lower Oligocene to lower

 Eocene)—Predominately gray and grayish- 

 brown massive limestone interbedded with 

 minor light-gray marl and gray, green, 

 maroon, yellow, and brown shale and gray, 

 green, brown, and white sandstone and 

 conglomerate. Limestone is highly

 fossiliferous, reefoid, shelly, brecciated, 

 and locally argillaceous. Marl is well bedded

 and grades into limestone or shale. Shale is

 fissile and locally calcareous, lateritic and (or)

 carbonaceous. Sandstone is calcareous, fine

 to coarse grained, poorly to well sorted, 

 quartzitic, thick-bedded, and cross-bedded. 

 Conglomerate contains angular to rounded

 pebbles and boulders of limestone, marl, jasper, 

 sandstone, and igneous rocks. Defined as the

 Nisai Group by Hunting Survey Corporation,

 Limited (1961) and redefined as Nisai

 Formation by Cheema and others (1977). 

 Near southwest corner of map area, the 

 Nisai Formation includes the Wakabi and

 Naimargh Limestones of Hunting Survey

 Corporation (1961), which are too thin to 

 show separately at the map scale. Lower 

 contact is an angular unconformity above

 Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and rocks of 

 the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite complex. 

 Exposed in northeastern and southwestern

 part of map area. North of Nisai (fig. 2 loc. 

 16) thickness about 1,200 m (Cheema and 

 others, 1977) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 III PREDOMINANTLY MARINE SHELF SEQUENCE

Kirthar Formation (middle and lower 

 Eocene)—Light-gray and pale-brown, thick-

 bedded to massive, highly fossiliferous lime-

 stone interbedded with gray and light-brown

 marl and olive, brown, and dark-gray shale. 

 Marl and shale make up approximately 50

 percent of the formation. Shale is calcareous

 and highly fossiliferous. Unit previously called

 the Brahui Limestone by Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, (1961), but later changed to 

 the Kirthar Formation by Cheema and others 

 (1977). Locally includes the Spintangi 

 Limestone of Hunting Survey Corporation 

 (1961). Lower contact is mostly transitional

 with Ghazij Formation, but where the 

 formation overlies Mesozoic rocks is 

 unconformable. Exposed mainly along the

 edge of the Sibi-Urak trough. Thickness 

 1,270 m (Cheema and others, 1977) in 

 the Gaj River area, south of map area, but 

 much less in map area

Ghazij Formation (lower Eocene)—Divided 

 into upper, middle, and lower zones by

 Hunting Survey Corporation (1961). 

 Formation predominantly exposed around 

 the flanks of the Sibi-Urak trough

 Upper zone—Predominantly composed of reddish-

 weathering claystone and minor conglomeratic

 sandstone containing clasts of limestone and 

 chert. Locally, upper zone contains thin layers

 of bog iron. Lower contact is conformable and 

 locally unconformable (E.A., Johnson, oral 

 commun., 1994). Thickness from about 215 

 m in the Mach area (fig. 2, loc 7) to about 300

 m near Harnai (Hunting Survey Corporation, 

 1961) (fig. 2, loc. 18) and as much as about 

 535 m in the Sor Range (S.R. Roberts, oral

 commun, 1994) (fig. 2, loc. 19)

 Middle zone—Medium- to dark-gray sand-

 stone, gray to brownish-gray shale, minor 

 calcareous siltstone and brown-weathering 

 shelly limestone, and locally minable coal. 

 Sandstone is thick bedded, mostly coarse

 grained, pebbly, poorly sorted, and 

 commonly crossbedded. Lower contact 

 is conformable and transitional (E.A., 

 Johnson, oral commun., 1994). Thick-

 ness from 30 m (S.R., Roberts, oral 

 commun., 1994) to about 90 m (Hunting 

 Survey Corporation, 1961) in the Sor 

 Range and about 300 m in the Mach area

 (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961). 

 Possibly as much about 2,440 m thick in

 the Bahlol area (Hunting Survey Corporation,

 1961), approximately 100 km east of map 

 area

Tk

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Lower zone—Olive-green, calcareous shale 

 interbedded with thin, buff, medium-grained, 

 calcareous sandstone. Lower contact has

 been generally interpreted as an unconformity

 with the Dugan Formation, a unit that has

 been included with the undivided Tertiary and

 Cretaceous units (TKu) and, locally, as an 

 angular unconformity where the formation 

 overlies Paleocene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic

 rocks (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961). 

