U.S. Geological Survey Library 

Classification System 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2010 

AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the 

current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological 

Survey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications 

that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price 

and Availability List" are no longer available. 

Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated 

monthly, which is for sale in microfiche from U.S. Geological Survey Book and Open-File Report Sales, Box 25425, Denver, CO 

80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. 

Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. 

Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. 

BY MAIL 

Books 

Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, 

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications 

of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies 

of Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, 

and some miscellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series 

that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are 

obtainable by mail from 

U.S. Geological Survey, Book and Open-File Report Sales 


Box 25425 


Denver, CO 80225 


Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes and 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained ONLY from 

the 

Superintendent of Documents 


Government Printing Office 


Washington, D.C. 20402 


(Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of 

Documents.) 

Maps 

For maps, address mail orders to 

U.S. Geological Survey, Map Sales 


Box 25286 


Denver, CO 80225 


Residents of Alaska may order maps from 

U.S. Geological Survey, Map Sales 

101 Twelfth Ave. - Box 12 

Fairbanks, AK 99701 

OVER THE COUNTER 

Books 

Books of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the 

counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey Public Inquiries 

Offices, all of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of 

Documents: 

• ANCHORAGE, Alaska—Rm. 101, 4230 University Dr. 

• ANCHORAGE, Alaska—Federal Bldg., Rm. E-146, 701 C St. 

• DENVER, Colorado—Federal Bldg., Rm. 169, 1961 Stout St. 

• LAKEWOOD, Colorado—Federal Center, Bldg. 810 

• MENLO PARK, California—Bldg. 3 (Stop 533), Rm. 3128, 345 

Middlefield Rd. 

• RESTON, Virginia-503 National Center, Rm. 1C402, 12201 

Sunrise Valley Dr. 

• SALT LAKE CITY, Utah—Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105, 125 South 

State St. 

• SAN FRANCISCO, California—Customhouse, Rm. 504, 555 

Battery St. 

• SPOKANE, Washington—U.S. Courthouse, Rm. 678, West 920 

Riverside Ave. 

• WASHINGTON, D.C.—Main Interior Bldg., 2600 corridor, 

18th and C Sts., NW. 

Maps 

Maps may be purchased over the counter at the U.S. Geological 

Survey offices where books are sold (all addresses in above list) and at 

the following U.S. Geological Survey offices: 

• ROLLA, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. 

• DENVER, Colorado—Map Distribution, Bldg. 810, Federal 

Center 

• FAIRBANKS, Alaska—New Federal Bldg., 101 Twelfth Ave. 
U.S. Geological Survey Library 

Classification System 

By R. SCOTT SASSCER 

This revised and expanded classification system is a tool 

for classifying and retrieving geoscience library materials. 

The index promotes quick access to the classification tables 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2010 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for 

descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the 

U.S. Government 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992 

For sale by 

Book and Open-File Report Sales 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425 

Denver, CO 80225 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Geological Survey (U.S.). Library. 

U.S. Geological Survey Library classification system / by R. Scott Sasscer. 

p. cm. — (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin : 2010) 

1. Classification—Books—Geology. 2. Earth sciences—Bibliography— 

Methodology. 3. Classification—Books—Earth sciences. 4. Geology— 

Bibliography—Methodology. I. Scott Sasscer, R., 1933— . II. Title. 

III. Series. 

QE75.B9 no. 2010 

[Z697.G42] 

557.3 s—dc20 

[025.4'655] 91-39984 

CIP 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 


Introduction 1 


Subject Classification Schedule 2 


Geological Survey Schedule 4 


G Schedule 4 


P Schedule 5 


S Schedule 5 


Map and Nonmap Material Call Numbers 6 


Special Formats 7 


Regional Library Records 8 


Library of Congress Shelf List Tables 8 


United States Shelf List Table 8 


Acknowledgments 8 


Section 1—General Works 9 


Section 2—Mineralogy and Petrology 15 


Section 3—General, Structural, and Dynamic Geology 17 


Section 4—Historical Geology 20 


Section 5—Mineral Industries, Mineral Resources, and Economic Geology 22 


Section 6—Physiography, Geomorphology, and Physical Geography 28 


Section 7—Paleontology 30 


Section 8—Mathematics, Astronomy, Engineering, and Surveying 33 


Section 9—Physics and Chemistry 37 


Section 10—Biology 40 


Section 11—Geographic Numbers 42 


Section 12—A. Earth Science Serials 55 


Section 12—B. General Science Serials 55 


Section 13—Government Documents 56 


Index to Classification System 57 


Contents III 

U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 


By R. Scott Sasscer 

Abstract 

The U.S. Geological Survey library classification 

system has been designed for an earth science library. It is 

a tool for assigning classification numbers to earth science 

and allied pure science library materials in order to collect 

these materials into related subject groups on the library 

shelves and arrange them alphabetically by author and 

title. It can also be used as a retrieval system to access 

these materials through the subject and visible geographic 

classification numbers. 

The classification scheme has been developed over 

the years since 1904 to meet the ever-changing needs of 

increased specialization and new areas of study in the 

earth sciences. 

This system contains seven schedules: 

• Subject schedule 

• Geological survey schedule 

• Earth science periodical schedule 

• Government documents periodical schedule 

• General science periodical schedule 

• Earth science maps schedule 

• Geographic schedule 

A geographic number, from the geographic 

schedule, is distinguished from other numbers in the 

system in that it is always enclosed in parentheses; for 

example, (200) is the geographic number for the United 

States. 

The geographic number is used in conjunction with 

the six other previously listed schedules, and it represents 

slightly different nuances of meanings, in respect to 

geographic locale, for each schedule. 

When used with a subject number, the geographic 

number indicates the country, state, province, or region 

in which the research was made. The subject number, 203, 

geology, when combined with the geographic number, 

(200), for example 203(200), is the classification number for 

library materials on the geology of the United States. 

The geographic number, combined with the capital 

letter G, for example, G(211), is the classification number 

for an earth science periodical issued by a geological 

association or university geology department in the State 

of Maine. 

Manuscript approved for publication October 1, 1991. 

When the letter S is combined with a geographic 

number, for example, S(276), it represents a general 

science periodical for a university or association in 

California. 

When the letter P is combined with a geographic 

number, for example, P(200), it represents a governmental 

periodical issued by the United States Federal 

Government. 

Geographic numbers standing alone represent 

classification numbers for the publications of geological 

surveys; for example, (200) represents publications of the 

U.S. Geological Survey. 

Map call numbers have a geographic number 

preceded by the capital letter M, followed by an 

abbreviated subject number. 

For example: 

M(200)2 

where: 

M = Map 

(200) = Geographic region of the United States 

2 = Abbreviation for the subject number 203— 

geology. 

The introduction, which follows this abstract, 

provides detailed procedures on the construction of 

complete call numbers for works falling into the 

framework of the aforesaid classification schedules. 

The tables following the introduction can be quickly 

accessed through the use of the newly expanded subject 

index. 

The purpose of this publication is to provide the 

earth science community with a classification and retrieval 

system for earth science materials, to provide sufficient 

explanation of its structure and use, and to enable library 

staff and clientele to classify or access research materials 

in a library collection. 

INTRODUCTION 

The newly revised classification system presented in 

this report is for use in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

Library. The classification system has been developed over 

the years since 1904 to meet the ever-changing needs of 

increased specialization and new areas of study in the earth 

sciences. 

Introduction 1 
Prior to the administration of Fred Boughton Weeks, 

1903-08, the library lacked a classification scheme. The 

Dewey Decimal system for geologic material was not 

sufficiently developed to accommodate the range of 

specialized material collected at the USGS Library, and the 

Library of Congress schedules had not yet been published. 

Patrons and library staff were concerned about continued 

development of the collection without an acceptable 

classification scheme. 

Mr. Weeks and bibliographer John M. Nickles of the 

library staff, with the assistance of three consultants from 

the New York Public Library, developed a classification 

system designed specifically for an earth science library. 

Six schedules were outlined. The first and principal 

schedule, that of subject classification, consists primarily of 

the disciplines in the earth sciences, such as mineralogy and 

paleontology. The related pure sciences are included insofar 

as they augment the earth sciences; for example, physics, 

chemistry, engineering, and so forth. The schedule allows 

for integration of general works throughout. 

Five schedules were designed for special collections. 

Four are grouped according to the originating source. These 

are: 

• 	 Geological survey collection—contains the monographs 

and periodicals issued by geological surveys of the 

world. 

• 	 Earth science periodical collection—contains publications issued by societies, trade associations, and 

universities throughout the world (G schedule). 

• 	 Government documents collection—contains publications issued by federal, state, provincial and local 

governments throughout the world (P schedule). 

• 	 General science periodical collection—contains general 

science publications issued by societies, associations, 

and universities throughout the world (S schedule). 

The final schedule, the earth science map collection, 

contains earth science maps from all sources mentioned 

above. The common collection theme for all of these 

schedules is earth science and related materials of an 

interdisciplinary nature. 

One of the unique aspects of the USGS classification 

schedules is the system of geographic numbers that was 

developed for use with them. Each geographic number 

represents a specific region and, when appropriate, may be 

combined with any subject number. The geographic 

numbers are in parentheses, which makes them highly 

visible and thus immediately recognizable when scanning 

for a particular locale. For example, the subject number 203 

represents general works on geology. When the geographic 

number for the United States, (200), is added to the subject 

number, for example, 203(200), the resulting number 

stands for the geology of the United States. Using the same 

methodology, the geology of California is 203(276), and 

the geology of the Soviet Union is 203(570). 

2 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

When the geographic number stands alone, it 

represents the publications of a national, state or provincial 

geological survey; for example, (276) is the number for the 

Geological Survey of California. When the letter G is 

combined with the same geographic number, for example, 

G(276), the resulting number represents earth science 

periodicals issued in California. Similarly, S(276) is for 

general science periodicals in California, and P(276) is for 

government documents issued by the State of California. 

The notation for maps consists of the letter M added 

to a geographic number for the region and a subject number 

that is often abbreviated. For example, M(200)2 is the 

classification for a geological map of the United States, and 

M(276)298 is the notation for a geochemistry map of 

California. 

In the following text, the particulars of each schedule 

are discussed, and instructions are provided for constructing 

numbers according to the Survey Library classification 

scheme. 

Subject Classification Schedule 

The subject classification schedule has three main 

divisions: general works, earth sciences, and pure sciences. 

The collection consists chiefly of monographs but also 

includes those periodicals that are narrow in scope. All 

international periodicals and those issued by an 

international agency are also classified in this schedule. 

A. General outline of the subject classification schedule. 

4


General works: 


001-095: 	 Includes science, computer science, information systems, bibliography, directories, dictionaries, and biography. 

4


Earth sciences: 


101-190: 	 Mineralogy and petrology.

201-298: 	 General geology, geologic hazards, tectonics, structural geology, geophysics, and geochemistry.

301-371: 	 Historical and stratigraphic geology.

401-471: Mineral resources, mineral industries, and 

mining. 

501-590: Geography/geomorphology, meteorology, 

landforms, and oceanography.

601-699: 	 Paleontology. 

4


Pure sciences: 


701-795: 	 Mathematics, astronomy, geodesy, engineering, and hydrology.

801-895: 	 Physics and chemistry.

901-999: 	 General biology, ecology, evolution, botany, 

agriculture, forestry, and zoology. 
B. Constructing call numbers. 

Constructing call numbers for the subject 

classification schedule is basically the same as for any 

of the schedules. Those differences that occur are 

mentioned under the appropriate schedule. A typical 

call number consists of a classification number and a 

shelf list number. 

(1) Subject classification number. 

The subject classification number is obtained 

from the subject schedule (see Sections 2-10) that is 

outlined on page 2. The index to this schedule is a 

useful guide in determining the number to use. 

(2) Geographic notations. 

The geographic number schedule contains a 

specific number for each country of the world. The 

numbers, which range from (000) to (995), also 

include states and provinces for some of the 

countries, as well as for oceans and planets. When 

a geographic number is added to a subject number, 

the resulting number indicates both a subject area 

and the geographic area where the research took 

place. 

The following example illustrates this construction. 

Citation: 

China's energy and mineral industries: current 

perspectives, edited by James P. Dorian and 

David G. Fridley, 1989. 

Energy = 580—from subject schedule 

China = (610)—from geographic schedule 

Classification number: 580(610) 

(3) Shelf list numbers. 

The shelf list number contains information 

about the main entry of the piece being classified 

and also provides the work with its singular location 

on the shelf or in the data base. The first part of the 

number consists of an uppercase letter together with 

a three digit number representing the main entry. 

The title mark, a lowercase letter, is taken from the 

first letter of the first distinctive word in the title. 

The title mark is always used when the main entry 

is an author; it may be needed for a title main entry 

to make the call number unique. In this case, 

successive title words are used. Use successive 

letters for the title mark when the title is one word. 

To complete the classification number for the 

example given above, a shelf list number is needed. 

The shelf list number is constructed with the use of 

the Library of Congress (L.C.) shelf listing tables 

(see p. 8). Note that the main entry will be the title, 

"China's energy and mineral industries," because 

the work is edited rather than authored. Assuming a 

title mark is needed for uniqueness, the shelf list 

number becomes: 

China's = C546—from L.C. tables 

Energy = e —title mark for second word of title 

Shelf list number = C546e 

Therefore: 

580(610) 

C546e 

(4) Date in call numbers. 

The imprint date is now added to all 

monographic call numbers, whereas previous to 

1989, the date was used for second and successive 

editions only. Call numbers for congresses, 

however, use the date of the congress rather than the 

year of publication. In either case, dates are added 

after the shelf list number. For the example given 

above, the completed call number becomes: 

580(610) 


C546e 


1989 


If this same work had been authored, the shelf 

list number would appear as: 

Dorian, James P. = D674 —L.C. shelf list 

tables 

China's = c —Title mark 

Shelf list number = D674c 

The complete call number including imprint 

date becomes: 

580(610) 


D674c 


1989 


(5) Size in call numbers. 

Publications in the USGS library are grouped 

according to size: octavo, quarto, folio, and superfolio. The differences are designated by the addition 

of a lowercase letter for all but the octavo size, 

which does not receive a distinguishing mark. The 

sizes and their notations are given below. 

Octavo up to 28 cm

Quarto q 4 

28.1-33 cm

Folio f 33.1-46 cm 

Superfolio ff 46.1 cm. and above 

This notation precedes the shelf list number. 

Thus, a quarto of 29 cm is designated in the call 

number as: 

759 


qG28 


1989 


Introduction 3 
If that same work were a folio of 34 cm, the 

call number would be: 

759 


fG28 


1989 


(6) Translations. 

For translations, the second part of the shelf 

list number has a different construction. When the 

title of the original publication is known, the title 

mark is taken from the original work. Following the 

title mark, an uppercase letter representing the 

language of the translation is added. For example, 

the shelf list number for an English translation of a 

German work entitled, "Geschichte des Vulkanismus," would be H577gE, where the g stands for 

"Geschichte ," the German title, and the E stands 

for the translation into English. When the original 

title is not known, the title mark comes from the 

translation. 

(7) Restricted material. 

Library publications having restricted use for 

authorized personnel only are starred. The * 

precedes the classification number. 

Geological Survey Schedule 

The geological survey schedule contains periodicals 

and monographs issued by the geological surveys of the 

world. These works are classified according to the location 

of the geological survey issuing the publication and 

therefore are given the geographic number for that region. 

The geographic number is obtained from the geographic 

number schedule (see Section 11). 

A. Constructing the call number for monographs. 

Call numbers in the geological survey schedule 

consist of a geographic number, a shelf list number, and, 

when the piece is a monograph, a date. An example 

follows: 

(1) Citation from title page for monographic piece with 

author main entry: 

Ground-water resources of the Surman area, 

Tripolitania, United Kingdom of Libya, by 

William Ogilbee and R.C. Vorhis, U.S. 

Geological Survey. 

Classification number: (200) = for USGS 

Shelf list number: 344 = for author 

Title mark:4 g = for title 

Issuing date 1989 = imprint 

(2) Citation from title page for monographic piece with 

title main entry: 

Characterization of organic contaminants in 

environmental samples associated with Mount 

St. Helens, by Wilfred E. Pereira... [and 

others], U.S. Geological Survey. 

Classification number: (200) = for USGS 

Shelf list number: C372 = for title 

Issuing date: 1980 = imprint 

B. Constructing the call number for serials. 

Current practice uses the title main entry as the 

basis for the shelf list number. An exception to current 

practice are serials issued by the U.S. Geological 

Survey, Water Resources Division. Here are two 

examples of call numbers for publications issued by the 

Water Resources Division: 

Series title: Water resources investigation 

reports. 

Call number: (200) 


WRi 


(200) = USGS 

WR = Water Resources Division 

i = title mark 

Series title: Hawaii District activities, by U.S. 

Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 

Hawaii District. 

Call number: (200) 


WR3hd 


(200) = USGS 

WR3 = Water Resources Division 

hd = title mark 

G Schedule 

Earth science periodicals and monographic series of 

the following types are classified in the G schedule: 

Geologic societies and associations. 


Geology departments of universities. 


Geologic organizations (nongovernmental). 


Publishers' series covering economic geology, 


geochemistry, geodynamics, geology, historical 


geology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, 


physical geology, and structural geology. 


Publications dealing with paleontology and natural 

history, which are not publishers' series, are classified in 

602 followed by a geographic number. This category 

includes: 

4 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
Paleontological societies, institutes and associations. 

Paleontological departments and laboratories of 

universities, paleontological departments of 

local governments, and museums of natural 

history. 

A. Constructing the call number. 

The classification number in the G schedule is 

composed of an uppercase G and a geographic number. 

The geographic number following the G usually 

represents the place of publication. There are two 

exceptions. 

(1) Publications that report on research in one region 

exclusively, but are published elsewhere, are given 

the geographic number of the research area. 

(2) Periodicals of national associations and societies are 

usually given the geographic number of the country 

in which they are located, rather than that of the 

local region in which they are issued. For example, 

the American Geological Society's number 

representing the United States is G(200). 

The shelf list number is based on the name of the 

agency issuing the periodical and the title of the series. 

An example follows. 

Citation from title page: 

1989 Annual meeting of field trip guidebook, 

National Association of Geology Teachers. 

Classification number = G(200) 

Shelf list number = N376aft 

N = National 

376 = L.C. shelf list tables 

aft = from annual field trip 

Call number: G(200) 


N376aft 


Publisher's series are the exception. These are 

shelf listed according to the main entry which, in the 

case of a series, is the title. 

P Schedule 

Government documents for countries, states, and 

provinces of the world are classified in the P schedule when 

they are issued as serials. Government documents issued as 

monographs are classified in the subject schedule. There are 

two exceptions: 

(1) Publications of all geological surveys, both 

monographic and serial, are classified in the 

geological survey schedule (see Chapter 11) 

(2) Publications of all mining and mineral resources 

bureaus are classified in the subject classification 

schedule under the number 402 (see Section 5) 

Constructing the call number: 

The classification number in the P schedule is 

composed of an uppercase P and a geographic number. The 

geographic number represents the country, state, or 

province in which the government agency issuing the 

document is located. 

The shelf list number is obtained from the name of the 

government agency publishing the work. Title marks are 

made from the agency's subordinate body and then from the 

title of the publication. When there is no subordinate 

agency, the title only is used. An example follows: 

Citation: 


Report to the Governor and the general assembly, by 


Georgia Nuclear Advisory Commission. 


Classification number: P(233) = number for Georgia 

Shelf list number: N = from Nuclear Advisory 

Commission 

466 = 3 digit number — L.C. 

shelf list tables 

r = from first word of title 

Call number: P(233) 


N466r 


S Schedule 

General science periodicals issued by universities, 

societies, associations, and publishers are classified in the S 

schedule. The topics included under general science are 

archaeology, astronomy, biology, chemistry, computer 

science, conservation, earthquakes, engineering, geography, geomorphology, geophysics, geothermal resources, 

geysers, glaciology, hydrology, mathematics, metals, 

mineral industries, mineral resources, mines and mining, 

natural resources, oceanography, ore deposits, petroleum, 

physics, pollution, precious stones, sedimentation, seismology, and volcanoes. 

Classification numbers are constructed with an uppercase S and a geographic number indicating the place of 

publication. The same exceptions apply to the S schedule as 

are found in the G schedule. 

The shelf list number consists of an uppercase letter 

representing the issuing body, a three digit number, and a 

title mark for the title. Publishers' series are shelf listed 

according to title main entry. Two examples follow: 

Introduction 5 
Citation from title page: The Ohio Journal of 

Science, by the Ohio Academy of Science. 

Classification number: S(251) 

Shelf list number: 0346o 

Citation from title page: Publicazione, Universita di Pavia, Tutela della Salute. 

Classification number: S(550) 

Shelf list number: qP228p 

Map and Nonmap Material Call Numbers 

A. Constructing monographic map call numbers: 

(1) Classification numbers: 

Map classification numbers are composed of 

three elements: the capital letter "M," a geographic 

number, and a subject number if needed. 

