T hi s or derand j udgm enti s notbi ndi ng pr ece dent , exce ptundert he * d o ctri n es o f law o f th e c ase , res jud icata, and co ll ateral estop p el. T h e c o u rt gener al l ydi s favor s t he ci t at i on of or der s and j udgm ent s ; neverthel es s , an or der and j udgm entm aybe ci t ed undert he t erm s and condi t i ons of 10th C i r . R . 36. 3. 

## F I LED United States C ourt of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### O c t ob e r10,2006 Elisab eth A. Shumaker C l erk of C ourt UNI TED S TATES CO URT O F AP PEALS

T E N T H C IR C U IT
UNI T E D S T AT E S OF AM E RI CA ,

Pl ai nt i ff- A ppel l ee, N o. 05- 2276 v. ( D . N ew M exi co) VE RN OR L E E NOR WOOD,

D e fe n d a n t-A p p e llan t. ( D. C. No . CR - 0 4 - 1 4 6 1 J H)

ORDE R AND J UDGM EN T *

B efor e HENR Y , S E Y M O U R , and TY M KOVI CH , C i rcui tJudg es. A ft erexami ni ng t he br i efs and appe l l at e r ecor d, t hi s panel has det erm i ned unani m ous l yt hator al ar gum entw oul d notm at er i al l yas s i s tt he det erm i nat i on of th is a p p e a l. See F ED . R. A PP . P. 3 4 (a)(2); 10 TH C IR . R. 3 4 .1 (G ). T h e c a se is th e re fo re o rd e re d su b m itt e d w ith o u t o ra l ar g u m e n t. V ernorL ee N or w ood w as char ged i n a tw o- counti ndi ctm enti n the U ni t ed S tate s D istric t C o u rt fo r th e D istric t o f N e w M e x ico w ith (1 ) c o n sp ira c yto-2-

p o s s e s s w ith in te n t to d is tr ib u te 1 0 0 k ilo g ra m s o r m o re o f m a riju a n a , s ee 21 U .S .C . § § 8 4 1 (a )(1 ), (b )(1 )(B ) a n d 8 4 6 ; (2 ) p o ss e ss io n w ith th e in ten t to d istrib u te 100 ki l ogr ams orm or e of mar ij uana, and ai di ng and abe t t i ng, s ee i d. § § 8 4 1 (a)(1), ( b) ( 1) ( B ) and 18 U . S. C . § 2. A j uryconvi ct ed hi m on both count s , and he w as s ent ence d t o 63 m ont hs on eac h count , t o be s erved conc urr ent l y . O n appea l , he cont ends t hat( 1) t her e w as i ns uffi ci entevi dence t o convi cthi m of the drug c rim e s; (2 ) th e d istric t co u rt p lain lye rre d w h e n it allo w e d th e g o v e rn m e n t to i nt r oduce c ert ai n hear s ays t at ement s w i thoutfi r s thol di ng an evi dent i aryhear i ng; a n d ( 3 ) h i s c o u n s e l p r o v i d e d i n e ffe c t i v e a s s i s t a n c e . F o rth e fo l l o wi n g r e a s o n s , we a ffi r m. I . F AC T UAL BA CK GR OUND I n J ul y2004, M r . N or w ood’ s co- defe ndant , Sam C hehade h, w as w or ki ng forW i l dcatE xpr es s , a trucki ng companyi n D etr oi t , M i chi gan. O n J ul y1, 2004, acc or di ng t o M r . C hehade h, anothertruck dr i vert ol d M r . C hehade h thathe had b e e n o ffe re d $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 to d riv e a lo a d o f m a riju a n a f

ro m P h o e n ix , A riz o n a to D etr oi t . A l t hough t he dr i vers ai d t hathe w as noti nt er es t ed, he vol unt eer ed t o put M r. C h eh ad eh in co n tact w ith the o ffero r. O n J ul y2 or3, 2004, t he othertruck dr i veri ntr oduced M r . C hehade h t o a m a n th a t w e n t b y“ M a z e n .” M a z e n to ld M r. C h e h a d e h th a t h e w o u ld p a yh im $10, 000 upon del i veryt o pi ck up a l oad of mar ij uana i n Phoeni x and dr i ve i tback-3-

