345150

JPRS-UEN-84-031

f

1 9 October 1 984

USSR Report

ENERGY

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COAL

JPRS-UEN-84-031

19 October 1984

USSR REPORT

ENERGY

CONTENTS

FUELS

Coal Industry Summarizes First-Quarter Production for 1984

(UGOL', No 6, Jun 84) 1

Mneral Fuels Institute Recollects Its 50-Year History

(L. V. Semenov; UGOL', No 6, Jun 84) 5

Method Proposed for Calculating Cost of Mine Construction

(I. P. Romashkin, M. P. Shmatkov; UGOL', No 6, Jun 84) 17

More Effective Coal Mining Possible in Karaganda Basin

(R. S. Karenov; UGOL', No 6, Jun 84) 22

Status of Coal Mine Control Systems Updated

(N. A. Shmatkov, V. P. Klubin; UGOL', No 6, Jun 84) 27

Effectiveness of Coal Mine Control Systems Analyzed

(N. M. Yakunov; UGOL', No 6, Jun 84) 34

Efforts To Improve Working Conditions in Open Pits Under Way

(Yu. V. Pchelkin; UGOL', No 6, Jun 84) • *

2

Methanol-Water Mixture Found Best for Coal Slurry Use

(Yu. G. Svitlyy, et al.; STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV,

No 7, Jul 84) 47

New Approach Proposed to Bolster Declining Kuzbass Production

(T. Kobylyanskiy; SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA,

24 Jul 84) 51

- a -

[III - USSR - 37]
Neryungri Coal Plant Speeds Toward Completion

(V. Yermolayev, M. Morozov; PRAVDA, 30 Jun 84) 54

Railroad Coal Transport Problems Sol-ved In Ukraine

(A. Dolenko; IZVESTIYA, 10 Jul 84) 56

Work of Unit in Karaganda Coal Production Association Praised

(I. R. Lifshits; UGOL', No 5, May 84) 58

Technique for Working Highly Stressed Strata Explained

(F. V. Sysolyatin; UGOL', No 5, May 84) 62

Method for Dealing With Self-Igniting Rocks Described

(P. A. Burkov, et al.; UGOL', No 5, May 84) 66

Rumyantsev Mine Director Outlines Efficiency Improvements

(A. S. Doroshenko; UGOL' UKRAINY, No 6, Jun 84) 69

Donbass Associations Name Production Goals

(Editorial; UGOL' UKRAINY, No 6, Jun 84) 75

'Ukraina' Mine Characterized

(A. I. Veklichev; UGOL' UKRAINY, No 6, Jun 84) 77

Kremennaya Mine Operations Detailed

(A. S. Borodin; UGOL' UKRAINY, No 6, Jun 84) 82

New Mining Equipment

(UGOL1UKRAINY, No 6, Jun 84) 88

New Method for Determining Average Mine Depth Proposed

(I. A. Levchenko, V. I. Filatov; UGOL' UKRAINY,

No 6, Jun 84) 89

New Mining Equipment Described

(UGOL' UKRAINY, No 6, Jun 84) 92

Brigade Leader Complains of Poor Supply

(V. Kurdyumov; VYSHKA, 12 May 84) 93

Better Preparation, Checking of Moscow Coal Urged

(V. Zheleztsov; EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA, No 26, Jun 84) 94

Synopsis of Articles in UGOL' UKRAINY, June 1984

(UGOL* UKRAINY, No 6, Jun 84) 96

- b
ENERGY CONSERVATION

Gosplan Deputy Chairman Outlines Conservation Program

(Arkadiy Lalayants; EKONOMICHESKOYE SOTRUDNICHESTVO

STRAN-CHLENOV SEV, No 5, May 84) 101

GENERAL

Petrochemical Industry Uncoordinated, Inefficient

(R. Lynev; IZVESTIYA, 18 May 84) 109

Delays in Startup of Chimkent Petrochemical Plant Discussed

(Yu. Livinskiy; KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA, 27 Apr 84) 112

Activities of Novokuybyshev Petroleum Refining Plant Discussed

(V. Petrushin, A. Bochkarve; SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA, 23 May 84). 115

Oil Production on Buzachi Peninsula Reported

(V. Azarov; STROTIEL' NAYA GAZETA, 11 Mar 84) - • 118

Geologists Awarded.for Gas Discoveries

(TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA, 17 May 84) 119

Nonequilibrious Plasma-Chemical Hydrogen Preparation Urged

(Zh. Zh. Zheyenbayev, D. K. Otorbayev; IZVESTIYA

AKADEMII NAUK KIRGIZSKOY SSSR, No 5, 1983) 121

Briefs

Development of Yamburg Field J-30

Chimkent Oil Refining Plant 130

- c -
COAL

COAL INDUSTRY SUMMARIZES FIRST-QUARTER PRODUCTION FOR 1984

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 62-63

[Article from the Governing Board of the USSR Minugleprom: "Results of the

Work of Coal Industry in the First Quarter of 1984"]

[Text] The governing board of the USSR Minugleprom [Ministry of Coal Industry]

held a meeting in April of this year, during which the sector's work results

for the first quarter of 1984 were examined and measures were planned for

insuring fulfillment of the planned quotas of the 4th year of the five-year

plan in light of the decisions of the April (1984) CPSU Central Committee

Plenum and the First Session, 11th Convocation of the USSR Supreme Soviet, and

the premises and conclusions contained in an address to the plenum by CPSU

Central Committee general secretary, chairman of the Presidium of the USSR

Supreme Soviet, Comrade K. U. Chernenko.

The planned quotas for the first quarter of 1984 were fulfilled by coal industry in relation to the principal technical-economic indicators. The coal

extraction plan was 101.2 percent completed, with 2.1 million tons of coal

extracted in excess of the plan, to include about 1 million tons of coking

coal. The quota for tunneling preparatory drifts was surpassed by 55 km, to

include 22 km of stripping and preparatory drifts.

The planned quotas for shale extraction, for coal processing at enriching

factories, for production of concentrate and high grade coal, for product

sales and for coal extraction productivity per worker and for the industry as

a whole were fulfilled. The plan for labor productivity (the output of

commercial product per worker) was surpassed by 1.1 percent in the USSR

Minugleprom as a whole; compare this with the 0.9 percent that had been

pledged. Labor productivity increased by 2 percent in comparison with 1983.

Twenty-six coal and shale mining associations fulfilled counterplans for

surpassing the labor productivity growth plan by over 1 percent and reducing

product cost by 0.5 percent. Coal machine building plants improved their

work, having fulfilled the standard net production plan (by 103.6 percent) and

the plan for the basic nomenclature of mining equipment.

But at the same time there were shortcomings in the work of coal industry

during the past period. Sixteen production associations did not complete

their planned quotas, falling short by 1.5 million tons of coal. One hundred

eighty-five mines and open pits, or 32 percent of their total, were unable to
complete the plan. The figures for completion of the coal extraction plan

were only 83.3 percent for the Dzerzhinskugol• Production Association, 90 5

percent for the Antratsit Production Association, 93.6 percent for the

Sakhalinugol' Production Association, 94.6 percent for the Pervomayskugol•

Production Association and 95.9 percent for the Voroshilovgradugol' Production

Association.

The Kuzbassugol' Ail-Union Production Association fell short of its plan for

stripping and preparatory tunneling by 4.2 km, to include 186 meters of shafts,

1,348 meters of crosscuts and 2,160 meters of ramps.

The length of working faces dropped by 2 km in the Kuznetsk Basin and by 0.9 km

in Karaganda in comparison with the first quarter of 1983. In the Ukrainian SSR

Minugleprom, the average monthly rate of advance of working faces was 1.7 m less

than planned, and 0.6 m less than in the first quarter of 1983.

Progress in achieving full mechanizing in the mining of steep seams is unsatisfactory in the Prokop'yevskugol', Kiselevskugol', Ordzhonikidzeugol' and

Dzerzhinskugol' associations.

The fleet of extracting .combines is being utilized significantly below the

level of the established standards in the Ukrainian SSR Minugleprom, in the

Kuzbassugol' All-Union Production Association and in the Karagandaugol•,

Kizelugol' and Sakhalinugol' associations.

The quota for the number of brigades attaining the one-thousand mark was failed

by nine brigades in the Ukrainian SSR Minugleprom and by seven brigades in the

Kuzbassugol' Ail-Union Production Association.

The Kemerovougol' and the Karagandaugol' associations failed their plan for

stripping operations. While the USSR Minugleprom as a whole stayed within the

planning indicator for ash content of shipped coal (26.2 percent), a number of

the associations significantly exceeded it, to include: Rostovugol'—by 0.4

percent, Karagandaugol'—by 0.3 percent, Vorkutaugol'—by 0.3 percent,

Krasnodonugol'—by 0.7 percent, Pavlogradugol'—by 0.6 percent, Donetskugol'—

by 0.5 percent, Oktyabr'ugol'—by 0.6 percent.

The shortfall in the coal shipping plan was 0.6 million tons; if we consider

the supplementary quota as well, this shortfall was 2.1 million tons.

Although the machine building plants did fulfill the plan for delivering

mechanized complexes, extracting and tunneling combines and other equipment

to the sector's enterprises in general, certain plants (Druzhkovka, Kamenka,

Gorlovka, Aleksandrovka, Skopin) did not deliver scarce types of equipment

and spare parts.

The new equipment introduction quota was not completed. Tests on combines

of the unified series RKUP-25 in the Karaganda Basin and on combines of series

1 RKUP-20 in the Kuznetsk Basin are not proceeding satisfactorily.
in order to eliminate the existing shortcomings in the work of the sector,

and with the objective of fulfilling the quotas planned for 1984, the governing board of the USSR Minugleprom adopted the following resolution:

1 Executives of the USSR Minugleprom, the Kuzbassugol' All-Union Production

Association and the all-union associations, the general directors of production associations, the directors of mines, open pits, enriching factories and

m Sine bSlding plants, and executives of other enterprises and organizations

must intensify their organizational efforts in the labor collectives with the

objective of successfully fulfilling and surpassing the planned quotas, the

counterplans and the socialist pledges for the second quarter of 1984 and for

1984 as a whole, turning special attention to the need for raising labor produc

tivity, decreasing product cost and reducing material outlays.

Fulfillment of measures to insure stable operation of the sector's enterprises

in the spring-summer period of 1984 must be placed under special control.

2 Deadlines must be established for compensating for the shortfall in coal

extraction at the mines farthest behind, for fulfilling the quotas for making

additional working faces operational in the second quarter of 1984, for

compensating for the first quarter's shortfall in tunneling stripping and

preparatory drifts in the mines, and for compensating for the shortfall in

stripping operations at open pits.

The Ukrainian SSR Minugleprom, the Kuzbassugol' All-Union Production Association, the production associations and the construction combines and trusts

must implement supplementary measures to insure fulfillment of the construction

and insolation pLn and the plan for introducing all planned output capacities and facilities into operation by the set deadlines.

3 The Kuzbassugol' All-Union Production Association and the Karagandaugol'

Association must examine the causes behind the decrease in productivity of

tunneling combines jointly with the KuzNIUI [not further identified] and the

Kuznetsk Scientific Research Institute of Coal, and determine ways to insure

unconditional fulfillment of the quotas for combine tunneling volume planned

for 1984.

4 In the second quarter of 1984 the Soyuzuglemash All-Union Production

Association and the machine building plants must make up the January-March

shortfalls in deliveries of equipment and spare parts to coal industry

enterprises, and they must manufacture the additional equipment and spare

parts needed.

5 The Dal'vostugol', Ekibastuzugol' and Kemerovugol' production associations

and the Soyuzuglemash All-Union Production Association must improve the use of

rail cars on the approach tracks of the enterprises.

6 General directors of associations that were unable to surpass the labor

productivity growth plan by 1 percent and reduce the costs by 0 5 percent in

tie first quarter of1984 must examine the reasons and implement additional
measures to insure unconditional fulfillment of the quotas for growth in labor

productivity and for cost reduction established for the second quarter and for

the period since the start of 1984.

7 The Ukrainian SSR Minugleprom, the all-union production associations and

the productions associations must carefully inventory the above-standard and

surplus stocks of salable articles and material valuables, and draw up and

approve measures and schedules for introducing them into economic turnover.

Fulfillment of these measures will make it possible to correct the existing

shortcomings and successfully fulfill the planned quotas of 1984.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1984

11004

CSO: 1822/359
COAL

UDC 061.6"IGI":622.33.013.001.5(47+57)

MINERAL FUELS INSTITUTE RECOLLECTS ITS 50-YEAR HISTORY

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 6-11

[Article by Candidate of Economic Sciences L. V. Semenov, Institute of

Mineral Fuels: "Contribution of Scientists of the Institute of Mineral Fuels

to Solving the Problem-of Sensible Use of the USSR's Coal Resources (on the

50th Anniversary of the Institute of Mineral Fuels)"]

[Text] The sources and forms of primary energy sources used in social production are undergoing diversification as productive forces grow. The volume of

mineral fuel extracted and consumed per capita and, in recent years, the

amount of nuclear energy produced and consumed became integral economic indicators of the level of industrial development of all countries in the 20th

century.

In 1922 the structure of our country's fuel balance was as follows: firewood

converted to standard fuel units—44 percent, coal—30.3 percent, petroleum—

22.5 percent, peat, shale and others—3.2 percent.

The plan of the State Commission for Electrification of Russia foresaw raising

coal extraction to 62.3 million tons within 10-15 years. The task of increasing the volume of mineral fuels in the fuel balance was completed primarily

through the use of coal, the extraction volume of which exceeded the prerevolutionary volume in 1927 and attained 76 million tons in 1933.

The quotas for development of the country's national economy in the 2d FiveYear Plan were approved in early 1934 at the 17th VKP(b) [Ail-Union Communist

Party (of Bolsheviks)] Congress. Special attention was turned to building

mines on a major scale, including in newly developed basins. The five-year

plan called for placing 178 coal mines into operation with a total capacity

of 143 million tons. By the start of the 2nd Five Year Plan, our country

possessed significant resources for development of coal industry as a result

of the great volume of geological prospecting completed in the previous fiveyear plan. In 1931 the balance reserves of coal in categories A+B+Cx attained

20 6 billion tons, or 3.2 percent of the country's total geological reserves

of that time (640 billion tons). We can note for comparison that according to

a 1913 census these reserves were only 69 million tons on Russian territory, or

0.03 percent of the geological reserves on record at that time.
In the second Five Year Plan, it became possible to achieve broad industrial

assimilation of the coal resources of the eastern basins and deposits with

better mining conditions.

There was a requirement for the maximum possible number of scientists and

primarily coal chemists, to study the quality of coal and to develop'progressive procedures of its use. The party's 17th Congress indicated the need for

scientific research institutes to initiate the work, for developing chemical

processing of solid fuels and for combining chemical industry with coke production.

The USSR Academy of Sciences joined the effort to solve the problems of

socialist industrialization in these years. However, its inventory of leading

scientific institutions did not include an institute that specialized in

integrated study of the country's coal, oil and other fuel resources. The

narrowly specialized Sapropelev Institute that was in existence at the time

could not solve such problems. Academician I. M. Gubkin turned his attention

to this opportunely. A prominent soviet scientist and a world-famous geologist who headed the state's geological service from 1931 to 1939, Gubkin felt

it necessary to conduct a complex of fundamental research on the geochemistry

of mineral fuels and to study the origin and laws governing formation of

deposits of caustobioliths and the composition and properties of hard and soft

coal, combustible shale, petroleum and bitumen. He prepared a proposal for

creating the Institute of Mineral Fuels (the IGI of the USSR Academy of

Sciences) out of the Sapropelev Institute with the tasks of conducting experimental research and developing the scientific principles of sensible use of

all forms of mineral fuels. On 5 July 1934 the Presidium of the USSR Academy

of Sciences approved these proposals and instructed Academician I. M. Gubkin

to make the necessary preparations. A resolution of the Presidium of the USSR

Academy of Sciences creating the IGI was adopted on 18 December 1934.

Scientists of the IGI made a great contribution to the study and development

of the resources of new coal basins and deposits, which became the country's

dependable crude fuel base during the Great Patriotic War. Examples of the

swift discovery and development of coal resources necessary for development

of power engineering, metallurgy and chemical industry include:

The Karaganda Basin, in which the total reserves of just 8 billion tons estimated m 1930 increased to 50 billion tons in 1934, and by as early as 1934-

1937 the large mines that were built here produced their first few million

tons of coal;

The Prokopyevsk-Kiselevsk and Osinniki regions of the Kuznetsk Basin, in which

exploration of the mining zones was basically completed in 1935, and which

became the country's largest coking coal base in the most difficult years of

the Great Patriotic War;

The Vorkuta deposit of the Pechora Basin, which was industrially developed

and which began supplying fuel to the Northern Fleet in 1937, and to the

country's central regions and the Urals beginning in 1941.
The solution of these and other practical problems became possible owing to the

concern of the party and government for developing fundamental research in all

areas of science, to include integrated study of solid fuel resources and development of the chemical technology of solid fuels. The great contribution made by

scientists of the IGI to this direction is universally recognized.

The scientific works of institute director Academician I. M. Gubkin and his

talented colleagues—academicians N. D. Zelinskiy, S. S. Nametkin and N. P.

Chizhevskiy, USSR Academy of Sciences corresponding members S. F. Fedorov,

L M. Sapozhnikov, N. M. Karavayev and M. A. Kapelyushnikov, professors B. K.

Klimov, V. A. Lanin and G. L. Stadnikov and others—became widely known in the

prewar period.

The 1930s were characterized by the flourishing of the Soviet science of_coal

petrography. Professor I. I. Ammosov, the oldest colleague of the IGI, is

rightfully said to be one of the founders of this science. Prior to 1930 coal

was studied only as thin transparent sections in transmitted light. Ammosov

was the first to begin studying Kuznetsk coal under a microscope as polished

sections in reflected light. The study of the structure and composition of

coal became an independent science. At first it was purely descriptive in

nature, and it was called petrography; soon after, it began working on important theoretical and practical problems, though now under a new name—coal

petrology. Study and development of no coal basin would be imaginable today

without petrographic research on coal, necessary for solving the principal

applied problems of its prospecting, extraction and sensible use—for example

when determining the quality of coal, developing enrichment systems and so on.

Professor I. V. Yeremin established the possibility of assessing, on the basis

of petrographic research, the suitability of coal for coking and enriching,

and the degree of its oxidation. A method of assessing the degree of metamorphism of coal on the basis of the reflectivity of vitrinite was developed

and introduced on a wide scale.

There are unforgettable pages in the history of the IGI which carefully preserve the memory of several generations of its colleagues. Both veterans and

young researchers who had recently graduated from institutions of higher education and who had completed their graduate work are proud of the institute

collective's great contribution to strengthening the country's defense potential during the Great Patriotic War.

All of the IGI's activities were directed from the first days of the war at

rendering practical assistance to enterprises of coal, coke by-product ,

metallurgical and other sectors of heavy industry in raising the output of

products necessary for production of arms and ammunition. Scientists of the

IGI provided help in completing the important task of providing coal to the

country. During the war, coal extraction grew by 40 percent in the country

(less the Donets Basin), by 37 percent in the Kuznetsk Basin, by 79 percent

in the Karaganda Basin and by 114 percent in the Urals. Special attention

was turned to developing extraction of coking coal: by the end of the war it

more than doubled in the country's east.

7 •
The country s first geological coke by-product map of the ProkopyevskKiselevsk coal region was created on the basis of research conducted on coal

of the Kuznetsk Basin back in the prewar years by scientists of the IGI

together with I. I Ammosov, 0. I. Yegorova, N. M. Karavayev, L. M. Sapozhnikov,

of Lff "

WaS USed during the War to Predict the properties of coal from new seams and mining areas; workers of the Kuzbassugol' Combine

and mine geologists used it to increase extraction of brands of coal that were

most valuable to the coke by-product industry.

In 1941 the plastometric method of investigating the suitability of coal for

coking, developed by the IGI, was approved as the standard- This made

it possible to avert mishaps in Dinas coke ovens resulting from exceeding the

bursting pressure. Not only was this method used extensively to detect

dangerous» coal, but it was also employed to make up coking charges on a

scientific basis, which made it possible to use the more abundant gas and

weakly caking coal to obtain scarce metallurgical coke.

ITl »üfX f

nd g

°

Ve ment P°sed the task °f

satisfying the demand of metallurgical and defense industry for coke and chemical products more fully by plants

in the eastern regions. During the war 13 coking batteries were built here

ev!cuaSdWfrom

C

,

bY_Pr0dUCt trSPPing Md Processi^ shops using equipment

tlon from fjZT re91°^ ^ "*** U P°

SSible t0 lncrease Coke Produc" tion from 5,382,000 tons m 1940 to 10,526,000 tons in 1945. An increase in

production of toluene, which could be practically obtained only in conjunction

with coking processes at that time, had special significance. It was needed

as a means for increasing ammunition production.

In 1941-1942 scientists of the IGI conducted research at a plant in Kemerovo

in cooperation with scientists of other institutes on the technology of pyrolysis of microquantities of petroleum products together with a coal charge in

coke ovens. Introduction of this technology into all coke by-product plants

of Siberia and the Urals made it possible to raise their total productivity

with respect to coke and chemical products by 4-6 percent as early as in 1942

without additional capital investments. In short time toluene production

doubled at the Magnitogorsk and Nizhiy Tagil metallurgical combines. The

authors of this original method were awarded the USSR State Prize in 1946-

one of them, Doctor of Technical Sciences S. M. Grigor'yev, is now working in

the institute as a consultant.

In 1943 the USSR Gosplan ordered the IGI to draw up proposals for sensible use

, ^

Z

TntS]l

COk±lg C

°

al and C

°

ke and f

°

r furthe

r intensification of production

at the Magnitogorsk, Nizhiy Tagil and Kuznetsk metallurgical combines and the

Kemerovo Coke By-Product Plant. Under the guidance of L. M. Sapozhnikov the

institute s scientists demonstrated the possibility of obtaining metallurgical

coke from the charges containing a higher concentration of more-abundant coal

from mines of the Leninugol', Prokop'yevskugol' and other combines. Blast

furnaces began operating with a lower coke consumption while simultaneously

surpassing the cast iron production plan. Expansion of the raw material base

of coking and acceleration of the oven operating cycle involved certain difficulties elicited by the heterogeneity of the petrographic composition of the

coal, by change in its properties due to varying degrees of metamorphism even
within the area of a single coal mine, and by the fact that seams near oxidation zones were included in the mining effort during the war. Therefore organization of mass express control of the caking ability of coal acquired special

significance. In response to a proposal from the USSR people's commissariats

of coal industry and ferrous metallurgy having the objective of quickly establishing the suitability of coal for coking, the Ail-Union Committee for

Standards approved COST [All-union State Standard] 2013-43 for a quick method

developed by the IGI for determining the caking ability of coal. The institute's seniormost colleague, Ye. M. Tayts (presently a professor and a doctor

of technical sciences) proposed the design of a coal testing apparatus that

could be manufactured by the enterprises themselves. The IGI's quick method

came into wide use in coal industry. The apparatus was installed in laboratories of trusts in the Kuznetsk Basin as well as at some large mines.

Use of the quick method for determining the caking properties of coal (as a

supplement to plastometric analysis) made it possible to supply production

with coke of the needed qualities and with constant properties, which was

especially important to raising the productivity of blast furnaces.

In June 1943 a decision was made at a meeting of representatives of the

People's Commissariat of Coal Industry, the People's Commissariat of Ferrous

Metallurgy and the Ail-Union Committee for Standards to initiate wide use of

a procedure proposed by L. M. Sapozhnikov for sorting coke with respect to

size Its introduction at the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine reduced coke

consumption by 5 percent and raised the productivity of blast furnaces by

7 percent. On instructions from the USSR Gosplan a new organizational chart

was adopted for coke production at the Chelyabinsk and Orsk-Khalilovo

Metallurgical Plants and the second generation of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical

Combine, then under construction.

Nor can we neglect to mention the contribution of the collective of the IGI

to restoring coal and coke by-product industry in regions liberated from the

enemy. Fast start-up of coke by-product plants in the Donets Basin required,

first of all, organization of coking coal extraction at numerous small mines,

and sensible use of this coal. In October 1943 a group of colleagues from

the IGI visited the Donets Basin." By as early as the end of November the

scientists had surveyed the coal of 130 mines, revealed the resources needed

for start-up of priority facilities and composed the charges for them. The

coal enriching factory and coking battery in Yenakiyevo were the first to be

restored in the liberated basin. As of 14 December 1943 the country began to

receive Donets coke once again.

Because mining proceeded in the Donets Basin at small mines and in seams lying

not very deep, operational evaluation of the caking ability of coal using the

IGI method made it possible not only to distinguish coal suited for production

of coke having optimum physico-mechanical properties, but also to detect noncaking and oxidized coal. Workers of the basin's coal industry were provided

significant assistance, and they were given guidance in selecting ar^in

which to build new mines and in which to deepen existing mines. In 1943-1944

IGI apparatus was installed at the Gorlovka, Kadiyevka, Makeyevka, Rutchenkovo

and other coke by-product plants of the Donets Basin.
In addition to traditional forms of organizing scientific work, special

commxssxons, expedxtions and brigades were widely employed during the war

They brought together scientists and specialists from different Lentlfic

institutions and departments, which provided a possibility for efficiently

solvxng many problems concerned with providing scientific and technical assis

tance to xndustry. Many colleagues of the IGI worked as members or government

commxssxons and a commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences for mlmSnT

the resources of the Urals, Siberia and Kazakhstan for defense needs Tne

Commxssxon for Mobilizing Resources of the Kama and Volga Regions for Defense

Needs was created in May 1942. The fuel resources section of this commission

was headed by the director of IGI, Academician s. S. Nametkin. Toget^r with

scientists of other scientific institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences

colleagues of the institute's laboratories evacuated to Kazan participated'

in research on and development of brown coal, oil shale and peat from the

Bashkir, Marx Tatar and Chuvash autonomous republics and Kuybyshev Oblast for

power production needs. The efforts of this commission to study oil deposits

had especially great significance to the country's defense. deposits

S^vtifiCn

C

°

lle^UeS °f the IGI W

°

rked in 10 field detachments of the VolqaBashkxr oil expedition headed by S. F. Fedorov. The results of the fLid work

and of geochemxcal and other studies demonstrated the presence of industrial

e

rxe:iorIt:tx°on°madin^the ^^ ^ °P

^ °

f

th/augurovS dept tto

early as 1944 ? , P°ss^le to increase oil extraction to 500,000 tons by as

v:,i

that Same year rich Dev°"ian oil deposits were discovered

in Kuybyshev Oblast, and oil extraction increased fourfSd in this area

tant°strat:ficer° an,

0il Tl ^ **** *P

°

SSible t0 SU^the -""impor- tant strategic raw materxal for defense needs but also created the groundwork

for swift development of the sector in the postwar era. groundwork

IvLtion'f^fSff°f*

tD imPr°Ve the Procedures of obtaining high-octane

tares had ar f

3.lub"CantS suitable *>r use at low environmental tempera- tures had great sxgnxfxcance.

One of the forms of participation of IGI colleagues in scientific and technical

development of xndustrial enterprises during the war was work in plant research"

laboratories. Thus V. Ye. Glushnev's group at the Moscow Neftegaz Plant worked

Doxntly wxth producers to create a domestic procedure for producing oil used

S«, l^T l

C SyStSm! °f COnibat eguiPment (shock-absorber fluid) and to organize xts productxon xn short time. y

Solid fuels continued to dominate in the explored reserves of mineral fuels in

the postwar era In accordance with the five-year plan's quotas for restoring

and developing the USSR national economy in 1946-1950, coal and oil shale

provided for the bulk of the growth in fuel extraction in the country By as

early as 1948 the fuel industry returned to its prewar level, and the proper!

txon of coal xn the country's fuel balance was 60 percent (Fxgure 1).

The year 1948 became an important landmark in the history of the IGI The

wh^w°rie^

0

V

he InS^itUte °f Power Engineering imeni G. M. Krzhizhanovskiy,

whxch were developxng the chemical technology of solid fuels, were transferred

to xt, and the Petroleum Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences was organized

10
so

so

vo

30

\

E3' E3' & t

Figure 1. Approximate Structure of the Use of Energy Resources in

the USSR: l--wood fuels; 2—coal; 3--oil and natural gas;

4—hydroelectric and atomic power

out of several IGI laboratories dealing with oil geology and refining. A. B.

Chernyshev, an academician of the Estonian SSR Academy of Sciences, a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a prominent scientist in

the field of the use of solid fuels for power and chemical production, became

director of the IGI. Creation of the world's largest shale processing industry in the country's northwest was an important national economic task in

which the collective of the IGI participated at that time. Materials of

scientific research and experimental industrial developments that were begun

back in the prewar era by colleagues of the IGI—B K. Klimov, V. A. Lanin, _

Ye I. Kazakov, M. V. Pronina and others—were extensively used in the planning

and construction of shale and chemical enterprises. It should be noted that

as early as in 1939 the first lot of shale gasoline was obtained at a plant m

Gdov on the basis of a procedure developed by the IGI. A motor rally over

1,000 km long was organized using this gasoline. The rally demonstrated the

good motor qualities of shale gasoline.

Utilization of the experience of IGI scientists in research on Baltic shale,

and of sensible procedures for processing it, tested by the institute, Promoted

acceleration of the development of a new sector in the Estonian SSR. By 1955

oil shale extraction in the republic exceeded the prewar level by a factor of

3 5, attaining 9 million tons. After thermochemical shale processing was

organized, Leningrad and Tallinn could be supplied with household gas (up to

1 billion m

3

per year).

The coal industry continued to develop at a high rate during this period.

During 1951 to 1955 coal extraction increased by one and one-half times.

11
Research on the molecular structure of coal started in the institute back in

the 1930s by G. L. Stadnikov, N. M. Karavayev and other scientists enjoyed

further development during these years. Physical research methods were used

to study the molecular structure of coal, making it possible to obtain important results having great theoretical and practical significance (V I

Kasatochkin, N. G. Titov and others).