(2) Shelf list numbers: 

The three digit number in map shelf list 

numbers are constructed from C.A. Cutter's three 

digit author's table (Bloomberg and Evans, 1981). 

Shelf list numbers for a monograph are 

constructed with two or three elements: 

(a) Shelf list numbers having three elements: 

A three element shelf list number is 

composed of a capital letter representing a 

subregion, quadrangle, valley, basin, or area; a 

three digit number taken from the Cutter tables; 

and a work letter representing the main entry. 

Later editions of the same map will have a date 

on the third line of the call number. 

EXAMPLE: 

Citation from title page: Ground-water 

status report, Pearl Harbor area, Hawaii, 1978, 

by Ronald L. Soroos and Charles J. Ewart. 

Classification number: 


M(950)49 


M = map 


(950) = Hawaii 

49 = subject number: underground 

water. 

Shelf list number: 

P316s 

P = subregion, Pearl Harbor 

316 = Cutter tables 

s = author: Soroos, Ronald L. 

Call number: M(950)49 

P316s 

(b) Shelf list numbers with two elements: 

When the contents of a map represents 

the entire region indicated by the classification 

number, the shelf list number is composed of 

the imprint date and a letter representing the 

main entry. 

EXAMPLE: 

Citation from title page: Bathymetric map 

of Fiji (with shallow seismicity), by I.B. Everingham. 

Call number: M(960)24 

1986e 

Classification number: 


M(960)24 


M = map 

(960) = Fiji Islands 

24 = subject: seismology 

Shelf list number: 

1986e 

1986 = Imprint date 

e = author: Everingham, I.B. 

B. Map series classification: 

Map series classification numbers consist of four 

elements: A capital letter "M," a geographic number 

representing the region, an abbreviated subject number, 

and the letter "s" identifying the map as a serial. 

Map series shelf list numbers are constructed 

according to two alternatives: 

(la) Scale: 

If all the sheets of the series use one scale, 

use an abbreviated form of the scale as the shelf list 

number according to the following procedures. 

Delete the initial "1" and the colon following it and 

the three zeros from the end of the scale; enter the 

remaining number in the Cutter line. If the scale is 

1:100,000, delete the "1:" and the last "000" and 

enter "100" in the shelf list line. 

EXAMPLE: 

Citation from title page: Australia 1:100,000 

geological series / Australia 

Classification number: M(200)2s 

M = map 

(800) = Australia 

2 = subject: 

geology 

s = serial 

6 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
Shelf list number: 100 = abbreviated scale 

Call number: M(800)2s 


100 


Add a letter representing the author to the shelf 

list number to resolve conflicts with identical 

call numbers. If the conflict is not resolved, add 

an additional letter for the title of the map series. 

(lb) Region/Scale: 

When the region given on the map is a 

subregion of the geographic number in the 

classification number, the abbreviated scale is 

preceded by two letters representing the subregion. 

EXAMPLE: 

Citation from title page: Geological map of Greenland, 1:500,000. 

Classification number: M(980)2s 

(980) = broad region 

2 = subject: geology 

s = serial 

Shelf list number: Gr500 

Gr = subregion: Greenland 

500 = abbreviated scale 

Call number: M(980)2s 


Gr500 


Add letters to the region/scale shelf list 

number to resolve conflicts with identical call 

numbers as described in the previous paragraph. 

(2) Cutter number: 

Map series without a constant scale among 

various sheets are given shelf list numbers which 

includes a Cutter number: 

EXAMPLE: 

Citation from title page: Weinbau-Standortkarte 

Rheingau 1:50,000 / Hessisches Landesamt fur 

Bodenforschung. 

Classification number: 


M(530.4)518 


(530.4) = Wurttemberg (old number) 

518 = subject: soil formation 

Shelf list number: R342h 

R= subregion: Rheingau 

342 = Cutter tables 

h= main entry: Hessisches 

Landesamt fur Bodenforschung. 

Call number: M(530.4)518 


R342h 


C. Nonmap materials classification numbers: 

Nonmap materials (posters and so forth) 

classification numbers are constructed with three 

elements: a capital letter "M," a parenthetical 

expression (NMM) meaning nonmap material, and a 

subject number. 

EXAMPLE: 

Citation: Fossil shark teeth, sponsored by the 

Department of Paleobiology. 

Classification number: M(NMM)671 

(NMM) = Nonmap material 

671 = subject: fossil 

sharks 

Shelf list numbers: 

The initial capital letter of the shelf list number 

represents the main entry, followed by a three digit 

number from the Cutter table, and is completed with a 

title mark when needed 

EXAMPLE continued from above: 

Shelf list number: F798 


F = title main entry 


798 = from Cutter tables 


Call number: M(NMM)671 


F798 


Special Formats 

During the last few years, the USGS Library has 

experienced an explosion of special format materials added 

to the data base: CD—ROM discs, floppy computer disks, 

microfilm, microfiche, phonograph records, slides, sound 

cassettes, and videocassettes. Since it is necessary to 

distinguish these formats from print materials, the Special 

Formats Committee has decided to add an appropriate word 

or abbreviation to the end of a standard call number. A list 

of special formats and the appropriate word or abbreviation 

that is added to the call number follows. 

Format4 

4


Symbol 


CD—ROM's CD—ROM 

Floppy disks DISK 

Microfiches FICHE 

Microfilms MFILM 

Phonograph records PHONO 

Slides SLIDE 

Sound cassettes AUDIOC 

Videocassettes VIDEOC 

Introduction 7 
Example for a floppy disk: 

Citation: XYPLOT : a plotting program for the 

IBM pc, using Lotus 1-2-3 and a HewlettPackard plotter, by Randall Schumann. 

Call number: 036.9 


S385x 


DISK 


Regional Library Records 

The USGS library has branches in Denver, Colo., 

Menlo Park, Calif., and Flagstaff, Ariz. These libraries will 

sometimes have additional notations as part of the 

classification number. Publications found in a regional 

library, and not held by Reston, Va., are marked with the 

notation D only, MP only, or F only, or any combination 

thereof. The notation is the last line of the call number. 

While this designation is common to all three branch 

libraries, other variations are found either in Denver or 

Menlo Park. 

Denver Library. 

Call numbers for reference publications are preceded 

by an uppercase L, indicating that they are locked in the 

reference case. 

Special collections use FR for field records and PH 

for the photograph collection. These designations precede 

the call number. 

Menlo Park Library. 

Menlo Park places the following letters immediately 

preceding a Cutter letter to designate specific materials: 

r to designate rolled maps 

v to designate folded maps 

of to designate vertical folios 

Library of Congress Shelf List Tables 

The USGS library uses the Library of Congress shelf 

list tables to construct the shelf list number. The tables are 

designed in a simple format, which is basically selfexplanatory. A few points may need clarification. 

(1) Select table 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the first letter 

of the word being shelf listed. Given the name 

"Smith," use table 2, and look for m, the second 

letter in Smith. Below m is 6, therefore S6. 

(2) Table 5 is used to complete the shelf list number. 

Since the USGS library uses three digits for its 

number, two digits will come from table 5. These 

digits will correspond to the 3d and 4th letters in 

Smith: 

t = 7

i = 4

4
 

4
 

Thus: S647 

1. After initial vowels 

for the second letter: b d 1,m n p r s,t u—y 

use number: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

2. 	After the initial letter S 

for the second letter: a ch e h,i m—p t u 

use number: 2 3 4 5 6 7-8 9 

3. After the initial letters Qu 


for the third letter: a e i or y 


use number: 3 4 5 6 7 9 


for names beginning Qa—Qt 


use: 2-29 


4. 	After other initial consonants 

for the second letter: a e i o r u y 


use number: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 


5. 	When an additional number is preferred 

for the third letter: a—d e—h i-1 m n—q r—t u—w x—z 

use number: 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

(*optional for third letter a or b) 

United States Shelf List Table 

Use the following shelf list table for classing 

publications by United States Government agencies when 

classing in the subject schedule and the main entry is the 

government agency. A—Z below represent the first letter of 

the first word of the agency name following "United 

States." 

A—B use U3 

C use U31 

D—F use U32 

G—J use U33 

K—M use U34 

N-0 use U35 

P—R use U36 

S—U use U37 

V—Z use U38 

For works by the United Nations.use U22 as the shelf 

list number when classing in subject schedule and the 

United Nations agency is the main entry. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Special mention must be given to Joan Nugent for her 

efforts in editing the text and index and to Fran Rickert, 

Margaret Zieman, and Irena Kavalek, consultants in their 

area of expertise. Kathy Satterfield provided formatting 

assistance. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Bloomberg, Marty, and Evans, Edward G., 1981, Introduction to 

technical services for library technicians (4th ed.): Library 

Unlimited, Inc., p. 265. 

8 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
SECTION 1-GENERAL WORKS 

(Add geographic numbers as needed) 

001 Government publications not classified elsewhere 

002 Exposition publications not classified elsewhere 

005 Education: schools and colleges 

008 Photographs 

009 Miscellany 

(sketches, clippings, old records) 

010 Periodicals: In general these are now classed in G( ), S( ), P( ) except for bibliographical 

works and those issued by international bodies or those international in scope, and periodicals which are 

very narrow in subject scope. These exceptions are all classed by subject, 001-999 

020 Societies, universities, observatories 

(publications about these institutions) 

025 Museums 

030 Science 

(general works, including philosophy, history of science, and science and technology) 

030.3 Science and society 


(includes government role in science) 


030.5 Scientific labor force 

(includes analyses of labor force, educational and research opportunities) 

031 Scientific congresses 

(for those on specific topics, see specific subject numbers) 

032 Scientific institutions 

(publications about these institutions) 

035 Scientific instruments and microscopy 

035.1 Congresses on instrumentation 

035.4-039.84 COMPUTER SCIENCE 

035.4 Congresses, meetings, and so forth 

035.5 General works 


(includes data processing and computer software) 


035.6 Encyclopedias 

035.7 History 

035.8 Symbols and abbreviations 

035.9 Miscellany, essays, and collections 


036 Computers (general works) 


036.1 Analog 

036.2 Digital 

036.23 Microcomputers 

036.24 Minicomputers 

036.25 Mainframes 

036.3 Training manuals, techniques, user guides 

036.31 Desktop publishing 

036.4 Computer problems, exercises, and so forth 

036.5 Digital image systems and processing 

036.6 Computer graphics 

036.7 Computer security 

036.8 Computer law and legislation 

036.9 Computer language and programming 


037 Computer simulation and mathematical models 


SECTION 1—General Works 9 
For works on computer simulation, and so forth, on a special topic, add a subject number 


to "037" according to the following procedures. Precede each subject number with a 


period. Numbers ending in "03" are abbreviated to one digit; for example, 203, 403, 503, 


and so forth become "2", "4", and "5"; that is, 037.2, 037.4, and 037.5. Numbers ending 


in zero are abbreviated as two digits; for example, 530 becomes "53" or 037.53. Petrology, 


150.3, is abbreviated as "15" or 037.15; all other numbers constructed with decimal points 


retain the decimal; for example, petroleum engineering, 467.4, becomes 037.467.4. Use 


the following as examples for constructing additional numbers: 


037.1 Mineralogy 


037.15 Petrology 


037.2 Geology 


037.4 Mineral 


resources 


037.5 Geography 


037.58 Natural 


resources 


037.78 Hydrology 


037.81 Physics 


037.85 Chemistry 


038 Computer engineering, computer hardware 


038.1 Congresses, meetings, and so forth 


038.2 Microprocessors 


038.3 Input-output equipment 


038.4 Computer communications networks 


038.5 Special computer components 


038.6 Optical disc systems, CD-ROM, and so forth 


039 System analysis and design 


(computer applications) 


039.1 Congresses 


039.2 Data base analysis and design 


039.3 Data base management 


039.4 Data base processing 


039.5 Data base modeling 


(CODASYL, DBTG, DDL, DML) 


039.6 Data base systems 


(ADABAS, SYSTEM 2000, IDMS, IMS, MAGNUM) 


039.7 Artificial intelligence, expert systems 


039.8 Pattern recognition 


040 Information storage and retrieval systems, information services, science information and processing 

systems, and punched card systems. 

For works on information storage and retrieval systems on a specific topic, add a subject number according 

to the procedures set down in 037 above. 

Use the following numbers as examples for constructing additional numbers: 

040.1 Mineralogy 


040.15 Petrology 


040.2 Geology 


040.4 Mineral resources 


040.5 Geography 


040.58 Natural resources 


040.78 Hydrology 


040.81 Physics 


040.85 Chemistry 


040.919.53 Marine ecology 


10 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
041 

042 

4
 

4
 

043 4 

044 4 

045 4 

National bibliography 

(add a geographic number to designate the appropriate country) 

EXAMPLE: 

041(540) Bibl. of French pubs. 

Subject bibliography 

For bibliographies on specific topics, add subject numbers according to the procedures given on page 10 

for the classification number 037 

Use the following numbers as examples for constructing additional numbers: 

042.010 Periodicals 


042.030 Science 


042.2 Geology 


042.203.3 Engineering geology 


042.295 Geophysics 


042.5 Geography 


042.53 Oceanography 


042.759 Cartography 


042.85 Chemistry 


042.919 Ecology 


Bibliographies of the works of individual authors 


043.1 U.S. 


043.2 British Commonwealth 


043.3 German 


043.33 Austrian 


043.35 Swiss 


043.37 Dutch 


043.4 French 


043.5 Italian 


043.59 Romanian 


043.6 Spanish 


043.69 Portuguese 


043.7 Russian and other slavic nationalities 


043.8 Scandinavian 


043.81 Norwegian 


043.82 Danish 


043.83 Swedish 


043.9 Other 


Indexes to serials and lists of publications of societies 


(indexes are generally classed with the series that they index) 


Library science 


045.1 Periodicals 


045.2 Society publications 


045.3 Library schools 


045.4 Acquisition of books 


045.5 Classification and shelving 


045.6 Cataloging 


(includes lists of descriptors) 


045.7 Binding 


(includes restoration and conservation) 


045.8 Map librarianship 


4 

045.9 Reference librarianship


046 Libraries 

046.1 Reports 


046.3 Catalogs 


046.5 Other publications 


SECTION 1-General Works 11 
046.7 Library automation 

047 Archives and archive collections 

048 Catalogs of research grants, projects, and so forth 

050 General dictionaries. 

Shelf list numbers will include the following elements: 

1. A capital letter and a one digit number representing the language. See list given below. 

2. A capital letter and a two digit number representing the main entry and constructed from L.C. shelf list 

tables. 


EXAMPLE: 


Citation from title page: 


The Random House dictionary of the English language. 


Editor: Jess Stein 


Call number: 050 


E5R36 

Use the following lists of letters with numbers to represent the language in the shelf list number 

A8 Armenian 

B8 Bulgarian 

C4 Chinese 

C6 Croatian 

C8 Czech 

D2 Danish 

D9 Dutch 

E5 English 

E8 Estonian 

M7 Mongolian 

F4 Finnish 

F8 French 

G3 German 

G8 Greek 

H8 Hungarian 

12 Indonesian 

18 Italian 

J2 Japanese 

M7 Mongolian 

N8 Norwegian 

P8 Portuguese 

R7 Romanian 

R9 Russian 

S2 Serbian 

S6 Spanish 

T8 Turkish 

U7 Ukrainian 

051 Bilingual and polyglot dictionaries 

(Construct shelf list numbers as instructed in 050 above) 

051.1 Technical dictionaries 

For technical dictionaries on a specific subject, add a subject number to "051.1" according to the 

procedures given on page 10 for the classification number 037. 

Use the following numbers as examples for constructing additional numbers. 

051.1 Technical dictionaries 

051.1.2 Geology 

051.1.203.3 Engineering geology 

051.1.467.4 Petroleum engineering 

051.1.536 Marine sediments 

051.1.919.53 Marine ecology 

12 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
051.2 Dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms 

052 General encyclopedias 

053 Grammars, language manuals, rhetoric 

(Construct shelf list numbers by language as in 050) 

053.2 Technical writing, style manuals, and so forth 

054 Logic 

055 Statistical yearbooks, almanacs 

056 Membership directories 

For membership directories on a specific subject, add a subject number to "056" according to the 

procedures given on page 10 for the classification number 037. 

057 Directories of organizations and institutions 

For organizational directories on a specific subject, add a subject number to "057" according to the 

procedures given on page 10 for the classification number 037. 

059 Copyright laws 

060 Nomenclature and classification 

(Not used after 1971) 

See also nomenclature and classification under specific topics: Mineralogy: 206; Petrology: 150.6; 

Geology: 206; Historical geology: 306; Mineral industries: 406; Paleontology: 606; Physics: 806; 

Chemistry: 850.6; Biology: 906. 

065 Sociology and economics 

065.1 Business administration 

(includes management of business and personnel and accounting) 

065.2 Labor force and employment 

(includes works on its size and composition, wages and benefits, working conditions and 

habits, vocational guidance, labor relations and organization) 

065.3 City and regional planning 

(includes population studies, general plans and proposals, housing, transportation, urban 

renewal, city government and finance. See 585.5 for urban land use planning) 

065.4 Health 

065.5 Education 

065.6 Welfare 

067 Statistics, graphics. 

(General works; for statistics on a certain subject, see subject number; for theory, see 719 or 718, 

mathematical statistics) 

070 History 

075 Philosophy (includes ethics) and psychology 

080 Collected biographies 

(for collected biographies by region, country, state, or province, add a geographic number) 

081-089 Individual biographies 

(do not use geographic numbers; construct shelf list number from last name of person who is subject of 

biography; construct title mark from last name of author) 

EXAMPLE: 


Title: 


Hugh Miller : the Cromarty Stonemason, by Charles D. Waterstone. 


Call number: 


081 


M615w 


081 United States 


082 English and Australian 


082.1 Canadian 


083 German 


084 French 


085 Italian 


086 Spanish and Portuguese 


SECTION 1—General Works 13 
087 Russian and Slavic 

088 Scandinavian 

089 Other 

090 Essays, collections, miscellany not classified elsewhere 

095 Miscellaneous manuscript materials and collections 

14 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
SECTION 2—MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 

(Use geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

101 Congresses (1972+ ) (see 401 for mining congresses) 

103 Textbooks and general treatises 

104 Elementary and older textbooks; popular mineralogy, rockhounding 

105 Catalogs and tables 

106 Nomenclature and classification 

107 History 

108 Technique 

109 Essays, collections and miscellany 

110 Crystallography and optical mineralogy 

111 Mathematical crystallography 


112 Crystallization 


(crystal growth, solidification of crystals) 


113 Physical properties of crystals 


115 Determinative mineralogy 

116 Laboratory manuals and tables 

117 Special topics 

(includes color, fluorescence, microprobe analysis, optics, specific gravity, thin 

sections) 

118 Chemical analysis 

(not used after 1971, see 880-888) 

119 Chemical mineralogy 

120 Descriptive mineralogy (general) 

122 Sulfides, selenides, tellurides, arsenides, antimonides 

123 Sulfo-salts 

(sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfobismuthites) 


124 Haloids (chlorides, bromides, iodides, fluorides) 


125 Oxides 


126 Oxygen salts 


126.1 Carbonates 

126.2 Silicates, titanates, zeolites, and clay minerals 

126.3 Niobates, tantalates 

126.4 Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates, antimonates, nitrates 

126.5 Borates, urenates 

126.6 Sulfates, chromates, tellurates 

126.7 Tungstates, molybdates 


127 Salts of organic acids; oxalates, mellates, and so forth 


128 Hydrocarbon compounds 


130 Meteorites (for meteors, see 734.6) 

135 Pseudomorphs 

(minerals whose outward crystal form is that of another mineral species); paramorph (a pseudomorph with 

the same composition as the original crystal); paramorphism (property of a mineral to change its internal 

structure without changing its external form or chemical composition) 

140 Experimental investigations 

(deformations, shock and blast experiments in mineralogy, and so forth) 

150 Petrology 

(origin, occurrence, and structure of rocks) 

150.3 Textbooks, treatises, general works 

150.4 Elementary textbooks 

150.5 Catalogs and tables 

150.6 Nomenclature and classification 

150.7 History 

SECTION 2—Mineralogy and Petrology 15 
150.8 Petrological technique 

150.9 Essays and collections 

153 Physical properties of rocks 

155 Rock analysis 

160 Determination of minerals in rocks 

165 Structural petrology 

(rock structure of thin sections or micro scale including petrotectonics and petrofabric analysis; for rock 

structure on a moderate to small scale, see structural geology at 260; for rock structure on the broad scale 

or for the historical phase, see tectonics at 210) 

170 Igneous and volcanic rocks 

(includes periodite, kimberlite, ultrabasic rocks, and basalt; for magmas or magmatism, see 281) 

180 Sedimentary amd carbonate rocks 

(includes dolomite, evaporite, limestone, magnesite, and nubium sandstone) 