t o D etr oi t . M aze n al s o t ol d M r . C hehade h thats om eone e l s e w oul d r i de i n the tru c k w ith h im , h a n d le th e m o n e y , a n d e x c h a n g e it fo r t h e m a riju a n a in P h o e n ix . Id . at56. T hatper s on w as , acc or di ng t o M r . C hehade h, w as M r . N or w ood. M r . C hehade h t es t i fi ed thathe metM r . N or w ood on J ul y4, 2004, ata truck s t op i n D etr oi t . H e s t at ed thatM aze n i ntr oduced M r . N orw ood t o hi m as “the g e n tle m a n th a t is g o in g to b e ri d in g w ith y o u .” A p le ’s S u p p . A p p . v o l. I , a t 5 9 . M r . C hehade h di d noti dent i fyM r . N orw ood as a co- dr i veri n hi s l ogbook, and he test ifi ed that M r. N o rw o o d d id n o t ask h im to teac h h im h o w to b e a tru ck d ri v er, a theoryM r . N or w ood l at err ai s ed i n hi s defe ns e. A c c o rd in g to M r. C h e h a d e h , b e fo re th e p a ir e m b a rk e d , M a z e n g a v e h im $1, 000 and gave M r . N or w ood a s m al l box. A l though M r . C hehade h nevers aw t he cont ent s of the box, he as s um ed thati tcont ai ned the paym entforthe m a riju a n a . H e f

u rth e r te stified th a t M r. N o rw o o d to ld h im th a t h e h a d b e e n p a id $ 1 ,0 0 0 a d a yfo r sim ilar tra n sa c tio n s, a n d th a t M a z e n w o u ld se n d in a law y e r if t her e w as t r oubl e. A . T he tr i p t o Phoeni x M r. C h e h a d e h tes tifie d th a t b e fo re h e a d in g to P h o e n ix th e tru c k sto p p e d in O hi o, G eor gi a and A r kans as , pi cki ng up and del i ver i ng l oads of ket chup and s oup. T he truck then hea ded t o A r i zona. I n a s m al l t ow n i n T exas , M r . C hehade h r eal i zed he acc i dent al l yl eftM r . N orw ood behi nd. M r . N orw ood, w ho had l eftt he-4-

tru ck to g et so m e fo o d , so u g h t help fro m a p o li ce o fficer, w h o stop p ed M r. C h e h a d e h a b o u t a m ile d o w n th e ro a d , a n d M r. N o rw o o d re tu rn e d to th e tru c k . O n J ul y9, 2004, t he tw o arr i ved i n G l endal e, A r i zona, w her e M r . C hehade h p i c k e d u p a l o a d o f

o n i o n s . M r . No rwo o d th e n d i r e c t e d M r . Ch e h a d e h t o a KM art pa rkin g lot i n P h o en ix, w h ere three m en m et th em w ith a v an . M r. C hehade h, M r . N or w ood, and the thr ee men qui ckl yl oaded f i ve ors i x l ar ge boxes from t he v an int o the trai l er, on t op of the on i on s. L at er , beca us e M r . C hehade h w as w orr i ed thatthe boxes w oul d l ook su sp icio u s p o sitio n e d a to p th e o n io n s, th e tw o sto p p e d a t a tru c k sto p o n I-1 5 to m ove the mar ij uana be hi nd t he oni ons . M r . C hehade h t es t i fi ed thatboth he and M r . N or w ood t ook t he bundl es of m ar ij uana outof the boxes and l oaded them behi nd t he oni ons s o t hatt heyw er e notvi s i bl e w hen the bac k of the truck w as open. B . T h e a rri v al at th e N ew M ex ico p o rto f e n try A tabout2: 00 p. m . on J ul y10, 2004, the truck pul l ed i nt o the N ew M exi co p o rto f e n tryn ea r th e A ri zo n a b o rde r. M r. C h eh ad eh test ifi ed that h e told M r. N or w ood t o s t ayi n t he bunk i n t he bac k of the ca b beca us e he kne w thatthe i ns pect or s w oul d gets us pi ci ous i f M r . C hehade h had a pa s s engerw ho w as not r ecor ded i nt o hi s l ogbook. O sc a r D e ste a , an in sp e c to r w ith th e N e w M e x ico D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b lic Safety , M ot orT r ans por t at i on D i vi s i on, l ooked atM r . C hehade h’ s l ogbook and-5-