 Lower contact has also been interpreted as 

 a thrust fault by Banks and Warburton (1986), 

 which we have incorporated into the geologic

 map. Thickness from about 915 m in the Sor

 Range to about 1,220 m in the Mach area 

 (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961). As 

 much as 2,225 m thick in the Johan area 

 (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961), 

 approximately 20 km south of map area

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tkg Kirthar and Ghazij Formations, undivided 

 (middle to lower Eocene)—Isolated 

 outcrop about 12 km east of Shah 

 Muhammad (fig. 2, loc. 17) in southwestern

 part of map area

Tertiary and Cretaceous units, undivided (lower 

 Eocene to Upper Cretaceous)—Includes

 six geologic units that are shown as undivided 

 because lack of geologic detail. Includes the

 Siazgi Limestone, Rodangi Formation, Sanjawi 

 Limestone, Dungan Formation of Cheema 

 (1971), Karkh Group, and Brewery Limestone 

 (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961). 

 Exposed around the flanks of the Sibi-Urak 

 trough, but predominantly exposed on

 northeast side of trough 

 Siazgi Limestone (lower Eocene and Paleo-

 cene)—Light-gray limestone. Lower contact

 is conformable with Moro Formation [locally

 included with the Mughal Kot Formation, 

 upper most part of the Mona Jhal Group 

 (KJm)]. Exposed in northeastern part of 

 map area, west and south of Chinali (fig. 

 2. loc. 15). Maximum thickness 310 m

 (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961)

 

 

 

 

TKu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Rodangi Formation (lower Eocene and upper

 Paleocene)—Pale-gray sublithographic and

 marly limestone; marl, interbedded grayish-

 green shale, and subordinate sandstone. 

 Upper and lower contacts not exposed. 

 Exposed west of Shan Muhammad (fig. 2,

 loc 17). Thickness 150–250 m. (Hunting 

 Survey Corporation, 1961)

 Sanjawi Limestone (lower Eocene and

 Paleocene)—Cream-white and light-brown

 limestone. Lower contact is conformable 

 on rocks of the Mona Jhal Group (KJm). 

 Exposed in east-central part of map area 

 near Sanjawi (fig. 2, 14). Thickness 60-

 125 m (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961)

 Dungan Formation (Eocene and Paleocene)—

 Predominately light- to dark-gray and brown

 limestone and minor dark-gray, brown, and 

 olive shale; interlayered with nodular limestone

 in the lower part of unit. Lower contact with

 the Mughal Kot Formation [uppermost 

 formation of the Mona Jhal Group (KJm)] 

 near the Mach area. Locally, contact with 

 the Bibai Formation (Kb) is unconformable. 

 North of Quetta, contact is unconformable 

 on Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks. Exposed

 along western and eastern flanks of Sibi-Urak 

 trough. More than 310 m (Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, 1961)

 Karkh Group (lower Eocene and Upper

 Cretaceous)—Dark-gray, brown, and black 

 limestone, yellow-weathering marl, 

 conglomerate with clasts of limestone and 

 chert, and marl-pebble conglomerate and

 olive shale interbedded with sandstone and 

 minor mafic lava flows. Lower contact is 

 conformable with the Moro Formation

 [included with the Mughal Kot Group 

 (KJm)] near Mach. Exposed west of Mach. 

 Thickness 90-375 m (Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, 1961)

 Brewery Limestone (Paleocene and Upper

 Cretaceous)—Chocolate-brown or dark-

 gray limestone. Laterite locally present in 

 lower part of unit in the Ziarat area (fig. 2,

 loc.8). Lower contact with the Mona Jhal

 Group (KJm) and Jurassic rocks is uncon-

 formable. Exposed in the Chiltan Range 

 (fig. 2, loc. 11) southwest of Quetta, and 

 southeast of Kach (fig. 1, loc 12) and

 Gogai (fig. 2, loc. 13). Thickness 25-60 

 m (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961)

Mona Jhal Group, undivided (Upper and 

 Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic)—

 Originally defined as the Parh Group by the

 (Hunting Survey Corporation, 1961) but it 

 was renamed and redefined by Fatmi and 

 others (1986) to include, in descending order,

 Mughal Kot Formation, Parh Limestone, 

 Goru Formation, and Sembar Formation; 

 may include the Bibai Formation below the 

 Mughal Kot Formation in eastern part map

 area. Predominantly exposed along flanks 

 of the Sibi-Urak trough

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KJm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Mughal Kot Formation (Upper Cretaceous)—

 Dark gray calcareous mudstone and calcareous

 shale intercalated with quartzose sandstone and 

 light-gray argillaceous limestone. Lower contact

 with Parh Limestone is unconformable (Fatmi, 

 1977). The Mughal Kot Formation is exposed 

 in northeastern part of map area, southeast of 

 Muslim Bagh (fig. 2) and the Ziarat-Kach area 

 (fig. 2 locs. 8 and 12). Locally, unit includes 

 the Moro Formation of (Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, 1961). Thickness 150–300 

 m in the Kach area (Fatmi, 1077)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Muslim Bagh Ophiolite Complex (Late Cretaceous)—

 Complex is divided into sheeted dikes (Kms), 

 mafic cumulates (Kmc), a mixed cyclic sequence

 of mafic and ultramafic cumulates (Kmm), 

 ultramafic cumulates (Kmu), and ultramafic

 tectonites (Kmt) (Ahamad and Abbas, 1979; 