180.3 Paleopedology 

(study of soils of past geologic ages and their age determination) 

185 Crystalline rocks 

190 Metamorphic and metasomatic rocks 

(includes metasomatite and skarn; for metamorphism and metasomatism, see 283) 

16 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
SECTION 3—GENERAL, STRUCTURAL, AND DYNAMIC GEOLOGY 

(Use geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

201 Geological congresses 

(includes stratigraphic conferences) 

202 Collections of writings by individual geologists 

203 Geological textbooks and general treatises 

203(050) Submarine geology 

(geology of oceans and seas in general; for the geology of specific oceans and seas, substitute the 

appropriate geographic number from (051)—(096)) 

203.2 Earth sciences (multidisciplinary works) 

203.3 Engineering geology 

203.4 Effects of underground explosions 

203.5 Military geology 

203.6 Environmental and urban geology 

203.7 Nuclear geology, radiogeology, and isotope geology 

204 Elementary textbooks, older works, popular geology 

205 Catalogs 

206 Nomenclature and classification 

207 History of geology 

(for history of economic geology and mining history see 407) 

208 Geological technique 

(includes field and laboratory applications) 

208.2 Mathematical geology and statistics in geology 

209 Miscellany, essays and collections 

209.1 Geological guidebooks 


(monographic) 


210 Dynamic and physical geology 

(includes works on geodynamics; neotectonics: the study of active earth movement, including uplift and tilt; 

tectonics: the study of rock structure on the broad scale including its interpretation; for works on rock structure on 

a moderate to small scale, see structural geology at 260; for works on rock structure on a thin section or micro scale, 

see structural petrology at 165) 

211 Atmospheric agencies, weathering 

212 Extraterrestrial forces 

213 Erosion 

(includes sediments, sedimentation and deposition, and general sediment transport; for works on shoreline 

building or destruction through sediment transport, see 521) 


214 Underground water action 


216 Organic agencies 


218 Thermal or igneous agencies 


(earth temperature; for works on geothermal resources, see 230) 


219 Experimental investigations on geology and subtopics 


220 Volcanoes, volcanic eruptions, and volcanism 


225 Extinct volcanoes 


229 Maars 


230 Geysers, hot springs, and so forth 


(includes geothermal resources) 


240 Earthquakes, seismology 


(includes "manmade" earthquakes) 


240.1 Conferences 

240.2 Earthquake engineering and effects of earthquakes on construction 

240.3 Geomorphological effects of earthquakes 

240.4 Earthquake prediction 

240.5 Induced seismicity 

SECTION 3—General, Structural, and Dynamic Geology 17 
240.6 Soil liquefaction 

240.8 Seismometry 

(instrumental aspects of seismology) 

245 Landslides, avalanches, rockslides, mudslides 

248 Local land subsidences, sinkholes 

249 Natural disasters 

(includes geological hazards and disaster relief; for specific geologic hazards and associated disasters, see the specific 

types: earthquakes: 240; landslides: 245; subsidences: 248; hurricanes and typhoons: 515) 

249.1 Congresses 

249.2 Natural disasters' effects on construction 

250 Glaciology and glaciers 

251 Drumlins 

(ridges of compact glacial till built and shaped under margin of ice) 

252 Eskers 

(ridges of stratified sand and gravel deposited by subglacial stream) 

253 Moraines 


(mounds or ridges of unstratified glacial drift deposited by a glacier) 


Detritus (fragmental material from older rock moved from place of origin) 


254 Erosion of glaciers 


255 Glacial lakes (extinct) 


256 Ice and snow, periglacial phenomena 


256.1 Permafrost 

256.2 Frozen ground 


(includes cold region engineering and construction conditions) 


260 Structural geology 

(the study of rock structure on a moderate to small scale including form, arrangement, description, representation, 

and analysis; for rock structure on a broad scale, see tectonics at 210; for rock structure on a thin section or micro 

scale, see structural petrology at 165) 

267 Lithosphere 

270 Deformations 

(includes deformation mechanics; rheology (study of the deformation and flow of matter); joints (fractures or parting 

in rocks without displacement); grabens (elongated, depressed crustal blocks, bounded by faults on their long sides); 

domes (large magmatic or migmatitic intrusions having convex surface and sides sloping away in low angles); necks 

(narrow strip of land connecting two large areas); stocks (igneous intrusions less than 40 mil in surface exposure)) 

272 Concretions 

276 Faulting and folding 

280 Intrusions, laccoliths 

281 Magmas (magmatism) 

(for igneous or magmatic rocks, see 170) 

283 Metamorphism, igneous metamorphism, and metasomatism 

(for metamorphic and metasomatic rocks, see 190) 

291 Oscillation 

(includes earth movement and earth tilting) 

293 Mountain making (orogeny), epeirogeny 

295 Geophysics 

(see 426 for geophysical prospecting) 

295.2 Geophysical and seismic profiling 

295.3 Cosmic physics, Earth tides, space plasma, and so forth 

295.5 Nuclear geophysics 

296 Geomagnetism (terrestrial magnetism), aeromagnetism, and magnetic surveys (prior to 1972 classed in 746; see 314 

for paleomagnetism) 

297 Isostasy 

(condition of equilibrium in the Earth's crust and mantle) 

18 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
297.5 Gravity investigations 


(includes gravity anomalies; prior to 1972, see 748) 

298 Geochemistry 

298.1 Conferences 


298.2 Inorganic geochemistry 


298.3 Biogeochemistry (organic geochemistry), biomineralization, and humus 


298.4 Fluid inclusions 


SECTION 3—General, Structural, and Dynamic Geology 19 
SECTION 4-HISTORICAL GEOLOGY 

(Add geographic numbers for regions as needed) 


302 Collections (sets) 


303 Historical geology textbooks and general treatises 


(includes general stratigraphy) 

305 Stratigraphical tables 

306 Nomenclature and classification 

308 Geologic maps and atlases 

(for books on map making, see 759) 

308.4 Lists of geological maps 

309 Essays and collections 

310 Earth origin (geogenesis) 

311 Continental drift 

(includes plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading) 

311.1 Conferences 

312 Earth crust, Earth mantle 

313 Earth (internal structure) 

314 Paleogeophysics 

(includes paleomagnetism) 

315 Geologic time, geochronology, stratigraphic correlation, age determination 

(includes potassium-argon dating, radiocarbon dating, tree-ring dating, and so forth) 

320-354 Stratigraphic time periods 

320 Precambrian 

320.1 Archean 

320.2 Proterozoic 

330 Paleozoic 

332 Cambrian 

333 Ordovician 

334 Silurian 

335 Devonian 

336 Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian and Mississippian) 

337 Permian 

340 Mesozoic 


341 Triassic 


342 Jurassic 


343 Cretaceous 


350 Cenozoic 


351 Tertiary 


352 Quaternary 


353 Pleistocene 


(includes glacial epochs) 


354 Recent (Holocene) 


360 Paleogeography and geologic history 


361 Precambrian 


361.1 Archean 

361.2 Proterozoic 

362 Paleozoic 

362.1 Cambrian 

362.2 Ordovician 

362.3 Silurian 

362.4 Devonian 

362.5 Carboniferous 

362.6 Permian 

20 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
363 Mesozoic 

363.1 Triassic 


363.2 Jurassic 


363.3 Cretaceous 


364 Cenozoic 


364.1 Tertiary 


364.2 Quaternary 


364.3 Pleistocene 


364.4 Recent (Holocene) 


370 Paleoclimatology 


371 Paleohydrology 


SECTION 4—Historical Geology 21 
SECTION 5—MINERAL INDUSTRIES, MINERAL RESOURCES, AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

(Add geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

401 Congresses 

402 Mineral resources agencies and mining bureaus of countries, states, and provinces 

EXAMPLES: 


402(200) U.S. Bureau of Mines 


402(274) Arizona. Department of Mineral Resources 


402(120) Nova Scotia. Department of Mines 


403 Mineral resources and mineral industries 

(textbooks and general treatises) 

404 Economic geology 

(includes popular and elementary texts) 

405 Encyclopedias, catalogs, and mineral locations 

406 Nomenclature and classification 

407 History 

(includes mining history) 

408 General mineral statistics 

409 Essays and collections 

410 Ore deposits 

(metallogeny; includes all aspects of ore deposits, such as their origin, formation, and geochemical and 

thermodynamic aspects) 

411 Lodes, veins, dikes 

412 Rock-forming minerals 

413 Trace elements (minor elements, accessory elements) 

414 Placer deposits 

415 Analyses for economic use 

416 Microscopic determination 

420 Mines and mining 

421 Mining law and legislation 

422 Mine prospectuses and reports 

424 Mine surveying 

425 Mining methods and working 

(includes mining engineering, mine safety, strip mining, and rock bursts) 

425.2 Mining subsidences 

426 Prospecting 

(geophysical methods in general, including water and well logging; for oil well logging, see 467.4) 

426.2 Geochemical prospecting 

426.3 Seismic prospecting 

426.4 Other specific geophysical prospecting methods 

(electric, nuclear (radioactive), gravity, magnetotelluric, torsion balance, and so forth) 

427 Hydraulic mining 

428 Taxation and so forth 

429 Metallurgy 

(includes flotation, leaching, and ore dressing) 

429.1 Gold (gold and silver) 

429.2 Silver (silver and lead) 

429.3 Iron and steel 

429.4 Copper 

429.5 Lead, zinc 

429.7 Other metals 

429.8 Assaying and ore analysis methods 

429.9 Machinery 

430 Metals in natural state 

22 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
431 Gold, silver 

432 Mercury (quicksilver) 

433 Iron (includes magnetite), manganese 

434 Copper, tin 

435 Lead, zinc 

436 Nickel, cobalt 

437 Antimony and allied metals 

438 Aluminum 

439 Other metals 

Bismuth 

Cadmium 

Chromium 

Gallium 

Germanium 

Hafnium 

Indium 

Molybdenum 

Niobium (columbium) 

Rhenium 

Scandium 

Tantalum 

Technetium 

Thallium 

Titanium 

Tungsten (wolfram) 

Vanadium 

Yttrium 

Zirconium 

439.1 Platinum metals 

Iridium 

Osmium 

Palladium 

Platinum 

Rhodium 

Ruthenium 

439.2 Alkali earth metals 

Barium 


Beryllium 


Calcium 


Magnesium 


Radium 


Strontium 


439.21 Alkali metals 

Cesium 

Francium 

Lithium 

Potassium 

Rubidium 

Sodium 

439.3 Lanthanide series (rare earth metals) 

Cerium 

Dysprosium 

Erbium 

Europium 

SECTION 5—Mineral Industries, Mineral Resources, and Economic Geology 23 
Gadolinium 

Holmium 

Lanthanium 

Lutetium 

Neodymium 

Praseodymium 

Promethium 

Samarium 

Terbium 

Thulium 

Ytterbium 

439.4 Actinide series 


Actinium 


Americium 


Berkelium 

Californium 


Curium 


Einsteinium 


Fermium 


Lawrencium 


Mendelevium 


Neptunium 


Nobelium 


Plutonium 


Protactinium 


Thorium 


Uranium 


439.5 Nonmetallic elements 


Arsenic 


Boron 

Hydrogen 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 

Phosphorus 

Selenium 

Silicon 

Tellurium 

439.6 Halogens 


Astatine 


Bromine 

Chlorine 

Fluorine 

Iodine 

439.7 Inert gases 


Argon 


Helium 


Krypton 


Neon 


Radon 


Xenon 


440 Nonmetallic minerals (industrial minerals 440-459.9) 

441 Clay 

(includes clay minerals, attapulgite, bauxite, bentonite, kaolin, laterite, refractory materials, illite, 

smectite, and ceramic materials (potter's clay, potter's earth, pot clay, pot earth)) 

24 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
441.1 Clay products 

(includes ceramics, pottery, earthenware (clayware), stoneware, porcelain, brick, and tile) 

442 Cement and concrete 

443 Fertilizers 

Apatite 


Monazite 


Potash 


Phosphates 


Nitrates 


444 Salt 

Gypsum 

Alum 

Alunite (alumite) 

Alum stone 

445 Sulfur, pyrite 

446 Asbestos 

446.1 Amphiboles 


Actinolite 


Amosite 


Anthophyllite 


Crocidilite 


Tremolite 


446.2 Serpentinite 


Antigorite 


Chrysotile 


446.3 Mica 


(micaceous minerals) 


Biotite 


Lepidolite 


Margarite 


Muscovite 


Paragonite 


Phlogopite 


Roscoelite 


Vermiculite 


Zinnwaldite 


447 Abrasive materials 

Corundum 

Emery 

Garnet 

Pumice 

Volcanic ash 

448 Mineral paints 


(including pigments; for example, ochre) 


448.1 Barites 


451 Talc 


452 Fluorite (fluorspar) 


453 Silicates 


(for mineralogical aspects, see 126.2) 


Conglomerates 


Feldspar 


Fuller's earth 


Glass 


Kyanite (cyanite) 


SECTION 5—Mineral Industries, Mineral Resources, and Economic Geology 25 
Quartz 


Sand (for aggregate aspects of sand, see 479) 


Zeolites 


454 Carbonates 


(for mineralogical aspects, see 126.1; for petrological aspects, see 180) 


Lime 


Chalk 


Marl 


Limestone 


Dolomite 


459 Siliceous earth 


Diatomite 


(diatomaceous earth, tripoli) 


Radiolarian earth 


Tripolite 


459.9 Other nonmetallic minerals 

460 Carbon and its compounds 

(including hydrocarbons, methane) 

461 Coal 

461.1 Coal congresses 

461.3 Environmental aspect of coal production; for example, coal desulfurization (excluding 

resources development at 585.3) 

461.4 Coal technology 

(includes liquefaction and gasification) 


462 Anthracite 


463 Bituminous 


463.5 Lignite 


464 Peat 


464.1 Caustoliths 

(combustible rocks usually of organic origin (for example, coal or peat) inorganic deposits also 

occur (for example, sulfur, asphalt, graphite)) 

Caustobioliths 

Caustophytoliths 

Caustozooliths 

465 Asphalt 


466 Graphite 


467 Petroleum, natural gas, oil shales, oil fuel 


(includes economic aspects) 

467.1 Congresses 

467.3 Petroleum chemistry 

467.4 Petroleum technology, petroleum engineering, oil well logging, and mud logging 

(includes petroleum refineries) 

467.5 Petroleum law and legislation 

467.7 Petroleum industry, leases, pipeline, production, and well supervision 

467.8 Helium 

467.9 Petroleum (miscellaneous) 

468 Manufactured fuels 

469 Other compounds, including amber and jet 

470 Building and ornamental stones (for petrological aspects, see 170-190) 

471 Marble, limestone 


472 Onyx 


473 Sandstone, quartzite 


474 Granite 


475 Slate 


26 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
476 Soapstone 

477 Trap 

478 Other building and ornamental stones 

479 Construction and road materials: aggregate (crushed stone, sand, and gravel); lightweight aggregate 

(pumice, volcanic cinders, expanded shale, foam slag, expanded perlite, and expanded vermiculite) 

480 Precious stones, gems 

480.5 Gems (artistic aspects) 


481 Diamonds 


482 Sapphires 


483 Rubies 


483.5 Emeralds 


484 Opal, garnet 


485 Agate 


486 Jade 


487 Tourmaline 


488 Pearls 


489 Amethyst, kunzite, and others 


490 Underground water, aquifers, ground-water flow, ground-water supply, hydrogeology 

491 Springs 

492 Artesian wells and water wells in general 

493 Mineral waters (before 1972, see 491) 

494 Contamination, pollution 

495 Composition, analysis 

SECTION 5—Mineral Industries, Mineral Resources, and Economic Geology 27 
SECTION 6-PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOMORPHOLOGY, AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 

(Use geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

500 Topographic maps 

500.1 Landsat maps, photo maps, and aerial photo maps 

(The numbers 500 and 500.1 are reserved for map classification) 

501 Congresses 

502 Exploring expeditions 

503 Textbooks and general treatises on physical geography and geomorphology 

504 Geography, descriptive 

(economic and general geography) 

505 Encyclopedias and yearbooks 

506 Geographic names: gazetteers 

507 History 

508 Atlases and maps 

508.4 Lists and indexes of maps and map bibliography 

509 Essays and collections 

510 Meteorology 

511 Atmospheric physics 

(including temperature problems) 


512 Climatology, heat budget, climate change, global change 


513 Weather modification 


514 Air pollution, atmospheric pollutants, radon 

515 Winds, typhoons, hurricanes 

516 Droughts 

518 Soil formation, soil origin, loess 

(for other aspects of soils, see 768, 892, and 941) 

520 Continents 

(for publications on Earth's crust, see 312) 

521 Shorelines, beaches, coastal engineering 

(includes earth-water interfaces involving lakes, reservoirs, and seas; coastal zone management; and barrier islands) 

521.1 Coastal zone conferences 

523 Fjords, submarine relief off coasts, continental shelf, continental margins 

525 Coral reefs and islands 

530 Oceanography, oceans 

530.01 Conferences 

530.02 Oceanographic instrumentation 

530.1 Atlantic Ocean, North and Baltic Seas 

530.2 Mediterranean and Black Seas 

530.3 Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea 

530.4 South Atlantic Ocean 

530.5 Pacific Ocean 

530.6 Eastern Pacific and American coasts 

530.7 Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and Red Sea 

530.8 Arctic Ocean 

530.9 Antarctic Ocean 

531 Ocean currents 

532 Tides, tide gages 

533 Waves, tsumanis 

535 Icebergs 

536 Marine sediments, ocean bottom, deep sea drilling projects (for specific oceans and seas, divide as in 

530) 

537 Marine resources 

(includes ocean mining and ocean mining technologys; deep sea drilling (underwater drilling)) 

28 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
537.1 Conferences 

537.2 Law of the sea, fishery law and legislation 

537.5 Marine pollution 

537.6 Manganese and ferromanganese nodules 


538 Marine geophysics 


539 Marine structures and engineering 


(includes offshore technology and marine platforms) 

540 Landforms, physiography 

541 Mountains 

542 Plateaus 

543 Plains, prairies, savannas 

544 Hills and mounds 

545 Valleys 

546 Terraces and alluvium 

547 Caves and karst; sinkholes 

548 Deserts 

549 Dunes 

550 Water features, inland waters (except oceans) 

551 Springs (see also 230, 491) 

552 Rivers, deltas, watershed systems, stream systems, floods, flood plains 

553 Waterfalls, cataracts, rapids, whirlpools 

554 Lakes and ponds 

(includes limnology) 


555 Drainage 


556 Swamps, moors, marshes, wetlands 


557 Estuaries and tidal marshes 


558 Bays and lagoons 


559 Glaciers (see also 250) 


580 Natural resources 

(includes resource development, energy and power resources) 

580.1 Energy and power conferences 

580.3 Energy recovery from wastes 

582 Environment 

(includes environmental law and policy) 

582.1 Conferences 

583 Pollution 

(general pollution; includes pesticide occurrence, hazardous materials; acid rain, acid deposition; see 795 for water 

pollution; see 514 for air pollution; soil pollution) 

583.1 Conferences on pollution 

585 Conservation 

(includes wildlife conservation and management) 

585.1 Conservation conferences 

585.3 Resource conservation 


(includes environmental impacts and analysis of resource development) 


585.4 Environmental impacts and analysis of human population; demographic studies and environment 

585.5 Land use planning, environmental impacts and analysis of land use 

(includes urban and rural planning, public land policy, and reclamation of land associated with strip 

mining) 

585.7 Parks, open spaces, wilderness areas, and recreation areas; environmental impacts and analysis of these 

areas 

590 Description and travel 

SECTION 6—Physiography, Geomorphology, and Physical Geography 29 
SECTION 7-PALEONTOLOGY 

(Add geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

601 Congresses 

602 Collections 

603 Textbooks and general treatises 

603.1 Micropaleontology 

604 Elementary textbooks 

605 Catalogs 

606 Nomenclature and classification 

608 Technique 

609 Miscellany, essays, and collections 

610 Ichnofossil (fossil footprints, fossil tracks), trace fossils 

611 Undetermined material (problematica, unidentifiable fossil fragments, and so forth), conodonts 

612 Paleoecology 

613 Paleobiology 

614 Paleozoology 

614.2 Invertebrata 


615 Protozoa 


616 Rhizopoda 


(amoeba and so forth) 

617 Foraminifera 

618 Radiolaria 

620 Coelenterata 

621 Porifera 

(sponges) 

625 Anthozoa 

(corals) 

626 Hydrozoa 

(hydra, graptolites, stromatoporoids, and so forth) 

630 Echinodermata 

631 Pelmatozoa 

(crinoids, cystoids, and blastoids) 

632 Crinoidea (feather stars) and Cystoidea (cystoids) 

633 Blastoidea 

634 Asterozoa 

(starfish, brittle and basket stars) 

635 Ophiuroidea 

(brittle and basket stars) 

