TABLE I-10

LDV Trailer Towing Correction Factor

The Trailer Towing Correction Factor, L(p), iS given by:
Uipw = ut(cf(p) - 1,0) * 4.0

where:

a fraction of wehicles toving a trailer (1000 pounds)
cf£(p) = correction factor values selected from below
Uipw = Correction Factor adjusted for usage level

cf(p) correction factor walues for pre-1975 Model Years
(additional 1000 pounds)

Polletant cf(p)
HC 1,32
co 2.1
wOx 1,16

cf£(p) correction factor values for 1975 and later Model Years
(additional 1000 pounds)

cf(p) = wta(p)_*_ (1-w) sb (p)
wit (tu) #c(p)

Pollutant a(p)_ bip) c{py_
RC 1,32 0.75 0.43
co 2.15 1.55 0.39
NOx C16 4.28 0.92

and where vw = fraction of total WST in cold operation,


TABLE v-3
MID-YEAR EXRAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR MOTORCYCLES

CAREON MONOXIDE (GB/MNI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND BIGH-ALTITUDE

{SOPELY CALENDAR YEAR - July 1 t
{YEAR 11970 1971 1972 1973 1974 14975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 |
Port P nn torr rrr rrr rrr crm nn nnn nan nn nnn ere nme meme me mmm mm nnn en t
qt951¢ 38.9 1+
11952} 38.7 38.9 t

{
1
i)
#19544 38.3 38.5 38.7 38.9 { {
$1955f 38.1 38.3 38.5 38.7 38.9 t 1
11956] 37.9 38.3 38.3 38.5 38.7 38.9) 1
€1957( 37.7 37.9 38.3 38.3 38.5 38.7§¢ 38.9 t
11958) 37.5 37.7 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.54 38.7 38.9 i)
119591 37.3 37.5 37.7 37.9 38.1 38.34 38.5 38.7 38.9 i)
$1960] 37.3 37.3 37.5 37.7 37.9 38,1) 38.3 38.5 38.7 38.9 1
£1967] 36.9 37.3% 37.3 37.5 37.7 37.9§ 38.1 38.3 38.5 38.7 38.9 '
11962] 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.3 37.5 37.74 37.9 38,1 38.3 38.5 38.7 38.9 |
47963) 36.5 36.7 36.9 37,1 37.3 37.51 37.7 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.5 38.7 {
$1964] 36.2 36.5 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.34 37.5 37.7 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.5 |
179651 36.0 36.2 36,5 36.7 36.9 37.1) 37.3 37.5 37.7 37.9 38.1 38.3 1t
11966] 35.7 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.7 36.94 37.1 37.3 37.5 37.7 37.9 38.4 1
(1967) 35.4 35.7 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.7) 36.9 37.1 37.3 37.5 37,7 37.9 1
129661] 35.1 35.4 35.7 36.0 36,2 36.54 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.3 37.5 37.7 1
619691 34,7 35,1 35.8 35.7 36.0 36.21) 36.5 36.7 36.9 37,1 37.3 37.5 J
$1970% 38.5 34.7 35.7 35.9 35.7 36.04 36.2 36.5 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.3 1
'

i]

1

|

1

{

'

4

t

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i

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t

'

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!

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4

p1g9e9]

119711 30,5 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.7) 36.0 36,2 36.5 36.7 36.9 37,1
419724 34.5 30.7 35.1 35.44 35.7 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.7 36.9
119734 38,5 34.7 35.07 35.6 35.7 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.7
L19741 38.5 34.7) 35.1 35,4 35.7 36.0 36.2 36.5
119754 34.5) 34.7 35.1 35.6 35.7 36.0 36.2
179764 134.5 34.7 35.1 35.4 35.7 36.0
119771 t 34.5 34.7 35.1 35.8 35.7
11978] ' 20.5 21.1 22.1 22.9
119794 t 20.5 2%.1 22.1
119808 t 15.0) 15.7
19819 t 15,1
119829 l
179831 '
119884 \
p79esy¢ t
T9861 t
119875 t
119884 t

t

\

SERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IB-USE VEHICLES.
POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.


A. Introduction. This vehicle category consists of trucks
used chiefly fcr personal transpertation which are powered
by gasoline-fueled, spark-ignited internal combustion
engines. Twe sub-categories of light-duty trucks are used:
trucks having a gross vehicle weight (GVW) in the range
0-6000 pounds, and trucks with GVW in the range 6001-9500
pounds. Trucks in these twe categories are essentially all
two-axle, four tire trucks. Trucks and buses having a GVW
above 8500 pcunds are defined as heavy-duty vehicles and are
discussed in Chapters IIT and Iv. These definiticns of
light-duty trucks and heavy-duty vehicles are identical to
those in AF-42, Supplement 5.

The testing conditions used for the light-duty trucks
in the 0-6000 pound range are the same as thcse in the
Federal Test Procedure (FTE) for light-duty vehicles, as
discussed in Chapter I. Until the 1979 model year, the
trucks in the 6001-8500 pound range are to be certified
under the less stringent Heavy-Duty Truck Procedures. In
4979 the testing conditions for both weight ranges will be

the same as those currently in effect for light-duty trucks.

-24-


Vv. Calculate Regional HC Emissions from LDYs

(Om the preceding pages a cosposite emission factor vas
calcelated only for a speed of 30 sph. Composite emission
factors for additional speed categories shoulda be
calculated, multiplied by WHT at each speed, and then suaned
to represent regional emissions.)

Wow that a composite exhaust enission factor has beer
calculated (in grams/pile), we can determine the actual
hydrocarbon emissions for the tise period of concern as
follows:

Step 1, Determine the total regional vehicle miles of travel
(¥BT is computed by multiplying the traffic volume
on a given road segment by the length of that
segment), the appropriate percent, of total VAT
represented by light-duty vehicle travel during the
Jaly day, and the light-duty VAT for each speed
category. These categories could be by 10 mph
increments between 5 mph and 55 aph in different
portions of the urban area (e.9., CBD, 10 mile ring,
the rest of the area),

Step 2, The daily total hydrocarbon emissions for each speed
category equal the sum of the composite exhaust
emission factor {calculated for this example to be
3.237) gu/mile for 30 mph) and the composite
evaporative HC emission factor (calculated to be
1.356 ga/mi in Table C-5}), multiplied by the daaly
VAT for that speed category for light-duty vehicles,

LDV evaporative emissions are calculated using the

c- 15


Although the correction factor for speed, temperature,
and hot/cold operating mode mix can be calculated manually
using the generalized equations in Chapter 1 (Table I-6),
the computer program available from EPA was used to generate
the Ripstwx values for a cold/stable/hot mix of 40%/30%/30%,
an ambient temperature of 80° F, and an average route speed
of 30 mph.

The appropriate Ripstwx values are listed in the

following table:


EFA-400/9-78-006

HCBILE SOURCE EMISSICN FACTORS

(For Low-Altitude Areas Cnly)

Final Document

March 1¢78

Environmental Frotection Agency
Cffice of Transpertation and
Land Use Fclicy
401 M Street, SoWe
Washington, D.C. 20460


TABLE Iv-8

COEFFICIENTS FOR AVG, WEIGHT AND AVG, WEIGHT/CID
FOR DIESEL-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORWIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

ae 1__HYDROCARBOMNS 7
{HODEL YEAR} _bO bt b2

' { { ' ‘
{1 PRE-1974 4 2.058 -0.005 -0.014}-0.533 -0.030 0.043) 0.085 6.020 0.0024

t t t ' t
i 19744 =| 0,893 0.015 -0,00647-0.299 0.030 0.0031] 0.138 0.023 0O.00Tf

P(ipnoq) = bO * bI(WT/1000) + b2(WE/CID)

This correction factor is applicable only to diesel-powered HDYs with
weights ranging from 19000 to 55000 pounds and CID of $40 to 600,


1392 3993 4

BOTH WEYGHT CATEGORIES
1991

3990

- duly 1
1989

1988

{POR CALENDAR TEARS 1982-1953)
1987

CALENDAR YEAR

WITKOGER OXIDES (GM/#I)
1986

FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY TROCKS
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AUD HIGH-ALTITUDE

1985

1984
[wana no nanan enna nnn nn nnn nnn ne nen nn cn nn enn n ne nena em en eta n nan mannan |

179631
119603
11965]

TABLE YI-4

1983

BID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSIOR

JRODEL{
HYEAR [1982

WBODONANNEFORGARNGOENNOAH
CO ee ee
AMAA MAM M MN ANN Nee oS

OVO GOONNKEODANNOHRMNSH
eeoesreereee see eee ee se

AMM MAM AMMAN NNN HOO

COO HOSENKNONADONID nN ew
a8 3 8 veo ees se oe eee
sanm MAMAAMNNNNNe ee r=)

Sesesesewronnes Sornan
eet ae set eee ose eh ee
oem AM AMMO ANNNNNE ARH OO

CVSSCVEDHGANVD OV ANAD HW
ee ee ar ee ee ee ee

SITIAMAMIMMMNNNANE BM OO

AKeocowvevvoRnonoeNnsNNANH
ov ree eo eee ee eee te eee Oe

PFITFIEAMARMMMNNNANN RK OS

AAKSVECOVHOLVBONDO ON TMNOH
Ce i ee
SIAC SIMMMMMANNNANANM COD

NAnwDOVoNwouvDoNEeMe ow
oeoee cee eee ee erence cese

SHOP TEAMAMMMNNNUNNN OOD

NANDA OSCKVEBOSDUYON EMERG
oe eee tee eee eH HE He

SPS AsTTSAMAMMANNNNN& @

NNNAMOHWDODOVDDOYN TMH AD
ooe eee eee oe ee ee ase ee
STs TIMMAMMOAN NAN

ANNA DAHA LOCSOWDOEMA DD
eoecneceertes ae es oe ee 8

aseeoscger 57 FMM MM manne

ANAANAHRSCOODOBCOMNAD

oe eee eee eee ees eee ee

FEET E ET TERAAAIAONNE

p1966T
$1967]
$1968]
b19694
119705
tt19724
tt9734
11974]
$1975)
119764
119774
g79781
119794
£19601
pisett
119624
119837
ps8,
1198S)
119864
11987t
119883
11989]
119904
11991]
119924
439934

FU97ty

’
a

FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTEL.

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED O8 ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-OSE VEHICLES,

*ENISSION FACTORS FOR VEBICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 31975 AKD THROUGH
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION


Table C-4

Calculation of Composite Exhaust
Hydrocarbon Emission Factor for Light-Duty Vehicles

Calendar Year 1980
Ambient Temperature 80° F Avg, Route Speed 30 mph
QO Cold Starts30% Hot Start

Rodel Year Age Cipn Bin Ripstyx {Cipn) (Bin) (Ripstwx)
1980 1 0.27 0, 106 1,087 0,031
1979 2 1.58 0,182 0.907 0.204
1978 3 1,92, 0.133 0.889 0.226
1977 4 2.24 0,123 0.877 0.241
1976 5 2.53 0,108 0.869 0.238
1975 6 2.81 9,092 0.863 0.223
1978 7 6.88 0,077 0.838 0.945
1973 8 7.42 0.068 0.835 0.397
1972 9 7.90 0.050 0.881 0.346
1971 10 8.34 ©0035 0.883 0.258
1970 W 8.73 0.023 0.890 0,180
1969 12 9.09 0.016 0.875 0.125
1968 3 9.43 0,010 0.867 0.081
1967 18 12.87 0.007 0.841 0.077
1966 1S 12.81 0.008 0.841 0.047
1965 6 13.12 0,003 0.841 0.030
1964 7 13.41 0,002 0.8492 0.025
1963 18 13.70 0.002 0.842 0,024
1962 19 13.97 0.002 0,842 0.023
1961 20 14.22 0,002 0,842 0.019

Enpstwx = 3,237 gasmi


TABLE 11I-4b

RIL -YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTOKS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS 6001-8500 LBS,

NITROGER OXILES (GM/M1)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

1981

V
1977

CALE

'
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{PODFL]

Ak YEAR ~ July

1975
|rnnn nonionic nen cent ence nnn ener rnc nn ce nace sens nena me cn anes eae ae |

1979 1980

1976 1978

1972 1973 1974

1971

}YEAR 11970

wINnnNnNnNNNneDeOSODOOOK Ne
Ce

WD PKDDOONNAN DMN DANE

MYNNNMNNNnNNDODSOODOONe
ee

wooendovovoNANNnNnNANANe

MNNMNANANANGOSODOCCOm
CO ee
LeoooDovooNAHANHMNNeH

wNNnNNnNnNnNNNNoOoDDOOOoOo
Ce
CPO LOKODOOOONAA AKAN

MANA MMNMMNNNNOCOSoOOCo
ee ere eee ee eee eee eh Oe

VwovVOODODOOOINNNNNNAN

nyNNnANANnNNMANHOSooBODO
a)
POKDMPQOODVOSODOOONNH NAN

*

yNMANMNMANNMHMAHNDOGOSS

Ce ee

PoeoVovVovvooOvoeNNINNIHN

AMA NnNMANnANANN NANOS o OS
Ce ee

Wwewewovoyrvwvescvooenunnn

AANA ANNA HANMNANNANDOGOS
Ce rr  )

wevesoevevvevowownnnn

enn annnnannnnnnnooce
Ce ry
Coe vovwvvovvvrvvwovwuNnn

NNN ANoO
Ce
VCVOOVOUVOKVYOWVYVYVOVONN

yEMnNNNnNnnnNMNMnAMMANo
Oe ee
WEeveswvuowvvuvovwvvyvuwevvon
KT NM TOUR UNSRENMNTNORANOKMNMSTHOR ANCHE NMENOROAS
DD MAD DANN DSS POPSET DOOERMARAREARERDGDDADOHBIN
DANHAKDAAAHHAHRAHRAAHAHRTAHAHANADAAAHAHNARAARAAATH
a eo a on

SFRISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH

1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IW-USE VEHICLES,

CALENDAR YEAR

POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ABE PROJECTED,


Chapter TI Light-Duty Vehicles
available.

For scenarios which vary from the FTP ccnditions,
correction factors are desirable. The correcticn factor for
ambient temperature, average speed, and percentage hot and
cold operation represents a majcr change from the previous
treatment in Supplement 5 to AP-42, The interdependence of
these variatles has led to their expression as a _ single
correction factcr, rather than as separate correction
factors. The new factor is identified by the term Pipstwx
in the composite exhaust emission equation.

The FTE measures emissions during three fhases of
operation. A cold transient phase is representative of
vehicle start-ur after a leng engine-off period; a
stabilized hase is representative of warmed-up engine
operation; and hot-start vehicle operation occurs in the
first 505 seconds of vehicle start-up after a shcert engine-
off period. The cold, hot, and stabilized phases are 2%,
27%, and 52%, respectively, of the total FTP mileage.

For non-catalyst vehicles, the cold vehicle cperation
phase is defined as the first 505 seconds cf vehicle
operation fcllowing a 4-hceur engine off period. For
catalyst vehicles the cold operation phase is defined as the
first 505 seconds of vehicle operation following a 1-hour
engine-off period. If the engine-off period ("scak time')
is less than 4 hours for non-catalyst vehicles cr less than
* hour for catalyst vehicles, the restarted vehicle is
considered to be in a hct operating mode. Mere specific
information on the relationship between cold vehicle
operation, ‘soak time", and ambient temperature may be

“14-


TABLE V-5h

AVERAGE CUMULATIVE RILEAGE
BY VEHICLE AGE ~- July 1

1

2

3

4

5

6 10147
7 T1774
6 33322
9 14812
10 16285
W 17635
12 18986
13 20306
Ww 21597
5 22867
te 2ati7
W7 25349
18 26569
19 27779
20 28979

The methodology for calculating average cumulative mileage
is presented in Appendix G.


10
WY
¥2
13
Dy
5
6
WwW
18

Group Definitions

Group Definition

Pre-controlled, High-altitude
Pre-controlled Low-altitude

1966-

1968
1969
1970
1971
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1972

1972

1973-
197 3-

197 3-

1975

1967 California
Low-altitude
Low-altitude
Low-altitude
Low-altitude
High-altitude
Righ-altitude
Bigh-altitude
High-altitude
High-altitude
California
Low-altitade

1974 High-altitude
1974 California
1974 Low-altitude

and later, all areas


SPEED:
aS:

45.0 SPH.

TABLE F-21

TEMP: 75,

(F)

0.803 0,058 0.058 0.045 0,031 0,005

CPOCCCOSDOOCCHm maa eNNNWW FREED ADG

Corre ee ee er ae Se

SVU V NNN OMMLVOSUVUNVOFOWY HR VONVOWOW

NVvvvweannmve
eee em ee eee

WE COYVONYU@WY

% COLD staat:
S WOT START:

RN NW WWE eee
ooereere eos ee ee se
POON ERNE ee ENOL

NNNARNN ARN
eoevreeerteee
Ww ween

wwe

oo
oo


TABLE F-10

SPEED: 19.6 BPH. TEBP: 25. (F) & COLD START: 100,08
BS: 0.630 0,160 0.160 0.025 0,025 0.0 & HOT START: 0.0%

cr nc co yox
1970 23.7 239.6 5.1
w971 22.7 233.9 5.2
1972 21.9 230.3 5.2
1973 27.2 228.3 5.2
19748 20.6 227.7 5.0
1975 19.7 224.5 4.9
1976 18.8 220.0 4.8
1977 17.9 215.4 4.6
1978 16.9 210.7 a8
1979 18.9 205.2 4.3
1980 14.6 192.9 at
198T 13,2 178.3 3.9
1982 2,21 164.8 3.7
1983 11.0 150.6 3.6
1984 10.0 136.1 3.4
1985 9.2 123.1 3.3
1986 8.5 111.0 3.0
1987 7.9 107.3 2.9
1988 7.5 92.9 2.7
1989 7.1 85.9 2.6
1990 6.9 80.6 2.6
1991 6.7 76.4 2.5
1992 6.5 73,2 2.5
1993 6.48 70.8 2.4
1994 6.2 69.1 2.4
1995 6,2 67.4 2.4
1996 6.2 67,4 224
31997 6,2 67.4 224
1998 6.2 67.4 2.4
1999 6.2 67.4 2.4


1982-1993)

(FOR CALENDAR YEARS

TABLE YI-WA

RID-YEAR EXHAUST ERBISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS < 6000 LBS,

RITROGEN OXIDES (GM/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORBIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

1986
ee ee ooo

IMOLELY
11963]
11964]
11965]
11966]
119674
11968]
11969]
11970]
11971]

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 |

1987

1984 1985

1983

TYEAR §1982

ee ee ee ewe

o
.
on”

StF IMMNTCORNMOANHNAN
Ce ee ee ee ee

MANNII MMM ANNANN PRP OS

COFFIIMNKBDODNMOBNNON
ee eee eee svete eee te tt

MANNNNMMMMMNNANN EK RK OO

POOFFTIFNKOOHRBMGCANNAN
oeov eevee ee ee ee tem e ts
TAMANNANNMMMMNNNN ERK OO

vyeroorA7TesMOCONBROCaNNON
CR ke ee
TINMNNNNMMMNNNN FE RH OO

TR TVOSOsSSFFAOOD SOA MONN|N
oe eee eee eee ee me eee

TTPIMMANNANNMMANNNF RK OO

sar 20OOosF7TONANNANNON
see eeen eee eee eee tees

kTTIMMNNANMNNNANNNE HOG

SPISIAFOCOFATANOSNHAIMNDN
ee
StTIIMMANANNNANNNNNE OO

WstTeesezOOF ST aeTZTORNAMe OW
Ce re er re

MtTTTIMMNNNNNANNNNOD

wersterz0O0ta Teg aRNnsMean
Ce

MM tT TTIMMANNNNNANNNN EO

weovrtrzrz0COFT ea TTNIAMHAS
eeoeeoeevneeeve eevee eeees
MMM TT TAMMNNNNN NNN

wevustszrazrz00g ssa 7 aM ne
CO

MMMM TT TTIMMNNNANNNN OR

wwoverrtrsz00e es F4aMK Nw
Ce ee

MOMM eT TTIMMANNNANN Ne

119724
11973}
119744
11975]
11976]
119774
11978]
£19794
11980]
119811
11982
119831
11984,
[19E5]
(1986,
11987
pr9eef
119894
119904
119944
119924
11993}

*ERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,

POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


Chapter TIT Heavy-duty Gas “rucks
The Sar Antonio Poad Poute (SAPP) located in San
Antonio, Texas, is 7.24 miles lcng and includes freeway,
arterial, and local/collectcr highway segments. A constant
volume sampler is carried cn board each of the test vehicles
for collecticn cf a proporticnal part of the exhaust gas
from the vehicle. This sample is later analyzed to yield
MaSS emission rates. Because the SAt? is an actual toad
route, the average speed varies depending cn traffic
conditions at the time of the test. “he average speed tends
to be around 20 mi/hr, with about 20% of the time spent at
idle. The test procedure ewissicn factor is ccmpcsed
entirely of warmed-up vehicle cperation. Fased on
preliminary analysis of vehicle cperation data, almcst all
heavy-duty vehicle operation is under warmed-up ccnditicns.
At this time, it is not known whether the SAT?
accurately represents average urban HDV driving patterns.
Preliminary analysis of Los Angeles urban truck cperation
data indicates an average speed of around 26 orph, 6 mph
higher than the SAPP average speed. Data from cther sites
have not been analyzed. “he read route does have similar
characteristics to the representative light-dvty driving
schedule with respect to average road speed and percent time
at idle. Since traffic is likely tc be the majcr ccnstraint
within the urban environment, it is net surprising that the
truck and car schedules are similar. However, the SAF® (and
the current LDV FTMP) makes no attempt to acccurt for the
time that trucks spend idling as a result of deliveries,
special operations (buses, garbage trucks), auxiliary power

equipment, etc.

2415


TABLE ITI-SA

AVERAGE CUBULATIVE BILEAGE
BY VEHICLE AGE - July 1

4750
19000
37862
$5725
72212
87212
1007 32
142725
123362
132887
18t500
189300
156312
162650
368525
173850
478775
383087
188075
192674

The methodology for calculating average cumulative mileage
is presented in Appendix G,


Chapter TV

Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

C. Weighting Factors for HDD. The discussicn of the
weighting factor in Chapter TIT is applicable tc diesel-
powered HDVs as well as to gascline-powered HDVs. TMable

Tv-5 gives the fraction of annual

diesel-powered HDVs.

De

jn

peed Correction

three coefficients needed to compute the

factors for diesel-powered, heavy-duty

correction factor can be applied between 5

table

travel by vehicle age for

Tv-6 gives the
speed correction
vehicles. The

and 55 mph.

E. ruck Characteristic Facter for HDD. As discussed in
Chapter TIZ, a correction factor has been developed to
account for heavy-duty vehicle weight and fpecwer. This

correction factor is applicable
49,000 to 55,000 pounds with

inch displacement to 600 CID.
so as to

been designed adjust the tabled

factors (assumed to be at half lcad

This correction

to diesel-powered HDVs from

engines ranging frem 540 cubic

factor has

exhaust emission

for empty trucks or for

fully loaded trucks. Table TIV-6 gives the ccefficients
nesded to compute the truck characteristic correction
factor.

When weight and power infcrmation is

not availakle,

the

correction factor value should be set equal to cne.

-38-


The emission factors given in preceding chapters are
for individual classes of highway vehicles, and their
application is encouraged if specific statistical data are
available for the areas under study, The statistical data
required include vehicle registration by model year and
wehicle type, annual wehicle mileage accumulation by vehicle
type and age, average ambient temperature, percentage of
cold engine operation by vehicle type, average route speed,
and other input data, if available, to determine additional
correction factors, When area-specific inputs are not
available, national values (which are discussed in this
appendix) may be applied.

Emission factors presented in this section are intended
to assist those individuals interested in compiling
approximate mobile source emission estinates for large
areas, such as an individual air quality tegion or the
entire nation,

The emission factor calculation techniques presented in
the previous chapters are strongly recommended for the
foraulation of localized emission estimates required for air
quality modeling or for the evaluation of air pollutant
control strategies, Many factors, which vary with
geographic location and estimation situation, can affect
emission estimates considerably, The factors of concern
include average vehicle speed, percentage of cold vehicle
operation, percentage of travel by vehicle category (as
listed above), ambient temperature, air conditioning usage,

vehicle load, trailer towing, and humidity, Clearly, the

F-3


TABLE II-2 (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982~3993)
BID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS: BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORTES

HYDROCARBONS (GR/HI)
POR ALL REGIOWS EXCEPT CALIFORSIA ARG HIGH-ALTITUDE

(BODEL) CALENDAR YEAR - July 1 '
TYEAR 41982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 |

17965) 14.0 14,2 18.5

1719699 10.7 33,0 19,3 11,6 11,8 12,3 12.3

t

'

'

'

t

i

11970f 9,5 9,8 10.1 10,4 10.7 11,0 49,2 11,8 1
11971) 9.2 9.5 9.8 40,4 40.8 10.7 41,0 2.2 B14 f
11972, 8.8 9.2 9.5 9,8 10.1 16.4 10,7 41,0 39,2 t1,8 f
11973) 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.7 F110 11.2 41,8 '
11974, 8.0 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10,7 39.0 19.2 11.4 ¢
11975{ 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.0 6.2 8.5 6.8 9.0 9.2 9.44
#1976) 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.8 9,0 9.24
11977} 5.3 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.3 9.7 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.01
41978] 4.7 5.3 5.8 6,2 6.6 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.8]
11979 2.9 3.4 3.9 4&3 87 5S. 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.8 1
1980} 2.6 2.9 3.4 3.9 423) 947 5.1 SH 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.55
11989 1.70 2.4 2,9 3.4 3.9 4,3 467 5.7 5.9 5.7 6.0 6.34
$1982f 1.20 0.7 208 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.3 G7 S.1 5.8 5.7 6.04
119834 o.8 0.8 Tt 1.6 1,7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.05
119804 0.8 80.8 «F.t 3,8 947 2.0 2.2 2.8 2,6 2,85
11985) O.8 0.8 81.1 1.4 4.7 2,0 2.2 2.8 2.65
11986] 0.6 0.8 tt 66 4.7 2.0 2.2 2.0 4
119874 O.4 0.8 4.1 Fa 827) 2,00 2.24
11988] O68 0.68 Ft te 47) 208
119891 O.8 0.8 13 48 17
119904 O44 0.8 1.9 Fu 4
119911 0.6 0.8 ttt
119924 o.46 80.8 1
119934 O.8 |

SEMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OK ACTUAL TESTS OF Ik-USE VESTCLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EWISSIOW FACYORS FGP Aad VEHICLES aE Pee TE


1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
31971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962

1961

Table C-2

Calculation of Composite Exhaust

Hydrocarbon Emission Factor tox Light-Duty Vehicles

VW
42
13
14
Ws
16
7
18
19

20

Calendar Year 1980
Ambient Temperature 80° F

Cipn
0.27

1,58

Ripstvx

Avg. Route Speed 30 mph
4OX Cold Starts30% Hot Start

(Capo) (Hin) (Ripstwx)


Chapter TIT Heavy-duty Gas “rucks

C. Pollutan

It

emission factors for HDG. ‘Takle tr7-*
includes «he zero-mileage emission rates and the
deterioration rates (per 10,000 miles) used to generate the
emission factors given in Tables IT1-? through I7I-4,

Table II7-5a presents the average cumulative mileages for
HDG trucks by age, on July *. The numbers in this table are
derived from the mileages presented in “able T77-5, using

the methodolcgy presented in Appendix G.

De Travel Weighting Factcr. The naticnwide fraction of
gasoline-powered, HDV annual travel by model year is shown
in "able 21-5. Localized data, if available, should be
substituted when calculating the variable Min for a specific

area under study.

Ee Speed Correction Factor for HIG. ‘nr part kecause the
SAPD may nct te representative cf an average naticnal
driving schedule and in part kecause a need may exist +o
determine emissicns over localized driving conditions which
differ sianificantly from the average national driving
schedules, a correction factor has heen develcped for
average speed. The speed correcticn factors can te appli24
between 5 and 55 mph.

As in previous editions of AF-42, the speed correction
factors for hydrocarbons and carton monoxide are ccmputed by
Vips = exp(A + B¥S + C*S*S)

where e is the base of the natural logarithms (2.7 °°),

-24-


I
1979 1980 1987 |

BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORIES

1978

1975 1976 1977

TABLE 31-4
CALENDAR YEAR - July 1?

WITROGEN OXIDES (GA/BI)
1974

FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA ABD HIGH-ALTITUDE

1972 1973

1971

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSIOW FACTORS FOB LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS

{YEAR 91970

IMODEL

ne a ee

NNNNNN ANDO DEOL HY OYORE DD
eos eseesovsevresroeeoes

vertseaerarzrs TTI

NANNNNANDDNODYY YEO WYONO
ese eee ee te ee ee eee eae ee

Paesrearzaesterts seaman Me &

NARNANANNDNA OCOD OOKDECYODDOOD
eee eee eee ete ete ee ee
egerteersseszsz ee TIeMMAM

NANNNNNNNNNDNOLVOKDSYDOYD
eee eee eee reece eee eee
asescen eter terenmammnm

NANNNNNNANNDNDODHYODBWOYO
oe ee eee eee eee ee eee

ecg arteeersesesszraamamamm

NANNNNNANNANNDADYOKWOYWS
Ce
gsescseartezeaessaeremmmm

1

a

'

‘

i

‘

1

‘

4

1

1

4

4

'

'

‘

‘

4

'

'

1

1

iY

\

1

'

'

1

1

'

'

4

4

i

'

i
ee eee erry
1 NANNNNNNNANNADNYDOWDUYS

1 eee eee ree et ee eet te

! seeeceeeaetaazatrzammm

i
'
'
'
‘
1
i
4
'
1
'
‘
'
4
4
4
'
'
‘
‘
'
'
‘
'
4
‘
'
'
t
4
1
1
‘

NNNNNNNNNNNNNADNO OOOO
ee tener see ee ee eee eee

Saecsenreeeaessaezaazaeasszamm

NANA ANA NNN AN OCoe
eee ee eee ere eee eevee

aeecucnrcannressasanm

NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN DN OOO
ose eee ete eee eee eee ee
gseseseenczrsaece2tcaaeae

MN NNNNNNANNNN NNN DDO
CR Re ee ee
gesansereaenvu sanz sse2a2e95

NAN NNN ANNAN NNN NNN OOD
COR ee ee ee ee ee ee

esrzvegercaeaeess ees s

1i9stt
11952
11953
11954)
11955]
119564
139571
17958]
$1959]
11960f
139614
11962)
119631
11968]
119651
119661
119671
119681
119691
119701
11971h
119721
119731
119744
119751
$1976
119774
119781
179794
119804
119814
119824
119831
pigest
119851
P1986]
119874
p1986]
119894
119901

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST- 1975 CALEWDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,

SEBISSION FACTORS FOR VEMICLES THROUGH HODEL YEAR 1975 AED THROUGH


APPENDIX G


TABLE III-6

SPEED CORRECTION FACTOR COEFFICIENTS
FOR GASOLINE~POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

FOR ALL BEGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

)___ = EXP (N2BSSeCeSeS)
___1_____ HYDROCARBONS ~1____CARBOW MONOXIDE
}HODEL YEAR} A B ct 5 Cc
t t t
| PRE-1970} 2.820 -0.153 0.00861
f ‘ '
1 1970-1973 1,180 -0.065 0.0008]
' 4 t
1 1978-1978} 1,560 -0.096 0.0009)
i i 1
1 19794 § 1,540 -0.071 -0.00034
!

t

t.780 0.117 0.0015) 0.851 0.0074
!