 Mengal and others, 1993). Locally, complex

 is shown undivided (Kmo). Age of emplace-

 ment is thought to be middle Paleocene to 

 early Eocene (Allemen 1979; Otsukie and 

 others, 1989) and age of the rocks was 

 thought to be Early Triassic (Otsukie and

 others, 1989). It is now thought that age

 of emplacement onto continental margin 

 of the Indo-Pakistan tectonic block is

 Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene (Kajima and 

 others, 1994). Age of complex is Late

 Cretaceous, based on K-Ar age of 82-67 Ma 

 (Sawada and others, 1992). Complex contains

 chromite, magnesite, and magnetite deposits.

 Exposed in northeastern part of map area south

 of the Shob Valley (fig. 2, loc. 2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kmo Muslim Bagh Ophiolite Complex, undivided

 Sheeted dike—Light-gray, dioritic, fine- to 

 medium grained; composed of feldspar and

 hornblende with minor amounts of pyroxene 

 and quartz. Main rock types are hornblende 

 diorite, quartz diorite, and amphibolite. Intruded 

 by plagiogranite and trondjhemites dikes not 

 shown on map. Identified as sheeted dikes 

 by previous workers (Rossman and others, 

 1971; Ahmad and Abbas, 1979). Estimated

 thickness 2,000 m (Mengal and other, 1993) 

 Mafic cumulates—Gabbroic; gray to dark green 

 when fresh and dark brown to black when 

 weathered; fine, medium, and coarse grained. 

 Composed of hornblende gabbro in upper part

 and pyroxene gabbro in lower part. Characterized

 by compositional banding. Estimated thickness 

 400–1,500 m (Mengal and others, 1993)

 Mafic and ultramafic cumulates—Composed of 

 dunite, pyroxenite, and gabbro. Rocks are 

 repeated several times; basal part is dunite

 that grades to upward into wehrlite, then

 pyroxenite and finally gabbro. Dunite contains

 pods of harzburgite. Dunite is dark green to 

 black when fresh and weathers brown to dark

 brown. Chromite deposits are present in the 

 dunite. Pyroxenite is coarse grained, dark 

 yellowish orange, olive black, and brownish

 black when fresh and yellowish green and 

 dark green when weathered. Estimated 

 thickness 4,000–6,000 m (Mengal and others, 

 1993)

Kms

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kmc

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kmm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kmu Ultramafic cumulates—Composed of intercalated 

 sequence of dunite, harzburgite, wehrlite, and

 minor pyroxenite. Dunite resembles those rock

 types in the mafic and ultramafic cumulates unit 

 (Kmm). Harzburgite is dark green when fresh

 and dark brown to black when weathered. 

 Wehrlite is dark green when fresh and brown-

 ish green when weathered. Pyroxenite is yellow-

 ish to dark green. Estimated thickness 4,000

 m (Mengal and others, 1993)

 Ultramafic tectonites—Composed of dunite and 

 harzburgite. Dunite is greenish black, or dark 

 green when fresh and light brown when weathered; 

 fine grained and dense. Protolith mainly consists

 of olivine and minor pyroxene; partially or 

 completely serpentinized. Harzburgite is dark 

 green when fresh and dark brown to black when 

 fresh and dark brown to black when weathered; 

 medium to coarse grained. Both olivine and 

 pyroxene are serpentinized, but to a lesser 

 degree than in the dunite. Thickness not known 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kmt 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

K^b Bagh Complex (Upper Cretaceous to Upper

 Triassic)—Composed of eight major fault-

 bounded lithologic units (Mengal and others, 

 1993). These units, which were not mapped

 separately, are, in structurally descending order:

 serpentine melange, mudstone melange, ultra-

 mafic and mafic rock, basalt-chert, hyaloclasite-

 mudstone, ophiolite rock, upper sedimentary 

 rock, and lower sedimentary rock. The complex 

 was originally mapped as part of the Parh and

 Alozai Groups (Hunting Survey Corporation, 

 Limited, 1961) as melange (Gansser, 1979; 

 Ahmad and Abbas, 1979), and as the Triassic

 Parh Group by Otsuki and others (1989). 

 Redefined as the Bagh Complex by Mengal 

 and others (1993, 1994) for a complex of 

 igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks 

 exposed near the village of Bagh (fig. 2, loc.9).

 The complex is bounded on the north by the 

 overlying Muslim Bagh Ophiolitic Complex

 and on the south by the Gwal-Bagh fault.

 Approximate exposed thickness 500 m

 Serpentine Melange unit (Upper and Lower

 Cretaceous)—Composed of blocks of various 

 types of mainly ultramafic, mafic rocks, and 

 metamorphic rocks widely distributed in a scaly

 serpentine matrix. Metamorphic rocks include 

 amphibolite, garnet-hornblende schist, and 

 greenschist. Other rock types are basalt, chert, 

 limestone, and shale (Mengal and others, 1994).