636 Asteroidea 

(starfish) 

637 Echinozoa (sea urchins and sea cucumbers) 

638 Echinoidea 

(sea urchins) 

639 Holothuroidea 

(sea cucumbers) 

640 Vermes 

(flat worms (Platyhelminthes) and round worms (Nemathelminthes)) 

645 Annelida 

(earth worm) 

650 Molluscoidea 

651 Bryozoa 

652 Brachiopoda 

654 Mollusca, conchology 

30 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
655 Bivalvia 

(lamellibranchiata or pelecypoda) 

656 Scaphopoda 

657 Polyplacoph 

(amphineura) 

658 Gastropoda 

(snails, includes graptolite) 

659 Cephalopoda 

(includes squid, octOpus, nautilus, and ammonites) 

660 Arthropoda 

662 Crustacea 

(crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and so forth; includes ostracoda) 

662.3 Trilobites 

665 Arachnida 

(spiders, scorpions, and so forth) 

666 Myriopoda 

(centipedes and millq3edes) 

667 Insecta 

670 Vertebrata 

671 Pisces 

(fish) 

673 Amphibia 

(frogs, salamanders, newts, and so forth) 

675 Reptilia 

(dinosaurs, ornithischia, lizards, snakes, and so forth) 

677 Ayes 

(birds) 


679 Mammalia 


679.9 Man 

(Paleolithic period) 

679.91 Archeology 

680 Stratigraphic paleontology 

(Stratigraphic studies on a specific class of animals or plants are classed under the 

number for that class of animal or plant) 

681 Precambrian 

681.1 Archean 

681.2 Proterozoic 

682 Paleozoic 


683 Cambrian 


684 Ordovician 


685 Silurian 


686 Devonian 


687 Carboniferous 


(includes Mississippian and ennsylvanian) 

687.5 Permian 


688 Mesozoic 


688.1 Triassic 

688.4 Jurassic 

688.7 Cretaceous 


689 Cenozoic 


689.1 Tertiary 

(includes Paleogene and Neogene) 

689.5 Quaternary 

689.6 Pleistocene 

SECTION 7—Paleontology 31 
689.7 Recent (Holocene) 

690 Paleobotany 

690.1 Precambrian 

690.2 Paleozoic 

690.3 Mesozoic 

690.4 Cenozoic 

695 Catalogs, lists, and so forth 

696 Palynology 

(includes spores and fossil spores) 

697 Cryptogams 


(spore bearing plants: ferns, mosses, algae, and fungi) 


697.1 Thallophytes 

(fungi, algae, diatoms, and so forth) 

697.2 	 Bryophytes 


(liverworts and mosses) 


697.3 Pteridophytes 


(ferns) 


698 Phanerogams 


(seed or flowering plants) 


698.1 Gymnosperms 


(evergreens) 


698.4 Angiosperms 


(flowering plants) 


698.5 Monocotyledons 

(endogens; one seed leaf: grasses, bamboo, orchids, palms, and so 

forth) 

698.6 Dicotyledons 

(exogens; two seed leaves: beech, birch, chestnuts, elms, hickory, 

pecan, poplar, oaks, and so forth) 

699 Miscellany 

32 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
SECTION 8-MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, ENGINEERING, AND SURVEYING 

(Add geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

701 Congresses 

705 Tables 

706 Nomenclature, abbreviations, and so forth 

708 Technique 

710 Mathematics 

711 Arithmetic 


712 Algebra 


713 Geometry 


714 Trigonometry 


715 Analytical geometry 


716 Calculus 


(includes functions, Fourier's series, integrals, infinite series, and mathematical analysis) 

718 Theory of error 

(includes least squares, probabilities, stochastic processes, and time3series) 

719 Other branches 

(numerical analysis, statistics, topology, theory of groups, vector analysis, and so forth) 

730 Astronomy 

730.1 Astrophysics 


(the former 730.2, astrogeology was cancelled in 1980, see 737) 


730.3 Space chemistry 

730.4 Space biology 

730.6 Instruments 

731 Theoretical astronomy and celestial mechanics 

731.1 Planetary theory 

732 Navigational and nautical astronomy 

(includes other practical applications of astronomy) 

733 Spherical astronomy 

734 Descriptive astronomy 

734.1 Universe other than solar system 

734.2 Cosmic dust 

734.3 Asteroids 

734.4 Stars 

734.5 Sun 

734.6 Meteors (see 130 for meteorites) 

734.7 Comets 

735 Planetary astronomy 

(includes solar system) 

735.1 Earth 

735.2 Mars 

735.3 Venus 

735.4 Other major planets: Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn 

735.8 Minor planets 

736 Moon 

736.1 Lunar geology 

736.2 Lunar petrology 

736.3 Lunar mineralogy 

737 Planetary geology, astrogeology (formerly 730.2 prior to 1980) 

737.1 Mercury 

737.2 Venus 

737.3 Mars 

737.4 Jupiter 

SECTION 8—Mathematics, Astronomy, Engineering, and Surveying 33 
737.5 Saturn 


737.6 Uranus and Neptune 


737.7 Pluto and minor planets 


For Earth, see 203 


For the moon, see 736.1 and 736.2 


738 Cosmogony, nebular hypothesis 

738.1 Earth 


738.2 Mars 


738.3 Venus 


738.4 Other major planets: Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn 


738.8 Minor planets 


739 Space sciences, space exploration, associated space technology, artificial satellites 


739.1 Congresses 


739.4 Earth satellites 


(for example, ERTS, Landsat, Mapsat, Nimbus, and so forth) 


739.5 Satellite instrumentation 


739.7 Space shuttles 


739.8 Space stations 


740 Geodesy 


(the investigation of any scientific question regarding the shape and dimensions of the Earth) 

741 Theory and determination of Earth's figure 

742 Base measuring and apparatus 

743 Field work of triangulation 

744 Computation 

745 Formulae and applications 

(the former 746, magnetic surveys, was canceled 1972) 


747 Longitude and latitude, map projections 


748 Global positioning system (GPS), satellite positioning systems 


748.1 Lunar geodesy 


750 Surveying 

(textbooks, manuals, and so forth; includes general topography) 

750.1 Congresses 


750.3 Encyclopedias 


751 Instruments 


752 Measurements of angles, heights, altitudes, leveling 


753 Topographical drawing (see 500 for topographic maps) 


753.1 Photogrammetry (general) 


753.2 Automated photogrammetry 


753.4 Instruments and equipment 


753.5 Aerial surveying 


753.55 Conferences 


753.6 Orthophotography and orthophotomapping 


753.7 Remote sensing 


753.71 Conferences 


753.74 Instruments 


753.75 Remote sensing of natural resources 


753.76 Remote sensing for hydrologic studies 


753.77 Remote sensing for geologic and mineralogic studies 


753.78 Remote sensing for land use studies 


753.79 Other remote sensing studies 


754 Topographical surveying by states and countries 


755 Boundary surveying 


756 Military, naval, land surveys 


(for special purposes) 

34 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
757 Drawing, lettering, illustration of books (general) 


758 Coloring 


759 Cartography 


(includes map making and study and use of geological maps) 

759.1 Conferences 

759.3 Workbooks 

759.4 History of cartography 

759.5 Computerized mapping, automated cartography, digital cartography, spatial data handling 

759.6 Cartographic standards and manuals 

760 Engineering 

(general treatises and texts) 

761 Conferences 

762 Reports of utilities companies 

763 Contracts, specifications 

764 Designs, drawings 

765 Tables and calculations 

766 Materials of construction 

(includes mechanics of construction materials and friction) 


767 Strength of materials 


(includes structural engineering) 


767.5 Instruments for testing strength of materials 

767.8 Testing of materials 

768 Soil mechanics 

(includes soil engineering, rock mechanics, and slope stability; for deformations, see 270) 

768.1 Conferences 

768.2 Foundations 

768.3 Dams 

768.4 Other 


(includes underground construction, compressed air storage, and so forth) 


769 Structures and military construction 

(includes military structures, buildings, masonry, bridges, air fields; see also 768 for soil engineering, and so 

forth) 

770 Mechanical engineering and machinery 

770.3 Vehicles 

770.5 Machines 

771 Power engineering 

(includes description, design, and construction of systems, plants and equipment for generation of power (heat 

and electricity) from nonatomic fuels, solar rays, terrestrial heat, tides, and waves; see 785 for water-power 

generation; see 815.2 for nuclear power generation) 

772 Transportation engineering, railroads 

(see 774 for highway engineering) 

773 Tunnels and tunneling 

774 Highway engineering 

(includes roads and pavements) 

775 Bridge engineering 

776 Pipelines and pipeline engineering 

(see 467.7 for oil and gas pipelines) 

777 Well drilling and boring 

(see 490 for water wells) 

778 Hydraulic engineering and machinery 

(includes canals and channels) 

779 Agricultural engineering 

(use only for comprehensive multitopical and serial publications; see also 785, 786, 790, 940) 

SECTION 8—Mathematics, Astronomy, Engineering, and Surveying 35 
780 Hydrology 

(includes water supply of surface water, hydrography; for water supply of ground water, see 490) 

780.01 Conferences 

780.1 Water—juvenile literature 

780.2 Hydrological instruments, measurements 

(for stream measurements, see 783) 


781 Rainfall, runoff, snow surveys, stormwater management 


782 Evaporation and seepage 


783 Stream measurements, surveys, and so forth 


784 Water resources development 


784.1 Water resources development congresses 

785 Stream control and water power 

786 Restoration of land, reclamation of land from oceans, lakes, and so forth 

790 Water supply for agriculture, rural water supply, and irrigation 

791 Supply and distribution of impounded waters 

(includes water storage, reservoirs, aqueducts, and dams; see 768.3 for soils engineering aspects of dams; see 490 

for supply and distribution of ground water) 

793 Water conservation; water for domestic, industrial, and military use 

(includes waterworks, pumping stations, water mains, storm sewers, and engineering aspects of water supply) 

794 Purification of water supply 

(includes filtration, demineralization and desalinization; see 797 for water quality) 

795 Water pollution 

(limited to water pollution since 1972; for general pollution, see 583) 

795.3 Radioactive waste disposal 

795.6 Thermal pollution of lakes, rivers, and so forth 

796 Analysis of water 

797 Water quality 

(includes composition of surface water, quality of water supplies, water pollution control, and water chemistry) 

798 Water rights, legislation, and so forth 

799 Sewerage and sanitation 

(includes public health aspects) 

799.3 Treatment and disposal 

799.5 Industrial (factory and trade) and municipal wastes and their disposal 

799.7 Sewerage utilization 


(includes water reuse) 


36 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
SECTION 9-PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 


(Add geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

801 Congresses 

802 Society publications 

803 General treatises and textbooks 

805 Encyclopedias, tables 

806 Nomenclature and classification 

807 History 

808 Technique, laboratories 

809 Essays, lectures, and miscellany 

(includes works on the theory of time, excluding geologic time) 

810 Physics 

810.3 General treatises and textbooks 

810.6 Mathematical physics 


811 Congresses 


814 Weights and measures 


(includes metric system) 

814.8 Specific gravity 

815 Constituents of matter, their nature and properties 

(includes molecular, atomic nuclear, and particle physics) 

815.1 Congresses 

815.2 Nuclear engineering and atomic power 


(includes economic aspects, peaceful uses, and powerplants) 


815.3 Encyclopedias 

815.4 Quantum theory 

815.5 Radioactivity 


(see 838 for radiation) 


815.6 Solid state 

817 Materials sciences 

(theoretical and experimental) 

820 Mechanics, mass physics 

821 Solids 

821.5 Cratering, experimental 


(small scale) 


821.6 Explosion craters, contained explosives 

821.65 Nuclear cratering 

822 Liquids 

(includes fluid dynamics, hydrostatics, fluid mechanics, flow of fluids through a porous medium, 

permeability and porosity of porous n1edia, viscosity, and so forth) 

822.3 Rheology 

(science dealing with the deformation and flow of matter) 


823 Gases and pneumatics 


825 Sound and acoustics, sound waves 


827 High pressure research 


828 Impact phenomena 


(includes physical studies of natural craters and their formation) 

830 Heat 

831 Apparatus 

834 Thermodynamics 

(includes low temperature and high temperature research) 

835 Light (includes light waves, optics, optical absorption, spectroscopy, and so forth) 

835.1 Congresses 

SECTION 9—Physics and Chemistry 37 
835.7 Apparatus and instruments 

(includes lasers) 

837 Photography 

837.1 Microphotography or photomicrography 

837.4 Holography (see 835 for theory) 

837.5 Audio visual technology 

838 Radiation 

(includes radioisotopes, electromagnetic waves, particle emissions, X rays, and cosmic rays; see 815.5 for 

radioactivity) 

840 Magnetism 

(for geomagnetism, see 296) 

845 Electricity 

846 Theory 

847 Experiments 

848 Applications and apparatus 

(includes electrical engineering and electronics) 

848.5 Components, devices, instruments, and their applications 

(radio, radar, semiconductors) 

849 Waves 

(includes vibrations and waves not specifically classified elsewhere; excludes sound waves, see 825; light waves, 

see 835; electromagnetic waves, X rays, and cosmic rays, see 838) 

850 Chemistry 

850.1 Congresses 

850.3 General treatises and textbooks 

850.5 Encyclopedias, tables, yearbooks 

850.6 Nomenclature 

850.7 History 

850.8 Apparatus and laboratories 

850.9 Collections and miscellany 

851 Physical and theoretical chemistry 

(includes chemical crystallography) 

852 Thermochemistry 

853 Atomic weights, atomic theory, laws of chemical combination, nature and properties of chemical 

elements 


854 Conditions and laws of chemical change 


(includes catalysis and reaction velocity) 


855 Theory of solution 


(includes colloids) 


856 Radiochemistry 


860 Experimental chemistry 

863 Equilibria 

865 Electrochemistry 

870 Inorganic chemistry 

871 Nonmetallic elements 

872 Metals, metallic elements, organometallic compounds 

875 Organic chemistry 

(includes chemistry of hydrocarbons) 

878 Biochemistry 

(includes bacterial chemistry) 

880 Analytical chemistry 

881 Qualitative analysis 

(includes spectrum analysis and Mossbauer spectrometry) 


882 Microchemical analysis 


883 Quantitative analysis 


38 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
884 Volumetric analysis 

(includes gasometric analysis) 


885 Electrolytic and magnetochemical analysis 


886 Other specific methods of analysis 


(includes spectrographic X ray, colorimetric, chromatographic analysis, gas chromatography, and so 

forth; for theory of spectroscopy, see 835) 

887 Analysis of inorganic materials 

(includes cast-iron, cobalt, copper, metals, minerals, rare earth, rocks, soils, uranium, water, and so 

forth) 

888 Analysis of organic materials 

(includes coal, fossil biomaterials, fuels, organophosphorus compounds, and so forth) 

889 Synthesis 

890 Chemical technology, chemical engineering 

890.1 Sorption: adsorption and absorption 

(includes sorbents) 


892 Agricultural chemistry, soil chemistry 


895 Alloys 


896 Metallography of steel 


(includes microscopic research) 

SECTION 9—Physics and Chemistry 39 
SECTION 10-BIOLOGY 


(Add geographic numbers for regions as needed) 

901 Congresses on life sciences in general 

(see also 921, 971) 

902 Encyclopedias and handbooks 

903 Natural history 

904 Popular and older works 

905 Biology 

907 Bacteriology 

(microbiology) 


908 Technique 


909 Miscellany and collections 


910 Anthropology, ethnology 

913 Instinct 

915 Evolution, origin of life, extinction of species 

917 Physiology 

918 Distribution of plants and animals 

919 Ecological studies 

919.53 Marine ecology 

919.54 Ecology of landforms 

919.55 Freshwater ecology 

919.67 Human ecology 

919.92 Plant ecology 

919.93 Savanna and grassland ecology 

919.94 Soil ecology 

919.97 Animal ecology 

920 Botany 

921 Congresses 

923 Textbooks and general treatises 

924 Elementary textbooks 

925 Catalogs 

926 Nomenclature and classification 

927 History 

928 Distribution of plants 

929 Essays and collections 

930 Cryptogams 

(spore bearing plants: ferns, mosses, algae, and fungi) 

931 Thallophytes 

(fungi and algae, including diatoms) 

932 Bryophytes 

(liverworts and mosses) 

933 Pteridophytes 

(ferns) 

935 Phanerogams 


(seed or flowering plants) 


936 Gymnosperms 


(evergreens) 

937 Angiosperms 

(flowering plants) 

938 Monocotyledons 

(endogens; one seed leaf: grasses, bamboo, orchids, palms, and so forth) 

40 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
939 Dicotyledons 

(exogens; two seed leaves: beech, chestnuts, elms, hickory, pecan, poplar, oaks, and so 

forth) 

940 Agriculture and horticulture 

941 Soil science 

(includes soils, soil classification, soil micromorphology, soil physics, soil surveys, and soil structure; 

agricultural aspects of soils, humus, and loess) 

941.1 Soil congresses 

944 Soil moisture 

950 Forestry, reforestation, forest fires 

970 Zoology 

971 Congresses 


973 Textbooks 


974 Elementary, popular, and older works 


975 Catalogs 


976 Nomenclature and classification 


977 History 


978 Distribution of animals 


979 Miscellany 


980 Invertebrata 


981 Protozoa 

(includes amoeba, foraminifera, paramecium, plankton, radiolaria, rhizopoda, and so forth) 

982 Coelenterata 

(includes sponges (Porifera), corals (Anthozoa), and hydra (Hydrozoa)) 

983 Echinodermata 

(includes Pelmatozoa: feather stars (Crinoidea), cystoids (Cystoidea), blastoids (Blastoidea); 

Asterozoa: starfish (Asteroidea), brittle stars and basket stars (Ophiuroidea); Echinoidea: sea 

urchins (Echinoidea), sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea)) 

984 Vermes 

(worms: flatworms (Platyhelminthes), roundworms (Nemathelminthes), and earth worms 

(Annelida)) 

985 Molluscoidea 


(Bryozoa and Brachiopoda) 


986 Mollusca 

(includes clams, oysters, and so forth (Bivalvia (lamellibranchiata or pelecypoda); snails 

(Gasteropoda); octopus, squids, nautilus, and so forth (Cephalopoda); marine worms 

(Scaphopoda)) 

987 Arthropoda 

(includes crayfish and lobsters (Crustacea); spiders and scorpions (Arachnida); centipedes 

and millipedes (Myriopoda); insects (Insecta)) 

989 Tunicata (sea squirts) 

990 Vertebrata 


991 Pisces (fish) 


993 Amphibia 


(frogs, salamanders, and so forth) 

995 Reptilia 

(includes lizards, snakes, turtles, and dinosaurs: Ornithischia (herbivorous dinosaurs), 

Theropoda (carnivorous dinosaurs)) 

997 Ayes (birds) 


999 Mammalia 


SECTION 10—Biology 41 
SECTION 11—GEOGRAPHIC NUMBERS 

Introduction 

Geographic numbers are identified by the parentheses that enclose them. When parenthetical numbers, (100)—(950), 

are the only element of a classification number, they represent the publications of the geological surveys of the world at the 

federal, state, and provincial levels. For example, (100) represents the Geological Survey of Canada; (238) represents the 

Geological Survey of Kentucky. Publications in this schedule include monographs and serials. 