not i ced s om e mi norvi ol at i ons . I ns pect orD es t ea a s ked hi m t o m ove i nt o the i ns pect i on y ar d s o t hathe coul d conductan i ns pect i on of the truck. I ns pect orD es t ea a s ked M r . C hehade h t o s t ep dow n fr om the truck and acc om panyhi m and anotheri ns pect ordur i ng the i ns pect i on. A ts om e poi nt , the i ns pect or s not i ced thatM r . N or w ood w as i n the ca b of the truck, and theyas ked M r. C h eh ad eh to g et him o u t of the c ab . O n e o f th e ins p ec tors ask ed w h ethe r M r. N orw oo d w as a co-dri ver, and M r. C heh adeh t old hi m that M r. N orw oo d w as j ust a p asse n g er. T h e ins p ec tor th en ask ed M r. C h eh ad eh to o p en h is trail er. M r. C hehade h bel i eved thatt he i ns pect orbeca m e s us pi ci ous w hen he s aw thatthe o n ion s w ere n o t st ac k ed in an o rde rl yfa sh ion o n their pa ll ets. B o th insp ec tors cl i m bed on t op of the oni ons and s aw thatther e w as s om ethi ng i n the tr ai l erother t han oni ons , w hi ch theybel i eved w as s om e s or tof contr aband. I ns pect orD es t ea t hen ca l l ed the s t at e pol i ce, and the otheri ns pect oras ked M r . C hehade h t o dr i ve t h e t ru c k i n t o t h e i n s p e c t i o n b a y. C . M r . C hehade h and M r . N or w ood ar e arr es t ed O fficer C o d yS m id resp o n d ed to In sp ec tor D estea ’s ca ll an d arrested M r. C h e h a d e h a n d M r. N o rw o o d . M r. C h e h a d e h w a iv e d h is rig h t to re m a in sile n t, and , aft er r ecei ving his Mi r anda w a rn in g s, M r. N o rw o o d a lso a g re e d to w a iv e h is r i ght s and t al k t o O ffi cerSm i d. W hen as ked byO ffi cerSm i d i f he kne w w hat wa s i n t h e t r a i l e r , M r . No r wo o d r e p l i e d th a tth e r e we r e o n i o n s a n d b r o wn packa ges . H e al s o s ai d t hathe w as i n the truck bec aus e he w as l earni ng t o be a-6-

tru c k d ri v e r. H e d e n ie d , th o u g h , th a t M r. C h e h a d e h w a s te a c h in g h im to d ri v e . H e al s o s t at ed thathe had onl yknow n M r . C hehade h fora w eek. T hen he s ai d, “W el l , I don’ tw antt o i ncr i m i nat e my s el f, ” and O ffi cerSm i d s t opped ques t i oni ng h im . See i d. at154. L at er , w hen M r . C hehade h and M r . N or w ood w er e s i t t i ng t ogether i n a s t at e pol i ce car , M r . N or w ood as ked M r . C hehade h, “D i d y ou s ay anyt hi ng?” M r . C hehade h, w ho had i ncr i m i nat ed M r . N orw ood i s hi s di s cus s i on w i t h t he pol i ce, l i ed and s ai d, “N o. ” Id . at97. D . T he FB I i nves t i gat i on T he N ew M exi co pol i ce e ventual l ytur ned overt he ca s e t o the Feder al B u rea u o f In v esti g ati o n (F B I). A fter rec eivin g an o ther Mi r anda w arn ing , M r. N o rw o o d sa id h e h a d n o id e a w h yth e F B I a g e n t w a s in ter v iew in g h im . H e to ld t he age ntt hathe w as l earni ng how t o dr i ve a truck, and thatone dayw hi l e i n a su p erm ark et, h e b u m p ed into M r. C h eh ad eh an d theystru ck u p a f ri en d sh ip. M r. N or w ood s ai d t hathe as ked M r . C hehade h i f he w oul d t eac h hi m how t o dr i ve a tru ck , an d that M r. C h eh ad eh ag ree d . A fe w d ay s lat er, M r. C h eh ad eh ca ll ed M r. N or w ood and t ol d M r . N or w ood t o m eethi m on J ul y4, 2004. M r. N o rw o o d sta ted th a t h e w a s u n a w a re o f th e d e tails o f

th e trip to G eo rgia. H e d id sa y , h o w ev er, th at he m et his co u sin, R ev ere n d B yrd, som ew h ere on t he r oad i n G eor gi a. M r . N or w ood di d notknow w her e theyw entfr om G eor gi a butunder s t ood t hatats om e poi ntt heyw er e i n T exas . M r . N orw ood-7-

to ld th e a g e n t h e n e v e r g o t o u t o f th e tru c k e x c e p t to g o to th e b a th ro o m a n d to eat . H e s ai d he di d notknow w hathappene d i n Phoeni x, and thathe neve r gotoutof the truck i n Phoeni x. H e s ai d he di d notknow w hatw as i n the truck and deni ed anyi nvol vementw i t h anyof the pac kages i ns i de the truck. W hen the FB I agentt ol d M r . N or w ood thathe w as goi ng t o fi ngerpr i nt everypack age, M r. N orw oo d sai d h e rem em bered l oad i ng som e of the pack ages, b u t d e n ied k n o w in g a n yth in g m o re . T h e fin g e rp rin ts fo u n d o n th e p a c k a g e s d id no tm at ch M r. N orw oo d’s. M r . N or w ood t ol d t he age ntthathe most l ys t ay ed i n the bac k of the truck dur i ng t he tr i p. H e s t at ed thathe di d nothel p fi l l outthe l ogbook, and he di d not o therw ise h elp lo ad o r un load the truc k . T h e F B I ag en t did n o t believe M r. N o rw o o d ’s v e rs io n o f e v e n ts a n d te rm in a te d th e in te rv ie w . A boutt hr ee da y s aft erM r . N orw ood’ s arr es t , anotherFB I agent , O s car R ami r ez, fi ngerpr i nt ed M r . N or w ood. A gentR ami r ez i ndi cat ed thatM r . N or w ood bl ur t ed out“thathe w as s car ed, [and] thathe had be en for ced i nt o doi ng i t . ” Id. vol . I I , at60. A ppar ent l y , M r . N or w ood r emar ked thats om eone i n hi s fami l yhad canc er , and thathe “kne w w hatt hos e bl ocks w er e, . . . but[he] j us thad t o do i t . ” Id. a t 6 0 -6 1 . T ow ar d t he end of