1,580 -0.097 0.0010} 0,812 0.0094
'

1.280 -0.078 06.0008] 0.820 0,0081

'
0.620 -0.039 0.00004 0.764 0,0426



which preceded this appendix, Examination of the tables can
indicate the sensitivity of the composite emission factor to
various conditions. A user who has specific data on the
input factors should calculate a composite factor to fit the
exact scenario. When specific input factor data are not
available, hewever, it is hoped that the range of values
presented in the tables will cover the majority of
applications, The user should be sure, however, that the
appropriate scenario is chosen to fit the situation under
analysis. In some cases, it is not necessary to apply the
various correction factors because the basic emission
factors (75°F, 19.6 mifhr, 20% cold operation, nationwide
mix of travel by vehicle category, etc.) are reasonably
accurate predictors of motor vehicle emissions on a

regionwide (urban) basis,


(FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

TABLE ¥-&

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR MOTORCYCLES

NITROGEN OXIDES (GH/BI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

1993 4

CALENDAR YEAR - July 1%

1986

{MODEL}

1992

1988 1989 1990 14991

1987

1984 «61985

1983
[anna | enna nnn nn nen nnn nnn nnn en nnn nnn cane none eran nna rn nannies sen eae |

119634
11964]
119651
119661
11967]
11968]
119691
119701

VYEAR [1982
19711

TKK KE MMSDODVDATNAMANT ee
oe eee eee e ee we ee ee eo

eoovee0gc0coococoocooOo

He eM DODD OMMMANNE Ee
Ce ee er ee
ecsc0eesceoooo9 oC Coo00Coo

KO RE MM DODD DOMMANN FE Re
Ce
eocoooo0oeo9oceoooSoo0eooo

REP PKK KE MMODDDOMAN Tee
Ce
evnoeceeocscoco ooo oOoSeoOoooo

CPR RR KK EMM OD OODONNE He
Ce ke et

evececocscoccoooo ose ooo oSo

en ae a. oe!
Ce
eoeeeocosooeocooscoOCCSCSe

rere ner M Kem oowuournte
Ca ee
esooocoecoeoeoeoeeoooSCCocS

ee lee ee ne onal
eee eer reese eee ee teens

eoeo00cec00eoDoCCOeoCoOSooC Oo

reer rere eee mMmMooee
CO ir ee
eocenceecacocoo9o00090

oe ee eR)
Ce
Goooo0e00co0cc00CoCo000

ad ee oe on enn)
eee eee eee eee eee meee
ecococoeocooocoeooooCoOoo

eR em mm Om ODO
Coie ee ee ee ee
eeogoro0o0ce CDC oOCoOooooOo °

11972]
11973}
p197a4
11975]
11976)
11977]
119781
11979]
179804
11961]
11982
14983]
179844
119e54
119864
119874
119881
119894
11990]
P¥99TE
119924
119934

POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,

@EMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAB 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,


nn ee ae nee eee a

EXHAUST ESISSIOX RATES

LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

ee ee ee ed AGE) Of _{GM/7BILE) _
tf WEW VEHICLE f{ DETERIORATION RATE i

1

POLLUTANT | MODEL YEAH jj EMISSION RATE | (PER 10,000 MILES) [
inane Pow rm ee tern nnf ptr tr tnt Pee erence aren ener nn]
‘ ut t i
ac 1 PRE-1968 jj 4,45 ' 0.58 1

HC 4 1968-1970 if 2,43 1 0.53

HC §.1975-1979) ff 1,13 i 0.23
HC i 19804 sy 9,33 H 0,23 i
i tt 1 t
co ( PRE-1968 jf 68,40 { 3,06 (
co 1 1968-1976 jf 31,16 I 6.15 i
co 1 1975-1979 tf 18.50 i 2,80 t
co i 1980 tt 3,00 ! 2.30 1
co j T9B te imi 1,40 L 2.00 t
' ui i {
wQx 4 PRE-1968 {4 3.58 H 0,00 if
wox 1 1968-1972 i 443 i] 0.00 I
NOx 4 1973-197% {ft 2.98 i 0,00 t
nox { 1975-1976 4 2,82 { 0.08 t
BOx 11977-1980 ff 1,50 i 0.16 '
wOX t 19814 ti 0.29 t 0.22 t
{ uf { 1

The Exhaust Emission Factor is calculated from
the linear equation € = a * bY, where € is the
exhaust emission tactor for a wehicle with
cumulative mileage 4, a and b are the tactors
listed in the above tabie, and ¥ = m/10000.


TABLE II-6c

Specification of Speed Terms (Vg)
Used in the General Formulas for Rapstwx

LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS (O0-6K GVW)

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

Vehicle Group Group Reference (gq)
Low-Altitude Pre-1968 Group 2
Low-Altitude 1968 Group 4
Low-Altitude 1969 Group 5
Low-Altitude 1970 Group 6
Low-Altitude 1971 Group 7
Low-Altitude 1972 Group 14
Low-Altitude 1973-1974 Group 17

Low-Altitude 1975+ Group 18


vehicles, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicies, and
motorcycles). A final revision tc Appendix N will be
published in early 1978,

Emission reduction credit attributable te an I/M
program will vary according tc the type of program in
effect, depending on: the stringency factor for determining
the emission level for passing or failing tested vehicles;
the calendar year of interest and calendar year when T/M was
first implemented; the presence of an adequate program of
mechanic training; subsequent years of I/M program
operation; and frequency of inspections.

The computer program available from EPA includes the

capability tc apply I/M credits te emissions estimates.

Available scientific evidence indicates that methane and a
few other necn-reactive organic compcunds do not ccntrikute
to violations of ambient oxidant standards. EFA's Volatile

Organic Compcund policy, published in the

on duly 8, 1977, alitows a limited number of compounds,
including methane, ethane, Freon %43, and methyl chlorofcrn,
to be excluded from control actions. States have heen
advised that they should exclude these compounds from the
baseline emission inventories thet are to he used for
control strategy development for photochemical oxidants.
Although motor vehicles are regulated directly ty the Clean
Air Act on a tota] hydrocarbon kasis (rather thanon a

“reactive” hydrccarbon basis), it is appropriate when

-7-


Selected Speed Correcticn FactorSecccccecsveccessece Am?

Coefficients for the Normalized Equations fer
Speed Correction Values... sc sc cece eee se eee cc wee Ent

Sample Calculation of Motor Vehicle Fmissions
Using Mobile Source Emission FactorSeseceoscces Cm"

Vehicle Emission Standards... cecssceerscescceceneeeee D=1
Derivaticn of Emission FactorsSees.eeeeesece sees cs uee Ent
Average Highway Vehicle Emissicn FactorS.ceccceccace F=*

Methodology for Calculating Cumulative Mileage. .eeee G-1

-iii-


1976
1975
1976
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969

1968

Table C-3

Calculation of Composite Exhaust
Rydrocarbon Emission Factor for Light-Duty Vehicles

Calendar Year 1980
Ambient Temperature 80° F Avg, Route Speed 30 aph
ROX Cold Starts30% Hot Start

odel Year Age Cipn Bin Ripstyx {Capa} (Bin) (Ripstwx)
1 0.27 0, 106 1,087
2 1.58 90,182 0,907
3 1,92 0,133 0.889
4 2.28 0,123 0.877
5 2.53 0,108 0,869
6 2.81 0,092 0.863
7 6.88 0,077 0,834
8 7.82 0,068 0.835
9 7.90 0,050 0.881
10 8.34 © 0,035 0.883
W 8.73 0.023 0.890
42 9.09 0,016 0.875
3 9.43 0,010 0.867
1 12.47 0,007 0.841

1967
1966
1965
19640
1963
1962

1961

15 42.81 0.0048 0,841
16 33.92 0.003 0.841
Ww W344 0.002 0.842
1 13.70 0.002 0,882
19 13,97 0.002 0.882

20 9822 0,002 0,842

c-1


Chapter V

B. Composite

Motorcycles

she composite

exhaust emission factor for motorcycles is calculated using:

Enpstwx = SUM( Cipn*Min*Bipstwx )

where all lower

SUM( )

Enpstwx

Cipn

Min

Pipstwx

case letters are sukscripts and:

summation over model year (i), from the
calendar year for which emissicn factors
are being calculated (i=n) to the calendar
year 19 years previous (i=n-19).

Composite emission factor in gm/mi for
calendar year n, pollutant fp, average
speed s, ambient temperature t, fraction
cold operation w, and fraction hot start
operation x.

The FTP (1975 Federal Test Procedure) mean
emission factcr for the ith medel year
motorcycles during calendar year n, and
for pollutant rf.

The fracticn cf annual travel Fy the ith
model year metorcycles during calendar
year ne

The temperature, speed, and het/cold
correction factor for the ith mcdel year
motorcycles for pollutant p, average speed
S, ambient temperature t, fraction cold
operation w, and fraction hot start
operation x.

“4t-


4. Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles

Model Year
Pre-1973
1973
1974- 78
1979- 82

*1983+

5. Motorcycles

Model Year
Pre-1978
1980- 82
1980-

*1983

*1985

*Predicted standards

co
no std.
1.5%
40 g/bhp-hr.
25 g/bhp-hr. 1.59 HC

Same as gasoline HDV's

HC co.
no std. no std.
5-14 g/km 17 g/km
5 g/km 12 g/km
0.97 g/km 12 g/km
0.97 g/km 12 g/km

D-4

HC plus NOx

no std.
no std.
16 g/bhp-hr.
and 10g NOx or: 5g HC plus NOx

no. std.
no std.
no std.
no std.

0.14 g/km


TABLE JI-GA

FID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS < 6000 LBS,

NITROGEN OXIDES (GM/M1)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORRIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

wovoveteaerszrooszt7a— TH
CC

MMMM Me TT TIMMNNNANN eR

1981

weovovwvrtsazszeoOT ZT IAD
a ee ee

MAMAN TTT TMMANNNNE

1980

wwoorvveovvratzterazoorzsa zw
Ce ee
MMI MMMNOM Te TT IMMNNANN

1979

wevwveovvverrs zoos sa7
CCN)
AMMAN MMM eT TT IMMNN AN

1978

wovovvoovvrwezzrzz0COrss

eeteee eee ee eee ee ee
AMM MMMM AMM tT eT IMMNNN

1977

wrvove~voovovveaszrzzoCorF
Ce ee

AMAIA MMe Te TIMMNN

1976

2
wwvrovvvvvvow~oestaaazOOF
I
7M MMMM eT eT IMM

1975

weovwvvovvvooovvorzeza090
CN

eee A 2 al

CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

1974

Sn ee ee ee ee eo)
coon ee tee eee ee meee

AAA MMMM eer ITM

1973

weboovvroovoOvDOvOFZaZaF
Cn
MMMM OMMMMMAMMMMe sass

1972

WOOF ODOCOOOLOOHHOFZAAST
ooeee nee tee eee eee ee
AMM AMM MMM MMMM NN ee

1971

WwuwvvvvsvvwevvovvIwv6.e ss
CI

11970
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
y
4
4

A
a)
a
°o
cs

LYEAR

SERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH BODEL YEAR 1975 AWD THROUGH

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,

POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE ITI-5B
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION

LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS 6001-8500 LBS,

(a) (b)
Vehicle Fraction Total Annual Rileage ( (a) * (by /S UR)
_Age Registration Accumulation Rate (a)#(b) fravel Fraction
1 0.037 15700 $80.9 0.061
2 0,070 15700 1099 .0 0.1%6
3 0.078 100 1099 8 0.116
4 0.086 12600 1083 .6 0.185
5 0,075 11300 847.5 9.090
6 0,075 10200 765 .0 0.081
7 0.075 9400 705.0 0.075
3 0.068 8600 58a .8 0.062
9 0.059 8000 472.0 0.050
10 0.053 7500 397.5 0,042
Wt 0.044 7100 312,48 0.033
12 0.032 6600 219,.2 0.022
3 0.038 6300 239.4 0,025
1a 0.036 6000 216 0 0.023
5 0.0348 5500 187.0 0.020
16 0.032 $200 166 4 0.018
WwW 0.030 5000 150.0 0.016
18 0.028 4700 1314.6 0.014
19 0.026 4800 114.8 0.032
20 0,028 4100 8 4 0.010

-<-28
son: 9861.9


United States Office of Air EPA-400/9-78-006 2

Environmental Protection and Waste Management March 1978
Agency + Washington, DC 20460
=o —

SEPA Mobile Source - Final
Emission Document
Factors

For Low-altitude »
Areas Only


TABLE IV-1
EXHAUST EMISSION RATES
HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

a+ --------+-=-+---- _---t_A_(GRZBILE) YB GRZAILE)
1 ' 41 MEW VEHICLE { DETERIORATION RATE |
| POLLUTANT | MODEL YEAR {{ EMISSION KATE | (PER 10,000 MILES) |

' 1
‘ HC | PRE-1974) {f 4.30 1
{ HC 1 1974-1978 If 4.50 1
1 AC 1 1979-1982 {f 4.50 t
I BC t 1983+ wt 2.85
' t il t
' co t PRE-1974) {4 35.10 (
i] ca 1 1978-1978 {f 27,00 '
1 co t 1979-1982 11 27,00 1
t co 1 19834 tf 27,00 t
j ' "i J
t NOx 1 PRE-#975 [4 21,80 t
t NOx 1 1974-1978 ff 20,10 I
{ wOx 4 1979-1984 [ff 319.90 i]
{ Nox { 19854 ul 5.35 t
t ! it |

The Exhaust Esission Factor is calculated from
the linear equation C = a # bY, where C is the
exhaust emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative sileage M, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and Y = 8/10000,


SPEED:
mS:

19,6 APH.

TABLE F-14

TEA

0.882 0.053 0.059 0.0

P:
0.0

50, (F)
0.0

= COLD START:
S HOT START=

AVERAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GM/MI)

cy

1970
1971
1972
1973
1978
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

ae

71.8
4.2
10.6
10.1

NNNNNNNNNNNNNN WW SEY ARHNNBOOO
att ttt NNW ENON Da NWODLORIN

Ce er er er er De

co
87.3
Ba.3
82.2
80.7
719.9
177
74.5
711
67.6
64.0
58.5
52.3
46.4
80.9
36.1
32.1
28.7
25.9
23.6
21.8
20.6
19.6
18.8
18,2
17,8
17.5
1705
17.5
17.5
17.5

Is
i]

et te BtONNNNNNWWWUW EE EW

eeererveeent seen ees eee eee eee ee eee
ARAHNAAMDAAHAVIVBVCOMWNVOmWUVNOOWOW

20.6%
27.3%


‘
'

ee a aed

TABLE V-7

IDLE EAYSSION RATES

MOTORCYCLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

'
POLLUTANT |
alain t
'
HC (| PRE-1978
HC | 1978-1979
ite 1 1980-1982
HC t 19836
t
co 1 PRE-1978
co ( 1978-1979
ca 1 1980-1982
co t T9B3+
1
wOX } PRE-1978
wOX § 1978-1979
wox f 1980-1984
wox I 19854
'

i
BODEL YEAR |} EQ@ISSION RATE [

8.05
2.12
t672
0,13

8.27
q 87
3.57
0.65

0.04
0.02
0.04
0.07

ee ee ee ee

The Idle Emission Factor is calculated from

the linear equation C = a + bY, where C is the

idle emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage A,
listed in the above table, and ¥ = A/10000,

a and b are the factors

0.36
0.62
0,62
0.10

1,28
1,12
1.12
0.48

0.00
0,00
0.00
0.0%

T(GRZHINL) } _B(GH7RIN.)
WEW VEHICLE 1 DETERIORATION RATE |
(PER 10,000 MILES) |


2. Light-duty Trucks

_ a. LDT's less than 6000 pounds (gm/mi):

Model Year
Pre-1975
1975-1978
1979- 82

*1983- 84

*1985+

He co NOx

Same standards as LDV's (automobiles)

2.0 20 3.1
1.7 17.9 2.3
0.99 9.4 2.3
0.99 9.4 1.4

b. LDT's between 6001 and 8500 pounds (gm/mi):

Model Year
Pre-1979
1979- 82

*1983- 84

*1985+

*Predicted standards

He co Nox

Same standards as Heavy-duty Gas Vehicles

1.7 17.9 2.3
0.99 9.4 2.3
0.99 9.4 1.4

D-2


Chapter TIT. Heavy-duty, Gasolirne-powered Vehicles (HDG)

A.
Be
Ce
D.
E.
Fe
G.
Ae

Composite Exhaust Emissicn Equation.
Pollutant Emission Factors for HDGee.e
Travel Keighting Factor fcr HDG.....
Correction Factors fcr HDG.....eeeee
Truck Characteristic Factcr for HDG...
Idle Emission Factors for BDGee.
Crankcase and Evaporative HC Emission Facters

LOL EDGe en ew cw ses can acncsccascceceascsecce sens 26

a ceaceuee 26

aoe

Chapter TV. Heavy-duty, Diesel-powered Vehicles (HDD)

A.
Be
Ce
De
E.
Fe

TNtTOPUCTIONs cece eee ces cceccccencecee
Pollutant Emission Factors for HDD..
Weighting Factor for HDD..
Speed Correction Factor fcr HDD.
Truck Characteristic Factcr for HDD..
Tdle Emission Factors for HED... seeeeeeee

eee

Chapter Ve Motorcycles (NC)

A.

INtLOGUCTION. «ccecccscccsseccceccsesccsees
Composite Exhaust Emission Equation.......
Pollutant Emission Factors for Motorcycles
Travel Weighting Factoresceccessccccscscncce °
Tempe rature-Speed-Hot Cold Correction Factcr.....42
Idle Emission Factors for MctorcyclesS....eaacecee 43
Evaporative Emission FactorSecccecenceccvecenseee 43

*eXDART TWO? CALIFCENTA***

Mobile Source Emissicn Factors for Califcrria

**4DART THREE: HIGH-ALTITUDE REGIONS***

Mobile Source Emission Factors for High~Altitude

-ii-


fethodoloqy for calculating Cumulative Mileage

The tables numbered -2, ~3, and -4 in each chapter of
this docusent present the emission factors for calendar
years 1970 through 1995, For each calendar year, nodel-year
specific emission factors are presented for the 20 most
recent aodel years,

The emission factors for a given model year are assumed
to vary linearly with mileage, Since the emission factors
for a given modei year vehicle are calculated for July 1 of
each calendar year it is necessary to know the average
cumulative mileage on July 1 of each calendar year,

The cumulative mileages are presented in fPables I-5Sa,
Ti-5e, l1-Sd, Ifi-Sa,3V-5a, and V-5a,

The methodology fer calculating average cumulative
Mileage will be explained by reference to a specific
example: calculation of the average cumulative mileage for a
1978 model year vehicle on July 1 of 1978, 1979, 1980, and
later years,

First, we will calculate the average cumulative mileage
of a 1978 MY LDY on July 1 of 1978, the calendar year when
the vehicle age is defined as 1 year,

We assupe that the vehicle sales distribution is
constant throughout the year, that the rate of nileage
accrual is constant throughout the year, and that the 1978
sales year begins on October 7, 5977,

Gsing these assuaptions, it is obvious that by July 1,
1978 (2/sths of the way through the sales year}
approximately 75% of the 1978 model year vehicles have been

6-2


1
'

v
1975 1976 13977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Prnnn [oe conn nnn cnn nnn na conten cern rene ans con nnn nn nn enc ca anes |

TABLE IV-2
CALENDAR YEAR - July

HYDROCARBONS (GM/BI)
1974

FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA ARD HIGH-ALTITUDE
1972 1973

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR DIESEL-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
1971

{YEAR [1970

IMODEL]

MAMAN MMM AMM M ANA
Ce ee

fesse e99F7 7377777373 33335

AMAA AMMAN
Ce

vars 7ag727973777477FA372

(en Moe Ras Bes Ree eee eae or ala)
Coe tere ee eee ee eee eee

saev7e2a7777737 37753377357

AMM MMM AMM me
Ce
a@egz7asasgerv47e7acs e373 453

AMAA AMM
Ce

sae 339¢97 979377373 3735

TAMA AMM MMMM Mmm
ee
waeasr737 737797723977 3335

Cea Mas Mea line aa lina tas Nias Mae Mea loa as Mac Roe aaa ea aa a0 al
Ce
saags7e7s739773737997 373334

los Mins Mas Ric Mus Maa ae as ae Reales os Me ae Re Rae Rs a a)
Ce

Jsertseesy7s7gsg7aI9z2zaga3m5

Coca aca Mae Mea Mae ae Mis Bae Maa Maa Mae ne Bae Be as ae ae
Ce

J2#sesegeaess7¢e7375347a7 Ss aaAT

Cs Muc Maat asia Mas Bae a ie Raa ae as eee i Re ae sd
CO

agartegr7aaesa77e74773a5a4

Oana Mass Ric Ru Rs Ree Ree i Re ee ee)
Ce ee

g@egsse377 397339353 93933937

ARAMA MMA MAAR MMMM mmm

FODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OX ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
FOST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,

SERISSION PACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGR


Chapter T7 Light-duty Trucks
of the second term is the deterioraticr in gmysminute per
year. Y is the cumulative mileage divided by 70,000 miles.

600*%-8500 lb. Trucks. Similarly, the emission rates

for this category can be calculated from the initial

emission rates and detericraticn rates in Table I7-7b.

For a

© and Evapo

mn Fa

discussion of this topic, refer to Section K in Chapter 7.
“able I7T-8 identifies crankcase and evaporative hydrocarbon

emission factors by model year.


ee ee cee rw nee me ee ee eee ee ee oe ee ee es we oe

TABLE IY-7

IDLE EMISSION RATES

LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS: BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORIES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORWIA ARD HIGH-ALTITUDE

------+ +++ 4 -A__(GN¢@BIN,) f._B__(GH/MIN,) ot
1 1! NEW VEHICLE {| DETERIORATION RATE |

FOLLUTANT | MODEL YEAR |] EMISSIOK KATE { (PER 10,000 MILES) {
ne | ieteieeieiieieteteeted § Deheiebetebeteneteneenebeed belehehteteheeeheeneneietetenael |
! i t {

HC 1 PRE-1968 jf 2.19 4 0.18 {

HC 1 1968-1969 4] 1.200 | 0.20 t

HC 1 1970-1974 qf 1,00 4 0.20 t

HC {1975-1978 ff 0.99) | 0.19 {

HC 1 1979-1982 {1 O.2u f 0.19 I

HC 1 19834 " 0.08 ft 0,06 1

{ nl { |

co | PRE-1968 jf 16.58 2.55 t

co { 1968-1969 Jf 13,77 4 2.83 t

co 1 1970-1974 44 W320 2.92 I

co 1 1975-1978 4I 9.49 2.17 1

co 1 1979-1982 11 1.8200 1 1,56 '

co 1 -1983% " 0.49) 0.25 t

| uw ! t

NOX | PRE-1968 jf oO. 4 0.00 I
Nox f 1968-1969 44 O.ze 4 0.00 I
wOX 11970-1972 41 0.26 «4 0,00 '
nox 1 1973-1978 1 0.19) 0.00 fi
nox 1 1975-1978 45 0.26 «| 0.01 f
Nox 11979-1984 fy 0.18) =f 0.01 t
NOX | 19854 “ 0.04 «ft 0,02 i

ae nee tow t '

The Idle Emission Factor 1s calculated from
the linear equation C = a + bY, where C is the
idle emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage B®, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and ¥ = ms10000,


TABLE I1I-5D

AVERAGE CUMULATIVE MILEAGE
BY VEHICLE AGE - July 1

1 5888
2 19625
3 34875
4 48603
5 60884
6 71916
7 81925
8 91425
3 99581
10 107459
1 119862
12 121834
13 928365
a) 134590
tS 140459
aL) 145890
7 183043
18 155965
19 160590
20 1649TS

The methodology for calculating average cumulative mileage
is presented in Appendix G.


Chapter TI

Light-Duty Vehicles

B. As mentioned in the Introduction, the calculaticn of

composite exhau

st

emissicn facters using the ccmrplete FTP

method is given by:

Enpstwx =

where all lower

sum()

Enpstwx

Cipn

Min

Pipstwx

Aip

Lp

Uipw

Hip

SUM( Cipn¥*Min*Ripstwx*Aip*Lp*0ipweHip )

case letters are sukscripts and:

summation cver medel year (i), frem the
calendar year for which emissicn factors
are being calculated (i=n) to the calendar
year 1° years previous (i=n-19).

Composite emission factor in gm/mi_ for
calendar year n, pollutant fp, average
speed s, ambient temperature t, fraction
cold operation w, and fraction hot start
operation x.

The FTP (1975 Federal Test Procedure) mean
emission factor for the ith mcdel year
light-duty vehicles during calendar year
n, and fcr pollutant p.

The fraction cf annual travel ky the ith
model year LDVs during calendar year ne

The temperature, speed, and het/cold
correction factor for the ith medel year
LDVs for pollutant p, average speed s,
ambient temperature t, fraction cold
operation wy, and fraction hot start
operation x.

the air-ccnditioning correcticn factor for
the ith medel year LDVs, for pellttant p.

The vehicle load correction factor for
pollutant p.

The trailer tcwing correction factor for
the ith medel year LDVs, for pellutant p,
and for fracticn cf cold operaticn x.

The humidity ccrrecticn factor fer the ith
model year LDVs, fcr pollutant rf.

Computation of all factors for the complete composite

exhaust emission factor equation shculd be computerized for

<4.


TABLE I-€
General Formula for Bipstux

The genexal formula for the speed-teasperature-hot/cold correction
factor, Ripstux, for LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES is given by:

where (using

BAG ITERS
BAG ITERB
BAG2TERB
DENON

fraction of
fraction of

DENOB
# for multiplication and exp for exponential fuaction) :

w (exp (a-b8T) ¢ ¢ # d¥A)*(¥ (2,51) /¥(2,26))

x oat et £%A) *(¥(G,853)/¥ (9, 26))
(t-w—x) 4 ( hot 5%) *(v(g,S2)/¥ (9, 16))
(dO + dteay

gun

total miles which are driven in cold start condition
total miles which are driven in hot start condition

ambient temperature [(F)

vehicle age minus 1, in years

index for nodel-year/region groups; see Table I-6ta
s1,82,83 = average speeds (milesshour) for bags 1, 2, and 3
v(9,8i1) = baq-specific speed correction tactor; see Appendix B

oe
ee)

and where:
a,b,c,d,e,f,h,}.4d0, and d1 are constant coefficients which are
functions of model-year gronp and pollutant, as tollows:

{Poljkaqn{ a { b t e ft d@ foe t f Foal t{ 3 § dO f dty
| hetenel Reload Ioceneeeneenel Seneineeenenns heteeieetel Geteieiiael Reteieleneeel Reeieneed Gnteietinded Reebeeeel Rebtuiebel (----1
P HCY t | 2,9370f.018779t 673) 2569} 4.75 | 393] 5.69 | LATTE S.67E L474
{ HCE 2 | 2,9220¢,014779— -2,61] .863{ 2.43 | 555] 2.6% | .597( 2.804 604
€ BCP 3 § 2,93394,023591f 6234 1307] TL11 F .2844 1,05 | 2704 1,387 284
P HCP & | 2,99394,022269} ~.032) 2.965) 1497 | 357) 2263p 175f) LC SOP LC 2BE
| eit Rebeiedl Sebetenseleed Geneeieleneal | haan iene | Scanned [----> Pn--7-7> i----- U-----i----1
BCOe Tf S.65481.0159654-14, 744 9.62) 42,80] 5.768 S7.57b 7.78556.8317.594
4 COE 2 | 5S.65884,0189654-33.8691 9.774 25.267 4,74 35.90] 6.705 36.9016.794
1 COL 3 £ 5,59601,0289457 17,295 S244 TS.85] 2.34F 21,174 3.13923.70453. 104
1 COE 4 § G.2391f,0T7522¢ -.20 § 6.99] 4.12] 2.20 3.96) 2.12) 6.9813. 19]
| Retenel leeeiees Setebeieiietel Seteteteienied Geneiebeeiel Seneteieied Rebehebietel Getieited Gebtnisieied Getueiend Rebeteteted ieee |
Nox] 1 7 -100, | 0.0 | 1,38 | 0.0 | 1.25 7 O.O | O,8t | OO | 1.0 | 0.0}
Nox} 2 $ -100, | OC fF 3,36 | G0 | 4.26 | 0.0 | 0,80 4 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0)
aWoxf 3 f -100, | O.0 | 3,26 § 13354 2,99 1 .18H§ 1,89 fF L196} 2.074 . 18)
MNOoag 8 F -700, £ GG 3 3,05 g ,F78F 2.88 § . TSE 2.0% § 21263 2.965 , I
a a a Sn Sn Se es |

t ‘ Gsed for Model Years: t

§ Eqn [-~ wee em oman

iy 1 Foi HC and CO 4 For BOx '

Perr Pom ce ttt t et ce mn nn mn ee em enn &

oto Pre-1968 1 Pre- 19608 i)

$24 1968-1976 1968-1978 {

3 4 1975-4379 5 1975~1976 t

i 4 Fent~ 999 i Post- 1976 t

1 t



SPEED:
MS:

19.6 MPH.

TABLE F-

TERP:

75,

3

(F)

0.803 0.058 0.058 0.085 0.031 0.005

cy

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
31997
1992
1993
1998
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

HC

2,1
1ta

~—
NNN EN NANNNNRNN Wwe Pens BO wwose

Cer er er er eee ae De Dr SD YS

SMP RRL AWIDeEW DADAM ODMWOUDSOWD

co

86.9
83.9
81.6
80.0
79.0
77.0
78.3
71,8
68,3
65.2
60.6
55.5
50.6
45.7
490.9
36.7
33.0
30.0
27.6
25.6
28.2
23.1
22.2
27.5
2021
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
20,7

= COLD START:
% NOT START:

wox

eeeceereeneans

eeeeseeveevecers

«

eeee

aan Be NNNNNNNNNN YW Wwe wee eee ae
WOOO LCLOKOC HAN AVGDWVONSRAOHHSEUNVYHBHVOSs

20.6%
27.3%


TABLE III-2

» SEAR EXHAUST ESISSIOB FACTORS FOR GASOLINE-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
HYDROCARBONS (GM/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1 '
“70-1971 1972 1973 1974 «©1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 198?

et 2
4.8 35,1 I
“9.5 38,8 35,1 '
' 230 3M5 38.8 35.1 (
29 30.3 34.5 34.8 35.1 t
: ~7 34,0 38.3 34.5 34.8 35,1)
1 03) 33.7 38.0 34.3 34.5 34,8) 35.1
3 ‘ oO 33,3 33.7 34.0 34,3 34,51 34.8 35,1
6 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.3 34.5 34,8 35.1

i
'
{
'
U
'
t
i)
1
{
'
32.6 33,0 33.3 33.7 34,0) 34.3 34,5 34,8 35,1 '
32.1 32.6 33.0 33.3 33,71 34.0 34.3 34.5 38.8 35.1 t
31.6 32.1 32.6 33.0 33.31 33.7 39.0 34,3 34.5 34.8 35.1 4}
31,1 34,6 32.3 32.6 33,01 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.3 34.5 34.8 |
30.48 31,1 31,6 32.1 32,.6{ 33.0 33.3 33.7 38,0 34.3 34.5 1
29.7) 30.9 31,1 31.6 32,17 32.6 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 34.3 4
Z3.0 29.7 30.4 33.1 34.64 32.3 32.6 33.0 33.3 33.7 34.0 4
26.1 29.0 29,7 30.8 31,1f 31,6 32.0 32.6 33,0 33.3 33.7 4
27,1 28.4 29,0 29.7 30.45 31.1 31.6 32.1 32.6 33.0 33.3 3
26.1 272% 28.3 29.0 29.7§ 30.4 31,3 34,6 32,T 32.6 33.0 {
19.5 20,5 28.5 22.4 23,2§ 23.9 28.5 25.1 25.6 26.0 26.5 {
18.8 19.5 20.5 23.5 22.4] 23.2 23.9 24.5 25.1 25.6 26,0 j
38.8 19.5 20.5 21.5) 22.4 23.2 23.9 28.5 25.1% 25.6 |}

1.8 19.5 20.54 21.5 22.8 23.2 23.9 24.5 25.1 4

‘i

i)

'

'

i)

‘

‘

'

‘

t

'

'

t

i

t

J

i

an 22.3 23.0f 24.0 25.0 25.8 26.6 27.4 28.0
aa 22.3, 23.0 24,0 25,0 25.8 26.6 27.48
$22.3 23,0 28.0 25.0 25.8 26.6

22.3) 23.0 28,0 25,0 25.8
22.3 23,0 28,0 25.0

$.5 6.2 7

5.5 6
$

‘ 3* FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH BODEL YEAR 1975 AED THROUGH
*,.2%D48 YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
» =3" CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


SPEED:
aS:

19.6 BPR.

TABLE F-t?

TER

0.882 0.059 0.059 0.0

Ps
0.0

50. (F)
0.0

% COLD START:
S HOT START:

AVERAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GA/NI}

cy

1970
1974
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
3994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

HC

17.8
W711
16.8

PPPS PEERS EVN NAVNOD

eaeeeeeecesnert ee eee

WUWW WWF PUNUSeWw eS Orwow

{5
oenrsreeetens io
Ine

am MNNWEY DNDN ERDDOWNEU EY

NNNNN NNN NNN NN NNN NRW eee ee ee

eeoereeen eee er tee eee et

100,058
0.08


TABLE F- 2

SPEED: 19.6 APH. TEMP: 50. (F) & COLD START: 20.6%
MS= 0.603 0,058 0.058 0.085 0,033 0,005 % NOT START: 27,3%

AVERAGE VEBICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GHN/MI)

cr HE co nox
4970 2.7 95.2 4.7
1971 42.0 92.2 4.8
1972 tta 89.9 4.9
1973 10.9 B8.4 4.8
1978 40.5 87.4 6.7
1975 10,0 65.2 4.5
1976 9.4 82.2 aca
1977 8.9 739.0 4.1
1978 8.3 75.7 3.9
1979 7.7 72.2 3.8
4980 6.9 67.0 3.6
1961 6.1 61.1 3.4
1982 5.4 55.6 3.2
1983 4.8 50.0 3.0
1984 a3 4.5 2.3
1985 3.9 39.8 2.7
1986 3.5 35.7 2.5
1987 3.3 32,4 2.4
1988 3.1 29.7 2.2
1989 2.9 27.5 2.1
1990 2.8 25.9 2.1
199% 2.8 24.7 2.0
1992 2.7 23.8 2.0
1993 2.6 23.0 2,0
1994 2.6 22.5 1.9
1995 2.6 22.1 1.9
1996 2.6 22,1 1.9
1997 2.6 22,1 1.9
1998 2.6 22.1 1.9
1999 2.6 22.1 1.9


TABLE T1-2B

PID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS 6001-8500 LBS.

HMODELY
TYEAR 11970

HYDROCARBONS (GM/M1)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

CALENDAR YEAR - July 1
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

15.0 15.3) 15.6
14.8 15,0} 15.3 15.6

H.1  TUL5f 1428 15.0 15.3 15.6

13.8 TUT} 1H.5 14,8 15.0 15.3 15.6
13.4 13.8, THT 14.5 14,8 15,0 15,3 15.6
13.10 13.07 13.8 14.7 14,5 14.8 15,0 15.3
12.7 13.1) 13.9 13.8 14,1 W.5 14,8 15.0
12.20 12.71 13.7 13.4 13.8 TALT 1.5) 14,8
11.8 12.21 12.7 13,1 13.4 13.8 14,1 18.5
¥1030 1908 12.2 12.7 13.17 1324 13.8 10,7

10.7 11,3f 11.8 12,2 12.7 13

JO.2 10.77 11,3 11,8 12.2 12.7 13.1 13,4
6.1 6.7, 7.2 7.7) 8.2 8.6 9.0 944
5.5 6.11 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.6 9,0
4.7) 5.51 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.6
3.9 4.7) 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.2
3.20 3.91 4.7 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.2 727
3.21 3.9 8.7 5.5 6.1 6.7 7,2
3.2 3.9 4.7 5.5 6.1 6.7
3.2 3.9 4.7) 565 6,1
3.203.947) 5,5
1200°«0470: 28
1200 «47
1.2

*
w
.
rs
w
ry
e
fmm e wee mee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

EMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH

CALENDAR YEAR

1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,

POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


Heavy-duty Gas Trucks
S is the speed, and A, B, and C are coefficients whose
values for various model years are given in Table I77-€.