(000) World 

(020) Space (reserved for map classification) 

CELESTIAL BODIES (025)-(037) 


(these numbers are reserved for map classification) 


(025) Moon 

(30) Jupiter 

(030.1) Io 


(030.2) Europa 


(030.3) Ganymede 


(030.4) Callisto 


(030.5) Amalthea 


(030.6) Ananke 


(030.7) Carme 


(030.8) Elara 


(030.9) Himalia 


(030.10) Leda 


(030.11) Lysithea 


(030 .12) Pasiphae 

(030.13) Sinope 


(31) Mars 

(031.1) Deimos 


(031.2) Phobos 


(32) Mercury 

(33) Neptune 

(033.1) Nereid 


(033.2) Triton 


(34) Pluto 

(034.1) unnamed 


(35) Saturn 

(035.1) Dione 


(035.2) Enceladus 


(035.30) Hyperion 


(035.4) Iapetus 


(035.5) Janus 


(035.6) Mimas 


(035.7) Phoebe 


(035.8) Rhea 


(035.9) Tethys 


(035.10) Titan 


(36) Uranus 

(036.1) Ariel 


(036.2) Miranda 


(036.3) Oberon 


(036.4) Titania 


42 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
(036.5) Umbriel 

(037) Venus 

(040)—(043) Hemisphere numbers 

(40) Northern Hemisphere 

(41) Southern Hemisphere 

(42) Western Hemisphere 

(43) Eastern Hemisphere 

(050) OCEANS AND SEAS OF THE WORLD 

(51) Atlantic Ocean 

(52) North Atlantic Ocean 

(53) Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait 

(54) Baffin Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Davis Strait, Smith Sound, Kane Basin, Labrador Sea 

(55) Norwegian and Greenland Seas, Denmark Strait 

(56) North Sea, Skagerak 

(57) Baltic Sea 

(58) Celtic Sea 

(59) Mediterranean Sea and straits 

(includes Ligurian Sea, Tyrrenian Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Ionian Sea) 

(60) Black Sea, Sea of Azov 

(62) Gulf of Mexico, Sargasso Sea 

(63) Caribbean Sea 

(65) South Atlantic Ocean 

(66) Scotia Sea 

(67) Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Seaway 

(68) Caspian Sea, Aral Sea 

(70) Indian Ocean 

(71) Arabian Sea 

(72) Red Sea, Gulf of Aden 

(73) Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman 

(74) Bay of Bengal 

(80) Pacific Ocean 

(81) North Pacific Ocean, Philippine Sea 

(82) Bering Sea 

(83) Eastern Pacific, American coasts; Gulf of Alaska; Gulf of California 

(84) South Pacific, Tasman Sea, Coral Sea 

(85) Indonesian and Micronesian seas 

(Timor, Arafura, Banda, Flores, Java, Celebes, Sulu, and others) 

(86) South China Sea 

(87) East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Formosa Strait 

(88) Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk 

(90) Arctic Ocean, Lincoln Sea 

(91) Beaufort Sea, Northwest passages 

(92) Barents Sea, White Sea 

(93) Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 

(096) Antarctic Sea 

(Ross, Amundsen, Bellingshausen, Scotia, and Weddell Seas) 

(099) NORTH AMERICA 

(100) Canada 

(110) New Brunswick 

(120) Nova Scotia: Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island 

(130) Newfoundland 

SECTION 11—Geographic Numbers 43 
(135) Labrador 

(reserved for maps) 

(137) St. Pierre et Miquelon 

(Islands belonging to France) 

(140) Quebec and Ungava 

(150) Ontario 

(160) Manitoba 

(165) Saskatchewan 

(170) Alberta 

(180) Bxitish Columbia 

(182) 	 Yukon 

(183) 	 Northwest Territories 

(as a whole) 

(184) Mackenzie 

(186) Keewatin 

(188) Franklin 

(190) Arctic America 

(Canadian) 

(200) United States 

(208) 	 Atlantic Coast 

(209) 	 Gulf Coast 

(210) 	 New England 

(211) Maine 

(212) New Hampshire 

(213) Vermont 

(214) Massachusetts 

(215) Rhode Island 

(216) Connecticut 

(220) Middle Atlantic States (Appalachia) 

(221) New York 

(222) New Jersey 

(223) Pennsylvania 

(224) Delaware 

(225) Maryland 

(226) District of Columbia 

(227) Virginia 

(228) West Virginia 

(230) Southern States, Eastern Section 

(231) North Carolina 

(232) South Carolina 

(233) Georgia 

(234) Florida 

(235) Alabama 

(236) Mississippi 

(237) Louisiana 

(238) Kentucky 

(239) Tennessee 

(240) 	 Southern States, Western Section 

(241) Arkansas 

(243) Indian Territory 

(2401r) Oklahoma 

(245) Texas 

(250) Central States, Eastern Section 

(251) Ohio 

44 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
(252) 	 Indiana 

(253) 	 Illinois 

(254) 	 Wisconsin 

4 

(255) 	 Michigan

(260) Central States, Western Section 

(261) 	 Minnesota 

(262) 	 Iowa 

(263) 	 Missouri 

(264) 	 North Dakota 

(265) 	 South Dakota 

(266) 	 Nebraska 

4 

(267) 	 Kansas

(270) Southwestern States 

(271) Colorado 

(272) 	 New Mexico 

(273) 	 Utah 

(274) 	 Arizona 

(275) 	 Nevada 

4 

(276) 	 California

(280) Northwestern States 

(281) 	 Montana 

(282) 	 Wyoming 

(includes Yellowstone National Park) 

(283) 	 Idaho 

(284) 	 Washington 

(285) 	 Oregon 

(286) 	 Alaska 

(includes Aleutian Islands) 

(289) Pacific Coast 

Hawaii see (950) 

(300) Mexico 

(310) Free Zone and Northern States 

Tamaulipas 

Nuevo Leon 

Coahuila 

Chihuahua 

Sonora 

Sinaloa 

Durango 

(320) Lower California and Islands 

(Baja California: Baja Sur, Baja forte) 

(330) Central Pacific States 


Jalisco 


Colima 


Michoacan 


Nayarit 


(340) Interior States 


Zacatecas 


San Luis Potosi 


Aguascalientes 


Guanajuato 


Queretaro 


Hidalgo 


Puebla 


SECTION 11—Geographic Numbers 45 
Tlaxcala 


Morelos 


(350) Mexico State 


Mexico City and environs 


Mexico (Federal District) 


(360) Southern Gulf States 


Veracruz 


Tabasco 


Campeche 


Yucatan 


Quintana Roo 


(370) Southern Pacific States 


Querrero 


Oaxaca 


Isthmus of Tehuantepec 


Chiapas 


(380) CENTRAL AMERICA 

(381) 	 Guatemala 

(382) 	 Belize 

(formerly British Honduras) 

(383) 	 Honduras 

(384) 	 El Salvador 

(385) 	 Nicaragua 

(386) 	 Costa Rica 

(387) 	 Panama and Panama Canal 

(390) West Indies 

(391) 	 Cuba 

(392) 	 Jamaica 

(392.2) Cayman Islands 

(393) 	 Haiti 


(formerly Hispaniola) 


(393.5) Dominican Republic 


(formerly Santo Domingo) 


(394) 	 Puerto Rico 

(394.1) Virgin Islands 

(394.2) British Virgin Islands 


(includes Trinidad and Tobago) 


(395) 	 The Bahamas, Turks, and Caicos Islands 

(396) 	 Leeward Islands 

(includes Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, Monserrat, Nevis, Redonda, Saba, St. Christopher, St. 

Martin, St. Eustatius, and Sombrero) 

(397) 	 Windward Islands 

(includes Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and the 

Grenadines) 

(397.1) Barbados 

(398) 	 Bermudas 

(399) 	 The Netherlands Antilles 


(Dutch Antilles; includes Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire) 


(400) SOUTH AMERICA 

(410) Brazil 

(420) Argentina 

(429) Patagonia 

46 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
(430) Chile 

(440) Bolivia 

(450) Peru 

(460) Colombia 

(465) Ecuador 

(470) Venezuela 

(480) 	 Guyana 

(481) 	 French Guiana 

(482) 	 Surinam 

(Dutch Guiana) 

(490) Uruguay 

(492) Paraguay 

(497) Falkland Islands 

(includes South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands) 

(500) EUROPE 

(510) Great Britain 

(511) 	 Islands off northern Great Britain 

(includes Orkney Islands, Fair Island, Shetland (Zetland) Islands, Hebrides (includes Outer 

Hebrides: Lewis and Harris, North Uist, South Uist, and Barra, St. Kilda, and Flannan Islands; 

Inner Hebrides: Skye, Mull, Islay Islands, and other lesser islands and islets) 

(512) 	 Scotland 

(515) 	 Ireland (Eire) 

(516) 	 Northern Ireland 

(520) 	 England and Wales 

(520.5) Colonial geological surveys 

(521) 	 Islands of the Irish Sea: Isle of Man and so forth; Islands of St. Georges Channel: Lundy Island, 

Isles of Scilly, and so forth; Channel Islands: Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, and Sark 

(530) 	 Germany, German Federal Republic 

(530.1) Prussia 

(530.11) Lower Saxony, Niedersachsen 

(530.111) Hamburg 

(530.112) Bremen 

(530.12) Bavaria (Bayern) 

(530.13) Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pflaz) 

(530 .14) Baden-Wurttemberg 

(530.15) North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen) 

(530.16) Hesse (Hessen) 

(530 .17) Schleswig-Holstein 

(530.18) Saarland 

(530.19) Berlin, West 


Discontinued numbers for Germany: 


*(530.2) Bavaria, *(530.3) Saxony, *(530.35) Thuringia, 


*(530.4) Wurtemberg, *(530.5) Baden, *(530.6) Hesse, 


*(530.7) Mecklenburg, *(530.75) Schleswig-Holstein, 


*(530.8) Brunswick, *(530.85) Hanover-Celle, *(530.9) 


Alsace-Lorraine (before Nov. 1918) 


(531) 	 German Democratic Republic (East Germany) 1949-91 

(includes the following districts: Cottbus, Dresden, East Berlin, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Gera, Halle, Karl-Marx-Stadt, 

Leipzig, Magdeburg, Neubrandenburg, Potsdam, Rostock, Schwerin, and Suhl) 

(532) 	 Czechoslovakia 

(532.3) Slovakia 

(533) 	 Austria 

(533.1) Galicia 

SECTION 11—Geographic Numbers 47 
(534) 	 Hungary 

(534.1) Croatia-Slovenia before 1914 

(535) 	 Switzerland 

(536) 	 Liechtenstein 

(540) France 

(includes Corsica (Corse)) 

(540.7) Alsace-Lorraine (after Nov. 1918) 

(548) Monaco 

(550) 	 Italy 

(includes the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and the Tuscan Archipelago: Montecristo, Giglio, Pianosa, 

Capraia, Elba, and so forth; Lipari Islands: Stromboli, Vulcano, Salina, and so forth; Sicily; and Pantelleria) 

(551) 	 San Marino 

(560) Spain 

(includes Gibraltar and Balearic Islands) 

(565) Andorra 

(569) 	 Portugal 

(570) 	 Soviet Union 

(includes Russia, Russian S.F.S.R., U.S.S.R., European Russia, European R.S.F.S.R., Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, 

and Sverdlovsk oblasts) 

(571) Ukraine, Moldavia 

(572) The Caucasus 

(includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) 

(573) Estonia 

(574) Latvia 

(575) Lithuania and Kaliningrad oblast 

(576) Baltic region 

(577) Byelorussia 

(White Russia) 

(578) Poland 

(579) Finland 

(580) Scandinavia 

(581) Norway 

(583) Sweden 

(585) Denmark 

(585.5) Faeroe Islands 

(587) Iceland 

(590) Other European countries 

(591) 	 Netherlands 

(592) 	 Luxembourg 

(593) 	 Belgium 

(594) 	 Romania 

(595) 	 Bulgaria 

(596) 	 Yugoslavia 

(includes Serbia and Montenegro (Crna Gora) and Islands of the Adriatic Sea off the coast of 

Yugoslavia) 

(596.1) Croatia 

(596.3) Slovenia 

(596.4) Bosnia-Herzegovina 

(596.5) Macedonia 

(596.6) Albania 

(597) 	 Greece 

(includes Ionian Islands and Crete) 

Turkey (see 680) 

(599) Malta (for Cyprus, see 684) 

48 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
(600) ASIA 


(610) 	 China 

(610.1) Fukien 

(610.12) Heilungkiang 

(610.2) Honan 

(610.21) Hopeh 

(610.3) Hunan 

(610.31) Hupeh 

(610.32) Kansu 

(610.4) Kiangsi 

(610.41) Kiangsu 

(610.42) Kirin 

(610.5) Kwangtung 

(610.51) Macau (Macao) and Hong Kong 

(610.6) Kweichow 

(610.61) Liaoning 

(610.62) Shansi 

(610.63) Shantung 

(610.64) Shensi 

(610.7) Sinkiang-Uighur 

(610.8) Szechwan 

(610.81) Tsinghai 

(610.82) Yunnan 

(610.83) Anhwe 

(610.84) Chekiang 

(610.9) Autonomous regions 

(610.91) Inner Mongolia 

(610.92) Kwangsi Chuang 

(610.93) Ningsia hui 

(611) 	 Taiwan (Formosa) 

(615) 	 Nepal, Bhutan, central Asia and area northwest of Tibet (Dainelli, and so forth), Sikkim (before 1975, class as 

independent state; after 1975, class as province of India at (641.71)) 

(616) 	 Tibet 

(618) 	 Manchuria 

(After 1949, roughly identical with the Chinese provinces of Hielungkiang, Kirwin, and Liaoning) 

(619) 	 Mongolian People's Republic 

(Mongolia, formerly Outer Mongolia, a Chinese province) 

(620) 	 Japan 

(625) Korea 

(629) Southeastern Asia 

(630) 	 Indo-China 

(631) 	 Vietnam 

(633) 	 Laos 

(634) 	 Cambodia 

(635) 	 Thailand 


(formerly Siam) 


(637) 	 Malay States 


(after 1963, see Malaysia 911) 


(638) 	 Chagos Archipelago 

(640) India 

(640.2) Assam 

(640.3) Gujarat 

(640.4) Bihar 

(640.5) Harayana 

SECTION 11—Geographic Numbers 49 
(640.51) Himachal Pradesh 

(640.6) Rajasthan 

(640.7) Kerala 


(formerly Travancore) 


(640.8) Uttar Pradesh 

(641.3) Manipur 

(641.4) Meghalaya 

(641.41) Marharashtra 

(641.5) Nagaland 

(641.6) Orissa 

(641.7) Punjab 

(641.71) Sikkim 


(before 1975, class as independent state at (615) 


(641.8) Tripura 

(642) 	 Tamil Nadu 


(formerly Madras) 


(643) 	 Rewa 


(now in Madhya Pradesh) 


(643.2) West Bengal 

(643.3) Jammu and Kashmir 

(644) 	 Madhya Pradesh 

(645) 	 Karnataka 


(formerly Mysore) 


(646) 	 Andhra Pradesh 

(646.2) Union Territories (includes Andaman and Nicobar, Arunachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Dadra and 

Nagar Haveli, Delhi; Goa, Daman, and Diu; and Lakshadweep, Mizoram, and Pondicherry) 

(647) 	 Burma (after 1948) 

(648) 	 Pakistan 

(formerly West Pakistan; includes Punjab, Sind, North-West Frontier Province, and most of Baluchistan; see 

(660) for Iranian Baluchistan) 

(648.5) Bangladesh 

(formerly East Pakistan) 

(649) 	 Sri Lanka 

(formerly Ceylon) 

(650) 	 Middle East and Near East 

(655) Afghanistan 

(660) Iran 

(formerly Persia; includes part of Baluchistan; see (648) for Pakistani Baluchistan) 

(664) Arabian Peninsula 

(665) Iraq 


(formerly Mesopotamia) 


(670) 	 Saudi Arabia 

(671) 	 Yemen 

(Yemen Arab Republic; Yemen (San'a)) 

(672) 	 Oman 


(formerly Muscat and Oman) 


(673) 	 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 

(formerly Aden, Socotra, South Yemen, South Arabia) 

(674) 	 Kuwait 

(675) 	 Bahrain, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates 

(formerly Trucial States; includes Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras 

Al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Qaiwain) 

(680) Turkey 

50 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
(681) 

(682) 

(683) 

(684) 

(685) 

(690) Siberia 

(690.2) 

(690.3) 

(691) 

(693) 

Israel 

(includes Palestine) 

Syria 

Lebanon 

Cyprus 

Jordan 

Western Siberia 

(includes Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo oblasts; Altay Kray, 

including the Sayan Mountains; see (570) for Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, and Sverdlovsk oblasts) 

Eastern Siberia 

(Krasnoyarsk bay, Yakutsk, Buryat, Tuvinian A.S.S.R., Irkutsk and Chita oblasts, Transbaikalia, and Taymyr Peninsula) 

Soviet Far East 

(includes Magadan, Kamchatka, Amur oblasts, Khabarovsk and Primorski bay) 

Sakhalin oblast (Maritime Territory) and Kurile Islands 

(693.5) Soviet Central Asia 

(694) 

(695) 

(695.3) 

(695.6) 

(696) 

(697) 

(699) 

Tadzhik S.S.R. 

(Tajikistan) 

Kazakh S.S.R. 

(Kazakstan) 

Turkmen S.S.R. 

(Turkmenistan) 

Kirghiz S.S.R. 

(Kirghizistan) 

Uzbek S.S.R. 

(Uzbekistan) 

Eastern Siberia 

(discontinued 1975, see (690.3)) 

Eurasia 

(710) North Africa 

(710.1) 

(720) 

(730) 

(735) 

(740) 

(741) 

(741.5) 

(742) 

(743) 

(744) 

(745) 

(746) 

(747) 

(700) AFRICA 

Libya 


(former provinces of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan; includes Barka (Barca)) 


Egypt 


(includes the Nile country, Sinai, and Suez Canal) 


(720.5) Sudan 

Algeria 

Tunisia 

Morocco 

(includes Spanish Morocco, Tangier, and Ifni) 

Spanish Sahara 

Equatorial Guinea 

(Republic) 

Guinea-Bissau 

(formerly Portuguese Guinea) 

Mali 

Mauritania 

Guinea Republic 

Ivory Coast 

Burkina Faso 

(formerly Upper Volta) 

SECTION 11—Geographic Numbers 51 
(747.5) Benin 


(formerly Dahomey) 


(748) Togo 

(749) 	 Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands 

(749.5) South Atlantic Islands: Ascension, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha 

(750) 	 West Africa, Western Sahara, and Central Africa 

(750.1) Niger Republic 

(751) 	 Cameroun 

(751.5) St. Thomas and Principe 

(752) 	 Nigeria 

(753) 	 Ghana 


(formerly Gold Coast) 


(754) 	 Liberia 

(755) 	 Sierra Leone 

(756) 	 Central African Republic 


(formerly French West Africa) 


(756.2) Senegal 

(756.4) Gabon 

(757) 	 Chad 

(758) 	 French Equatorial Africa 


(discontinued 1972) 


(759) 	 Gambia 

(760) 	 Zimbabwe 

(formerly Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia; includes Matebeland: Northern Matebeland and 

Southern Matebeland) 

(761) 	 Zambia 


(formerly Northern Rhodesia) 


(763) 	 People's Republic of the Congo 


(Congo (Brazzaville)) 


(764) 	 Zaire 


(formerly Belgian Congo) 


(768) Angola 


(formerly Portuguese West Africa) 


(769) Eastern Africa 

(region) 

(770) 	 Burundi 

(771) 	 Rwanda 

(772) 	 Ethiopia 


(formerly Abyssinia) 


(772.5) Djibouti, Afars, and Issas 

(773) 	 Somalia 


(Somaliland) 


(774) 	 Tanzania 


(formerly Tanganyika) 


(775) 	 Kenya 


(formerly British East Africa) 


(776) 	 Uganda 

(777) 	 Malawi 


(formerly Nyasaland) 


(778) 	 Mozambique 

(779) 	 Zanzibar 


(part of Tanzania, 1964) 


(780) 	 Southern Africa 

(region; includes Matebele Kingdom) 

52 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
(780.4) Botswana 


(formerly Bechuanaland) 


(781) 	 Namibia 

(formerly Southwest Africa; includes Damaraland and Namaqualand (Namaland, Great Namaqualand, or Great Namaland)) 

(782) 	 Cape of Good Hope 


(formerly Cape Colony) 


(783) 	 Orange Free State 


(formerly Orange River Colony) 


(784) 	 South African Republic 

(785) 	 Transvaal 

(786) 	 Natal 


(includes Zululand) 


(786.5) Lesotho 


(formerly Basutoland) 


(787) 	 Republic of South Africa 

(formerly Union of South Africa; includes Little Namaland or Little Namaqualand) 

(788) 	 Swaziland 

(790) Malagasy Republic and Madagascar 

(791) 	 Reunion Island 

(792) 	 Mauritius 

(795) Comoro, Seychelles, Cocos-Keeling, and Maldive Islands, and unspecified Indian Ocean Islands 

(800)—(890) AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA, AND NEW ZEALAND 

(800) Australia 

(810) Queensland 

(820) New South Wales 

(830) Victoria 

(840) South Australia 

(845) Northern Territory 

(860) Western Australia 

(880) Tasmania 

(890) New Zealand 

(900) OCEANIA AND THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO 

(910) 	 Indonesia 

(includes Sumatra, Java, Madura Sulawesi (Celebes), Kalimantan (South, East, West, and Central Borneo), Nusa 

Tenggars (Lesser Sundas), Maluku (Moluccas), West Irian (Western half of New Guinea), and Dutch East Indies) 

(911) 	 Malaysia 

(includes Malayan states, Sabah (North Borneo), Sarawak, and Brunei) 

(912) 	 Republic of Singapore 

(920) Republic of the Philippines 

(930) Melanesia 

(includes Papua New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover, and 

Admiralty Islands) 

(933) New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands 

(935) Vanuatu 

(formerly New Hebrides) 

(937) Solomon Islands 

(940) Micronesia 

(includes Caroline, Ladrone, Marianas, Marshall, Gilbert, and Palau Islands; Nauru; and Trust Territory of the 

Pacific Islands) 

(950) Hawaii 

SECTION 11—Geographic Numbers 53 
(960) Polynesia 

(includes Tubuai (Austral), Cook, Ellice, Marquesas, Society, Tokelau, Tuamotu, Phoenix, and Line Islands; 

Samoa; Tonga (Friendly Islands); Midway; Iles des Horn; Johnston Island; Easter, Palymyra, Howard, and Baker 

Islands; and Fiji) 

(970) Guam; isolated islands 

(includes Bonin, Marcus, Galapagos Islands, and so forth) 

(980) Arctic regions 

(includes Baffin Land, Greenland, Svalbard, and so forth) 

(990) Antarctic regions 

(995) Polar regions 

54 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
SECTION 12-A. EARTH SCIENCE SERIALS 


G(100)-G(950) 


This schedule contains the serial publications of earth science societies, associations, earth science departments of 

universities, and geologic-oriented publisher's series. 