Between 1953 and 1964 the IGI was headed by Doctor of Chemical Sciences N G

Titov. In compliance with decisions of the 19th CPSU Congress on bringing

industry closer to the sources of raw materials, fuel and power and on

developing the fuel and energy resources of eastern regions, colleagues of the

IGI participated actively in expeditions of the USSR Academy of Sciences to

study coal in the Kansk-Achinsk, Minusinsk, Tungus, Taymyr, Irkutsk, Lensk,

Southern Yakut, Ulug-Khem and other basins and deposits.

Coal chemists of the IGI worked at the Neryungri deposit as part of a coal

technology detachment of the Southern Yakut integrated expedition of the USSR

Academy of Sciences headed by I. N. Nikolayev. In the period from 1950 to

1955 they gathered and studied about 500 samples of coal from natural exposures

on the bank of the Berkakita River and from drifts. Systematic study of the

chemical and technological properties of Neryungri coal and its experimental

industrial testing showed that it could be used in coke by-product industry

But because oxidation zones were present in the Moshchnyy seam, research was

continued for a few years more. To insure the accuracy of their results IGI

scientists under the guidance of I. v. Yeremin used all known methods to study

the properties of this coal, employing samples taken from exploratory shafts

It was established that three-fourths of the deposit's reserves could be used

to produce metallurgical coke. Coal from all deposits of the Minusinsk and

the Kansk-Achinsk basins was studied in laboratories of the IGI, its qualitative

characteristics were determined, and prospective consumers were revealed. As

a result substantiated proposals were made for construction of open coal pits

at the Chernogorsk, Izykhskiy and Beyskiy deposits of the Minusinsk Basin and

tor increasing the output capacity of open pits in the Kansk-Achinsk Basin.

Research on a number of new coal basins and deposits and expansion of the

prospects in previously discovered deposits opened up great possibilities for

concentrating production in coal industry and developing open pit coal mining.

As a rule the rate of increase of proven coal reserves surpassed the rate of

their industrial development.

Analysis showed that in 1951 only 1.7 percent of the coal of the Kansk-Achinsk

Basin was being developed, despite the fact that this basin contained the

largest resources and open pit mining was possible with minimum stripping.

Consider also that it was in the 1950s that the structure of the country's

fuel balance began changing in connection with the discovery and development

of large deposits of oil and natural gas, that the possibilities of wide

utilization of coal in the national economy depended primarily on improvements

in economic indicators of coal mining.

This situation was brought about by a number of objective causes. Despite the

tact that Kansk-Achinsk coal has a low ash content and that in comparison with

brown coal from the country's other basins it has the highest heat of combustion, the economically effective radius of its shipment was limited to some12
thing on the order of 1,500 km. When transported for greater distances it

enters the zone of consumption of other economical resources, and becomes

unfeasible because of the fuel expenditures required. The distance between

the Kansk-Achinsk and other eastern basins in which highly economical coal

reserves are concentrated, and resource-scarce regions of principal fuel

consumption attains 4,000-5,000 km. Given this distribution of coal resources,

their effective development on a unionwide scale depends entirely upon solving

the problem of obtaining fuel products with higher heat of combustion and

better transportability from coal processing industry and on creation of economical power transmission lines for the transport of energy over ultralong

distances.

Scientists of the IGI are employing a wide complex of methods of directed

influence' upon the organic mass of coal in order to solve the problem of

achieving sensible use of coal resources (Figure 2). The principal methods

are: breakdown by reduction, breakdown by various chemically active reagents;

thermal and oxidative breakdown. The greatest successes in creating new coal

processing systems were achieved with breakdown processes involving reduction.

Synthetic coal chemistry is developing on the basis of use of the breakdown

products. The IGI is the country's sole institute that has been continually

conducting theoretical and experimental research on breakdown by reduction

and on hydrogenational catalytic coal processing for 50 years. The general

theory of reduction breakdown of solid fuel and hydrogenational processes

developed by the institute enjoyed wide recognition in the country and abroad.

Catalysis became the principal method of many chemical processes in the 20th

century Today over 70 percent of all chemical processes performed in industry are catalytic. One of the founders of the teaching on organic catalysis

and catalytic synthesis is Academician N. D. Zelinskiy, a prominent Soviet

scientist. He was a member of the Scientific Council of the IGI, and he took

an active part in its proceedings in 1934-1941. It may be concluded from a

study of Zelinskiy's archival materials and publications that his research on

hydrogenation catalysts laid the foundation for research that subsequently led

to the creation of methods for processing the heavy petroleum fractions of oil

shale, and then coal. Zelinskiy conducted his experiments with a nickel

catalyst applied to aluminum oxide. Shale tar with a sulfur content of up to

12-13 percent was successfully processed.

During the war ways were found to raise the octane rating of motor fuel owing

to research on catalytic synthesis by N. D. Zelinskiy and N. I. Shuykin, and

IGI colleagues B. K. Klimov and V. A. Lanin developed an industrial method of

desulfurization of Ishimbay gasoline involving catalytic vapor-phase purification. Its introduction helped in organizing production of cracked gasoline

with an octane rating of 89-90.

A group studying the chemistry and kinetics of catalytic transformations of

individual compounds having a chemical structure typical of that of solid

fuel at high hydrogen pressure and studying the chemistry of solid hydrogenation was organized at the IGI in 1936. Headed by A. V. Lozovoy, the group

was later reorganized as a laboratory.

13
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

FyMUHoSbie

npenapamti

flo/iunapooHoSbie

Kuc/rombi

(7)

OKuc/iume/ibHo-

- ludpo/wmuiccKafi

decmpyxnu«

(13)

CopöeHmbi

(8)

Cu/lbmupo9nepzcmuyecKuü u

mexHo/wzulecnuü

easbi

HumpoSanue

(9)

Fa3U(puTen/io8aa

u 3/ienmpuiecKa.ft

MitMepa/tbHbie

omxodbi

(12)

lopeHue

ilO)

UKuc/rume/tbHa*

uecmpyKPndoßou

yeo/ib

i

Hup

(20)

3i<cmpatmufi

(26)

XuMuiecKue

npodyKfnbi

i

I (14)

(27)

OöozameHHbiü

yzo/ib (15)

(17)3

Omxodbi(\& %

oöozamenufi

(21)

nOHcoSanue

KOKC

KoKcoSbiu

(28)«ffJ

r (18) Lmpoume/rbHan nepaMUKO.,

o5pa3u8nb/e u oeticynopHbte

Mamtpua/tbi, KpcMHca/iWMtuHueßbie cn/jaßbi, e/WHose/«,

c6ü3ytOLHue, naneHHoe /iuml>

e

j KOMnenmpambi Mema/t-

/70B, pednue 3/reMenmbi

(22)

IIO/tyKOKCoSaHue

(23)

HanpaSj-

/ICHHblÜ

(29)CMO/?a

(30) ras

no/iyHOKCoßanuft

Oösia eopo>HCHHoe

mSepdoe mon/iußo (31)

nupo/iu3

(24)

KapSoHUAu,emu/ieH, Sodopod (32)

TexHUHccKuü ue/iepod ,,,.,.

MuHepa/ibHbie

(6) omxodbi

3cmufi

(25)

fudpoeenu3cmun

ye/iezpaqjumoSbie

ipua/ibij

'enmbf

Mamepua/ibi,

adcopoeh

)KudKue mon/iuBHbie.

xuAtuvecrtue

npodyxmbi

TexHO/ioeuvecnuc

zasbi, 3/ieKmpodnbnj

KOKC

(34)

(35)

(36)

Figure 2. Basic Directions of Coal Processing and Utilization

Key:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Humic preparations 20.

Polycarbonic acids 21.

Sorbents 22.

Gases for power production and 23.

industry 24.

Thermal and electric energy 25.

Mineral wastes 26.

Oxidative-hydrolytic breakdown 27.

Sulfation 28.

Nitration 29.

Oxidative breakdown 30.

Gasification 31.

Combustion 32.

Commercial grade coal 33.

Enrichment 34.

Enriched coal

Enrichment wastes 35.

Breakdown by reduction

Structural ceramics, abrasive 36.

and refractory materials,

silicon-aluminum alloys, aluminum oxide, binders, cast stone,

metal concentrates, rare elements

Extraction

Coking

Semi-coking

Directed pyrolysis

Carbonization

Hydrogenation

Chemical products

Coke

Coke gas

Tar

Semi-coking gas

Refined solid fuel

Acetylene hydrogen

Technical grade carbon

Coal-graphite materials,

adsorbents

Liquid fuels, chemical

products

Industrial gases, electrode

coke

14
In the late 1960s the IGI made predictions of the availability of mineral fuels

in our country and analyzed the long-range trends in fuel use. This work demonstrated that many liquid hydrocarbons, and especially diesel fuel, gasoline and

its fractions, which are raw materials used in organic synthesis, may become

scarce. The proportion of petroleum and gas in the total increase in fuel extraction decreased during the 9th Five-Year Plan, while the proportion of coal

increased. A unit of increment in oil and gas extraction cost the national

economy 28-60 percent more than in the 8th Five-Year Plan. At the same time

the economics of coal mining were observed to improve in coal industry owing to

development of open pit mines, which were responsible for 72 percent of the

increment in coal extraction in the 9th Five-Year Plan.

Research conducted by the IGI showed that the principal shortcomings of the

classical system of hydrogenational coal processing were high pressure and

high hydrogen consumption. Only by reducing pressure and hydrogen consumption

could we have counted on reducing capital investments into production and

product cost. Dehydrogenation of naphthene hydrocarbons, tetrahydronaphthalene

for example, a process that occurs simultaneously with hydrogenation of coal

by hydrogen, could have become a simple method of saturating the organic mass

of coal. But calculations showed that use of tetrahydronaphthalene and other

similar individual hydrocarbons for these purposes in industrial conditions

would be economically unfeasible. In 1967 Doctor of Technical Sciences A. A.

Krichko used crude oil containing significant quantities of naphthene hydrocarbons for this purpose. Development of the scientific principles and technology of hydrogenating coal in a mixture with high-sulfur petroleum products

was begun under his leadership. Use of a petroleum product—a hydrogen donor,

organic additives and an active catalyst made it possible to achieve coal

liquefaction at a pressure of 10 MPa with little gas formation (7-10 percent)

and with 2 percent lower hydrogen consumption. For practical purposes it can

be obtained by conversion of hydrocarbon gases formed during coal liquefaction.

Transformation of the organic mass of coal attains 95 percent while the liquid

product yield is 85-90 percent.

Economic studies conducted by the IGI in 1975 made it possible for the first

time to arrive at conclusions concerning the prospects of obtaining synthetic

liquid fuel by combining coal hydrogenation with desulfurization of crude oil

while simultaneously reducing pressure and hydrogen consumption.

The energy crisis that developed in the capitalist world in 1973-1974, subsequent

complications in oil supply and growth of oil and natural gas prices were a

reflection of the inconsistency between the world oil resources and the

structure of the energy balance of capitalist countries, and they brought on a

flood of predictions concerning development of the production of synthetic

fuel.

It became clear in this situation that the era of cheap oil had ended.

In our country, much attention is being devoted to sensible use of fuel and

energy resources. Decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress posed the task of

thoroughly studying the issue of producing synthetic liquid fuel out of coal

15
from the Kansk-Achinsk Basin. Two experimental industrial hydrogenation

facilities using production procedures developed by the IGI are now being

erected. Their productivity will be 5 and 75 tons of processed coal per day

respectively.

The institute's scientists and engineers are providing scientific assistance,

and they are coordinating the planning and design associated with building

these facilities and manufacturing the equipment.

The basic premises of the USSR's long-range energy program foresee an optimum

combination of different methods of transporting large quantities of energy

resources to the European part of the country primarily from Siberia, where the

principal increment in organic fuel extraction is to occur.

A significant quantity of Kansk-Achinsk brown coal will not only be used in

power production (with the objective of transmitting electric power to the

west), but it will also be processed into forms of enriched fuel with quality

and economic indicators making its transportation possible. Of all forms of

coal processing products, liquid fuel is the most effectively transported:

a ton of liquid fuel is equivalent to 3 tons of brown coal from the KanskAchinsk Basin—that is, the transportation volume (reckoned in ton-kilometers)

is reduced to a third. Moreover pipeline transport of fuel is significantly

more economical than rail transport; relative outlays to transport energy by

oil pipelines are lower by several orders of magnitude than the cost of using

gas pipelines. On the other hand use of motor fuel and liquefied gases produced

by hydrogenating enterprises processing Kansk-Achinsk coal right in East

Siberia would make it possible not only to halt importation of these products

into this region from West Siberia but also to send additional released

resources into the European part of the country.

Successfully solving the problems of coal chemistry and its current and longrange tasks, the collective of the Institute of Mineral Fuels is making a

significant contribution to scientific-technical progress and to development

of the country's productive forces.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1984

11004

CSO: 1822/359

16
COAL

UDC 657.478:622.33.012.2(477.61/.62):69.05

METHOD PROPOSED FOR CALCULATING COST OF MINE CONSTRUCTION

Moscow UGOL1 in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 12-13

[Article by Candidate of Technical Sciences I. P. Romashkin and Candidate of

Economic Sciences M. P. Shmatkov, All-Union Central State Institute for the

Planning and Technical-Economic Prerequisites for the Development of Coal Industry: "Assessment of the Cost of Building Mines in the Donets Basin in Early

Planning Stages"]

[Text] The estimated cost of mines must be evaluated by simple, approximate

methods when considering various solutions in the early stages of mine planning

(the master plan for the sector's development, the technical-economic substantiation of detailed exploration, the technical-economic substantiation of

conditions and so on), so that the variant selected for stripping, preparing

and developing the deposit and other basic parameters of the mine could be

optimized.

Creation of simplified methods of approximate evaluation of the estimated cost

of mines may be of assistance in analyzing the structure of the total estimate.

Such analysis was performed on 23 plans for new large mines in the Donets Basin

working flat and tilted (up to 35°) seams 0.55-2.5 m thick (the plans were completed in 1970-1979). The planned annual capacity of the mines was 1.2-4

million tons, and the estimated cost was 33-312 million rubles.

Let us define the structure of the estimated cost as the relative distribution

of outlays (percent) among 12 items of the total estimate, unforeseen outlays

and proportionate participation in construction of local facilities—that is,

in relation to a total of 14 outlay groups. This structure may be determined

for each of the 23 plans for new mines under analysis using the formula:

2Pj;=100,0=1.2 23), (1)

where P^J is the relative share of outlays in outlay group i for project j,

percent.

When we determine the structure in this way, we essentially expand the scale in

such a way that differences in the absolute values of the estimated cost of

different facilities are excluded. Note that this operation does not have an

effect on the ratio of the cost items to each other, because

17
PiifPk,=S(iISkl, (2)

where P/y—relative share of outlays in group k for project j, percent; Sji,

Skj—absoiute value of outlays of correspondingly groups i and k for project 7

rubles.

The transition to this structure noticeably reduces the scatter (standard deviation 0) of the values in each of the groups. If_the coefficient of variations

in the absolute values of outlays is kv (S,) = a (S,)/Sj and if the coefficient of

variation of the structure is ftr(P|) = o(/>,)/P„ then the decrease in the coefficient of variation accompanying the transition to relative values would be

kv(Pl)/kB(Si)^lo(Pi)/o(S,)]l, (3)

where l =5j/PF-average estimated cost of one facility, rubles; a(S,), o(Pt)~

standard deviations of S^ and P^ respectively. Thus fluctuations' in the

proportions of the estimated cost (in terms of its structure) are significantly

smaller than fluctuations in the absolute values of outlays in the different

groups: In this sense the cost structure is significantly stabler than the

absolute values of the outlays. Thus for example for item 2, *.(52)=6,61 and

kv(Pt) -0,085, Which means more than a sevenfold decrease in scatter.

The statistics of the estimated cost structure are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

(1)

Tpynna »«TP»T

(2) DllBU CBOflHOft CMeTU

6 9 10 II 12

HenpexBiiAeHHbie

13

(5) CpeAHHH Aoji«

rpynnu. %

(6) CpeAHexBaApaTHieCKOe OTKJIOHeroie, %

(7) MHHHMa^bHan

.^JP"« rpynnu, %

(8; AUKCHMa^bHan

ion» rpynnu, %

0,7 58,3 9,0 4,3 4.3 2.5 0,6 5.7 7,0 0,3 0,1 1,6

0.88 4,84 2,24 0,93 2,44 1,42 0,21 2,23 1,31 0,083 0,273 2,066

0,04 46,8 5,0 3,0

3,4 65,6 13,1 6,2

1,0 0,4 0,21 2,9 3,0 0 0 0

9.8 4,0 0,95 10,2 9,8 0,55 1,3 11,0

4,4

2,605

0,9

8.9

Key:

1. Outlay group 5.

2. Items of total estimate 6.

3. Unforeseen outlays 7.

4. Outlays on local facilities 8.

3aTpaTbi

Ha pafloHBtie 0Ö1,-

eKTh(4)

14

1,2

2,757

0

10,4

Group's average proportion, %

Standard deviation, %

Group's minimum proportion, %

Group's maximum proportion, %

Inasmuch as the number of plans is insignificant (n = 23), it is impossible to

test the statistical hypotheses, for example on the normality of the distribution law for the proportion of item 2 with respect to the total cost using

parameters Pt and a(,Pt), since use of Pearson's x

2

test requires not less than

50 observations. All that can be tested is the rule of the "three sigmas":

18
The range of values P2 =46.8-65.6 percent fits within the interval

P1±3a(P2) = 43,8-r-72,8%.

Testing for the presence of systematic changes in the proportion of item 2

with respect to total estimated cost in relation to time using the trend test

produced a negative result.

A simplified method of determining estimated cost may be proposed in correspondence with the discussion above. Outlays making up item 2 are calculated

using conventional planning techniques or with the assistance of enlarged cost

indicators. Then the resulting outlay value is divided by the average proportion of this item,

Sm=S2/0,583. (4)

The proposed method is characterized by a mean relative error (characterized

by the coefficient of variation of the proportion of item 2) of 8.5 percent,

while maximum error does not exceed 20 percent. In this case the results are

more accurate than when using conventional methods for calculating approximate

relative capital outlays on the basis of similar plans. Thus the estimated

cost arrived at for mine 16/17 in the western Donets Basin (planned in 1979)

was associated with an error of 17.4 percent when an analogue was used (mines

6/42 and 21/22 planned in 1976), while the error associated with the method

proposed here was 2.2 percent.

Were we to directly calculate item 3 outlays as well, this would increase the

accuracy of evaluating the estimated cost by 12 percent in comparison with

direct calculation of just item 2, since *»(/**+ /

>s)=57,5 percent and MP*)=8,5

percent. It is also obvious that calculation of outlays separately from each

group from 1 to 14 (when the outlays in item 2 are known) using relative proportions leads to a very large error. It follows from Table 1 that the coefficient of the variation exceeds 20 percent, and it can attain as much as

270 percent.

In planning practice, to arrive at approximate assessments of estimated cost

we often calculate only items 1 to 7 in detail, and we determine the total of

the remaining outlays as a percent ratio of the total of these items. The data

in Table 1 permit assessment of the error of such a calculation method. In

fact, 7 / 7 \

,YP, = 79,9, a [y^Pi] = 3.82

~i \f=i /

and the coefficient of variation is *r=4,8 percent—that is, the mean relative

error in comparison with calculating just item 2 decreases by 44 percent.

The resulting mean proportions also permit assessment of the influence of the

error of determining outlays within a given item of the estimate on the error

of the total estimated cost. Thus for example, a 10 percent error in determining

outlays in item 2 results in an error of the total estimated cost '0^i = 5,83 percent; the same error in item 7 produces an error of 0.06 percent. If the

maximum error of determining estimated cost is 5 percent, then the maximum

error in item 2 (given that the rest of the items are calculated without

19
Table 2

Job Designation

Stripping the deposit

Preparing the mine area and the

lines of the stope

Underground transport

Raising

Haulage on the surface

Freight handling and warehousing

Assembly, disassembly, transportation and adjustment of tunneling

equipment

Transport of rock brought up from the

mine during construction

Other

Total

Relative Proportion

of Outlays with Respect to all of Item

2, Percent

33.8

2.5

1.5

9.1

100.0

Permissible

Error,

Percent

50

41.0 40

8.7 200

1.3 1320

0.8 2120

1.3 1320

685

1130

188

error) is 5/0.583=8.6 percent, while that in item 7 is 5/0.006 =

= 833 percent.

Presence of additional information on the structure of outlays in some item

in relation to different types of jobs permits evaluation of the error of

determining the outlays of each job in similar fashion. Table 2 shows the

structure of item 2 in relation to different types of jobs and the maximum

errors of determining the outlays on these jobs, on the condition that the

error of determining total estimated cost of a mine does not exceed

10 percent.

Conclusions

1. The estimated cost of new mines can be determined approximately for the

conditions of the flat and tilted seams of the Donets Basin in the early

planning stages (the master plan for the sector's development, technicaleconomic substantiation of detailed prospecting, technical-economic substantiation of conditions) by calculating outlays in item 2 and using formula (4).

This method has a mean relative error of 8.5 percent.

2. If under the same conditions we additionally determine the outlays in

item 3 as well, this reduces the relative error of determining the estimated

cost of the mine to 7.5 percent. By determining the total outlays in items

1 through 7 using direct planning calculations, we can reduce the mean relative

error of determining the estimated cost of a mine to 5 percent.

20
3. The obtained assessments of possible error associated with calculating individual parts of the estimate are especially important in regard to developing

approximate, simplified methods of determining outlays, since they permit us

to determine the set of the most influential factors and to weed out factors of minor influence on the basis of the permissible error of determining

total estimated cost.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1984

11004

CSO: 1822/359

21
COAL

UDC 622.33.012.2.001.7(574.31)

MORE EFFECTIVE COAL MINING POSSIBLE IN KARAGANDA BASIN

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 41-43

[Article by Candidate of Economic Sciences R. S. Karenov, Karaganda Polytechnical Institute: "Analysis of the Factors of Raising Coal Mining

Effectiveness in the Karaganda Basin"]

[Text] Utilization of the reserves for improving the relationship between

labor productivity and its capital-labor ratio has important significance to

raising the effectiveness of the work coal mines.

For mines of the Karaganda Basin, the mean annual rate of growth has been 8.7

percent for fixed capital, 7.2 percent for the capital-labor ratio and 1.75*

percent for labor productivity. Faster growth of fixed productive capital in

comparison with ithe capital-labor ratio can be explained by the fact that in

this period the number of workers employed in coal mining increased by 15,000,

or by 46.4 percent. The capital-labor ratio grew faster than labor productivity, which is why the output-capital ratio declined by 76 percent (Table 1).

Table 1

1955

I960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1981

1982

Key:

1.

2.

3.

4.

(1)

CpeAHcMeciiMHaH npOHSBOAHTCnbHOCTb Tpyfli. „

paCowero no Aoöbiiev ^

<t>0H»9prA«ia tXHiAOBoopyweiiHOCTfc

TpyA» (7)

To«

(3)

T

(4)

B •/, K 1955 r.

(6)

T/1000 py6.

(4)

% K 1955 r.

(8)

py6/ve;i 1955 r47,0

52,6

56,2

66,3

91,2

81,3

76,3

74,7

100,0

111,9

119,6

141,1

194,0

173,0

162,3

158,9

127,5

84,1

59,2

48,6

40,7

34,2

31.4

30,6

Year

Mean monthly labor productivity

of a mine worker

Tons

Percent of 1955

5.

6.

7.

8.

100,0

66,0

46,4

38,1

31,9

26,8

24,6

24,0

4 480

7612

11472

16 352

26 983

28 524

29172

29 207

100,0

169,9

256,1

365,0

602,3

636,7

651,2

651,9

Output-capital ratio

Tons per 1,000 rubles

Capital-labor ratio

Rubles per person

22
If the output-capital ratio will exhibit a declining trend, as is now the

case in the mines, to keep the economy's growth rate high we will have to

raise labor productivity, which in turn depends on the capital-labor ratio.

Research by many authors established that the quantitative mutual relationship

between labor productivity and the capital-labor ratio is described by the

classical Cobb-Douglas production function

y=MaL

P

,0<a<l. 0)

where Y—annual coal mining volume, thousands of tons; K—cost of fixed productive capital, thousands of rubles; L—number of workers employed in coal

mining; A, ß. °—parameters of the function (a—coefficient of elasticity of

I with respect to K; 3—coefficient of elasticity of I with respect to L);

o+P-1-

My analysis made use of a modernized production function in which a+ß=£l.

When <z+.ß>I the rate of growth of production volume is greater than the rate

of growth of production factors, and when a+ß<!, the reverse is true- This

function is unique in that it is based on the assumption of independence of

the influence of production resources from the results of economic growth

(it is based on homogeneity of production factors and absence of a mutual

relationship between reproduction of labor resources and fixed productive

capital). In its improved form the production function is a simple and

relatively dependable instrument for analyzing and predicting development of

the economy.

When we use parameter values obtained from statistics on mines of the Karaganda

Basin covering 1955-1980, the function acquires the following form:

y=0,104K°'"»Z.0-

MM

. (2)

In accordance with expression (2), a 1 percent increase in investments into

fixed productive capital promoted a 0.47 percent increase in coal extraction,

while a 1 percent increase in manpower caused a 0.26 percent increase in coal

mining extraction. Total elasticity a+ß<l (0.4683+0.2608 =0.7291),--that is, growth

of the set of production factors is faster than growth of production volume,

and therefore we observe the action of a falling return per unit of the saale

of production.

The increment in the volume of mined coal is determined to a significant degree

by the increment in fixed capital, and to a lesser degree by the increment in

manpower. The effectiveness of the influence of factor if is 1.8 times greater

than that of factor L. The larger a is and the smaller ß is, the greater is

the significance of replacing live labor by materialized labor.

The production function permits us to analyze the interchangeability of different production factors, the limits of interchangeability and its role in

economics. To determine interchangeability of factors K, L we can determine

the derivative of the equation (the isoquantum), which characterizes different

combinations of factors supporting a given product yield. To determine the

23
points of the isoquantum we need to solve the production function equation

relative to one of the factors, conditionally assuming it to be a dependent

variable.

Calculations show that in 1975 the basin's mines employed 39,100 persons, while

according to calculations made using the production function 40,300 persons

were required. This can be explained by activation of major reserves for intensifying production. In 1980, 44,600 persons were employed, while according

to the calculations only 30,200 were required. This difference can be explained by the fact that during the 10th Five-Year Plan the mining conditions

worsened in the basin: The depth of development increased to 70 m; the number

of longwalls with hard-to-collapse roofing increased from 4 to 26; 96 percent

of the mines were classified as supercategorical with respect to gas, while

89 percent were classified as dangerous or hazardous with respect to sudden

ejections of coal and gas. Shortcomings were noted in the organization of

labor and production: Losses of work time in individual shifts in stopes

equipped with mechanized complexes were 24-26 percent for the association as a

whole, while at some mines these losses attained 30 percent and more; idleness

at working faces is 20-30 percent due to equipment failures; the coefficient

of machine time of extracting machines (with respect to coal) fluctuates between 20 and 25 percent; mine tunneling equipment experienced down time because of poor organization of repairs and the absence of spare parts. Insufficient use of fixed productive capital was accompanied by an increase in

the number of workers, especially in auxiliary and subsidiary jobs.

Deviation of the calculated value of fixed productive capital from the actual

value can be explained by the same reason. Had the conditions of 1980 corresponded to the average for the period under analysis, the required volume of

coal could have been extracted with fixed productive capital worth not

1,272,300,000 rubles but only 1,025,300,000 rubles.

The influence of the extensive and intensive components of growth in extraction

volume was established by transforming and subsequently analyzing the function

presented above.

Growth in fixed productive capital was responsible for 4.26 percent of the

annual 4.6 percent increase in coal mining volume in the basin, while growth

in the number of workers was responsible for 0.34 percent of the increase.

The theoretical mean annual rate of growth of coal extraction volume (4.6

percent) is the difference between extensive sources of growth, 6.31 percent

(5.84+0.47), and the intensive sources of growth, -1.71 percent (1.58+0.13).

The theoretical increment in extraction volume increased annually by 4.6

percent owing to extensive use of fixed productive capital by 5.84 percent

and its intensive use by -1.58 percent, and as a result of extensive use of

labor resources by 0.47 percent and their intensive use by -0.13 percent.

Analysis of the calculations presented above would show that the problem of

intensifying production has not yet been solved in the basin.

24
Table 2

(1) noKasaTNiH 1970 r. 1975 r. 1980 r. 1981 r. 1982 r.

(2) 06mee HHcvio ÄeficTByioWHX OMHCTHUX 186 153

. _ ' 3a6oeB

\3) Mncno 3a6oeB. oCHaiueHHbix MexaHH3H- 48 105

pOBaHHblMll KOMnflBKCaMH

(4) YpoBeHb floöbiMH H3 KOMiuiexcHO-Mexa- 32,2 73,6

HH3HpoBanHbix 3a6oeB Ha luiacrax, 3ajieraiomHx noÄ ywioM ao 35 °, %

(->) CpeÄHsm no Bceiw aeflcTByiomHM OMHCT- 605 875

HUM 3a6oHM cyToiHa» HarpysKa Ha

OMHCTHOH 3a6oA, T

(6) CpeÄHHH cyTOMHaa narpy3Ka Ha OAHH 913 1057

KOMnjieKciio-MexaHH3HpoBaHHbift OIHCTHoft 3a6oA, T

144 136 140

130 119 126

95,2 95,2 96,2

809 820 839

865 885 895

Key:

1.

2.

3.