“he speed ccerrection factcr for NOx is given ty:

Vips = A + B¥S

with A and B values also given in Takle

Adjustment factors also have keen developed for heavy-duty
vehicle weight and the weight/pcower vatice ("he
surveillance data samples used to generate these cerrection
factors attempt to represent the national distribution of
vehicles and therefore represent the raticnal average weight
and weight/power values. However, +he sample sizes are
small, WNaticnal averages are difficult to determine ince
they involve a knowledge of actual truck cperating
weight--not registered weight--and engine displacement.
Although the Department of “Transpertaticn perfcrms weight
surveys, cubic inch displacement (CTD) informaticr has not
been recorded.

Since the basic heavy-duty vehicle emissicn factor
assumes that +he trucks are at half load, this ccrrection
factor has been designed to adjust fcr empty trucks cr fully
loaded trucks. The weight and weight/CTL correcticn factor
was develcred for weights ranging frem 17000 to 79000 pounds
and acCzD cf 3270 to 3°80 for gascline-powered vehicles,
Correction factors for vehicles beyond these ranges shculd

not be computed unless an engineering evaluaticn indicates
‘


TABLE F-13

SPEED: 19.6 A.P.H. TEMP: 25. (F) = COLD START: 20.6%
AS: 0.882 0,059 0.059 0.0 0.0 0.0 % HOT START: 27,3%

1970 32.8 100.8 3.9
W974 42,1 97.7 4.0
1972 W105 95.5 at
1973 tt.0 94.2 4.0
1974 10.6 93.4 3.9
1975 10.0 91.2 3.7
1976 9.4 88.0 3.5
1977 8.8 B47 3.3
1978 8.2 81,t 3,1
1979 7.5 7725 2.9
1980 6.7 71,0 2.7
1981 5.9 63,4 2.5
1982 5.2 56.1 2.3
1983 4.6 4OL8 2.1
1984 8.0 G34 2.0
1985 3.6 38.4 1,9
1986 3.3 34.0 1.8
1987 3.1 30.5 1.7
4988 2.9 27.6 1.7
1989 2.7 25.4 1.6
1990 2.6 23.8 1.6
19914 2.6 22.6 1.6
1992 2.5 21,7 1.6
1993 2.4 21.0 1.6
1994 2.4 20.5 1.6
1995 2.4 20.2 1.6
1996 2.4 20.2 1.6
1997 2.4 20.2 1.6
1998 2.4 20.2 1.6
1999 2.4 20.2 1.6


TARAH 3-2

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
CARBOS MOKOXIRE (CA/HT)
FOR ALL REGYONS EXCEPT CALIFORBIA AKRD HIGH-ALTITUDE

}RODEL} CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1 ‘
HYEAR £3970 497% 1972 1973 197% 1975 1976 1977 1978 %979 1980 1981 |

1 ‘
41954519929

119521118.5 119.9 5 {
H19537137,3 118.5 119.9 t 1
$795H1795.6 117.7 118.5 119.9 i 1
PTOSSPVIALG 195.6 T1717 TBS 429.9 t t
11956)192.6 174.0 715.6 117,) 118.5 139.9) '
P79574110,6 792,84 F180 115.6 BE7L1 118.51719.9 '
11958$108.7 210.6 442,49 118.0 175.6 TTTLIETIBLS 11009 t
$19599106.7 108.7 120.6 332.4 B14 0 TSO PITLT FiBLS 14929 1
11960}104.7 106,7 1087 VI0.6 172.8 11G,08315.6 F17LT 118.5 119.9 '
199617102. 104.7 106.7 108.7 T10.6 1T2,4f7TU.5 115.6 17.4 118.5 119.9 t
11962) 99.9 102,46 108.7 106.7 108.7 TTOLOLTIEL4 194,60 195.6 FI7L7 E1865 199.9 }
§19631 97,1 99.9 102.4 109.7 106.7 108.7) 7.0.6 132.4 174,0 115.6 417.4 198.5 |
41964] 94,0 97.1 99,9 102.4% 104.7 106,7;108.7 120.6 142.4 1178.0 115.6 117.1 1
£1965] 90.6 94,0 97,1 99.9 102.4 109,74106,7 108.7 110.6 132.4 114,0 195.6 4
11966] 87,0 90.6 90,0 97,1 99,9 102,4,404.7 106.7 108.7 110.6 132.4 114.0 |
$7967) 63.0 87,0 90,6 94,0 97,1 99.9;/102.8 108.7 106.7 108.7 110.6 112.4 4
£1968] 52.3 60,8 68.7 76.0 $2.8 89.0 94,7 99,8 109.3 108.6 112.8 116.2 |
41969] 43,2 52.3 60.8 68.7 76.0 32,81 89.0 94.7 99.8 104.3 108.4 112.4 |
171970) 34,8 83,2 52,3 60.8 68,7 76,0; 87,8 89.9 94.7 99,8 104.3 108.4 |
H19714 34,8 93,2 52,3 60,8 68.7) 76,0 32.8 89,0 98.7 99,8 108.3 4
£7972] 34,8 43,2 52,3 60,81 68.7 76.0 62.8 89,0 94,7 99.8 |
119734 34,8 83,2 52.3) 60.5 68.7 76,0 62.8 89,0 94.7 1
119744 38.8 93,2) 52.3 60.8 68.7 76,0 82.8 89.0}
11975] 20.3) 24,7 28,2 32.1 35.7 39.0 42.1 4
119764 $20.3 24,1 26,2 32,1 35.7 39,0 1
119778 i 20.3 24,1 28,2 32.1 35.7 4
119788 i 20,3 24.4 28.2 32.1 |}
119791 1 20.3 24,% 28.2 1
119804 { 4.6 7.5 4
119674 { 2.6 4
f19e2q ' '
179831 ! '
119843 ' I
p19e5y i {
11986 ' 1
171987} t {
11988] ' I
1I9E9| ‘ {
11990} t '

SEBISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH KODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ABE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST~1975 CALENDAR YEAR EAISSIO# FACTORS FOR ALL VERICLES ARE PROJECTED.


TARLE IV-6

SPEED CORRECTICN FACTOR COEFFFICIFNTS
FOR UVIESEL-POWERES REAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

FOR ALL REGIONS FXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

B

'

|

' '
PRE-T87HE 0,940 -0,055 09,0008) 1,440 -0,092 O.00 Wt] 8,629 -0,043 00,0006)
t t
$ 1,200 -0,672 O.00CEF G.729 -6.054 00,6004)

1
1974-1878, 9,820 -0,051 C.0005
| 1
16794 f 1,200 -0,072 U.COO6F T4440 -0,088 C,O0CE( 1.000 -G.074 O.601c{


TABLE I-54

AVERAGE CUMULATIVE ATJLEAGE
RY VFHICLP AGE ~ Joly 1

LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES

The methodology for calculating average cumulative mileage
is presented in Appendix G,


Hydrocarbons: v(g,8)

Carbon Monoxide: v(g,8) =

Nitrogen Oxides: v(g,8) =

wh

GROU
HC=
co=

WOx=

GROU

co=
ROx=

GROU
HC=
co=

WOx=

GkoU
HC=
co=

wOx=

ere:

AO,A1,A2,A3,A4, and AS are coefficients listed

exp(AQ + s(AT # S(A2 +

(AO + S(AT + S(A2 +

g = Group Number; see Appendix A
exp = exponential function

v(g.S) = speed correction factor for
AO Al A2
Pot
2.2461£900 -2.9097E-01 1,5889E-02
T,8198E400 -2.5466E-OT 1,5235E-02
2.9442E+00 -2.50 11E-O} 1,3829E-02
P2
2.3103£4#00 -2.8957E-01 1,5299E-02
2,3399E*#00 -2.9698E-OF 1,6007E-02
1,6863E+00 -1,1830E-OF 6,.5497E-03
3
2,1656£900 -2,6999£E-01 1, 4420E-02
2.94 15SE#00 -2.9387E-O1 1,4296E-02
1,1265E#00 -3.9340E-02 2, 686%E-03
&
2.3973E#00 -2,9998E-O1 1,6135E-02
2.9655E400 -3,0502E-O1 1,6050E-02
1,.2268£400 -G,4098E-O2 2,6248E-03
5
2,4087E400 -3,0819E-OF 1,6817E-02
2.7780E+00 -3,1913E-01 1,53 18E-02
1,0 174E4+00 -1,1896E-02 9, 1437E-08
P6
2.2322E#00 -2,8499E-O1 1,538 3E-02
2.7890E+00 -3.2711E-OT 1,6294E-02
9. 8760E-OF -1.9567E-O2 1, 6968E-03
Pq
2.2522£#00 -2.8778E-03 1,5682E-02
2.7078E200 -3,3437E-OT 1, 7618E-02
1, 1592E#00 -4,485GE-02 2,9643E-03
P 8
2,02788+00 ~2.7305E-01 1.5360E-02
¥.8692E+00 ~2.,7668E-01 1,72332-02
1,8866£+00 -1,6129E-07 9, 0899E-03

in table below

group g at speed s

a3

4, 7Z2N9E-08
-4 8740 £-04
-2,8703E-04

~4  G669E-048
~8,774OE-04
~1,371HE-08

~4,3364E-08
-3,8785E-048
~6.0802E-05

A BIRIE-O4
~&.7397E-04
~5,67 152-05

-S5.0688E-08
-4,2233E-0a
~2, t57UE-05

-&S67HE-04
~&.6757E-O48
-&,09002-05

~4.73 182-08
-5.3858E-04
-6,6899E-05

~4,6030E-08
-5,58 288-048
~ 1,856 TE-08

AG

6. 9808E-06
7.5824E-06
2.0758E-06

6.88 18E-06
7,0675E-06
1,0085E-06

6.5070 F-06
5.2978E-06
4. 7729E-07

7.2909E-06
6. 9908E-06
4, 3429E-07

7.5385E-06
5, 8495B-06
1,82302-07

6.7389 E-06
6, TISTE-06
3.28002-07

7,079SE-06
&. 1740 8-06
5.2236E-07

6. 7853E-06
8, 7168E-06
1, 32562-06

exp(AQ # s(AT + s(AZ2 + S(A3 + S(A4 + 5(AS)))}))
s(A3 # s(AG # 8 (AS))))))
s(A3 + s(K4)))))

AS

-3.92808-08
4 495TE-08
0.0000 +00

-3.6346 F-08
-4 0398 E-08
0.0000 £+00

-3.78102-08
-2,8244 E-08
0.0000 E400

-4, 1977 E-08
-3.9976E-08
0.0000 £+00

-4.3 160 £-08
-3.18978-08
0.0000 #00

-3.83802-08
-3.7880 8-08
0.0000 £+00

4.0886 2-08
-&.7780E-08
0.0000 E+00

-3,.8888 E-08
-5. 1698 8-08
0.0000 £900


TABLE I-3 (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

RYID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
CARBOW MONOXYDE (GB/SI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

R YEAR - July 1
[YEAR {1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

INODELT CALEW

i

11963]119.9

119697118.5 119.9

PT9GSENI7.T 118.5 119.9

17966fF925.6 717.1 118.5 119.9

{19G7EITH.0 115.6 187,71 11825 119.9

11966)319.7 123.1 126.2 129.2 132.1 134.8

119694$116.2 199.7 123.1 126.2 129.2 132.1 134.8

P1970E112.4 116.2 119.7 123.1 126.2 129.2 132,17 134.8

£1974) 108,.6 192.04 116.2 199.7 123.7 126.2 129.2 132.1 134,8

119721104.3 108.4 132.8 116.2 199.7 123.1 126.2 129.2 132.1 134.8

11973] 99.8 109.3 108.8 132.4 116.2 119.7 123.1 126.2 129.2 132.1 134.8
11974] 98,7 99.8 100.3 108.8 372.8 116.2 119.7 123.1 126.2 129.2 132.1 134.8
119751 45.0 47.5 49,8 51,9 53.8 55.6 57.3 58.9 60.4 61,9 63.3 68.5
11976) 42.1 45.0 47.5 49.8 53.9 53.8 55.6 57.3 58.9 60.4 61.9 63.3

11978) 35.7 39,0 42.17 45.0 47.5 49,6 51.9 53.8 55.6 57.3 58,9 60.4
£1979f 32.1 35.7 39.0 42.1 85.0 47.5 69.8 51,9 53.8 55.6 57.3 58.9
{1980} 10.9 16,1 17,0 19.8 22.3 24,6 26.8 28.7 30,4 31.9 33.4 34.8
1981) 5.3 8
119821 2.6 5
179834 z
119804

p19e5] 5.
119861 2.
1i987t

11988]

119e9]

119904 5.
p?99Tt 2.
11992)

119934

t
4
t
!
1
[
1
1
'
'
!
i
t
i
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!
VI977E 39.0 42.17 45,0 47.5 49.8 54.9 $3.8 55.6 57.3 58.9 60.4 61.9 |
t
t
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1
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SEMISSION FACTORS POR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE II-3B (FO? CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS 6001-8500 LBS,
CARBON MONOXIDE (GM/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

{MODELT CALENDAR YEAR - July 1
TYEAR 17982 1983 1984 2985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1993 1992 1993

119631129.2

119681127.8 129.2

119654126.4 127.8 129.2

$79661124.9 126.4 127.8 129.2

11967{123.3 124.9 126.4 127.8 129.2

$99681321.7 123.3 126.9 126.4 127.8 129.2

$19699119,9 121.7 123,3 128.9 126.8 127.8 129.2

$1970)111.3 195.2 118.8 122.1 125.3 128.3 131.2 133.8

£1979)107,3 111,3 195.2 198.8 122.1 125.3 128.3 131.2 133.8

11972]103,0 107.3 111,3 115.2 118.8 422.1 125.3 128.3 131.2 133.8

17973] 98.5 403.0 107.3 114.3 115.2 398.8 122.1 125.3 128.3 131.2 133.8
11974] 93.6 98.5 103.0 107.3 197.3 125.2 178.8 122.1 125.3 128.3 131.2 133.8
11975} €8.4 93,6 98.5 103.0 107.3 131.3 115.2 138.8 122.1 125.3 128.3 131.2
119761 82.8 88.4 93.6 98.5 103.0 107.3 111.3 115.2 118.8 122.1 125.3 128.3
(19771 76.6 82.8 88.4 93.6 98.5 103.0 107.3 111.3 115.2 118.8 122.1 125.3
119781 69.8 76.6 82.8 88.4 93.6 98.5 103.0 107.3 1171.3 115.2 118.8 122.1
£1979, 40.5 47,0 52.9 58.2 63.2 67.7 71.9 75.8 79.6 83.0 86.4 89,5
11960] 33.1 40.5 47,0 52.9 58.2 63.2 67.7 71.9 75.8 79.6 83.0 86.4
11981) 25.0 33.1 40.5 47,0 52.9 58.2 63.2 67.7 71.9 75.8 79.6 83,0
(1982) 17.6 25.0 33.t 40.5 47.0 52.9 58.2 63.2 67.7 71.9 75.8 79.6

1198 31 5.0 7.8 10.8 13.6 16.0 18.3 20.3 22.1 23.8 25.4 26.8
11984] 5.0 7.8 10.8 143.6 16.0 18.3 20.3 22.1 23.8 25,4
11965] 5.0 7,8 10.8 43.6 16,0 18.3 20.3 22.1 23.8
119861 5.0 7.8 10.8 13.6 16.0 18.3 20.3 22.1
11987} 5.0 7.8 10.8 13.6 16.0 18.3 20.3
11988] 5.0 7,8 10.8 13.6 16.0 18.3
11989] 5.0 7.8 10.8 13.6 16,0
11990] 5.0 7.8 10.8 13,6
1199 Ty 5.0 7.8 10,8
119924 5.0 7.8
17993) 5.0

SERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR ERISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.


TABLE If-6d

Specification of Speed Terms (Vg)
Used in the General Formulas tor Ripstux

LIGHT-DUTY TBUCKS (6-8.5K GVW)

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

Low-Altitude Pre-1979 Group 14

Low-Altitude 1979+ Group 18


Chapter V Mctorcycles

Cc. Pollutant emission factors for motorcycles. Zero
mileage emission rates and deterioration rates are given in
table V-*. The mean emission factors for motorcycles are
given in Tables V-2 through V-4. The emission factors are
assumed to represent the average emissions for July of that
calendar year. These factors are for the same FTMP
conditions (temperature, speed, etc.) as are applicable to
light-duty vehicles (see discussion in Chapter 7).

Table vV-5a presents the average cumulative mileages for
motorcycles ty age, on July 1. The numbers in this table

are derived from the mileages presented in Table V-5, using

the methodolcgy presented in Appendix G.

D. Travel Weighting Factor. The fraction cf annual

motorcycle travel by model year is shown in Table v-5.

BE. Temperature-Speed-Hot/Cold Cerrection Factor. This new

correction factor takes inte account the ambient
temperature, hot/cold weighting, and vehicle speed. the
correcticn factor descripticn in Chapter Tt for light-duty
vehicles is equally applicable tc motorcycles, Fre-1968 LDV
factors are applicable tc pre-1978 motorcycles, while
1973-74 LDV factors are applicakle to 1978 and later model

year motorcycles.


TABLE V-6
General Formula for Ripstux

The general foraula for the speed~temperature~hot/cold correction
factor, Ripstwx, for MOTORCYCLES is given by:

Ripstwx = (BAGITERN + B

where (using * for multiplication and exp for exponential function) :

BAGITERA = ¥ (exp (a-beT) #¢ c + G®Ajy*#(v (2,51) /¥(2.26})
BAGITERS = x =( e 4 £%A) %(v(g,83)/¥ (g.26))
BAG2TERB = (1-w-x) *( h + 3A) *(v(9,52)/¥ (9, t6))
DENOM = (d0 + dt¥a)

fraction of total siles which are driven in cold start condition
fraction of total miles which are driven in hot start condition
ambient temperature (F)

vehicle age minus 1, in years

index for model-year/region groups; see Table I-6a

s1,82,S3 = average speeds (miles/hour) for bags 1, 2, and 3

v(g,8i) = bag-specific speed correction factor; see Appendix B

Aran
ne

and where:
a,b,c,d,e,f,h,j,d0, and d? are constant coefficients which are
functions of model-year group and pollutant, as follows:

fPolfEqn{ a t b { e ¢ @ goe ' tf € bh ' 3g § dO {dl
| ional ated lebeeneeaenel [---77-- f------ [----- f------ [---77 | eteeieieied eteteneel Geteteietel bebeieed |
1 HCG FE 2.93104, 018779f 16734 2569} 9.75 § .393F 5.69 | .H7E S.67E LAT]
§ HCE 2 f 2.9310, 0187794 -2.41f 1863] 2.63 | 1555, 2.63 § .597f 2.807 L644
$ HCE 3 ft 2.83395.0235914 66234 .30Tf TL17 | 22844 1,05 | .270f 1,384 284

PHC} M9 | 1,9934].0222694 -.03Z2) .845) .497 § 13571 22031 .175f SME 2 28t
| tere Satetel Setetetetenetel Sxtetetatetetel Gateteteretel Getetetened Getetetetatel Geteteteted Ceteteteetel Uetetetetel Copetetetel betetened |
1 COL 7 2 5.6548}.015965}-19. 74] 9.62] 42.84) 5.76) S7.57F 7.79156.9317. 591
f COR 2 — 5.6508).015965)-33.89] 9.771 25,261 4.714 35.901 6.70136.9016.79}
P COL 3 { 5.5960{.0289454 11.29) 4 .24p 15.85f 2.344 27.17] 3.13F23.7013. 18]
$ COP & § 4.2391,.017522% -.20 | 6.991 4.121 2.204 3.96f 2.721 6.9813. 141
| Serened Sete Setetpbentanel etetecabeenel tanetennen ieneieneel evtamiene lebunteeel iapaebantel lepcantel Gasteveel Santana |
phox] Tf -100. | 0.0 f T.1H 4 OO § 1.25 | 0.0 | O18 | O10 | 1.0 ft O.OF
peox} 2 | -100, | 0.0 § 1.16 | 0.0 | 1.26 § 0.0 | O.80 | 0.0 {| 1.0 ft O.oF
pBoxry 2 — ~100, f 0.0 § 3,26 | .335F 2,99 | 2186, 1.89 | 2116, 2.a7t . 18t
pROxt & § -100, ¢ 0.0 4 3.05 & .318f 2.88 | L180; 2.07 F 11264 24867 2184
t t i 1 t

LP es Si ens Se a, Ses Sie Sienna

‘ ' Used tor Model Years: 1
f Egn fro t errr nnn tern nnn wart tnt reer {
{ f{ For HC and co jf For NOx t
Porcr [rrr rn rrr tr rrr tnt crt tre scr tere cnn
1% |j bre-1978 1 Pre-1978 '
1 2 & Post-1977 ! Post-1977 {
1 2 +f Mot Used j Not Used t
bt 4@ & Kot Used 1 Hot Used t
1 i ' '



TABLE Iv-@

BIP-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIESEL-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
NITROGEN OXIDES (GM/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

PRODFLY CALENDAR YEAR - July 1 '
{YEAR [1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 J

1
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HT9STE 27.6 1* t
HI9SZ] 214 254 I t
1953p 27.46 21.4 21.4 i fT
49587 21,4 21.4 21,4 21,4 ' 1
13955] 21.6 21.4 21.86 21.4 21,4 1 f
17956) 21,4 21,4 21,8 21,4 21,4 27,44 1
(T9S7E ZIM 2164 2A 21.4 21.4 2TLAE 2708 1
£1958] 21.9 27.4 21,4 21,4 21,4 21,44 24,4 2TH t
11959} 24.6 21.0 27,4 21,6 27,4 21,4; 21,9 21,4 21,4 '
P1960] 21.4 21,8 21.4 2TH 21,0 2TLHy 24,4 2TH 21H 21,8 f]
11961) 21.8 21.4 214 21,4 21.4 B2WAy 21.8 2tH 29,6 2164 21,4 1
HV962$ 2706 218 21LB 21H 2M 2ALUE 2764 24,4 27,4 21H 27,45 21,4 4
£1963 21.4 21,8 21,0 21,6 27,6 21,47 23,4 21,4 21,4 2.4 21.4 21,4 4
H196HF 216 214 24,4 2UH ZIG 214; 2E,H ZIM 2TH 21,4 21,4 21,4 4
11965f 21.9 21.8 27,8 27,4 21,8 29,4) 21,4 21,6 27,4 21,8 21.4 21,4 |
CT9664 218 2148 2TLG 2TH 2TH AZTHE 2TH 21,4 21H 21H 21.4 2tTLH 4
PT9ETE ZUG 214 214 27,4 21,4 21,47 2TH 2TH 214 2164 21,4 2TH ft
11968] 21.9 27.8 27,4 2708 21,4 2TAE 214 2764 21.4 24,8 21,4 2164 |
11969] 20.5 21.9 27,4 24.4 21,646 27,87 21,4 27.4 24,4 21,8 21,4 21,4 4
HV970F 21.8 21M 2A 24 YTMTLH 2MAWP 2T_LA 21,4 21,4 21,4 2104 2104 4
419715 27.4 24,6 27.8 27.4 214] 27,4 21,4 21,4 21,4 214 2.4 4
119724 24.4 24,4 2TH 2TLMF 2G 2TH 21,4 21,4 2a 2a 4
119731 27.4 21,0 29,4, 21.4 24.4 21,8 21,4 24.8 21,4 |
119744 20.1 20,1) 20,1 20.1 20,1 20.1 20.1 20.1 Jf
119754 20,17 20,% 20,7 20,1 20,1 20.1 20.1 4
119764 1 20,1 20,1 20,1 20,1 20.1 20.1 4
119774 t 20.1 20.1 20,1 20.1 20,1 4
11978] | 20.1 20,1 20.1 20,1 4
119794 f 19.9 19.9 19,9 1
119804 I 19.9 19.9 1
j198 1] 1 19,9 |
11982] i t
119831 t t
pr9e8] t t
$1985] t ‘
1198E4 t '
419874 ‘ |
119881 t 1
y19e9] ' 1
119905 { '

SERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUCY MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST~1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE VW-2 (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR MOTORCYCLES
HYDROCARBONS (GH/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

tRODEL] AR YEAR - July 1%
SYEAR 31982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

$1968, 42,2 12.5

£1965, t2.t 12.2 12.4

$1966) 11,9 12.7 12.2 42.4

$7967— 39,8 37,9 72,1 42,2 12,4

Ft9e8E 44.6 81,86 11.9 32.8 12.2 12.4

$19694 47.5 17.6 11,8 41.9 12.1 12,2 12.4

$79707 39.3 97.5 TH.6 T4868 41.9 42,1 42.2 12,4

HV97FE 11,2 11.3 17.5 BELG 11.8 313.9 42.4% T2.2 12.48

Et97Z~E 11.0 82 ttL3 11.5 F416 F1.8 11.9 F2,.t 12.2 12.4
$9973$ 10.9 44,0 48,2 44.3 FE.5 94.6 89,8 81.9 F2,1 12,2 12,4

$3970) 10.7 TO.9 47.0 TH.2 41.3 F105 4766 139.8 19,9 12.1 12.2 T2.4
U1975— 10.5 10.7 10.9 84,0 143.2 81.3 97,5 41.6 41.8 11.9 42.1 12.2
$1976f 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.9 37,0 1.2 11.3 19.5 17,6 119.8 81.9 32,1

07977] 70.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 90.9 94,0 7.2 11.3 41.5 11,6 41,8 17.9

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SEMISSION FACTORS FOR VEBRICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 14975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES.
POST~1975 CALENDAB YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE Y-5

TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION

SUM: 1973

HOTORCYCLES
(a) (>)
Vehicle Fraction Total Annual Mileage ( (a) % (b) /SUM)
_-Age Recixtration Accumulation Rate {a)%(b} Travel Fraction
1 0.105 2010 211.0 0.107
2 0.225 2510 568.7 0.286
3 0,206 2070 426.4 0.246
4 a.mu9 1850 275.6 a,140
5 0,097 #720 166 .8 0,085
6 0.062 1620 100.4 0.051
7 0.046 4550 7123 0.036
8 0.033 1490 49,2 0.025
9 0.029 1430 41.5 0.0213
10 0.023 4390 32.0 0.016
11 0.008 1350 10 .8 0.005
12 0.005 1320 6.6 0.003
13 0,013 1290 16 8 0.008
Ww 0.000 0 0.0 0.000
15 0.000 0 0.0 0,000
16 0.000 0 0.0 0.000
7 0.000 t') 0.0 0.000
18 0.000 0 0.0 0,000
19 0,000 0 0.0 0,000
20 0,000 Q 0,0 9.000

iN]


Step 4, Enpstwx -- Composite Exhaust Emission Factor

The final step in the calculation of the composite
exhaust emission factor for light-duty vehicles is to
multiply the sean emission factors and correction factors
for each model year and then sua the products,

This procedure is shown in the completed table
depicting the calculation of a composite exhaust emission
factor for light-duty vehicles, The emission factor is

expressed in units of grams per vehicle nile traveled,

c~12


Step 3,

BC esission rates in Table I-8. fhe table following
this section illustrates the procedure for computing
the evaporative HC emission factor,

The hydrocarbon emissions computed in Step 2 may be
adjusted downward, as appropriate, if a ,sotor
vehicle inspection and saintenance program is in
effect for the region. Appendix §# to 40 CFR Part

51, as revised Nay 2, 1977, 42 Federal Register

22177, presents the procedures and factors to be
used in calculating emission reduction credit fros

I/8 prograss,

c- 16


*xXPART ONE: FOF ALL PEGIONS EXCEPT CALIFOPNIA 6 HIGH-ALTITUDE***

Tntroduction
A, Data SOurceS. ceneesscesane
Be PULPOEe. weeeeeee seer eee
C. Principal ChangeS.eue-..ee
De OLGANLZA LON cemcecesvacsevssccccseseseses
E. Yelation te Vehicle Inspection & Maintenance
F. eactive vs. Non-reactive Hydrocarkon Emissicns..7
Chapter Te Light-duty, Gasoline=powered Vehicles (LDV)
(Automobiles)
As ITNtTOdUCTION. conc ere c or encercecccnrcccssacerneane
B. Composite Exhaust Emission Equation. .....seeeee0. 11
Ce Pollutant Emission Factors for LDV!
Assumptions aud Methodologies. eeeccwcece 12
D. Weighting Factex: “or Fraction of Annual Travel
Dy Model Yeareccecccccenececvccececcccccccces 13
Ee Speed=-Temperature-fot /Cold Cerrection Facter 213
F. Air-Ccnditioning Correction Factor...cseeeeee 18
Ge «6 Vehicle Leading Correction Factorecsseeueseeene se 19
He “railer Tewing Correction FactoTecesssecneae 2 20
T. Humidity Correction Factors. cece ees es oceaneenccee 27
J. Tdle Fhission Yactors FOU LDV Se ceee ewe ee ee ween ee 21
Ke Crankcase and Evaporative HC Emission Factcrs
Ecr LDVIS. ccs n cease cacao sceacencesacesccasace de
Chapter TI. Gasoline-powered, light-duty Trucks (LDT)
Ae TNtTOdUCt AON. wo new cree rece r ere cereseecccsencee 24
Be Composite Exhaust Emission Fquationsece. 00 25
C. Pollutant Emission Factors fcr LDT'Seeuseeoes ° 26
D. Weighting Factors for LDT's.... wee ewes eccesees 26
Ee. Speed-"emperature-Hot/Cold Correction Factcr...-.27
Fe. AireCcnditioning Correcticn Factolesscccseccceees 28
G. Vehicle Loading Corrcoction Factor... eeece ee ceeeee 28
H. Humidity correcti FactOles sc ce even e cece ere ce nee 28
Tt. ‘Yéle Emission Fates for LET'S. corer ceccccecnee 28
3. Crankcase and Evaporative HC Emission Factcrs

tees ec em mee were swe cueeee 29

FOU LDT'Se errs eae vee

“i-


Step t, Cipn -- FIP Emission Factor

The FIP mean emission factors for light-duty vehicles

are the emission rates per unit nile assuming
conditions, These values are given in Table I-2
hydrocarbons,

These Cipn values can be listed as shown in
following table, which will be used to calculate

composite exhaust emission factor,

FTP

for

the

the

The following steps, and subsequent completion of the

table, will adjust the FTP mean emission factors for non-FTP

conditions,


TABLE FII-8

Crankcase and Evaporative HC Emission Factors
(gmsmi)

HEAVY-DUTY GAS TRUCKS

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH~ALTITUDE

Hodel Year Hydrocarbon Emissions (ga/ai)
Pre-4968 7.70
1968-1980 2.00

198 T+ 0.30


BIN-YEAK EXHAUST EMISSION

TABLE II-3 (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY TROCKS:

CARBON BOMOXIDE (GH/HI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORIES

CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

PRODELY

VYEAR 14982

t
11963{ 121.7
11968] 120.4
119651119,0
119665 317.5
11967f 115.9
119681 120.2
119691117,0
(1970, 112.1
11971, 108.1
119729104.0

119731
119744
119754
13976]
419774
119784
119794
pi9e0]
£19874
419824
11963}
p19e0]
11965]
119864
r19e71
41968]
119894
£19907
119914
119924
119934

99.4
ona
76.3
70.8
64,8
58.2
40.3
33.0
25.0
47.7

t983 19846 3985 1

1419,0 120.8 121.7

986 1987

417.5 %49.0 120.4 121.7

123.1 125.9 128.6 13
120.2 123.1 125.9 12
415.9 419.5 422.8 12
132.1 415.9 119.5 12
108.4 342,17 115.9 41
103.9 108.4% 372,17 41
99.4 103.9 108.1 11
81.3 85.9 90.2 9
76.3 84.3 85.9 9
70.8 76.3 81,3 8
64.8 70.8 76.3 8
87.1 53.2 58.9 6
40.3 47.1 53.2 5
33.0 40.3 47,1 5
25.0 33,0 40.3 4
5.1 7.8 1.8 1
5.1t 7.8 1
5.1

T.¥ 133.5
8.6 31,1
6.0 129.0
2.8 126.0
9.5 122.8
5.9 119.5
2.1 115.9
&.t 97,8
0.2 94,1
5.9 90.2
1.3 85.9
4.0 68.8
8.9 64.0
3.2 58.9

7.4 53.2
3.5 16,1
0.8 133.5
7.8 10.8
5.1 7.8

5.1

1988

133.5
131.8
129.0
126.0
122.8
119.5
3014,3
97.8
94.1
90.2
7301
68.8
68.0
58.9
18.8
16.1
13.5
10.8
7.8

1983

134.5
131.8
129.0
125.9
122.8
104.6
101.3
97.8
98.1
77,0
73,1
68.8
64.0
20.5
18.4
16.1
13.5
10.8
7.8
5.1

1990

134.5
131.8
129.0
125.9
7.7
4.6
wt
97.8
80.7
77.0
73.1
68.8
22.4
20.5
18.4
6.7
13,5
10.8
728
5.1

1991

138.5
131.8
129.0
110.6
107.7
104.6
1,3
84,2
80.7
77,0
73.1
24.2
22.4
20.5
18.4
w.1
13.5
0.8
7.8
5.1

1992

1993

*EKISSIOW

FACTORS FOR VEHICLES

THROUGH BODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OB ACTUAL TESTS OF IW-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE 1-5

TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION

(a) (b)
Vehicle Fraction Total Annual Bileage ( (a) * (b) /S 0M)
Age. _Registration_ Rate {a)*(b) Travel Fraction
1 0.075 1192.5 0.106
2 0.107 15000 1605.0 0,182
3 0,107 14 000 1498 0 0.133
4 0,106 13100 1388 .6 0,123
5 0.100 122060 1220.0 0,108
6 0,092 11300 1039.6 0,092
7 0.085 10 300 875.5 0.077
8 0.077 9400 723.8 0.06%
9 0.066 8500 561.0 0.050
10 0,052 7600 395 2 0.035 420
WwW 0.039 6700 261.3 ("0.023
12 0,027 6600 178 .2 / 0,016
13 0.018 6200 111.6 » 0,070
i) 0,014 5900 82.6 0.007
1S 0.009 5500 49.5 0,008
16 0,006 5100 30.6 0.003
7 0.005 5000 25.0 0,002 :
18 0,005 4700 23.5 9,002
19 0.005 48400 22.0 0,002
20 0.008 ano ___ 37 6_ 0.002

SUB: 11301,0 soy)


TABLE F- 5

SPEEL: 19.6 MJP.H. TEMP: 50. (F) % COLD START: 100.0%
AS: 0.803 0.058 0.058 0.045 0.034 0.005 % HOT START; 0.0%

cy He co wor
1970 18,3 %e8.t 5.0
1971 Wz -  1u,7 5,1
1972 16.9 162.7 5.2
1973 16.3 et.7 5.2
19748 15.8 161.5 5.1
1975 15,2 198.7 4.9
1976 14,48 154.1 4.8
1977 13.6 9.0 4.6
1978 42.8 143.3 a4
1979 w109 137.4 4.3
4980 10.7 127.7 4 tl
1981 9.5 195.3 3.9
1982 8.5 was 3.7
1983 7.6 o4.1 3.6
1984 6.9 84.6 3.4
1985 6.3 76.6 3.3
1986 5.8 69.8 3.1
1987 5.5 64.5 2.9
1988 5.2 60.0 2.7
1989 5.0 56.5 2.6
1990 4.9 54.0 2.6
1991 4.8 $2.1 2.5
1992 4.7 50.6 2.5
1993 4&7 494 2.5
19948 4.6 48.6 2.4
1995 4.6 48.0 2.4
1996 4.6 46.0 2.4
1997 8.6 48.0 2.4
1998 4.6 48.0 2.48
31999 a6 48.0 2.4


TABLE IITY-4 (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST ESIYSSION FACTORS FOR GASOLINE-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY °
HITROGEN OXIDES (GN/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

TRODELY CALEN
VYEAR 11982 1983 1984 1985 13986

( pooae seen meena cn nnnen en ne nnn nne
11963) 8.8

11968) 8.8 8.8

11965] 8.8 8.8 8.8

11966] 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8
11967] 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8
11968] 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8
119691 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8
11970] 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8
11977) 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8
119721 12.8 42.8 12.8 12.8 12.8
11973] 12.8 22.8 12.8 12.8 12.8
11974, 10.5 10.5 130.5 10.5 10.5

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oneveeves

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19893

eater awww
OSSCONNAN
oe eee eee
Wn ow &@ ©

10.5

AR YEAR - July 1
1987 61988
8.8
8.8 8.8
42.8 32.8
12,8 42.8
42,8 «12.8
12.8 «42.8
10.5 10.5
40.5 10.5
10.5 10.5
10.5 10.5
10.5 0.5
9.1 9.1
9.1 9.1
9.1 9.7
9.1 9.1
9.1 9.1
9.1 git
5.3 5.9
4.6 5.3
4.2 46
4.2

PERE ROYUWYWY
ee ee er ee

NAWC Pannen

1990

12,8
12,8
12.8
0.5
0.5

.

eoeeere

see
FEenuawoeevvewsos

eeneee

NAWOS One e nw

12.8
12.8
10.5
70.5

20
Pryuennsrwewwwwssoo

eoeoeee

NAWOR OE me awe RUN

we
10.3
10.5
20.5
9.3
9.

swe

*ENISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
FACTORS FOR ALL

POST~1975 CALENDAB YEAR EBISSION

wet
ae eo

DN Ww OR OS DN we we we OU

OO Ow

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.