Typical call numbers consist of a classification number (G added to a geographic number (see Section 11)) and a shelf 

list number (a capital letter for the issuing body, a two or three digit number from L.C. shelf list tables (see p. 8), and a 

title mark for the title). For detailed instructions on the construction of G schedule call numbers, see Section 3. Monographic 

publications by these institutions are classed in the subject schedule according to the appropriate subject (see Sections 1-10). 

SECTION 12-8. GENERAL SCIENCE SERIALS 

S(100)-S(950) 

The S schedule contains the serials of general science societies and associations; general publications of universities 

and science departments, as well as other associations; and general science publishers' series. For a detailed list of subjects 

covered in this schedule, see p. 5. 

Typical call numbers contain elements similar to those found in the G schedule (above). For detailed instructions on 

the construction of S schedule call numbers, see p. 5-6. All monographic publications of these institutions are classed in 

the subject numbers (see Sections 1-10). 

SECTION 12—Earth Science and General Science Serials 55 
SECTION 13—GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS 


P(100)—P(950) 


This schedule contains serial publications of federal, state, and provincial agencies throughout the world, with the 

exception of the publications of mineral and mining bureaus, which are classed in the mineral resources schedule (see 

Section 5, class 402), and the publications of geological surveys (see Section 11). The monographic works of these agencies 

are classed in the subject numbers (see Sections 1-10). 

From 1976 to 1989, most U.S. Government monographic documents were classed in P(200). At the present time, the 

P schedule is restricted to the classification of government serial publications. All monographic government documents are 

classed according to subject in classes 001-999, except for publications by the geological surveys and mining bureaus. 

Typical call numbers consist of a classification number (P added to a geographic number (see Section 11)) and a shelf 

list number (a capital letter for the government agency and a three digit number taken from C.A. Cutter's three digit author's 

table). These are combined with a title mark to form complete call numbers. See "Introduction" (p. 5) for complete 

instructions on the construction of P schedule call numbers. 

56 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
INDEX TO CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 

* Denotes classification numbers used in earlier editions of the system and not currently used. 

Abbreviations 051.2 

Abrasive materials 447 


Abu Dhabi (675) 

Abyssinia, see Ethiopia (772) 

Acid deposition 583 


Acid rain 583 


Acoustics 825 


Actinide series 439.4 

Actinium 439.4 

Actinolite 446.1 

Aden (673) 

Administration 065.1 

Administrative management 065 1 


Aerial photography 753.5 

Aerial surveying 753.5 

Aerolites, see Meteorites 130 


Aeromagnetism 296 


Afars and Issas (772.5) 

Afghanistan (655) 

Africa (700) 

*Africa, French Equatorial (758) 

Africa, French West, see Central African Republic (756) 

Africa, North (710) 

Africa, West Central, see West and Central Africa (750) 

Agate 485 


Age determination 315 


Aggregate 479 


Agricultural chemistry 892 


Agricultural engineering 779 


Agricultural water-supply 790 


Agriculture 940 


Agronomy (soil science) 941 


Air pollution 514 


Alabama (235) 

Alaska (286) 

Albania (596.6) 

Alberta (170) 

Aleutian Islands (286) 

Algae 931 (botany), 697.1 (paleobotany) 

Algebra 712 


Algeria (730) 

Alkali earth metals 439.2 

Alkali metals 439.21 

Alloys 895 


Alluvium 546 


Almanacs 055 

Alsace-Lorraine *(530.9) and (540.7) 

Altitudes 752 


Alum 444 


Alum stone 444 


Aluminum 438 


Alunite 444 


Amber 469 


American Samoa (960) 

Americium 439.4 

Amethyst 489 


Ammonites 659 


Amosite 446.1 

Amphibia 993 (zoology), 673 (paleozoology) 

Amphiboles 446.1 

Amphineura 657 


Analytical chemistry 880 


Analytical geometry 715 


Andhra Pradesh (646) 

Andorra (565) 

Angiosperms 937 (botany), 698.4 (paleobotany) 

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, see Sudan (720.5) 

Angola (768) 

Anguilla (396) 

Animal ecology 919.97 

Animals and plants, distribution of 918 


Animals, distribution of 978 


Annelida 984 (zoology), 645 (paleozoology) 

Antarctic regions (990) 

Antarctic seas (096) 

Antarctica (990) 

Anthophyllite 446.1 

Anthozoa 982 (zoology), 625 (paleozoology) 

Anthracite 462 


Anthropology 910 


Antigorite 446.2 

Antigua (396) 

Antilles, Netherlands (399) 

Antimonates 126.4 

Antimonides 122 


Antimony 437 


Apatite 443 


Appalachian region (220) 

Aqueducts 791 


Aquifers 490 


Arabia (670) 

Arabian Sea (071) 

Arachnida 987 (zoology), 665 (paleozoology) 

Archean 320.1 (stratigraphy), 681.1 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Archeology 679.91 

Archives 047 

Arctic America (Canadian) (190) 

Arctic regions (980) 

Arctic Ocean (090) 

Argentina (420) 

Argon 439.7 

Index to Classification System 57 
Arithmetic 711 

Arizona (274) 

Arkansas (241) 

Armenia (572), Turkish Armenia (680) 

Arsenates 126.4 

Arsenic 439.5 

Arsenides 122 

Artesian wells 492 

Arthropoda 987 (zoology), 660 (paleozoology) 

Artificial intelligence 039.7 

Artificial satellites 739 (see also 753.7, remote sensing) 

Asbestos 446 

Ascension Island (749.5) 

Asia (600) 

Asphalt 465 

Assaying 429.8 

Astatine 439.6 

Asteroidea 983 (zoology), 636 (paleozoology) 

Asteroids 734.3 

Asterozoa 983 (zoology), 634 (paleozoology) 

Astrogeology 737 

Astronomical instruments 730.6 

Astronomy 730 (general), 731 (theoretical), 732 

(practical), 733 (spherical), 734 (descriptive), 735 

(planetary) 

Astrophysics 730.1 


Atlantic Coast (U.S.) (208) 


Atlantic Ocean (051) 


Atlases 308 (geological), 508 (geographical) 


Atmospheric physics 511 


Atmospheric agencies 211 


Atomic power 815.2 


Atomic theory 853 


Atomic weights 853 


Attapulgite 441 


Austral Islands (960) 


Australia (800) 


Austria (533) 


Author bibliography 043 


Automated cartography 759.5 


Automated photogrammetry 753.2 


Automation, libraries 046.7 


Avalanches 245 


Ayes 997 (zoology), 677 (paleozoology) 


Azerbaidzhan, see Azerbaijan S.S.R. (572) 


Azerbaijan S.S.R. (572) 


Azores (749) 


Azov, Sea of (060) 


Bacterial chemistry 878 


Bacteriology 907 


*Baden (530.5) 


Baden-Wurttemburg (530.14) 


Baffin Land (980) 


Bahamas (395) 


58 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

Bahrain (675) 

Baltic region (576) 

Baltic Sea (057) 

Baluchistan (648) (Pakistani), (660) (Iranian) 

Bangladesh (648.5) 

Barbados (397.1) 

Barbuda (396) 

Barca (710) 

Barium 439.2 

Barites 448.1 

Barrier Islands 521 

Basalt 170 

Base measuring 742 

Basutoland, see Lesotho (786.5) 

Bathymetry 536 

Batrachia, see Amphibia 993 (zoology), 673 

(paleozoology) 

Bauxite 441 

Bays 558 

Bavaria (530.12), *(530.2) 

Beaches 521 

Bechuanaland, see Botswana (780.4) 

Belgian Congo, see Zaire (764) 

Belgium (593) 

Belize (382) 

Bengal, West (643.2) 

Benin (747.5) 

Bering Sea (082) 

Bermuda (398) 

Beryllium 439.2 

Bhutan (615) 

Bibliography 041 (national), 042 (subjects), 043 (author) 

Bibliography of geological maps 308.4 

Bihar (640.4) 

Biochemistry 878 

Biogeochemistry 298.3 

Biography 080 

Biology 905 

Biomineralization 298.3 

Biotite 446.3 

Birds 997 (zoology), 677 (paleozoology) 

Bismuth 439 

Bituminous 463 

Bivalvia 986 (zoology), 655 (paleozoology) 

Black Sea (060) 

Blastoidea 983 (zoology), 633 (paleozoology) 

Bolivia (440) 

Borates 126.5 

Boring 777 

Borneo, Central (910) 

Borneo, North (911) 

Boron 439.5 

Botany 920 

Botswana (780.4) 

Boundary surveying 755 
Brachiopoda 985 (zoology), 652 (paleozoology) 

Brazil (410) 

Bremen (530.112) 

Brick 441.1 

Bridges, construction 769 

Bridges, engineering 775 

British Columbia (180) 

British Honduras, see Belize (382) 

British Isles (510) 

British Virgin Islands (394.2) 

Bromides 124 

Bromine 439.6 

Brunei (911) 

*Brunswick (530.8) 

Bryophytes 932 (botany), 697.2 (paleobotany) 

Bryozoa 985 (zoology), 651 (paleozoology) 

Building stones 470 

Buildings, construction 769 

Buildings, effect of earthquakes on 240.2 

Bulgaria (595) 

Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) (747) 

Burma (647) 

Burundi (770) 

Byelorussian S.S.R (577) 

Cadmium 439 

Calcium 439.2 

Calculus 716 

California (276) 

California, Lower (Mexico) (320) 

Californium 439.4 

Cambodia (634) 

Cambrian 332 (stratigraphy), 683 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Cameroon (751) 

Campeche (360) 

Canada (100) 

Canals 778 

Canary Islands (749) 

Cape Breton Island (120) 

Cape Colony, see Cape of Good Hope (782) 

Cape of Good Hope (782) 

Cape Verde Islands (749) 

Carbon and compounds 460 

Carbonates 126.1 (mineralogy), 454 (mineral resources) 

Carboniferous 336 (stratigraphy), 687 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Caribbean Sea (063) 

Caroline Islands (940) 

Cartography 759 

Cartography, automated 759.5 

Caspian Sea (068) 

Catalog of research grants 048 

Cataloging (libraries) 045.6 

Catalog of maps 508.4 (geographical), 308.4 (geological) 

Cataracts 553 

Caucasia (570) 

Caustobioliths 464.1 

Caustoliths 464.1 

Caustophytoliths 464.1 

Caustozooliths 464.1 

Caves 547 

Cayman Islands (392.2) 

CD-ROM 038.6 

Celebes (910) 

Cement 442 

Cenozoic 350 (stratigraphy), 689 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Central African Republic (756) 

Central America (380) 

Cephalopoda 986 (zoology), 659 (paleozoology) 

Ceramic materials 441 

Ceramics 441.1 

Cerium 439.3 

Cesium 439.21 

Ceylon, see Sri Lanka (649) 

Chad (757) 

Chagos Archipelago (638) 

Chalk 454 

Channels 778 

Chemical analysis 880 (general), 155 (rocks), 495 

(underground water), 796 (surface water), 887 

(inorganic materials), 888 (organic materials) 

Chemical engineering 890 

Chemical mineralogy 119 

Chemistry 850 

Chemistry bibliography 042.85 

Chemistry, colloid 855 

Chile (430) 

China (610) 

Chlorides 124 

Chlorine 439.6 

Chromates 126.6 

Chromatographic analysis 886 

Chromium 439 

Chrysolite 446.2 

City planning 065.3 

Clay 441 

Clay minerals 441 

Clay products 441.1 

Clayware 441.1 

Climate 512 

Climatic changes 512 

Climatology 512 

Cloud physics 511 

Cnidaria, see Coelenterata 982 (zoology), 620 

(paleozoology) 

Coal 461 

Coal congresses 461.1 

Coal desulfurization 461.3 

Index to Classification System 59 
Coal gasification 461.4 

Coal liquefication 461.4 

Coal production (environmental aspects) 461.3 

Coal technology 461.4 

Coast, Atlantic (208) 

Coast, Gulf (209) 

Coastal engineering 521 


Coastal zone conferences 521.1 

Coastal zone management 521 


Coasts 521 


Cobalt 436 


Coelenterata 982 (zoology), 620 (paleozoology) 

Cold region construction 256.2 

Collections, general 090 

Colloid chemistry 855 


Colombia (460) 

Colorado (271) 

Coloring 758 


Columbium (also called niobium) 439 


Comets 734.7 

Composition (writing) 053 

Computerized mapping 759.5 

Computers 036 

Conchology 986 (zoology), 654 (paleozoology) 

Concretions 272 


Conglomerates 453 


Congo, Brazzaville (763) 

Congresses, geological 201 


Congresses, scientific 031 (see also under various 

subjects) 

Connecticut (216) 

Conodonts 611 


Conservation of natural resources 585 


Construction and cold region conditions 256.2 

Construction materials 479, 766 


Contamination of ground water 494 


Continental drift 311 


Continental margins 523 


Continental shelf 523 


Continents 520 


Contracts (engineering) 763 


Cook Islands (960) 

Copper 434 (metal), 429.4 (metallurgy) 

Copyright 059 

Coral reefs 525 


Corals 982 (zoology), 625 (paleozoology) 

Corundum 447 


Corsica (540) 

Cosmic dust 734.2 

Cosmic physics 295.3 

Cosmogony, cosmology 738 


Costa Rica (386) 

Cratering 821.5-821.65 

Craters 828 


Cretaceous 343 (stratigraphy), 688.7 (stratigraphic 


paleontology) 


Crete (597) 


Crinoidea 983 (zoology), 632 (paleozoology) 


Crna Gora (596) 


Croatia (596.1) 


Crocidolite 446.1 


Crustacea 987 (zoology), 662 (paleozoology) 


Crushed stone 479 


Cryptogams 930 (botany), 697 (paleobotany) 


Crystalline rocks 185 


Crystallography 110 


Crystallography, mathematical 111 


Crystallization 112 


Crystals 112 


Cuba (391) 


Curium 439.4 


Currents, ocean 531 


Cyanite 453 


Cyprus (684) 


Cyrenaica (710) 


Cystoidea 983 (zoology), 632 (paleozoology) 


Czechoslovakia (532) 


Dahomey (747.5) 


Damara Land (781) 


Dams 768.3, 791 (water storage) 


Data and image processing 036.5 


Deep sea drilling 537 


Deep sea drilling project 536 


Deformations 270 


Delaware (224) 


Deltas 552 


Demographic studies and environment 585.4 


Denmark (585) 


Desalination of water 794 


Description and travel 590 


Descriptive mineralogy 120 


Descriptors (cataloging) 045.6 


Deserts 548 


Desertification 548 


Designs (engineering) 764 


Devonian 335 (stratigraphy), 686 (stratigraphic 


paleontology) 


Diamonds 481 


Diatomaceous earth 459 


Diatomite 459 


Diatoms 931 (botany), 697.1 (paleobotany) 


Dicotyledons 939 (botany), 698.6 (paleobotany) 


Dictionaries 050, 051 


Dictionaries, technical 051.1 


Digital cartography 759.5 


Dikes 411 


Dinosaurs 675 


Directories 056 (membership lists), 057 (organizations) 


60 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 
Disaster relief 249 


Distribution of animals 978 


Distribution of plants 928 


Distribution of plants and animals 918 


District of Columbia (226) 

Djibouti (772.5) 

Dolomite 180 (petrology), 454 (mineral resources) 

Domes 270 


Dominica (397) 

Dominican Republic (393.5) 

Drainage 555 


Drawing and lettering 757 


Drawings (engineering) 764 


Droughts 516 


Drumlins 251 


Dunes 549 


Dutch Antilles (399) 

Dutch East Indies (910) 

Dutch Guiana (Surinam) (482) 

Dynamic geology 210 


Dysprosium 439.3 

Earth 310 (origin), 312 (crust), 313 (internal structure), 

735.1 (planet), 738.1 (cosmogony), 741 (figure) 

Earth, rare 120 (mineralogy), 439.3 (mineral resources), 

887 (chemistry) 

Earth movements 210 (geodynamics), 240 (earthquakes), 

248 (subsidences), 270 (deformations), 311 (plate 

tectonics) 

Earth resistance 296 


Earth sciences 203.2 (multidisciplinary works) 

Earth temperature 218 (geodynamics), 230 (geothermics), 


512 (climatology) 


Earth tides 295.3 


Earthenware 441.1 


Earthquake engineering 240.2 


Earthquake prediction 240.4 


Earthquakes 240 


Earth's crust 312 


Earth's mantle 312 


East (Near East) (650) 


East Germany (531) 


Echinodermata 983 (zoology), 630 (paleozoology) 


Echinoidea 983 (zoology), 638 (paleozoology) 


Echinozoa 637 


Ecology 919 


Ecology of soils 919.94 


Eclogite 190 


Economic geography 504 


Economic geology 404 


Economics 065 


Ecuador (465) 


Education 005 (general), 065.5 (social and economic 


aspects) 

Egypt (720) 

Einsteinium 439.4 

Eire (515) 

El Salvador (384) 

Electric prospecting 426.4 

Electricity 845 


Electrochemistry 865 


Electrolytic analysis 885 


Ellice Islands (960) 

Emeralds 483.5 

Emery 447 


Encyclopedias 052 

Endogens 938 (botany), 698.5 (paleobotany) 

Energy resources 580 (general), 585.3 (environmental 


aspects) 


Engineering 760 (general), 778 (hydraulic) 


Engineering geology 203.3 


Engineering instruments 767.5 


England (520) 


English grammars 053 


Environment 582 


Environmental aspects of population 585.4 


Environmental geology 203.6 


Environmental impact statements 585.3 


Environmental law 582 


Environmental policy 582 


Environmental pollution 583 


Environmental protection 582 


Epeirogeny 293 


Equatorial Guinea (Republic) (741.5) 


Equilibria 863 


Erbium 439.3 


Erosion 213 (general), 254 (glacial) 


Eskers 252 


Essays, miscellaneous 090 


Estonia (573) 


Estuaries 557 


Ethics 075 


Ethiopia (772) 


Ethnology 910, 679.9 


Eurasia (699) 


Europe (500) 


Europium 439.3 


Evaporation 782 


Evaporites 180 


Evolution 915 


Exogens 939 (botany), 698.6 (paleobotany) 


Expanded perlite 479 


Expanded shale 479 


Expanded vermiculite 479 


Expeditions 502 


Experimental investigations 219 (geology), 140 


(mineralogy) 

Experimental mineralogy 140 


Expert systems (computer science) 039.7 

Exploring expeditions 502 


Index to Classification System 61 
Explosions, underground 203.4 


Exposition publications (general) 002 


Extinction of species 915 


Extraterrestrial forces 212 


Factory and trade wastes 799.5 


Falkland Islands (497) 


Faulting 276 


Feldspar (economic product) 453 


Fermium 439.4 


Ferromanganese nodules 537.6 


Fertilizers 443 


Fezzan (710) 


Fieldwork (geologic technique) 208 


Fiji Islands (960) 


Filtration of water supply 794 


Finland (579) 


Fiords 523 


Fishery law and legislation 537.2 


Fjords 


Flood 


Floi i52 


Flonu. ,-i4) 


Flotation (metallurgy) 429 


Fluid dynamics 822 


Fluid inclusions 298.4 


Fluid mechanics 822 


Fluorides 124 


Fluorine 439.6 


Fluorite 452 


Fluorspar 452 


Foam slag (construction materials) 479 


Folding 276 


Footprints (fossil) 610 


Foraminifera 981 (zoology), 617 (paleozoology) 


Forest fires 950 


Forestry 950 


Formation of ore deposits 410 


Formosa (after 1945) (611) 


Fossils (general) 603 


France (540) 


Francium 439.21 


Franklin (188) 


French Guiana (481) 


French Territory of the Afars and Issas (772.5) 


French West Indies (397) 


Freshwater ecology 919.55 


Friendly Islands (960) 


Frozen ground 256.2 


Fuels, manufactured 468 


Fukien (610.1) 


Fuller's earth 453 


Gabon (756.4) 

Gadolinium 439.3 

62 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

Galicia (533.1) 


Gallium 439 


Gambia (759) 


Garnet 447 (abrasive materials), 484 (precious stones) 


Gas chromatography 886 


Gases 823 


Gasification of coal 461.4 


Gasometric analysis 884 


Gastropoda 986 (zoology), 658 (paleozoology) 