 Unit is exposed structurally below the Muslim 

 Bagh Ophiolite Complex. Age of unit is Late 

 and Early Cretaceous (Sawada and others, 1992). 

 Thickness not known

 Mudstone melange unit (Upper and Lower 

 Cretaceous)—Consists of blocks of various

 types of rocks surrounded by scaly mudstone. 

 Blocks are as long as 100 m and composed 

 of mixed basalt and radiolarian chert, foliated

 limestone, interbedded limestone and shale, 

 and massive limestone. Age of unit is Late 

 and Early Cretaceous (Sawada and others, 1992). 

 Thickness not known

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Ultramafic and mafic rock unit—Consists of 

 ultramafic cumulate and mafic cumulate that 

 occur as tectonic slices. Typically, unit forms 

 higher ridges than other units in the Bagh 

 Complex. No age data available for unit

 Basalt-chert unit (Upper and Lower Cretaceous)—

 Found on southeastern periphery of the Muslim

 Bagh Ophiolitic Complex. Unit is characterized 

 mainly by thick basaltic lavas and bedded chert, 

 micritic limestone, and hemipelagic mudstone.

 Basalt is mainly pillow lavas, some massive lavas,

 and volcanic breccia; contains a few limestone

 beds. Pillow lavas are closely packed; individual 

 pillows range from 10 cm to as much as 1 m in

 diameter. Basalt is considered to be tholeiitic 

 and shows mid-ocean-ridge basalt characteristics

 (Sawada and others, 1992). Locally, pillow lavas

 are overlain by a 30- to 50-m-thick limestone 

 and chert sequence. Bedded chert is red, 

 tuffaceous, rich in radiolarian fossils, and 

 characterized by alternating thin chert and 

 mudstone beds. Age of unit is Late and Early 

 Cretaceous based on radiolarian fossils in the 

 limestone and chert sequence (Kojima and

 others, 1994). Thickness not known

 Hyaloclastite-mudstone unit (Upper and 

 Lower Cretaceous)—Composed mainly of 

 basaltic volcanic rocks interbedded with siliceous 

 mudstone and micritic limestone. Unit is divided

 in three subunits (Mengal and others, 1994): 

 upper, middle, and lower. Upper subunit is 

 siliceous shale with limestone. Middle subunit 

 contains the following volcanic rocks as hyalo-

 clastite: volcanic breccia and minor pillow lava

 and lava sheets, basanite, alkali basalt, and 

 trachybasalt (Sawada and others, 1992). Lower 

 subunit is siliceous mudstone and limestone 

 intruded by basalts and dolerite. Age of lower

 subunit is Early Cretaceous (Kojima and others,

 1994) based on radiolarian assemblages. K-Ar 

 dates of amphibole and biotite from volcanic 

 rock range from 68 to 81 Ma (Sawada and others,

 1992) indicate a Late Cretaceous age. Thick-

 ness not known

 Ophiolite rock unit (Lower Cretaceous)—

 Contains blocks of the basalt-chert unit and

 the ultramafic and mafic rock unit, melange 

 with limestone blocks, plagiogranite, and 

 sheeted dike rocks embedded in a mudstone 

 matrix. Dolerite dikes locally intrude unit. 

 Age of unit is Early Cretaceous (Komija and 

 others, 1994). Thickness not known

 Upper sedimentary rock unit (Upper to

 Lower Jurassic)—Composed of green and 

 maroon, fissile, siliceous shale interbedded with

 limestone. Limestone is gray to greenish gray

 and brown, micritic, and thin bedded in lower

 part and thick bedded to massive in upper part. 

 In upper part, limestone is sandy and conglomeratic

 (calcarenite). Age of unit is Late to Early Jurassic 

 based on radiolarian fauna (Kojima and others, 

 1994). Thickness about 500 m (Mengal and 

 others, 1994)

 Lower sedimentary rock unit (Upper Triassic)—

 Characterized by interbedded greenish-gray, dark-

 gray, and maroon shale, and greenish-gray, thin- 

 to medium-bedded limestone. Shale is siliceous

 and phyllitic, and may be either fissile or blocky;

 shale is predominant lithology in lower part of 

 unit. Limestone is argillaceous or silty (calcilutite).

 Unit is Late Triassic in age base on ammonites, 

 Halobia sp., and radiolarian fauna (Kojima and 

 others, 1994). Thickness about 500 m (Mengal 

 and others, 1994)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 BASEMENT ROCKS

Late Proterozoic rocks (Late Proterozoic)—

 Shown only in cross sections. Composed of

 metasediments and igneous rocks

 Zr

 

 

 

 Parh Limestone (Upper Cretaceous)—Light-

 gray, white, green, and olive-green, thin- to

 medium-bedded, lithographic and argillaceous 

 limestone intercalated with subordinate gray 

 calcareous shale and greenish-gray marl. 