.

STAR:

eo 08

VEBICLES ABE PROJ*: 265.


Chapter If Light-duty Trucks

mission Equation. The composite

exhaust emission factor for gascline-powered LDTs is given

by:

Enpstw = SUM( Cipn*Min*Ripstwx*Aip*Lp*Hip )

where all lower case letters are subscripts and:

SUM() = summation over mcdel year (i), from the
calendar year for which emissicn factors
are being calculated (i=n) to the calendar
year 19 years previous (i=n-*9).

Enpstwx = Composite emission factor in gm/mi_ for
calendar year n, pollutant f, average
speed s, ambient temperature t, fraction
cold operation w, and fraction hot start
operation x.

Cipn = The FTP (1975 Federal Test Procedure) mean
emission factor for the ith medel year
light-duty trucks during calendar year n,
and for pcllutant p.

Min = The fracticn cf annual travel ty the ith
model year LDTs during calendar year n.

Pipstwx The temperature, speed, and het/cold
correction factor for the ith mcdel year
LDTs for pollutant p, average speed s,
ambient temperature t, fraction cold
operation w, and fraction hot start

operation x.

Aip = The air-ccenditicning correcticn factor for
the ith model year LDTs, for pollutant p.

Lp = The vehicle load correction factor for
pollutant p.

Hip = The humidity ccrrection factor for the ith
model year LDTs, fcr pollutant p.

-25-


Chapter Tf Light-Duty Vehicles
reducing the oxygen available te the catalyst and thereby

increasing emissions.

Tt. Humidity Correction Factor The NOx tabled emission

factors are normalized to 78 grains of water per pcund of
dry air. In order to correct NCx emissions under different
humidity conditicns, the formula for the correcticn factor

is given belcw, and is applicable for all model years:

Humidity Correction Factor for NOx

CoFe = 160 - .0047(H - 75.)

where: H = humidity (gr/1lb)

beer ee te

Tf the apprcepriate humidity infcrmation is net available,

the correcticn factor defaults tc a value of 1.0.

J. Idle Emission Factors for LEVs. Estimates cf emissions
during a vehicle's idle operating mode may be appropriate at
trip attractions such as shcpping centers, airpcrts, sports
complexes, etc. Because idle emission factors are expressed
in units of emissions per unit time, emissions at idle are
estimated using vehicle operating minutes rather than the

conventional vehicle-miles-cf-travel.

Light-duty vehicle idle emission rates are calculated

-24-


TABLE II1-7

IDLE EMISSION RATES

HEAVY-DUTY GAS TRUCKS

FOR ALL ABEAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

~~ (GH7RIN,) |B (GH7HIN,) tt

aoe nn Oe
tt EW VEHICLE {| DETERIORATION RATE {

(PER 10,000 BILES)

t
{ POLLUTANT MODEL YEAR }{ EMISSION BATE

t

1 t I

t t -t
{ ! t |
{ HC {| PRE-1970 {J 3.85 | 0,18 t
' HC 1 1970-1973 ff O.7t | 0.20 '
f aC { 1974-1978 {5 3.09 5 0.20 t
t RC 1 1979-1982 ff 0.73) 4 0.20 1
' RC 1 1983+ nN 0.20 «45 0.480 '
t { ut t ‘
I co { PRE-1970 {1 24.63) | 2.55 '
t co 1 1970-1973 {ft 5.70 2.92 '
‘ co b 1978-1978 tf 21,92 4 2.92 '
1 co 11979-1982 41 19.23 | 2.92 '
1 co t 1983e iW 1.58 I 5.00 t
' ' Ww { {
1 woX 1 PRE-1970 45 0.02 1 0,00 1
1 wor { 1970-1973 {f 0.04 1 0,00
{  wox 1 1974-1978 44 0.02 | 0.00 '
1 Nox { 1979-1984 jf 0.02 | 0.00 i
1 wox 1 19854 ny 0.01 ! 0,00 1
1 i it ! t

The Idle Emission Factor is calculated fron
the linear equation C = a + bY, where C is the
idle emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage A, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and ¥ = m/10000,


APPENDIX F


infinite number of variations in these factors make it
impossible to present composite mobile source emission
factors for each application. An effort has been sade,
therefore, to present average esission factors for a range
of conditions, The following conditions are considered for

each of these cases;

Average vehicle speed, TIvo vehicle speeds are considered,
The first is an average speed of 19,6 mi/hr, which should be
typical of a large percentage of urban vehicle operation,
The second is an average speed of 45 mi/hr, which should be

typical of highway or rural operation,

Percenta: of cold operation, Three percentages of cold
operation are considered, The first (at 19.6 mi/hr) assunes
that 20% of the automobiles and light trucks are operating
in a cold condition (representative of vehicle start-up
after a long engine-off period) and that 80% of the
automobiles and light trucks are operating in a stabilized
condition (warmed-up vehicle operation), with 27% having
started hot. This condition can be expected to assess the
engine temperature situation over a large area for an entire
day. The second situation assumes that 100% of the
automobiles and light trucks are operating in a stabilized
condition (45 #i/hr}. This might be applicable to rural or
highway operation. The third situation (at 19.6 mi/hr)
assumes that 100% of the automobiles and light trucks are

operating in a cold condition, This might be a worst-case

r-4


SPEED:
AS:

19.6 APL.

TR

TER

BLE F- 1

Ps 25. (F)

6.803 0.058 0.058 0.085 0.031 0.005

z¢

ERISSION FACTORS (GB/BI)

AYEBAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FA
cr BE co
1970 43.6 107.7
1971 42.9 104.5
4972 12.3 102.3
1973 W427 100.7
1978 W123 99.8
3975 10.6 97.6
1976 10.2 94.6
1977 9.6 91.5
1978 9.0 88.2
1979 8.4 g4a.7
1980 7.5 786.6
1981 6.7 714
1982 5.9 64.7
1983 5.3 57.9
1984 47 51.3
1985 a2 45.6
1986 3.9 80.7
1987 3.6 36.7
1988 3.48 33.4
1989 3.2 30.8
1990 3.1 28.9
19914 3.0 27.5
1992 3.0 26.4
1993 2.9 25.6
1994 2.9 25,0
1995 2.9 28.6
1996 2.9 28.6
1997 2.3 26.6
1998 2.9 28.6
1999 2.9 24.6

Is
Lal

eves eee ene |

.

Mewar ere NNNNNNNNNNWH WWW eee oe es
WNDYKDOVWVOOCOwsNSVNIWCON SRO eB ENV DOOD

eneenrenneevneet ones

OLD START:
HOT START:

20,65
27,3%


Chapter IIT
Be Composite
exhaust emission

by:

Heavy-duty Gas Trucks
xhaust Emission Equation. TMhe composite

factor for gascline-powered HIVs is given

Fnpsoq = SUM( Cipn*Min*Vips*Pipnog )

where all lower

SUM( )

Enpscq

Cipn

Min

Vips

Pipneg

for

n

ase letters are subscripts and:

summation over mcdel year (i), frem the
calendar year for which emissicn factors
are being calculated {i=n) to the calendar
year *9 years previous ({i=n-*9).

Composite emission factor in gm/mi for
calendar year n, pollutant f, average
speed s, truck weight o, and weight/pewer
ratio q.

The Federal Test Procedure mean emission
factor for the ith moedel year FIG vehicle
in calendar year n, and for pcellutant fF.

The fracticn cf annual travel Fy the ith
model year HDG during calendar year ne

the speed correction factor fcr the ith
model year HDG vehicles, for fellutant p
and average speed s.

the truck characteristic correcticn factor
for the ith mcdel year HDG vehicles for
pollutant p, calendar year n, truck weight
o, and weight/power ratio q.

-33-


TABLE F- 7

SPEED: 19,6 AJPH. TEMP: 25. (F) % COLD START: 20,65
BS: 0.630 0,160 0.360 0,025 0,025 0.0 S HOT START: 27.3%

1970 13.8 108.0 4.7
1971 43,1 108.0 4.8
1972 12.5 104.8 4.9
1973 11.9 100.0 4.8
1974 3408 98.9 4.7
1975 10.9 96.6 a5
1976 10.3 93.8 4.3
1977 9.8 90.9 ait
1978 9.2 88.0 3.9
1979 8.6 84.8 3.7
1980 7.8 79.5 3.6
1981 7.0 73.5 3.3
1982 6.3 67.9 3.1
1983 5.7 67.9 3.0
1988 5.1 55.9 2.8
1985 4.6 50.4 2.7
1986 4.2 45.3 2.5
1987 3.9 ati 2.3
1988 3.6 37.5 2.2
1989 304 34.5 2.1
1990 3.3 32.2 2.0
1991 3.1 30.8 1.9
1992 3.1 28.9 i)
1993 3.0 27.8 1.9
1994 2.9 27.0 19
1995 2.9 26.2 19
1996 2.9 26.2 9
1997 2.9 26.2 1.9
1998 2.9 26.2 9
1999 2.9 26.2 19


TABLE IV-5

TRAVEL WEIGHTING PACTOR CALCULATION

(a) (b)
Vehicle PFraction Total Annual Mileage ( (a) # (b) /SUM)
-Age__ _Registration Accumulation Rate (a)#(b) Travel Fraction
1 0.077 73600 5667.2 0,102
2 0.135 73600 9936 0 0.178
3 0.138 69900 9366 6 0.168
q 9.131 63300 8292.3 0,149
5 0,099 56600 5603 4 0.101
6 0.090 50000 4500 .0 0.081
7 0.082 45600 3739.2 0,067
8 0.062 41200 2554 4 0.046
9 0.085 38200 1719.0 0,031
10 0.033 36000 1188 .0 0,021
WwW 0,025 34600 865.0 0.016
12 0.015 33800 507.0 0,009
3 0.013 33100 830.3 0,008
1m 0.011 32400 356.4 0,006
mS 0.010 30900 309.0 0,006
16 0.008 28700 229.6 0.004
7 0.007 25700 179.9 0,003
18 0,006 21300 127 8 0,002
19 0.005 18400 92.0 0.002
20 0,004 15400 61,6 0.001

ao
SUB: 55724 .6


modified as follows:
FIRST YEAR: (1/4) v1
SECOND YEAR=(%/2) (wt + (1/8) ¥2) * (4/2) ( (378) ¥ 1}

THIRD YEAR: (3/2) (vt # v2 # (t/4) vt) # (1/2) (Vt # (374) 02)

#US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1978 260-880/30 1-3 G-5


SELECTED SPEES CORAKCTLOW FACTORS - (9,8)

nPEED (HPRY
POL GF 6.0 3, To, Zh te. 34. 36. HI, 86. 51, 5BL Ot

HC 462,662 1,546 1,786 0,957 0,837 G.748 0,677 0.621 0.5594 0,583 0,565 0,496
HC 2 2,816 1,601 1,165 0,953 O.,a71 0.722 0,645 0.591 0.560 0.544 0.524 0,464
RO 39 2,662 1,572 1,759 0,951 O.€%6 0,713 0,635 0,587 0,548 0,526 0.896 0,403
HC 4 2,951 1,656 3,180 6.967 G.795 O.679 6,598 OL.528 0.491 0,968 0,436 0,361
HC 5 2,904 4,620 41,166 0.950 0.609 0,706 0,615 0.555 0,520 0,500 0.471 0.393
HC 6 2,680 1,558 1,157 0,556 9,837 9,737 0,664 0,618 0,586 0.573 0.549 0,473
HO 7 2,709 1.571 1.156 0.456 6.872 0,722 6,644 0,592 0,563 0.548 0.520 0.436
HC 8 2,383 3,438 1,116 6,968 0,874 0,799 0,746 6,700 0.683 0.683 0.673 0,599
RC 9 2,897 3,477 1,722 0,969 0,873 0,604 0,799 6,710 0,691 9,688 0.679 0.622

WE 10 2.605 1.520 1,%39 0,962 0,850 0,762 0,693 0.646 0,622 0.614 0.597 0.524
HC 11 2,413 1,457 1,723 0,964 0,859 0.773 0,705 0.662 0.644 0,638 0.609 0.496
HCE 12 2,523 1,500 1,735 0,963 0,856 0.769 6,702 0,657 0.636 0,631 0.616 0.541
HC 13 2.342 1,439 7,420 0.961 0.848 9,753 0,677 0,629 0,608 0,602 0.570 0,452
HC 8 2,788 1,582 1,758 0,954 0,871 0,717 0.637 6,587 0.551 0.536 0.512 0.435
HC 15 2.431 1.466 1,125 9.964 0,958 0,778 0,707 9,668 0,646 0,644 0,624 0,530
HE 16 2.389 1,465 1,138 0,956 0,824 0,710 0,622 0,567 0,543 0,531 0.437 0,352
HC 17 3,309 1,748 1,209 0,937 0,757 6,610 0.5905 0,435 0,395 0,368 9.326 0,235
HE 18 2,717 1.573 1,169 0,965 0,771 0,627 0,522 0.459 0,429 0.443 6.359 9.229

CO 4 2,105 4.373 1,708 0,766 O87 7 9.788 0,721 0,680 0.665 0,663 0.638 0,527
cO 2 2,829 1,602 1,163 0,952 0.817 0.715 0.636 0,582 0,552 0.535 9.509 0,432
CO 33,096 1,685 1.187 6,956 9,815 0.722 0,653 0,600 0.569 5,553 0,547 6,507
CO & 3,063 1,678 1,784 9,986 0,798 0,688 0,605 0,547 O,511 0,489 0.456 0,379
CO 5 3,784 1,896 1,238 0.952 OL749 0,621 0,526 0,457 0,409 6,378 0.352 0,3943
CO 6 3,785 1,882 1,237 0,931 0,766 0,673 0,595 6.485 0.399 0,369 0.338 0.285
cO 7 3,882 1,804 1,217 0,929 0,748 0,609 0,509 0,44? 0.599 0.370 9.331 0,254
CO 8 2,054 1,333 1,088 9.973 0,889 0,812 0,749 0,741 0,703 O,717 0.690 0,562
3

2,001 1,313 $082 0,975 0,898 0,827 0,770 0,736 0.739 9.758 0.747 0.623
0.965 6,452 0,750 0,670 G.622 0.606 0.607 0.576 0,440
6,963 0,639 6.724 0,635 0,562 0.565 0.562 G.514 0,382
0.969 0.874 0,758 0.737 0,672 0,653 0.66% 9.635 0.505
0,933 0,735 0,585 0,077 0,009 0,372 0,350 0.312 0.222
0.947 0.775 0,653 0,562 0,500 0,465 0,489 0.432 0.376
0.972 0,882 0.797 O,727 @,68a 9.675 0.681 0.645 0,485
0,994 0,765 0,637 0,517 0,853 0.425 9,006 OL342 UL 194
6.9435 0,744 0.609 6,508 ©4444 O.81t 0,397 0,353 9.253
6.952 0.789 0.6408

1,036 7,793 1,387 1,456 1,520 1,557 1,626 1.813 2,236
3,036 4,069 3,159 B27) TL24G T2771 1320 1.035 1,677
1,075 4,069 Fotis TLid% 1.188 1,220 1.271 1,364 1,530
1,009 4.04% 4.084 1.720 1.133 1,458 1.199 4,277 1,419
1,006 1,630 4.053 1.076 1,095 1,427 8,460 1,223 1,321
T.018 TLObS BLTTt F

4,095 BLG70 FLttS Wee? L185 2.274 1,262 1,354 1.525
$029 3.459 F278 1,376 ELNMO 1.486 3.586 1.675 1,947
1,025 1,425 1.227 1,286 1.334 1,365 1.427 1.548 1,798
4,036 BL183 1,324 3.428 4.497 1.534 1,603 1,768 2,126
7,025 FL 130 3,233 4,378 FL377 FL4t6 4.478 4,603 1.899
1,643 4,207 1,358 1.475 1,556 4.678 4.698 7,849 2,145
T,078 1,669 1.675 1,703 2,140 8,784 1.229 1,263 1,265
4,028 4.433 4,225 L246 8,380 3,378 3.8396 4.558 4,797
1,036 1,975 1,303 1,399 1,462 1,517 1,582 4,730 2,030
7.001 4,007 1.000 1,008 4,077 1.042 1,078 1,190 Bl tat
T.019 EL.OKF 1,930 4,708 £,399 1,234 1.287 1.375 1.521
1,033 P,4N5 2,238 9,306 1,952 1,396 1.463 1,594 1,838



TABLE F- 9

SPEED: 19.6 A.P.H. TENP: 75. (F) & COLD START: 20.6%
AS: 0,630 0,160 0,160 0.025 0.025 0.0 % HOT START: 27.3%

cr ac co xo
1970 12.2 65.6 Qo?
1971 11,5 82.4 4.8
1972 10.9 80.0 4.9
1973 10.4 78.3 4.8
1978 10.90 77.4 5.7
1975 9.5 75.1 4.5
1976 9.0 72.5 4.3
1977 8.5 69.9 act
1978 6.0 67,17 3.9
3979 7.4 64.3 3.7
1980 6.7 60.2 3.6
1984 6,0 55.8 3.3
1982 5.4 51.6 3,1
1983 4.8 47.2 3,0
1984 4.3 42.9 2.8
1985 3.9 38.9 2.7
1986 3.5 35.2 2.5
1987 3.2 32.2 2.3
1988 3.0 29.5 2.2
1989 2.9 27.3 2.1
4990 2.7 25.6 2.0
1991 2.6 24,1 1.9
1992 2.5 23.0 1.9
1993 2.5 22.1 1.9
1994 2.4 21.4 1.9
1995 224 20.8 rL9
1996 2.4 20.8 1.9
1997 2.4 20.8 1.9
1998 2.4 20.8 1.9
1999 2.4 20.8 9


TABLE I-9

LDV Loading Correction Factor
(Additional 500 Pounds, All Hodel Years)

The Loading Correction Factor, L(p}, is given by:
L(p}) = u*{cf(p}) - 1.0) ¢ 1.0

where:

u = fraction of vehicles with additional load of 500 pounds

cf(p} = correction factor values selected from table below

L(p) * Loading Correction Factor

Pollatant (p) citp)
ac 1,06

co 1,20

1,03

wox


TABLE IV-3

(FOR CALENDAR YEAKS 1982-1993)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR DIESEL-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
CARBON MONOXIDE (GM/E3)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

{MOLELt
WYEAR 41982 1983

27,0

35,17
35,1
35,17
35.1
35.1
35,1
35,7
35.1
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27,0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0
27,0

1986

35.1
35,1
35,1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35.1
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0

1987

35,1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
27,0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27,0
27,0
27,0
27.0

1988

35,1
35.1
351
35.1
35.1
27,0
27.0
27,0
27.06
27,0
27,0
27.0
27,0
27.6
27,0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0
27,0

1969

35,1
35.1
35.1
35,1
27,0
27.0
27.0
27.6
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0
27,0
27.0
27.0
27.0

1990

35.1
3>.1
35,1
27.0
27,0
27,0
27,90
27,0
27,0
27,0
27,0
47,0
27,0
27,0
27,0
27,0
27.0
27,0
27,0
27,0

1991

35.1

27.0

27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0

1992

35,1

27.0
27,0

1993

27,0

*ERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AWD THROUGH

CALFRDAR YEAR

1975 ARE BASED OK ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-OUSE VEHICLES,

FOST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE ITI-2B (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS 6001-8500 LBS,
HYDROCARBONS (GH/M1)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

TRODFL{ CALENDAR YEAR - July 1 t
{YEAR [1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 19869 1990 1991 1992 1993 |

$1967 14.5 TH,8 15,0 15.3 15.6
£1968; 14.1 TH.5 14,8 15.0 15.3 15.6

1

t

1

t

!

t

1

11969] 13,8 14.1 18.5 TH.8 15.0 15.3 15.6 t
11970] 9.7 10.0 10,3 40.6 10.9 11,2 41.4 11.6 Il
11971, 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 '
11972{ 9.0 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 30.6 10.9 11.2 17.4 11.6 t
119731 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.9 t1.2 11.4 11.6 t
$1976, 8.2 8.6 9.0 «9.6 «947 «10.0 «10.3 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.4 11.6 |
11975{ 747 8.2 8.6 9,0 9.8 9.7 10,0 10,3 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.4 4
11976] 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.7 10,0 10.3 10.6 10.9 13.2 4
11977] 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.60 «9000 «94 97 «(1000 10.03 «10.6 «10.9 |
11978] 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 4
11979, 2.9 3.8 3.9 4.3) 4470 5.00 803 56 59 62 6S TE
p19g0f 2.80 2.90 3040 329) 403) 7 580 63 586 59 62 St
11961, 1.700 22600 209° 3498) 43 47 50 53 56 89 2
11982) 10200«4042070 229383 T5838 5G OL
119634 O04 0.8 tt 1.8 1.7) 2.00 2020 2H 2 2B 8
119844 O68 0.8 tr te 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 5
119851 O.4 0.8 1.1 84 4.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 1
119861 O.4 O.68 Ft 14 7 2.0 2.2 2.44
119874 0.6 0.8 1.1 te 17) 2.00 2.245
119681 0.9 0.8 Ft te 1.7 2.0 4
11989] O.8 0.8 1. 1h 17g
11990] 0.46 0.8 tt 1.4 4
119914 O.4 0.86 tty
11992] O.4 0.8 t
o.4 |

$19934

SEMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IM-USE VEHICLES,
POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PBOJECTED,


Chapter 77 Light-duty Trucks
nationwide statistics are used, and the fracticn of in-use
vehicles by model year (vehicle age) is weighted on the
basis of the annual rate cf mileage accrual. the
calculation ray te "localized" to reflect local (county or
state) vehicle age mix, annual rate of mileage accrual, or
both. In situations where lccal data are not available, the
national data may be used. Takle 12-5 is assumed applicable

to projections as well as existirg situations.

E. Speed-Temperature-Hot/Cold Correction Factcr. limited
data are available for the develcpment of correcticn factors
for light-duty trucks (LDT). Due to the similarity of
engine designs and emission ccntrol designs, ID"s are
expected +o behave similarly to IDVs under cther than
standard FTE conditions. therefcre, the discussion of
Pipstwx in Chapter = is applicable to LDTs as well, with the
following modifications:

Tables TI-6a and II-6b contain the general fcrmulas

for calculating Pipstwx. The two tables differ in

that LDT's less than 6000 lbs. have three applicable

Pipstwx equations while IDT's greater than 6000 ibs.
have only two applicable equaticns.

-27-


Hodel
Year

Pre-t968

1968-1969
1970-1972
1973-1974

V97S¢

TABLE II-10

SALES WEIGHTIWG DISTRIBUTION

0-6000 1b, Truck
Sales Weighting

6001-8500 Ib, Truck
Sales_Weighting __

-80

77

20
23

326

aS


estimating ambient oxidant levels to consider cnly those
motor vehicle emissions which will react to ferm oxidants.
However, consideration must he given to the fcermat of any
associated stationary source emission inventory so that
mobile source and stationary source emission inventories are
consistent.

Prior to the introduction cf catalyst technology, virtually
all (95% or greater) mobile source emissions were considered
reactive. With present and future catalyst technclogy, the
methane (i-e., non-reactive) fraction of total hydrocarbon
emissions is increasing significantly. The best estimates
of the methane percentages arplicable to each vehicle

category are as follows:

LDV Exhaust, pre-1975 5g
LDV Exhaust, post-1974 "SR
LDV Exhaust, Diesel 2%
LDT Exhaust, pre-1975 S&
O-6K LDT Exhaust, Post-1974 4cg
6-8.5K LIT Exhaust, 1975-*978 Se
6-8.5K LDT Exhaust, post-1978 15%
Gasoline HDV Exhaust, pre-1983 Eg
Gasoline HDV Extaust, post~-1982 1S
Diesel HIV Exhaust, all years 2%
Evaporative Emissions, all years and sources 0%
Crankcase Emissions O%
Motorcycle Emissions - 2? strceke 4G
Motorcycle Emissions = 4 strcke oR

Gas Turbine kmission

ia

ER

While the ccemputer program available from EPA permits the
calculation of either total cr fron-methane hydrecarbon
emissions, all HC emission factors are presented in this
document as total bydrocarvons.

“R=


TABLE 11-38

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS 6001-8500 LBS,
CARBON MONOXIDE (GN/MI)
FOR ALL REGIOWS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

JSODELT
(YEAR [1970

119517729.2
139524)127.8
119534 726.8
119597124,9
119551123.3
11956] 123.7
£19575 119.9
119581] 118,0
119591116.0
13960}123.8
$196 14111.6
£1962[ 109.2
149634 106.6
$1968) 103.8
(1965, 100.7
11966] 97.3
11967] 93.6
11968, 89,48
11969) 84,7
119701, 36.0
pt9714
119724
11973]
1197a4
119754
119764
119774
11978]
Pt979E
119804
119814
£1982]
{19834
(19844
11985¢
119864
11987)
419864
1198691
119904

129,2
127.8
126.4
124.9
123.3
12147
119.9
118.0
116.0
113.8
111.6
109.2
106.6
103.8
100.7

97.3

62.3

53.8

45

36.0

1978

129.2
127.8
126.48
124.9
123.3
121.7
119.9
118.0
116.0
113.8
W1.6
109.2
106.6
103.8
100.7

69.8

62.3

$3.8

44.5

36.0

1975

'
{
'
{
129,21

1976

127,.81929.2
126,44727.8
124,9]126.4
123.311729.9
121207412323
119,9]321.7
118,04 119.9
116.0) 1718.0
113,81 116.0
111,64313,8
109.21317.6
106,61 109.2
103.8] 106.6

76.6]
69.81
62.31
53.8]
aalst
36.01

82.8
76.6
69.8
62.3
53.8
4a.s
36.0

1977

129.2
327.8
126.4
124.9
123.3
W217
1199
118.0
116.0
113.8
1116
109.2
88.4
82.8
76.6
69.8
62.3
53.8
aus
36.0

129.2
127.8
126.4
128.9
123.3
121.7
19,9
118.0
116.0
113.8
114.6
93.6
Ba.4
82.8
76.6
69.8
62.3
53.8
aus
36.0

1979

129.2
127.8
126.4
124.9
123.3
121.7
119.9
118.0
116.0
113.8
98.5
93.6
88.4
82.8
76.6
69.8
62.3
53.8
44.5
17.6

1980

129.2
127.8
126.4
124.9
123.3
121.7
119.9
118.0
116.0
103.0
98.5
93.6
88.4
82.8
76.6
69.8
62.3
53.8
25.0
17.6

EMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OR ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST- 13975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,

1981

129.2
127.8
126.4
124.9
123.3
121.7
119.9
118.0
107.3
103.0
98.5
93.6
88.4
82.8
76.6
69.8
62.3
33.7
25.0
17.6


TABLE II-SC

AVERAGE CUMULATIVE MILEAGE
BY VEHICLE AGE - July 1

LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS < 6000 LBS,

Age (Years) Cuaulative Mileage

t $962
2 19622
3 34369
4 a8ta?
5 61022
6 12997
7 Ba0n4
8 94122
9 103297
0 111571
WwW 118986
12 125646
13 132137
1a 138265
is 166062
16 189862
WwW 1805486
18 159865
19 164090
20 168899

The methodology for calculating average cumulative mileage
is presented in Appendix G,


Cc.

this

document differ from AP-42, Supplement Ne. 5,

several ways:

4

4

Se

Both actual and projected emission factcrs are
presented in one table for all calendar years for
each pcllutant. Previously, this information was
presented in separate takles for each calendar
year. “he revised tables should be easier tc use.

In addition to tabled emission values, the
equaticns used to generate the tables are included
to increase the ease of autcmating the erission
inventcry process.

All vehicles are no lenger assumed to travel 10,000
miles per year. Instead, the national average
mileage accumulation rates are used, resulting in
vehicle miles traveled (VMT) greater than 10,000
miles per year for newer vehicles and decreasing
mileage accumulation as vehicles age.

Detericration of exhaust emissions is assumed to
continue beyond the first ten years ef the
vehicle's cperating life.

The emission standards for each model year vehicle
and the derivation of aprropriate emissicn trates
are given in appendices.

Emissicn factors specific tc California and high-
altitude areas are contained in separate farts of
this dccument.