Gazetteers 506 


Gems 480, 480.5 (artistic aspects) 


Geochemical prospecting 426.2 


Geochemistry 298 


Geochronology 315 


Geodesy 740 


Geodynamics (geology) 210 


Geographical names 506 


Geographical congresses 501 


Geography, descriptive 504 


Geography, economic 504 


Geography, physical 503 


Geological bibliography 042.2 


Geological congresses 201 


Geological guidebooks 209.1 (monographic) 


Geological history 360 


Geological map lists 308.4 


Geological technique 208 


Geological time 315 


Geological nomenclature 206 


Geology 203 (general), 203.3 (engineering), 210 


(dynamic, geodynamic, neotectonic, physical, 


tectonic), 203.5 (military), 260 (structural), 303 


(stratigraphic), 404 (economic) 


Geomagnetism 296 


Geometry 713 


Geometry, analytical 715 


Geomorphological effects of earthquakes 240.3 


Geomorphology 503 


Geophysical observatories 240.8 


Geophysical profiling 295.2 


Geophysical prospecting 426.4 


Geophysical well logging 426 


Geophysics 295 


Georgia (U.S.) (233) 


Georgia (U.S.S.R.) (572) 


Geothermal engineering 230 


Geothermal resources 230 


German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (531) 


German Federal Republic (West Germany) (530) 


Germanium 439 


Germany (530) 


Geysers 230 


Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) (753) 


Gibraltar (560) 


Gilbert Islands (940) 

Glacial geology 353 

Glacial paleontology 689.6 

Glaciers 250, 559 


Glaciology 250 


Glass 453 


Global change 512 


Gneiss 190 


Gold 431 


Gold Coast, see Ghana (753) 

Government of mines 421 


Government publications (general) 001 

Grabens 270 


Grammar and language manuals 053 

Granite 474, 170 


Grants, catalogs of 048 

Graphics 067 

Graphite 466 


Graptolites 626 


Gravel 479 


Gravity 297.5 

Gravity anomalies 297.5 

Gravity investigations 297.5 

Gravity prospecting 426.4 

Great Britain (510) 

Great Plains (200) or see specific U.S. States 

Great Lakes (067) 

Greece (597) 

Greenhouse effect 511 (atmospheric physics), 512 (heat 


budget), 514 (air pollution) 


Greenland (980) 


Ground water 490 


Ground-water flow 490 


Guam (970) 


Guadeloupe (397) 


Guatemala (381) 


Guiana, Dutch (482) 


Guiana, French (481) 


Guidebooks 209.1 (monographic) 


Guinea, Equatorial (Republic) (741.5) 


Guinea Republic (745) 


Guinea-Bissau (742) 


Gujarat (640.3) 


Gulf Coast (U.S.) (209) 


Gymnosperms 936 (botany), 698.1 (paleobotany) 


Gypsum 444 


Hafnium 439 


Haiti (393) 

Halogens 439.6 

Haloids 124 


Hamburg (530.111) 

*Hanover-Celle (530.85) 

Harayana (640.5) 

Hawaii (950) 

Hazardous materials 583 


Hazardous substances 583 

Hazardous wastes 799.5 

Health 065.4 

Heat 830 


Heat budget 512 


Helium 439.7 (element), 467.8 (petroleum aspects) 

Herzegovina (596.4) 

Hesse (530.16), *(530.6) 

High Plains (200) or see specific U.S. State 

High pressure research 827 


Highway engineering 774 


Hills 544 


Himachal Pradesh (640.51) 

Historical geology 303 


History 070 (general), 207 (history of geology), 407 


(mining or mineral history), and so forth 


Holland (591) 

Holmium 439.3 

Holography 837.4 

Holothuroidea 983 (zoology), 639 (paleozoology) 

Honan (610.2) 

Honduras (383) 

Hong Kong (610.51) 

Horticulture 940 


Hot springs 230 


Human ecology 919.67 

Humus 941 (soils), 298.3 (geochemical aspects) 

Hunan (610.3) 

Hungary (534) 

Hydraulic engineering 778 


Hydraulic measurements 780.2 

Hydraulic mining 427 


Hydraulic structures 778 


Hydrocarbons 128 (mineralogy), 460 (mineral resources), 


875 (organic chemistry) 


Hydrogen 439.5 


Hydrogeology 490 


Hydrography 780 


Hydrological instruments 780.2 


Hydrology 490 (underground water), 780 (surface water) 


Hydrometer 780.2 


Hydrostatics 822 


Hydrothermal deposits 220 (volcanic aspects), 230 


(geothermal resources), 218 (earth temperature), 410 


(ore deposits aspects) 


Hydrozoa 982 (zoology), 626 (paleozoology) 


Ice structure 256 


Icebergs 535 


Iceland (587) 

Ichnofossil 610 


Idaho (283) 

Ifni (740) 

Igneous agencies 218 


Igneous metamorphism 283 


Index to Classification System 63 
Igneous rocks 170 

Illinois (253) 

Illite 441 

Illustration of books 757 

Image data processing 036.5 

Impact phenomena 828 

Index maps 308.4 

Indexes 044 

India (640) 

Indian Ocean (070) 

*Indian Territory (243) 

Indiana (252) 

Indium 439 

Indo-China (630) 

Indonesia (910) 

Industrial minerals 440-459.9 

Inert gases 439.7 

Information services 040 

Information systems 040 

Injection wells 467.4 (petroleum), 795.3 (radioactive 

waste disposal), 799.5 (waste disposal) 

Inland waters 550 

Inorganic chemistry 870 

Inorganic geochemistry 298.2 

Insects 987 (zoology), 667 (paleozoology) 

Instinct 913 

Institutions, 020, 032 

Instrumentation, congresses 035.1 

Instruments 035 (science), 767.5 (engineering), 780.2 

(hydrology) 

Intrusions 280 

Invertebrata 980 (zoology), 614.2 (paleozoology) 

Invertebrate fossils 614.2 

Iodides 124 

Iodine 439.6 

Ionian Islands (597) 

Iowa (262) 

Iran (660) 

Iraq (665) 

Ireland (515) 

Ireland, Northern (516) 

Iridium 439.1 

Iron 433 (metal), 429.3 (metallurgy) 

Irrigation 790 

Islands 525 (physical geography) 

Islands (geographic numbers) (749)-(749.5) and 

(791)-(795) (African), (910)-(911) (East Indies), (597) 

(Greek), (912)-(970) (Pacific), (390) (West Indies) 

Isolated Pacific Islands (970) 

Isostasy 297 

Isotope geology 203.7 

Israel (681) 

Italy (550) 

Ivory Coast (746) 

64 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

Jade 486 


Jamaica (392) 


Jammu (643.3) 


Japan (620) 


Java (910) 


Jet 469 


Jointing 270 


Joints 270 


Jordan (685) 


Jupiter 737.4 (planet), (030) (geographic number for map 


cataloging) 

Jura 342 (stratigraphy), 688.4 (stratigraphic paleontology) 

Jurassic 342 (stratigraphy), 688.4 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Kaliningrad Oblast (575) 


Kansas (267) 


Kaolin 441 


Karnataka (645) 


Karst 547 


Kashmir (643.3) 


Kazakh S.S.R. (695) 


Kazakhstan, see Kazakh S.S.R. (695) 


Keewatin (186) 


Kentucky (238) 


Kenya (775) 


Kerala (640.7) 


Kiangsi (610.4) 


Kimberlite 170 


Kirghiz S.S.R. (695.6) 


Kirghizistan see Kirghiz S.S.R. (695.6) 


Korea (North and South) (625) 


Krypton 439.7 


Kunzite 489 


Kuril Islands (R.S.F.S.R.) (693) 


Kuwait (674) 


Kwangtung (610.5) 


Kweichow (610.6) 


Kyanite 453 


Labor force 065.2 (general), 030.5 (scientific) 


Laboratories 808 


Labrador (135) 


Laccoliths 280 


Ladrone Islands (940) 


Lagoons 558 


Lakes 554 


Lakes, glacial 255 


Lamellibranchiata 986 (zoology), 655 (paleozoology) 


Landforms 540 


Land use planning 585.5 


Landform ecology 919.54 


Landsat 739.4 


Landsat maps 500.1 


Landslides 245 

Lanthanide series 439.3 

Lanthanium 439.3 

Laos (633) 

Lasers 835.7 

Laterite 441 


Latitude 747 


Latvia (574) 

Lawrencium 439.4 

Lead 435 


Lebanon (683) 

Least squares 718 


Leeward Islands (396) 

Lepidolite 446.3 

Lesotho (786.5) 

Leveling 752 


Liberia (754) 

Libraries 046 

Library automation 046.7 

Library science 045 

Libya (710) 

Light 835 


Lightweight aggregate 479 


Lignite 463.5 

Lime 454 


Limestone 180 (sedimentary rock), 454 (carbonate 


minerals), 471 (building stone) 


Limnology 554 


Liquids 822 


Liquefaction of coal 461.4 


Liquefaction of soil 240 


Lithium 439.21 


Lithosphere 267 


Lithuania (575) 


Lodes 411 


Loess 518, 941 


Logic 054 


Longitude 747 


Louisiana (237) 


Lower Saxony (530.11) 


Loyalty Islands (933) 


Lunar geodesy 748.1 


Lunar geology 736.1 


Lunar mineralogy 736.3 


Lunar petrology 736.2 


Lutetium (also Lutecium) 439.3 


Luxembourg (592) 


Maars 229 


Macau (610.51) 

Macedonia (596.5) 

Machinery 770 


Machines 770.5 

Mackenzie (184) 

Madagascar (790) 

Madeira Islands (749) 

Madhya Pradesh (644) 

Madras, see Tamil Nadu (642) 

Magmas 281 


Magmatism 281 


Magnesium 439.2 

Magnetic surveys 296 


Magnetism 840 


Magnetite 433 


Magnetotelluric prospecting 426.4 

Maine (211) 

Mainframes 036.25 


Malawi (777) 


*Malay States (637) 


*Malaya (Federation) (637) 


Malaysia (911) 


Maldives (795) 


Mali (743) 


Malta (599) 


Mammalia 999 (zoology), 679 (paleozoology) 


Man (fossil) 679.9 


Management 065.1 


Manchuria (618) 


Manganese 433, 537.6 


Manipur (641.3) 


Manitoba (160) 


Manpower 030.5 (scientific), 065.2 (general) 


Manufactured fuels 468 


Manuscripts 095 


Map making 759 


Maps (atlases) 308 (geological), 508 (geographical) 

Bibliographies 308.4 (geological), 508.4 (geographical) 

Indexes 308.4 (geological), 508.4 (geographical) 

Lists 308.4 (geological), 508.4 (geographical) 

Marble 471 


Margarite 446.3 

Maharashtra (641.41) 

Marianas Islands (940) 

Marine ecology 919.53 

Marine engineering 539 


Marine geophysics 538 


Marine pollution 537.5 

Marine resources 537 


Marine sediments 536 


Marine structures 539 


Marl 454 


Marquesas Islands (960) 

Mars 735.2 (planet), 737.3 (planetary geology), 738.2 

(cosmogony), (031) (geographic number for map 

classification) 

Marshall Islands (940) 

Marshes 556 


Marshes, tidal 557 


Maryland (225) 

Masonry 769 


Massachusetts (214) 

Index to Classification System 65 
Mass physics 820 


Materials science 817 


Mathematical geology 208.2 


Mathematical physics 810.6 


Mathematical statistics 718 


Mathematical tables 705 


Mathematics 710 


Mauritania (744) 


Mauritius (792) 


Measures 814 


Mechanics 820 


*Mecklenburg (530.7) 


Meghalaya (641.4) 


Melanesia (930) 


Membership lists 056 (directories) 


Mercury 432 (metal) 


Mercury 735.4 (planet), 737.1 (planetary geology), 738.4 


(cosmogony) 


Mesozoic 340, (paleontology) 688 


Metallogeny 410 


Metallography 872 


Metals (chemistry) 8 


Metals in the natural state 430 


Metallurgy 429 


Metamorphic rocks 190 


Metamorphism 283 


Metasomatic rocks 190 


Metasomatism 283 


Metasomatite 190 


Meteorites 130 


Meteorology 510 


Meteors 734.6 


Methane 460 


Metric system 814 


Mexico (300) 


Mica 446.3 


Micaceous minerals 446.3 


Michigan (255) 


Microbiology 907 


Microcomputers 036.23 


Micronesia (940) 


Microphotography 837.1 


Micropaleontology 603.1 


Microscopy 035 


Middle East (650) 


Military engineering 769 


Military geology 203.5 


Mine prospectuses 422 


Mine safety 425 


Mine subsidences 425.2 


Mine surveying 424 


Mineral industry 403 


Mineral paints 448 


Mineral resources 403 


Mineral waters 493, *491 


66 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

Mineralogical chemistry 119 


Mineralogy 100-140 


Mineralogy, chemical 119 


Mineralogy, descriptive 120 


Mineralogy, determinative 115 


Mineralogy, optical 110 


Minerals in rocks 160 


Mines and mining 420 


Minicomputers 036.24 

Mining bureaus 402 


Mining congresses 401 


Mining engineering 425 


Mining law 421 


Mining methods 425 


Minnesota (261) 

Minor planets 735.8 (planetary astronomy), 737.7 

(planetary geology), 738.8 (cosmogony) 

Miquelon Island (137) 

Miscellaneous (sketches, clippings, and so forth) 009 

Miscellany (general) 090 

Mississippi (236) 

Missouri (263) 

Moldavia (571) 

Molecular physics 815 


Mollusca 986 (zoology), 654 (paleozoology) 

Molluscoidea 985 (zoology), 650 (paleozoology) 

Moluccas (910) 

Molybdates 126.7 

Molybdenum 439 


Monaco (548) 

Monazite 443 


Mongolia (619) 

Monocotyledons 938 (botany), 698.5 (paleobotany) 

Montana (281) 

Montenegro (596) 

Moors 556 


Moraines 253 


Morocco (740) 

Mossbauer effect 881 


Mounds 544 


Mountain making 293 


Mountains 541 


Mozambique (778) 

Mud logging 467.4 

Muscat and Oman (672) 

Muscovite 446.3 

Museum publications 020 

Museums 025 

Myriopoda 987 (zoology), 666 (paleozoology) 

Mysore (645) 

Nagaland (641.5) 


Namibia (781) 


Natal (786) 


Natural disasters 249 

Natural gas 467 

Natural history 903 

Natural resources 580 

Nauru (940) 

Navigator Islands, see Samoan Islands (960) 

Near East (650) 

Nebraska (266) 

Nebular hypothesis 738 

Necks 270 

Neodymium 439.3 

Neotectonics (geology) 210 

Near East (650) 

Nepal (615) 

Neptunium 439.4 

Netherlands, The (591) 

Netherlands Antilles (399) 

Nevada (275) 

New Brunswick (110) 

New Caledonia (933) 

New England (210) 

New Guinea (930) 

New Hampshire (212) 

New Hebrides, see Vanuatu (935) 

New Jersey (222) 

New Mexico (272) 

New South Wales (820) 

New York (221) 

New Zealand (890) 

Newfoundland (130) 

Nicaragua (385) 

Nickel 436 

Niger Republic (750.1) 

Nigeria (752) 

Nile country (720) 

Niobates 126.3 

Niobium 439 

Nitrates 126.4 (mineralogy), 443 (mineral resources) 

Nomenclature, 206 (geological), 606 (paleontological), 

976 (zoological) 

Nonmetallic elements 871 (chemistry), 440-459.9 

(nonmetallic minerals), 441.1 (products) 

North Africa (710) 

North America (099) 

North Borneo (911) 

North Carolina (231) 

North Dakota (264) 

North Korea, see Korea (625) 

North Pacific Ocean (081) 

North Rhine-Westphalia (530.15) 

North Sea (056) 

Northeastern Siberia (690.3) 

Northwest Territories (Canada) (183) 

Norway (581) 

Nova Scotia (120) 

Nubium sandstone 180 

Nuclear cratering 821.65 


Nuclear engineering 815.2 


Nuclear geology 203.7 


Nuclear geophysics 295.5 


Nuclear physics 815 


Nuclear prospecting 426.4 


Nuclear waste repositories 795.3 


Numerical analysis 719 


Observatories 020 


Ocean-atmosphere interaction 511 


Ocean bottom 536 


Ocean currents 531 


Ocean mining 537 


Oceania (900) 


French (960) 


Oceanographic instrumentation 530.02 


Oceanography 530 


Oceans 530 (topic), (050) (geographic number) 


Ochre 448 


Offshore technology 539 


Office management 065.1 


Official publications (general) 001 


Offshore technology 539 


Ohio (251) 


Oil fuels 467 


Oil shales 467 


Oil industry 467.7 


Oil well logging 467.4 


Oklahoma (244) 


Oman (672) 


Ontario (150) 


Onyx 472 


Opals 484 


Ophiuroidea 983 (zoology), 635 (paleozoology) 


Optical absorption 835 


Optical mineralogy 110 


Optics 835 


Orange Free State (783) 


Orange River Colony, see Orange Free State (783) 


Ordovician 333 (stratigraphy), 684 (stratigraphic 


paleontology) 


Ore deposits 410 


Ore dressing 429 


Oregon (285) 


Organic agencies 216 


Organic chemistry 875 


Organic geochemistry 298.3 


Organometallic compounds 872 


Origin of life 915 


Orissa (641.6) 


Ornamental stones 470 


Ornithischia 995 (zoology), 675 (paleozoology) 


Orogeny 293 


Oscillation 291 


Index to Classification System 67 
Osmium 439.1 

Ostracoda 662 


Oxides 125 


Oxygen 439.5 

Oxygen salts 126 


Pacific area (900) 

Pacific Coast (U.S.) (289) 

Pacific Ocean (080) 

Pacific Ocean, North (081) 

Paints, mineral 448 


Pakistan (648) 

Palau Islands (940) 

Paleobiology 613 


Paleobotany 690 


Paleoclimatology 370 


Paleoecology 612 


Paleogeography 360 


Paleogeophysics 314 


Paleohydrology 371 


Paleolithic period 679.9 

Paleomagnetism 314 


Paleontology (general works) 603 


Paleontology, stratigraphic 680 


Paleopedology 180.3 

Paleozoic 330 (stratigraphy), 682 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Paleozoology 614 


Palestine (681) 

Palladium 439.1 

Palynology 696 


Panama (387) 

Panama Canal (387) 

Papua (930) 

Papua New Guinea (930) 

Paragonite 446.3 

Paraguay (492) 

Paramorphism 135 


Parks 585.7 

Particle physics 815 


Patagonia (429) 

Pearls 488 


Peat 464 


Pelecypoda 986 (zoology), 655 (paleozoology) 

Pelew, see Palau (940) 

Pelmatozoa 983 (zoology), 631 (paleozoology) 

Pennsylvania (223) 

Periglacial phenomena 256 


Periodicals 010 

Periodite 170 


Permafrost 256.1 

Permian 337 (stratigraphy), 687.5 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Persia, see Iran (660) 

68 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

Personnel 065.1 

Peru (450) 

Petrofabric analysis 165 


Petroleum 467 (general), 467.3 (chemistry), 467.1 

(congresses), 467.4 (engineering), 467.5 (laws, 

legislation), 467.7 (industry), 467.4 (refineries), 467.4 

(technology) 

Petroleum geology 467.4 

Petroleum leases 467.7 

Petroleum pipelines 467.7 

Petroleum prospecting 467.4 

Petroleum well logging 467.4 

Petrology (general works) 150.3 

Petrology, structural 165 


Petrotectonics 165 


Phanerogams 935 (botany), 698 (paleobotany) 

Philippine Sea (081) 

Philippines (920) 

Philosophy 054, 075 

Phlogopite 446.3 

Phoenix Island (960) 

Phosphates 126.4 (mineralogy), 443 (mineral resources) 

Phosphorus 439.5 

Photogrammetry 753.5 

Photographs 008 

Photography 837, aerial photography 753.5 

Photomicrography 837.1 

Physical geology 210 


Physical properties of crystals 113 


Physical properties of rocks 153 


Physics 810 


Physics, mathematical 810.6 

Physiography 503, 540 


Physiology 917 


Pigments 448 


Pipeline engineering 776 


Pipelines 776 (general), 467.7 (oil and gas piplines) 

Pisces 991 (zoology), 671 (paleozoology) 

Placer deposits 414 


Plains 543 (landforms) 

Planetary astronomy 735 


Planetary geology 737 


Planetology 735 


Planets 735 (planetary astronomy), 737 (planetary 

geology), 738 (cosmogony) 

Plankton 981 


Plant ecology 919.92 

Plants, distribution of 918 


Plasma, space 295.3 

Plateaus (landforms) 542 


Plate tectonics 311 


Platinum 439.1 
Platinum metals 439.1 

Pleistocene 353 (stratigraphy), 689.6 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Pluto 737.7 (planet), (034) geographical classification of 

map 

Plutonium 439.4 

Pneumatics 823 


Poland (578) 