Indicator

Total number of working faces in

operation

Number of stopes equipped with

mechanized complexes

4. Level of extraction from fully

mechanized stopes at seams lying

at an angle of up to 35°, %

5. Daily load on working face,

averaged with respect to all

working faces in operation, tons

6. Average daily load per fully

mechanized working face

Growth in labor productivity is the principal gauge of intensification of production and use of manpower. Beginning in 1976, labor productivity declined

at mines of the Karaganda Basin. This is explained primarily by exhaustion

of the range of effective application of resources for fully mechanizing mineral extraction and other resources (remote and automated control, lumber substitutes and so on), and by a decline in the daily load per mine and per working

face (in 1975-1982 these indicators decreased by 19.9 and 4.1 percent respectively) . The main reason for the decrease in the daily load per working face

and in the mine as a whole was the absence of resources for fully mechanizing

work on thin seams in new coal regions and on seams bounded laterally by rock

of below-average stability and unstable rock, and an increase in the number of

stopes characterized by complex mining and geological conditions. This brought

on a tendency for the intensity of mineral extraction to decline.

Conversion of all working faces to progressive, highly productive equipment

with a narrow operating width has now been practically completed (Table 2).

But in 1970-1982 the load on the fully mechanized working face dropped by 2

percent.

One of the reasons for the low daily load per stope is that many of the complexes

being introduced are not working in conditions corresponding to their technical

characteristics. Consequently intensification of coal production depends today on increasing the load on the working face. Series production of the moreeffective mining complexes 1UKP, OKP-70, KM-30 and KMP-130, which will replace

25
those presently in use, will have important significance. We need to intensify preparatory mining operations by making wider use of 4PP-2 tunneling

combines in mixed and pure stopes and GPK-V and GPK-N combines in sloped

stopes, by outfitting the stopes with productive fans for local ventilation

and with ventilation pipes of large diameter, and by further concentrating the

preparatory mining operations.

The number of workers employed in other underground jobs increased noticeably

(by 19.7 percent) in the basin's mines in 1970-1982. Reduction of the laborintensiveness of this group of coal mining jobs will promote an increase in

the daily load on the mines.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1984

11004

CSO: 1822/359

26
COAL

UDC 658.012.011.56 ASÜ TP:681.3-181.4:622.33.012.2

STATUS OF COAL MINE CONTROL SYSTEMS UPDATED

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 43-46

[Article by candidates of technical sciences N. A. Shmatkov and V. P. Klubin,

Donetsk Branch of the State Planning, Design and Scientific Research Institute for Automation of Operations in Coal Industry: "Status and Directions

of Development of ASU TPs of Coal Mines"]

[Text] Efforts to create automated production process control systems (ASU

TPs) for mines have been under way since 1967 with the objective of improving

and raising the effectiveness of the sector's operational control system.

Most ASU TPs presently in existence (at more than 45 mines) include three subsystems primarily contained within the M-6000 master computer complex: accounting

and control of the work of working faces (the AIST subsystem); accounting and

control of the work of underground locomotive transportation (the ASTRA subsystem) ; accounting of the descent-ascent and working time of underground

laborers (the SATURN subsystem). The ASU TPs also contain an operational

dispatcher's control subsystem consisting of a complex of KOD-1M controlling

devices.

These mine ASU TPs are characterized by the following features: the organizational and technological content of the tasks; the data mode employed in

their operation; the insignificant number of subsystems; centralized data

processing and display; mutually associated subsystem software.

These features of mine ASU TPs are the product of the level of coal mining

technology thus far achieved and the degree of automation of the principal

and auxiliary production processes, in which case control of these processes

and fulfillment of a number of production operations mandatorily involve participation of mine personnel.

In this connection organizational and technological processes associated with

work at working faces and shortwalls, and not individual production units,

devices and complexes of equipment interacting directly with the master computer complex, will be the technological objects of control of the mine ASU TP

today and in the immediate future. These processes include supplying labor,

material and power resources and providing transportation, repair services

and so on, which are controlled by an open cycle foreseeing automatic

27
fulfillment of data functions associated with collecting, transmitting, processing and displaying data by a complex of the system's technical resources,

and development and implementation of control decisions by mine personnel.

The principal directions of development of mine ASU TPs in 1976-1980 were:

improving the software of existing systems, and developing technical decisions

associated with creating data collection back-ups for the case of failure of

the master computer complex, and with expanding the functional content of the

mine ASU TP.

Development and experimental of the ASU TP of the Mine imeni Gazeta

SOTSIALISTICHESKIY DONBASS of the Donetskugol• Association has now been completed. According to the plan, its M-6000 master computer complex, supplemented by a number of devices including a second disk unit, is to perform

additional functions in subsystems involved with labor resources accounting

and with control of the working faces and underground locomotive transportation;

it is also to have new subsystems to account for the volume and quality of

mined coal, to organize provision of materials to the stopes, and control of

the gas content of the air and ventilation.

The experience of creating and introducing ASU TPs at coal mines confirmed

their positive influence on the technical-economic indicators of the mines:

Implemenation of organizational measured based on data provided by the SATURN

subsystem is making it possible to significantly improve the use of manpower;

the use of information produced by the AIST and ASTRA subsystems is making it

possible to increase productivity at the working faces by 1.5-2 percent.

In addition to this, shortcomings have also been revealed in the adopted

approach to building and implementing the ASU TP: insufficient reliability

and viability of the system whenever devices of the M-6000 master computer

complex, especially the disk unit, break down; the great laboriousness of

writing and debugging the software; the significant complexity of software,

which limits the use of subsystems involving a significant range of accountable

parameters; absence of the possibility for increasing the number of tasks and

subsystems.

The principal methodological premises that were used in creating the mine

ASU TPs presently operating in the sector, and which are fundamental to their

further development, call for integrated completion of the following tasks:

Conducting research to arrive at a quantitative assessment of production losses

and shortcomings of the mine operational control system in order to determine

the priority problems which, if solved by the ASU TP, would reduce these losses,

eliminate the shortcomings and improve control of individual production processes of the mine as a whole;

formalizing the production problems in the form of mathematical economic models

and algorithms, and determining the methods of solving these problems in the

mine ASU TP;

creating new technical resources for data acquisition, transmission and

display and for exercising control over production facilities under direct

28
I 06MeH MHtJjODMauneR [

cAcyno (i)

»

1

l_

OyHKUMOHanbHo-iexHonornMecKvie [^

ytacTKM M cny>«6bi (2)

1

ACy npOM3BOAQTBOK

i.

AC MHtJjopMaunpH^ioro

o6ecneMeHMR

Mnt*^-*3BM U

r

I MwKpo/j^eMJ-**

T

riynbi(9]

Ancnemepa

I

<->

L

OyHKUMOHanbHO-TexHOnornMecKMe

yMacTKM M cnyx<6bi ( 2)

"1

MwKpqr-^jBM

OtMCTHbie pa6oTbi

flonroTOBM Ten bH bie

pa6oTbi / -i 2)

JlOKOMOTMBHblM

TpaHcnopT (14)

T

ACY 3HeprocHa6x<eMM

1 I

ACy "6e3onacHOC]riy^

I L E^3^^^^5S3

(11)

, .

l _ ! OnepaTMBHO—AncneT-:

. sepcKMM nepcoHan(10J)

T

-i.

TEXHOnorHMECKHE flPOUECCbl M OB^EKTbl

TpyflOBbie pecypCb. (17)

3neKTpQCHa6>KeHMe TOT

T

i

KoHBeüepHbiü

TpaHcnopT (15)

TexHonomMecKMM

KOMnneKc noBepx-

(16)

PeMOHT rilJO

(18)

06ecneseHne 3a6oeB MaTepnanaMM (19)

RpeACTaBneHMe

cnpasoMHbix A&HHWX (20)

PeujeHne MHjxeHepHblX 38A8M

(21)

3neKTponorpe6neHMe (23)

riHeBMOCHa6weHMe

(24)

TennocHa6weHMe

(25)

npoBeTpnaaHMe

(26) ]

PpeAynpewAeHMe M

o6Hapy>KeHvie aBaptiii (27)

JlklKBMAaUMH

aBap"* (28)

flerasauwn

(29)

yCTaHOBKM >KM3-

Heo6ecneMeHnn (3(J)

Structural Diagram of a Mine ASU TP with Multilevel

Data Processing Based on Micro- and Minicomputers

Key:

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

.9.

10.

11.

Data exchange with the 12.

production associations's 13.

automated control system 14.

Functional-technological sec- 15.

tions and services 16.

Minicomputer 17.

Automated production control 18.

system 19.

Automated data support system 20.

Automated power supply con- 21.

trol system

Automated safety control system 22.

Microcomputer 23.

Dispatcher's console 24.

Operational personnel and 25.

dispatchers 26.

Production processes and in- 27,

stallations

Mineral extraction

Preparatory operations

Locomotive transport

Conveyer transport

Surface production complex

Manpower

Mining equipment repair

Provision of materials to stopes

Display of reference data

Solution of engineering

problems

Power supply

Power consumption

Air supply

Heat supply

Ventilation

Accident prevention and

detection

[Key continued on following page]

29
28. Accident control 30. Life-support systems

29. Gas decontamination

control; selecting and substantiating the use of existing technical resources

and computer technology to run the formalized problems and algorithms;

developing the planning documents for the mine ASU TP, to include special

software for mathematical economic models and algorithms for the selected type

of computer resources and for the functional and technical structures of the

mine ASU TP under development;

developing and implementing organizational and technical measures associated

with preparing the enterprise for work with the ASU TP or its individual subsystems, and with their introduction and their subsequent use and development.

The principal tasks are algorithmic or functional-structural synthesis of the

ASU TP and its subsystems. A properly worded and formalized production task

and the properly selected method of its completion predetermine the list of

the initial parameters subject to accounting, monitoring, adjustment and control, and consequently the requirements on the corresponding data acquisition,

transmission and display systems; they also predetermine the volume of other

tasks and the effectiveness of the system.

When creating ASU TPs for coal mines, it would be suitable to examine the tasks

of operational control of production processes in terms of time: shift (dispatcher's), daily, weekly and monthly. The existing mine ASU TPs perform the

basic functions of completing certain tasks at the shift level of operational

control. The following tasks have thus far been prepared for the ASU TP at

this level of control: control of underground locomotive transport on the

basis of data describing the cargo traffic from the working faces, the

availability of empty cars at the loading points and the locations of the

electric locomotives; control of mine ventilation depending on air consumption

and gas release in the stopes; control of the cargo flow of conveyer lines

and operational regulation of the ash content of delivered coal; monitoring

production processes at working faces and shortwalls, and accounting for

machine time and idleness of equipment; monitoring normal and safe working

conditions, and detecting and preventing accident situations; monitoring consumption of electric and pneumatic power by mining operations and supply of

such power to them, and others.

Not enough work has been done on problems associated with controlling the

working conditions at the working faces and shortwalls in the presence of

certain restrictions concerned with mining and geological disturbances, with

the purpose of performing special preventive and production operations, with

evolution of gas and ventilation and with limitations on energy and materials

supply, problems associated with organizing repairs and damage control in the

case of equipment failure and the action of certain mining factors, problems

associated with determining availability and the ways of delivering required

spare parts and materials and with prompt arrival of repair personnel in a place

30
experiencing an emergency situation, and problems associated with coordinating

the efforts of all production units of the mine in the course of a shift.

At the daily level of operational control, preparations have been made to perform the tasks of determining the shift quotas for coal extraction depending

on the technical and technological condition of the working faces and the

manpower availability at the faces; providing materials to the working faces

and shortwalls on a daily basis; drawing up orders for technical service and

repair of extraction equipment for a repair shift.

The problems of coordinating the flow of coal, rock and materials and the

delivery and issue of equipment (in the course of a day and shift), and of

coordinating the tasks and work schedules of the principal and auxiliary

sections and services of the mine have not been solved.

Tasks associated with drawing up weekly quotas and monthly schedules for

planned preventive repairs on extraction equipment are being planned at the

weekly and monthly levels of operational control. Problems still to be

addressed include those of optimizing the weekly coal extraction volumes and

conducting mining operations with a consideration for changes in the mining,

geological and production conditions of these operations, problems associated

with optimizing the weekly volume of preparatory operations in extraction

areas with a consideration for the conditions of previous and forthcoming

coal mining operations, and coordination problems concerned with monthly

fulfillment of tunneling, assembly-disassembly, repair, damage control and

special production operations associated with reinforcing and closing drifts

and with special processing and preparation of seams (wetting, drying, decontaminating and so on).

The principal directions for development of mine ASU TPs include: modernizing

and improving existing mine ASU TPs; creating mine ASU TP subsystems at the

information and advisory level, integrated with higher levels of control;

creating a new type of ASU TP permitting distributed data processing and realization of each subsystem or a number of associated subsystems using a separate

microcomputer providing for independent data input from the appropriate sensors and devices.

The "Working Faces," "Shortwalls," "Underground Transport" (rail or conveyer),

"Coal Haulage," "Ventilation," "Work Safety," "Manpower," "Mining Equipment

Repair," "Provision of Materials to Stopes," "Power Supply" and "Operational

and Dispatcher's Control" subsystems will be added successively to the mine

ASU TP.

Work concerned with the first two directions will be done in 1983-1985 with

the objective of expanding the functions of the AIST, ASTRA and SATURN subsystems and introducing new technical concepts into the subsystems "Extraction,"

"Materials" and "Mining Equipment Repair," made possible by the presence of

improved software accounting for positive improvements in and proposals on a

number of existing mine ASU TPs (at Velikomostovskaya Mine No 8 of the

Ukrzapadugol' Association, Vorgashorskaya Mine of the Vorkutaugol' Association and the PerVomayskaya Mine of the Severokuzbassugol* Association) and

31
possessing better dependability characteristics and possibilities for introducing more tasks and subsystems.

With this objective in mind, technical resources that have worked their useful life will be replaced by improved resources, production of which has been

assimilated (or is presently being assimilated) by plants of the Soyuzugleavtomatika Ail-Union Production Association.

Such technical resources include: the iTSK-2 remote control system; a complex

of resources for collecting and transmitting data on the work of coal mining

combines and dispersed installations (replacing the PPT-1 subsystem with its

i I /

DR"2 sensors) '" a

device forming information with which to account for

Zu ÄJ !

mptY UFI CarS equipPed with an IRP loading station work indicator;

the KURS coded trip information device; the ISU reader to keep track of laborers

on the mine surface; the URSI data acquisition back-up device.

As existing and new ASU TPs are developed and improved, the technical concepts

developed with the ASU TP of the Mine imeni Gazeta SOTSIALISTICHESKIY DONBASS

will be introduced in their entirety into the ASU TPs; this will require addition of a number of devices to the M-6000 master computer complex, including

a second disk unit.

Four relatively independent groups of automated control systems can be placed

within the composition of the new type of ASU TP. Multilevel distributed data

processing based on micro- and minicomputers is the basis for organizing ASU

TPs of this structure.

The structure of a mine ASU TP with multilevel distributed data processing

based on mircro- and minicomputers is shown in the figure.

Each of the groups of automated control systems will have a functional name:

the production ASU [automated control system], the power supply ASU, the

safe working conditions ASU and the automated system of data support to

production.

The production ASU will concern itself with the production processes associated

with extraction, transportation and unloading of coal and with preparatory

operations; the power supply ASU will be concerned with electric and pneumatic

power supply; the safe working conditions ASU will be concerned with the mine

atmosphere, air circulation, decontamination, life support systems and the

prevention, detection and elimination of emergency situations and accidents;

the automated data support system will be concerned with manpower, repair of

mining equipment, provision of materials to the stopes, provision of information and reference data to mine surfaces and executives, and solution of

engineering problems.

These groups of automated control systems and the individual subsystems will

basically operate at the information and advisory level, and they will perform

the functions of insuring compatibility with higher levels of control. They

can take the form of individual microcomputers, and they can be used inde-

?^en+

ly a

?

d

*" dif?

e

5

ent combinations. This makes it possible to employ

them at most mines with a consideration for economic effectiveness

32
In large mines and mine administrations in which use of the entire set of subsystems and groups of automated control systems is possible, the tasks of

automated data support, of the processing of data coming in from microcomputers and of maintaining compatibility with the association's ASU will _

be carried out by a central minicomputer at the second level of data processing

at the mine.

SM-1800 or SM-1634 microcomputers and SM-4 or SM-2M minicomputers are to be

used as the technical resources for data processing and display.

The principal directions in the long-range development of technical data

collection, transmission and processing resources will be:

creation of integrated remote control resources specialized in relation to ^

the particular facilities and parameters to be monitored (dispersed facilities,

permanently installed facilities, underground transport facilities, equipment

to monitor mine atmosphere parameters and so on) and providing for transmission

of signals by the mine's power supply network from these mine facilities to

the surface, for transmission of signals on free pairs of conductors and for

the supply of power to underground blocks of apparatus and the appropriate

sensors from the surface;

creation of new sensors and data acquisition devices with higher operating

characteristics, designed on the basis of contactless principles of operation,

current sensors with which to monitor the "on" state of mechanisms that can

be installed on cable lines without stripping the latter, polyfunctional sensors for monitoring the work of coal mining combines, and manual data input

devices;

data display in the control room and in production sections using modular

computer resources equipped with color graphic and alphanumeric video •

terminals (the RMOT-01 operator's work station, the TSO-5 facility communication terminal and others), and specialized resources for displaying graphical

and numerical data permitting reflection of the basic production indicators

and work results at the current moment and at the end of work shifts and days;

wide use of computers equipped with functional keyboards permitting data input

by operational personnel of the mine services from their work stations.

COPYTIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1984

11004

CSO: 1822/359

33
COAL

UDC 658.012.011.56 ASU.003.13

EFFECTIVENESS OF COAL MINE CONTROL SYSTEMS ANALYZED

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 46-49

[Article by Candidate of Technical Sciences N. M. Yakunov, VNIIUugol' (not

further identified): "Economic Effectiveness of Automated Control Systems"]

[Text] The sizable material, human and financial resources involved in the

creation and operation of automated control systems elicit the need for improving them and raising their effectiveness.

The effectiveness of introducing computer technology is reflected in the

Planning;and accounting indicators of the production and business activities

of associations and enterprises. Introduction of computer capacities, capital

investments, introduction of automated control systems and information and

computer centers at individual facilities, the savings from introducing computer technology and other indicators are planned at the level of the USSR

Ministry of Coal Industry. The savings indicator is reflected in the plans

for coal extraction cost in relation to each production association, with

regard for capital outlays and the standard coefficient of the effectiveness

of computer technology.

The principal indicators used in calculating the economic effectiveness of

automated^control systems are the outlays on creating, introducing and

assimilating automated control systems, the operational expenditures on their

maintenance and the savings from their introduction, while the annual economic

impact, the coefficient of effectiveness and the time of compensation of outlays are secondary indicators.

Economic impact is measured in financial terms as \ the increment in total

profit resulting from growth in the production volume and product sales volume,

and the increment of the savings from reducing product cost.

If^Tif ?

roduC^.cost in elation to different expense items is determined

oy the following indicators:

reduction of conditionally constant expenditures owing to an increase in

production volume resulting from concentration and intensification of production, maximum use of equipment, maintenance of production rhythm and optimum planning of the work of enterprises, sections, shops and services;

34
the relative savings in the wage fund for the principal production workers

owing to a labor productivity growth rate that is higher than the rate of

growth of average wages and the absolute savings in the wage fund of administrative workers released for other work in connection with redistribution of

control functions and automation of administrative labor;

reduction of expenditures on materials as a result of a decrease of their

unit expenditure, optimization of expenditure norms, optimization of equipment

repair plans and selection of efficient production flows;

reduction of depreciation deductions as a result of improvements in the use

of fixed capital;

the savings from reducing unproductive outlays (losses due to waste, fines,

penalties, unstable operation, overtime pay and down time) resulting from

better organization of labor, acceleration of document turnover, fulfillment

of production plans and delivery of products in their required assortment

and by the required deadlines.

Economic effectiveness is determined from the annual increment in profit

(savings) resulting from operation of the automated control system, from the

annual economic impact and from the effectiveness of outlays on the system's

creation. The annual increment in profit (or the savings) is calculated using

the formula

where A1 and 42--annual product sales volume in wholesale prices before and

after introduction of the automated control system, thousands of rubles; C\

and Co—outlays per ruble of sold products before and after introduction of

the automated control system, kopecks; 77,-profit from product sales prior

to introduction of the automated control system, thousands of rubles; [* At}"*'

annual profit increment resulting from an increase in product sales volume,

thousands of rubles; \^r)^ -annual cost savings resulting from reduction

of production outlays, thousands of rubles.

Nonproductive losses that are not included in product cost and which are

additionally accounted for in the annual savings decrease in the presence of

an operating automated control system as a result of control over prompt fulfillment of business contracts, payment of suppliers and receipt of payments

from consumers by the established deadlines, and operational regulation of

other financial relationships of the enterprises or associations.

If the automated control systems of production associations (enterprises) perform tasks for other organizations of the sector which are not within the composition of the association (mine construction, machine building, trade and other

organizations), then the savings from completing these tasks are additionally

accounted for in the total annual savings.

35
Annual economic impact is determined using the formula

x *. + *$ +*£,-£.!&

where £„ —standard coefficient of economic effectiveness of capital investments, E 015.KA -outiays on creating and introducing the automated control

system, thousands of rubles.

The annual economic impact reflects the economic effectiveness of the automated

control system with a consideration for the outlays on its creation. In this

case the effectiveness of the outlays is determined using the formulas

HBT>

where ^-calculated coefficient of the effectiveness of outlays on creating

the automated control system; T-time required to compensate for the outlays

years; ^...--established standard coefficient of effectiveness of computer

technology for the sector.

Of the total volume of capital investments (Table 1), 8.1 percent were spent

on creating automated control systems, introducing computer technology and

developing the existing sector automated control system of the USSR Ministry

of Coal Industry, 70.4 percent were spent to create new automated control

systems for production associations, machine building enterprises and the

computer centers of scientific research and planning organizations and on

developing existing ones, and 21.5 percent were spent on creating automated

production process control systems for mines and open pits.

The total capital investments include outlays on introducing new systems,

developing existing ones and replacing obsolete computer equipment. Equipment outlays represent 78.4 percent of the structure of capital outlays, while

construction and installation associated with construction and repair of information and computer center buildings and communication lines and with organizing information stations at the enterprises represent 15.6 percent of the

outlays. Of the total equipment outlays, 65 percent represent the cost of •

computers.

Depending on the equipment available at information and computer centers

on the number of information stations contained in automated control systems

and on the need for rebuilding communication lines, the outlays on creating

an automated control system for a production association are 1-4 million rubles

(an average of 2.2 million rubles for the sector). About 15 percent of the

total capital investments into computer technology are spent on planning

automated control systems of different levels and on developing the software.

36
Table 1

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

u u

u

(.1) o \n o00

CTpyKTyp» satpaT 1 i 1

u>

o> ——.

Co3ÄaHHe OACy - 8,1 8,1

MmiyivienpoMa

CCCP

Co3ÄaHHe H pa3BH- 79,5 55,5 70,4

rae HBU H ACy

B np0H3B0ÄCTBeHHbIX

oÖteÄHHeHHHX, pa3-

BHTHe neflcTByiomHX

BU HHH H npoexTHUX HHCTHTyTOB

CosAaHHe ACym 20,5 36,4 21,5

Ha maxTax H paspesax

Bcero 100 100 100

B TOM «mane:

CTpOHTCJIbHO-MOH- 28,9 14,7 15,6

Ta>KHhie pa6oTu

npHOÖpeTeHHe 060- 62,7 81,3 78,4

pyAOBaHH«

npoine 8,4 4,0 6.0

Key:

1. Structure of outlays

2. Creation of the USSR Ministry

of Coal Industry's sector

automated control system

3. Creation and development of

information '.arid computer centers and automated control

systems in production associations, and development of

existing computer centers of

scientific research and planning

institutes

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Creation of automated production process control

systems at mines and open pits

Total

To include

Construction and installation

Equipment acquisition

Other

The 11th Five-Year Plan foresees spending 25.4 million rubles annually to _

develop automated control systems and introduce computer technology. This is

almost 40 percent more than was spent in the 10th Five-Year Plan. Outlays on

peripheral equipment and on data retrieval and display resources will grow

significantly in this case.

The relative weight of the cost of data processing equipment in relation to

the total cost of fixed capital is an indicator characterizing the level of

automation of control. In practice this indicator differs significantly from

37
its average. Thus the proportion of data processing equipment with respect

to the total cost of fixed capital in the Intaugol' Association is 1 38

Sc^ave^ "^" - «.IB -rcent, whu! the

The principal indicator characterizing the economic effectiveness of introTeTesTtZTttZT1

^^

515 the SaVlngS °r Pr°fit * °^an

ined as the result of the system's operation. The actually attained savinas i* ral

culated using the sector's methods for determining^ economic erfectivenes's

organ^ '^^ ****** °

f

^^t^ —iations, enterprises!^

The total savings from creating and developing all levels of automated control

pCnn^ga^s17

a

Planning was 47.2f:mmillion

Cing

rubles TT^per^"^S year, while

7 int0

the

SCientific

savings from-a^creating

the automated control systems of production associations was 25 1 million

I 3 ^o/the^totaT the C°

effif6nt °f 6ffeCti

—of capital o^la^ was 0.39. Of the total savings resulting from introducing automated control

systems into production associations, 13.2 million rubles or 53 percent was

due to a decrease in product cost. Economic impact accounting for capiJl

outlays was 15.1 million rubles. Table 2 shows the actual economic effectiveness of automated control systems introduced into production associations

The planned effectiveness indicators have been achieved for the absolute

majority of operating automated control systems, while the coefficient of

tSTTeSS °f Capital investments exceeds the standard. But at the same

time certain automated control systems have not reached their planned

effectiveness indicators. Economic impact has dropped someX? on one hand

h^T °f t

hlgher C

°

St °f third-^neration compeers, and on the otheT

hand due to their unsatisfactory use in a number of associations.

An analysis of planned and actual effectiveness indicators establish** rtaf

in terms of the standard set of tasks carried out by Lch sSsJstem the

savings from introducing an automated control system depends primarily on

rorfthe! VOlrVnd ^°duction «** in each production association " therefore the amount of computer equipment supplied to an information and computer

center must be determined with regard for extraction volume, number of enter

£S£i nUx!e

a

r

df,lab0rerS and ^

ini^-tive workers and ^ cost of fi^d

capital, m addition a certain mutual relationship has been established

between these indicators and the principal indicators of the eKSjveness of

e

a d

expenses arthfaSSr and the attained savings.

**"

But at

^^'

the same time «pitaltheoutlaws amount of t£g

equipment possessed by a number of information computer centers as related

to the production and economic indicators of the association's activities is

far from identical (Table 3). Thus the proportion of workers employed by'

s oT2°perced FT** ^^ ^

nBp*Ct t0 the **al numbTofworkers

labour llZf^k l, Pr°

P

T

l0nate °UtlayS f

°

r ComPuter equipment per laborer are 14-236 rubles, the proportionate outlays on computer equipment

per administrative worker arP TlQ-n zm ,„KI i ^ "V"Lex equipment

support is 9-123 Sp^lon^Lcind ' P-Portionate computer

38
Table 2

Associations with

Automated Control Systems

Vorkutaugol'

Vostsibugol'

Karagandaugol'

Novomoskovskugol'

Prokop'yevskugol'

Rostovugol"

Ekibastuzugol'

Estonslanets

Yuzhkuzbassugol'

Artemugol'

Donbassantratsit

Donetskugol1

Krasnoarmeyskugol'

Pervomayskugol'

Torezantratsit

Ukrzapadugol'

Average

(1)

o

ronOBSH SKOHOMHH,

TNC. py6.

(3)

Bccro

(4)

B TOM

micne no

ceCecTOHMOCTH

*(5)

§:&

tttu

o * a

u u P

|S6)

X H 3

-ft o i

« o

M

•§ * < 23 B «

S* °.

c

od

5

s

fi

tleo

A* a

Oir »

(8)

no"N

S8"§S

S J 2 3 •

ttirto .

u § X-&U

oJ

1974 1555 1500 990 0,41 335 3442

1977 523 261 239 0,27 89 765

1968 2554 1250 1907 0,59 414 7333

1974 845 423 572 0,46 189 2444

1975 409 205 260 0,41 231 2590

1974 756 378 240 0,22 359 2535

1978 839 420 590 0,51 106 1156

1979 773 386 559 0,54 142 1430

1975 931 466 430 0,28 170 2650

1973 968 484 598 0,39 326 2384

1974 1042 521 635 0,38 329 2701

1973 695 348 105 0,21 380 3266

1975 754 377 430 0,34 303 2011

1975 257 378 497 0,34 234 1543

1973 981 490 514 0,32 274 3112

1974 721 360 411 0,34 269 2756

. 865 456 522 0,39 236 2262

Key:

1. Year of introduction

2. Annual savings, 1,000 rubles

3. Total

4. Including in relation to product cost

5. Annual economic impact, 1,000

rubles

6. Coefficient of effectiveness of

outlays on creating automated

control systems

7. Average official number of computer center workers

8. Mean annual cost of data

processing equipment, 1,000 rubles

Proportionate indicators vary by more than tenfold in different automated

control systems. This can be explained by differences in the time it takes

to achieve the operating capacity of computers, by shortcomings in the planning

of the distribution of computer equipment and by the absence of adequate

standards.

The principal directions of raising the effectiveness of automated control

systems in the 11th Five-Year Plan are:

completing creation of automated control systems in all coal mining production

associations;

39
Table 3

Association

Vorkutaugol'

Vostsibugol'

Karagandaugol'

Novomoskovskugol'

Prokop•yevskugol'

Rostovugol'

Ekibas tuzugol'

Estonslanets

Yuzhkuzbassugol*

Primorskugol'

Artemugol'

Donbassantratsit

Donetskugol'

Krasnoarmeyskugol'

Pervomayskugo.1'

Stakhanovugol*

Torezantratsit

Ukrzapadugol'

Sector average

Key:

«(1)

see

X o

m n _.

* * I

>> V c

CLO i

tl .