“he previous equation for computing a light-duty
vehicle composite exhaust emission factor (EF) given
by:

E = SUM(CMVZP)

where the notation SUM(..) represents summation
over mcdel year, has remained basically the same
(as defined in AP-42, Supplement Yo. 5} with the
additicn of several (opticnal}) correction factors
and a single correction factor relating speed,
ambient temperature, and hot/cold vehicle

Both the format and the content of

in


KID-YEAR

TABLE I¥-3

EXRAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR DIESEL-POWERFD HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
CARBON MOWOXIDE (GM/BI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AKD HICH~ALTITODE

CALENDAR YEAR - July 7

sMorerit

{YEAK 41970

t----1
Pr9sty
Htwss2y
119534
1395u4
Lt95S]
1T9SEY
P1957]
119584
P1959]
1196074
11961]
(1962)
119€ 3]
{19644
11965]
119661
11967]
H196E]
11966]
P9704
119714
819724
¥19734
119744
P1975p
1197€4
119771
1197ey
419795
PISRCY
179P Tf
{19624
11983]
11984]
13985]
119864
P19! 7]
pisesy
(19E94
11990]

35,1
35.1
35,1
75,1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1

35.1
35.7
35,1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35,17
35,1
35,1
35,1

35,7

35.1
35,1

35,1

35,1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35.7
35,1
35,1
35,1
35,1
35.7
35.7
35.1
35.1
35.7
35,1
35.1

1974

35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35.17
35,1
35.17
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
36,1
35.1
35,17
35.1
35.1
35,1
35.1
27.0

1975

35.71
35.1
35.11
35.14
35.u
35.11
35.4
35.14
3$.ut
35.7]
35.ut
35.14
35.14
35.1
35.14
35.14
35.14
35.14
27,04
27,04

1976

35,1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35.7
35,1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35,7
35,1
35,1
35,1
35,1
27,0
27,0
27,0

1977

35,3
35,1
35,1
35.1
35.7
35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35,1
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0

1972

35.1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35.17
35.7
35,1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35,1
27,0
27,0
27,0
27.0
27,0

1979

35.1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35,1
27,0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0

1980

35,1
35,7
35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35,1
35.1
35,1
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0
27.0

SFPISSTION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR
POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VERICLES ARE PROJECTED,

1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,

1981

35,1
35.1
35,1
35.7
35.3
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.1
35,1
35.1
35,1
27.0
27.0
27.0
27,0
27.0
27.06
27,0
27.0

4


TABLE II-5A

TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION

(a) (b)
Vehicle Fraction Total Annual Mileage

__Age. Registration Accumulation Rate (a)#(b)
1 0.061 153900 969.9
2 0.095 15000 1625.0
3 0.094 14000 1316.0
4 0.103 13100 1349 3
5 0.083 12200 1012.6
6 0.076 11300 858 .8
7 0.076 10300 782 .8
8 0.063 9800 $92.2
9 0.054 8500 959.0
10 0,083 7600 326.8
WwW 0.036 6700 2412
12 0.029 6600 158.4
13 0.030 6200 186 0
14 0.028 5900 165.2
5 0.026 $500 143.0
6 0,028 5100 122 4
WwW 0.022 5000 110 .0
18 0.020 4700 94.0
19 0.018 4400 79.2
20 0,016 4400 70,4

SUB: 30962 .2

0.035
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01F
0.003
0.008
0,007


SPEED:
BS:

45.0 HPL.

TABLE F-20

TEAP:

$0.

Fy

0.803 0.058 0.058 0.045 9.03% 0.005

iF
eee tf © ow ws Oe [al

SPOSOSSCOOCAD wat we INNN WW RRL

eee eset oe soe ose see

MUN WV NOM DE OWN OS OWN RVG Dw

co

4c.5

a8 9 #@ oo ae

NN NNN OODOanwe

WOEVuUOnN Yas

% COLD START:
3 HOT START:

xox

ene

s@ ets ee ee eee

NNN NAN NNR NNN NW WWW wR BES NP LE
'
WWW wl CEU MNOON ERNE WE MOY OM 1 OW

eoeeeren ete ees

0.9%
0,08


TABLE III-9

COEFFICIENTS FOR AVG, WEIGHT ABD AVG, WEIGHT/CID
FOR GASOLINE-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

______ HYDROCARBONS “T_CARBON RONOXIDE __|___NITROCEN OXIDES

t
HODEL YEARY _ bo bi b2__}__bo bt b2 §__bo_ br b2 8
i]

t

i] t ' '

§ PRE-1970 — 1.302 0.177 -0.065]) 0.818 -0.036 0,016) 0.869 0.1372 -0,05a4
i) { ' ' '
13970-1973 {-0.588 0.126 -0.010] 0,358 0.106 -0,0284 0.883 0.016 -0,0034
‘ t { iy 4
# 9784 10.762 0,131 -0.0477 0.320 0,149 -0,065) 0,983 6,008 -0,002]
te { _ fe i _ i

P(ipnoqg) = bO * bt(wT/1000) * b2(wt/CcID)

This correction factor is applicable only to gasoline-powered HDVs with
weights ranging from 13000 to 29000 pounds and CID of 330 to 390.


TABLE 11-8

Crankcase and Evaporative HC Emission Factors
(gmsmi)

LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS: BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORIES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

Bodel_ Year
1963-1967
1968-1970
1971-13977
1978
1979
980+

(1) Assumes
per day

(2) Assumes
per day

0-6000 1b, Trucks(1) 6001-8500 1b. Trucks(2)
HC Emissions (qn/mi) HC_Emissions(qm/mi)

6.63 7.70

3.33 7.70

2.53 2.53

1.76 2.53

0.60 2.53

6.60 0.60

a.,1s 0.15

that 0-6000 1b, trucks travel an average of 3,3 trips
and accumulate an average of 29.9 miles yer day,

that 6001-8500 1b, trucks travel an average of 10,9 trips
and accumulate an average of 63.6 miles per day.


SPEED:
BS:

19.6 BPH.

TABLE F-12

TENP:

75.

(Fy

0.630 0.160 0.160 0.025 0.025 0.0

& COLD START:
% HOT START:

AVERAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GH/AI

cy

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
3975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
4981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

HC

10.3

WWWWW WW PEEP EENVUAKRIBS
Oe ec er ee et DS

DOOD MNMVOmWEROWNWORE eS

is

330.5
126.9
128.4
122.8
122.0
120.0
117.0
113,5
109.5
105.2
98.9
92.0
85.6
79,2
72.8
67.2
62.0
57.8
54.0
50.7
48.2
46,1
44.3
93,0
41g
81.0
41,0
41.0
41,0
ato

je |
beh

NNNNNNAARNNNNNYCWWW OW Eee
eeeeoereeeree ve he eee toe eee eee ee
PEER ESE MNUANYNOOWEPDWVO AW EROCONNNS

100.0
0.0%


TABLE F-15

SPEED: 19.6 A.LP.H. TEMP: 75. (F) ® COLD START: 20.6%
MS: 0.882 0.059 0.059 0.0 0.0 0.0 % HOT START: 27.3%

AVERAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GH/RI)

3 aC co nox
1970 11,2 78.3 3.9
4971 10.5 78.3 4.0
1972 9.9 73.2 aot
1973 9.8 nt #20
1974 9.0 70.8 3.9
1975 8.5 68.8 3.7
1976 8.0 66.0 3.5
31977 75 62.9 343
1978 6.9 59.6 3.1
1979 6.3 56.3 2.9
1980 5.6 51.5 2.7
1981 a9 46.2 2.5
1962 4.3 41.0 23
1983 3.8 36.3 2.1
1984 3.3 32.2 2.0
1985 3.0 28.7 1.9
1986 2.7 25.8 t.8
1987 2.5 23.4 1.7
1988 2.3 21.8 17
1989 2.2 19.8 TL.6
1990 2.1 18.7 1.6
1991 2.1 17.8 16
1992 2.0 17,2 1.6
1993 2.0 16.6 1.6
1994 T.9 16.3 1.6
1995 19 16.0 3.6
1996 me] 16.0 1.6
1997 1.9 16.0 T.6
1998 Ps) 6.0 t.6
1999 9 16.0 1.6


TABLE II-1?
EXHAUST EMISSYON BATES
LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS: BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORIES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORWIA AND RIGH-ALTITUDE

Te (GB7BILE)
WEW VEHICLE

~SGMZBILE) ____
ERIORATION RATE |

4
! ! '
{ POLLUTANT | NODEL YEAR {{ EMISSION RATE { (PER 10,000 MILES) |
[ot eeten nan [onan nance nnn [moan rene nanan [ona anne nnn nnn !
I ' ny i 1
i AC 1 PRE-1968 JT 4.76 ot 0.58 '
{ HC 1 1968-1969 {ft 3.25 4 0.54 i
i He 1 1970-1970 tf 2.56 | 0.53 t
t HC {1975-1978 ff 192004 0.46 t
1 HC 1 1979-1982 44 0.98 4 0.41 t
1 HC 1 19834 it 0.31 ft 0.23 t
! if Wt 1 {
1 co 1 PRE-1968 jf 70.38 fj 3.06 t
1 co 4 1968-1969 If 92.08 | 5.40 1
i co 1 1970-1976 {f 37.48 6.15 t
\ co 1 1975-1978 44 23.44 ff 5.70 t
i co 1 1979-1982 it 14.50 t 5.34 I
t co { 19834 Ht 3.87 t 2,00 {
t t it t {
} NOx | PRE-1968 jf a. OF 0.00 i
$  ROx 1 1968-1969 jf] 4.90 | 0,00 t
{ -kox 4 1970-1972 44 aso 0.00 i
[| Wox 1 1973-1979 ff 3.56 3 0.00 t
1 WOx 1 1975-1978 tf 3.62 1 0.00 fi
[NOx 1 1979-1986 if 1.7300 4 o.11 i
{  wox ft 4985s Tl O.at 4 0.22 t
t ! wu t {

The Exhaust Emission Factor is calculated fros
the linear equation C = a + bY, where C is the
exhaust emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage S, @ and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and ¥ = R/10006,


TABLE I-7

IDLE EMISSTOF SATES

LIGHT-DUTY VERICLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

~----~---~-+---~---~------L BIN,) J —AGMZNIN,) ____t
({ NEW VEHICLE | DETERIORATION RATE |
'

{
POLLUTANT | MODEL YEAR jj EMISSION RATE | (PER 10,000 MILES)

nea” Prone re tccnce | [occ cc mer nen re nn peor een mene cnn ne nme |
' it { {
HC J PRE-1968 44 2,01 | 0,18 I
HC 1 1968-1978 {ff 0,68 1 0.20 {
RC 1 1975-1979 fy 0.27 i 0.07 {
HC i 19BO4 Ww 0.03 { 0.07 4
t bi { {
co { PRE-1968 {f 16,42 { 2.55 1
co $ 1968-1974 fj 12,73 1 2.92 '
co 1 3975-1979 {fy 5.44 { G.t3 {
co t 7980 li 0.88 } o.67 t
co t 49B14 it O44 i 9.59 t
i tt ‘ 1
wox §  PRE~1S63 fy O.te ‘ 0.G0 H
NOX f 1968-1972 if OL26 i 9.00 I
wor 11973-1978 44 oO, ' 0.90 '
NOX ( 1975-1976 tf 0.36 i 9.63 t
woX | 1977-1986 if 0,22 H 0.06 1
Nox ' T9B1¢ u 9.04 1 0.08 t
t it i 1

The Idle Emission Factor is calculated from
the linear equation C = a * bY, where € is the
idle emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage S, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and Y = MsTHL00,


Chapter Tf Light-Duty Vehicles
difference ketween emissions measured over steady state and
transient cycles is ccnsideratle at low average speeds
(greater than 20%) and becomes negligible at speeds of
approximately 45 mph. For further information cn the medal
analysis model, see the footnote on rf. 5.

For regional modeling, urban and rural emission
projections should be perfermed separately to minimize the
chance of introducing major errers which might result from
incorrectly applied speed correction factors. Cbhviously,
every vehicle on a road link will not have the same average
speed; there will be a range cf speeds. If (1) a speed
correction factor is applied to model the average emission
on a road link, (2) the correcticen factor is linear within
this range, and (3) traffic is symmetrically distributed
around the average speed, then the application cf a single
correction factor is appropriate. The same situation exists
in modeling regional emission levels. However, the extent
to which this assumption of symmetry is satisfactcry is not
known at the present time. Thus, it would be prudent to
apply separate models to project urban emission levels and

rural emissicn levels.

& Factors. Supplement 5
ambient temperature-hot/cold correcticn factors for pre-1975
and %°75 model year cars, respectively, were ccmreared with
the revised factors for pre-controlled 1968-1€74, 1975
Federal, and 1975 California model year vehicles. For these

comparisons, average speed was assumed equal to FTP average

speed conditions. Comparisons indicate thdt under severe

o17-


TABLE I-2 (FOR CALEBDAR YEARS 1982~1993)

BID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
HYDROCARBONS (GH/BI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALEFORWIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

PNODEL] ALEWDAR YEAR ~ July {
(YEAR [1982 1983 1984 1985 14986 1987 1988 1989 1996 1991 4992 1993

OT 10.4 49,6 10.9 T1,7 TTL8
10,7 710.5 10,6 10,9 11,7
Wei 10.8 10.6 10.9
WO,T 10,4

WAN Y Da WOW NA EO
~
“-
ry
&

.
=
=
.

=
a
=
.

£

WRON VOWS ED
-~
°
.
wo
~
~
ry
~
”
~
«
=

ee
.
ee

~
°

a
a
o

.
vy
”
~

.
~
ow

10.6 10,6 10,9

WABNUBLWENO eM EO

WRHUON TDR LUWTDON®

ee eeees
a

~~

7)

~

wy
PCANNNWUVROvow
eee eve eseee neve

SOSCMNNWWHWEDOVUS
eeeree ses eeene

cee eee ne

COSHMANUUWNWOODOY

.
WO ONUMewnw see

BOSCmmmUWWWWowe
ere weve seae
OOGm ern WWW Ow
ene ce
WABNUSAUNN CeO
SSOwen we KRNWUWUL PEO
eee eer oe eer eee
eeaete reese eee es

wt ot ne
OSSHwenNNNWWREFOOS

eeerereoeceece sevens

WRENS IW PONWe EH

COSmaemNNNNWE EEE
ae eee oe ee eee
WOON US WU CON Ww &

OCSCOnem ni NNNNN SESS
eos eee
WOON Ow wi DONL EH
BOOmmwWNENNNWE PERE
Cr or ee er re ee Oe
WRONY Oe WATSON W ER wy
SOOM KE NNWNNWH EES ES we
WRHONUT HWY YVONWE AN Sa

ooee

PONE Tew LONWERNO LE

1
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
0O
O
Qo

eee ees cee eet eh

119934

SERISSION FACTORS FOR VERICLES THROUGH HODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 §

CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1
1986

(FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)
WITROGER OXIDES (GH/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE
1988 1985

TABLE I-48

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
1983

{MODEL}
HYEAR 41982

OM RORORNKE ARSE KHOMOM|
ee eee tee ee eee oh

AMM EMM MMM N NANA EH eH OG

SCORRMOR VE AR LTH NLOMOnNSs
oe eee tt eee tee ee eee
AMMA MMMMNNNN NO Ree OO

TOON OAR ONAN DEE DEMON s
eee ree oe eevee eee ee

EMMA MMAMMNNANNNR ERM

FFOOWORUNTROTHENMOMONS
CCR ne ee ee)
FIMOMMMMMMMNNNNE ME ROS

ZrIToOoVNonamMor nemonae
oe ee eaee eee ee ee eee

2 TAMARA INANE REPOS

geteFoOoONNNneMnsernomons
oe cee eer ere eet oe ee
FetTIEMMMAMaMnnanne eK wos

322 es CONTAMNSKHDOMONs
CC
FESTA MOAN EE EE OO

Ces rcgeZOCOFFMNODZNOMONS
eee ep eee ee eee ee tt ee

ee oe oe ee a!

wesrsrtrezrooennoanumona
Ce

MOF TEMAMMMMMAnNNer eos

WewrtrzerrOoOMNGORNmona
CC Ce
MMM tear TEMA nMnNnneKr oo

wewVow~FtaTeTOONNanunmMons
eevee ee nee eee eee eee ee

MAMAN se TTIEMMMANNNNME OG

WOKVevFeetZaZOONKRNMOnNSe
CO

POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSTO® FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.

SERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALERDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES.


1982-1993)

(FOR CALENDAR YEARS

TABLE TI-WH

RILP-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS 6001-85U0 LBS,

WITEOGEN OXIDES (GN/BI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AWD HIGH-ALTITUDE

1993 4

1

1989

{MODELS

CALENDAR YEAR ~ July

1986

1992

1991

1990

1988

1987

1985
 spepeeel Eetabsied teteteneiateteteteieieheneheeaianeietetetetateiendeteneaieteienieieninaniamtaiatead

11963
1i9e64y
11965]
t196e]
11967]
119684
11969)
119704
119714

1984

1983

T¥EAR 41982

OSSesnNKr Kone eNORMNNDN
Coe ee

DOV MAMMMMMNNNANNNRK eR KOO

SOOSDONKKONDTNOMNNDN
CC ee ee

NAKMAMAMMMMANNANN NK KH KOO

SEODDSDOSOMK KF OMNARNORNNDH
eee eevee eo eee ee ee ee
DOOM DAM MM NNN NNR RM MOO

SEOOCSCODDIOKFORMARWORNNAN
CC
MMMM NAMM AMMANANN NR KK OO

gQooeocoosomanennnnan

oeoee eevee ee eer ee eee
BARBARA AMANANNE EROS

NeoscsoveoCoOOn Oh oNnarannon
ee ee a

SAMA AN DANIAN NNNNN TH OO

WwNsoOCODODCODRF LY NANNaAN
ooeoe ene ee eee ee ee ee
CONNNANNNDNDANNNNNNT OO

NNNEBSSOSCOCOOOR woNnaeMean
a re ee

SOOMNNANNNNHNANNNANNSS

MNNNASCOBAAOBDADMNIME TAH
weeeco ee eee eee ee ee

DOODONMANNNHNNANANAN NRO

MAMNNEODSOOCOCCONANeE HAD
Ce
CowwoomNNNANNMNNNNN Ne

MMMAMNODSCODCODOSGO SMe AD
ee
COKDKDOONNNANNHNHNMDANAN RS &

WMNMMMNNNeESooOSCoCSCOOMNHKaAGe
eeeeeee eo toe eee eee ees

WMOOWHBKVONNTNNNNNKHAN NER

£1972]
119734
119764
11975]
11976]
119771
1197e4
41979
p19e0]
LI9E TY
ptge2]
11963]
tigeay
41985}
11986]
py9e 74
11968]
119894
119904
(199%
$1992]
$1993]

*EMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGK MODEL YEAR 1975 AWD THROUGH

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF 3W-USE VEHICLES,

POST-~1975 CALENDAR YEAR ERISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


calculated and added to the exhaust HC emissions estimates,

Before determining what data are reguired, the user
should review the FTP conditions under which vehicles are
tested in order to ascertain whether these conditions differ
from the area-specific ambient temperature, average speeds,
and vehicle operating modes, (See Introductions to Chapters
I, 1%, ITI, and 1V).

The user should determine the folloving sxrea-specific
data:

1, Ambient temperature,

2. Age-specific percent of annual travel for each

vehicle category,

3. The VAT ox vehicle counts and link lengths by
various transient speed categories (e.g., by 10
mph increments).

4. Percent of VAT in cold start and hot start modes
for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks,

5. Any other data required to utilize additional,
optional correction factors, (For this sample
calculation, all other factors are assumed to

match PTP conditions.)


SELECTED

POL GR 5,0 10.

1.679
1.749
1,708
1,808
1,773
1,694
1.709
1,548
1.599
1,650
1,571
1,624
1.547
1.726
4,582
1.576
1,931

1S,

1.201
1,224
1.218
1.256
12.231
1,208
W275
1.760
1.469
1t9t
1,169
1, 186
1, 168
T2017
V472
1,381
1.285
4,728

SPEED

20,
0.987
0,986
0.985
0,984
0.985
0.987
0.986
0,991
6,988
0,990
©, 990
0.990
0,987
0,986
0.590
0,989
0,981
0,984

CORRECTION FACTORS - v(g,8)

SPEED (MPH)

25,
0.859
0.868
0.840
0.827
0.834
0.853
0.845
0.890
0.889
0.870
0.878
0.873
0.869
0.845
0,877
0.849
0.784
0.803

30,
0.761
0.740
0.732
0.700
0.720
0.754
0.740
0.873
0.8137
0.778
0.789
0.785
0.770
0.736
0.785
0,731

35,
0.684
0,659
0,649
0.606
0,630
0,677
0.658
0.750
0.759
0.705
0.717
O.7 14
0,690
0.651
0.719
0,637
0.523
0.580

50,

Peer

0.323
0.437
0.660
0.361
0.364
0.433

1.226


Chapter I Light-Duty Vehicles
all practical purposes. A computer program is available
from EPA's Office of Transportation and Land Use Fclicy, 401

M Ste, SeWe, Washington, D.C. 20460.

C. Pollutant emission factors for light-duty

te

FTP mean emissicn factors are given in Tables 1-2 through
T-4. These emission factors represent average emission
factors for July of the calendar year.

The two emission values needed to estimate the emission
tates--the zero mileage emission rate and the detericration
rate (per ‘10,000 miles)--are listed in Table f-1 for
different emissicn control technelcgy categories.

Each LLV emission rate is calculated frema linear
mathematical function:

Cipn = Aip + Eip*Yin
where all lower case letters are sukscripts and:
Cipn = the FTP (1975 Federal "est Procedure) mean
emission factor, in gm/mi, fer ith model

year LDVs in calendar year fr, and for
pollutant p.

Aip = the zero mileage exhaust emissicn rate of
pollutant pe, in gm/mi, for ith mcdel year
LDVs.

Bip = the emission deterioration rate per 10,000
miles, of pollutant p, for ith mwedel year
LDVs.

Yin = the cumulative mileage of ith mcdel year
LOVs in calendar year n, divided by
70,000.

Explanations of the appropriate vehicle emission
standards and of the derivation of emission rates can be

found in Appendices D and E, respectively.

=412-


APPENDIX B

Coefficients for the Normalized Equations

for Speed Correction Factors


TABLE Y-6a

Specification of Speed Terms (Vg)
Used in the General Forswelas for Ripstux

LIGHT-DUTY VERICLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORWIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

Low-Altitude Pre-1968 Group 2
Lov-Altitude 1968 Grocp 4
Low-Altitude 1969 Group 5
Low-Altitade 1970 Group 6
Low-Altitude 1971 Group 7
Low-Altitude 1972 Group t&
Low-Altitude 1973-1974 Group 17

Low-Altitaude 1975+4 Group 18


INTRCDUCTION

This document officially revises previous mckile source
emission factors which were presented in Supplement Nc. 5 to
AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors (December, 1975). In mid-1978 this document will be
published as a Supplement to AP=-42, at which time additional
explanatory material, revised typeset, renumbered tables,
and other format changes will be made.

This dccument does net revise all information in
Supplement Nc. 5. In particular, updated facters are not
included for light-duty diesel automobiles, light-duty
diesel trucks, cff-road sources, or aircraft; ner is any
information included on particulates.

AP-42 will te revised pericdically via new supplements
if measured emission factor values, as determined through
in-use vehicle testing programs {assembly line and
surveillance testing), and projected emission factors, as
estimated from testing of prcetotype vehicles and from
changes to statutory motor vehicle emission standards vary

from the estimates contained in this document.

A. Data Scurces. To answer the question of how well
vehicles perform in actual use, EPA has administered a
series of exhaust emissicn surveillance programs. Test
fleets of consumer-owned vehicles within varicus major
cities are selected by model year, make, engine size,
transmission, and carburetor in such proportion as to be
representative of both the normal production of each model

year and the ccntributicn of that model year to total

ate


SPEED: 19.6 ALP.R.

TABLE F- 6

TENP:

7.

(Fy

AS: 0,803 0.058 0.058 0.045 0,031 0,005

zc

AVERAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GH/B1)

cy

1970
197t
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
198
1982
31983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

BC

Pee ee Ser ee ee

WWWWW enw Pee ePAVanvew
DBMWODOOBOMVOwNUVVONVUS Hs HOw

co

127.5
124.4
122.5
121.3
120.9
119.1
116.0
W207
107.8
103.0

95.8

80.5

nox

NNNNNNNNNNNNNWWWeWW EPS SSM
eee eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eet hh
BES L ESN RVOMWERWO DWE ROY ANNAO

OLD START:
HOT START:

100.0%
0.0%


APPEMDIX F

Wational Average Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles

Passenger cars, light trucks, heavy trucks, and
motorcycles comprise the four pain categories of highway
vehicles, Vithin each of these categories, engine and fuel
variations result in significantly different emission
characteristics, For example, heavy trucks may be powered
by gasoline or diesel fuel or operate on a gaseous fuel such
as compressed natural gas,

It is iaportant to note that highway vehicle emission
factors change with time and, therefore, must be calculated
for a specific tine period, The major reason for this tise
dependence is the gradual replacement of vebicles without
emission control equipment by vehicles with control
equipment, as well as the gradual deterioration of vehicles
with control equipment as they accumulate age and sileage.

This appendix contains avetage emission factors for
calendar years 1970 through 1999 for selected values of:
vehicle miles traveled by vehicle type (passenger cars,
light trucks, heavy trucks, and motorcycles), ambient
temperature, coldvhot weighting, and average route speed,
This appendix includes one case that represents the average
national emission factors, as generated in the Federal Test
Procedure (Table F-3), as vwell as twenty other scenarios
that can be used to assess the sensitivity of the composite
emission factors to changing input conditions, All enission
factors are given in units of grams of pollutant per mile

traveled,


HID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS < 6000 LBS,

FOR

TABLE

TI-3a

(FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1393)

CRKRBON MONOXIDE (GH/MI}
ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA ARD HIGH-ALTITUDE

CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1

{HODEL]

HYEAR 11982

11963] 119.9
11969) 118.5
11965¢317,1
119664 115.6
119674 110,0
11968]119,7
119694 116.2
119701112.48
$1971) 108.9
119729 104,3

11973
1197494
119754
119761
Tw977y
11978]
119794
1719804
£196 ty
179824
$1983)
119684
1719854
11986}
119874
17988}
1989]
179901
11991]
$1992]
119934

99.8
94.7
66.8
61.0
55.1
48.7
40.2
32.9
25.0
17,7

119.9
318.5
WW7t

119.9
118.5
129.2
126.2
123.1
119.7
116.2
TH2.8
108.4

79.6

15.7.

7103
66.4
$9.8
53.5
a7.t
40.2
7

7.8

5.1

1986

119.9
132.1
129.2
126.2
123.1
119.7
146.2
19208
83.2
79.6
75.7
74,3
64.8
59.8
53.5
a7
13.5
10.7
7.8
5.1

1987

136.8
132.1
129.2
126.2
123.1
119.7
196.2
86.7
83.2
79.6
75.7
69.7
64.8
59.8
53.5
16,1
13.5
10.7
7.8
5.1

1988

138.8
132.1
129.2
126.2
123.1
199.7
89.9
86.7
83.2
79.6
74.1
69.7
65.8
59.4
18.5
16.1
13.5
10.7
7.8
Sut

1989

134.8
132.1
129.2
3426.2
w23,t
93.0
89.9
86.7
83,2
78.0
7a yt
69.7
68,8
20.7
18.5
6.1
13.5
10.7

7.8

5.1

134.8
132.1
129.2
126.2
35.9
93.0
89.9
86,7
81.6
78.0
Tact
69.7?
22,7
20,7
18,5
%,1
13.5
10.7
7.8
5.1

1991

134.8
132,1
129.2
98.6
95.9
93.0
89.9
85.1
81.6
78.0
74.t
24.5
22.7
20.7
18.5
wt
13.5
wW7
7.8
5.t

1992

3993

*ERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 3975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEBICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


Chapter IT Light-duty Trucks
Ce Pollutant emission factors for light-duty trucks. The
zero mileage emission rates and deterioration rates (per
10,000 miles) used to generate the tabled emissicn factors
are listed separately in Tables II-1, TI-ta, and II-%b for
the 0-6000 pcund category, the 6001-8500 pound category, and
the combined category. Emissicn factors for each weight
category are given in Tables TI-2a through II-4a, and Tables
II-2b through II-4b, and composite emission factors which
combine the two weight categories of light-duty trucks using
the national sales weighting statistics have been calculated
for each calendar year by model year and are given by
pollutant in Tables II-2 through II-4.

Tables TI-Sc and II-5d present the average cumulative
mileages for LDTIs by age, on July 1. The numbers in this
table are derived from the mileages presented in Tables
TI-5a and II-5b, using the methcdology presented in Appendix

Ge

D. Weighting Factors for LDIse ‘1. Sale:
for LDTs. fable II-10 presents the percentage cf 0-8500
pound LDTs in each of the weight categories 0-€000 pounds
GVW and 6007-8500 pounds GVW. These percentages may be used
to weight the two sets of emission factors in Taktles TI-2a
through II-4b. This weighting was used to generate the
emission factors in Tables TI-2 through Ir-4, The
percentage distribution by sales is based on naticral data

2. Travel Weighting Factor. A sample calculaticn of this
variable is presented in Table II-5. In this sample,

-26-


TABLE IY-2A (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

BID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS < 6000 LBS.
HYDROCARBONS (GB/AI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

{MODELT CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1 t
HYEAR {1982 1983 1988 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 4

11967, 13.1% 3.4 13.7 18.0 14.2

[1968] 10.1 10.0 10.6 10.9 37.1 T1L8

10.7 10.8 10.6 TT 188

Wt oTtL4

10,6 10.9 Itt 11,8

e
WBN
“
o
.
wo

ee
ee
oe
-
°
.
-
°
.

.
e

COmmaNNNNN VARA SS Sw
weer er eee eo eee ee ee os

o

QOmaet NNNNNWORKOAWV SNS ow

FR eOKePOouwld +288

.
.

° .

eeee

.
eevee

NNWOMNANOOW HS BO
eeovrtane

-
~
o
~
w
me NWP ENVNODwowos
oe
CHNNWFFYUADSVOS
woes
BVwowrnwNOuwn a lO
CONNWUWEUEYOLWO
weewreree
FOWOSPONOWNN HW 2D
OSCaNUWEUUAweD
eset cee seee
.
ower eee taee
.

ata
OQOnawweRUVYVanevooon

ROwEesOFOUNOWs

.
e

COmmaWEEUUAANMG
SSM PIUONONYUAWUDO

POR PYOCSONYVOWU®
nae
COmeameNZEBUUARAROOOSO

Pe er er er ee ee YS
FOePVOFONYVOUNOAED
ere soe eee see eee

COmeaenNN FULT UAHRAW
PP OwKRVONUVY LOOM EOONE RDS

aee

OO ew wNNNUUUAHHAG

eeeees eee ee eee ee

SOwEVONUNUNDWNBON

wom
QOmmeNNNNLVLAHDHWWNGS ot

eecvresvese

PRM FIONVNVUBE PRONE OWE
Oe FVONUVODw ENON EHD aS

eee

*EMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH BODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.


1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
3968
1963
1962

1961

Table C-1

Calculation of Composite Exhaust

Hydrocarbon Emission Factor for Light-Duty Vehicles

10
WY
Wz
13
wa
Ss
16
v
18
9

20

Calendar Year 1980
Ambient Teaperature 80° F Avg. Route Speed 30 mph

Capa
0.27

1258

40% Cold Starts30% Hot Start

Rin Ripstyx 4 apn) (Min) (Ripstwx)


TABLE II-2
MYO-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSIOW FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS: BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORIES

HYDROCARBONS (GH/BI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORWIA AWD HIGH-ALTITUDE

PRODELY CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

[YEAR {1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Pernt tre rrr nn tern crn nn nnn prt rene ce ena ne enn nnn men enna ane nee
1V9STP 14.5 12

$19521 48.2) 10,5 ‘

119531 18.0 18.2 18.5 t

119584 23,7 WO WL tee i

1179551 13.0 13.7 18.0 18.20 TALS ni

11956) 13.7 13.8 13.7 18.0 18.2 14.54
[1957p 12.7 13.3 23.6 13.7 1TH.0 10.24 10,5
9195ef 12.8 12,7 13.1 13.8 13,7 18.07 19,2 78,5

$7959] 72.0 12.9 12.7 13.1 13.8 13.71 18.0 14.2 18,5

$1960] 11.6 12.0 12.8 12.7 13.1 13.64 13.7 36.0 1.2 14,5
1196TE TT2 11.6 82.0 12.8 12.7 1337 13.4 9327 18,0 18,2 18.5
11962) 10.7 19,2 49.6 12.0 32.4 12.7) 13.1
119631 10.2 10.7 49.2 11.6 92.0 32.4% 12.7

aw
we

oe
awe
~
w

e
~
~
a

e
°
-
2

e
N
:
=

.
w

$1964; 9.6 10.2 10.7 31.2 413.6 32,05 12.6 42.7 13.4 13.6 13.7 18.0
419651 9.0 9,6 10,2 10,7 41,2 41.6] 12,0 12.4 92.7 33.1 33.4 13.7
£2966— 8.3 9.0 9.6 0.2 10.7 41.24 19.6 42.0 92.8 12.7 13,1 13.8
179672 7.6 8.3 9.0 9,6 0.2 FO.74 83.2 41,6 22.0 12.4 12.7 13.1
1968} 95.1 5.9 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.3} 8.8 9.2 39.6 10.0 10.48 10.7
139697 4.3 5.4 5.9 6.6 7.2 7,8) 8.3 8.8 3.2 9.6 10.0 10.8
19707 2.9 3.6 4.8 5.3 5.8 6.8) 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.8 8.8 9,2
11971] 2.9 3.6 48.4 5.1 S.8f 6.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.4 8.8
179724 2.9 3.6 48.8 S.te 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.4
11973] 2.9 3.6 4.9) 5.2 5.8 6.8 7.0 7,5 8.0
119748] 2.9 3.6f 8&4 5.3 5.8 6.8 7.0 7.5
1197S 2.2) 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.7 5.3 5.8
119761 {32.2 2.8 3.5 4.2 4&7 5,3
41977] t 2.2 2.8 3.5 48.2 4,7
Li97sy i 2.20 2.8 3.5 4.2
119794 ! 20° 4LP 28
11980) t 442 1.7
p19et t 1.2
11982] i
119835 i
y19eay t
i19e54 i
q1986) j
pbk Fy i

i

t

i)

SERISSIOW FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGR
CALERDRR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IM-USE VEHICLES,
POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.