t he enc ount er , M r . N or w ood br oke dow n and s t ar t ed cry i ng. H e s ai d t hatdur i ng t he l as tthr ee da y s , “he ha d t al ked t o G od and that G od had t ol d hi m t o do t he r i ghtthi ng. ” Id . at 61 . M r. N o rw o o d w as v ery-8-

e m o tio n a l an d h u g g e d th e a g e n t. Id. Ag e n tRa mi r e z t e s t i fi e d h e b e c a me conce r ned bec aus e he w as w ear i ng hi s dutyw eapon, s o he pus hed M r . N orw ood a w a ya n d to ld th e c a s e a g e n t, A g e n t S te v e C h a m b e rs , w h a t h e h a d le a rn e d . A gentC hamber s t hen had M r . N or w ood s t ep i nt o an i nt ervi ew r oom , and b e g a n q u e s t i o n i n g h i m a b o u tt h e i n fo r ma t i o n Ag e n tRa mi r e z h a d r e l a y e d t o h i m. A l t hough M r . N or w ood w as s t i l l vi s i bl yups et , he t ol d A gentC hamber s thathe d id n o t k n o w w h a t h e w a s ta lk in g a b o u t. E . M r . N or w ood’ s t es t i m ony M r . N or w ood t es t i fi ed thathe metM r . C hehade h on J ul y4, 2004, thr ough M r . C hehade h’ s cous i n, w ho t ook M r . N orw ood t o a gr ocerys t or e. T her e, he met M r . C hehade h and then l eftw i t h hi m i n the truck. M r . N or w ood s t at ed thathe w an ted to learn to d ri v e a tru ck to m ak e so m e m o n ey . H e stated that M r. C hehade h t aughthi m how t o s hi ftgear s on the s emi - tr act ortr ai l erand s how ed h im the lo g b o o k an d o ther it em s in the tru ck an d tr ail er. M r. N o rw o o d tes tifie d th a t h e to ld M r. C h e h a d e h th a t h e h a d to b e b a c k in D etr oi tbyt he nextFr i daybeca us e hi s cous i n, R ever end B yr d fr om G eor gi a, w as g o in g to b e sta y in g w ith h im . M r. N o rw o o d sa id th a t in G e o rg ia, h e h a d h is cous i n R ever end B yr d m eethi m al ongs i de the r oad s o thathe coul d gi ve hi m the key s t o hi s hom e. H e al s o des cr i bed the t i m e w hen M r . C hehade h l efthi m behi nd in T e x a s, a lth o u g h h e tes tifie d th a t M r. C h e h a d e h k n e w M r. N o rw o o d w a s n o t in th e tru c k w h e n h e d ro v e o ff.-9-

M r. N o rw o o d tes tifie d th a t th e yp ick e d u p so m e o n io n s s o m e w h e re in A r i zona, and thatt hi s l oad w as t he onl yone he s aw bei ng pl ace d on orr emoved fr om t he truck dur i ng t he ent i r e tr i p. H e al s o deni ed hel pi ng t o l oad the boxes of m ar ij uana i nt o t he truck. H e furtherdeni ed r ece i vi ng m oneyt o excha nge for m ar ij uana i n Phoeni x. O n cr os s - exami nat i on, M r . N or w ood t es t i fi ed thathe w entt o s l eep a ft ert he oni ons w er e l oaded, and he di d notknow w hetherM r . C hehade h m ade a ny s ubs equents t ops othert han a s t op ata r es t aur ant . M r . N orw ood al s o t es t i fi ed that he r ece i ved a c heck e ach mont h fr om hi s form erempl oy er , G ener al M ot or s , for s l i ght l yover$600, and thathe ea rned extr a moneybydoi ng odd j obs and “fl i ppi ng” hous es . H e t es t i fi ed thathe ow ned aboutfi ve homes a nd s event een cars . M r. N o rw o o d a lso tes tifie d th a t h e is a d iab e tic a n d in d ica ted th a t if h is bl ood s ugargotveryl ow , he bec ame eas i l yconfus ed, i ncoher ent , and hi s vi s i on beca m e bl ur r ed. M r . N or w ood t es t i fi ed thatw hen he w as i n the portof entry , he di d notgeta cha nce t o chec k hi s bl ood s ugar , and he w as ai l i ng bythe t i m e the la w e n fo rc e m e n t o ffic e rs b e g a n to q u e s tio n h im . M r . N or w ood admi t t ed thathe under s t ood both the ques t i ons thatthe l aw enfor cementoffi cer s as ked and the cont entof hi s ans w er s . O ne of the age nt s w ho q u esti o n ed h im test ifi ed that M r. N o rw o o d see m ed lucid , an d that all h is an sw ers w er e cons i s t entw i t h t he ques t i ons as ked. T he age ntt es t i fi ed thatM r . N or w ood-10-