 Limestone is characterized by porcellaneous

 texture and concoidal fractures and contains

 Globotruncana sp. and other foraminifera. 

 Lower contact with the Goru Formation is 

 transitional. Exposed predominantly around 

 flanks of the Sibi-Urak trough. Thickness 

 300–600 m (Fatmi, 1977)

 Goru Formation (Upper and lower Cretaceous)—

 Light-gray to medium-gray, and olive-gray, 

 thin-bedded limestone interbedded with greenish-

 gray and locally with maroon siltstone and shale.

 Lower contact with Sembar Formation is 

 conformable. Exposed mostly along flanks of 

 the Sibi-Urak trough and near and east of Gogai 

 (fig. 2, loc. 13). Thickness 60 m in the Quetta 

 area (Fatmi, 1977)

Sembar Formation (Lower Cretaceous and

 Upper Jurassic)—Black silty shale with inter-

 beds of black siltstone and gray argillaceous 

 limestone; generally glauconitic and pyritic, and 

 (in the basal part) locally contains phosphatic 

 nodules and gray to green shale. Belemnites 

 are commonly present. Locally, lower part of 

 unit may contain some Upper Jurassic rocks 

 (Fatmi and others, 1986). Lower contact 

 with Chiltan Limestone (Jc) in western part of

 map area and the Loralai Formation (Jal) in 

 eastern part is discomformable. Mostly exposed 

 around flanks of the Sibi-Urak trough and near

 and east of Gogai (fig. 2, loc. 13). Thickness 

 at the type section in the Marri-Bugti area, 

 approximately 30 km east of map area, is

 approximately 135 m but thickness 

 is less near Quetta and Ziarat (fig. 2, loc 8)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 (Fatmi, 1977)

Dungan Formation and Mona Jhal Group, un-

 divided (Eocene to Lower Cretaceous and 

 Upper Jurassic)—Includes the Dungan 

 Formation of the undivided Tertiary and 

 Cretaceous units (TKu) and the Mughal Kot 

 Formation, Parh Limestone, Goru and Sembar 

 Formation of the Mona Jhal Group (KJm). 

 Unit is present in northeastern part of map area 

 southeast of Bagh (fig. 2, loc. 9)

Bibai Formation (Upper Cretaceous)—Divided into

 upper and lower zones. Upper zone is a thick

 sequence of volcanic-boulder conglomerate, 

 interbedded with ash beds and tuff units. Ash

 beds contain various amounts of volcanic and

 terrigenous material. Tuff units also interfinger

 with a sequence of coarse sandstone, argilla-

 ceous tuff, and mudstone. Lower zone is

 composed of interbedded agglomerate, tuff, and

 basalt lava flows. Basal part of lower zone is 

 interbedded with the Parh Limestone of the 

 Mona Jhal (KJm) Group. Formation is mapped

 northeast of Quetta, but in eastern part of map

 area it is included in the lower part of the 

 Mughal Kot Formation of the Mona Jhal 

 Group. The Bibai Formation was named by

 Kazmi (1970) after Bibai Peak in the Gogai

 area (fig. 2, loc. 13). Approximately 3,000 m

 thick in the Ziarat region (Kazmi, 1979)

Chiltan Limestone (Middle Jurassic)—Predominately

 light- to dark-gray, black, brownish- to bluish-

 gray and in places white, massive to thick-

 bedded limestone; fine grained, oolitic, reefoid, 

 and shelly. Veins and nodules of chert present 

 locally. Lower contact is transitional with Shirinab 

 Formation (Js). Exposed predominately in western

 part of map area and on northwestern end of 

 the Sibi-Urak trough. Approximate thickness 

 1,800 m in the Quetta area (Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, Limited, 1960)

TKJd 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kb 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Js Shirinab Formation (Middle and Lower Jurassic)—

 Predominately gray to dark-gray and black, 

 thin- to medium-bedded limestone interbedded

 with gray to dark-gray, and black shale; locally 

 contains white interbedded sandstone towards 

 base. Limestone is fine to coarse grained, shelly, 

 oolitic, pisolitic, and pellitic. Shale is calcareous

 and typically fissile. Base of formation is not

 exposed. Originally included the Anjira, Loralai,

 and Spingwar Formations as members (Williams, 

 1959; Fatmi, 1977); the Loralai and Spingwar 

 now have formational status and are considered 

 to be part of the Alozai Group. Exposed mainly

 in southwestern part of map area. Thickness 

 greater than 1,500 m in the Quetta Valley area

 (Khan and others, 1986)