«m! a« <

>> x :

LV

o «

2 5 2.**

U o 1 5 H

^y m o

>>o c x z

(4)

yAdikHuc

S»Tp»TM no

BT. py6.

h*£

x3

TFT

c

>>

<

yAcJibHas

»oopywcHHocTb, onepamiA B ccKyHÄy

TFT

U

WO X>

x . a

0,45 1,01 0,39 114 752 6,2 41,1

0,10 0,49 0,28 106 690 2,2 14,8

0,34 0,60 0,49 63 435 3,7 25,6

0,57 0,66 0,83 64 484 4,2 31,8

0,10 0,34 0,35 14 149 2,9 9,3

0,17 0,49 0,32 46 496 4,0 43,5

1,20 1,18 0,30 184 837 17,3 81,4

0,65 0,99 0,65 100 698 11,2 78,0

0,16 0,39 0,45 77 575 4,6 34,4

0,14 0,39 0,45 77 575 4,6 34,4

0,71 0,60 0,25 46 461 4,1 41,2

0,79 1,38 0,36 114 1140 9,2 90,4

0,26 0,46 0,19 39 390 2,7 27,4

0,73 1,48 0,36 105 1051 9,8 98,0

0,65 0,72 0,27 - 67 673 6,0 60,4

0,84 0,62 0,29 50 510 2,7 27,4

0,44 0,73 0,44 88 889 5,7 57,0

0,30 0,73 0,52 56 581 5.4 54,2

0,52 0,84 0,45 75 753 5,8 58,0

1. Relative savings of gross

product cost, percent

2. Proportion of information and

computer center workers with

respect to total number of

laborers, percent

3. Ratio of cost of data processing equipment to total

cost of fixed capital, %

5.

6.

7.

Proportionate outlays for computer technology, rubles

Per worker

Per administrative worker

Proportionate support, operations

per second

developing and introducing standard sector economic, mathematical and software

Z" SUPP°

rt analySlS °f Pr°dUCti0n and businiss.ctlviiSs1 anl ^liLT

introducing a unified data support system based on an integrated data base

errpriseWto thSPeCifiC "^ ^ ^^a11 ^

ls

°

f

enterprise to the ministry; -ntrol frl the

Computer; ^^ °

f dSVel°ped tasks fr **e Minsk-32 computer to the YeS

40
having problem developers and remote terminal users make wide use of computers

for work in interactive mode;

raising the level of standardization of tasks and expansion of the areas of

their application;

finishing automation of accounting and control functions at all levels of

control;

improving the planning, distribution and use of computer equipment on the basis

of a system of substantiated standards;

raising the average daily load on YeS computers and the efficiency of the use

of computer time to solve industrial problems;

creating, out of existing information and computer centers, time-sharing

computer centers that can additionally serve users in mine building, machine

building, transportation and other sector enterprises and organizations.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL"STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"1, 1984

11004

CSO: 1822/359

41
COAL

UDC 622.8:622.33.012.3

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS IN OPEN PITS UNDER WAY

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 49-51

[Article by Engineer Yu. V. Pchelkin, NIIOGR: "Methods and Resources for

Improving Working Conditions at Open Pits"]

[Text] Improving working conditions is one of the most important tasks in

the program of social transformations now being implemented in the USSR

This task is especially important in coal industry.

Despite the fact that working conditions at open pits are significantly better

than in mines, the injury rate is still high in open pit operations. This is

why the NIIOGR [not further identified] is devoting considerable attention to

developing and introducing effective methods and resources for improving

working conditions in open pits.

Since 1974 the institute has conducted yearly analyses of the status and

causes of job-related injuries at open pits, and it has been drawing up recommendations for injury prevention on the basis of these analyses. The analysis

data show that between 1966 and 1980 the injury rate in open pits decreased by

39 percent, while the frequency of severe injuries decreased by 37.5 percent.

t

C"°r

f"g t0 an analV

sis

o

f

the causes of job-related injuries occurring in

1976-1980, the number of accidents (percent) resulting from violation of the

safety regulations and instructions on labor protection is 39.2, to include

a percentage of 26.2 for violations made by the victims themselves; unsatisfactory labor organization—18.1; lack of caution by the victims-17 5- improper work procedures—10.7; machinery and equipment failure—3.2; design

shortcomings of machinery and equipment—1.9; inadequate mechanization and

automation of production processes—1.4; other causes—8.

It follows from the results of the analysis that most accidents (67.4 percent)

occurred due to violation of the safety regulations and instructions on labor

protection, due to the victim's lack of caution and due to improper work

procedures. Many accidents occur because of unsatisfactory organization of

labor. In this connection the institute is doing a great deal of work to

create the necessary standards and methodological documents, and resources

by which to publicize industrial safety at open pits.

42
r

Thus standard instructions on labor protection were written up for workers in

64 occupations. Six motion pictures on job safety associated with the principal production processes of open pit coal mining were released.

An analysis of the distribution of accidents with respect to different production processes in 1976-80 showed that the quantity of accidents (percent)

associated with repair and installation of machinery and equipment is 22.1;

loading, unloading and moving loads—14.1; operating motor vehicles and

tractors—7.4; excavator operations—5.4; work at machine tools and woodworking

tools—3.9; operation of rolling stock—2.9; servicing power production installations—2.6; drilling operations—2.4; transportation of workers in the open

pit—17.4, to include pedestrian travel—13.5; other—11.8.

It follows from the analysis of injuries with respect to production processes

that the greatest number of injuries occur not in the principal production

processes but during repair and installation of machinery and equipment and

during the loading, unloading and moving of loads; the injury rate associated

with transportation of workers in the open pit, and especially on foot, is

high.

The largest proportion of injuries is caused by falling objects and caveins (20.9 percent), during transportation and hauling of equipment (18.5 percent), by falls (17.5 percent) and by work with machines, mechanisms and

equipment (11.6 percent).

As the depth of mining operations in open pits increases, natural air exchange

worsens significantly, as a result of which toxic impurities accumulate in

high concentrations, sometimes exceeding the permissible public health norms.

Eleven open pits are now over 150 m deep. In the next few years their number

will increase to 20, and in the future the depth of open pit mining will

attain 550 m.

Conditions become especially bad in winter as a consequence of temperature

inversions accompanying advection of heat on the ground adjacent to the open

pit. Accumulation of toxic impurities at this time promotes formation of smog

and fog. In a number of cases this phenomenon makes cessation of work and

removal of personnel from the open pit necessary.

Research conducted by the NIIOGR established that gas contamination of open

pits occurs primarily owing to entry of carbon monoxide from endogenous fires,

and owing to low temperature oxidation of coal and carbonaceous inclusions,

especially when they undergo spontaneous heating to 75°C. An increase m

temperature from 25 to 75°C causes an increase in formation of low-temperature

carbon monoxide by a factor of 16-30; a large surface area of exposed coal, as

seen for example in the Korkinskiy open pit, for which this area is about 160

hectares, promotes entry of this carbon monoxide into the open pit's atmosphere .

When motor transportation is operated in open pits, their atmosphere becomes

intensively contaminated by aldehydes, carbon monoxide, nitric oxides, carbon

dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Moreover when 1 ton of diesel fuel is burned in

43
engines, 1.3 tons of moisture are released into the atmosphere; in the presence

of low winter temperatures this moisture is an intensive source of fog.

Complex air exchange conditions are anticipated at the Neryungrinskiy open pit

where even though the weather conditions are extremely unfavorable (intense

frosts, prolonged periods of no wind, frequent inversions), the plan foresees

simultaneous operation of 100-120 dump trucks with capacities of 120-180 tonsthe total daily consumption of diesel fuel is 250-300 tons, and the daily

expenditure of explosives is 150-300 tons.

Presence of large quantities of air in open pits elicits the need for creating

powerful ventilation systems. The existing devices (UMP-1, PVU-6 and others)

are capable of only local airing of individual stagnant zones.

The NIIOGR, the VNIIGM imeni M. M. Fedorov and the Dnepropetrovsk affiliate of

the VNIPIrudmash [not further identified] have developed the technical assignment and completed the draft project for a new high-power fan, the UV-1, which

is intended for general ventilation at open pits. The device will produce a

high ventilation flow (up to 1,920 m

3

/sec at the device outlet), and the ranqe

of the flow will be high (up to 1,400 m). Given an insignificant increase in

fuel consumption (10 percent) in comparison with the base model, the NK-12KV

the new device will create a ventilation flow that is 2.1 times greater at the

device s outlet, the range of flow will increase somewhat (by 6 percent), and

the mobility of the device will increase significantly.

UMP-1, UMP-14 and UMP-21 self-propelled local ventilating systems will be

needed at the open pits of the Yakutsk ASSR and Siberia concurrently with fans

providing for general ventilation.

Endogenous fires are not only the principal source of toxic impurities released

into the atmosphere of open pits, but they also cause large losses of exposed

coal reserves prepared for extraction and elicit significant outlays of manpower and material resources associated with putting the fires out and repairing the damage.

Jointly with the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology imeni D. I. Mendeleyev,

the NIIOGR completed a complex of studies on spontaneous combustion of coal

being mined by the open pit method at a number of deposits of the Southern

Urals and West and East Siberia. The principal factors affecting the fire

danger in open pits were established, and methods and resources for controlling

spontaneous combustion were developed.

Occurrence of endogenous fires in an open pit depends in many ways on how well

the mining procedures correspond to the mining and geological conditions and

to the source of the coal. Among the large numbers of technical factors that

play a dominant role in spontaneous combustion of coal in the majority of cases

we should single out the rate at which the work front moves forward, the

periodicity with which coal benches are renewed and the completeness of their

removal, and the type of mining equipment employed. In this connection all

technical parameters (bench height, length of work front and so on) used in

determining the specifications of open pits from which coal prone to spontaneous

44
combustion is to be extracted must be adopted with a consideration for their

influence on spontaneous combustion of coal. Compliance with procedural

discipline when conducting mining, drilling and blasting operations (completely

removing all material loosened by the blast, carefully cleaning off all

elements of a bench and so on) also has no less important significance.

Antipyrogens have recently been enjoying extensive application in open pits.

The NIIOGR has developed a method of preventing endogenous fires based on

using neutralized black contact substance (NChK)—a petroleum refining product.

NChK was successfully tested and recommended for industrial use at the

Korkinskiy and imeni 50-Letiye Oktyabrya open pits. But this antipyrogen does

have its shortcomings: it is readily washed away by precipitation, and its

antipyrogenic properties are insufficient in relation to coal characterized by

high moisture content and porosity. A new antipyrogen was developed out of

NChK consisting of NChK and 5 percent added calcium chloride; a method of

preventing and extinguishing endogenous fires based on separate application

of the ingredients of the antipyrogen was also developed. But because of the

corrosive action of calcium chloride on metals and the significant costs of

its transportation over great distances, it has been difficult to introduce

this anitpyrogen on a major scale. Laboratory studies are now being conducted

on a number of petroleum products possessing better antipyrogenic properties

then NChK and exhibiting none of its shortcomings.

Industrial experiments are being conducted at the Kharanorskiy open pit with

an antipyrogen consisting of two ingredients—water glass and borax. When

this antipyrogen is used to put out fires, the high temperature causes formation of a heat-resistant film that covers the surface of the object and keeps

air out.

A new direction has recently appeared in the fight against spontaneous heating^

and spontaneous combustion of coal, based on growth in the intensity of electric

fields in spontaneously heating coal accumulations. The possibilities of this

direction are being subjected to experimental testing at the Kharanorskiy open

pit.

The results of these studies were used by the NIIOGR as the basis for writing

an interim manual on preventing and extinguishing endogenous fires at open

pits.

Dust is created in open pits by all of the principal production processes at

a rate of tens and hundreds of mg/m3. The dust content of air is greatest

around rotary excavators removing coal and around moving motor transportation.

The NIIOGR, the Mining Institute imeni A. A. Skochinskiy, the UkrNIIproyekt

[not further identified], the Eastern Scientific Research Institute of Work

Safety in Mining and the Novokromatorskiy Machine Building Plant Association

developed the technical assignment for a dust trapping system intended for the

high-productivity ERShRD-5000 rotary complex, which operates on the basis

of high-pressure hydraulic irrigation and aspiration.

45
The dust binding substance universin and the SPA self-propelled sprinkling

unit were developed to keep dust down on motor roads in summer, and they are now

in series production. The SPA is mounted on a BelAZ-504A truck chassis, and

it is equipped with a 25 m

3

tank, a nozzle-equipped spreading reservoir, two

TsV-6.3/160 pumps, slotted sprinklers and a multibladed ripper.

Interim instructions on the use of the dust binding substance universin to

control dust on motor roads in open pits were written by the NIIOGR with the

objective of achieving wide introduction of universin at open pits.

In order to achieve control of dust on motor roads at negative temperatures,

the NIIOGR has developed a technical assignment for the dust binding substance

"Universin-S" jointly with the Ufa Petroleum Institute. An experimental lot

of this substance was tested at the Neryungrinskiy open pit of the Yakutugol•

Association, where it demonstrated good results.

Introduction of the described methods and resources of improving working

conditions into the open pits will promote prevention of job-related injuries,

reduction of morbidity among laborers and an increase in productivity of mining

and transport equipment.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA", "UGOL"', 1984

11004

CSO: 1822/359

46
COAL

METHANOL-WATER MIXTURE FOUND BEST FOR COAL SLURRY USE

Moscow STROITEL'STVO TRUBOPROVODOV in Russian No 7, Jul 84 pp 16-17

[Article by Yu. G. Svitlyy, T. V. Karlina and V. F. Krut\ All-Union Scientific

R^arch 2d* eject Design I-tituteof Hydraulic Pipelines; K A Be ov and

S.A. Ustinovskaya, Kharkov Polytechnical Institute: Selecting a Carrier

Fluid for Coal Slurry Pipelines"]

TTextl In recent years, the hydraulic transport of coal in main slurry pipelines

i^ attracted much attention. Most of these systems use water as the carrier

fluid Science has shown, however, that this causes a difficult problem when

the coal is dewatered after delivery. Water cleaning after filtering is a

explicated process, though it is necessary in order to use tbe^ter » the

return cycle or to discharge it from the receiver's facility. The use or otner

carrier fluids, such as liquified carbon dioxide or alcohols (methanol and

ethanol), and crude oil is possible. C02 is easy to separate from the coal,

while the others add to the total calorific value of the coal. The separated

carrier fluid can always be used by the receiver. This prevents unrecoverable

energy losses in transporting water.

Of the aforementioned carrier fluids, methanol is the most promising for coal

slurry pipelines.

Coal always contains a certain amount of moisture after it is ground up in

pr^aration for" pipeline transport. Therefore, pure methanol-coal mixtures

are practically non-existent.

At identical temperatures, water is 1.7 times more viscous than methanol and

1.3 times denser.

The viscosity characteristics of water-methanol mixtures are given in Table 1.

They were obtained on a VPZh-2 viscosimeter with a capillary diameter of 0.56 mm.

As the methanol content increases, the mixture's viscosity changes along the

turve until reaching a maximum at 40 percent water and 60 percent methanol

(Ti= 1.74'10-3 Pa-sec).

47
Table 1. Viscosity as a Function of Methanol (CH OH) Concentration in Water

CH^OH Concentration in a Water-Alcohol Viscosity of the Water-Methanol

Solution, volume % at 20° C Solution, 10~3 Pa-sec

0 0.984

20 1.53

40 1.74

50 1.68

60 1.59

80 Lie

100 0.58

Table 2. Viscosity of the Coal Slurry Mixture as a Function of Its Liquid

Phase Content

Slurry Mixture Content, % Elapsed Time t, sec Dynamic Viscosity,

Coal Water Methanol 7)-10~3Pa-sec

50 - 50 65 0.278

50 35 15 88 0.433

50 25 25 57 0.265

50 50 - 59 0.287

Grades "D" and "G" coal from the Inskaya Mine, pulverised to less than 1 mm were

used for viscosity research in water-methanol mixtures. The coal had an

ash content of 13.28 percent. Equal volumes of the solid and liquid phases

were used. Water, methanol, and water-methanol mixtures were used as the liquid

phase. Since no suitable viscosimeters were available for such slurry mixtures,

a 150-milliliter funnel with an outlet diameter of 3 mm was used for the tests.

Test results are given in Table 2.

A comparison of tables 1 and 2 shows that the presence of coal particles

significantly reduces slurry viscosity. A mixture of 50 percent coal,

35 percent water and 15 percent methanol had the greatest viscosity: 0.433-10-3 Pa-sec,

The critical coal transport velocity depends on the carrying capacity of the

liquid and can be determined by the solid particle settling rate.

The settling rates of coal in methanol, water and a 50-percent mixture of the

two were studied using graduated cylinders. The test results are given in Table 3.

The coal settling rate in methanol, for both particle sizes, was somewhat

greater than in water, due to the lower density of methanol (f= 7.92 N/m3).

The coal settling rate in a 50-percent methanol solution with water was one-third

of that in pure methanol, showing that a liquid mixture has a much greater

carrying capacity than pure liquids. For coal particle sizes less than 0.5 mm,

the carrying capacity of the fluids was 10-25 percent higher than for the

coarser particle sizes.

48
Table 3. The Coal Settling Rate as a Function of the Liquid Phase Composition

for Different Particle Sizes

Slurry Liquid Component Composition, %

Water Methanol

Settling Rate, 10 5m/sec

Size 3-0 mm Size 0.5-0 mm

50

100

100

50

1.38

0.41

1.11

1.25

0.36

0.83

An important practical consideration is the stability of the liquid mixture.

It determines whether the slurry can be successfully transported after a

pipeline shutdown or lengthy storage in a tank. The basic stability indicator

of the liquid mixture is the intensity of separation, which can be increased

with surfactants such as carboxymethylcellulose (KMTs) and polyoxyethylene (P0E)

The coal settling rate, both in the presence and absence of surfactants, is

determined over time by the relative depth of the settled layer n = 100 h/H, %,

where h is the depth of the settled layer after a certain time, mm, and H is

the height of the liquid mixture column, mm. The test results are given in

figs 1 and 2,

1_—l I L_

0 2 4 S 8 10 12 14 IS 18 20 22 T,H (1 )

Figure 1. The Influence of Surfactants on Coal Settling in Water

Key:

1. T, hr

g 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Z2T,1 (1)

Figure 2. The Influence of Surfactants on Coal Settling in a Water-Alcohol

Mixture

Key:

1. T, hr

49
The most intensive separation of the water-coal slurry was observed, for both

pure water and for slurry containing surfactants, during the first two hours.

After that, it gradually slowed down and ceased after 5-6 hours.

The separation process was retarded when the KMTs concentration in the water was

increased from 0.5 to 2.0 percent and when the POE concentration was increased

from 1.0 to 1.5 percent.

The settling of coal in a 50-percent water-alcohol solution (see fig 2) was

much less intense than in the water slurry. The addition of surfactants

(0.5 percent KMTs; 1.0-1.5 percent POE) intensified the process, although

less so than in pure water. The addition of 2 percent KMTs into the water-alcohol

mixture sharply reduced the slurry separation intensity.

Since the water-methanol mixture has a higher carrying capacity than either

water or methanol alone, the mixture's critical velocity should be less. The

mixture has a high viscosity and is more stable than water-coal mixtures.

The water-methanol mixture's properties can be changed by the addition of

proper amounts of surfactants. For these reasons, the water-methanol mixture

is the most promising fluid for coal slurry transport.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra" "Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov", 1984

12595

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50
COAL

NEW APPROACH PROPOSED TO BOLSTER DECLINING KUZBASS PRODUCTION

Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA INDUSTRIYA in Russian 24 Jul 84 p 2

[Article by T. Kobylyanskiy, chief geologist of Kuzbassugol' VPO [All-Union

Production Association]: "The Section Next to the Mine"]

[Text] Kemerovo—-In each of the last several years, the underground production

of coal in the Kuznetsk Basin has been dropping. Several technico-economic

indicators are worsening, such as loadings per mechanized working face and

production cost. There are many reasons for this. But the main reason is the

lack of a full working front. I must emphasize: this doesn't mean a lack of

faces, but a lack of those faces that can produce high daily outputs.

No new mines have been developed for nearly a quarter of a century. The renovation

of operating coal enterprises is proceeding at a pace that not only can't

provide an increase in coal output, but can't even keep output at its present

level. One by one, the most productive seams are being worked out. Therefore,

the percentage of hard-to-mine seams is increasing. Such seams are thin,

uneven, flooded or gassy.

It is hardly any surprise that, despite better miners' skills and improved

mining equipment, the average monthly output per face last year was 76 tons

less than in 1976, the best year. Due to this factor alone, total underground

production in the basin fell by 4.5 million tons.

Considering the fact that there is no reason today to hope for a sharp increase

in capital investments in new construction or renovation, it is obvious that the

prospects for underground coal production in Kemerovo Oblast are unenviable.

Nevertheless, the experience of several collectives shows that all is not lost.

The following examples confirm this. The Oktyabr'skaya Mine opened in 1950.

For various reasons, it did not reach full production for several years. Then

it was decided to build one more production area, using the mine's own capabilities.

One kilometer from the shaft, an incline was driven from the surface to the

Krasnogorskiy Seam. A boiler room and an air heater had to be built for the

new section; a half-kilometer railroad track also had to be built. This was all

done within a year. The new section began to produce 700-800 tons of coal per

day. Labor productivity there reached 75 tons per worker per month, compared to

49 tons for the mine as a whole. The section was operated for 8 years, during

which time it earned 8 million R for the mine.

51
A similar section at the Kuznetskaya Mine was even more efficient. It was also

constructed within a year. Here, the daily output reached 1,600 tons. In

6 years of operation, it produced profits of 14 million R.

Similar separate sections were built and operated at the Imeni S. M. Kirov and

Imeni 7 Noyabr' mines... Ten such sections have been worked at the Leninskiy

Mine alone. In most cases, these sections were closed because they were worked

out. Several of them eventually were connected to the main workings.

The practice of building and working separate sections continues today in

Fizkul'turnik Mine Administration and at the Kol'chuginskaya and Tesntral'naya

mines. Quite recently, a very promising section was opened at the Nagornaya Mine.

Of course, only a large, modern enterprise, with all its technological, auxiliary

and service capabilities, can steadily produce a planned amount of coal over a

long period of time. The separate section, though, can be worked for only a

limited time, usually for about 10 years. Therefore, many specialists oppose

such short-term projects.

One could agree with them if the circumstances weren't so difficult. Even if new

mine construction were to begin during the current five-year plan, they wouldn't

be in operation or up to full output anytime soon. All the while, we will be

working out the present seams and moving to lower, more difficult seams. This

will mean declining underground production.

Meanwhile, the geology department of Kuzbassugol* VPO has identified 25 areas

where separate sections could be opened. The sections have recoverable reserves

of 10-12 million tons. Both mine workers and coal production association

specialists are convinced that these sections should be opened. There is no doubt

that these sections are promising. In our opinion, it is practically the only

possible way today to achieve significant production growth. It would not only

help maintain present output, but could even increase it somewhat.

It seems that it may be possible to reverse the downward trend. However, a

number of difficulties have arisen, particularly in preparing proven reserves.

Many areas selected for separate section development have significant coal

reserves. But they have not been sufficiently studied to allow project development

to begin. An example of this is the Yuzhnaya Mine. Over 1,000 people work there,

producing only 1,000 tons of coal per day. Only 3 km away, isolated exploratory

drill holes have found 3 gently sloping seams 1.5 to 3 meters thick. Mining

machines could produce daily at least 1,000 tons of coal from these seams.

Estimates show that no more than 150 people would be needed to work such a

separate section.

Everything is favorable to opening a new section there. But the seams have not

been studied in detail. Therefore, the new workings cannot be designed and

developed. This is because the volume of exploratory drilling in operating coal

fields has been reduced. As time passes, this will slow the growth of

underground coal production more and more.

52
Long-time Kuzbass residents remember the time when 11 drilling crews were active

at the former Kuzbassugol' Combine. They handled the drilling operations, while

the geological work was done by Kuzbassuglegeologiya Specialized Trust of the

USSR Ministry of Geology. But in 1970, these crews were reorganized into

"their own" Kuzbassuglerazvedka Trust, in order to "augment geological

exploration," as the order of USSR Minugleprom [USSR Ministry of the Coal

Industry] stated. The new trust took on all final exploratory work for mine

development. Ministry of Geology personnel were shifted to the search for

promising new areas.

By itself, this decision was not questionable. The proposal was for geologists

to carry out their own work, which is searching for new coal fields. The coal

industry, along with production, is to do follow-up exploration in developed

coal fields.

Everyting was properly planned. However, over time, the industry's geological

service, rather than growing, "withered away." Today, the volume of exploration

drilling done by Kuzbassuglerazvedka Trust has decreased to two fifths of what

it was 15 years ago. Quite often, developments must be driven into seams that

have not been properly explored.

And the costs are high. At the Tomskaya Mine, a mine deepening project was

completed a year behind schedule. At the Pervomayskaya Mine, an incline to a

1,000-ton-per-day seam was also delayed for a year. The project design for the

new, 6-million-ton-per-year Antonovskaya Mine was a year behind schedule. With

insufficient preliminary exploration, ventilation drifts often have to driven.

This causes coal losses, non-productive mine workings and delays in preparing

coal faces. The dilemma facing many mine managers is either to wait for

exploration data or to venture into the construction of separate sections. The

latter choice involves a certain risk, and excess expenditures are unavoidable

because of incomplete geological data. The managers of the Fizkul'turnik

Mine Administration and the Tsentral'naya Mine decided on the latter course. One

understand their position. Better to bear some costs than to be left without

any developed reserves.

The USSR Ministry of the Coal Industry formed its own trust, but did not worry

much about equipping it. The time has come to pay for this poor management.

The volume of exploration work is shrinking, while drilling costs are rising.

In addition, similar divisions of other sectors are operating in the Kuzbass

parallel to the trust's organizations. In Leninsk-Kuznetskiy, for instance,

five "independent" organizations are conducting drilling operations, while

seven are operating in the Prokopyevsko-Kiselevskiy Coal Region. This scattered

effort is clearly not advantageous. Obviously, it is time for the USSR Ministry

of the Coal Industry and the USSR Ministry of Geology to objectively evaluate

the state of exploratory and development drilling at the basin's mines. The

number of small, "competing" organizations, with their multitude of offices

and management personnel, must be reduced.

One other important detail must be noted in closing. Thirteen of the 25 areas

favorable for the development of separate sections would produce scarce coking coals.

This fact must also be considered when deciding whether or not to speed the

development of these seams.

12595 53

CSO: 1822/407
COAL

NERYUNGRI"COAL PLANT SPEEDS TOWARD COMPLETION

Moscow PRAVDA in Russian 30 Jun 84 p 1

[Article by V. Yermolayev, PRAVDA correspondent, and M. Morozov, SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA

YAKUTIYA correspondent: "The Buildings Will Rise in Neryungri"]

[Text] Neryungri, Yakut ASSR--The Neryungri Coal Beneficiation Plant is to be

put into production in the fourth year of the five-year plan, according to the

socialist obligations for RSFSR workers. The plant's annual capacity will be

9 million tons, making it the largest in the industry. The pace of competition

between construction workers, installation workers, truck drivers and equipment

suppliers is increasing daily at the construction site.

A. Pavlov, the chief engineer of Administration No. 13 of Yakutuglestroy Combine,

spread out several drawings in front of two brigade leaders:

"There's the slurry basin for the thickener unit. You can use poured reinforced

concrete here. Or, you could use precast reinforced conrete. The volume is the

same—100 cubic meters. You decide."

V. Zazulyak, the supervisor of a Komsomol-youth brigade, liked the precast

concrete idea. M. Mikheyev estimated that the plants of the construction

industry had sufficient capacity. The concrete supply would be uninterrupted.

Reinforcing cages were available. He spoke to his colleagues in favor of poured

concrete. Which brigade would be the first to complete its part of the structure?

"Our young colleagues," replied M. Mikheyev, "are pleased with their success.

We have also fulfilled our task. We completed our project in mid-April, as

we promised to do."

Mikhail Alekseyevich did not mention that the youths had benefitted from his

experience. Construction of the plant began seven years ago and he has been

there from the very start. At that time, there were no construction industry

enterprises around.

Over 100 brigades have participated in the workers' relay race competition in

order to achieve this. They not only completed their own tasks, but also

provided materials, equipment and work space to their associates. That's the

way things are done here.

54
The advantages of consolidated brigades are quite obvious. M. Mikheyev

supervises 100 people, while V. Kurchikov supervises 190. Experience has

proven that such complex working groups are flexible to manage. They allow for

the more effective application of resources and are able to better use their

capabilities.

"If, rather than one large brigade, we were 6 brigades of 30 people each," says

section chief M. Pestov, "we would have torn out our hair trying to make sure

everyone got his share of the 'money' work. The same goes for dividing up a

hundred kilograms of welding rods fairly and deciding when to provide concrete,

cranes and tools to whom. Now, the collective itself solves these and a host

of other problems. People know that they all are working on the same project.

The input of each person will be evaluated using the labor participation

coefficient. When people are fulfilling contracts, they pay more attention to

the other workers involved: installation workers, workers from specialized

organizations and finishers."

During a workers* relay race competition, contacts are made with collectives

from numerous enterprises that supply equipment and materials to southern

Yakutiya. These enterprises signed cooperative contracts with Neryungri, promising

to speed the shipment of pipe, cable, wall panels and process equipment. It was

all apparently done without slighting other customers. The construction staff,

set up by the Neryungri CPSU Gorkom, thanked the pipe mill workers from Rustavi

and the workers from the Khabarovsk Wall Structures Plant for fulfilling their

obligations ahead of schedule.

The staff has other duties besides coordinating the actions of all the

construction workers. It organizes competitions on the most important start-up

projects and helps with educational work.