Chapter Tf Light-Duty Vehicles

rm ee ne ee
1 Percentage of Vehicles with A/C by Model Year |
+ canara Sane - a4
{ Pre=1966 i S4s {
{ 1966-1968 1 66% i
{ 4669-1972 { 75% 1
{ 10734 { 8th {
tu A. _ 4

Tn addition, any specific application of air ccnditioning
correction factors should consider the percentage “of time
that the air conditioning is in use. Adjusted for the local
situation, the following equation should be employed:

A = (u) (v) (cf - 1.0) + 120

where:

A = correction factor adjusted for usage level,

u = fraction of vehicles equipped with air
conditioning,

v = fraction of vehicles which are eauipped with
air conditioning, and which have the A/C
system in operation, and,

cf = tabled A/C correcticn factor.
this calculation assumes that vehicles with A/c installed

travel the same average mileage per year as dc vehicles
without A/C installed.

Ge The FTF emission

factors found in Tables I-2 through T-4 assume an average

vehicle loading of 300 pounds, which acccunts fer the weight
of a typical driver, vehicle fuel, and cther liquids. There
are, however, situations in which vehicles have higher
passenger/luggagé ioading.

To apply the vehicle loading correctien facters roncd
in Table T-€ to a specific situaticn, it is necessary to

have an estimate of the percentage of total vehicles which

“102


Chapter IIT Heavy-duty Gas Trucks
that the form of the equation is appropriate.

The truck characteristic correction factor is ccmputed
from the following equaticn:

Pipnog = bO + b1(W7/1000) + b2(WT/CTD)

where:
WTM = vehicle weight
CID = engine's cubic inch displacement

bO, bt, and b2 are coefficients given in "able IIT-9.
When HDV weight and power information is not available
{as usually will be the case), this correction factor value

should be set equal to one.

Estimates of gasoline-
powered, heavy-duty vehicle idle emission rates fer HC, C9,

and NOx can be calculated frem the informaticn in Table

He. Crankcase and Evaporative Emissicn Factors, Hydrocarbon
evaporative and crankcase emissicn rates are given in Table
TIT-8. The FDV evaporative emission rate was determined by
assuming that HDVs travel an average of 10.° trips per day

and accumulate an average of 674 miles per days

-36-


APPENDIX D

Motor Vehicle Emission Standards



TABLE I-8

Crankcase and Evaporative HC Emission Factors

(gmsmi)

LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AWD HIGH-ALTITUDE

Pre-1963
1963-1967
1968-1970
1971-1977
1978-1979

1980+

Hydrocarbon Emissio

6.63

BS (qu/mi)


Chapter T Light-Duty Vehicles
from the initial emission rates and deterioration rates
given in Table I-7,. The emissicn rates in grams/minute at
age Y are given by the tabled values; where the first term
of any quantity of the form a+ bY is the initial emission
rate (at age zero), and the coefficient of the second term
is the deterioration, expressed in units of grams per minute

per *0000 miles.

Ke Crankcase and Evaporative Fmission Factors. In addition

to exhaust emission factors, the calculation of hydrocarbon
emissions frem gasoline vehicles involves evaporative and
crankcase hydrocarbon emissicn factors. The two major
sources of evaporative hydrocarben emissions from light-duty
vehicles are the fuel tank and the carburetcr system.
Diurnal changes in ambient temperature result in expansion
of the air-fuel mixture in a partially filled fuel tank. As
a result, gasoline vapor is expelled to the atmosphere.
Punning losses from the fuel tank occur as the fuel is
heated by the road surface during driving, and hkct-soak
losses from the carburetor system occur after engine
shutdown at the end of a trig.

Previous editions of AP-42 contained several equations
and emission factors for computing crankcase and evapcrative
hydrocarbon emissions. Since crankcase hydrocarbon
emissions frem post-1962 vehicles are negligible, only one
emission factor and one equation are presented. hese
values are determined from data collected in the emission
factor programs. Future rates are based on the assumption

-22-


Only three factors are of concern in this sample
calculation: (1) the FTP mean emission factor (Cipn); (2)
the fraction of annual] travel (Min); and (3) the correction
factor for speed, temperature, and vehicle operating modes
(Ripstwx). Refer to Chapter I tor a full explanation of the

composite emission factor equation,


IDLE EMISSION RATES

TABLE IT-7A

LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS (0-6K GVW)

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

1

B(GB/RIN,) 1B (GB7HIN,) 4

' t
§ POLLUTANT [| MODEL YEAR t}

wox
wox
nor
nox
woXx
woX

ee ee ee ee ee eee me eee
a
o

{
'
'
'
'
t
t
'
J
1
‘
J
I
t
t
1
1
{
{

PRE-1968
1968-1974
1975-13978
1979-1982

1983¢

PRE-1968
1968-1978
1975-1978
1979-1982

39834

PRE-1968
1968-1972
1973-1978
1975-1978
1979-1984

T9850

ee oe ee ee ee oe ne ee ee oe oe oe oe oe

REW VEBICLE
EBISSION RATE

2.
68
228
28
08

Q
ty)
Qo
o

16.
12.

2.
82
oO.

1

oO.
26
0.
0.
18
204

0

Qo
0

oT

a2
73
02
ag
1%

16
25

| DETERIORATION RATE |
1 (PER 10,000 BILES) |

0.25

0.00
0,00
0.00
0,02
0.01
0.02

wee ee RM ww wm ee ee eee
~~
oe
ww
nn
ee ee ee ee ee we wee

The Idle Emission Factor is calculated fron
the linear equation C = a # bY, where C is the
idle emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage M, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and Y = #/10000,


TABLE F- &

“SPEED: 19.6 BPH. TEMP: 25. (F) = COLD START: 100.0%
BS: ' 0.803 0,058 0.058 0.085 0.031 0.005 ® HOT START: 0.0%

AVERAGE VEHICLE ERISSION FACTORS (GH/HI)

cy HC co wor
1970 22.6 228.7 5.0
1971 21.8 224.7 5.1
1972 21.0 222.7 5.2
1973 20.8 221.9 5.2
19748 19.9 222.1 5.1
1975 19.0 219.3 4.9
1976 18.1 29,7 4.8
1977 17.2 209.6 a6
1978 16.2 204.0 aca
1999 15.1 198.0 a3
1980 13.6 183.2 alt
1981 12,2 165.3 3.9
1982 10.9 198 16 3.7
1983 9.8 132.5 3.6
1988 8.9 137.6 3.8
1985 8.1 108.9 3.3
1986 7.5 93.9 3.1
1987 7.1 85.2 2.9
1988 6.8 78.1 2.7
1989 6.5 72.5 2.6
1990 6.4 68.6 2.6
1991 6.2 65.7 2.5
1992 6.1 63.5 2.5
1993 6.1 61.9 2.5
1998 6.0 60.8 2.4
1995 5.9 59.9 2.4
1996 5.9 59.9 2.4
1997 5.9 59.9 2.4
1998 5.9 59.9 2.4
1999 5.9 59.9 2.4


Chapter V Mctorcycles
Fe. Idle Emission Factors, Motcrcycle idle emission rates

are given in Table V-7.

Ge Evaporative Emissicn Factors. the mctcrcycle
hydrocarbon evaporative emission rates were determined by
assuming that motorcycles travel 23,2 trips/day and have an
average mileage of 5.2 miles per urban trip. The number of
trips per day and mileage per urkan trip were taken from the

1974 Gallup Motorcycle Survey.

“42+


TABLE II-6A
General Forsula for Ripstwx

The general formula for the speed-temperature-hot/cold correction
factor, Ripstwux, for LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS (0-6K GVW) is given by:

Ripstwx = (BAGITERM + BAG3TERM + BAGZTERM)
DEMON

where (using * for multiplication and exp for exponential function) :

BAGITERR = w -@(exp(a-bsT) # c + d®A)% (v(2,51)/v (2, 26))
BAG3TERH = x * e * £94} %(v (9,83) /v (9,26))
BAGZ2TERM = (t-w-x) #( h # 4*A}*(v(g,52)/0(g, 16) )
DENOM = (40 + da)

fraction of total miles which are driven in cold start condition
fraction of total miles which are driven in hot start condition
apbient temperature (F)

vehicle age minus 1, in years

index for nsodel-year/region groups; see Table I-6a

s1,s2,S3 = average speeds (miles/hour) for bags 1, 2, and 3

v(g,Si) = bag-specific speed correction tactor; see Appendix B

Oman
owe

ot

and where:
a,b,c,d,e,.f,h,j,d0, and dl are constant coefficients which are
functions of model-year group and pollutant, as follows:

{Poljfzqnj a | b | cf d@ |e fF £ $) h ¢ jy | dO | dty
aod evel Soeeaee Iononn7- [o--=n- [o-27> Ioocto- ae ietepeel leaped ieee Seated
{ HCE 1 [ 2.93104.0147794 16734 2569) 4.75 | 2393, 5.69 | 2471] 5.671 287]
t HCE 2 7 2.93101.004779] -2.01) .863f 2.43 | 555] 2.61 | 25971 2.801 . 644
[HCE 3 | 2.43391.0235917 1623) 2307) F241 fF .28Gf 4.05 | 2704 1,38f 281
[HCL & | 1.9934].0222691 -.0321 .445] 1497 | 2357) 223 21751) J 54E 228
teed ietetel Gaetano epee {o----- t----- [------ tn2--- | --=-+-1-----1-----1---1
1 CO} 1 | 5.65484.0159651-14, 74, 9.627 42.84) S76) 57.57] 7.744 56.4317. 591
1 COL 2 | 5.65484.0159651-33,89) 9.77) 25.264 H.71} 35.90} 6.7045 36.4016.791
1 Cop 3 f 5.5460/.0289457 11.29) 4.26] 15,85] 2.34, 21,17] 3,13523.7013. Wy
f COL S $ 4.2391}.0175224 -.20 | 6.99) 4,12} 2.20) 3,96] 2.12) 6.9813. 1H]
eel lead | Sal labetapeel aeenaed kepearend lapeabetel nena Septal ietand

Iwox] 1 [ -100. | 0.0 — 1.74 | 0.0 | 1,25 | 0.0 | O.8T | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0
imox| 2 § -100, | 6.0 4 1.16 § 0.0 | 1.26 | 0.0 | 0.80 | 0.0 | 1.0 | Oot
IWor{ 3 { -100. { 0.0 ¢ 3.26 | 1335) 2.99 4 .1844 1.89 | .1164 2.975 2184
INOx} 9 | -100, [| 0.0 | 3,05 | .318] 2.88 | .180' 2.01 [| .1261 2.461 . 18]
en | t t [a [ed Se ' { t i

f t Used for Model Years {
POEQR pon tan nn wn nnn nr nn nnn a enn nn mn '
t } For HC and cco f For NOx t
[rene prce ne ne ee enn nee eee eee ee ee ey
i ote Pre-1968 i Pre-3968 t
'{ 2 ¢ 3968-1975 i 1968-19748 '
{3 Post-19748 , Post-—1974 {
1a 4 Kot Used ' Not Used '
{ { fo 4



TABLE F- 8

SPEED: 19,6 M.P.H. TESP: SO, (F) & COLD START: 20.6%
MS: 0,630 0,160 0,160 0,025 0,025 0.0 S HOT START: 27,38

cy Hc co nox
1970 42.9 94.6 4.7
1971 12.2 91,2 4.8
1972 tT.6 88.8 4.9
1973 49.0 87.0 4.8
1974 10.6 85.8 4.7
1975 10.0 83.6 4.5
1976 9.5 80.8 4.3
1977 9.0 77.9 at
1978 8.48 a .9 3.9
1979 7.8 71.8 3.7
1980 7.1 67.2 3.6
1981 6.4 62.1 3.3
1982 5.7 57.3 3.1
1983 5.1 52.4 3.0
1984 4&6 S74 2.8
1985 4.2 42.9 2.7
1986 3.8 38.7 2.5
1987 3.5 35.3 2.3
1988 3.2 32.4 2.2
1989 3.1 29.8 2,1
1990 2.9 27.29 2.0
1991 2.8 26.3 19
1992 2.7 25.1 1.9
1993 2.7 24,1 1.93
1994 2.6 23,48 1.3
1995 2.5 22.7 1.9
1996 2.5 22.7 9
1997 2.5 22.7 9
1998 2.5 22.7 9
31999 2.5 22.7 1.9


TABLE II-1¥B

EXHAUST

ESISSION RATE

Ss

LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS (6-8,5K GVW)

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

1

A__(GH7BILE) } _B _ (GR7a '

{
| POLLUTANT
t-----------

ee eee eee ee te ee
qaa
So °

ee ee ror

MODEL YEAR

PRE-1970
1970-1978
1979-1982

19834

PRE-1970
1970-1978
1979-1982

19834

PRE~1970
1970-1978
1979-19848

19854

WEW VERICLE

1t EMISSION RATE

5.99
2.90
0.98
0.31

78.70
32.40
19 50
3.87

6.89
5.04
1,73
O.4t

| DETERIORATION RATE |
| (PER 10,000 MILES) |

[oo nnn nena enna enna

0.58
0.53
0.41
9.23

3,06
6.15
5.34
2,00

0.00
0.00
a.
0.22

ee ee ee

The Exhaust Emission Factor
the linear equation C = a +

is calculated from
bY, where C is the

exhaust emission factor for a vehicle with
cuaulative mileage M, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and Y = m/10000,


TABLE I1-6B
General Formula tor Ripstwx

The general formula for the speed-temperature-hot/cold correctacn
factor, Ripstwx, tor LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS (6-8,5K GVW) is given by:

Ripstwx = (BAGITERN + BAG3TERM +# BAGZTERS)
DENOM

where (using * for multiplacation and exp for exponential function):

BAGITERS = . *#(exp(a-beT) # c + d¥A)(v(2,5t)/v(2,26))
BAG3TERA = x =( e + £82) *(v(g,53)/¥(g,26))
BAGZTERM = (¥-w-x) %( h # JA) *(v(g,82)/¥(g, 16))
DENOR = (40 + dt#A)

fraction of total miles which are driven in cold start condition
fraction of total miles which are driven in hot start condition
ambient temperatare (F}

vehicle age minus 1, in years

index for sodel-year/region groups; see Table I-ta

s1,82,s3 = average speeds (miles/hour) for bags 1, 2, and 3

¥(g,Si) = bag-specific speed correction factor; see Appendix B

rd
Hew No

and wheres
a,b,c,d,e,f,h,j,d0, and d? are constant coefficients which are
functions of model~year group and pollutant, as tollows:

{PolfEqn{ a { b 1 e ft d@ fee 1 £ t= b 1 j § dO fd}
lated lated Iapeebeisiedapepennsenel Satateraneee Geteeaetel encanta iateietepel Sereteienetel leneitatel lebteneed beeetesel |
LE HCE 7 ¢ 2,9370$.008779, 6731 .569f 8.75 F 23937 5.69 | .479E S.67t L47E
HCE 2 | 2,93104.0087795 -2.41] .863, 2.43 | 2555) 2.613 | .597f 2.809 64]
1 HOE 3 ¢ 2.9339,,023591, 16234 2301] THT t .284f 1.05 [ 270) 3.38) 2281
1 HCE 8 {| %,9934],022269, -.032) .945} .997 | 2357] .243f 2175t 2544 2284
| Steel etetedl Setaheteiateel leneetetetetel Gaeteneetel Cetetetetel Seteebentel Setebetetel Ceteeteneted Getetenanel Setaetetel Gaetan |
{ COL 1 { 5.6548,.015965/-14.74, 9,62f 42,844 5.76 57.57f 7.70556.4317. 595
{COL 2 | 5,6508(.0159654-33.89{ 9.771 25.261 4.7TL 35.90] 6.701 36.4016. 79]

1 COP 3 f $.54604.028965) 24,297 4.247 15,854 2,34) 21.87} 3.13923.7093. 44
ECOL & [ &.2394].017522t -.20 | 6.99f 4.12 2,20{ 3.96] 2.12) 6.9813. 144
| Soieeied Retehell Seteteieeinted Gubeeiehehesl Seieieheaial {----- | eaten {----- | Fabienne I----- | aieaieted t----1
tox, tf -100. | O16 fF 1.94 | O10 | 1.25 | O.0 | OL8t | O.0 | 1.0 | 0.04
UeOxg 2 | -100. | 0.0 § 1,16 | 0.0 § 1,26 | 0.0 | 0.80 | 0.0 § 1.0 | 0.04
twoxt 3 [ -100. { 0.0 | 3.26 § .335f 2.99 | .18HF 4.89 [ 1768 2.47E 2 1BE
gNOxp 4 | -TOO. | O<.0 § 3,05 | .318} 2.88 | .180] 2.01 | 126] 2.461 . 181
t tote. | , Ses See t tit —-l-_ fiw tt

t t Used for Bodel Years: i

{Eqn [monn nnn nnn nnn nnn en nn San an ee ee {

1 } For HC and CO 4 For wox J

Porritt rc reer tcc rte tern cen en ren ce rene {

t t F Not Used { Hot Used i

$2 ¢€ Pre-1979 $ Pre-1979 t

'3e Post-1978 = [ Post-1978 Il

' 4 | Not Used t Not Used t

1 1 t


TABLE V-2
MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR MOTORCYCLES

HYDROCARKONS (GM/MTI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFGRMIA AND RIGH-ALTITUDE

PMODELY CALENDAR YEAR - July 1 {
LYERR $1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1978 1976 1977 1978 1479 198G 14e1 4
Porn [nn cen nnn rn nn nn nt nn nn tn nn nn nn rn center en n cee en \
1981p 12.4 1+ 1!
PISED_ 42,2 H] 1
19524 12,1 2.4 f !
ptesup 11,9 12,2 12,4 ' ‘
PISS] 11,8 Wot 12,2 124 t !
EISSeg 1106 WW.9 T2270 12220 «12084 1
P1957] 41,5 WW6  1909 122.7 12,24 1226 !
FT9SFE 143 1¥.6 Ue 1TL9 TZLp 12.20 «128 i
p19sey 11,2 15 T1.6 1108 19195 T2271 12.2 «1224 1
p19eCy~ 11,0 V1.3 115 TT6 T1Lb) 1909 12.7 12220 12,4 1
ptye TE 10,9 VWW.2 11,3 FILS Foy WWLH TIS F227 1222 i]
11962) 10.7 11,00 99,2 14.3 TIS) 11,6 17, 1.900 -42,7 12.4 4
H19€ 34 10.5 1.9 49,0 49,2 F1L3P TIS F160 1108 119 12.2
PISELY 10.3 1.7) 10.9 TIC THLZ] 17,3 11,5 11,6 TIL Va.t 4
19E54 10,7 WO.5 10.7 10,9 11,0} 14,2 17,3 11,5 TIL W109 4
11966) 9,9 10.3) 10.5 10,7 VWOL4f V1L0 Ate 11230 TTD Tt.e |
11SE7) 9,7 10, W.$ 10.5 WELTY 1OL9 T1LG TWWL2 14S Viet fy
119EET 95 5.9 WL 10.3 TOS} 10.7 16, 1¥.900 11,2 11.5 4
11969] 9,2 9.70 929 1027 16,37 WLS 10.7) 10,9) TTL 14.3 4
¥157C} 9,0 Oo5 927 9.9 40,77 1OL3 10,5 10,7 10.6 Vez}
119774 9.20 948 9470 9,97 10270 10263) 10050 10.7 11.6 4
119724 9.0 9,2 0 9,5 OL7f 929 1HL1 10,30 WS O.9 4
11973] 9.0 3.2 9.54 8.7 $.5 10,1 Wy wWe7 4
PUs7at 9.0 9.27 8.25 927 929° 1081 Ww.)
119754 S.C} 9.2 9.8 9,7 9,9 10.3 4
L974] 1 9,0 9,2 9.5 9.7 wt |
1t977f 1 9,0 9,2 4,58 9.9 4
LIS?et 1 us 4.9 bay
119791 I ae 5.2 1
LT9ECT t 4.04
{Se TV] ' 3.9 I
PTSe 2] ' t
11963] ' U
Pyoray 1 '
PU9ESY I !
PIGEET ' fl
St9ETE 1 I
Pitre t 1
siorey i t
prseoy ! '

SEPISSTON FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MCDEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YFAR 1975 ARE BASEL GW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
FOST- 1975 CRRENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTOhS FOR ALL VEHICLES AKE PhOJECTED,


TABLE ¥-2 (FOR CALERDAK YEARS ¥9E2- 1943)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSTON FACTORS FOR BOTORCYCLES
CAKLOW MONOXIDE (GA/MI)
FOB ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

[MOTEL] CALENDAR YEAR - July 4 t
{YEAR 41982 1983 1984 1965 {486 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 |
1

1

11564) 38,7 38.9 t
11965] 38.5 38.7 38,9 I
(7966) 28,3 38.5 38.7 38.9 t
#19677 38,1 38.3 38,5 38.7 36,9 i
$1968} 37,9 38,1 38,3 38.5 38.7 '
119697 37.7 37.9 36.1 38.3 38.5 i
119704 37,5 37.7 37,9 38,1 38.3 38.9 i
17977] 37.3 37.5 37,7 37.9 38,1 38.7 38.9 t
bi972~ 37,4 37.3 37.5 37.7 37,9 38.5 36.7 38.9 H
11973, 36.9 37.9 37,3 37.5 37,7 38.3 38.5 38.7 38.9 i
$1974, 36,7 36,9 37,1 37.3 37.5 38.1 38,3 38.5 38,7 38.9 3
H1975¢ 36,5 36,7 36.9 37.1 3743 37.9 38.1 38,3 38.5 38.7 {
11976$ 36.2 36,5 36,7 36.9 97,1 37.7 37,9 38,1 36,3 38.5 |
f1977{ 36.0 36,2 36,5 36.7 36,9 37.5 37.7 37.9 38.1 38.3 1
ISTHE 273.6 24,3 25,0 25,6 26,2 27.9 28,4 28.9 29,4 29.9 4
11979{ 72,9 23,6 76.3 25,9 25.6 27.3 27,9 28.4 28.9 29.4 }
P19EO] 16,6 17,5 18,2 18,9 19.6 21.4 24.9 22.5 23,0 23,5 4
P1987) 15,7 16.6 17,5 8,2 t8,9 20.8 21,4 21,9 22.5 23.0 4
$19827 15,1 15,7 1.6 17.5 18,2 20,2 20,8 21.8 21,9 22.5 4
pr9e3t 2.8 3.7 3,8 a,a Set 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.2 4
qisesy 2.8 3.9 3.6 Cr a oe re |
p9edsy 2.300 4,1 8.6 4.7 5.1 5.4 SIG
119864 2.8 aC 8.8 8.7 5.1 Sa FE
P29E74 V6 8.0 UH at Bag
ivoeRt 3.% 3,6 4.0 4.8 4.74
F149 9% 2,8 3,1 3.6 4.0 4.4 4
} T9904 2.8 3.1 3,6 48,0 |
419914 2.6 3.1 3,61
pt9927 2.8 3.01
2.8 5

SEMISS{OM FACTORS FOR VERICLES TBROUGH FODEL YEAR 197% AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 7975 ARF & ON ROTRAL OF TR-USE WRRICLES,
POST-Y97S CALERDER YER EF ’ FR. VRSSRLES ARE SAtECT EY,



Chapter TIT

A. Introduction. This vehicle category consists of trucks
and buses having gross vehicle weights (GVW) cf over 8500
pounds and which are powered by gasoline-~fueled, spark-
ignited internal combustion engines.

EPA test programs for determining in-use heavy-duty
vehicle (HDV) emission factors use both the heavy-duty
Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and an actual urban road test,
the San Antcnio Poad Route (SARF). The SARR is run under
the following conditions:

4. Ambient temperature = 750F

2. Absolute humidity = 75 grains

3. Average speed = 20 mph

4. Average stabilized cperation = 100%

5. Average operating weight = ‘”°K-20K pounds for gas,
4OK-50K pounds for diesel.

6. Average weight/CID = 47-54 for gas, 57-67 for

diesel.

7. All testing performed in one low-altitude city.

8. Vehicles receive typical in-use maintenance.

9. No I/M program in effect.

The FTE is run at a series of steady-state engine
speeds and loads with a hot start and a hot stabilized
phase. Since emissions from these tests are not equivalent
to on-the-road emissions, regression equaticns were
developed sc that on-the-road emissions (SARF) could be
predicted.

-30-


vi. Calcalate Regional HC Emissions from Other Vehicle

Repeat the procedures given in Sections IV and V above
to calculate the regional hydrocarbon emissions from all
other vehicle categories (light-duty trucks; heavy-duty
gasoline-povered wehicles; and heavy-duty diesel-powered
vehicles), using the appropriate tables and equations in
Chapters Il, III, and 1¥,

Bote that the composite easission factor equation for
heavy-duty vehicles differs from the light-duty vehicle
equation,

VII, Total Regional HC Emissions from Rotor Vehicles,

The total regional hydrocarbon emissions are determined
by simply adding the HC emissions from each vehicle

category.

c-7 /


SPEED:
mS:

19.6 APM,

TABLE F-11

TEMP:

50,

(F)

0.630 0,160 0,160 0.025 0.025 0,0

cy

1970
W971
1972
31973
1974
W975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
3981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
99T
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

uC

19.0
18.2
17.5
16.8
16.3
15.6
14.9
aaa
13.3
42.5
TT.8

~
PEER ESCEENNUNAAYINDCO

eeee ne eevee ese veer

POANNNROMNEVORONEWW

$1.5
50.3

$0.3
50.3
50.3

sz .C¢

Is
Ine

PERE SE SSCNUAAYVOCOW SRW eWEADOONNN =

eee et ete eee bee eee eke ee el eee el eh

NNNNNNNNNNNNN WWW WWW Se eee enn

OLD START:
HOT START:

100.0%
0.0%


De Organization. Chapters 7 through V provide emission
factors for each vehicle category: light-duty, gasoline-
powered vehicles (automobiles); light-duty, gascline-powered
trucks; heavy-duty, gasoline-powered vehicles (trucks and
buses); heavy-duty, diesel-powered vehicles (trucks and
buses) ; and motorcycles.

Each chapter provides informraticn for use in all areas
except Califcrnia and high-altitude; those emissicn factors
are contained in separate parts cf this document.

“he equations fcr computing a composite emission factor
and for ccemputing individual correction factors are
presented in each chapter.

Computation of all correction factors and composite
emission factors is sufficiently complex and time-consuming
that a computer program should te used. A computer program
for using these emission factors can be obtained from the
Nffice of Transportation and Land Use Policy, AW-445, EPA,

407 M Sta, SeWe, Washington, DeC. 20460.

T£ a motor

vehicle inspecticn/maintenance (1/M) program is in effect in
the area for which emissions are heing calculated, emissions
reduction credit can be taken.

A methodology for determining I/M credit was contained
in the propcsed revision cf Appendix § to 40 CEP Fart 51
(see 42 Federal Fegister 22°77, May 2, “977). Appendix 4
gives credits for all gasoline-fueled sources (light-duty

-6-


AO

GROUP 9
AC= 2, 1506£+00
Co= 1,8213E+00
WOx= 1,5578E*00
GROUP 10
RC= 7,2302E+00
Cc 2.0142E+00
WOx= 2,04526900
GROUPIT
HC= 2,1223E*00
CoO= 2,0453£+00
ROx= 13,63265+00
GROUP 12
HC= 2, 1536E+00
Cc 2,3187£+00
NOx= 1, 9882E#00
GROUP 13
HC= 2,0735£+00
Cc 2.5752E+00
ROx= 2,5597E-07?
GROUP 14
HC= 2, 34955#00
cO= 2,6885E+00
NOx= 1, 2817E400
GROUPIS
HC= 2,11342900
CO= 2, 1589E400
ROx= 1,5395E+00
GROUP TE
AC= 2, 1194E*00
Co= 2,54565#00
MOx= 7,008 1E-01
GROUP 17
HC= 2,6838E900
co= 2,8393E+00
wOx= 7,8384E-01
GROUP1&
AC= 2,3954E+00
2.4B75E+00
WOx= 9,4213E-01

At

-2.8362E-01T
-2.7205E-01
~1,1303E-01

-2,9365E-01
~2,9519B-01
-1,940 1E-01

~2.9107E-01
-3,1062E-01
-1,2186E-01

~2.8345SE-0T
-3,GTISE-OF
-1,22QNE-01

-2,8935E-01
-3.2889E-01
8. 4195EF-02

~3.0496E-01
-3.3282E-01
-8 OUB7E-02

~2,8568E-01
-3,29 925-01
~1,2567E-01

-2,9863E-01
~3.6285E-01
3.891532-02

~3,4463E-01
~3,6876E-01
3.2855E-08

~3,3578E-01
-3,9156E-01
4.2324 E-02

A2

1,5 380F-02
1, 7030€-02
6,718 3E-03

4, 6200E-02
1,8635E-02
1, 1074 E-02

1,69 T0E-02
2. 0UB5E-02
7, 0302E-03

1. 5700E-02
2,0945EF-02
7,9502E-03

1. 7300E-02
1, 8975SE-02
-3.408UF-0O3

1, 6882E-02
1, 7628E-02
5, 3574F-03

1, 6320E-02
2. WO1TE-02
7.8592E-03

1, 8850B-02
2.3277E-02
-1,7391E-03

1,9582E-02
2. 1078E-02
1, 0603E-03

2. T161E-02
2. 707 2E-02
3. 8625E-03

a3

4,02 TUE-08
-5.5202E-08
-T.430 TE-04

-4.84 15E-04
-6,216 TE-08
~2,3 175E-04

-5.26 1SE-04
-7,0853E-04
-1,6629E-04

-4.6976E-04
-6,6589E-04
-1,7108E-04

-5.547 1-048
-6,2826E-04
€.2988E-05

-5.0962E-04
-5.2412E-04
-1,1889E-04

-5.0079E-04
6. 8906E-04
—1,6943E-04

-6, T650E-04
~8, F504 E-04
3.26 1M E-05

-6.2572E-04
~€6.76HUE-08
-3, 1935E-05

-7,3155E-04
-9.76 18E-04
~9 39 85E-05

AG

6.2873E-06
8.6254 5-06
1,0608E-06

7, TIS9E-06
9.9366E-06
1,683 72-06

6 .0271E-06
1, 1621E-05
1,06 14 E-06

6.9383E-06
1,0223E-05
1,2578E-06

&.6420E-06
1,0092E-05
~4,1397E-07

7,.5952E-06
7.7222E-06
9,0106E-07

7.550 7E-06
1,0839E-05
1,2549E-06

9.9206E-06
1,3623E-05
~2,0385E-07

9, 7844 E-06
1,0627E-05
2,9039E-07

1,2072E-05
1,6527E-05
1,5388E-07

AS

~3.4631E-08
-5.1184 E-08
0.0000 £400

-4.0286E-08
-5.9978E-08
0.0000 F#00

-4,7032E-08
-7T.1S69E-08
0.0000 £+00

-3,947 1E-08
-5.9827E-08
0.0000 £E+00

-5, 0311 E-08
~6.V273E-08
0.0000 £+00

~4, 3496 E-08
-4,3702E-08
0 .0000E+00

-4,3719E-08
-6 .4712E-08
0.0000 £+00

-6.04025-08
~8.5591E-08
0.0000 E#00

-5.8337E-08
-6 3641-08
0.0000 £200

-7,4857E-08
-4¥,0432E-07
0.0000 £+00


Step 2. Min -- Fraction of Annual Travel

In order to calculate the fraction of annual travel by
model year (Min), the fraction of in-use vehicles by model
year (vehicle age) are weighted on the basis of annual rate
of mileage accumulation, In many cases, area-specific data
on automobile use and registration is readily available,
Whenever possible, local data should be used, However, for
purposes of this sample calculation, the nationwide average
fraction of annual travel data from Table I-5 will be used,

The Min values are listed on the table to be used for

calculating the composite exhaust emission factor.


Zable c-5

Calculation of Evaporative
Hydrocarbon Emission Factor for Light-Duty Vehicles

Calendar Year 1980

Bodel Year age wa Bin MSHA) (Bi)
1980 1 0.150 0,106 0.016
1979 2 0.600 0,142 0.085
1978 3 0.600 0.133 0.080
1977 & 1.760 0,123 0.216
1976 5 1.760 0,108 0.190
1975 6 1.760 0,092 0.162
1978 7 4.760 0,077 0.136
1973 8 1.760 0,068 0.113
1972 9 3.760 0,050 0.087
1971 10 3.760 0.035 0.062
1970 " 2.530 0,023 0.058
1969 12 2.530 0,016 0,080
1968 3 2.530 0.010 0.025
1967 wm 3.330 0,007 0,024
1966 5 3.330 0.008 0.075
1965 16 3.330 0,003 0,009
1964 Ww 3.330 0,002 0.007
1963 8 3.330 0,002 0.007
1962 Ww 6.630 0.002 0.033
19614 20 6.630 0,002 0.010

Evaporative HC Emission Factor = 1,356 ga/mi

c- 14


TABLE I-2
MID-YEAR EXHAUST EBISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES

HYDROCARBONS (GA/AI)
POR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORMIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

tHODEL] CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1 {
{YEAR $1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 4

'

i

1

'

1

{

'

i

i]

i}

1

9.9 '

t1964y > 9.3 9.9 10,4 10,9 FT.3  BELTG 221 72.5 12.8 13,3 33,8 t3L7 4
19657) 8.7) 9.30 9,9 1O,H 1009 43034 19.7 1221 4205 912.8 13,7 1324
11966] 8.0 8.7 9,3 9,9 10.8 10.97 F153 1967 F201 12.5 12.8 13.3 4
$1967] 7.2 8.0 8.7 9,3 $3.9 10.4) 10.9 33,3 FIL7 12.4 12.5 12.8 45
11968) 4&3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4) 7.9 8.3 8.7 9.3 9.4 9,8 4
11969; 3.5 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9} 7.4 7.9 86.3 8.7 9.1 G8 4
119707 2.7) 3.5 8.3 5,0 $7 6.34 6.9 7.8 7.9 8.3 6.7 9.14
119794 2.7 3.5 4.3 5.0 S.7p 6.3 6.9 7.4 72.9 8.3 38,7 5
119724 2.7 3,5 a3 5.0) 5.7 6.3 6,9 7.4 7.9 8.31
119731 2,7) 3.5 8.3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4 7.91
pV9784 2.7 3.5) 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 Tuy
41975} w.3)06966020 9690 2020 2250 2B LTE
pt9764 t 3.3 4.6 4.9 2.2 2.5 2.84
Hto774 i] 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 4
11978] f ¥.300«946 0 4922
419794 t 7.30 8660 O49
11980] t 0.3 0.645
pt9ety ‘ 0.31
p19e24 { '
419834 t '
p19e88] ' ‘
71985] { 1
119864 i t
419875 f i
press i ‘
(19894 t '
11990} i '

SEHISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH RODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALERDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OB ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES.
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


8.