di d notappea ri l l , nordi d he eve ri ndi cat e thathe w as notfee l i ng w el l dur i ng t he in te rv ie w . A few day s l at er , w hen the age ntw as tr ans por t i ng hi m t o A l buquer que, N e w M e x ico , M r. N o rw o o d sa id th a t h e w a s fe e lin g ill a n d m e n tio n e d h is m edi cat i on, w hi ch he di d nothave w i th hi m . W hen theyarr i ved i n A l buquer que, t he age ntcal l ed the det ent i on cent erw her e M r . N or w ood had bee n hel d and w as in fo rm e d th a t th e d e te n tio n c e n te r d id n o t h a v e a n ym e d ic a tio n fo r M r. N o rw o o d . T h e a g e n t als o c h e c k e d a ll o f M r. N o rw o o d ’s b e lo n g in g s a n d th e tru c k , b u t d id n o t fin d a n ym e d ic a tio n s . I I . DI S CU S S I ON M r. N o rw o o d a rg u e s th a t th e re w a s in su fficie n t ev id e n c e to su p p o rt h is convi ct i on; t hatt he di s t r i ctcour tcomm i t t ed pl ai n err orbynothol di ng an evi dent i aryhear i ng r egar di ng t he admi s s i on of M r . N orw ood’ s s t at ement s t o a l aw enfor cementoffi ceri nt o evi dence ; and thathi s tr i al couns el w as i neffect i ve b e c a u s e s h e fa i l e d t o o bj e c tt o c e r t a i n t e s t i mo n y . F o rth e r e a s o n s s t a t e d b e l o w, w e r ej ectM r . N or w ood’ s cont ent i ons and affi r m hi s convi ct i on. A . Suffi ci encyof evi dence M r. N o rw o o d c o n ten d s th a t th e e v id e n c e w a s in su fficie n t fo r th e ju ryto convi cthi m on t he cha r ges of cons pi r acyand pos s es s i on of m ar ij uana. H e ar gues t hatt he evi dence pr es ent ed byt he governm ents how ed onl ypr oxi m i tyt o the i l l egal act i vi t y , butt hatt he onl yt es t i m onygi ven w as fr om an al l eged c o--11-

c o n sp ira to r th a t w a s n o t co rro b o ra ted b ya n yc re d ib le e v id e n c e . W e re v iew th is c l a i m d e n o v o , “ v i e wi n g t h e e v i d e n c e a n d th e r e a s o n a b l e i n fe r e n c e s t o b e d r a wn t her efr om i n t he l i ghtm os tfavor abl e t o the governm ent , ” and r ever s i ng the convi ct i on “onl yi f no r at i onal t r i erof fa ctcoul d have found the es s ent i al e le m e n ts o f

th e c ri m e b e y o n d a re a s o n a b le d o u b t.” Uni t ed Stat es v. Tol es , 297 F . 3 d 9 5 9 , 9 6 8 (10 th C ir . 2 0 0 2 ) (i n terna l qu o tat ion m ark s o m itted). W e are not per suaded byM r. N orw oo d’s ar gu m ent. T o est abli sh cons pi r acy , t he governm entw as r equi r ed t o pr ove that( 1) M r . N orw ood and at l easton e otherperson ag reed t o v i olat e t he law , (2) M r. N orw oo d k new atl east th e e ss e n tial o bjec tiv e s o f th e c o n sp ira c y , (3 ) h e k n o w in g lya n d v o lu n tar ily b ec am e p art of