...The beneficiation plant's huge buildings, sheathed with aluminum panels, form

a sparkling cascade down the gentle slope of the hill. The raw material—nearly

a half billion tons of coking coal—lies hidden within the hill. Ten million

cubic meters of overburden will have to be hauled away in order to begin

producing the concentrate. A large amount of equipment has been concentrated

at the pit: excavators with 20-cubic-meter buckets, 120- and 180-ton trucks

and high-production drill rigs. Last year, the brigade of V. Yegorov, holder

of the Miner's Glory Badge, removed 4 million cubic meters of overburden with

a 20-cubic-meter Uralmash excavator. They have now resolved to better that

achievement.

12595

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55
COAL

RAILROAD COAL TRANSPORT PROBLEMS SOLVED IN UKRAINE

Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 10 Jul 84 p 2

[Article by A. Dolenko, IZVESTIYA correspondent: "Under the Deputies' Control"]

[Text] Kiev—When the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR reviewed the

republic's current five-year plan for economic and social development, the

deputies' commissions made proposals on improving railroad efficiency and

protecting against transport losses.

First, a few statistics. One fourth of all the tonnage carried by the railroads

is fuel. About 90 percent of it is shipped from stations of the Donetsk Railroad,

"A study was made of the sector's junctions," said Yu. Bondar', chairman of the

Transport and Communications Commission. "It showed that most of the problems

of rail transport occurred there. We decided to work together with the Heavy

Industry Commission."

A deputies' advance group, headed by V. Galkin, shift chief at Azot Association

in Severodonetsk, visited the Donbass. Deputies in the group included

railroad workers and miners; leading specialists from the sector were also

invited. They visited worker collectives and got acquainted with their work

and their problems.

"I visited Pavlogradugol' Association," said V. Bubnov, an honored miner of the

UkSSR and a tunneling brigade leader at Dneproshakhtstroy Combine. "There are

11 mines here. Five of them have no hoppers. The coal is loaded as the rail

cars arrive. However, they don't arrive with regularity."

"But, even if all the coal is loaded," said A. Yeremenko, brigade leader of the

Imeni Dzerzhinskiy Mine Administration of Donbassantratsit Combine, "it doesn't

always arrive at its destination on time, and much is lost along the way.

Take, for instance, the Debaltsevo Station, where coal shipments are made up.

In order to allow trains to pass freely, spilled coal is simply shoveled down

the embankments."

The deputies saw many disturbing things at other mines and railroad stations.

56
Acting on the deputies' proposal, the republic's Minugleprom [Ministry of the

Coal Industry] and the Donetsk Railroad management jointly analyzed the utilization

of rolling stock at coal industry enterprises. They also investigated coal

losses during transport. The UkSSR People's Control Committee also studied this

problem and disciplined and fined a number of ministry and railroad personnel

for their failures.

The members of the advance group reported on all of this at a joint session of

the Supreme Soviet commissions on Heavy Industry and Transport and Communications.

The performance of economic managers was objectively and strictly evaluated.

The commissions presented their proposals and recommendations to the republic's

Supreme Soviet Presidium for review. The Presidium approved them. UkSSR

Minugleprom, the Donetsk Railroad management, Gosplan, Gossnab, People's

Control Committee, the republic prosecutor's office, ispolkoms of oblast

councils of people's deputies and ispolkoms of the Kiev and Sevastopol city

counciles of people's deputies were instructed to eliminate shortcomings.

The commissions monitored the fulfillment of these decisions. It can now

truly be said that things have improved.

"In order to realize the commissions' suggestions and proposals, as well as the

statute of the UkSSR Supreme Soviet Presidium," said A. Kozhushko, chief of the

Donetsk Railroad, "we orgainzed a conveyor-flow rail-car repair line. In order

to avoid coal losses in transit, we are strictly monitoring how shippers comply

with shipping regulations."

"The republic's Supreme Soviet commissions," noted V. Besedin, first deputy

chairman of the Voroshilovgrad Oblispolkom, "have given us a good example of

how to approach the study of a problem, monitor the fulfillment of decisions

and achieve improved executive discipline. The permanent commissions of our

oblast Soviets and the executive committees regularly hear reports from coal

and transport organization management."

The results of this are apparent. Since the beginning of the year, over

50,000 rail cars have been repaired by the railroad's Voroshilovgrad department.

Mechanization has been introduced at many stations, tracks have been replaced

and depots have been rebuilt. A deputies' watch at the Stakhanovugol' Loading

and Transport Administration totally prevented fuel losses, saving 20,000

rail car-hours.

Overall, the republic's coal industry enterprises had an average rail car idle

time of 6.4 hours, compared to the norm of 6.5. This saved 568,000 rail car-hours

per year. The commissions of the Ukrainian SSR Supreme Soviet are constantly

overseeing the realization of the recommendations. They are helping the miners

and transport workers to make greater use Of all their capabilities to fulfill

the five-year plan.

12595

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57
COAL

UDC 658.387.4.001.86:622.232:622.33.012.2

WORK OF UNIT IN KARAGANDA COAL PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION PRAISED

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 5, May 84 pp 3-4

[Article by I.R. Lifshits, engineer, Shakhtinskaya Mine: "On the Work of

Working-Face Section No 3"]

[Text] Thanks to the efficient use of mining technology and the introduction

of the scientific organization of labor, the collective of integratedly mechanized Section No 3 of the Karagandaugol' Association's

Shakhtinskaya Mine, which is led by N.I. Gladkikh and is itself a leader in socialist competition among the working-face sections in the Karaganda basin, is

increasing its coal extraction rate and improving its basic technical and economic indicators.

During the last 10 years the section's collective has repeatedly solved the

most difficult problems successfully. Every time there was a change to a new

mining area it was necessary to master new mining equipment and technology, answer questions concerning the transportation of the extracted coal, shore up

the workings, and deliver and distribute materials and equipment.

The removable thickness of the bed changed constantly, depending on the type of

complexes used and whether it was being extracted in one or two layers. In

1974, for instance, the collective worked on a short longwall, using a 10KP

complex, and extracted 1,200-1,300 t of coal per day. In 1976 the extraction

was being done from paired longwalls, using 20KP and 10KP complexes, and the

daily production load reached 2,400 t per day. In 1977 and 1978 the collective

continued to work at the paired longwalls, but used 2OKP-70 and 20KP complexes

The longwalls were supplied with electricity from a TKShVP [expansion unknown]

substation that was on rails and moved ahead as the crew advanced along the

longwall. The production load reached 2,600 t per day. With the introduction

of 20KP-70 complexes, in 1981-198w the rate of advance along the longwalls was

about 230 m per month.

In 1982 the section tested and mastered the new 3OKP-70-1 complex, which was

then used to work the entire thickness (4-4.2 m) of the d& bed. This was a i

piece of equipment that had never before been used in the mine.

In 1983 the section worked the 36 bed in longwall No 3, which is in the eastern

section and is 90 m long. The geological conditions under which Section No 3

worked were complicated: the coal is self-igniting and the bed is dangerous

because of sudden blowouts of coal and gas and explosions of coal dust

58
A daily multiple-skill crew that consists of three extraction teams and one repair team works at the longwall. One of the most important factors in the collective's successful functioning is clearcut organization of the planned preventive maintenance of the equipment at the longwall. The repair team, which

performs all the repair and preventive maintenance work, consists of 35-40 peo

pie. All the equipment mechanisms are assigned to group leaders who are experienced miners and electricians and are proficient at several allied skills.

Each repair team group is assigned equipment, for the emergency-free functioning of which it is responsible from the moment the equipment is set up untxl it

is through being used.

The work at the longwall is organized in the following manner. Preparation,

repair and adjustment of the conveyor lines are carried out by two groups: the

mechanical part is the responsibility of six electricians, whereas the preparation for operation of the electrical part and the automatic equipment is taken

care of by two electricians and one miner.

The maintenance of the KSP-2 reloader and the SUOKP-70 longwall conveyor, the

checking of the reduction gears and the pull-type devices, and the preparation

of the reloader for shifting are the responsibility of three miners.

Three electricians service the power trains and check the face machinery's

electrical equipment, control circuits and warning signal units. Two workingface miners, under the supervision of an electrician, observe the functioning

of the road (UDLG [expansion unknown]) over which the materials and equipment

are delivered. A group of miners takes care of repairing the mechanical part

of the complex and replacing the SUOKP-70 conveyor's chutes. Delivery of materials and equipment to the longwall over the UDLG fill roads is carried out

by six miners. The section's mechanic supervises all repair work.

This organization of the work made it possible to reduce the machinery and

mechanism accident rate significantly and increase the machinery operating time

on the extraction shifts.

During the extraction shifts people are assigned working places with due consideration for their experience, knowledge and professional skills. There is a

clearcut distribution of responsibilities among them and operations are assigned permanently to miners. The planned working schedule for Section No 3 is

presented in the figure on the next page.

On the shift extraction teams that actually mine the coal, there are 10-11

working-face miners. A machine operator and his helper receive the KSh-Zm combine from the preceding shift and check the status of the cutters and their attachment to the worm conveyors, the presence of oil, the condition of the feeder system and the reliability of the hauling chain. The other members of the

extraction team check the readiness of the longwall conveyor and the duty electrician sees that the hydraulic and electrical equipment is in good working order. After this, coal extraction begins. When the combine is moving upward,

2.5 m of the upper band of coal are extracted, with the other 1.5 m being extracted when the combine is stripping downward. The combine's operator and his

helper monitor the status of the roof and the face, the location and status of

59
CMCHCL , f iy\

8 9 V 11 12 13 n M

GO -

70

60 -

50

10

30 - •

10

0

- Ill

-Wu /|-tP-|z| )j *-*- *.-~—-5 m=M*zfff^r\7

Planned working schedule: 1. extraction of coal by combine; 2. moving of combine and stripping of soil; 3. moving of support timber sections; 4. stripping of support timber bases; 5. trimming of face; 6.

movement of conveyor; 7. preparationg for extraction.

Key: 1. Shift, hours

noKaeatejiH

(1)

1977 r. 1980 r. 1981 r. 1982 r. 1983 r.

ßoöbiia yniH, Tue. T(2) 777,1 915,3 950,2 1011,3 1013,7

npoH3BOÄHTCJibHocTb Tpy- 556,4 587,1 604,2 623,1 626,9

aa pa6o'iero no .rcaBe, T/MCC( 3)

HHOieHHOCTb paßo'iHx, qe- 111 184 177 175 180

jioBeK (4)

Key:

1. Indicators

2. Coal extraction, 103t

3. Labor productivity per longwall worker , t/month

4. Number of workers

the cables and hoses, and the normal functioning of the feeder nozzles. Two

miners shift the mechanized support timbers or the conveyor, depending on which

way the is moving. Six of them shift the KSP-2 reloader on the conveyor drift,

along with the longwall conveyor drives and the linking support timbers, prepare the bays, and split off-sized pieces of coal. All the processes in the

cycle are almost completely contemporaneous with the combine's extraction of

the coal.

The introduction of progressive technology and the scientific organization of

labor, as well as the clearcut, harmonious and timely work done by all the

teams in the technological chain have also contributed to the efficient use of

the mechanized 3OKP-70-1 complex. Shift-by-shift accountability for the performance of each group's, team's and shift's work and constant monitoring of

the teams* work by the leaders have created conditions for achieving high results.

60
The basic results of Section No 3's work during the period under discussion are

presented in the table.

The section's collective did not reach the million-ton mark immediately. From

year to year the amount of coal extrated grew, labor productivity increased,

and coal production costs dropped. These successes were achieved thanks to

constant working with the people and the mobilization of the collective to fulfill the socialist obligations it had assumed.

The collective led by N.I. Gladkikh is an active participant in the "500,000-

Ton" movement at the Karagandaugol' production association. In 1982 it emerged

as the victor in the socialist competition seven times and it has been awarded

the Challenge Red Banner of association and the territorial committee of the

coal industry workers' trade union.

In 1982 the members of Section No 3's collective introduced 15 innovators' suggestions that had an economic effect totaling 284,000 rubles.

By the Miner's Day professional holiday, the section's collective had extracted

109,200 t of above-plan coal.

In 1983 the section's collective decided to mine more than 1 million t of coal,

and coped successfully with its assumed obligations. The final figure was

1,013,707 t.

In 1984 the collective led by N.I. Gladkikh has vowed not to let its work rate

drop and to send at least 1 million t of coal to the surface.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA," "UG0L1", 1984

11746

CSO: 1822/309

61
COAL

UDC 622.233.016.25:622.234.57

TECHNIQUE FOR WORKING HIGHLY STRESSED STRATA EXPLAINED

Moscow UGOL' in Russian No 5, May 84 pp 19-20

[Article by F.V. Sysolyatin, candidate of technical sciences, Urals Branch,

Ail-Union Scientific Research Institute of Mine Surveying: "Improving the

Drilling of Relief Boreholes in Highly Stressed Strata"]

[Text] The Kizelovskoye coal field has the most highly stressed strata of all

fields. More than half the rock bursts registered in this country have

occurred there. The implementation of a complex of measures to combat the

bursts made it possible to reduce their number per million tons of coal extracted by a factor of 35 between 1960 and 1980, despite the fact that the depth of

the workings almost doubled. However, it is still impossible to eliminate the

explosions comletely.

Along with regional measures for preventing dynamic phenomena when working a

series of strata, extensive use is made of local preventive measures: the injection of water into a stratum, the drilling of large-diameter relief boreholes, the underground detonation of explosive charges, The method used most

widely to combat rock bursts at the mines in the basin is relieving a stratum

with a large-diameter borehole. More than 40,000 m of large-diameter boreholes

are drilled in the working and development faces every year. Relief boreholes

10-15 m long and 200-500 mm in diameter are used to free 80 percent of the

underground workings in stressed strata from explosions.

"Start" and BGA [expansion unknown] rigs are used to do the drilling.

The experience amassed in working explosion-prone strata indicates that it is

possible to use relief boreholes under variegated and complicated conditions.

This method is particularly effective when clearing away previously

abandoned coal pillars, where other local preventive measures are not

suitable. Boreholes also have a good relieving capability during the

working of a solitary thick bed, since the underground detonation of

explosive charges and water injection into the stratum are not very effective.

The drilling of relief boreholes in a stressed mass of coal results in a reduction of the stresses in some area because of the coal's transition into a limiting state. An intensive discharge of rock pressure takes place during the

drilling of boreholes, with its realization being in the form of bursts and explosions accompanied by the squeezing-out and blowout of coal from the edge of

62
the bed. Pulses that are particularly significant in both amplitude and frequency of appearance can be observed in highly stressed sections of strata with

Category I stress factor. In connection with this, the highest probability of

initiating dynamic phenomena occurs during the drilling of boreholes in a maximally loaded zone located at a distance of two or three times the thickness, of

the stratum. As a result of the introduction of the cutting tool into the

stratum, there appear additional local loads that create an anomalous stress

field with a critical potential at the point of contact between the drilling

bit and the borehole's wall. The greatest danger occurs in connection with the

drilling of boreholes 400-500 mm in diameter. VNIMI [All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Mine Surveying] research has established that the greater

the diameter of the relief boreholes, the higher the intensity of the stratum's

discharge of stress; on the other hand, reducing the diameter of the rotating

element results in a reduction in the boreholes' relieving capacity.

In some sections of a bed the blowouts of coal are so severe that they result

in the breaking of the drilling equipment and, as a rule, squeezing and deformation of the guide rods. In the last 3 years alone, the number of rock bursts

that were related to the drilling of relief boreholes was 40 percent of all

those registered. For instance, a rock burst that occurred in May 1979 during

the cutting of longwall No 714 at the Mine imeni Krupskaya resulted in the protracted abandonment of the working face. The burst was caused by the drilling

of relief boreholes 500 mm in diameter. Before the use of preventive measures,

Category II stress factor was recorded for this section of the stratum. During

the drilling there was a redistribution of the stresses in the edge part of the

stratum, which initiated the rock burst.

During the drilling of relief boreholes 500 mm in diameter in longwall No 292

at the Tsentral'naya Mine, there occurred a rock burst with an energy levelaccording to the Ugleural'sk seismic station's data—of 105

J. As a result,^

the edge part of the stratum was completely destroyed for 30 m along the strike

and to a depth of 1.2 m. The burst was accompanied by a significant blowout of

coal and the formation of a large amount of dust.

Under particularly complicated conditions for working explosion-prone strata,

there have occurred incited bursts in connection with the drilling of boreholes

less than 500 mm in diameter. For example, a rock burst that took place in the

Tsentral'naya Mine's longwall No 921 was caused by the drilling of relief boreholes 250 mm in diameter. The longwall was being used to work solitary, bursthazardous stratum 11, which was 0.9-1.3 m thick and lay at a depth of 600 m and

sloped at a 30-40° angle. The stratum's basic roof and soil were quartz, sandstone . The working system was continuous and roof control was by partial laying. The coal in the longwall was being removed by a 1K-101 combine. The support timbering consisted of wooden frames put in place every 0.9 m. Round timber chocks were used as special timbering. The edge part of the bed along the

entire longwall was characterized by Category I-II stress factor. The relief

boreholes were 9.8 m deep, and the distance between them was 1.5. A mine shock

occurred during the drilling of the boreholes in the upper part of the longwall. In connection with this, the drilling bit was deformed and the rig's

guide unit broke. Coal from the stratum's edge part was blown out to a depth

of 1.5 m in a section 8 m long.

63
An analogous burst was caused by the drilling of boreholes in longwall No 621

in the section workings at the Mine imeni Lenin. The longwall was being cut

into in stratum 11, which was 0.9 m thick and lying at an angle of 55°. The

stratum's soil and roof were argillites of average stability. Section working

was being done for the purpose of lengthening the longwall to the full length

of the level.

When the opening-out raise was driven to a distance of 18 m from the vent drift

in the face, Category I stress factor was established. In accordance with the

plan for bringing the edge parts of the workings into an unstressed state,

the face and the side walls had relief boreholes that were 150 mm in diameter drilled into them to a depth of 4.1 m. During the drilling of the boreholes there was intensive squeezing-out of coal and pinching of the drilling

tool. The amplitude of the individual elastic impulses reached 200 mA. Reducing the diameter of the drilling bit to 110 mm did not result in a reduction in

the stratum's seismoacoustic activity. During the drilling of the next borehole there was a loud bang and coal was blown out of the stratum's edge part.

In the face, the support timbering was knocked out and the safety shelves were

destroyed.

Such situations are not unique in highly stressed strata and, as a rule are

accompanied by increased danger during the implementation of preventive'measures,

in connection with which it is sometimes necessary to leave in place coal that

has been prepared for removal. For instance, during the working of longwall No

611 at the Mine imeni Lenin, significant reserves of coal were left in stratum

13 because of the impossibility of relieving stress in the stratum edge. For

this same reason, separate sections of strata with a high stress factor

were abandoned at the Zapadnaya and Tsentral'naya Mines and the Mine imeni

Krupskaya.

Special mining equipment to relieve stress in coal strata

has not yet been created, although local measures of combatting bursts have

been developed and have been in use in the mines for more than 20 years. The

mechanisms and devices used for this purpose (combines, electric drills, drilling rigs, pump units and so on) are not suitable for use under conditions of

increased stress and do not guarantee labor safety when they are being

used. For example, the "Start" drilling rig, which has remote lengthening of

the drill rods, has an imperfectly designed magazine-type feed: every drill

rod must be set into the socket manually, so the use of the feed mechanism complicates the work when drilling boreholes. This rig also has other design

flaws that show up when it is used to relieve stress in strata

edges.

The development of new or the modernization of existing drilling units, featuring automatic regulation of the feed rate and frequency of rotation of the cutting tool, as well as remote or programmed control of the entire unit, will facilitate an improvement in the effectiveness of preventive measures for combatting rock bursts, as well as an improvement in the technical and economic indicators of mine work.

Calculations made for the "Start" drilling tool show that if it is modernized,

the annual economic effect from the use of even a single one will be 13,400

64
rubles. The improvement of narrow-wedge combines (in the direction of automatic regulation of the feed rate and remote operational control) can open broad

possibilities for their safe use not only in mines where there is a danger of

shock, but also in steep or sloping strata in which there is a danger of blowout. The economic effect from the use of a single 1K-101 combine will be more

than 200,000 rubles per year.

It should be mentioned here that with the deepening of underground workings the

probability of rock bursts is undoubtedly increasing. Under these conditions

the problem of extreme stress and the development of measures for combatting dynamic phenomena will be even more complicated. In connection with this, the

planning and design institutes need to examine the question of developing and

creating both mining technology and working-face equipment that meet the needs

of the mining industry for working highly stressed, explosion-prone strata.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA," "UG0L"', 1984

11746

CSO: 1822/309

65
COAL

UDC 622.271.322.23.012.3

METHOD FOR DEALING WITH SELF-IGNITING ROCKS DESCRIBED

Moscow UGOL1 in Russian No 5, May 84 pp 24-25

[Article by P.A. Burkov, candidate of technical sciences, and A.I. Chirkin and

V.A. Grintsov, engineers, NIIOGR [possibly Scientific-Technical Institute for

the Organization of Mine Working]: "Nontransport System for Working Deposits

Containing Self-Igniting Rocks"]

[Text The Krasnoyarsk Coal Production Association's Chernogorskiy

Open-Pit Mine is working the Velikan, Moshchnyy and Gigant-1, -2 beds, which

have a total thickness of 15-20 m and lie at an angle of 5-10° in the northwestern part of the Chernogorskoye field. The thickness of the covering rock

is 40 m. The work is being done by a composite system. The rock overburden is

being removed by both the nontransport and transport methods. EKG-4.6, EKG-8,

ESh-15/90 and ESh-10/60 excavators are being used at the mine. Railroad (with

steam traction) and motor vehicle transport are used to move the rock mass.

Coal (hard, humic, and candle) is used as fuel.

The rocks in the outer overburden are sandy loams, aleurolites and sandstones,

whereas those in the interbed area of the Velikan and Moshchnyy beds are coaly

argillites and those between the Moshchnyy and Gigant-1, -2 beds are aleurolites.

One special^feature of the coals and coal argillites (particularly the latter)

is self-ignition, as a result of which many endogenic fires start at the mine.

Investigations of the fire hazar of the coals in the Chernogorskiy Open-Pit

Mine showed that fires appear primarily in coal columns where they come in contact with internal dumps (the Gigant-1, -2 beds), in piles containing coal and

rock, in the internal dumps of nontransport overburden and in bulldozed dumps.

The basic causes of this high degree of fire danger are: losses of coal in the

form of piles and mounds that form during the working and stripping of benches

in the Gigant-1, -2 beds and the presence in the rock mass of dumps of nontransport overburden and bulldozed dumps placed on top of them, as well as combustible components in the form of coal (from the stripping of the beds) and

coaly argillites.

The rock mass's combustible component content varies within wide limits, although they occur most often (26.5 percent) in the overburden rocks of the

66
Diagram of conduct of dump work in

connection with nontransport system

of working: 1. upper (coalcontaining) interbed area; 2. lower

interbed; 3. predump; 4. preventive

buffer; 5. inert rocks; 6. coalcontaining rocks; 7. safety cushion; 8. Gigant-1, -2 beds; 9.

Moshchnyy bed; 10. Velikan bed.

Key: 1. Axis of excavator

Moshchnyy bed, which—in accordance with

the overburden work and dump formation

techniques in use at the mine--are

placed in internal bulldozed dumps for

transport by motor vehicle. For this

reason, bulldozed dumps offer the greatest fire hazard.

The methods for preventing endogenic

fires in the internal bulldozed dumps

that have been recommended and are being

used at the mine come down to establishing their optimum geometric parameters

and insulating their surfaces with inert

rocks. This has a definite effect, but

does not eliminate completely the appearance of fires, and also requires

significant expenditures of materials

and people's time.

Besides this, stripping the lower bench of the outer overburden and the rocks

in the interbed area between the Moshchnyy and Gigant-1, -2 beds by the nontransport method and the Velikan-Moshchnyy interbed (which is located between

them) by the transport method creates a heavy dependence on the operation of

excavators and complicates the organization and increases the cost of the over

burden work. In connection with this, and also in view of the development of a

technical plan for stripping the Chernogorskiy's reserve section No 2, there

has arisen the need to develop an effective method for combatting endogenic

fires in the internal dumps.

NIIOGR, together with workers from the Chernogorskiy Open-Pit Mine and

Vostsibgiproshakht [probably Eastern Siberian Institute for the Planning of

Mines], developed a method that makes it possible to eliminate endogenic fires

in internal dumps. The method of conducting dump work is shown in the figure.

In this case, all the overburden work in the interbed areas is done by the nontransport method, using an ESh-15/90 dragline. The stripping of the upper and

lower interbed areas (see figure) is done in one working pass, with movement

of the dragline toward the dump. The explosive work is done simultaneously for

both interbeds. During the working pass, the excavator's operations are in the

following sequence: it moves the rocks from the lower interbed into a temporary pile (the predump), pours a protective cushion on them, places coalcontaining rocks from the upper interbed on top of the cushion, and then insulates them with inert rocks from the predump, with the remainder of the Predump

being lift as a protective buffer that separates the Gigant-1, -2 coal stratum

of the coal-containing rocks in the dump.

Thus, the pouring of the coal-containing rocks onto the protective_cushion

(which consists of inert rocks) behind the predump and the insulation ofv the

coal-containing rocks' surface with inert rocks from the predump (with the rest

of the rocks in the predump being used as a protective buffer), which is all

accomplished during one working pass of the excavator, provides complete

67
insulation of the coal-contaxmng rocks and prevents air from getting to them.

This eliminates the possibility of the appearance of endogenic fires in an internal dump and the spread of these fires to the coal seam.

in\h^!Tatir °

f

.fd°

geniC f±reS increases work safety and reduces pollution

m the zone where the extraction work is done.

The method that has been described has been adopted in the plan for stripping

reserve section No 2 at the Chernogorskaya Open-Pit Mine.

COPYRIGHT: IZDATEL'STVO "NEDRA," "UGOL"', 1984

11746

CSO: 1822/309

68
COAL

UDC 622.3.001.86:658.387 "sh. im. Rumyantsev"

RUMYANTSEV MINE DIRECTOR OUTLINES EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS

Kiev UGOL» UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 4-7

rArticle by A. S. Doroshenko, director, Mine imeni Rumyantsev: "The Main Factor

for Improving Production Efficiency"]

(1983) and Februrary (1984) CPSU Plena.

The Mine imeni Rumyantsev has en 850 000 tonf^?*^££?& t^

^;36

P

:

r

tScrTW^1s

1S

8rlfos! ihelSlfSfopeneehy^hree centrally

m, and coal skip No. 3 to 1,090 m.

The mine field is 5 km long along the dip.-. Coal is extracted from horizons

shield assemblies.

enterprise's normal operation.

Snecial technological measures are being taken to control wall rock. The

P-ete tor «o?^ s^ ^

aciac „/""or aHZ ollou'lan er and special methods for working

seams are „Ulized. Stationary and mobile air conditioners are used to cool

faces with higher air temperatures.

CP Confess decisions. The most important of these technical measures are.

leafed loadings at comprehensively mechanized faces, the productxon

69
introduction of scientific and technical achievements, improved labor protection and safety, the rational use of fixed capital, improved quality, economies on material and energy resources, improved use of work time and

efficiency and the concentration of capital investments on the most important

production sections.

Table 1. Mine Indicators

1

2,

3,

4

5

6

7,

8,

9

10

11,

12.

Indicator

1981

Odium /loöuwa yivw, TUC. T

CpeflHecyrowiian ;io6i.i<ia, T

KoJiHqocrno Acficniyioinnx

JMB

MCCHMHOC riOÄtmraHHc JIHIIMI

0'IHCTIIbIX 3a6ocB, M

Cyro'iiiajt narpy3Ka na na

uy, T

06I>CM Mcxann3npoiiaiiiio

/loGlJWII, TbIC. T .

Vponciib McxaiiH3npoiiamiori

flOOUMH, %>....

06i)CM npoxoHCnciiHd ociion

MUX HO^rOTOHHTCJIl.HMX nl>!

pa6oTOK, KM .

B T. M. Bcxpuuaioinnx i

iiofliOTanfliinawiniix, KM

Mecamibic TCMIIU npoxo»

ÄCI1HH, M ....

MccHHiian npon3BO,anTCJii

HOCTb Tpy^a paGo'icro no

äO6U'IC ynna, T .

TpyfloeMKocTb paÖOT no no

6i>me 1000 T ymn, Hcn.-CMCi:

794

2204

12,0

06

23,2

1258

1982

850,9

2419

12,8

68

25

1171

1963 r.

886,3

2505

17 •18 17

28,1 26,5 20,9

122' 123 137

328,5 390,7 381,8

45 46 48,9

25,1 25,6 26,6

13,2

69,2

25,9

1145

Key:

1. Total coal extraction, 1,000 tons 7. Level of mechanized extraction,

I. Average daily extraction, tons percent

?' MUSMV0?

lon8??n

!? °Perating 8. Development working driving, km

4. Monthly longwall advancement, m 9. Opening and preparatory working

5. Longwall daily loading, tons driving, km

6. Mechanized extraction volume, tons in M „. , ' _ -. , . .

10. Monthly rate of driving advance, m

11. Monthly labor productivity in

extraction, tons

12. Labor intensiveness of extracting

1,000 tons of coal

Problems in the enterprise's production and economic activity are under constant control by the enterprise management and public organizations. Special

attention is given to labor productivity, one of the most important economic

indicators characterizing production relations, technical progress, the degree

of equipment use, and labor and production organization.

TnQ0

table Presents data

on the mine's operation in 1983, compared to 1981 and

1982. Extraction labor productivity increased mainly through quantitative

70
orowth in extraction. This required the collective to mobilize and fully use

reserves! increased extraction became possible through mining operation mechanization and concentration. Thus, while in 1981 extraction was 45 percent _

mechanized, in 1983 the figure was 46 percent. Reductions m intrashift idle

Hm^ increased average daily loading by 86 tons in 1983 compared to 1982,

raising it to 2?505 Ions. The reduction of technical breaks and improvements

in technology are ensuring annual increased in mechanized work volumes.