Py

10.

14,

42.

operation. The revised equaticn is given by:

E = SUM (CMBALUR)

fraction of total mileage

temperature, speed, hot/cold correcticn factor
air-conditioning correction factor

vehicle load correcticn factor

trailer towing correcticn factor

humidity correcticon factor

The revised equation is described fully in Chapter 1.

TMhe gereral equation format also has changed for
each of the other motor vehicle categories. These
revised equations are discussed in each charter.

A single correction factcr (F) relates ambient
temperature, vehicle speed, and the het/cold
operating mode mix fer light-duty vehicles, light-
duty trucks, and motorcycles.

Correction factors are now available for a wider range
of speed and temperature cenditions.

Tdle emission rates are given for all vehicle
categories.

The mcdal emission model (which is discussed in
Supplement No. 5) is not treated in this document, but
is treated in other EFA rerorts. (1)

y Autowo gn Medal Analysis Model,
United States Env: Frotection Agency, Office

of Mobile Sonrce Air Polluticn Control, Feport No.
EPA+460/3=74-605, sanuary 19743 and

Guidelines for
Analysis, Volume 9;
E.P.A-, Office of Air Quality Planning and ftandards,
Pepcrt No. EPA-450/4~-75-001, January 1975. An update
report on the modal model is availatle from
CAP/OMSAPC, Envirgnugcntal frotection Agency, 2565
Plymouth Pde, Ani ALvOL, bigan 48465.

-5-

the 1975 Federal Test Frocedure mean emission factor


Chapter IV Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Fe. Idle Emission for HED. “he idle emission rates
for diesel-pcewered HDVs are given in Table Iv-7. The idle
deterioration rates are assumed tc be zero for all medel

years.

-39-


TABLE V-1
EXHAUST ENISSION RATES
MOTORCYCLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

_ _ __¥(GR7RILE) 3B (enzRILE)
{ t Ww BEW VEHICLE { DETERIORATION RATE {
| POLLUTANT | MODEL YEAR j{ EBISSION RATE | (PER 10,000 BILES) j|

! {
1 BC t PRE-1978 {ff 8.96 t 1.17 t
1’ HC 1 31978-1979 if 4.70 1 1,03 '
' AC # 3980-1982 jf 3,82 i] 1,03 t
1 HC t 1983+ i 0,29 1 0.23 1
! i} it ' 1
t co 1 PRE-1978 {f[{ 34.40 t 1,58 t
1 co 4 1978-1979 |} 20.27 1 4,00 1
t co 1 1980-1982 [fE 14.86 t 4,00 t
t co t 1983+ u 2.71 { 2.00 t
1 1 tt t {
1 wOox 1 PRE-1978) jt oO, t 0.00 1
1  wox 1 1978-1979 44 0.28 1 0,00 1
f wOx 1 1980-1980 qf 0.56 t 0.00 {
1 ox 1 1985+ tl 0.04 1 0,22 1
[ nn See a ee '

The Exhaust Emission Factor is calculated from
the linear equation C = a #* b¥, where C is the
exhaust emission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage M, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and ¥ = m/10000,


Chapter Tt Tight-Duty Vehicles
temperature-fhot/f%cold conditions, Supplement & correction
factors for HC and CO are sukstantially higher than the
revised factcrs, and that under mild conditions, Supplement
5 factors are sukstantially lower than the revised numbers.
For NOx the correction factors are on the same order of

magnitude.

r for

Gs
The use of air conditionirg can have a significant
effect on emissions. The fcllowing correction factors may

be applied tc all model years:

r a a — penne ——— —
{ {
[Air Conditioning Correction Factors for All Model Years}
{ {
+ —~ T --— : ae at
{ HC t co { NOx t
t —— ~_ + Senna SESE |
{ 4,12 i] 218 { 1218 t
L _----- 1 ns ae —- 4

Tn order to apply the air conditioning cerrection
factors, it is necessary to knew the percentage cf vehicles
in the population that are equipped with air ccnditioning.
Data from EPA's FY 74 Emission Factor Program irdicate the
following percentage by mcdel year. These values include
both factory installed and customer installed air
conditioning systems. City-specific values may vary

considerably from these estimates.

-18-


Chapter TI Light-Duty Vehicles

TMable I-5a presents the average cumulative mileages for
LDVs by age, on July 1%. The numbers in this table are
derived from the mileages presented in Table 1t-5, using the

methodology presented in Appendix G.

De Travel Weighting Factor. A sample calculaticn of this
variable is presented in Table I-5. In this sample,
nationwide statistics, averaged cver five years btetween 1970
and *976, are used and the fracticn of in-use vehicles by
model year (vehicle age) is weighted on the basis cf annual
miles driven. The calculaticn may be "localized" to reflect
local (county or state) vehicle age mix, annual miles
driven, cr koth. Otherwise, these national data may be
used. Table 2-5 is assumed applicable to projections as

well as existing situations.

Ee Speed-Temperature-Hot/Cold Correction Factcre “he
emission factors found in Tables I-2 through 1-4 may ke used
directly ain calculating emissicns for scenarics matching
those in the Federal Test Frocedure (FTP). As described
earlier, the FTP describes an average ambient temperature of
750F, a particular mix of cold, hot stabilized, and hot
transient operation, and specific average speeds associated
with each of these modes. Tf emission calculations are
desired for scenarios matching these FTP conditions, no

correction weuld be necessary, i.¢., a values of 1.0 can be

used for any correction factor if better information is not

a12=


vehicle miles traveled. In the case of heavy-duty vehicles,
fuel type and gross vehicle weight were also key items in
the stratification scheme.

the data collected in these proqrams are analyzed to
provide mean emissions by mcedel-year vehicle in each
calendar year, change in emissions with the accumulation of
mileage, change in emissions with the accumulaticn of age,
percentage of vehicles complying with standards, and effect
on emissions of vehicle parameters (engine displacement,
vehicle weight, etc.). These surveillance data, along with
prototype vehicle test data, assembly line test data, and
technical judqment, form the basis for the existing and
projected motile source emission factors presented in this
document.

"he most recently published results of the emission
factor program are available in a summary report,
‘Automobile Exhaust Emissicn Surveillance Analysis of the FY
1974 Program', EPA-460/3-76-079, Envirenmental Frotection
Agency, OMSAFC/ECTD, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. Both the
EPA emission factor surveillarce program and the EPA
regulatory program depend on a valid test procedure over
which representative urban emissions can be measured. At
the present time, EPA has twe test procedures: one for
light-duty vehicles (LDVs)--including cars, light trucks,
and motorcycles--and one fox heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs).
"hese procedures are discussed in subsequent charters.

For localized pollutants such as CO, the ability of the
test procedure to predict changes in emissions depends on
the similarity of the lccalized driving pattern and

-2-


TABLE V-8&

Crankcase and Evaporative HC Emission Factors
(ga/miy

MOTORCYCLES

FOR ALL ARBAS EXCEPT CALIFORWIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

Pre-1978 1,60


‘
'

19917 1992 1993

1990

bonne fro cern nnn crn wr tern anne cae nec cn nanan cman nn emma sens nna cm ance |

1

1988 1989

(FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-199 3)
1987

CALENPAR YEAR - July

HYDROCARBONS (GM/SI)
1986

FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

1985

TABLE IV-2
1984

FID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR DIESEL-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
1983

1YEAR 11982

HMODELI

ee ee ee ee ee
'

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ee oe eee eee eee eee ee

S7atFATIFFIAAIANANNANNANNANN

AMAA NMN NNN NDA DEO DDDDOD
Ce

Pets seTFFFINANANNANANAN

MANN NN NMNNNNDEAOToDooD
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MOM MAA An mw oO DD ©
ee ere eens ee ee ee eee

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MAMAAMNHNDNANDHNANDODDO
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TAMA MMM NNN NoOTon
re er ee rr ee

aeseegae7essge57 7727 TIAFNNNN

AMMA MMMM AK AEA NAN DOD
Ce ee rr

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MAMA AMMAN wow
Ce ee
wvastesssae9ge797 3 79 4ANN

AA MMMM MAMAN @
ee ee
aassee993779 79779477 3739N

MAMMA MMMM An
Pe ee

eases e37ee 37377377992
MINOR BWHOPNMAH SHR BDHOPAMANOHRAHGEAM
WOLDS SORARARRR RRR DST YAY YLURADA
DAARAAAAHARAHAAANDAARAHRAAAAARAARH
Cee ee ne an ead

SEMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALFNDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES.
POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTOKS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE 11-2k

BID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIGAT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS < 6000 LBS.
HYDROCARBONS (GH/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

{RODEL CALENDAR YEAR - July 1 i]
HYFAR (1970 1 97T 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 [|

$1958; 13.4 13.7 18,0 18,2
91955; 13,1 13.8 13.7 18.0 16,2 t

$7956) 12.8 13.1 13.8 13.7 98.0 14.24

PV9575 32.5 12,8 33.0 13.8 13.7 THLOF 10.2

17958f 12.1 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.8 13.71 18.0 18,2

PV9S9P 1.7 1201 12.5 12.8 13.1 13,8) 13.7 14.0 14,2

PU9GOE 193 117 12.1 12.5 12,6 %3,tf 13.4 139.7 18,0 18,2
Q7964¢ 10.9 17.3 11,7 12.1 12.5 42.6) 13.1 13.4 13.7 18,0 14.2

i

'

t

1

'

1

i]

i)

t

t

t

t
419631 9.9 10.8 10.9 19,3 51.7 42,17 12.5 12.8 13,1 13,4 13.7 14,0 4
$1969; 9.3 9.9 10.8 10.9 41,3 B17] 12.7 92.5 12.8 13,1 13.4 13.7 |
$196S] 8.7 9230 969 1068 «10,9 19.35 1107 32,1 12.5 12,8 13,7 13.6 4
11966) 8.0 8.7 9.3 9,9 10,4 10.97 11,3 13.7 42,1 12.5 12.8 13.1 4
01967] 7.20 8.0 8.7) 963) 969 10,84 10.9 4103 11,7 12.3 32.5 142.8 |
11968, 9.3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4) 7.9 86.3 8.7 9.1 9.4 9.8 f
$1969f 3.5 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.91 7.4 7.9 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.4 4
#1970; 20700 3050 403) 50 567) 63t 629 7H O79 863 BLT OT
p197t 2.7 3.5 8.3 5.0 S.7f 6.3 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.3 8.74
P1972] 2.7 3.5 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.3 1
419734 2.7 3.5 8.34) 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4 7.9 4
119741 2.7) 3.51 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4 4
17975] trap 169° 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.t 8.6]
119761 1 8 969 2.5 3.3 3.6 4.tt
£79774 ! 1.4 8009 205 0321 36 Et
at97at { WG 00146900 2650 LT
119794 ! 4.200927: «223 «5
pt9e80% 1 120° «147 4
119814 t 1.21
£2962; t '
#19834 1 (
p1988] : t !
119854 1 J
£1986] f r
't987] 1 t
11988; ! i
119894 f] i
$1990] 1 {

@ERISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AWD THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ABE BASED OM ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES.
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EAISSIONW FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


Chapter Tf Light-Duty Vehicles
that standards currently in the regulatory process will be
implemented and that the vehicles will meet the standards
throughout their useful life. Crankcase and evaporative
emissions are not assumed to detericrate as vehicles age.
Composite evaporative and crankcase emissicns can be

determined using:

Fn = SUM( Hi*Min )

where all lower case letters are subscripts and:

Fn = The composite crankcase and evaporative
hydrocarbon emission factor for calendar year
ny

Hi = The crankcase and evaporative emissicn factor

for the ith mcdel year, and
Min = The weighted annual travel of the ith model

year during calendar year n.
Crankcase and evaporative hydrocarbon emissicn rates by
model year are summarized in Table 1-8. The exhaust
emission factors in Tables I-1 and I-2 do net include

crankcase or evaporative emissicns.

-23-


III, Data Used to Calculate Regionwide HC Emissions
For this sample calculation, the following conditions
are applicable:
1, Ambient temperature is 80° F,
2, National statistics on average annual mileage and
vehicle registration by model year will be used,
3. The hydrocarbon emissions will be calculated for
only one speed category (30 mph). In actuality,
emissions should be calculated for selected speed
categories, each speed category having an
associated trip length, From transportation data
from our hypothetical region, the average trip
length for a speed of 30 mph is 6 miles,
4, The percentages of WHT in the cold, stable, and
hot transient modes are assumed to be 40%, 30%,
and 30%, respectively, for light-duty vehicles,
both catalyst and non-catalyst.

IV, Calculation of Composite Exhaust Emission Factor

The calculation of the composite exhaust hydrocarbon
emission factor for light-duty vehicles, as discussed in
Chapter I, is given by:

Enpstwx = CipnSinRipstuxAipLpvipy

Since the correction factors for air-conditioning usage
(Bip), vehicle loading (Lp), and trailer towing (Uipw) are
assumed to be equivalent to the FTP conditions, they are set
equal to 1.0 (i.e,, they have no effect on the calculations

and may be disregarded).


Chapter Tf

LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES

A. Introduction. Because cf their widespread use, light-
duty vehicles (automobiles) are responsible fcr a large
share of air pollutant emissions in many areas of the United
States. Substantial research effort has been expended to
accurately characterize emissicns from these vehicles.
EPA's Emissicn Factor Program (EFP) was instituted a number
of years ago in order to estimate emission levels of in-use
vehicles for area-wide urban scenarios.

In addition to the methodologies presented for
calculating CO, HC, and NCx exhaust emissions, data are
given later in this chapter for emissions in the idle mode
and for crankcase and evaporative hydrocarbon emissions.

the method for determining composite automobile
emission factors, based on the Federal Test Procedure (FTP),
is a modification of the procedure that was discussed in
earlier editions of AP-42, Emissions testing of light-duty
vehicles currently is performed according to the 7975 FTMP as
stipulated in the Federal Register (Vol 137, Noe 2%*,
November 15, 1972). The FTE conditions under which light-

duty vehicles were tested are as fcllows:

1. Ambient temperature = 75°F average (68°F-€€9F)
2. Absolute humidity = 75 grains

3. Average speed = 79.6 mph, 18% idle operaticn
4%. Average cold operation = 24%

5- Average hot start oferation = 27%

-9-


Sample Calculation of Motor Vehicle Emissions

Calculation of Regional Hydrocarbon Emissions
from Motor Vehicles
I. Introduction

This appendix to the revised motor vehicle emission
factor document presents one procedure fox calculating
regionwide pollutant emissions in a step-by-step manner,
Although most users of motor vehicle emission factors should
rely on computerized calculations, this sample calculation
may prove useful to those who are beceming familiarized with
the methodologies presented in this document,

For this sample calculation we calculate light-duty
vehicle hydrocarbon emissions for a July day in 1980, We
assume an aabient temperature of 80° F, Although this HC
calculation is not complete, it is designed to give the user
an understanding of the logical sequence of calculations,

An inventory of motor vehicle sources of hydrocarbon
emissions should include esissions from the four principal
vehicle categories: light-duty vehicles (automobiles) ; light-
duty trucks; heavy-duty gasoline-powered vehicles; and
heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles, For each vehicle
category the composite exhaust emission factor equation
presented in the corresponding chapter should be solved.
the resultant composite emission factors, multiplied by the
vehicles smiles of travel (VHT) for the respective vehicle
categories, yield the hydrocarbon exhaust emissions from the
vehicle groups, For total hydrocarbon emission estimates,
the crankcase and evaporative HC emissions must also be

c-2


SPEED:
BS:

19.6 BPH.
0.882 0.059 0.059 0.0

TABLE F-16

Tene: 25. (F)
0.0 0.0

He co
2.5 231.8
1.7 227.8
0.9 225.9
0.3 225.4
9.8 225.9
8.9 223,71
7.9 218.2
6.9 2t2.7
5.8 206.6
4.7 200.2
3.2 184.2
1.8 164.8
0.5 46.7
9,4 129.8
8.5 194.8
7.8 2.2
7.3 91.8
6.8 82.8
6.5 75.7
6.3 70.4
6.1 66.6
6.0 63.8
5.9 61,7
5.8 60,2
5.8 59.1
5.7 58,3
5.7 58.3
5.7 58.3
5.7 58.3
5.7? 58.3

% COLD START:
& HOT START:

Ft
=x oP

Io

oreeotven eee ereeeene
BUAWOwsWENDBOWNE NSW

RNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN WW WWW PERE EE SE

eee er eee ae

Atwater NN


Chapter TT Light-duty Trucks
F. Air Conditicning Correction Factor. Correcticn factors
for air-conditioning, Aip, in light-duty trucks are assumed
to be equivalent to the LDV air-conditioning correction

factors, as discussed in Charter 7.

G. Vehicle Loading Correction Factcr. Correcticn factors
for additional load (passenger and/or luggage) of 500
pounds, designated by the termir, are assumed to be

equivalent tc those indicated in Charter 2 for IDVs.

H. Humidity Correction Factor. ‘The user is again reminded
that this correction factor is only relevant to “Ox
emissions. The correction factor and methodology discussion

for LDVs in Chapter = is assumed applicable to IDs.

As discussed in Chapter
TM, there are occasions which arise in which the emissions
estimate must reflect the idle operating mcde. Tdle
emission factors are expressed in terms of elapsed time of
vehicle operating minutes.

0-6000 lb. Trucks. Idle emission rates fer this truck
weight categcry car be calculated from the initial emission
rates and detericration rates in Table Ti-7a. The emission
rates, in gmysminute, are given ty the tabled values; where
the first term cf any quantity of the form a+ FY is the
initial emission rate (at zero mileage), and the ccefficient

-28-


Situation around an indirect source such as a sports stadiua
after an event lets out. In all three situations, heavy-
duty vehicles are assumed to be operating in a_ hot
stabilized condition.

Percentage of travel by vy.

type, Three situations are
considered, The first (at both 19,6 mi/hr and 45 si/hr)
involves a nationwide mix of vehicle miles traveled by
automobiles, light trucks, heavy gasoline trucks, heavy
diesel trucks, and motorcycles, The specific percentages
are 80.3%, 13.6%, 4.5%, 3.1%, and 0.5% of total vehicle
siles traveled, respectively. The second (at 19.6 miyhr)
examines a mix of vehicle miles traveled that sight be found
in a central city area, The specitic percentages are 63%,
328, 2.5%, 2.5%, and 0.0% respectively. The third (at 19.6
mi/hr) examines a mix of vehicles that might be found in a
suburban location or near a localized indirect source where
no heavy truck operation exists, The specific percentages

88.2%, T1.8%, O.0%, 0.0%, and 0.0%, respectively.

ent temperature, Three situations are considered for

each scenario: an average ambient temperature of 75°F, 50°F,

ox 25°F,

Each table presents composite CO, HC, and wWOx factors
for one of the 21 cases discussed above for calendar years
1970-1999, The table entries were calculated using the

techniques described and data presented in the chapters

F-S


TABLE F-18

SPEED: 19.6 ALP.H, TEP: 75. (FP) S COLD START: 100.0%
WS: 0,882 0.059 0.059 0.0 0.0 0.0 % HOT START: 0.0%
AYERAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GM/AI)
cy He co Nox
3970 wa 6 122.3 a3
W974 43.9 1193 4a
1972 13.3 Vt7,a acs
1973 12,8 116.5 a4
1979 1204 416,2 8.2
1975 4109 144 24 ut
1976 403 W412 4.0
1977 10.6 107,17 3.8
1978 9.9 102.4 3,6
1979 9.1 97.3 3,4
1980 8.2 89.7 3.3
1984 7.2 81,2 3.1
4982 6.4 73.3 2.9
1983 5.7 66.2 2.7
1984 5.1 60.2 2.6
1985 4.7 55.3 2.5
1986 o.4 51.3 2.4
1987 41 48.2 2.3
1988 3.9 95.5 2.2
1989 3.8 43.4 2.2
1990 3.7 41,9 2.1
1991 3.6 40.8 2.1
1992 3.6 39.8 2.1
1993 3.5 39.7 2.1
1994 3.5 38.5 2.4
1995 3.4 38,1 2.1
1996 3.4 38.1 2.1
1997 3.4 38.1 2.t
1998 3.4 38.1 2.1
1999 3.4 38,1 2.1


TABLE III-3

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR GASOLINE-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
CARBON MONOXIDE (GA/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

(MODEL CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

HYEAR $1970 1971 1972 1973 14974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
| tenet beeeneeteiietenatel Bott m ernment en nn mma nn men nm mn me ctahaianeeeneeneenl cian
£195 723317,8 ibd

$99524330.5 331.8 i

119531329.0 330.5 331.8 {

$19541327.6 329,0 330.5 331.6 fy

§19551326.1 327.6 329.0 330.5 331.8 1

'
i

1
'
'
1
i)
$19561328.5 326.1 327.6 329.0 330.5 331.8] {
€19571322.7 324.5 326,17 327.6 329.0 330,5]331.8 1
€29584320.7 322.7 324.5 326.1 327.6 329.01330.5 331.8 1
#1959}318.6 320.7 322,7 328.5 326.3 327,6{§329,0 330.5 331.8 t
£49601336.2 398.6 320.7 322.7 328.5 326, 11327.6 329.0 330.5 331.8 t
£3961¢373.6 316.2 318.6 320.7 322.7 324,54326.17 327.6 329.0 330.5 331.8 1
£19621370.6 313.6 316.2 318.6 320.7 322,.75§324.5 326.1 327.6 329.0 330.5_331.8 §
419634307.4 310.6 313.6 316.2 318.6 320,7§322.7 328.5 326.1 327.6 329.0 330.5 |
17968,303.7 307.8 310.6 313.6 316.2 338.6}320.7 322.7 324.5 326,34 327.6 329.0 }
119659299.6 303.7 307.8 310.6 333.6 316.21338.6 320.7 322.7 324.5 326.1 327.6 |
$19661295.0 299.6 303.7 307.4 310.6 313,.6}316.2 338.6 320.7 322.7 324.5 326.1 |
§4967¢290.0 295.0 299.6 303.7 307.6 3130,64313.6 316.2 318.6 320.7 322.7 324.5 4
119681284.5 290.0 295.0 299.6 303.7 307,84310.6 333.6 316.2 318.6 320.7 322.7 4
199694278.7 286.5 290.0 295.0 299.6 303,71307.8 320.6 333.6 316.2 318.6 320.7 }
099709215.6 224.8 236.0 287.0 257.1 266.34279.6 282.0 288.6 298.4 299.7 304.5 }
'

'

‘

‘

t

i)

'

1

t

t

t

i)

!

t

'

'

i)

!

t

!

119894
1i990)

11971) 215.6 228.8 236.0 287.0 257.11266,3 274.6 282.0 288.6 298.8 299.7
119721 215.6 224.8 236.0 287,01257.1 266.3 274.6 282.0 288.6 298.4
119731 215.6 228.4 236,0}247.0 257.1 266.3 274.6 282.0 288.6
prs7at 221.7 230,5§282.1 253.1 263.2 272.4 280.7 288.1
(19754 221.71230.5 282.1 253,13 263.2 272.4 280.7
119764 1224.7 230.5 282.1 253.3 263.2 272.4
119774 ' 223.7 230.5 282.1 253.1 263.2
11978) t 221.7 230.5 242.1 253.1
{29794 t 198.8 203.6 215.2
11980 t 194.8 203.6
(198 tt I 194.8
119824 t
119831 '
1198M4 t
119eSt '
119861 1
11987] t
179885 i

if

!

SEMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YERB 1975 ABD THROUGH
CALEXDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE YEBICLES,
POST—1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.


APPENDIX C


T

ABLE II-7B

IDLE EBISSION RATES

LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS (6-8.5K GVW)

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

T{GHZBIN,) 1

~B__AGHZRI¥.)

ao -- 2 ee. de

1 ' 11) NEW VEHICLE
{ POLLUTANT {| MODEL YEAR {{ EMISSION RATE
| Reteieteeeeieieieiated leteceeinieeeietatetebetel | Seteietebeneeieiiniael
I tf

1 aC f PRE-1970 {{ 2.93

i HC { 1970-1978 {f 1,86

1 HC 1 1979-1982 tf 0,248

t aC { 1983+ tw 0.08

‘ { ini

t co { PRE-1970 41 17,24

' co { 1970-1978 44 18 62

I co { 1979-1982 44 1,82

t co t 1983+ ul 0.49

U i ul

1 wor { PRE-1970 [{[ 0,18

1 wox t 1970-1978 ff 0,27

1 wox { 1979-1984 44 0.18

!  wox t 19854 a 0.04

| I tt

} DETERIORATION RATE |}

ee ee

(PER 1,000 BILES)

0,18
0.20
0,19
0.06

2.55
2.92
1,56
0.25

0.00
0,00
0.01
0,02

The Idle Emission Factor is calculated fron
the linear equation C = a + bY, where C is the
idle emission factor fer a vehicle with
cuaulative mileage M, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and ¥ = H/10000,


on July t, %979 is the weighted average of the cusulative
gileages for these two groups of vehicles (those sold before
Jaly t and those sold after July 1).

Since the first group represents 9 moaths of sales and
the second group represents 3 months of sales, the weighted
average cumulative mileage of 1978 MY vehicles on July 1,
1979 can be expressed as follows:

(378) (15900 + (.375}15000) ¢ (474) ((.875) 15900)

By extension, the formula for the cuaulative mileage of

1978 model year vehicles on July 1, 1980 is given by:

(378) (15900 + 15000 + (.375) 18000) + (178) (15900 ¢ (.875) 15000)
and so on,

Denoting the average rate of mileage accurulation
during the first, second, and third years as wt, v2, and v3,
we can generalize the equations tor cumulative mileage on

Jaly 1 as follows:
PIRST YRAR: (.375)v1
SECOND YEAR= (3/9) (v1 + (.375)w2) + (1/4) ((.875) 02)

THIRD YEAR: (3/4) (v1 ¢ v2 ¢ (.375)¥3) * (1/4) (v3 + (.875) v2}

and so on,

For vehicles whose sales year begins on January 1

(heavy duty trucks and motorcycles) the formulas are


Chapter

66

The

Zz Light-Duty Vehicles
Average stabilized operation = 52%

Air-conditioning not in use

Car contains driver only; no passengers, luggage, etc.
Car is not pulling a trailer

Vehicles are not in an Tnspection/Maintenance pregram
Vehicles receive typical in-use maintenance

FTE for light-duty vehicles can ke briefly

described by the following:

“2.
43.

“a

Determine weight of vehicle.

Determine road-load (assuming level road, ne curves,
no wind) - function of weight and frontal area.

Precendition vehicle (i.e., vehicle is briefly
driven).

"Soak" vehicle for 12 hours at 68°F-860F,
Push vehicle onto a dynamometer.
Start test.

First 505 seconds ccllected in bag #*. Mileage =
3.59 miles. Average speed = 25.6 mph.

Next 870 seconds collected in bag #2(Engine is not
turned off). Mileage = 2.91 miles. Average speed =
46 mph.

Moter is turned off.

Car is "soaked" 10 minutes.

Car is restarted and the first 505 seconds are rerun
and collected in bag #3.

The grams of pollutant are determined for each bag.
NOx is corrected for humidity.

The FTP gm/mile value is computed.

“10+


TABLE III-2 (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR GASOLINE-POWERED REAVY¥-DUTY VEHICLES
HYDROCARBORS (GB/AY)
FOR ALL @REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

PMODEL} CALENDAR YEAR - July T J
VYEAR $1982 1983 1988 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 4

Prnnn [nr corr nnn nnn nnn cnc nnn nn nnn nnn nnn ncn nnn nr rn nnn ncn nnn nn nnn sar nae i
H1963F 35,1
b3964] 39,8 35,1

£1972) 26.0 26.5 26.8 27.2 27.5 27,8 28.0 28.3 28.5 28.7

11976] 27. 28,0 286.6 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0 31.2 31.5 31.7
119771 26.6 27.4 28.0

11978] 25.8 26,6 27.8 28.0 28.6 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.6 31.0 31,2
11979) 8.2 9.0 9.8 10.6 31.2 11.8 12.3 32.7 139.1 13.5 13.8 18.2
$1980f 7.2 8.2 9.0 9.86 10.6 11.2 11.8 12.3 22.7 13.1 13.5 13.8
P198t] 6.20 7.2 8.2 9.0 9.8 10.6 194.2 17,8 12.3 12.7 13.1 13.5
11982 5.5 6.2 7.2 8.2 9.0 9.8 10.6 13.2 49.8 12.3 12.7 13,1
11983) 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.6 9.1 10.7 12,1 13.4 1.5 15.5 16.5
p19804 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.4 9.3 1007 12,1 13.6 14,5 15.5
[1985] 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.8 9.1 10.7 12.1 13.8) THLS
11986] 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.4 9.1 10.7 12.1 13.8
119871 2.0 3.5 5.5 7H 9.4 10.7 42,1
11988] 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.4 9.1 10,7
119894 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.4 9.1
119904 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.4
119994 2.0 3.5 5.5
119924 2.0 3.5
119934 2.0

SEMXISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED ON ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR ESISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.