Polar regions (995) 

Pollution 514 (air), 537.5 (marine), 583 (environmental), 

795 (water) 

Pollution control, water 797 


Polynesia (960) 

Population studies 065.3 

Porcelain 441.1 

Porifera 982 (zoology), 621 (paleozoology) 

Portugal (569) 

Portuguese Guinea (742) 

Pot clay 441 


Pot earth 441 


Potash 443 


Potassium 439.21 

Potter's clay 441 


Potter's earth 4 


Pottery 441.1 

Power engineering 771 


(see also 785 (stream control), 815.2 (nuclear 


engineering)) 


Power resources 580 (general), 585.3 (environmental 

aspects) 

Prairies (landforms) 543 


Praseodymium 439.3 

Precambrian 320 (stratigraphy), 681 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Precious stones 480 


Pressure research 827 


Prince Edward Island (120) 

Probabilities, theory of 718 


Problematica (paleontology) 611 


Profiles (ocean) 536, profiling (seismic) 295.2, profiling 

(geophysical) 295.2 

Promethium 439.3 

Prospecting 426 


Protactinium 439.4 

Proterozoic 320.2 (stratigraphy), 681.2 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Protozoa 981 (zoology), 615 (paleozoology) 

Prussia (530.1) 

Pseudomorphs 135 


Psychology 075 

Pteridophytes 933 (botany), 697.3 (paleobotany) 

Puerto Rico (394) 

Pumice 170 (igneous rocks), 447 (abrasive materials), 

479 (construction materials) 

Punched card systems 040 

Punjab (648) 


Pyrite 445 


Qater (675) 

Qualitative analysis 881 


Quantitative analysis 883 


Quantum theory 815.4 

Quartz 453 


Quartzite 473 


Quaternary 352 (stratigraphy), 689.5 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Quebec (140) 

Queensland (810) 

Quicksilver 432 


Radar 848.5 

Radiation 838 


Radio 848.5 

Radiochemistry 856 


Radioactive prospecting 426.4 

Radioactive waste disposal 795.3 

Radioactive dating 315 


Radioactivity 815.5 

Radiocarbon dating 315 


Radioisotopes 838 


Radiolaria 981 (zoology), 618 (paleozoology) 

Radiolarian earth 459 


Radiometric ages, see Geochronology 315 


Radium 439.2 

Radon 514 (air pollution), 439.7 (inert gases) 

Railroad engineering 772 


Rain, acid 583 


Rainfall 781 


Rajasthan (640.6) 

Rapids 55 


Rare earth metals 439.3 

Recent (Holocene) 354 (stratigraphy), 689.7 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Reclamation of land from the sea 786 


Reclamation of land from strip mining 585.5 

Recreation areas 585.7 

Red Sea (072) 

Reforestation 950 


Refractory materials 441 


Regional planning 065.3 

Remote sensing 753.7 (general), 753.75 (natural 

resources), 511 (earth temperature) 

Reptilia 995 (zoology), 675 (paleozoology) 

Republic of South Africa (787) 

Research projects, catalogs of 048 

Reservoirs 791 (water supply), 521 (coastal engineering) 

Resource conservation 585.3 

Restoration of land 786 


Reunion Island (791) 

Rewa (643) 

Index to Classification System 69 
Rhenium 439 

Rheology 822.3 

Rhetoric 053 

Rhineland-Palatinate (530.13) 

Rhizopoda 981 (zoology), 616 (paleozoology) 

Rhode Island (215) 

Rhodesia, see Zimbabwe (760) 

Rhodium 439.1 

Rifts (geology) 276 


Rivers 552 


Road engineering 774 


Road materials 479 


Rock analysis 155 


Rock bursts 425 


Rock structure 260 


Rock mechanics 768 


Rockforming minerals, 412 


Rockhounding 104 


Rocks, carbonate 180 


Rocks, collection and preservation 104 


Rocks, Physical properties of 153 


Rockslides 245 


Romania (594) 

Roscoelite 446.3 

Rubidium 439.21 

Rubies 483 


Rumania (594) 

Runoff 781 


Rural water supply 790 


Russia, see Soviet Union (570) 

Russia, Asiatic (690) 

Russia R.S.F.S.R (570) 

Russian S.F.S.R. (570) 

Ruthenium 439.1 

Rwanda (771) 

Saar or Saarland (530.18) 


Sahara, Western (750) 


St. Christopher-Nevis (396) 


St. Helena Island (749.5) 


St. Kitts-Nevis, see St. Christopher-Nevis (396) 


St. Lucia (397) 


St. Pierre et Miquelon (137) 


St. Vincent (397) 


Sakhalin (693) 


Salt 444 


Samarium 439.3 


Samoan Islands (960) 


San Marino (551) 


Salvador, El (384) 


Sand 453 (silicates), 479 (aggregates) 


Sand dunes 549 


Sandstone 473 


Sanitation 799 


Santo Domingo, see Dominican Republic (393.5) 


70 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

Sapphires 482 

Sardinia (550) 

Saskatchewan (165) 

Satellites 739 (artificial), 739.4 (Earth), 739.5 

(instrumentation) 

Saudi Arabia (670) 

Savanna ecology 919.93 

Savannas 543 


Saxony, Lower (530.11) 

Scandinavia (580) 

Scandium 439 


Scaphopoda 986 (zoology), 656 (paleozoology) 

Schleswig-Holstein (530.17) 

Science (general) 030 

Scientific congresses 031 (see also specific subjects) 

Scientific institutions 032 

Scientific instruments 035 

Scotland (512) 

Seawater, desalination of 794 


Sedimentary rocks 180 


Sedimentation 213 


Seepage 782 


Seismic profiling 295.2 

Seismic prospecting 426.3 

Seismic reflection method 426.3 

Seismic refraction method 426.3 

Seismology 240 


Seismometry 240.8 

Selenides 122 


Selenium 439.5 

Semiconductors 848.5 

Senegal (756.2) 

Serbia (596) 

Serials, indexes to 044 

Serpentinite 446.2 

Sewerage 799 


Seychelles (795) 

Shore protection 521 


Shorelines 521 


Shores 521 


Siam, see Thailand (635) 

Siberia (690) 

Siberia, Eastern (690.3) 

Siberia, Western (690.2) 

Sicily (550) 

Sierra Leone (755) 

Sikkim (615) (republic), (641.71) (province of India) 

Silicates 126.2 (mineralogy), 453 (mineral resources) 

Siliceous earth 459 


Silicon 439.5 

Silurian 334 (stratigraphy), 685 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Silver 431 


Singapore (Republic) (912) 

Sinkholes 547, 248 

Sinkiang-Uighur (610.7) 4


4


Skagerak (056)

Skarn 190
 4


4


Slate 475 


Slovenia (596.3) 4


4


Snow 256 


Snow surveying 781


Smectite 441
 4


4


4


Soapstone 476


Societies 020 

Society Islands (960)

4


4


4


Socotra (673) 

Sodium 439.21

Sociology 0654


4


4


Soil age 180.3 

Soil chemistry 892 


Soil congresses 941.1

4


4


4


Soil conservation 941


Soil ecology 919.944


4


Soil formation 518 


Soil mechanics 768 


Soil micromorphology 941
 4

4


4
 

Soil moisture 944


Soil physics 941 


Soil pollution 583


4


4


4


Soil sciences 941


Soil structure 941
 4


4


Soils, agricultural 941


Soil surveys 941 


4


4


Soils engineering 768


Soils (origin) 518 


Solar power and energy (applied) 771
 4


4


4


Solar system 735 


Solid state physics 815.6 4


4
 

Solids 821 


Solomon Islands (937) 

Solution chemistry 855
 4

4


4


Sorption 890.1 (includes sorbents)

Somalia (773) 

Somaliland, see Somalia (773) 

4


4


4


South Africa, Republic of (787) 

Sound 825 


South Africa (region) (780) 4


4


Soviet Union (570) 

Space biology 730.4 

Space chemistry 730.3 

Space exploration 739 


Space plasma 295.3 

Space sciences (general) 739 


Space shuttles 739.7 

Space stations 739.8 

Spain (560) 

Spanish Guinea (741.5) 

*Spanish Morocco (740) 

Spanish Sahara (741) 

Spatial data handling 759.5 

Specific gravity 814.8 

Specifications, engineering 763 


Spectroscopy 835 (theory), 886 (analytic chemistry) 

Spectrum analysis 881 


Speleology 547 


Spongida, see Porifera 982 (zoology), 621 (stratigraphic 


paleontology) 


Springs 491, 551 


Springs, hot (geology) 230 


Sri Lanka (649) 


Stars 734.4 


Statistical yearbooks 055 


Statistics 067, 719 (mathematics) (see also specific 


subjects) 


Statistics in geology 208.2 

Statistics in mineralogy 408 


Steel 429.3 

Steel metallography 896 


Stochastic processes 718 


Stocks 270 


Stoneware 441.1 

Storm sewers 793 


Stormwater management 781 


Stratigraphic correlation 315 


Stratigraphic geology 300 


Stratigraphic paleontology 680 


Stream control (hydrology) 785 


Stream measurements 783 


Strip mining 425 


Stromatoporoids 626 


South Africa, Union of, see South Africa, Republic of 4
 Strontium 439.2

South African Republic (784)

(787) 

4


4


South America (400) 

South Atlantic Islands (749.5) 4


4


South Australia (840)

South Carolina (232)4


4


South Dakota (265) 

Southwest Africa, see Namibia (781) 4


4


Southeastern Asia (region) (629)

Southern Africa (region) (780) 4


4


Soviet Central Asia (693.5) 

Structural crystallography 112 


Structural engineering 767 


Structural geology 260 


Structural petrology 165 


Style manuals 053.2 


Submarine geology 203(050) 


Submarine relief off coasts 523 


Subsidence 248 


Sudan (720.5) 


Sulfates 126.6 


Sulfides 122 


Index to Classification System 71 
Sulfur 445 


Sulpho-salts 123 


Sumatra (910) 


Sun 734.5 


Sunda Islands (910) 


Suqutra or Socotra, see People's Democratic Republic of 


Yemen (673) 


Surinam (482) 


Surveying 750 


Surveying congresses 750.1 


Surveying, mine 424 


Surveys, soil 941 


Swamps 556 


Swaziland (788) 


Sweden (583) 


Switzerland (535) 


Synthesis 889 


Syria (682) 


Szechwan (610.8) 


Tables, engineering 765 


Tables, mathematical 705 


Tadzhik S.S.R. (694) 


Taiwan (611) 


Tamil Nadu (642) 


Tanganyika, see Tanzania (774) 


Tantalates 126.3 


Tantalum 439 


Tanzania (774) 


Tasmania (880) 


Taymyr Peninsula (R.S.F.S.R.) (690.3) 


Technetium 439 


Technical dictionaries 051.1 


Technical writing 053.2 


Techniques 108 (mineralogy), 150.8 (petrology), 208 


(geology), 608 (paleontology), 708 (mechanics and 

engineering), 808 (physics), 908 (biology) 


Technology (general) 030 


Tectonic geology 210 


Tectonics (geology) 210 


Tectonics, plate 311 


Tellurates 126.6 


Tellurides 122 


Tellurium 439.5 


Temperature 218 (earth), 511 (atmosphere) 


Tennessee (239) 


Terbium 439.3 


Terraces (landforms) 546 


Terrestrial magnetism, see Geomagnetism 296 


Tertiary 351 (stratigraphy), 689.1 (paleontology) 


Texas (245) 


Thailand (635) 


Thallium 439 


Thallophytes 931 (botany), 697.1 (paleobotany) 


Theory of error 718 


72 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 

Thermal pollution of lakes, rivers, and so forth 795.6 

Thermochemistry 852 


Thermodynamics 834 


Thorium 439.4 

Thulium 439.3 

Tibet (616) 

Tide gages 532 


Tides 532 


Tile 441.1 

Time (general works) 809 


Time, geologic 315 


Tin 434 


Titanates 126.2 

Titanium 439 


Tobago (394.2) 

Togo (748) 

Tokelau Islands (960) 

Tonga Islands (960) 

Topographic drawing 753 


Topographic maps 500 


Torsion balance 426.4 

Tourmaline 487 


Trace elements 413 


Trace fossils 610 


Tracks, fossil 610 


Transbaikalia (690.3) 

Transcaucasia (693) 

Trans-Jordan, see Jordan (685) 

Transvaal (785) 

Trap 477 


Travel and description 590 


Tremolite 446.1 

Triangulation 743 


Triassic 341 (stratigraphy), 688.1 (stratigraphic 

paleontology) 

Trigonometry 714 


Trilobite 662.3 

Trinidad (394.2) 

Tripoli (710) 

Tripoli 459 (siliceous earth) 

Tripolite 459 


Tripolitania, see Libya (710) 

Tripura (641.8) 

Tristan da Cunha (749.5) 

Tsunamis 533 


Tuamotu (960) 

Tungstates 126.7 

Tungsten 439 


Tunicata 989 


Tunisia (735) 

Tunnels 773 


Turkey (680) 

Turkmen S.S.R. (695.3) 

Turkmenistan, see Turkmen S.S.R. (695.3) 

Turks and Caicos Islands (395) 
Tuvalu (960) 


Uganda (776) 


Ukraine (571) 


Ultrabasic rocks 170 


Unconformability 287 


Underground water 490 


Undetermined material (paleontology) 611 


Ungava (140) 


United Arab Emirates (675) 


United Kingdom (510) 


United States (200) 


Universities 020 


Upper Volta, see Burkina Faso (747) 


Uranium 439.4 


Urban geology 203.6 


Urban planning 585.5 (conservation), 065.3 (sociology) 


Urenates 126.5 


Uruguay (490) 


Utah (273) 


Uttar Pradesh (640.8) 


Uzbekistan, see Uzbek S.S.R (696) 


Uzbek S.S.R (696) 


Valleys 545 


Vanadates 126.4 


Vanadium 439 


Vanuatu (935) 


Vector analysis 719 


Vehicles 770.3 


Veins 411 


Venezuela (470) 


Vermes 984 (zoology), 640 (paleozoology) 


Vermiculite 446.3 


Vermont (213) 


Vertebrata 990 (zoology), 670 (paleozoology) 


Vertebrates 990 (zoology), 670 (paleozoology) 


Vibrations 849 


Victoria (830) 


Vietnam (631) 


Virgin Islands (394.1) 


Virgin Islands, British (394.2) 


Virginia (227) 


Volcanic ash 447 


Volcanic cinders 479 


Volcanic rocks 170 


Volcanism 220 


Volcanoes 220 


Volcanoes, extinct 225 


Volumetric analysis 884 


Wales (520) 


Washington (State) (284) 


Washington, D.C. (226) 


Waste or Waste disposal 799.5 


Water, analysis 796 


Water chemistry 797 


Water composition 797 (surface), 495 (underground) 


Water conservation 793 


Water contamination 795 (surface), 494 (underground) 


Water pollution 795 (surface), 494 (underground) 


Water pollution control 797 


Water power 785 


Water quality 797 


Water resources development 784 


Water rights 798 


Water rights legislation 798 


Water storage 791 


Water, underground 490 


Waterfalls 553 


Watersheds 552 


Water-supply 490 (underground), 780 (surface), 790 


(rural agriculture), 793 (domestic, industrial, and 


military) 


Waterworks 793 


Waves 533 (oceanography), 825 (sound waves), 835 


(light waves), 838 (electromagnetic waves), 849 


(physics) 


Weathering 211 


Weights 814 


Welfare 065.6 


Well drilling 777 


Well logging 426 


Wells, artesian 492 


West Bengal (643.2) 


West Central Africa region (750) 


West Indies (390) 


West Irian (Western half of New Guinea) (910) 


West Virginia (228) 


Western Australia (860) 


Western Sahara (741) 


Western Samoa (960) 


Wetlands 556 


Whirlpools 553 


White Russia, see Byelorussian S.S.R. (577) 


Wildlife conservation and management 585 


Wildlife refuges 585.3 (environmental analysis), 585.7 


(parks and recreation areas) 


Windward Islands (397) 


Winds 515 


Wisconsin (254) 


World (geographic numbers) (000) 


Wyoming (282) 


Yearbooks, statistical 055 

Yellowstone National Park (282) 

Yemen Arab Republic (671) 

Yemen, North, see Yemen Arab Republic (671) 

Yemen, South, see People's Democratic Republic of 

Yemen (673) 

Index to Classification System 73 
Ytterbium 439.3 	 Zeolites 126.2 (mineralogy), 453 (mineral resources)

Yttrium 439 	 Zimbabwe (760)

Yugoslavia (596) 	 Zinc 435


Yukon (182) 	 Zinnwaldite 446.3 


Zirconium 439


Zaire (764) 	 Zoology 970


Zambia (761) 	 Zululand (786) 

74 U.S. Geological Survey Library Classification System 


SELECTED SERIES OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS 


Periodicals 

Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly). 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly). 

Technical Books and Reports 

Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports 

of wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists 

and engineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies 

and of topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. They also 

include collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a 

single scientific topic. 

Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of 

lasting scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or 

geographic coverage than Professional Papers. They include the results 

of resource studies and of geologic and topographic investigations, as 

well as collections of short papers related to a specific topic. 

Water-Supply Papers are comprehensive reports that present 

significant interpretive results of hydrologic investigations of wide 

interest to professional geologists, hydrologists, and engineers. The 

series covers investigations in all phases of hydrology, including 

hydrogeology, availability of water, quality of water, and use of water. 

Circulars present administrative information or important 

scientific information of wide popular interest in a format designed for 

distribution at no cost to the public. Information is usually of short-term 

interest. 

Water-Resources Investigations Reports are papers of an 

interpretive nature made available to the public outside the formal 

USGS publications series. Copies are reproduced on request unlike 

formal USGS publications, and they are also available for public 

inspection at depositories indicated in USGS catalogs. 

Open-File Reports include unpublished manuscript reports, 

maps, and other material that are made available for public consultation 

at depositories. They are a nonpermanent form of publication that may 

be cited in other publications as sources of information. 

Maps 

Geologic Quadrangle Maps are multicolor geologic maps on 

topographic bases in 7.5- or 15-minute quadrangle formats (scales 

mainly 1:24,000 or 1:62,500) showing bedrock, surficial, or 

engineering geology. Maps generally include brief texts; some maps 

include structure and columnar sections only. 

Geophysical Investigations Maps are on topographic or planimetric bases at various scales; they show results of surveys using 

geophysical techniques, such as gravity, magnetic, seismic, or 

radioactivity, which reflect subsurface structures that are of economic 

or geologic significance. Many maps include correlations with the 

geology. 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps are on planimetric or 

topographic bases of regular and irregular areas at various scales; they 

present a wide variety of format and subject matter. The series also 

includes 7.5-minute quadrangle photogeologic maps on planimetric 

bases that show geology as interpreted from aerial photographs. Series 

also includes maps of Mars and the Moon. 

Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or 

planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial 

geology, stratigraphy, and structural relations in certain coal-resource 

areas. 

Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphic 

information for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having 

petroleum potential. 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases for quadrangle or 

irregular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology 

in relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit problems; post-1971 

maps are primarily black-and-white maps on various subjects such as 

environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations. 

Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or blackand-white maps on topographic or planimetric bases presenting a wide 

range of geohydrologic data of both regular and irregular areas; 

principal scale is 1:24,000, and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale 

or smaller. 

Catalogs 

Permanent catalogs, as well as some others, giving 

comprehensive listings of U.S. Geological Survey publications are 

available under the conditions indicated below from the U.S. 

Geological Survey, Book and Open-File Report Sales, Federal Center, 

Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. (See latest Price and Availability List.) 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961" may be 

purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as 

a set of microfiche. 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970" may be 

purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as 

a set of microfiche. 

"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971-1981" may 

be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form (two 

volumes, publications listing and index) and as a set of microfiche. 

Supplements for 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, and for 

subsequent years since the last permanent catalog may be purchased by 

mail and over the counter in paperback book form. 

State catalogs, "List of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic and 

Water-Supply Reports and Maps For (State)," may be purchased by 

mail and over the counter in paperback booklet form only. 

"Price and Availability List of U.S. Geological Survey 

Publications,"issued annually, is available free of charge in paperback 

booklet form only. 

Selected copies of a monthly catalog "New Publications of the 

U.S. Geological Survey" are available free of charge by mail or may 

be obtained over the counter in paperback booklet form only. Those 

wishing a free subscription to the monthly catalog "New Publications of 

the U.S. Geological Survey" should write to the U.S. Geological 

Survey, 582 National Center, Reston, VA 22092. 

Note. —Prices of Government publications listed in older 

catalogs, announcements, and publications may be incorrect. 

Therefore, the prices charged may differ from the prices in catalogs, 

announcements, and publications. 
•• • • ...Ie.* ••••••• • • • \IV • •• II • ••• S •••• a 6, • S •••,• •....4.18%.151%.08 VLSI VGy IJUSIC1111 It/