Other factors also have major roles in labor productivity growth. The improvement of repair work organization has made it possible to raise monthly labor

productivity per extraction worker from 23.2 tons in 1981 to 25 tons xn 1982

and 25.9 in 1983.

A properly selected development system is promoting successful work. Attention

is Sven to working procedures in compiling a calandar plan for stoping series

of learns. ?he main^actor in this order is mine pressure and its manifestations.

In operations at small depths (300 - 400 m), where rock pressure is manifested

onl^in wall rock behavior, attention was rarely given to the mutual influence

of working seams in a series; the most productive were taken first. As

moment progressed to the deeper horizons there were c anges xn the effects

of pressure: together with deterioration in wall rock stability, there was a

sLll rise in gL dynamic activity in seams. This was in the form of sudden

blowouts of coll and gas and in rock bursts. This required the use of

preventitive measures

8

which were very labor intensive and not always effecSrSe mine switched to the field preparation of stoping sections. This

involved digging drifts 5 - 6 m under explosion prone seams , and working

seams throng inclined blind shafts driven by Strela machines or by the drill

and blast method.

The Ukrainian Affiliate of VNIMI [All Union Scientific Research Intitute for

Mining Geomechanics and Mine Surveying], Makhnii Expansion unknown] and

ArLmugol' are of great help to the mine great help in the solution to

problems arising in connection to changes in the seam working procedure Thus,

a group of mine and association specialists suggested the introduction of

non-shrinkage stoping for the especially dangerous seams L-v-7 Pugachevka and

L-6 Izvestnyachka'and to use squall blasting to cut niches for combines first

used at mines in Tsentral'niy Rayon, Donbass). These measures increased loading per longwall. The transition has been completed to pillar free working of

Protective Lams and field working of blow out prone seams. Due to this the

tunneling rate for main preparatory workings was 360 greater in 1983 than in

1982.

Measures are intended for the following: improved condition^ mine workings,

-increases in their interrepair period of operation and support, increase the

cross sections of major workings and use metal support arches made from low

allov steel. The number of supports needed has been determined, their daily

operation is accounted for and controlled. This helped reduce the number and

length of workings not meeting Safety Rules.

71
Keeping stoping drifts in working condition is especially urgent for mines in

Tsentral'niy Rayon, where work is at great depths, with intensely increasing

rock displacement and roof pressure. The mine constantly tries to give consideration to repair-free support in locating workings. The relief effect of

former haulage drifts is used in driving seam ventilation drifts. These drifts

are located in zones of relief due to the exhaustion of haulage drifts and cut

into roof rock. When relieved rock is unstable, ventilation drifts are driven

into the roof 0.5 - 3 m from the seam and the rock is moved to a worked out

section of longwall. If there are block (intermediate) crosscuts in the

forward levels they are linked with ventilation (haulage) drifts.

Ventilation drifts for shield panel longwalls are driven in the footwall 10

- 20 m from the seam. This assures their working condition throughout service

life, with minimal outlays for maintenance. As a result of measures for the

repair-free maintenance of workings, in 3 years of the 11th Five-Year Plan the

mine has reduced their total distance by 4,605 m.

Much is done to assure the prompt preparation of working face lines. New

tunnel driving equipment is being introduced and labor organization improved,

lhe mine is using GPK tunnel driving combines, shotholes in development faces

are drilled by BU-1 units and the more modern PPN-5P rock loaders are used

instead of the PPN-1S. For 2 years 2 tunnel driving brigades have been working

at a fast pace, their monthly advance rates are more than 120 m.

Introducing progressive methods for work organization, A. G. Petrov's brigade

has signed a contract covering the brigade contract work method. This has made

it possible to increase the monthly advance rates of main workings from 66 m

in 1981 to 69.2 in 1983, improve tunnel drivers labor productivity and provide

the mine with the necessary working face lines.

The labor intensiveness of the main extraction processes declined during

1981-1983. ANShch mechanized complexes made it posssible to reduce total labor

outlays for mucking operations and manual and physical labor in general. Total

labor outlays per 1,000 tons of coal at comprehensively mechanized faces are

2-3 fold lower than at remaining faces. The number of workers engaged in

manual labor could be reduced through the more complete use of the potentials

of equipment and technology and improvements in work and production organization. °

Mine innovators are also helping to reduce the numbers involved in heavy

physical labor. In 1983 they introduced 244 innovator suggestions with an

annual economic effect of 315,200 rubles. At the suggestion of innovators,

multi-stage haulage at the surface has been eliminated and trucks are used to

haul rock to outside the mine area, getting rid of rock dumps. Overhead wire

electric prime movers have been replaced by battery units. Supporting the

reliable operation of surface facilities, this has made it possible to reduce

the number of workers here by 38. The introduction of new techniques for

repairing mine electric locomotive batteries and cars has improved their

reliability and longevity. Measures have been worked out and introduced to

reduce the number of personnel by combining jobs and expanding service zones.

In 1983 combined jobs released 22 people and zone expansion released 24.

72
The introduction of scientific labor organization [NOT] is assisting in labor

Productivity improvements. There are 496 working face workers (collectives in

sections No! 70^ 81, 82 and others) now covered by comprehensive NOT pljns.

Sections systematically overfulfilling coal extraction plans have significant

influence in S^roving labor productivity growth rates. Great attention is

given to improving technical norming as one of the conditions for improving

labor productivity Measures are taken to organically link norms to payments

for labor Workers, trade union organizations and engineering and technical

workers are actively participating in solving norm setting problems A special

section of the collective contract lays out the obligations of administration

and workers to improve the standards of technical norm setting and reduce

labor intensiveness. There are 317 norm sites at the mine and 99.6 percent of

workings are covered by technically based norms.

The further development of collective forms of labor organization and payment

are of great importance. The enterprise has created 23 brigade councils and

a 13 member brigade leaders council. A permanently operating commission

coordinates theVigade form's introduction A total of 165 brig,des with

2,260 members have been organized. Great work has been done to liquidate

leveling of wages. Collectives constantly control existing norms for work and

payment conditions.

The tautness and fulfillment of section and work place no * ^""f^fy

analyzed. Meetings examine work organization and make suggest^ *°T ;ts

improvement, progressive workers share their experience. The production and

economic service! set competition conditions by profession, development systern

designs provide for bench lengths to assure face worker norm fulfillment pf

at !!astPHO percent. The use of workers in the main professions for auxiliary

operations is not permitted.

Coefficients of labor participation, ranging from 0.7 to 1.3, with 0.1^ ^

intervals are used at 43 comprehensive brigades. Workers, brigade leaders and

the trade'union committee actively participate in working out the statute on

awarding bonuses. At the suggestion of N. S. Krasnobryzh and L. I.

Gaspirovich, development section brigade leaders, differential bonuses in

groups, depending upon plan tautness have been established.

The niece rate bonus payment per unit of final output (1 ton of coal, 1 meter,

fcubic meter of tunnel driving, the installation and removal of shield units

etcfhas been approved in order to further improve collective forms of pay and

intensify their roie in attaining final results, improve labor productivity,

strengthen technological discipline and observe safety rules for comprehensive

brigaLs at working'and development faces Payment^^^fneoSe or 95

on the value of output per shift, day, week or month; 1,458 people or 95

percent of all piece rate workers have been converted to such payment.

The mine is improving the forms and methods of norm setting for time rate

workers Their norms are set on the basis of norms for output, servicing and

workers, ineir no h procedure for setting targets, con-

* trfllinfand accenting for fulfillment, evaluating completed work quality and

Serial incentives depending upon the quantitative and qualitative indicators

rttainfd. Thirty percent of lime rate workers have beer.switched to normed

targets and the number of such workers reduced by 4.2 percent.

73
The widespread introduction of normed targets has promoted production efficiency. Concurrently, improved labor productivity, the high quality and timely

completion of auxiliary processes has increased coal extraction by 6.5 percent. Improvements in repair and installation quality at working faces has

helped reduce machinery idle time due to breakdowns by 2.2 percent and the

production of an additional 6,000 tons of coal annually. Thanks to a 3.1 percent reduction in time losses in mine transportation, with the conversion of

llnd wage category workers and electric locomotive engineers to normed

targets, approximately an additional 5,000 tons of coal have been extracted

and 225 extra meters of tunnels driven.

Great attention is given to competition to complete 11th Five-Year Plan

targets ahead of schedule. Faceman I. Ya. Golubyatnikov, the initiator of "The

Five-Year Plan in Two and a Half Years!", completed his on 10 August 1983

cutting 7,890 tons of coal with a pick hammer, fulfilling his norm by almost

ZW percent. Eighty six facemen at the mine are working on their 1985 account.

Extraction secton collectives have organized competition under the slogan

fulfillment of Annual and Five-Year Plans Ahead of Schedule". It is directed

towards improving labor productivityby 1 percent and reducing production costs

by 0.5 percent. Remarkable work is being done by the collective of section No

?J I

863 L

"

3 Mazurka

- Average monthly loading at the longwall exceeded

11,000 tons, with a plan of 8,650 tons, monthly labor productivity per worker

increased to 120.2 tons.with a 93 ton plan. The average monthly advance rate

of the working face line was 63 meters; the plan is 46.4 meters.

The section pays attention to the dissemination of progressive experience. At

the initiative of the facemen L. P. Kliment'yev, A. V. Makeyev and A. I.

Ishmatov the longwall was broken into 12 benches and the height increased by

2 meters. Output norms were increased by 5.2 percent, reaching 10 tons per

shift and were 110 percent fulfilled.

Labor discipline and legal violations are constantly supervised by party and

trade union organizations, section and shop chiefs. Every case of absenteeism

drunkenness and other violation is thoroughly examined and analyzed. The mass'

media the newspaper G0RL0VSKIY SHAKHTER, the information bulletin for labor

legislation, a radio-paper and a wall paper are used for propaganda. A

review-competition for trade union groups has been organized under the sloeanDiscipline and Organization at Each Workplace!"

The collective at the Mine imeni Rumyantsev, using its experience, is working

to improve the organization of labor and production. Based on available

reserves, it has set a new goal: improving labor productivity by 5.6 percent

by the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan. percent

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol» Ukrainy",1984

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74
COAL

DONBASS ASSOCIATIONS NAME PRODUCTION GOALS

Kiev UGOL* UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 p 1

[Editorial: "A Worthy Celebration of the Stakhanovite Movement's Jubilee"]

[Text] In August 1985 the Soviet people will mark a famous date -- the 50th

Anniversary of the Stakhanovite Movement. The Politburo of the CPSU Central

Committee has supported the initiative of labor collectives in the coal,

metallurgical and other sectors expanding socialist competition to fulfill a

number of important indicator targets of the 11th Five-Year Plan by the 50th

Anniversary of the Stakhanovite movement.

It is noteworthy that this movement, which quickly became national, covering

workers at all enterprises, construction sites, sovkhozes and kolkhozes in the

country, originated in the Donbass -- an Ail-Union coal boiler room. In August

1935 at the Central-Irmino Mine [now the Mine imeni 22th CPSU Congress,

Stakhanovugol' Association], the faceman Aleksey Stakhanov, using a new breaking method, dug 102 tons of coal in a shift, 14 fold the shift norm.

Donbass miners are continuing and multiplying the glorious traditions of the

heroes of the first five-year plans. The brigade of V. I. Ignat yev, a USSR

State Prize winner at the Krasnolimanskaya Mine in the Krasnoarmeyskugol

Association is showing an important example: On a Communist Saturday in April

1984 it hoisted up 10,513 tons of coal from one longwall, setting a mining

equipment productivity record.

Collectives at many mines, successfully implementing the decisions of the 26th

CPSU Congress and subsequent plena, are assuming increased socialist obligations to worthily celebrate the jubilee of the Stakhanovite Movement.

By this date the collective at the Mine imeni Stakhanov, Krasnoarmeyskugol"

Association plans to produce 150,000 tons of above-plan coal, increase average

dailv loading per working face to 880 tons, improve labor productivity of

extraction workers by 1 percent over the plan, save 430,000 rubles through

reductions in fuel production costs, reduce the ash content of fuel shipped

by 0.1 percent compared to norms and drive an additional 1,200 meters of mine

workings.

75
At the Trudovskaya Mine, Donetskugol' Association, the extraction section collective led by Hero of Socialist Labor I. I.Strel'chenko decided to complete

the 11th Five-Year Plan target for coal extraction by the jubilee date,

improve labor productivity by 2 percent and reduce coal production costs by

2 percent.

Miners at the Torez Mine Administration, Torezantratsit Association have outlined big goals: by the 50th Anniversary of the Stakhanovite Movement they

plan to fulfill the five-year plan target for coal extraction, produce an

additional 188,000 tons of coal, exceed labor productivity targets by 1.5 percent, reduce coal production costs by 0.5 percent and ash content by 0.2 percent.

The following have obligated themselves to complete the 11th Five-Year Plan

by this date: Kommunist Mine (Oktyabr'ugol*), the imeni Zasyad'ko (Donetskugol1

), imeni Bazhanov and Krasnogvardeyskaya (Makeyevugol'), imeni Kalinin

and imeni Gayeviy (Artemugol'), the Yenakiyevskaya (OrdzhonikidzeUgol') and

others. The collective of Section No. 1 imeni A. G. Stakhanov at the Mine

imeni 22th CPSU Congress, Stakhanovugol' Association has taken the initiative

to expand competition among extraction section collectives under the slogan

"The Five-Year Plan by the 50th Anniversary of the Stakhanovite Movement".

This initiative is supported by extraction brigade and section collectives in

Voroshilovgrad Oblast. For example, the brigade of Hero of Socialist Labor I.

V. Kozarenko from the Golubovskaya Mine, Stakhanovugol' Association plans to dig

7,500 tons of above-plan coal in 50 high pressure weeks.

Facemen at mines in Tsentral'niy Rayon in the Donbass are preparing to mark

the famous jubilee with new labor achievements. The following well known

facemen have reported already completing their personal five-year plans: N.

M. Kholostykh, I. Ya. Golubyatnikov, V. F. Tereshenok, F. M. Kushch, S. M.

Shkurko and others.

Miners in progressive collectives, assuming high obligations to worthily

celebrate this jubilee, are calling upon workers at all mines to enter the

high pressure duty dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Stakhanovite

Movement.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol» Ukrainy," 1984

11574

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76
COAL

UDC 622.28.004.5

'UKRAINA' MINE CHARACTERIZED

Kiev UGOL' UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 2-4

[Article by A.I. Veklichev, mine director: "Main Directions in the Development

of Coal Extraction at the Ukraina Mine"]

[Text] The Ukraina Mine, Voroshilovgradugol' Association was put into operation in 1935, its planned annual capacity was 1.07 million tons. It is now

working seams L-l-1, k-ln-7, k-5 and k-6, which have dangers of coal dust

explosions. The working horizon is 410 m, the ventilation horizon, 290 m and

a new one is being dug at 545 m. Seam L-l-1 is the main one (the mine will

work out its reserves by the end of 1984). It has a simple structure, is 0.85

m thick and is thinning out. The immediate roof is sandy and clayey shale (i.U

- 10 m), the footwall is sandy shale (0.9 - 2.7 m). The wall rocks are

unstable. The seam is worked in a panel arrangement, with pillars and by

combined longwalls up-dip.

Seam k-7-ln has a simple structure, is 0.58 - 0.6 m thick, gently rolling, the

angle of dip is 2 - 12°. The immediate roof is sandy shale of medium stability

(5?25 -8m), the footwall is sandy shale (0.45 - 0.65 m). It is being developed by horizon, in a pillar method by longwalls going up-dip.

Seam k-6 is a double lense structure with a total thickness of 0.56 - 0.68 m,

rolling bedding, and 6 - 14° dip angles. The seam has a danger of coal and gas

blowouts at depths of 250 m. The immediate roof is sandy and clayey shale

(1.65 - 10.6 m) and unstable; the footwall is sandy shale (0.90 m), tending

to bulge. It is being developed by horizon, in a pillar method by longwalls

going up dip.

Seam k-5 has a simple structure, 0.8 - 0.95 m thick, gently rolling, 5 - 9°

dip angle. There is a danger of coal and gas blowouts. The immediate roof is

sandy shale (0.85 - 1.3 m) average thickness, the;lower part of the strata is

unstable sandy and clayey shale (0.05 - 0.16 m) - a false roof; the main roof

is sandstone (4.7 m); the footwall is sandstone (2.3 - 2.7 m) and stable. It

is worked in a panel, pillar system using longwalls going up dip.

77
Commercial reserves are mainly located in zones of geological disturbances,

synclinal folds, in flooded strata, hindering their complete extraction.

Developmental workings use the drill and blast method. Tunnel driving combines

are not used because of the high rock strength (7 - 8 on the Protod'yakonov

Scale). Rock is loaded by 1PNB-2, lPNB-2b and 1PPN-5 machines. The workings

are supported by AP type metal arches and sometimes by combined props, consisting of suspended (joint) canopies and wood posts.

Shot holes in soft rock are drilled by SER-19D hand held electric or EBGP-1

electro-pneumatic drills on moveable mounts; in hard rock PR-27s, PR-30s with

pneumatic supports and BU-1 and BUR-2 drill units are used. Rock is hauled

downward in inclined workings and horizontally by rail cars and upward by

SP-63 scraper conveyors. To switch loaded cars for empties, horizontal workings are equipped with rail side tracks. Switching takes place in the upper

receiving area of inclined workings, horizontally over a 10 - 15 m large cross

section area. It has retarders and barriers remote controlled pneumatically.

The scraper conveyor drive heads are located in special metal structures.

Developmental workings are locally ventilated. Two underground explosive

storage magazines have been built to reduce outlays of time and manual labor

for delivering explosives. The main developmental workings have electric

locomotives to move cars, materials and equipment to the face. The mine has

five operating working faces. Roof control at longwalls in seams L-l-1, k-6

and k-5 is by complete caving, and in k-7-ln by floating subsidence.

The collective at the Ukraina Mine has been diligently working for more than

10 years. The plan for the five-year plan's third year was completed on 14

November 1983: 992,600 tons of coal were shipped, including 192,600 above the

plan. The daily planned extraction is 2,420 tons, while the actual figure is

2,590 tons; the average number of working faces operating is 5.2, the comprehensive mechanization level — 36.3 percent and average daily loading per face

— 461 tons. The labor productivity plan was 110.9 percent fulfilled and the

ash content of extracted coal reduced by 0.1 percent. The production cost per

ton was reduced by 3.1 rubles through improved labor productivity. While the

plan called for 8.6 km of opening and preparatory workings, 10.2 km were

actually driven.

The collective has attained such results thanks to the precise organization

of work, the rational use of labor time, economic use of materials, the introduction of new machines and equipment, progressive coal extraction technology,

high labor and production discipline and proper planning and mining operations.

The mine is operating in difficult conditions. For a long time there were

longwall collapses in L-l-1 due to thick sandstone in the roof. However, the

collective handled these difficulties. It filled in rubble concrete along the

entire longwall (following advancement) in three rows. This somewhat reduced

the influence of main roof subsidence. Partial transitions from one longwall

to another were a big hindrance in working out reserves in L-l. For example,

the collective in Section 4 worked out the 5th south longwall and moved to the

78
4th south one (165 m long and a field of 110 m. This lasted 2.3 months, then

they moved to the 2nd southwest longwall (110 x 180 m), where they worked 3

months, then to the 1st southwest (145 x 110 m), and finally to the 6th southwest (170 x 200 m) in which they will work 5 months. This creates additional

difficulties resulting from the frequent disassembly and assembly of equipment. These are successfully handled by the MD0 [Assembly - disassembly unit]

led by P. V. Mel'nichuk.

The longwall worked by the section 4 collective is equipped with a 1K-101

narrow web combine, a SP-63 (SP-202) scraper conveyor, a "Sputnik" support and

GSU-3 hydraulic posts installed under metal canopies. An LVD winch is used to

install and remove conveyors and "Sputnik" supports. Metal supports are moved

to the longwall by a scraper conveyor, which is the last thing to be disassembled and the first to be assembled.

In spite of the frequent moves from one longwall to another, the collective

at section 4, led by A. D. Karpinskiy (brigade leader I. A. Tikhonyuk) is

working successfully. Average daily extraction is 448 tons.

The mine started working k-6, a thin seam, to make up for coal extraction

shortfalls. The section 1 collective, which had previously used a different

coal extraction system, was not familiar with saws. A link from V. M.

Vladovich's brigade was sent to section 8, which has long been using a UST-2m

saw. As a result they rapidly mastered saw extraction. Average daily loading

is now 308 tons and on some days reaches 504 tons from the 0.5 - 0.6 m thick

seam.

There were also big difficulties with roof control. Rubble concrete

[butokostry] was used to reduce the effect of the roof on the near face

supports. This eliminated collapses and facilitated roof control.

As the mine is working out reserves at the 410 horizon, in 1979 it started

construction of a new horizon at 545 m. Two inclines were driven from the

operating horizon to the 545 m level and a lower receiving area built. Shaft

8 was sunk 736 m. At the 545 m horizon it is planned to work the seams:

k-7-lv, k-7-ln, k-6 and k-5. UST-2m and S0-75 saw units will be used in the

first three and a KD-70 complex in the fourth. The development will be with

pillars (longwalls up dip). It is foreseen to use monorails to deliver

materials and equipment, service the conveyor lines and take people down and

back from wing workings. The new horizon will have a service life of 47 years

and an annual production of 800,000 tons.

However, there are many shortcomings in the 545 m horizon construction plan.

Ventilation problems have not been solved for the new horizon and simultaneously with ventilating the old 410 m one. The mine engineering service has had

to do much extra work on this. A low pressure air removal system is used at

the mine. This is the basis for calculating the necessary volumes of air. In

order to reduce the aerodynamic resistance of workings, it would have been

necessary to resupport them and increase cross sections over long distances.

Instead of this we decided to drive a ventilation crosscut from shaft 5, which

is now being sunk.

79
A water collector had to be built at 545 m prior to the introduction of a

drainage unit at the 710 m horizon. The plan did not provide for a temporary

garage. There were therefore difficulties in haulage along the 1.2 km

horizontal working. A garage and charging room for 5ARV-2 locomotives has been

built at the 545 m horizon and another one is being built for ]2 2AM-8D

electrics.

The mine proposed installing a 2LL-100 belt conveyor for moving people and

coal to and from the 545 m horizon. It also intended to replace the functions

of the new main shaft 8. The plan for the construction of horizon 545 and for

freight and personnal haulage along the 410-545 incline requires the

continuation of the 1LU-120 conveyor to move coal from the longwall of the new

horizon and the installation of a 4DMK monorail. Instead of this, the mine

proposed the extension of the 2LL-100 conveyor to move people in both

directions and to haul coal. Preparatory work for the 2LL-100's installation

is already under way.

Innovators and inventors are of great help in mine operations. The VOIR

[All-Union Society of Rationalizers and Inventors] primary organization has

300 members. In 1983 it introduced 161 innovative proposals, one more than the

planned figure. Their economic effect was 300,200 rubles, while the plan was

300,000. The most active innovators are G. D. Dolzhenko and A. G.

Perevertnyuk, electricians in the VShT section. The innovative activities of

Chief V. I. Bakunovts and Senior Mechanic on the automatic measuring station

are well known. There is a group for the introduction of small scale mechanization and innovative proposals. It is made up of five electricians and one

electric arc weldor and is headed by I. A. Bykadorov.

The most active VOIR members are combined into 10 creative brigades. One of

them is headed by A. V. Myach. Together with L. M. Varesenko and A. N. Naumov,

electricians, they have introduced an attachment for lifting fallen sections

of KM-87 supports. The creative brigade led by Senior Mechanic V. G. Shklyar

was awarded a prize from the VOIR associated council for a proposal to improve

the safety of mine hoists and transport equipment.

All extraction sections met their targets and socialist obligations for 1983.

The brigades led by V. D. Pavlovskiy, V. M. Vladovich and I. A. Tikhonyuk

worked especially well. These collectives alone extracted 62,600 tons of

above-plan coal.

The brigades led by N. S. Sviridov and N. M. Shlyakhov won first place in

socialist competition among tunnel drivers in 1983. They were the first to

meet their 1983 plans. Their above plan opening and preparatory workings were

177 and 90 meters respectively.

In order to mobilize the enterprise collective to fulfill plan targets and

obligations, the mine administration and the trade union committee are working

on conditions for socialist competition. These indicate the goals and tasks,

the main and supplentary indicators used for summing up results. Organizational and technical measures have been taken to meet the obligations assumed.

Socialist competition contracts have been concluded between brigades. The

Ukraina Mine is competing with the Mine imeni Artem. The results are summed

up every quarter.

80
Implementing the historic decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress, mine workers

are supporting the deeds of the country's progressive collectives. Thus, the

tunnel drivers brigades of N. S. Sviridov and N. M. Shlyakhov supported the

initiative by the collective led by Hero of Socialist Labor A. Ya. Kolesnikov

at the Molodogvareyskaya, Krasnodonugol' Association: "Not a Single Lagging

Rank!", and assumed patronage over lagging brigades.

All mine units have spread the movement for improved production efficiency,

strengthened labor, production and executive discipline, for discovering and

completely using internal reserves and possibilities to increase coal extraction and tunnel driving.

Great attention is given to competition publicity. Socialist obligations are

vividly displayed in well known places. Information on the course of competition is put on indicator boards every day, and at the start of the month, year

and five-year plan. Socialist competition scores are summed up for monthly,

quarterly and yearly work results. At the start of a month, information on the

fulfillment of plans and socialist obligations presented to the production

department is examined at joint sessions of the mine administration and trade

union committee. These summations consider not only the fulfillment of

techno-economic indicators, but the state of safety and of labor and production discipline. Victorious collectives are given banners, pennants, diplomas

and money bonuses. They are also entered in the mine's Book of Labor Fame.

Depending upon quarterly results, individual workers are given the title of

best in the profession and awarded bonuses.

The Ukraina Mine has repeatedly won prize positions for results of socialist

competition among enterprises in the Voroshilovgradugol' Association. All mine

workers are now striving to keep the place attained and to beat the schedules

for fulfilling 1984 plans and socialist obligations and the 11th Five-Year

Plan in general.

The task for the immediate future is to put into operation the complex

starting up in the new horizon: drive 2,180 m of developmental workings, do

4,870,000 rubles worth of capital construction, line the new shaft 8, deepen

shaft 3, build a water collector at the south crosscut, equip the temporary

garage at 545 m and the 2LL-100 belt conveyor for hauling coal from this

horizon.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol' Ukrainy",1984

11574

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81
COAL

UDC 622.26.8.13:658.387.001.86 Msh. Kremennaya"

KREMENNAYA MINE OPERATIONS DETAILED

Kiev UGOL' UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 7-10

[Article by A. S. Borodin, mine director: "Labor Productivity Growth at the

Kremennaya Mine"]

[Text] The Kremennaya Mine, Lisichanskugol» Association, was put into operaton

in 1954. Its construction was planned by Yuzhgiproshakht [State Design

Institute for Mines and Preparation Facilities]. Its annual capacity was

300,000 tons, or 1,000 tons daily. In 1968 the Kremennaya No. 1 and the

Kremmenaya-Zapadnaya were combined into one production unit with an annual

capacity of 500,000 tons of coal.

The mine field was opened up by two vertical central-double shafts 173 meters

deep. Because the shafts are located at seam outcrops and mining operations

are at the 770 and 838 m horizons, the transportation system along the

inclined workings is complicated and requires the long inclines for delivering

freight and moving personnel. The mine is in the extreme category with regard

to methane emissions. There is danger of coal dust explosions and the spontaneous combustion of coal.

The mine is working seams L-l-1 and k-9-n. The former is 0.8 - 1.05 m thick,

the immediate roof is clayey shale with poor stability (4 m thick), the main

roof is sandstone (10 - 12 m thick), strong and flooded; the footwall is

clayey shale with a tendency to bulge. Seam k-8-n has a complex structure and

a 1.3 - 1.9 m total thickness; the roof is weak clayey shale and the footwall

strong sandstone. The dip angle is 18 - 25°.

The working system is with long pillars, working up the dip,retreating from

stoping section boundaries. The reserves in a level are worked by pillar-free

methods, ventilation drifts are driven cross-wise to the former conveyor drift

in the upper longwall.

The pillars are robbed from an incline driven from the 9th west field drift

to the 838 m horizon. From an auxiliary incline a crosscut is driven to seam

L-l-1, then to seams L-l-1 and k-8-n; a conveyor and ventilation drift is

driven east and west to the boundary of the stoping section. It is 500 - 1,000

m long. Seam strikes are driven with the help of drilling and blasting. The

working cross section is 10.4 m

J

clearance, the supports are metal arches,

82
rock is loaded by 1PNB-2 machines, coal is moved by 1LT-80 or 1L-80 conveyors,

40 - 50 meter SR-70 scraper conveyors are installed at faces. Four working

faces are constantly in operation: 1 in seam L-l-1 and 3 in seam k-8-n. Two

longwalls are equipped with 1K-101 narrow web combines and individual supports, and two others with mechanized complexes In west longwall 103, seam

k-8-n there is a MK-75 mechanized complex, a lGSh-68 combine a SUMK-75 conveyor, and in west longwall 104, a 1MKM mechanized complex.

A 1L-80 conveyor with a 160 m

3

bunker is used to move coal from working faces

along seam strikes, later a 1LU-100 conveyor moves it up the incline to the

loading point at the 9th west field strike, where it is loaded into 2 ton rail

cars and pulled by AM-8D electric locomotives to the hoisting horizon at 683

m. KRU-260 conveyors move it up an incline from horizons 683 and 838. The coal

and rock is hauled to a bunker at the skip shaft.

During 1980-1981 the mine did not reach its established production capacity.

The collective has been working diligently since 1982 and is improving its

main techno-economic indicators. This was achieved through the elimination of

factors delaying increased coal extraction, in particular, poor quality and

short working face lines, the use of low productivity stoping equipment;

failure to supply working and development faces with the essential amounts of

air (complex ventilation layouts, the length of ventilation workings); multistage transportation and the great length of inclined workings used to deliver

materials, equipment and personnel, and the low throughput capacity of

workings with terminal hoists.