Loralai Formation (Middle and Lower Jurassic)—

 Predominately dark-gray to black thin- to medium-

 bedded limestone and minor gray, red, and green

 splintery and calcareous shale. Limestone is fine

 grained, argillaceous, and contains algae and 

 oolites in upper part. Lower contact is transitional

 with Spingwar Formation. Exposed in northeastern

 part of map area (fig. 2, loc. 9). Thickness 130-650 

 m (Hunting Survey Corporation, Limited, 1961)

Spingwar Formation (Lower Jurassic)—Gray to dark-

 gray, thin- to thick-bedded limestone interbedded

 with greenish-gray to dark-gray shale. Limestone

 is more abundant than shale in upper part of 

 formation and approximately in equal proportions 

 with shale in lower part. Shale is fissile and 

 calcareous in upper part of formation. Diabase

 sills locally intrude unit. Formation was originally 

 named by Williams (1959) and designated as the 

 lower member of the Shirinab Formation by Fatmi

 (1977), but is now considered to be the lower

 formation of the Alozai Group. Exposed in north-

 central part of map area south of Muslim Bagh 

 (fig. 2). Base not exposed. Approximate exposed 

 thickness 1,300-2,000 m (Hunting Survey Corporation, 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Limited, 1961)

Alozai Group, undivided (Middle and Lower 

 Jurassic and Upper Triassic)—In descending 

 order, consists of the Loralai Formation and 

 Spingwar Formation. Present in northeastern

 part of map area and south of Gwal (fig. 2, loc. 

 10). The group was originally defined by 

 Hunting Survey Corporation, Limited (1961) 

 and included the Triassic Wulgai Formation of

 Williams (1959); the formation is now included

 with the Khanozai Group

 Khanozai Group (Triassic)—Composed of the 

 Wulgai Formation and the underlying Gwal 

 Formation. Rocks of these units were previously

 included in the Parh and Alozai Groups by the 

 Hunting Survey Corporation, Limited (1961)

J^a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

^kw Wulgai Formation (Upper and Middle Triassic)—

 Purple, olive, and brownish-gray to greenish-gray, 

 well-bedded, argillaceous, noncalcareous, fissile 

 shale interbedded with limestone and siltstone. 

 Gray to dark-gray, micritic, tufaceous, thin- to 

 medium-bedded limestone at base. Upper 

 contact is a fault contact and lower contact is

 a disconformity. Exposed in northeastern part

 of map area southwest of Muslim Bagh (fig. 2). 

 Approximate thickness 180 m 

 Gwal Formation (Lower Triassic)—Dark-gray 

 to olive, maroon, and greenish-gray, silty, non-

 calcareous, fissile shale interbedded with gray 

 to dark-gray, micritic, platy, thin- to thick-bedded

 limestone. Locally includes diabase lava flows. 

 Crops out in northeastern part of map area 

 southwest of Muslim Bagh. Base not exposed. 

 Approximate thickness 480 m 

Permian limestone (Permian)—Isolated blocks 

 (olistostromes) of shallow-marine fusulinid lime-

 stone. Present in northern part of map area,

 where enclosed by rocks of the Khanozai and 

 Alozai Groups (Japanese-Pakistan Research 

 Group, 1989). Interpreted to be of seamount

 origin

Triassic to Cambrian rock units, undivided 

 (Triassic to Cambrian)—Shown only in cross 

 sections. Thickness of units not known 

Salt Range Formation? (Late Proterozoic)—Shown 

 only in cross sections. Composed of gypsiferous 

 marl, salt, gypsum, and shale (Gee, 1945; 

 Asrarullah, 1967). Exposed along southern 

 end of the Salt Range (fig.1) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

^kg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Pl

 

 

 

 

 

 

^_u

 

 

Zs

 

 

 

 

 IV. INTRUSIVE ROCKS

Chagai Intrusion (Eocene to Late Cretaceous)—

 Shown only in cross section A-A’, northwest 

 of Chaman fault. Composed mainly of quartz-

 hornblende diorite, diorite, and granite 

 (Vreenburg, 1901). Forms batholith that 

 intrudes the Cretaceous Sinjrani volcanic rocks

 (not shown on map) (Hunting Survey Corporation,

 Limited, 1961)

 V. OPHIOLITE, MELANGE, AND INTRUSIVE 

 AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Dolerite dike (Late Cretaceous?)—Dark-gray, 

 greenish-gray, and light-brown. Contains 

 plagioclase, pyroxene, and minor hornblende 

 and ilmenite. Most of the dikes are generally 

 altered to chlorite, epidote, calcite, magnetite, 

 and hematite. Dikes trend northwestward and

 intrude the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite complex, 

 mainly the ultramafic tectonites (Kmt) and

 ultramafic cumulates (Kmu) of the complex. 

 Mengal and others (1993) indicated that similar

 dikes also intrude the Bagh Complex (Kdb). 