the c o n sp ir ac y , an d (4) the all eg ed co co n sp ir ators w ere in te rd e p e n d e n t. See Uni t ed Stat es v. Ivy, 83 F. 3d 1266, 1285 ( 10th C i r . 1996) ( ci t at i on and quot at i on m arks om i t t ed) . A j uryi s perm i t t ed t o i nferan agr eement “f rom the a cts o f th e p arti es a n d o ther c ir cu m stan ti al ev iden ce ind icati n g co n ce rt of ac t i on fort he ac compl i s hm entof a c om m on purpos e. ” Uni t ed Stat es v. Johns on, 42 F. 3d 1312, 1319 ( 10t h C i r . 1994) . “A j ur ym aypr es um e a de fenda nt i s a know i ng par t i ci panti n t he cons pi r acyw hen he ors he ac t s i n fur ther ance of t he obj ect i ve of the cons pi r acy . ” Uni t ed Stat es v. C ar t er , 130 F. 3d 1432, 1440 ( 1 0 t h C i r . 1 9 9 7 ) . I n t e r d e p e n d e n c e i s e s t a b l i s h e d w h e n “ e a c h c o c o n s p i r a t o r 's act i vi t i es cons t i tut e es s ent i al and i nt egr al s t eps t ow ar d the r eal i zat i on of a comm on, i l l i ci tgoal . ” Id.-12-

T o pr ove M r . N or w ood gui l tyof count2 – pos s es s i on of 100 ki l ogr ams or m o re o f m a riju a n a w ith in ten t to d istrib u te – th e g o v e rn m e n t w a s re q u ire d to pr ove ( 1) t hatM r . N or w ood pos s es s ed more than 100 ki l ogr ams of mar ij uana, ( 2) th a t h e k n e w th a t it w a s m a riju a n a , a n d (3 ) t h a t h e in te n d e d to d is tr ib u te it. See Uni t ed Stat es v. Jenk i ns , 175 F. 3d 1208, 1216 ( 10th C i r . 1999) . “Forpurpos es of t hi s t es t , pos s es s i on m aybe ei t heractual orcons truct i ve. C ons truct i ve pos s es s i on occur s w hen a pe r s on know i ngl yhas ow ner s hi p, dom i ni on orcontr ol overthe nar cot i cs and the pr emi s es w her e the nar cot i cs ar e found. A l though cons truct i ve pos s es s i on m aybe s how n byci r cumst ant i al evi dence , the governm entm us ts how a s uffi ci entnexus betw een the defendantand the nar cot i cs . ” Id. ( i nt ernal ci t at i ons and quot at i on m arks om i t t ed) . I n cas es i nvol vi ng j oi ntoccupa ncyof a v e h i c l e i n wh i c h n a r c o t i c s a r e fo u n d , “ [ t ] h e g o v e rn me n tmu s tp r e s e n ts o me evi dence s uppor t i ng atl eas ta pl aus i bl e i nfer ence thatthe defendanthad know l edge of

and ac ces s t o t he [na r cot i cs ] . ” Uni t ed Stat es v. McK is s i ck, 204 F .3 d 1 2 8 2 , 1 2 9 1 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) ( in te rn a l c ita tio n a n d q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ). V i ew ed i n t he l i ghtm os tfavor abl e t o uphol di ng the ver di ct , w e hol d that th e re is m o re th a n s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e to s u p p o rt M r. N o rw o o d ’s c o n v ic tio n s . T her e i s no di s put e thatM r . N or w ood w as r i di ng as a pas s engeri n a truck that cont ai ned more t han 300 ki l ogr ams of mar ij uana. M r . C hehade h, the dr i verof the t ruck, t es t i fi ed thatM r . N or w ood carr i ed the moneyt o payforthe mar ij uana, arr anged fort he meet i ng pl ace t o pi ck up the mar ij uana, and hel ped l oad and-13-

rea rran g e the m arij u an a in th e b ac k o f th e truc k . A cc o rdin g to M r. C h eh ad eh , M r. N or w ood t ol d hi m t hathe had done thi s befor e, thathe had be en pai d $1, 000 per dayfort he ea r l i ert r ans act i on. E v e n w ith o u t k n o w in g th a t M r. C h e h a d e h a n d M r. N o rw o o d in ten d e d to del i vert he mar ij uana t o s om eone i n D etr oi t( and ther ebydi s tr i but e i t ) , w e agr ee w i t h t he governm entt hatt he j ur ycoul d r eas onabl yi nferfr om the quant i tyof the m a riju a n a th a t M r. N o rw o o d in ten d e d to d istrib u te it. T h e ju ryh a d a m p le ev iden ce fro m w h ich it r ea so n ab lyco u ld co n clud e tha t M r. N o rw o o d , w ith M r. C hehade h, had cons t ruct i ve pos s es s i on of the mar ij uana, knew thati tw as i n the tru c k , an d in ten d e d to d istrib u te it. M r. N o rw o o d a rg u e s th a t h is flag g in g d o w n a p o lice o ffice r in T e x a s to hel p hi m cat ch up t o M r . C hehade h, w ho acc i dent al l yhad l efthi m behi nd, demonstr at es t hathe di d notknow aboutthe mar ij uana i n the truck. H ow ever , t he in c id e n t in T e x a s to o k p la c e b e fo re th e tw o lo a d e d th e m a riju a n a in to th e tru c k . T hus , M r . N or w ood knew t her e w as no m ar ij uana i n the truck, and he ha d no rea so n to w o rryab o u t st o p p ing the p o li ce o fficer. B . L ack of