The mine's successful operation was hindered by the procedure for working two

seams 33 m apart. One was developed level by level and worked by a longwall

starting at seam L-l-1. A conveyor drift was driven from an intermediate

crosscut along seam k-8-n the entire length of the stoping section. From this

drift 200 - 250 m from the section boundary a crosscut was driven to seam

L-l-1 and a longwall prepared. After L-l-1 was extracted, extraction operations began on seam k-8-n, with a lag of 200 - 250 m. As the conditions for

working seam L-l-1 were more complicated, longwall advance did not exceed 20

- 25 m/month, while the longwall in seam k-8-n had better conditions and moved

faster, undercutting seam L-l-1. We had to artificially delay the longwall in

k-8-n, or stop work in L-l-1 and recut the longwall, leaving large pillars.

Over several years different engineering solutions were made to increase the

advance rate of the longwall in seam L-l-1. At three times a Donbass complex

was introduced. The longwall was cut at 180, 150 and 125 m lengths, but

positive results were not obtained. The immediate roof of seam L-l-1 is clayey

shale (4 - 5m), above it lies strong, flooded sandstone 10 - 12 m thick. If

the longwall height is 10 -15 m, the main roof is weakened, the mechanized

supports are rigidly seated and the roof at the face is disturbed, with water

flowing from the sandstone to the working space. In order to improve the roof

use was made of ancher bolts, sandstone torpedoing, main roof rock retention

with the help of a rubble concrete wall, but we did not succeed in increasing

longwall extraction from seam L-l-1.

83
Up until 1981 coal was extracted from seam k-8-n using Donbass-IG combines

with portable knock-down SK-38 conveyors, roof control was by partial caving

and partial filling. As a result of analyzing mine operations over the past

five years, it was decided to use highly productive equipment in developing

and working the initial reserves of seam k-8-n. Mining operations along seam

k-8-n will weaken the sandstone located above seam L—1-1 and drain water,

making it possible in 4 - 5 years to work seam L-l-1 with KM-103 mechanized

complexes or other more improved equipment.

In January 1982 the 125 m long 103 west longwall was put to work in seam

k-8-n. It has a dip angle of 18 - 20°, is 1.9 m thick, a 900 m stoping field,

two 1L-80 conveyors are mounted in the conveyor drift and a SP-63 at the longwall. Coal moves from the working face by conveyors to a 160 m

3

bunker. The

longwall is equipped with an MK-75, a lGSh-68 combine and a SUMK-75 conveyor.

Its introduction sharply increased extraction. Average daily loading per longwall in 1982 was 458 tons, in January 1983 was already 709 tons, and in some

faces reached 1,000 tons or more. The use of the lGSh-68 combine permitted the

elimination of 70 percent of the manual labor for nitching. Three meter long

nitches were prepared for the upper and lower sections. The stoping scheme is

one sided, from the bottom up the coal is excavated to a depth of 0.5 m and

from the top down the longwall is cleaned and the conveyor advanced, following

the combine. The wall is worked by the section No. 3 collective headed by I.

P. Ruban. An experienced miner, V. I. Kaslanov, leads the comprehensive

brigade. All face workers and electricians are trained to run the mechanized

complexes. The work pattern for the section, and the mine as a whole, is three

working shifts and one repair and development shift.

In the repair shift, a specialized link of men with advanced skills and experience repair machinery, adjust SP-63 conveyors in drifts, replace hoses, control

panels and props. The repair link is led by A. P. Boreyko. The link covers 12

working faces.

The working program for the stoping section in the 103 west longwall in seam

k-8-n intended to go to the conveyor incline in horizon 838, halt at the wal and

then cut and equip a new longwall in the east side of the incline. The mine

engineering service proposed an alternative: working reserves without halting

the longwall up to the eastern boundry of the stoping field and without

disassembly. With this variant, however, it is necessary to replace mechanized

supports, as seam thickness from east to west declines from 1.9 to 1.4 m.

P. P. Yuvchenko, the mine's Chief Technologist, and workers in the technical

department proposed replacing MK-75 section columns with smaller ones without

halting the longwall. Section leaders and brigade councils worked out a

detailed process for changing columns. The method proposed for replacing them

without halting work and without reducing longwall loads is giving a good economic effect.

In 1982 another longwall with an 1MKM was introduced in seam k-8-n. In 1983,

the section No. 4 collective (leader I. K. Ostapets and brigade leader V. N.

Gar'kavets) produced over 12,200 tons of above-plan coal and by 8 December

84
1983 completed fulfillment of the annual coal extraction plan. The communist

labor collective in section No. 2, lead by V. A. Prikhodchenko and A. A.

Strashniy worked in difficult conditions. However, in spite of the complicated

geological conditions of seam L-l-1, this collective was able to meet its

annual plan by 17 December 1983. The great length and gas abundance hindered

ventilation. Therefore the ventilation layout was changed and an airshaft

drilled to the 838 m horizon. This permitted supplying development and working

faces with the necessary air and creating normal temperatures. This helped

increase longwall loadings.

Also, measures were taken to reduce longwall idle time to to delays in spotting empties at loading points. Conveyors deliver coal from working faces to

a 160 m

3

bunker, then it goes by 1LU-100 conveyor to a loading point at the

9th west field drift, with a siding for 80 cars.

Considerable attention is given to production mechanization and automation.

L. A. Dranev, the senior mechanic for automation, has invested much labor in

this. All conveyor lines are automated, non-ventilated blast heaters used, the

central underground substation transferred to remote control, with the control

panel at the mine dispatchers.

There is no lagging in problems of improving labor discipline, selecting and

assigning cadre. For a long time section No. 5 did not fulfill the extraction

plan and 1MKM-1 loading was less than planned. It was decided to strengthen

collective leadership: I. S. Antonov, who had worked on a MK-75 in the link

of V. I. Kaslanov's brigade, was designated as leader. I. S. Antonov found

contact with the collective and mobilized it to fulfill the plan. In 1983 the

mine drove 7.6 km of workings, including 6.5 km of opening and development

ones. Good results were obtained by the brigades led by A. I. Pikulin, N. I.

Zagoruyko and I. I. Zema . The mine still has unutilized reserves, in particular this means reductions in machinery breakdowns. The main reasons for idle

time due to breakdowns is slow delivery of spare parts and equipment; design

defects in some parts, assemblies and machines supplied to the mine, and an

unregulated supply system. For example, a lGSh-68 combine with a pully feed

system is operating in the 103rd west longwall of seam k-8-n. A lGSh-68

combine with a direct feed system, which is not appropriate to mining geological conditions was sent to replace it. We receive1K-101 combines with

round directed conveyors, but the SP-63 conveyor is flat. The machine shop

rebuilds them, requiring additional outlays of time and material resources.

It is necessary to standardize machinery for the coal industry.

Thanks to the selfless work of progressive collectives and the introduction

of new equipment at working and development faces, the mine had stable operations and successes in 1983. It fulfilled the annual coal extraction plan

ahead of schedule, on 12 December, and on 22 December 1983 completed the third

year plan. Compared to 1983 extraction grew by 56,000 tons. The labor productivity plan was 104.4 percent fulfilled and grew 7.6 percent compared to 1982.

Above plan sold output was 3.2 million rubles, 2.9 million rubles of allocated

capital investments were used and the development driving plan was 103.4.

percent fulfilled.

85
In 1984 more difficult tasks were posed. A number of programs were developed

for their solution: "Labor", "Production Cost", "Mine Development", "Reduction

of Mine Workings in Unsatisfactory Condition" and "Quality".

Labor productivity growth is mainly influenced by: increased loadings at mine

and working face; improved mechanization of rock and coal loading; decline in

percentage of development workings. Therefore the "Labor" program foresees

improved comprehensive mechanization of mucking work and the introduction of

new longwalls with mechanized complexes. While in 1983 61 percent of faces were

so mechanized, the program calls for increasing this to 75 percent.

In 1984 we must introduce three longwalls in seam k-8-n, including one with

a 1MKM. Also, to create a reserve front for extraction, it is intended to

prepare coal reserves in the eastern wing of the mine, along seam L-l-1. This

requires a large amount of development driving, deepening a pipe and cable

shaft and drive the 10th eastern field drift. To improve the mechanization

level at development operations, 2PNB-2 loaders will be used in driving field

inclines to horizon 988 m, and a GPK combine in conveyor drifts along k-8-n.

We foresee improving production and labor organization through reductions in

intrashift time losses at working and development faces, improved labor

organization and the use of the coefficient of labor participation (KTU). A

statute has been worked out for using this coefficient in brigades. At each

week's end in extraction brigades and each month's end in development ones

there is a session of the brigade council, which sums up work results and

allocates wages using the KTU. Brigade contracts have been introduced at the

brigades of A. I. Pikulin and I. I. Zema , which will drive inclines to the

988 m horizon.

To reduce time losses due to breakdown it is essential to strengthen machinery

and individual worker's equipment, giving personal responsibility for planned

repair and inspection quality. The "Production Cost" program outlines a 0.5

percent reduction per ton of coal through timber savings (50 m

3

), explosives

(72 tons), electrical energy (435,000 kWh), fuel (93 tons) and through the

repeated use of arch supports, rails, pipe and cable.

We intend to close down workings which are in unsatisfactory condition. This

will be through driving new one and increasing their inter-repair service

life. This will mean larger cross sections, higher prop density, the location

of workings in relieved zones or cross wise to worked out spaces.

Each point in the program designates a responsible worker in the mine apparatus and engineering and technical personnel to sections. The deputy chief

engineer for production is responsible for increased loadings; the chief technologist for improved technology, the chief mechanic for reducing time losses

from machinery breakdowns, etc.

The mine has enhanced the responsibility of mine supervisors and links for

meeting shift targets. On leaving the mine, each supervisor gives a report on

work done during the shift and is responsible for plan fulfillment and

86
discipline. Once a week there is a session of the production commission and

supervisor work results are tallied; shift leaders' work is tallied monthly

and so is that of extraction and tunnel driving brigades. The victors are

solemnly awarded Challenge Red Banners and money bonuses.

The party organization and administration are giving great attention to

improving workers' social and service conditions. The mine area is being landscaped, general improvements made, interior improvements being made in the

administration building, the dressing room in the administrative and service

combinat equipped, the bathrooms improved, the machine shop building expanded

and mechanized loading and unloading begun at the warehouse.

On 9 February 1984 there was a school of progressive experience, dedicated to.the

work of theKremennaya mine manager to increase labor productivity. The exercises

were organized and prepared by a service of Lisichanskugol' and the UkSSR

Ministry of the Coal Industry's TsBNTI [Expansion unknown]. On 22 February

1983 the rayon party committee conducted a general Open Letter Day.

In 1984 the collective assumed obligations to beat the schedule for meeting

the target, extracting 15,000 tons above the plan and completing the labor

productivity plan by 101 percent. This is due to improvements in coal extraction technology, its efficient use, the spread of progressive experience and

the reduction of time losses. In the First Quarter of 1984 the Kremmenaya

collective fulfilled the extraction plan by 106 percent (producing more than

8,100 tons above plan) and the labor productivity plan by 104.1 percent. The

development working plan was 101.4 percent fulfilled and production costs per

ton reduced 2.63 rubles below plan.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol' Ukrainy",1984

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NEW MINING EQUIPMENT

Kiev UGOL' UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 p 16

[Article: "New Mining Equipment"]

[Text] Donatvomatgormash [Donets Automatic Mining Machinery Plant] has

developed a test stand for studying automatic hydraulic drives for mucking

combine feeds. It consists of a hydraulic feed unit from a lGSh-68 combine,

a load regulator, load device and an electronic movement modeler (EMD). The

load device used a electromagnetic clutch and a VSP-1 sliding drive, the

excitation current of which is provided by a magentic amplifier. A VAO 82-4

asynchronic motor runs a NP 120 pump. The EMD includes a model of the coal

seam breakage process, combine movement and the feed direction for the

asynchronous cutting drive.

The stand's measurement and recording unit will simultaneously describe 18

combine — face coordinate systems.

VNIIgidrougol' [All Union Scientific Research Institute for Hydraulic Mining]

has developed an explosion proof phase impulse distance finder with feedback

from the face to the hydromonitor during hydraulic breaking. It has receiving

and transmitting units and cases.

The case is cylindrical, with a ring shaped cover and protective fasteners.

The front has an explosion proof aperture for optical radiation. The transmitter uses a solid state 15 W laser. A photomultiplier working as a frequency

transformer serves as the photo detecter.

The low frequency envelope impulse signal carries the information on the

distance measured. An instrument measures the profile of the wall, showing the

range of distances measured is 1 - 15 m, the linear resolution not less than

30 cm and the allowable angle from the surface is 70°. Such parameters are

sufficient for feedback from the face to the hydromonitor.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol* Ukrainy", 1984

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COAL

UDC 622.272 (24:181) 001.24

NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINING AVERAGE MINE DEPTH PROPOSED

Kiev UGOL* UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 pp 38-39

[Article by I. A. Levchenko, engineer, Ukrainian Affiliate, VNIMI [All Union

Scientific Research Institute for Mining Geomechanics and Mine Surveying] and

V. I. Filatov, engineer, UkSSR Minugleprom: "Determining the Average Depth of

Coal Field Development"]

[Text] The large interval spacing in mining depth requires a methodology which

will more completely and accurately reflect the average depth of work in

fields and basins and the average annual drop (gradient) in order to determine

the intensiveness of field development. The following is annually determined

for UkSSR mines: average depth of development or extraction operations, H ,

maximum depth of extraction work H and development work H ,. Mines are

grouped by depth of working within a field or association. Average depth, H _

for mines, associations and fields is to be computed differentially (with

the breakdown of fields into 50 m vertical intervals) using the equation:

H = Zh .E./ E.

ae ei l l ,

Where h . is the average depth of extraction work by interval (determined as .

ei the weighted average depth of hoisting drifts in a given interval), m

E. is extraction from coal strata in working face within interval,

1; 1,000 tons

For pillar systems extracting coal up or down dip by longwall this includes

extraction from the seam worked within the inverväls during the period considered. Depth is the average for this interval. The maximum depth of extraction work in a mine or association is determined by the deepest hoisting drift

for art operating longwall, and that of development work by the deepest

working. The percentage by depth for field, association or basin is found for

the depth distribution of extraction. For the annual depth gradient of workings it is possible to carry out a differential calculation of mining geological conditions for mines in a region when planning indicators for

maintaining workings, operating losses of coal and the possibilities of

resuming operations, etc.

89
Table 1. Depth of Extraction and Development Workings

Depth of

Mining

Mir

h .

a

m

ie A

E

i

1,000

300

240

410

10

Mine B Association

h

ei

m

|Ei

1,000

ei,m |D.

|1^000

100—i 50

150-200

200 250

450-500

500-550

550—C00

00G—650

462

541

574

G12

131

183

234

120

185

520

131

183

234

402

541

. 574

012

120

185

520

300

240

410

10

%axe

4lBXd

045

1020

231

317

* - 045

1020

Table 2. Maximum Depth of Extraction and Development Workings

Association

1082 r. • 1983 r.

%e

m

"ae

m

maxe

m

maxd

m

H

ae

m .

"maxe

m

H

maxd,,

m

A

R

IJ

588

425

505

1030

880

005

1057

980

010

589

482

556

1070 1190

980 986

805 805

+ 1

+ 57

—9

Ministry 469 1192 1209 470 1180 1209 + 7

Basin,

field 487 1192 1209 503 1180 1209 + 10

Table 3. Depth Distribution

Depth of

Mining

1000-1100

1100-1200

Association

Basin

Ministry

Extraction,

1,000 t

I0fi2 r. I

1983 r.

1004

97

75 224

100 194

181 841

1484

194

Annual

changes

1,000 t

0—100 5501 5317 —184

150-200 4038 4013 —25

+ 480

+97

76335 +1111

158 799 —1395

184 880 +3039

90
The following procedure and formulas might be suggested for ministries and

associations to calculate working depth for fields and basins. Data for determining average depth and maximum depth of extraction and development for the

report period are given in Table 1. (Mines A and B are used as examples.).

Based on average mine depth, similar calculations are made for fields, basins

and the ministry. The maximum depth of extraction and development workings is

given in Table 2. (where AHge -- changes in average depth during year), and

the distribution of extraction by depth in Table 3.

Mine surveying measurements of workings are the basis of annual extraction

from coal strata. Using this method for calculating average depth within a

mine field we obtain additional information: the depth interval distribution

of extraction and its variation over time, the maximum depth of and changes

in extraction and development workings. This is essential to describing mine

conditions.

Mining and engineering geological conditions are predicted for each mine on

the basis of data from geological exploration and statistical analysis of seam

development. These data also determine quantitative and qualitative parameters

of changes in basic factors linked to changes in working depth: increased rock

pressure, gas. danger of blow-outs, temperature, water, etc.

Analyzing and drawing inferences from data for individual mines makes it

possible to describe'the qualitative characteristics of multifactor relationships in field conditions. In the final account these are expressed through

the depth of operations. Consequently, the depth of operations is the basic

and comprehensive parameter to which one can relate data on a field s mining

and engineering geological conditions. This permits more accurate solutions

to problems of predicting field development, mine design, current planning for

locations, the selection of measures to protect workings and surface

facilities, labor intensiveness, norms for material consumption and coal loss

and the determination of capital outlays.

It is recommended to use this method for determining average depth within the

boundaries of fields and administrative associations. It is more advisable to

calculate the average depth of workings within these boundaries by breaking

mine fields into depth intervals. The ratio of extraction within a given

interval will give a more objective and differentiated description of mining

engineering conditons and mine operation indicators.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol* Ukrainy", 1984

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COAL

NEW MINING EQUIPMENT DESRIBED

Kiev UGOL» UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 p 43

[Article: "New Mining Equipment"]

[Text] Pechorniiproyekt [Pechora Planning and Design Institute]has developed

and tested the TEV-2 electric overhead hoist for mines. It is intended for

loading, unloading and moving on a horizontal direction monorail in mine

workings where there is a danger from gas and dust. It has lift and movement

units mounted in a common welded frame. The lift unit has a ED-ZK electric

motor with a reducer from a SHV-220 mine auxiliary winch, a cam-disk clutch,

a two thread worm gear, a worm gear wheel and shaft with cluster gear, a load

chain and hook. The worm gear and brake are in an oil bath.

Like the lift unit, the movement unit used a ED-DK with reducer, support and

stabilization rollers, a pulley cable and springs. The conrol and power cables

are suspended from a steel cable stretching along the monorail.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol' Ukrainy", 1984

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COAL

BRIGADE LEADER COMPLAINS OF POOR SUPPLY

Baku VYSHKA in Russian 12 May 84 p 2

[Article by V.Kurdyumov, brigade leader, Baku Mobile SSMU [Special construction-installation administration] .Soyuzshakhtospetspromstroy [All Union

Special Mine Construction Trust]: "The General Contractor's Indifference ]

[Text] By 1 June the Baku Administration of Soyuzshakhtospetspromstroy should

have turned over to the start-up complex 2.5 kilometers of production zone

collector tunnel from the Street of People's Friendship to the ZhBI-4

plant, connecting 8 mines. This tunnel has already been dug and received

secondary finishing. The brigades led by N. Ivanov, P. Galyaev and myself are

working here, but, alas, have not attained good labor productivity. The

problem is that we had the rights of subcontractors in digging and finishing

the tunnel. Trust No. 2, the general contractor, signed a contract to supply

us with construction materials. However, the trust has badly fulfilled its

obligations, especially in supplying ready-mix concrete, ferroconcrete items

and compressors.

Frankly, the general contractor's indifference to the project's fate is the

reason for the breakdowns in tunnel driving work and in the start-up complex

as a whole.

Unfortunately the general contractor's position has not improved even now,

when a new introduction deadline has been planned and we only have a small

amount of finishing left, hardly more than 100,000 rubles.

In order to prepar the tunnel collector for acceptance by the working commission, we need to cover eight shafts. This requires ribbed ferroconcrete plates

and ready-mix concrete from Trust No. 2. At project staff meetings, trust

manager G. Kasumov has repeatedly assured us that the tunnel drivers would be

completely supplied with these materials. However, these words are not supported by deeds: In April we did not receive half the plates and 60 cubic

meters of ready-mix concrete.

Back at the beginning of the year we asked the concrete plant about the reason

for the delivery shortfalls. We found out that the concrete workers did not

have enough cement or gravel, which they receive by rail from the station at

Gousany. We started helping them, becoming concerned about cement and gravel

deliveries. But soon we were convinced that even with materials, there were

stoppages at the plant. There is weak discipline and the general contractor

is not taking the measures needed to put things in order. We are uneasy about

this approach, or more accurately, this indifference. We are disturbed by the

fate of plan fulfillment at the start-up complex and ask that some order be

brought into supporting the normal work of brigades in our administration.

11574 no

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COAL

BETTER PREPARATION, CHECKING OF MOSCOW COAL URGED

Moscow EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 26, Jun 84 p 18

[Article by V. Zheleztsov, chairman, Tulenergo People's Control Group and

S.Shcheglov, engineer: "But the Costs are High"]

[Text] Many electric power stations in the Central Economic Region use Moscow

coal for fuel. Its extraction is becoming more costly, due to the deposit's

depletion. In addition, its calorific value is declining, making it necessary

to consume large amounts of it. Naturally, electric stations bear sizable

losses.

According to data from mechanized control, in 13 years the average ash content

(dry weight) of Moscow coal increased from 37 to 48.5 percent. Just what are

Moscow Basin coal miners doing in this regard?

Well equipped coal preparation facilities have been built and are operating at

large modern underground and surface mines. With the start up, in the next

couple^of years, of two more large undergound mines — the Nikulinskaya and

Afanas yefskaya, the quantity of prepared coal will increase to half of all

extraction. Miners are also taking measures to see that unprepared coal has

minimal rock content when it arrives at power stations.

All the same, these measures are still not giving the desired effect. Thus,

according to data from the Novomoskovskugol' and Tulaugol' Production Associations, during the First Quarter of this year the ash content of shipped coal

was 36.5 percent. Coal which was processed at the facilities of the

Vladimovskaya Mine had 44.8 percent ash content and that from the Bel'kovskava

Mine — 44.7 percent.

Studies show that additional outlays for the combustion of reduced quality fuel

are 7.8 percent of the cost of Moscow coal for each 1 percent increase in ash

content. For the three large power stations in Tulaenergo overexpenditures are

more than 65 million rubles annually.

The price list wholesale price for solid fuel introduced in 1982 sets a price

of 10.95 rubles per ton of run-of-mine Moscow coal with 36.4 percent ash

content. There is a 2.5 percent markup or reduction for each 1 percent decline

or increase in ash content. Although reductions are considered to compensate

94
for reduced calorific value, they by no means compensate for the considerable

losses which power stations bear from using such fuel.

They are increasing even more due to imperfections in the existing system for

estimating fuel quality. The coal supplier indicates the ash content of each

batch shipped on the so-called quality certificates, which are the basis for

payments for production costs. True, GOST 1137-64 [State Standard] gives power

producers the right to monitor the quality of arriving fuel. In practice,

however, it turns out that large power stations, receiving hundreds of rail

cars full of coal daily, have the technical means to monitor the quality of

only some of the fuel.

Under these conditions, suppliers often raise coal quality the certificates.

Thus, last year they showed a 37.9 percent average estimated ash content,

while power producers' data showed 48.5 percent. This cost the Tulaenergo

system another 29 million rubles.

The average annual cost of Moscow coal (calculated as standard fuel with a

heating value of 7,000 kilocalories, plus delivery costs) was 38.87 rubles. The

per ton of standard fuel cost of long-hauled Kuznetsk coal was 25.07 rubles,

and that of Ekibastuz — 19.20 rubles. So, Moscow coal, the use of which brings

sizable losses to power producers, turns out to be the most expensive type of

fuel.

The electric power stations have become money losing enterprises. The production costs of the electrical energy they produce exceeds by 1.5 fold the cost

of energy from long-hauled coal. Due to the use of low quality fuel, the

collectives of stations working in the most difficult conditions are in even

worse financial shape.

What, in our opinion, are the ways to solve this problem?

Above all, the price of Moscow coal should be reexamined to bring it into correspondence with its actual heat value and additional costs for its use.

It is essential to accelerate the preparation of low quality coals. According

to studies by the Ail-Union Heat Engineering Institute, outlays for this would

be covered by the elimination, with one exception, of its price reductions.

Consequently, this would liquidate considerable national economic losses from

the direct use of low quality coal and simultaneously improve the environment.

Furthermore, conditions should be created for the objective evaluation of coal

quality. Fuel quality could be monitored directly at power stations by the

installation of mechanized samplers. It will be possible to suppliers and consumers to make estimates from one daily sample. This would reduce the work of

a large number of samplers, laboratory workers, engineering and technical personnel and accounting workers. Customers are freed from the need to exercise

incoming (and repeated) control over arriving fuel. This would also reduce rail

car idle time.

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SYNOPSES OF ARTICLES IN UGOL' UKRAINY.JUNE 1984

Kiev UGOL' UKRAINY in Russian No 6, Jun 84 p 48

UDC 622.012.24.002.2.003.13

EFFICIENCY OF USING HYDRAULIC TECHNOLOGY IN THE DONBASS

[Synopsis of article by B. V. Rad'ko and I. M. Shenderovich, pp 12-13]

[Text] The economic efficiency of the hydraulic underground mines, Krasnoarmeyskaya and Pioner, compared to similar mines (The former have higher labor

productivity and lower extraction costs).

UDC 622.815:622.274

IMPROVING THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEEPLY DIPPING BLOW-OUT PRONE SEAMS

[Synopsis of article by N. M. Tkachenko and A. P. Tkachenko, pp 13-14]

[Text] A system for working a single blow-out prone seam with parameters

including the influence of worked out horizon pressure on degassing the seam

along the dip. Advantages of suggested system. 1 illustration.

UDC 622.275.088.8

CONTROL OF ROCK MASS CONDITIONS

[Synopsis of article by A. F. Papyrin and K. K. Sofiyskiy, pp 14-15]

[Text] Research on the influence of cyclic loading and elastic waves on the

strain and deformation state of the near-face part of a coal seam using

systems of vibrators based on hydraulic supports.

UDC 54-4:622.023.23

CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS FOR REDUCING ROCK STRENGTH

[Synopsis of article by N. I. Shcherbak, pp 15-16]

[Text] Features of new chemical solutions for reducing rock strength. Their

efficiency, determined in laboratories and mine conditions. 2 tables, 1

reference.

96
UC 622.62 -- 52:338

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF 'PRIZ-M' LOAD REGULATORS

[Synopsis of article by N. A. Mishchenko, A. Ye. Solonova and P. Ye. Pasynkov,

pp 17-18]

TTextl Advantages of PRIZ-M load regulators compared to series produced PRIZ.

The efficiency of automatic regulation of drilling speed and the use of a new

drilling method. 1 table, 1 illustration.

UDC 622.6. "313" 518.3

USE OF NOMOGRAMS TO ANALYZE AND FORECAST LABOR INTENSIVENESS OF UNDERGROUND

TRANSPORTATION

[Synopsis of article by S. N. Larin, G. G. Furletova and I. A. Furletov, pp

18-19]

[Text] Mathematical model of labor intensiveness of underground transportation

in Vorkutaugol' Association mines, nomogram for determining this. 1

illustration.

UDC 622.26:65.011.54

FEATURES OF WORK MECHANIZATION IN DRIVING WORKINGS

[Synopsis of article by I. N. Bezmen and V. G. Kilimnik, pp 19-21]

[Text] Reasons delaying the growth of techno-economic indicators in driving.

Delineation of four zones for driving workings, requirements for temporary

protective supports and mechanization for tunnel driving combines or drill

units. 1 reference.

UDC 622.274:621.3

IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND PANEL UNIT CONTROL SYSTEMS

[Synopsis of article by Z. M. Rabinovich, B. Ya. Starikov and I. S. Kibrik,

pp 21-22]

[Text] Analysis of electrical equipment and control systems of shield units

and was of improving them.

UDC 622.273.217.5:622.878

NOISE REDUCTION IN PNEUMATIC FILLING

[Synopsis of article by Yu. S. Makarevich, A. F. Nikolayev and V. A. Vol'skiy,

pp 22-23]

[Text] Results of research on noise characteristics of DZM2 two chamber

pneumatic filling machine and methods of reducing noise level. Recommendations. 2 illustrations.

97
UDC 622.489.019.3

RELIABILITY OF NKGK-11D HERMETICALLY SEALED BATTERIES FOR MINE LOUDSPEAKER

[Synopsis of article by A. Yu. Gorodetskiy, A. V. Zhadan and A. S. Lutsenko,

pp 24-25]

[Text] Determination of battery charging time under various temperatures and

of increased operational reliablity. 2 illustrations.

UDC 622.232.83.054.001.4

BITS FOR TUNNEL DRIVING COMBINES

[Synopsis of article by A. V. Loktionov, pp 25-27]

[Text] Testing, research, evaluation and comparison of bit units of tunnel

driving combine equipped with IT-2S and PKS-1 tangential cutters. Relative

energy consumption. 1 illustration.

UDC 62 - 783.31.001.2.622.232

RIGID BARRIER FOR INCLINED WORKINGS

[Synopsis of article by A. F. Dubich and V. A. Kulibaba, pp 27-28]

[Text] Description and operating principles of a rigid barrier for inclined

workings developed by NP0 Uglemekhanizatsiya. 1 illustration.

UDC 622.673.14/.6.001.5

A RATIONAL METHOD FOR SUSPENDING CABLES OF MULTICABLE LIFT UNITS

[Synopsis of article by V. I. Dvornikov and V. V. Makhnya, pp 28-30]

[Text] Based on solutions to differential equations describing the tensiondeformation state of a cable during winding through a friction pulley, a

rational method is found for suspending cable from a freely rotating ring. 1

table, 2 illustrations.