 Exposed in northeastern part of map area south

 of the Shob Valley (fig. 2, loc. 2). Dikes are 

 1–15 m wide 

TKc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 INTRODUCTION

 This generalized digital geologic map of west-central 

Pakistan (fig. 1) is a product of the Balochistan Coal-Basin Synthesis 

Study, which was part of a cooperative program of the Geological 

Survey of Pakistan and the United States Geological Survey. The 

original nondigital map was published by Maldonado and others 

(1998). Funding was provided by the Government of Pakistan and 

the United States Agency for International Development through 

Project 391-0478: Energy Planning and Development Project (Coal 

Resources Exploration and Assessment Project) component 2A; 

Participating Agency Service Agreement No. IPK-0478-P-I-1-

5068-000. The sources of geologic map data are primarily 

1:253,440-scale geologic maps obtained from Hunting Survey 

Corporation (1961) and the geologic map of the Muslim Bagh 

Ophiolite Complex and Bagh Complex area (Mengal and others, 

1993). The geology was modified based on reconnaissance field 

work and photo interpretation of 1:250,000-scale Landsat 

Thematic Mapper photo image (Maldonado and others, 1998). The 

descriptions and thicknesses of map units were based on published 

and unpublished reports (mainly Hunting Survey Corporation, 

1961; Fatmi, 1977; Cheema and others, 1977; and Shan, 1977) 

and converted to U.S. Geological Survey format. In the nomenclature of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, there is both a Urak 

Group and an Urak Formation.

 The cross sections were constructed using a passive 

roof-thrust duplex model that was first applied in the Sulaiman and 

Kirthar Ranges (fig. 1) by Banks and Warburton (1986). Humayon 

and others (1991) and Jadoon and others (1994) showed cross 

sections for parts of the map area and areas contiguous with the 

map area. Bannert and others 1992) also showed cross sections in 

their report on the western fold belt of Pakistan, which includes part 

of the map area at a scale of 1:500,000. The thrust faults are 

shown as high-angle faults (reverse faults) whose angles decrease 

with depth. Some of the faults have been folded, so their original 

geometry is not known. Cross section B-B’ represents a change in 

apparent thrust fault vergent direction from east-southeast to 

south-southwest. This change in apparent vergent direction 

probably reflects subsequent bending (folding) or rotation of the 

terrane containing these thrust faults. The thrust faults prior to the 

subsequent deformation probably had similar vergent directions.

 STRUCTURAL NOTE

 The map area is divided into five major structural domains 

(fig. 2) (Maldonado and others, 1993). Except for the surficial 

deposits, the map units are largely described with the various 

structural domains, beginning with the youngest domain (I) and 

ending with the oldest (V) (see “Description of Map Units”). The 

five domains are as follows: I, the Sibi-Urak trough (molasse 

deposits); II, the Pishin flysch province (flysch deposits); III, the 

Sulaiman fold and thrust belt (predominantly marine shelf sequence); 

IV, the Afghanistan block (intrusive rocks); and V, the Muslim Bagh 

Ophiolite Complex and the Bagh Complex (ophiolite, melange, and 

intrusive and sedimentary rocks). 

 The map area contains two types of thrust faults: faults that 

predominately place older strata on younger strata and faults that 

place younger strata on older. The older-on-younger strata may 

represent deformation that resulted from collision of the IndoPakistan tectonic block with the Eurasian tectonic block during the 

Eocene (Powell, 1979). Some of the younger-on-older strata may 

represent (1) obduction of the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite Complex onto 

the rocks of the Bagh Complex during the Late Cretaceous to early 

Paleocene (Kijima and others, 1994) and (2) formation of the 

roof-thrust fault as a possible result of the collision of the IndoPakistan tectonic block with the Eurasian tectonic block. The 

structure of the map area has been summarized by Maldonado and 

others (1993).

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Allenmann, F., 1979, Time of emplacement of the Zhob Valley

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Asrarullah, A.Z., 1967, Geology of the Krewra Dome [abs.]:

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Maldonado, F., Khan, S.H., Mengal, J.M., and Jean-Claude 

 Thomas, 1998, Geologic map and Landsat image map of parts

 of Loralai, Sibi, Quetta, and Khuzar Divisions, Balochistan

 Province, west-central Pakistan: U. S. Geological Survey Map 

 I-2549, scale 1:50,000.

Mengal, J.M., Kimura, Katsumi, Siddiqui, M.R.H., Kojima, Satoru, 

 Naka, Talahito, Bakht, M.S., and Kamada, Kotaro, 1994, The

 lithology and structure of a Mesozoic sedimentary-igneous 

 assemblage beneath the Muslim Bagh ophiolite, northern 

 Balochistan, Pakistan; Geological Survey of Japan Bulletin, v. 

 45, no. 2, p. 51–61.

Mengal, J.M., Siddiqui, M.R.H., and Khan, S.H., 1993, Geology 

 and tectonics of Muslim Bagh ophiolite complex, in 39/B2 

 quadrangle, Zhob Valley, Balochistan, Pakistan: Ministry of 

 Petroleum and Natural Resources, Geological Survey of

 Pakistan, Information Release 541, 11 p.