E vi dent i aryH ear i ng R egar di ng C er t ai n H ear s ay M r . N or w ood cont ends t hatthe di s tr i ctcourts houl d have he l d a hea r i ng on t he admi s s i bi l i t yof hi s s t at ement s t o O ffi cerSm i d. M r . N orw ood acknow l edges t hathe di d notfi l e a mot i on t o s uppr es s noras k the di s tr i ctcour tt o hol d a hear i ng on t he admi s s i bi l i t yof thes e s t at ement s , and thatcons equent l yw e r evi ew-14-

t he i s s ue forpl ai n err or . T o es t abl i s h pl ai n err or , M r . N or w ood “musts how : ( 1) an err or , ( 2) t hati s pl ai n, w hi ch means cl earorobvi ous undercurr entl aw , and ( 3) th a t a ffe c t[ s ] s u b s ta n tia l r ig h ts .” Uni t ed Stat es v. Whi tney , 229 F. 3d 1296, 1308 (1 0 th C ir. 2 0 0 0 ); Uni t ed Stat es v. O lano , 5 0 7 U . S . 7 2 5 , 7 3 4 (19 9 3 ). If M r. N o rw o o d is ab le t o sati sfythes e thre e e lem en ts, then this C o u rt “m ayexerci se di scr et i on t o co rr ectthe err or i f i tser i ou sl yaffect[s] the fa i rness , i nt egr i t y , orpubl i c r eput at i on of j udi ci al pr ocee di ngs . ” Whi tney , 229 F. 3d at 1308 ( i nt ernal quot at i on m arks om i t t ed) . “A l though the r i gi di tyof the pl ai n- err or rul e i s r el axed s om ew hatw hen a pot ent i al cons t i tut i onal err ori s i nvol ved, the defe ndantbear s t he bur den of de m ons tr at i ng thathe w as pr ej udi ced bythe err or befor e thi s cour tcan gr anthi m r el i ef. ” Uni t ed Stat es v. Toro- P elaez , 107 F. 3d 8 1 9 , 8 2 7 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 7 ) (i n terna l ci tat ion o m itted). I f a de fenda nts peaks t o a l aw enfor cementoffi ceraft erhavi ng been a d v i s e d o f

h i s o rh e rr i g h tt o r e m a i n s i l e n t , th e g o v e rn m e n tm u s tp r o v e b y a pr eponder ance of the evi dence t hatthe defendant ’ s w ai verof the r i ghtw as v o lu n ta ry. C o lo ra d o v . C o n n e lly , 479 U . S. 157, 168 ( 1986) . T he w ai verm aybe i nferr ed fr om t he defendant ’ s act i ons and w or ds ; an expr es s w ai veri s not re q u ir e d . Nor th C ar ol i na v. B ut l er , 4 4 1 U . S . 3 6 9 , 3 7 3 (19 7 9 ). T o s how a vol unt aryw ai ver , the governm entm us tes t abl i s h ( 1) thatthe w ai verw as t he r es ul tof fr ee a nd del i ber at e choi ce i ns t ead of i nt i m i dat i on, c o e rc io n , o r d e c e p tio n , an d (2 ) th a t th e d e fe n d a n t w a iv e d th e rig h t w h ile f u lly-15-

a w a re o f

th e n a tu re o f

th e ri g h t b e in g w a iv e d a n d th e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f w a iv in g . Mor an v. B ur bi ne, 475 U . S. 412, 421 ( 1986) . T o det erm i ne w hethera s t at ement w as coer ced, w e cons i dert he defendant ’ s char act er i s t i cs , the ci r cumst ance s s u rr o u n d in g th e s ta te m e n t, a n d th e p o lic e ta c tic s u s e d to o b ta in th e s ta te m e n t. S e e Un ite dS ta te s v . G u e r r o , 9 8 3 F . 2 d 1 0 0 1 , 1 0 0 4 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 3 ). A ft er M r. N orw oo d recei ved his Mi r anda w a rn in g s, h e in iti a llya g re e d to w ai ve hi s r i ght s and t al k t o O ffi cerSm i d. O ffi cerSm i d as ked M r . N or w ood i f he k n e w wh a twa s i n t h e t r a i l e r , a n d M r . No rwo o d r e p l i e d “ th a tth e r e [ we r e ] b r o wn p a c k a g e s [ a n d ] o n io n s in th e tr a ile r.” A p le ’s S u p p . A p p . v o l. I , a t 1 5 3 . A ccor di ng t o O ffi cerSm i d, M r . N or w ood t ol d hi m “he w as l earni ng t o be a comm er ci al t ruck dr i ver . ” Id. W h en ask ed h o w lon g h e h ad k n o w n M r. C hehade h, M r . N or w ood r epl i ed he ha d know n hi m fora w eek. T hen he s ai d, "W el l , I don' tw antt o i ncr i m i nat e my s el f, " a nd O ffi cerSm i d s t opped ques t i oni ng h im . Id. at154. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t e s t i m o n y o f A g e n tC h a m b e r s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y th r e e d a ys l at erM r . N or w ood agai n vol unt eer ed t es t i m ony , thi s t i m e that"thathe w as s car ed, [and] t hathe had be en for ced i nt o doi ng i t . ” A pl e’ Supp. A pp. vol . I I , at 60. M r . N or w ood al s o t ol d hi m thathe fe l ti tw as nece s s aryt o t ake pa r tand dr i ve w i t h M r . C hehade h. H e s ai d t hathe “kne w w hatthos e bl ocks w er e, . . . but[he] j us thad t o do i t . ” Id. at60- 61. T ow ar d the end of the enc ount er , M r . N or w ood-16-