TABLE F-19

SPEED: 45.0 H.P.H. TEBP: 25. (F) & COLD START:
MSz 0,803 0,058 0,058 0.045 0.031 0,005 & WOT START:

AGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS (GR/SI)

cy uc co ox
1970 7.3 90.5 4.2?
1971 6.8 37.9 5,0
1972 6.3 35.8 5.1
1973 5.9 33.9 5.1
1978 5.5 32.8 5.0
1975 5.2 30.8 a.9
1976 a8 29.2 a.8
1977 4s 27.8 a6
1978 a.t 26.5 a4
1979 3.7 25.4 4.3
1980 3.3 23.9 a.t
1981 2.8 22.2 3.9
1982 2.4 20.6 3.7
1983 2.0 18.8 3.5
1984 17 6.8 3.4
1985 T.5 15.0 3.2
1986 4.3 13.3 3.0
1987 tt 12.0 2.8
1988 0 10.8 2.6
1989 0.9 9.9 2.5
1990 0.8 9.3 2.5
1991 0.8 8.8 2.4
4992 0.8 8.5 2.4
1993 0.7 8,2 2.3
1994 0.7 8.0 2.3
1995 0.7 7.9 2.3
1996 0.7 7.9 2.3
34997 0.7 7.9 2.3
3998 0.7 7.9 2.3
1999 0.7 7.9 2.3


TABLE III-S
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION

GASOLINE-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

fa) (b)
Vehicle Fraction Total Annual Hileage ( (a) # (b) SUR)
--Age_. _Registration Accumulation Rate (a}*(b) Travel Fraction
t 0.037 19000 703.0 0.061
2 0.070 19000 1330 .0 0,116
3 0.078 17900 1396 .2 0,122
4 0.086 16500 4819.0 0.128
S 0.075 18000 7125.0 0,098
6 0.075 13500 1042.5 0.088
7 0.075 12000 900 .0 0.079
8 0.068 10600 720.8 0.063
9 0.059 9500 $60.5 0,089
10 0.053 8600 455.6 0.040
iW 0,008 7800 343.2 0,030
Ww 0.032 7000 224 0 0.020
13 0.038 6300 2394 0.021
14 0.036 5900 272.4 0,019
5 0,034 $300 180 .2 0.016
16 0.032 4900 156 8 0,018
7 0,030 4700 141.0 0.012
18 0.028 4600 128 .8 0,011
19 0,026 8400 116.8 0.010
20 0.024 4200 100 ,8_ 0.009

sum: 11863.8


sold, These vehicles range in age from 0 to 9 months,
Assusing a comstant sales distribution, their average age is
4.5 months,

Therefore, the average mileage accrual for these 1978
BY vehicles which have been sold by July 1, 1978 is &.5/12,
or .375 times the annual rate of mileage accrual for the
first year. The annual rates of mileage accrual are
presented in Tables I-5 through V-5 for each vehicle type,
For LDVs the annual mileage accrual rate for vehicles during
their first year is 15900 miles,

By July 4, 1979, those vehicles that had been sold by
July 1, 1978 have been on the road for an additional year,
Therefore, those vehicles have accumulated mileage for
(8.57/12) years, or 1.375 years. Referring to Table 1-5
for the annual rates of mileage accrual, we can calculate
the average cumulative mileage of these vehicles as the sua
of the first year’s mileage, 15900, plus .375 times the 2nd
year annual rate of 15000 miles,

In addition to the 1978 model year vehicles sold before
July 1, 1978, we must consider those 1978 MY vehicles sold
between July 1, 1978 and Sept. 30, 1978 If we are again
asseming a eniform sales distribution, then by July 1, 1979
these vehicles range in age from 9 months to 12 months, and
they have an average age of 10.5 months, Since these
vehicles are still in their first year of use on July t,
1979, their average mileage accunalation on that date is
10.5/12, ot 875, times 15900 miles,

The average cumulative nileage of all 1978 MY vehicles

6-3


eee ee oe eee ee ee re ee ee ee ee eee

TABLE IV-7

IDLE EMISSION RATES

REAVY-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

i ~--
1 1? NEW VEHICLE | DETERIORATION RATE |
POLLUTANT | MODEL YEAR j{ EMISSION RATE { (PER 10,000 MILES) |
iaiaieieteeiaee | fcteeiaieceteietenetenel § Seletebiebebebebeteteietetatel lebeteteteteteeheneeneeneieenneanel |
' it ' 1
HC } PRE-1974 jf o.so ft 0.00 t
ac 1 1974-1978 tf 0.40 4 0.00 t
He } 1979-1982 45 0.40 4 0.00 t
HC 19834 iW 0.25 | 0,00 1
i i" t !
co | PRE-1978 of 1.32} 0,00 t
co 1 1978-1978 4 0.66 | 0,00 I
co { 1979-1982 44 0.66 | 0.00 t
co 1 19834 i 0.66 f 0,00 I
I u I t
wox [ PRE-1974 1} tat of 0.00 '
nox 1 1978-1978 4] 1,00 | 0.00 i
NOX 11979-1986 14 0.99 0.00 1
wox { 1985+ iT 0.27) 4 0.00 1
ee | a |

The Idle Emission Factor is calculated from
the linear equation C = a + b¥, where C is the
idle ewission factor for a vehicle with
cumulative mileage M, a and b are the factors
listed in the above table, and Y = #710000,


TABLE 1-3

BKID-YEAR EXHAUST EHISSION FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS: BOTH WEIGHT CATEGORIES
CARBOS ACNHOXIDE (GR/#I)
FOR ALL BEGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORAEA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

[MODEL] CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1 t
SYEAR [1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 {
Po nnn bmn nnn nnn ner rn nnn nen cnn cen cnn cane ce ee i
11957) 121,7 1
eVISZ~WZIG WT i
119531119.0 120.4 121.7 t
$39969797,.5 179,0 120,48 123.7 t
$1955)715,9 117.5 419.0 120.4 121.7 1

t

i

i]

'

t

PT9SGEDWB.2Z 115.9 117.5 199,0 120,09 121,78 '
£1957)112.5 3978,2 4125.9 117.5 119,0 120.9)121,7 1
£1958f170.6 FI2.5 214.2 135.9 117.5 1979,0f120.8 127.7 1
£19594108.6 ttO.6 82.5 198.2 195.9 VIFL5E219,0 120.4 122.7 t
43960, 106.5 108.6 110,6 132.5 198.2 175,9/197.5 129.0 120.4 121.7 i]
179677109.3 106.5 108.6 120.6 142.5 TE4,27075.9 117.5 119,060 120.8 121.7 1
13962730 1.8 104,3 106.5 108.6 110,6 FI2,5¢31GL2 115.9 197.5 119.0 120,8 124.7 |
$9963; 99.0 107.8 100.3 106.5 108.6 tIG,64712,5 14.2 115.9 117.5 3119.0 120.4 |
179687 96.0 99.0 1014,8 104.3 106.5 108,67116,6 432.5 14,2 415.9 117.5 179.0 |
£19654 92.7 96.0 99,0 101.8 104.3 106,51)106,6 410.6 112.5 144.2 115.9 117.5 }
£71966) 89,0 92,7 96,0 99.0 101,8 104,3/106.5 108.6 110,6 112.5 144.2 115.9 4
1996771 65.1 89.0 92.7 96.0 99,6 107,84108.3 106.5 108.6 110.6 412.5 114.2 |
719661 60,8 68,3 75.3 82.7 87.6 93,5} 98,0 162,5 16,5 10,2 113.7 117.0 ¢
$1969) 52.8 60.8 68.3 75.3 81.7 87,6) 93.1 98.0 102.5 106.5 110.2 113.7 |
$7970; 35,0 83.5 52,7 64.2 69,0 FE.Zt 82.8 68.9 394.4 99.4 104.0 108.1 §
pea7yy 35,1 83,5 52.7 64.2 69.0) 76.2 82.8 88,9 94,4 99.8 04,0 {
gva724y 35.4% 43.5 52,7 1.2% 69,0 76,2 82.8 88.9 94.4 99,4 38
g3e73y 35,0 43.6 52,7) 63.2 69.0 76.2 82,8 88.9 94.4 {
grepay 35,% @3,6{ 52.7 61.2 69,0 76.2 82.8 88.9 |
PyS7S4 26,81 34.6 43.2 51.0 58.2 64.6 70,8 j
P1374 {26.8 34.6 43.2 51,0 58.2 66.8 ;{
RUST TY 1 26.8 349.6 43,2 51.0 58.2 {
219784 t
gts79g t
P2980] a
17198 TE i
749625 i
p19e3t i
p19eRy t
P39654 i
STOR EE t
espe t
{

‘

‘

26.8 38.6 43.2 51.0
17,7 25.0 33,0
1727) 25,0

STEESSTOR FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH #ODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 7975 ARE BASED Of ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
FEST 1975 CALENDAR YEAR ERISSTON FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED.


TABLE I1-3a
BID-YEAR EXHAUST EBISSION PACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY GAS TRUCKS < 6000 LBS,

CARBON MONOXIDE (GB/8I)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

PMODELY CALENDAR YEAR - July 2 t
FYEAR [1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 i979 1980 198% 4
f---rt--7-- Soar n cnet tases cn eens Homers t omen en nnn a nen annem enn wast ctssen '
£19519119,9 lid i)
119529118.5 119.9 { 1
PVOSTETTIT 2I8.5 VI9.9 t t
Pt95HT 7115.6 137.1 118.5 139.9 t t
£195571770.0 115.6 437,12 198.5 119.9 1 i]
119561 142.4 114.0 115.6 TE7.4 118.5 119,91 t
PESS7[ 130.6 112.4 118.0 195.6 F975 198,55 119.9 '
£1958}108.7 210.6 42,8 114.0 195.6 TE7, 898185 119.9 )
£41959], 106.7 108.7 110.6 492.5 198.0 VIS.6f TIFT 1418.5 119.9 ‘
119601 109.7 106.7 108.7 430.6 P12. B1H,04195.6 FE7Lt 118.5 1419.9 i}
£1961] 102.4 2100.7 106.7 108.7 180.6 132.9)118,0 195.6 117.1 118.5 1139.9 1
£19624 99.9 102.4 104.7 106.7 108.7 T10.64112.9 119.0 195.6 117.1 118.5 119.9 |
11963f 97.1 99,9 102.0 108.7 106.7 108.774170,6 132,90 110,0 395.6 197.17 118.5 5
1196G4 94,0 97,1 99.9 102.8 108.7 106,7$108.7 110.6 192.4 174,0 115.6 117.1 |
119657 90.6 96.0 97,% 99.9 102.4 104,74106,7 108.7 110.6 492.8 114.0 115.6 4
TIS66] 87.0 $0.6 98,0 $7.8 99.9 102,4)108.7 106.7 108.7 110.6 132.5 154.0 5
#1967{ 83.0 87.0 90.6 98.0 97.1 99,9}102.4 106.7 16.7 108.7 120.6 112.4 |
£19687 52.3 60.8 68.7 76.0 82.8 89,0; 94.7 99.8 104.3 108.4 132.4 116.2 1
919697 43,2 52.3 60,8 68.7 76.0 62.6{ 69.0 99.7 99.8 108.3 108.8 112.4 5
#79701 34.8 43.2 52.3 60.8 68.7 76,04 82.8 89.0 96.7 99.8 108.3 108.4 4
F971 34.8 43,2 52.3 60.8 68.74 76.0 82.8 89,0 98.7 99.8 104.3 4
qPS72¢E 34,8 43,2 52.3 60,8] 68.7 76.0 82.8 89.0 94,7 99.8 §
41973 38.8 43.2 52,31 60.8 68.7 76.0 82.8 89.0 94.7 |
(T9784 38.8 43.21 52.3 60.8 68.7 76.0 82.8 89.0 |
FI9751 19.3] 26.6 38.5 41,8 68.7 55,1 61.0 |
119764 $19.3 26.6 38.5 81,8 48.7 55.14
119771 t 19.3 26.6 34.5 49.8 48.7 {
(39785 1 19.3 26.6 34.5 41.8 |
j19794 1 17.7 25.0 32.9 5
11980] 1 17.7 25.0 |
14981] f 1727 [
719821 ' ’
11983] { 1
179e07 t t
42985] t '
119861 1 1
£79871 { '
p19ee8t I t
17989] ' t
119901 1 1

SEMISSION FACTORS FOR VERICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YZAR 1975 ARE BASED OB ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VERICLES ARE PROJECTED,


Chapter T . Light-Duty Vehicles
obtained from EPA's Office of ‘Transportation and Land Use
Policy.

In those situations where the percentage of ccld,
stable, and hot vehicle operation do not match the F7D
percentages (ieee, 27%, 52%, and 27%), emission factors may
be corrected to account for the actual percentage of tctal
mileage in each operating mode. Knowledge of the percent
vVMT ain each mede is especially useful for microscale
analyses in which these percentages can vary greatly within
any urban area as well as diurnally. One methcdclogy used
to determine the appropriate cold mode percentages may be
found in the EPA report: Determination of Percentages of

Vehicles Qperatirg in the Cold Start Mode, BPA-450/3-77-023,
August ‘977, Office of Air Quality Flanning and Standards,
U.S. Envirenmental Protection Agency, Pesearch “riangle
Park, North Carolina 27711.

During the FTP emissions are collected in kags
according tc these three phases of operaticn. Bag 1
represents the emissions sampled under cold start conditions
with an average speed of 26 mph; Eag 2 represents emissions
sampled under stabilized conditions with an average speed of
46 mph; and Bag 3 represents emissions sampled under hot
start conditions with an average speed of 26 mph.

In those situations where the bag-specific average
speeds do net match those of the FTP, it is necessary to
correct the average speed. The speed correction factors are
incorporated intc the correction factors for temperature-
hot/cold weighting rather than being given as separate

factors. The reason for this incorporation stems from the

=15-


3. Heavy-duty Gasoline Vehicles

Model Year Standards
Pre-1970 no standard
1970-1973 CO = 1.5% mole volume
HC = 275 ppm
NOx = no standard
1974-1978 J/ CO = 40 grams per brake-

horsepower -hour

2/ HC plus NOx

"

16 grams per bhp.-hr.

1979-1982 3/ CO = 25 gm/bhp.-hr.
4/ HC = 1.5 gm/bhp.-hr.
5/ HC + NOx = 10 gm/bhp.-hr.

1983-84 *CO =29.7 gm/mi.

*HC = 2.85 gm/mi.
1985+ *NOx = 5.35 gm/mi.

V g/mi. equivalent standard is 159 gm/mi. CO
2/ g/mi. equivalent standard is 12.4 g/mi. HC and 15.3 g/mi. NOx

yo" " "4449 g/mi. CO
4 " " "3,2 g/mi. HC
5" " " "13.3 g/mi. NOx

*Predicted standard

0-3


NID-YEAR

TABLE

IIrI-3

EXHAUST EMISSION
CARBOR MOWOXIDE (GB/BI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

(FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

FACTORS FOR GASOLINE-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

CALENDAR YEAR ~ July 1t

QHODEL]
FYEAR $1982
----}---
£996 31331.8
1796945330.5
119659329.0
119661327.6
199671326.1
£796893249.5
11969(322.7
119704308.8
£19719300.5
119721299.7
119731 294.8
179705299.7
119751288.1
119765280.7
119771272,
119781263.2
119794 226.2
9196049215 .2
1798 11203.6
11982) 194.8
119831
19884
$7985)
119864
119871
119884
11989)
179901
11999
119924
119934

1983

331.8
330.5
329.0
327.6
326.13
324.5
312.7
308.8
3048.5
299.7
300.5
294.7
288.1
280.7
27228
236.3
226,2
275.2
203.6

20.4

331.8
330.5
329.0
327.6
326.1
316.3
312.7
308.8
308.5
305.8
300.5
298.7
288.1
280.7
245.5
236.3
226.2
215.2

35.8

20.48

331.8
330.5
329.0
327.6
319.6
396.3
332.7
308.8
310.6
305.8
300.5
298.7
288.1
253.8
295.5
236.3
226.2

55.3

35.4

20.8

1986

3317.8
330.5
329.0
322.6
319.6
316.3
312.7
318.9
310.6
305.8
300.5
298.7
263.2
253.8
205.5
236.3

TH.

$5.3

35.4

20.4

1987

331.8
330.5
325.5
322.6
319.6
316.3
318.8
31a,9
330.6
305.8
300.5
267.8
261.2
253.8
245.5

94.5

74,1

55.3

35.4

20,8

1988

331.8
328.4
325.5
322.6
319.6
322.4
318.8
34.9
310.6
305.8
273.6
267.8
261.2
253.8
107.3

91.5

74,1

55.3

35.4

20.4

1989

333.1
328.4
325.5
322.6
325.7
322.8
318.8
316.9
310.6
278.9
273.6
267.8
264.2
121.5
07.3

91.5

7a.

55.3

35.4

20.8

1990

333,1
328.4
325.5
328.7?
325.7
322.4
318.8
314.9
283.7
278.9
273.6
267.8
134.2
124.5
107.3

95

Tact

55.3

35,48

20.4

1991

331.1
328.4
331.6

328.7 3

325.7
322.4
318.8
288.0
283.7
278.9
273.6
TH5.4
134.2
t24.5
107.3
91.5
Tat
55.3
35,4
20.4

1992

1993

SENISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALERDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED O¥ ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,
POST- 1975 CALENDAR YEAR ESISSIOB FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


Chapter T Light-Duty Vehicles
are operating under an additicnal 500 pounds condition
because they are heavily cccupied with people cr baggage.
The actual correction factor adjusted for the usage level
also is given in Table I-9.

Although these factors are specific to the 500 pound
weight load, interpolation between 300 pounds and 800 pounds

is acceptable.

H. Trailer Towing Correction Factor. The FTF emission
factors found in Tables T-2 through I-4 represent
circumstances in which the vehicle is not towing a trailer.
This section discusses the correction factors fcr vehicles
which are towing trailers.

A discrete weight point was selected for testing the
influence of trailer towing on vehicle emissicns. This
point is 100C pounds of additional weight. Extrapclation or
interpolation of trailer towing correction factcrs is not
appropriate. Table I-10 rresents the values fer trailer
towing correction for all mcdel years prior to 1975. These
values result from the averaging cf test results for mcdel
years 1967 tc 1974,

For 797& and later model years, the correcticn factor
value must ke determined by using the equaticrs in Table
I-70. The distinction between pre-*975 models and Later
models is due to the assumption that a large increased load
on a catalyst vehicle will result in greater emissions
during het operation than during cold operation. The

additional lead is expected to result in rich cperation,

-20-


1978 1979 7980 1981 4

1976 1977

1975

TABLE I-@
CALENDAR YEAR - July 1

WITROGEN OXIDES (GM /MI)
1976

FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AWD HIGH-ALTITUDE

1972 «4973

1971
a a

1195t
11952]
119531
pi9say
11955)
11956]
119571
119584
17959]
11960]
119614

MID-YEAR EXHAUST ERISSIOW FACTORS FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES

tYEaR 41970

{HODELT

ee ee ee ee ee

wrvevreorzeazrszsOoK~oOnmMona#®
oe eevee ee eee eee eee Oe

MMMM M Te TTSINMMMNNNES

wewvwovvuseserZzrzroOOONmMove
oeeeeeoe vee ee oe oe eee

AMM MMMM TPT TIMMMNN NO

WHOCOOCO TTI TOONDOS ow
evooveveeeseteoe eeoes
MAMMA Nnt tr erm ANNO

WevvvuvvuevrrtrztesooONR Ow
CC

i i Dada

weovovvvvVs ee AFOOMOS
oo eeoevvreevree creer ee eens

PMMA M AM eto eM MNN

woewoevoevvovverezzzoovn
Ck ee)

AMMA MMMM MMM see TIM NN
*

wooVYOKDYVOVOVYUFTATTTZOON
CC
MMMM MMM AMM see TIM

woswovvovvvvCvovvsgerwaZOoD
eeeteoevevevrerese eb oee

MARA AM MMM MMM eee sem

wevvvovveesrovveosarzaaO
oe ee eee ee eee ree ee

RAMA MMMM Meo eo eM

WEHooOvYoVYOYeSYYTaTZE
ooo eneevee tee ree eset
AMAA MMMM MMMM ee oe

wowvwevovowswvsoowvvra es
eee tees eees eseer
MAMMA AMAMM MMMM NT SS

Wessovwvoovvwoeowowonss
eeee eee eee eee eae

MAMMA AMM MM MMMM Tt

£19624
11963)
119654
11965]
119664
11967]
119684
£19698
119704
119774
119721
119731
119744
11975)
119761
119771
LIS7TB8E
199794
$1980)
179814
t19624
119834
p19ea4
11985)
11986]
119871
23988)
#1989}
119901

POST-197S CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,

CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,

SEKISSION FACTORS FOR VERICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH


a a are

T

ABLE I1II-1

EXHAUST EMISSION RATES

HEAVY-DUTY GAS TRUCKS

FOR ALL ARERS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND

_1 7B {GH ZBILE)

HIGH-ALTITUDE

POLLUTABT | MODEL YEAR }{| EMISSION RATE } (PER 10,000 MILES)
iiaeiebainieneeaiel  laetehaiaeneiiaiaaial Lh Relebeteheieiateteneinietened Geieiieteneniatal phehebeietaiaiat
i i 1
AC | PRE-1970 {I 23.90 1 0.58
HC 1 1970-1973 ft 18.54 4 0.53
HC { 1974-1978) ff 22.02 | 0.53
aC 4 1979-1982 ff 5.22 0.53
ac 1 1983+ tl 146 CO 1,06
' u t
co f PRE-1970 44 272.90 5 3.06
co { 1970-1973 Jt 212,70 ff 6.15
co { 1974-1978 if 218.80 =| 6.35
co 1 1979-1982 ff 191,90 ff 6,15
co f 19834 tt 15.38 tf 10,58
' it {
yox | PRE-1970 ff 8.80 | 0.00
NOx 1 1970-1973 ff 12,80} 0.00
NOx 11979-1978 ff 10.50 | 0.00
Nox 1 1979-1985 if 9.10 | 0.00
Nox t «19854 " 3.99 4 0.38
wean toe i oo t

~B__(GH7BILE)

ai

NEW VERICLE {| DETERIORATION RATE
!
{

The Exhaust Emission Factor is calculated froa
the linear equation C = a * bY, where C is the

1

exhaust emission factor for a vehicle vith
cumulative mileage M,
listed in the above table, and ¥ = 8s 10000,

a@ and b are the factors

ee


Chapter Itt Heavy-duty Gas Trucks
Thus, it is possible that the final HD cycle that is
developed in future rulemaking will have a higher idle
percentage and a lower average speed than the SAF. Since
the operational data have not yet been completely analyzed
and trucks have not been tested on transient cycles
developed from the operational data, the tabled emission
factor estimates are based on the SAFF driving schedule.
Data were assembled from twc major sources:
*. The emission factors contracts involving testing of
35 gasoline and ten diesel in-use heavy-duty trucks
by chassis dynamometer versicns of the Federal Test
Procedure (FTP) as well as over the San Antonio toad
Poute (SAPP).

2. The emission factors (sensitivity study) of ‘8
gasoline and ‘12 diesel in-use heavy-duty trucks.
These vehicles were also tested by chassis versions
of the FTP and over various experimental sequences
(both steady state and transient cycles). SAP?
estimates were obtained ky using linear regressions
based on data source ‘.

Other in-use heavy-duty vehicle and engine data which
are available were not incorporated because they were either
not sampled using current testing methcdolcgy (e.g.,
gasoline 9-mcde concentraticn data which are net directly
convertible to mass emissions) cr were ccllected on
potentially non-representative engines (e.g-, engines with
experimental emission contrcl modifications).

The tabled emission values are based on all available

mass emissions data measured over the FTF and ccnverted to

SAPR estimates by using regressicn equations.

-22-


Tabled Scenarios for Average Highvay Vehicle Emission Facto

4
o
io
te
it)

a2

a3

Temp{F) Speed(aph) Cold Start XHot Start Ye
250 19.6 20.6 27.3
50°¢ 19.6 20.6 27.3
750 19.6 20.6 27.3
250 19.6 100.0 0.0
500 19.6 100.0 0.0
75° 19.6 100.0 0.0
2se 19.6 20.6 27.3
50° 19.6 20.6 27.3
7s° 19.6 20.6 27.3
250 19.6 100.0 0.0
500° 19.6 100.0 0.0
750° 19.6 400.0 0.0
250 19.6 20.6 27.3
500 19.6 20.6 27.3
750° 19.6 20.6 27.3
25° 19.6 100.0 0.0
$00 319.6 100.0 0.0
75° 19.6 100.0 0.0
25¢ 95.0 0.0 0.0
50e 45.0 0.0 0.0
750 45.0 0.0 0.0

represents 80.3% autos, 5.8% for each of the two light
truck classes, 4.5% heavy gas trucks, 3.5% heavy duty
diesels, and 0,50 motorcycle VAT.

represests 63% autos, 16% for each of the two light
truck classes, 2.5% heavy gas trucks, and 2.5% heavy
duty diesel vehicle WAT.

represents 88.2% autos, and 5.9% for each of the
two light truck classes,


APPENDIX A

Selected Speed Correction Factors


Chapter TI Light-Duty Vehicles
assumption that the effect cf speed on emissicns is hag~
specific. The resulting formulas for HC, CO, ard NOx are
presented in Table f-6.

Although the speed correcticn factors are inccrporated
into the Pipstwx formulas, selected speed correciicn factors
are given in Appendix A: (1) for general information, and
(2) to permit ccmparison with speed corrzction factors which
can be generated for any speed from the normalized equations
given in Appendix B.

Data used tc develop the Ripstwx values were provided
by five sources:

(1) the study Ambient Temperature a
(EPA 460/3-74-028, Octcker 19
emissions tests were performed on 1967-1975 model
year non-California cars at ambient temperatures of

20°F to 1700F;

(2) data from the Envircnmental Protection Service,
Ottawa, Canada, on FTP tests of 1975 cars meeting
either the federal standards or the mere stringent
Califcrnia emission standards;

(3) EFA's annual Emission Factor Program, which tests ~
in-use vehicles in seven cities across the country;

(4) the 1970 Vehicle Operations Survey; and,
(5) the 1974 GM Chase Car Survey.

Applicability of correction factors. The general correction

factors are applicable to ambient temperatures cf O0°F to
4400F, speeds of 5 ¢t0 60 @ph, and all comrinatiens of

hot/cold driving. Also, the factors should eniy te applied

to transient driving situations, ‘to ptedict the emis
of a steady-state (i.e., constant speed) driving sequence
such as constant 20 mph operaticn, the modal analysis model
should be applied to the specific speed of interest end/or
EPA surveillance Teports should be referenced. "he

-16-


TABLE II-1A

EXHAUST EMISSION RATES

LIGHT-DUTY TROCKS (O0-6K GV¥)

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

——_B__. BILE) i}
t i] if NEW VEHICLE f DETERIORATION RATE {
1 POLLUTANT | MODEL YEAR {{ EMISSION RATE | (PER 10,000 MILES) 1}

it { '

!

i aC } PRE-1968 jf 445 i 0,58 !
i] HC 1 1968-1976 [ff 2.43 { 0.53 i]
i] ac f 1975-1978 4) tit ! O.4t t
t aC 4 1979-1982 {8 0,98 i] O41 i]
I aC t 1983+ BY 0,31 ' 0.23 J
{ i] " 1 i
1 co § PRE-1968 j} 68.30 1 3.06 '
{ co 4 1968-1970 ff 31,4 t 6,15 {
t co {4975-1978 94 16.10 t 5.34 t
i) co { 1979-1982 {1 14.50 { 5.34 {
i co t 1983+ By 3.87 t 2,00 !
{ t a 1 t
1 wOx } PRE~1968 4] 3.58 1 0,69 1
t NOx t 1968-1972 41 4.43 t 0,00 i
1 uOx $ 1973-1974 4f 2.98 t 0.00 t
1 wox 1 1975-1978 ft 2.45 1 0.00 t
' WOx 1 4979-1980 ff 1,73 { O,tt t
1 wOox t 19854 it 0,at 1 0.22 i
i t u ~-le 4

The Exhaust E#ission Pactor is calculated from
the linear equation C = a + bY, where C is the
exhaust emission factor for a vehicle with
cupulative sileage M, a and b are the factots
listed in the above table, and ¥ = H/10000,


TABLE V-6a

Specification of Speed Terms (Vg)
Used in the General Formulas for Ripstvx

MOTORCYCLES

FOR ALL AREAS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

Low-Altitude Pre-1978 Group 2

Low-Altitude 19784 Group 17


TABLE 19-4 (FOR CALENDAR YEARS 1982-1993)

MID-YEAR EXHAUST ESISSION FACTORS FOR DIESEL-POWERED HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
WITKOGEN OXIDES (GB/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HIGH-ALTITUDE

PMODEL] CALENDAR YEAR - July 1 1
HYEAR [1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 199% 1992 1993 4
| =aW~ [= 2a = on nn nnn nnn en nn nnn nnn nn nnn nnn nnn ne ae f

119634 21.4
11964 2t.4 274
27965) 27.4 21,4 21,4
11966) 21,48 21.4 21,46 21,0
HT9E7] 214 214 21,4 21,4 21,8
{19681 21,4 27.4 21.4 21,4 21,4 21,4
$1969) 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.8 21.8 216 2124
11970] 24.4 27.6 21,4 21,4 21,4 21,4 21,8 21,0
PV97TE 218 21.4 21.4 2708 21H 21.4 27.8 21.4 21,4
$19727 21,4 21.9 2t.4 21,8 24.48 21.4 21.8 21,4 21,8 21,4
$9973, 21,8 27.4 21,4 21,4 27,4 21.8 21,4 21.4 21,4 21,4 21,6
11974] 20,1 20.1 20,1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20,1 20.1 20.1 20.1
20,1
1

20.1 20.1 20.8 20.1 20,1 20.1 20.1 20,1 20.1 20,1 20,1

~
n-}
~
an
nN
°
.

t

'

t

'

!

!

‘

t

'

'

t

20.7 20,1 20,1 20,1 20.1 20,1 20.1 20,1 20,1 20,1 20,1 4
H19777 20.7 20.1 20,7 20,7 20.1 20,1 20,1 20.1 20,1 20.1 20,1 20.1 4
qi97ey 20.1 20.1 20.1 20,1 20,7 20.1 20,1 20.1 20,1 20,t 20.1 20,1 4
$1979, 19,9 19,9 19,9 19,9 19,9 19.9 19,9 19.9 19,9 19,9 19,9 19.9 |
1t9e€07 19,9 19.9 19.9 19.9 19,9 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 149.9 19.9 19.9 4
919877 19,9 19.9 19,9 19,9 19,9 19.9 49.9 19.9 19,9 19.9 19,9 19,9 {|
p1982, 19.9 19.9 19.9 19,9 19,9 19,9 19.9 19.9 39,9 19.9 19,9 19,9 §
119831 19,9 19,9 19,9 19,9 19,9 139.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 |
119es] 19,9 19,9 19,9 19.9 19,9 19.9 19,9 19.9 19,9 19,9 4
e19e54 5.3 5.3 5 1
f19864 5.3 5 1
S t

i

!

1

Ly

{

i

PR Err
WW Wwe we

@EMISSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH MODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH
CALENDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED O8 ACTUAL TESTS OF IW-USE VEHICLES,
POST-1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE IV¥-SA

AVERAGE CUMULATIVE MILEAGE
BY VEHICLE AGE ~ July 7

1 * 18400
2 73600
3 146738
4 216275
5 279562
& 336175
7 386450
6 432050
9 973425
10 §11725
WW 547825
t2 582500
3 616312
14 649912
5 681712
16 712525
7 THUS
18 766650
9 788137
20 806525

The methodology for calculating average cumulative nileage
is presented in Appendix G,


associated cperating conditions to those in the test
procedure. The EPA therefore has developed a series of
correcticn factors to expand upon the LDV and HDV test
procedures and tc predict emissions from a large number of
user-specific scenarios. Data required to develcp these
correction factors have been generated using carefully
designed statistical studies which test ccnsumer-owned

vehicles.

B. Purpose. This current revisicn to previous mckile source

emission factors is necessary for several reasons:

4. "hese numbers reflect test data from a much larger
sample of in-use vehicles in all vehicle categories
than was available previously.

2. New data on catalyst-equipped (pest-1974)
automobiles are available, requiring significant
trevisicn of previously projected emission factors.

3. Additicnal correction factors and revised
correction factors for a wider range of conditions
are now available.

4. EPA has promulgated new standards for light-duty
trucks, heavy-duty vehicles, motorcycles, and
light-duty vehicle and light-dcty truck evarcrative
emissicns.

5. Vehicle emission standards for several vehicle
categories have been revised by the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977 (Public Law 95-95).


TABLE II-9

LDT Loading Correction Factor
(Additional 500 Pounds, All Model Years)

The Loading Correction Factor, L(p), is given by:
L(p) = u%(cf(p) - 1.0) # 1,0

where:

u fraction of vehicles with additional load of 500 pounds
cf(p) = correction factor values selected from table below
L(p) = Loading Correction Factor

HC 1,06

co 1,20

NOx 1,03


Chapter IV

A. Introduction. The discussion cf heavy-duty, gasoline-
powered vehicles in Chapter TII is generally applicable to
diesel-powered Heavy-duty vehicles.

As in Chapter ITI, the equaticn for calculating the

composite emissicn factor is given cy:

Enpsoq = SUM( Cipn*Min*Vips*Pipnog )

Be. Pollutant Emission Factors for HDD. The first year
emission rates and deterioration rates {per %70,€00 miles
used to generate the tabled emissicn factors are given in
Table Iv-*.

The mean emission factors for diesel-powered heavy-duty
vehicles are given in Tables T¥-2 through Iv-4.

Table Iv-5a presents the average cumulative mileages
for HDD vehicles by age, on July ‘*. ‘The numbers in this

table are derived from the mileages presented in Table IVv-5,

using the methodclogy presented in Appendix G.


APPENDIX D

VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS

Part One: Low-altitude, non-California Emission Standards

1. Light-duty Vehicles

Carbon Oxides of
Model Year Hydrocarbons Monoxide Nitrogen

Pre-1968 no standard no standard no standard
1968-1969 *410 ppm *2.3% mole volume no std.
*350 ppm *2 0% no std.

*275 ppm *1 5% no std.

1970- 71 V/ 2.2 gm/mi. 23 gm/mi. no std.
1972 2/ 3.4 gm/mi. 39 gm/mi. no std.
1973-74 3.4 gm/mi. 39 gm/mi. 3 gm/mi.

1975- 76 3/ 1.5 gm/mi. 15 gm/mi. 3 gm/mi
1977- 79 1.5 gm/mi. 15 gm/mi. 2.0 gm/mi.
1980 0.41 gm/mi. 7.0 gm/mi. 2.0 gm/mi.
1981+ 0.41 gm/mi. 3.4 gm/mi. 1.0 gm/mi.

*Emission standard varied with vehicle's cubic inch displacement; using
7-mode driving cycle test

J/ Using 7-mode test
2/ Using 1972 FTP (constant volume sampler)
3/ Using 1975 FTP (CVS)


TABLE ¥-&

SID-YEAR EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR MOTORCYCLES

NITROGEN OXIDES (GR/BI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA AND HICH-ALTITODE

C)
a
2
o
a
os
o
nt
n
o
i
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6
mn
af
3
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ts
a
ae
<
a
roma)
i
mi
<=
a
=
ws
an
<n
Ue
al
6
a
=
N
5
a
=
-
tS
a
-
°
i
on
-
a
bed og
ax
om
am

Ce ee we)
Ce ee
ecseos0o sao BDC eo eOREeesoo

eee ed he oe ns
Coie eee ee ee

eooo0coeoeoeeoSoeasoaSe soe F

PR mR RR ee ee em
Ce ee
ecenancoceocooeaeseosoes

Oe ry
CO
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CALFSDAR YEAR 1975 ARE BASED OW ACTUAL TESTS OF IN-USE VEHICLES,

POST~1975 CALENDAR YEAR EMISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VEHICLES ARE PROJECTED,


TABLE Iti-4&

BID-YEAK EXHAUST EMISSION FACTORS FOR GASOLINE-POWERED BEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES

WITROGEN OXIDES (GH/MI)
FOR ALL REGIONS EXCEPT CALIFORNIA ABD BIGH-ALTITUDE

PRODEL{ CALENDAR YEAR - July 1
HYEAR 41970 4971 1972 1973 1978 1975 13976 1977 1978 1979

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SEMNITSSION FACTORS FOR VEHICLES THROUGH BODEL YEAR 1975 AND THROUGH

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POST-~1975 CALENDAR YEAR EBISSION FACTORS FOR ALL VERICLES ARE PROJECTED,


Chapter Vv

MOTOFPCYCIES

A. Intreduction. Motorcycles, which are net generally
considered an important source of air pollution, have become
more popular, and their numbers have been steadily
increasing in the last few years. The majeritvy of
motorcycles are powered by either 2= or 4-stroke air-cooled
engines; however, water-cooled motorcycles and Wankel-
powered mctorcycles have recently keen introduced. Until
recently, the predominant use of 4-stroke motorcycles was
for on-highway use, while the 2-strcke motorcycles were
predominantly for off-highway use. This difference in use
was primarily a reflection cf significant weight and power
variations between available 2- and 4-stroke vehicles. As
light-weight 4-strokes and more pewerful 2-strcekes become
available, the relative number cf mctorcycles in each engine
category may change. Currently, the nationwide population
of motorcycles is approximately 49% 2-streke and 5*%
4-stroke. Although separate emission rates previcusly were
giver for 2-stroke and 4-stroeke engines, the emission rates
given here are cemposites cf six different categories of
motorcycles (small, medium, and larae engines fcr 2-stroke

and for 4-stroke}.

-40-