Oldham, R.D., 1890, Special report on the most favorable sites for 

 petroleum explorations in the Harni district Balochistan (with a 

 plan): India Geological Survey Records, v. 23, pt. 2, p. 57-59.

Otsuki, Kenichiro, Hoshino, Kenichi, Anwar Muhammad, Mengal, 

 J.M., Fatmi, A.N., and Okimura, Yuji., 1989, Breakup of 

 Gondwanaland and emplacement of ophiolitic complex, in

 Muslim Bagh area of Balochistan, Pakistan in Okimura, Yuji,

 and Fatmi, A. N., eds., Tectonic and sedimentation of the 

 Indo-Eurasian colliding plate boundary region and its influence 

 on the mineral developments in Pakistan: Hiroshima, Japan, 

 Hiroshima University, p. 33–57.

Powell, C.M., 1979, A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and

 surroundings—Some constraints from the Indian Ocean, in

 Farah, A., and De Jong, K.A., eds, Geodynamics of Pakistan: 

 Geological Survey of Pakistan, p. 5–24.

Rossman, D.L., Zaki, Ahmad, and Abbas, S.G., 1971, Geology and 

 chromite deposits of the Saplai Tor Ghar and Nisai Area, Zhob

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 Geological Survey of Pakistan and U.S. Geological Survey

 Interim Report PK-51, 47 p.

Shah, S.M.I., 1977, Stratigraphy of Pakistan: Geological Survey of

 Pakistan Memoirs, v. 12, 138 p.

Swada, Yoshiro, Hag, M.R., Khan, S.R., and Aziz, Abdul, 1992,

 Mesozoic igneous activity in the Muslim Bagh area, Pakistan—

 with special reference to hot spot magmatism related to the 

 breakup of Gondwanaland: Symposium on Himalayan Geology 

 Abstracts, Shimane 92, Japan, p. 42.

Vredenburg, E.W., 1901, A geological sketch of the Balochistan 

 desert and part of eastern Persia: India Geological Survey

 Memoirs, v. 31, p. 179–302.

Williams, M.D., 1959, Stratigraphy of the lower Indus Basin, West 

 Pakistan: World Petroleum Congress, 5th, New York, Proc., 

 sec. 1, Paper 19, p. 377–390.

 where the Gaj and Nari Formations are absent, the

 conglomerate between the Uzdha Pasha Formation and

 the overlying Kirthar Formation (Tk), older Tertiary units,

 and Mesozoic rocks is in angular unconformity and discon- 

 formity (Hunting Survey Corporation, Limited, 1961). 

 The equivalent Nagri Formation is approximately 600 m

 thick in the Urak area (fig. 2, loc. 3) (Cheema and others

 (1977)

Gaj Formation (Miocene? to Oligocene?)—Greenishgray, variegated, gypsiferous shale and subordinate

greenish-gray and brown, calcareous, ferruginous, 

 crossbedded sandstone and brown, yellowish-brown,

 and white, argillaceous and fossiliferous limestone. 

 Lower contact is transitionally conformable with the

 Nari Formation. Thickness 90 m (Williams, 1959; 

 Cheema and others, 1977) in the Sor Range (fig. 2,

 loc.19) (Cheema and others, 1977)

Nari Formation (Miocene? to Oligocene?)—Upper 

 part is composed of grayish-brown sandstone

 interbedded with medium-olive-gray calcareous

 claystone and lenticular, arenaceous and clastic

 limestone beds. Lower part is white gray-brown,

 shelly and nodular, thin- to thick-bedded and 

 massive limestone with thin dark shale and brown

 sandstone stringers. Lower contact with the Kirthar 

 Formation (Tk) is conformable. About 200 m thick 

 in the Sor Range (fig. 2, loc. 19) (Cheema and 

 others, 1977)

Multana Formation (Pleistocene to Oligocene?)—

 Consists of conglomerate, gray-green sandstone, 

 and light- to dark-green, and maroon shale. 

 Conglomerate contains well-sorted, rounded to

 subrounded pebble- and boulder-size clasts of 

 sandstone, limestone, marl,diorite, gabbro, and 

 jasper in a calcareous sandy matrix. Locally, lower

 contact is unconformable on the Nisai Formation 

 (Tn). Exposed north of the Zhob Valley in north-

 eastern part of map area. About 6,770 m report

 thick near the town of Naweoba (Hunting Survey 

 Corporation, Limited, 1961), approximately 110

 km northeast of map area

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

68°30'

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67°30' 68°0' 67°0'

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared in cooperation with the 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN

 OPEN-FILE REPORT 2011-1093

 SHEET 1 OF 2

 

Digital map version from Maldonado and others (1998).

GIS datebase created by Lyndsay Hazen and Paco

 VanSistine in 2010.

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