br oke dow n and s t art ed cry i ng. H e s ai d thatdur i ng the l as tthr ee da y s , “he ha d t al ked t o G od and thatG od had t ol d hi m t o do the r i ghtthi ng. ” Id . a t 6 1 . M r. N o rw o o d co n tend s tha t th ese all eg ed stat em en ts, w h ich h e d en ies w ere m ade, coul d have onl yr es ul t ed fr om A gentR ami r ez’ s “i nt i m i dat i on, coer ci on or d ec ep ti o n . ” A p lt ’s B r. at 23 . Im p li citin the jury ’s gu il tyv erd ictis th at M r. N or w ood’ s deni al of know l edge of the mar ij uana i n the truck and hi s i nvol vement i n t he s cheme l acke d cr edi bi l i t y . Fur therm or e, “ther e i s no evi dence s ugges t i ng M r . [N or w ood] w as unus ual l ys us cept i bl e t o coer ci on beca us e of a ge, l ack of educa t i on, ori nt el l i gence . ” Uni t ed Stat es v. R om an- Zarat e, 115 F. 3d 778, 783 ( 1 0 t h Ci r . 1 9 9 7 ) . Wh e n v i e we d i n th e c o n t e x to f th e e n t i r e r e c o r d a ttr i a l , we cannots ayt hatadmi t t i ng t hes e s t at ement s affect ed M r . N orw ood’ s “s ubs t ant i al r i ght s . ” O l ano , 5 0 7 U .S . a t 7 3 4 . C . I neffect i ve as s i s t ance of couns el Fi nal l y , M r . N or w ood cont ends thathi s couns el pr ovi ded i neffect i ve as s i s t ance of couns el w hen s he fa i l ed t o obj ectt o M r . N orw ood’ s t es t i m onyand t hat of othergo vernm ent offi ci al s. In this ci rcui t , excep ti n rar e ci rcum st ances, i neffect i ve as s i s t ance of couns el cl ai m s m us tbe pr es ent ed i n col l at er al p ro c e e d in g s . Uni t ed Stat es v. G al l ow ay, 5 6 F .3 d 1 2 3 9 , 1 2 4 0 (1 0 th C ir . 1 9 9 5 ). T hi s rul e al l ow s a di s t r i ctcour tt o devel op the fa ctual r ecor d nece s s aryfor e ffe c tiv e re v ie w . See Mas s ar o v. Uni t ed Stat es , 5 3 8 U .S . 5 0 0 , 5 0 5 -0 6 (2 0 0 3 ). T he pr es entcl ai m does notfal l i nt o the narr ow cat egoryof ca s es thatr equi r e no-17-

f u rt h e r d e v e lo p m e n t a n d a re th e re fo re s u ita b le fo r r e v ie w o n d ir e c t a p p e a l. C f. Un itedS ta tes v . Sm ith , 1 0 F . 3 d 7 2 4 , 7 2 8 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 3 ) (find ing the re co rd s uffi ci entt o r evi ew an i neffect i ve as s i s t ance of couns el cl ai m on di r ectappea l w her e defens e couns el averr ed t o m i s t akenl yom i t t i ng a j uryi ns truct i on on a les se r in c lu d e d o ffe n se ). A c c o rd in g ly , if M r. N o rw o o d in ten d s to p u rsu e th is cl ai m fur t her , he mustr ai s e i ti n a col l at er al pr ocee di ng under28 U . S. C . § 2255. I I I . CO NC L US I ON A ccor di ngl y , w e A FFIRM M r . N orw ood’ s convi ct i on. E n ter e d fo r th e C o u rt, R o b ert H . H en ry C i r cui tJ udge