UDC 621.316.91:622.23.05

PROTECTING MINING MACHINERY DRIVES FROM OVERLOADING

[Synopsis of article by M. I. Khrisanov, M. A. Gonchar and L. P. Ivkin, p 30]

[Text] Theoretical basis and description of device for overload protection of

machinery drives. 1 illustration, 2 references.

98
UDC 622.232.72.001.5

ON THE STABILITY OF MUCKING COMBINES

[Synopsis of article by A. A. Yakobson, p 31]

[Text] Methods for solving design problems concerning mucking combine

stability. A new sector standard for calculating stability. 1 reference.

UDC 622.411.332:53.981.4

ON THE INFLUENCE OF MINE PRESSURE ON THE METHANE ABSORPTION CAPABILITY OF COAL

[Synopsis of article by V. T. Vodolazskiy, p 32]

nwtl The probable reduction of methane absorption in samples of Donbass

coal depending upon depth, all other conditions unchanged. The empirical

dependence of relative changes in absorption upon depth through a metamorphic

series. 1 table.

UDC 622.812.814:622.244.5

FEATURES OF ROCK MASS BREAKAGE DURING COAL AND GAS BLOW-OUTS

[Synopsis of article by I. S. Fridman, pp 33-34]

TTPxtl Studv of laminar breakage of rock mass during blow-outs. Methodology

o

X

he quantitative estimation^ of stoping conditions' influence upon blow ou

danger in specific mining geological and engineering conditions. 2 references.

UDC 622.693.4:351.823.3

PROTECTING NATURE DURING HYDROMECHANIZATION IN MINES

[Synopsis of article by I. I. Dudenko and L. D. Kovtunekno, p 35]

TText] The hydromechanization of filling work, using mine rock, spoil bank

rock slag and ash from TES, possibility of entironmental protection

Completed automated stoping by hydromechanization and ratonal use of natural

resources. 1 illustration.

UDC 622.26.023.67

DETERMINATION OF SAFE DEPTH FOR DRIVING WORKINGS UNDER QUICKSAND

[Synopsis of article by I. Ye. Golovchanskiy, pp 36-37]

[Text] Experience in working Western Donbass seams under quicksand. Determination of safe depth for driving preparatory workings under quicksand.

Recommendations. 2 illustrations.

99
UDC 550.8:622.01

DETERMINING THE BORDER ZONES OF SUITABLE COAL

[Synopsis of article by A. Ya. Permyakov, pp 37-38]

[Textproposals for determining the border zone of suitable coal resulting

from special research. 1 table.

UDC 622.272.(24:181)001.24

DETERMINING THE AVERAGE DEPTH OF COAL FIELD DEVELOPMENT

[Synopsis of article by I. A. Levchenko and V. I. Filatov, p 38-39

[Text] Methodology for determining average depth of development and workings

within boundaries of mine field, deposit and basin. 3 tables.

UDC 622.765:622.794.4 "TsOF Sukhodol'skaya"

OPERATION OF DRIER DRUM MADE FROM ALLOY STEEL

[Synopsis of article by N. I. Bondarenko, p 40]

[Text] Results of operating alloy steel drier drum to dry flotation concentrate at TsOF [Central Beneficiation Factory] Sukhodol'skaya. 1 illustration.

UDC 622.831.322

PATTERNS OF COAL CRUSHING

[Synopsis of article by A. A. Borisenko, pp 40-41]

[Text] Basic patterns of coal crushing, found experimentally. Method of

determining energy intensiveness of breaking. 1 illustration.

UDC 622.223.3:681.3.06

ALGORITHM FOR SELECTION OF FLOWSHEET FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW HORIZONS

[Synopsis of article by L. A. Noskov and V. S. Bondar'. pp 42-43]

[Text] Flow chart of algorithm for selecting flowsheet for construction of new

horizons at mines. 1 illustration.

UDC 622.33.002 "Komsomolets Donbass"

USE OF EFFICIENT MATERIALS IN TOWER HEADW0RKS

[Synopsis of article by N. A. Shabek, p 43]

[Text] Composition of slag-pumice concrete, its advantages over heavy concrete. Use in tower headworks at Komsomolets Donbass Mine. 1 table.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Tekhnika" "Ugol' Ukrainy", 1984

100

11574
ENERGY CONSERVATION

GOSPLAN DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OUTLINES CONSERVATION PROGRAM

Moscow EKONOMICHESKOYE SOTRUDNICHESTVO STRAN-CHLENOV SEV in Russian No 5,

May 84 (signed to press 4 May 84) pp 2-5

[Article by Arkadiy Lalayants, deputy chairman, USSR Gosplan: "Important Components of Intensification"]

[Text] In the present stage—the stage of the improvement of developed socialism—the Soviet people are working on one of the most important socioeconomic

tasks formulated by the Communist Party: the conversion of the natxonal economy to the path of intensification. Since it is a complicated problem that involves many different types of plans, it requires the implementation of a complex of measures and structural transformations that will result in the effi

cient utilization of fixed capital and a reduction in material outlays, including fuel and energy. If we translate this into the language of practical affairs, what we mean is that the results of the production process must grow

faster than the outlays for it, so that better results are achieved by enlisting fewer resources in the economic circulation process.

A New Stage—New Tasks

The need for the conversion to the intensive path of development became particularly urgent in recent years, when the growth of labor resources decreased

noticeably, capital investments for the extraction of fuel and raw materials

increased significantly, and the most accessible mineral deposits have become

gradually depleted. The acuteness of the problems is intensified by the gigantic scales of our economy, which requires a huge amount of energy and raw material resources.

Right now, in one day alone almost 1.5 billion rubles' worth of energy and raw

materials are consumed in the USSR. A reduction in material outlays of only 1

percent will make it possible to obtain an additional 6 billion rubles of national income. Every percent of savings of energy resources equals approximately 19 million tons of conventional fuel, which is equivalant to almost 2

billion rubles at present world prices.

At the present time in the USSR, more than 40 percent of the capital investments in industry (or about 20 percent of those in the entire national economy)

are directed at the fuel extraction and energy production. In recent years the

101
appropriations for the fuel and energy complex have been growing faster than

the level of production by a factor of 1.5, mainly because of the allocation of

vast means to maintain the extraction level that has already been achieved

Therefore, economy of raw materials, energy and fuel and their rational utilization are becoming one of the decisive factors in the conversion to the intensive path of development.

The Way to Efficiency

In speaking of_the rational utilization of energy, fuel and raw materials, it

should be mentioned that it is not dictated by the resource "starvation» with

which many leading capitalist states have already collided. The Soviet Union

is reliably and for the long view provided with its own sources that are sufficient not only for the satisfaction of its own needs and the rendering of assistance to the fraternal socialist countries, but also for the maintenance of

mutually profitable trade relationships with other states.

The attention that is now being given to economy of resources is the result of

efforts to use them most nearly completely and efficiently by obtaining the

greatest yield from minimal outlays. Besides this, it is important to take into consideration that the overwhelming majority of these resources-gas, oil

and coal—are not renewable.

In striving for the practical realization of a course toward efficiency in all

branches of material production and the nonproductive sphere, the CC CPSU and

the council of Ministers adopted a number of directive documents. One of them,

the decree On Strengthening Work for Economy and Rational Utilization of Raw

Material, Fuel, Energy and Other Resources," stipulatesan improvement in the structure of the national economy and its branches in order to achieve every possible reduction in their energy- and materialmtensiveness, the maximum extraction of minerals from underground, and the integrated and thorough processing of raw materialsthe extensive introduction of scientific and technical achievements aimed at

improving the efficiency of the utilization of construction and other materials and fuel, energy and raw material resources, along with the creation of the

necessary systems of machines and highly economical technologies producing little or no waste products;

a sharp reduction in waste and losses of raw materials and materials at all

stages of their processing, storage and transportation, along with the more

nearly complete introduction into the economic circulation process of secondary

resources and by-products; y

the primary allocation of capital investments, equipments and capacities for

the rational use of available resources.

Considering the high effect of energy conservation!, the State plan for 1981-

1985 outlines the savings of more than 200 million tons of conventional fuel in

1985 in comparison with 1980, including 146 million tons because of direct

As a rule, fuel economy measures require only one-half to one^third the means

needed for an equivalent increase in extraction and delivery to the consumer.

102
M6

19llf>

liimiil

savings and about 60 million tons by replacing organic fuel with energy generated at atomic and hydraulic electric

power stations.

As a result of this, the savings of resources in 1985 will be significantly

greater than in 1980.

The Motto: Scientific and Technical

Progress

A decisive condition for the fulfillment

of the 11th Five-Year Plan's assignments

is the extensive use in all branches of

public production and the civil and domestic economy of the achievements of

the scientific and technical revolution.

The task is to introduce, on an accelerated basis, more efficient generating

and fuel-using equipment and production

processes and equipment that provides

high-quality output for minimal energy

resource outlays, in addition to achieving the outstripping introduction into

operation of atomic electric power stations. At the same time, it is necessary to modernize existing and dismantle

obsolete installations and machinery and

optimize operating modes for the purpose

of reducing significantly the consumption of fuel and thermal and electrical energy. There is expanding use of

measures to reduce the material-intensiveness of the productxon process by:

using ^proved construction materials, increasing the assortment of rolled iron

goods, replacing metal with plastics, lightening the weight of designs used xn

construction, using more efficient methods for working articl- (forging

stamping), utilizing powder metallurgy, increasing equipment service life, pro

tecting metal against corrosion and others.

Without discussing all the measures in detail, let us mention only that .any of

them have a high potential for economy of resources. For e*^*'J^££flC

fuel consumption rate during the transition from power-generating units with

Sacities of 150-200 MW to 800-MW units drops by about 10 .^ent The^efficiency of fuel utilization in steam-and-gas units increases by 7-8 Percent.

Ten a centralized heat supply system goes into operat on, specific fuel consumption rates decrease by 20-30 percent. The use of the so-called dry method

of cement production makes it possible to reduce these rates by a factor of

l!"lTinPcomparison with the traditional method. The introduction of powerful units for the production of several types of chemical products makes it

possible to reduce this indicator by 20-30 percent.

Savings of fuel and energy in the

USSR's national economy (in millions of tons of conventional fuel)

Key:

1. (Plan)

2. Secondary energy resources

3. Electrical and thermal energy

4. Light petroleum products

5. Boiler and furnace fuel (including heat supply centralization)

[bands, top to bottom, correspond

to 2-5, respectively]

103
Large prospects are also opening up for savings of oil and oil r>rnfl„n«-e

sr„-T5Ä,2 sr«o s2-.nss;r^-s-££rmentation o£ the plans for ereaM tf

f< .

The"eed for unconditional lnpletechnologies „as pointed out a "fl, f ,%!"'' £uelT

Mvl"8 equipment and

for standardization of Laceountini for tL"^"5"^

0

'

1

?

>rOVln8 the "r"

eant aerials and redueing snurplJÄstVof S" " ""^ "

d lubrl"

^pÄ^Ä fr-PPd p= thTa^ rh^S of ST "" ^ " ^^ *" n K0 ^ *. 1

tner'the Part of the personnel that are thus

To Introduce All Reserves Into Circulation

el ofuSSation'^f76" *«**' * ^

PlaCG iB aSsigned to increasing the levof tMs are estilLd toTary "^ reSOUrces

- * Possible savings becausl

in IQ£S T

eSt^mated to be approximately 14 million tons of conventional fuel

tilation of industrial and P-bU^WiSr^SSSe^111- *

f

» «» "

uefabou"6T0

a

^riUl

ieS

r T ^^ <*e <**" and domestic sectors, which

serves for 'Zk " "**?* res°"«sturned in this country. The refnalner 1" y

^"* ^'^ <=» - 25-30 million tons of conventional

ma*e at passable to save 10-12 million tons of conventional fuel in the future.

104
At the same time, the value and place of the food and light industry, the

building of machinery and tools for science and other extremely necessary andat the same time-non-energy-intensive branches are growing. Measures are being taken for the more nearly complete introduction into the economic cycle of

local resources, the reduction of expenditures for the transportation of fuel,

raw materials and other cargoes, and the intensive reduction of ^ ^nergyintensiveness of the production process in areas wxth inadequate intrinsic re

sources.

,_,. ,_ ,-_ i -F moacnrp« fnr direct savings, an extensive pre

The de

Along with the complex of measures for direct savings an extensive program for

replacing organic fuel with alternative sources is being implemented The de

cisive element in it is the accelerated construction of atomic and hydraulxc

electric power stations instead of thermal ones. Actually, each 1 million kW

of capacity at an AES makes it possible to save more than 2 million tons of

conventional fuel every year. The use of heat from atomic TETS's and heat supply stations and geothermal, solar and wind energy will be called upon to make

a definite contribution in the future.

Considerable attention is being given to the replacement of fuel oil. The

measures being taken at the present time have as their P

u

^,fe

1

^" its

success in the more effective solution of this problem. Already in 1984, its

consumption at electric power stations is supposed tobe reduced by 6 million

tons. Next year this process will proceed even more intensively.

As experience has shown, every year an enlarged role in the economy °

f

J; 1'

energy and raw material resources is being played by machine building and-in

particular-instrument building, which must supply all branches with modern

energy-saving equipment. A number of measures for the enlargement of its outnut have recently been instituted in the USSR. They are being implemented in

accor^nce wifth the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministries decree

(ITAl 1981) f"On Basic Directions and Measures for Increasing the Effectiveness

of tne Utilisation of Fuel and Energy Resources in the National Economy From

1981 to 1985 and in the Period Until 1990," which defined the ministries and

departments' specific assignments for the production of the appropriate equipment.

On a Planned Basis

The scale and depth of the measures being realized are caused by the need for a

purposeful, integrated approach to their development -^-^^Hirectionr

Important thing here is planning, in the process of which the mam directions

for activity and the financial, material and technical support are defined.

in order to intensify the planned beginnings in energy resource economy, since

1982 USSR Gosplan has been developing a special program for the entire national

economy. Inasmuch as the problem is of an interbranch nature, many ü mn

tries and departments have been enlisted in its solution, along with branch and

territorial control agencies.

Stimulation of the rational utilization of resources is of great value. A number of measures have recently been adopted. As a result, up to 90 percent of

the value of saved fuel and energy now remains at the disposal ot the

105
enterprises. Up to 75 percent is allocated for payment of bonuses. Economic

sanctions for overconsumption are being expanded.

Special mention should be made of the growing role of science in the conduct of

an active energy-saving policy. Soviet scientists have already achieved subSt!u^a

i

reSUlts

-

Thanks to their efforts, for example, a qualitative new

method for converting organic fuel into electrical energy—the so-called

magnetohydrodynamic (MGD) method-has been introduced. Its industrial mastery

promises a huge effect. Also promising is the creation of special pumps for

the conversion of low-potential thermal energy into energy at a higher temperature that is suitable for use in heating, ventilation and other installations

Important problems are being faced in the development of new and more energy-'

economical technologies in such branches as metallurgy, the chemical industry,

the production of construction materials and others.

Developing Cooperation With Fraternal Countries

The resource-saving policy that is being realized in the USSR encompasses a

large complex of questions. Their solution is being facilitated by participation in the international division of labor and cooperation with other countries (primarily those of the socialist collaboration), as well as the mastery

and introduction of new technical facilities and production processes.

Significant work in this direction has been done within the framework of CEMA in

recent years It is reflected in the appropriate DTsPS [Long-Term Goal-Oriented

Cooperation Program] for the period until 1990 and in the decisions of the CEMA

Session, its Actuating Committee and other agencies of the council.

In ferrous metallurgy, for example, the fuel and energy balances for 1981-1985

and ways of improving them in the period until 1990 have been worked' out on a

multilateral basis. Proposals have been made for improving the technical level

of burner units and furnace equipment for the production of rolled iron and refractory materials with better heat-insulating properties. Measures are being

introduced to increase the blast temperature in blast furnaces, replace fuel

oil with natural gas in the steel-smelting industry, use the heat of waste gasses and so on. It is assumed that these and other measures that are being used

on the basis of multilateral cooperation will make it possible to obtain an annual conventional fuel savings of about 0.6 million tons in the NRB [People's

Republic of Bulgaria] in 1985 in comparison with 1980; the respective figures

for the VNR [Hungarian People's Republic] and the ChSSR [Czechoslovakian Soviet

Socialist Republic] are 0.3 and 0.8 million tons. In the GDR and the USSR, energy resource consumption will drop by 2 and 5 percent, respectively. The

Dornt efforts of the CEMA member countries are also being used to carry out a

large amount of work in nonferrous metallurgy, the chemical and light industries, transportation and other branches. The most important place in the

DTsPS is occupied by measures to deepen the refining of petroleum and increase

the specific yield of light petroleum products because of the reduced use of

fuel oil and its replacement by coal, as well as by electricity generated at

AES and, where necessary, the expansion of the use of natural gas, including as

a replacement for petroleum products.

106
Cooperation is also being developed steadily on a bilateral basis. For instance, the USSR and the GDR are conducting research in experimental residential complexes in the cities of Gor'kiy and Magdeburg. The research concerns

both construction techniques and technology and technical and engineering support for energy conservation. Approximately 8,000 apartments will be built in

each city during the experiment. Fuel consumption for the heating of the

buildings is supposed to be reduced by about 30 percent in comparison with the

present level.

Primary attention is also being given to economy of fuel, energy and raw material resources in the national programs that have been adopted by the highest

Party and state agencies in the fraternal countries. It is having positive results For example, from 1971 to 1380 in the GDR energy consumption increased

only 11 percent, although industrial output grew by 80 percent. Much has been

done in order to improve the designs and reduce the weight of equipment Although 2,099 kg of original materials were consumed per 1,000 types of commodi

tyoutput in 1?70, in 1981 the figure had fallen to 1,345 kg. In this fiveyear plan, commodity output will increase by 5 percent per year while material

outlay remains stable. About 10-12 percent of the raw material requirements m

the GDR are met with secondary resources, including 75 percent of the rolled

steel goods, 35 percent of the copper, 50 percent of the paper and so on.

The measures being implemented in the countries of the socialist concord show

how much can be achieved in the more rational utilization of resources, what

economic effect this gives, and how it makes it possible to save the fuel, raw

materials and energy that are needed by the national economy. At the same

time-and it is necessary to speak bluntly about this-here there are still

many unused resources and capabilities, and there are ^

eBOJv

£J^1^^

This refers primarily to reducing the specific consumption of primary resources

for production output. In a number of cases it is much higher than at the

foremost enterprises and abroad. So here is the task: to eliminate high, economically unjustified overconsumption that, for the socialist brotherhood as a

whole, amounts to many tens of millions of tons of fuel and raw materials.

The development and introduction of measures for economy of resources is an important direction in the scientific, technical and production collaboration of

the CEMA member countries and the further development of so"a1^

e

conomic integration. That this is so is indicated by the results of the 38th meeting of

the CEMA Session, which was held in Berlin in October 1983.

Having noted the particular value of the implementation of measures for the rational utilization of material resources in the fraternal countries, the Session outlined the basic ways of solving the problem. They are:

the realization of progressive structural shifts in branch and territorial pro

files tor the purpose of accelerated development of the less energy-intensive

branches and the rational placement of energy- and material-intensive production facilities in the CEMA member countries? «Ä„.nwo

the development, by collective efforts, of a system of ^^^.^^f/^^inmeasures aimed at sharply reducing fuel, energy and raw material losses and

troducincr secondary resources into the economic cycle as much as possible,

the expansion in every way possible, of cooperation in the «ea^and^-

facturing of equipment, technologies with little or no waste products, control

107
and measuring instruments and automatic equipment for regulating energy consumption, and their introduction into the production process as rapidly as possible.

The formation of a modern material and technical base for saving fuel, energy

and raw material is a pivotal international problem. The effectiveness of the

energy-saving policy being conducted in these countries depends on its solution

to a considerable degree.

Further expansion and deepening of the fraternal countries' interaction in the

saving and rational utilization of material resources is playing a growing role

in the successful solution of the fuel, energy and raw material problems. And

the sooner we use this reserve, the more rapidly we will achieve the conversion

of our economies to the intensive path of development.

COPYRIGHT: Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi Sekretariat Moskva 1984

11746

CSO: 1822/390

108
GENERAL

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY UNCOORDINATED, INEFFICIENT

Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 18 May 84 p 2

[Article by R. Lynev, special correspondent of IZVESTIYA: "Answers and

Responsibility"]

[Text] The decree of the USSR Council of Ministers, the integrated program

for scientific and technical progress, coordinated by the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, and the special order of the Minister of the

USSR Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industry provide development of new

highly effective catalysts by industry, capable of sharply intensifying production processes in petrochemistry during this 5-year plan.

IM-2206 catalyst, proposed by the laboratory under the supervision of Professor

G. Kotel'nikov, figures among others in the named documents. It was said in

the minister's order that experimental industrial tests of this catalyst had

been completed and the deadline for introduction of it was named.

However, the working documents of the ministry indicate that the catalyst has

not yielded the expected increase of production, while its quality has

deteriorated.

Slowing of progress in development of highly effective catalysts was noted in

the report of the interdepartmental commission, which checked the work of the

head scientific institution of the sector—the Yaroslavl Institute of Monomers

of Synthetic Rubber—at the end of last year. Among the main causes of this,

the commission named the poor operation of the mentioned laboratory under the

supervision of G. Kotel'nikov. This was also indicated in the article "Coauthor among advocates," printed in IZVESTIYA on 25 January 1984.

The answer of the Minister of the USSR Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical

Industry, V. Fedorov was sent to the newspaper. It was noted in it that the

raised question about the work of the head institute was considered in detail

by the ministry. "It was established that the institute has permitted the

occurrence of conflict situations during the past few years both inside the

institute and with recruited organizations and has insufficiently utilized the

opportunities to coordinate research.

The inadequate level of the equipment production developments at the institute

led to non-reducibility of the high indices of catalysts on industrial scales,

achieved in laboratories and at experimental plants."

109
The minister continues that all this was the result of weakening of management

by the institute on the part of director G. Stepanov and of his deputy A. Bushin,

The ministry implemented decisive measures to improve the work of the institute: G.Stepanov and A. Bushin were relieved of their duties, highly qualified

specialists were selected to replace them and the composition of the' scientific

council was reviewed. The work of the laboratory, headed by Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor G. Kotel'nikov, was reviewed by a new staff of the

scientific council, management and party organization of the institute."

Having ended with this part of the answer and clearly not wishing that it outweigh the following "positive" part, the minister recalls that there is also

much good in the work of the institute and its collective has a number of

services to the sector.

One may recall here that these services were not doubted by anyone. The newspaper criticized only some, nevertheless important aspects of the work of the

institute and of the ministry and named specific guilty parties. Two of them

were not fired, they were honorably retired.

But the important thing is what the answer does not report. Thus, there is

no mention at all of the multiauthor associations in which the key figures

were the former director of the institute, his deputy, the same G. Kotel'nikov

and responsible workers of the ministry. Who and why were powerful author's

cliques required? The facts speak clearly: this coauthorship was frequently

determined by the service situation of the members rather than by their creative contribution. Objective criteria in evaluation of this "creativity" were

replaced by laudatory self-evaluations, criticism was noted, but competing

groups under the imprint of the head institute were silent or ceased to exist.

The omnipotence of a single group and its influence on the sector increased,'

the totals of prizes increased, and the feeling of anything goes was

strengthened.

And how was this reflected in science? And how is it reflected in production

efficiency? The specialists attempted to turn the attention of the ministry

that a series of catalysts proposed by the laboratory of G. Kotel'nikov et al.

are not new, highly effective developments at all, but modifications—accord-'

ing to some elements simply renaming—of what has been known since the 1950s.

This exactly led to the "conflicts," about which the minister reports and to

that which was called "insufficient use of opportunities for coordination" in

the answer.

Such a departure from direct evaluation is the statement of the ministry that

it "has no right" to review the question of conferring foreign developments

on Stepanov, Bushin and Kotel'nikov. How is this so? Does the ministry have

the right to fire Stepanov, but it does not have the right to correct the error

which he committed? Where is the logic in this? Can the ministry share its

confidence with this approach that "correct conclusions are made at the institute from the criticism"? It is doubtful. And the response of the institute,

signed by the new director Ye. Kopylov and by the secretary of the party com-'

mittee V. Shmarlin, confirms these doubts.

110
As the minister, he begins what is said to be a toast: the problem is raised

correctly, on a timely basis, and the criticism is recognized—"The institute

coordinated the efforts of the coexecutors inadequately" and "delays were permitted with introduction of the catalysts needed by industry." and the party

committee, it is reported further, indicated to G. Kotel'nikov "for failure to

implement effective measures to introduce the new catalysts in industry and

required a stricter approach from him toward organization of cooperation both

within the institute and with specialists of other organizations, without

permitting cases of an inattentive attitude toward people and the occurrence

of conflict situations."

And what about the recruitment of influencing coauthors? But the named comrades, the report affirms, actually undertook creative participation. True,

the party committee pointed G. Kotel'nikov toward the need for further organization of their number.

And later, having criticized G. Kotel'nikov and the institute as taking unilateral action, the authors attempt to correct the "one-sidedness" by an oral

panegyric to G. Kotel'nikov. Moreover, letters are coming into the editorial

offices to this day about how he unceremoniously with the aid of the former

director and deputy settled with his rivals.

In short, this is usually how criticism is answered which cannot be denied

and one does not want to recognize. You will not call this approach businesslike. As you will not recall that after the work of the interdepartmental

commission at the institute, the secretary of the party committee V. Shmarlin

boldly stated that its conclusions will be enough for the collective "until

the end of the 5-year plan." Alas, pretentious principle has given way to

clear lack of principle.

Experience shows that if clothing (uniform) is cleaned by substances other

than those which should be used, the spots are embedded deeper. It will then

be more difficult to remove them.

6521

CSO: 1822/320

111
GENERAL

DELAYS IN STARTUP OF CHIMKENT PETROCHEMICAL PLANT DISCUSSED

Alma-Ata KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA in Russian 27 Apr 84 p 2

[Article by Yu. Livinskiy, special correspondent of KAZAKHSTANSKAYA PRAVDA:

"Until Problems are Resolved"]

[Text] Oil arrived at the site of the Chimkent Petrochemical Plant, under

construction, one year ago through the newly constructed 1,642-kilometer Pavlodar-Chimkent Transsiberian major oil pipeline. Since then, the oil river

has been flowing here round the clock, filling the storage tanks with the

"black gold." And after being pumped into railroad tank cars, the oil is

shipped from here to the refining enterprises of fraternal Uzbekistan.

The significance of startup of this major petroleum pipeline is difficult to

overestimate. It has already resulted in an enormous saving.

But this saving could become more significant if the petrochemical plant had

been operational by the time the oil arrived. This enterprise has been under

construction for more than 10 years. Such long periods are explained by different factors, including objective factors. But for one reason or another,

the construction of a very important facility is being severely drawn out.

Thus it has happened: oil arrived from Siberia at Chimkent, but the plant

for refining it was unfinished.

Startup of the major oil pipeline changed the situation and required adoption

of emergency measures to accelerate construction. Considerably more funds

than earlier were allocated for last year and this year. The builders are

faced with a crucial task—to concentrate every effort and opportunity for the

most rapid startup of the first unit of the petrochemical giant. But last

year they, unfortunately, did not cope with the posed task. More than 1.5

million rubles remained unassimilated of 10.2million rubles allocated for construction and installation work. An especially long lag was observed in installation of the main facility of theconstructlon site—the combined plant

for preliminary processing of KL-6U oil. One-tenth of the work planned for

the year was not fulfilled here.

This interruption was permitted primarily as a result of late delivery deadlines of assembled steel sections and pipe. Delivery of them to the construction site began mainly in November-December, when there was no longer anyone

112
to install them, since the Chimkentpromstroy Trust had transferred almost the

entire work force to other facilities during this time.

The underassimilated funds were included in the plan for the current year.

But the current program of the builders is very complicated even without that:

they must start up the large capacities of the LK-6U starting complex before

the end of the year, for which approximately 30 million rubles must be assimilated in total complexity. This volume of work required that the number of

workers, mechanisms and transport be increased considerably and that the

forces of six general contracting administrations of the Chimkentpromstroy

Trust and 14 subcontracting organizations be combined.

The results of the first months of the year indicate that the construction

and installation organizations knew how to cope with the total plan. However,

the contribution of each of them is unequal. Many contracting and subcontracting organizations labored well. But, for example, PMK-24 [mobile mechanized column] of Kaztyazhekskavatsiya Trust interrupted the work front for the

builders on many facilities of the starting complex and Chimkentspetsstroy

Administration [Chimkent Administration for Special Construction and Installation Work] of Glavyugstroy [Main Administration for Construction of Enterprises in Southern Regions] did not know how to complete the work on time and

fully in laying underground supply lines. Many production interruptions also

inhibit the work.

Specifically, the problem of design documentation for the starting complex

required a long time to resolve. Even during the first few days of January,

the client and the Azgiproneftekhim Planning Institute gave the contractor

written authorization to construct the LK-6U installation from drawings published on 1 January 1983. But approximately 1 month later, a letter arrived

from the planning institute in which it was said that the LK-6U installation

should be erected from the newly dispatched drawings, corrected "with regard

to startup and operation of similar installations and brought into conformity

with existing norms and regulations." Otherwise, it was emphasized in the

letter, the institute would have no further responsibility for startup and

operation of LK-6U.

The board of directors of the plant then began to insist on the need to construct the installation according to the new drawings. The builders were

placed in a very complicated situation. Additional equipment and material

resources were required. Where could they be obtained when the official

deadlines of applications for orders had long passed?

Similar installations were started up much earlier. Why then was the corrected design documentation not delivered on time? The builders essentially

did not have anything against the new drawings, understanding that it was more

reasonable to erect the LK-6U from them in the interests of the matter than

later, after completion of construction, and to begin reconstruction of the

installation. But since the delay with delivery of the corrected documentation was through the fault of the client and designers, they felt, then let

them find the additional resources. In short, the problem of the design documentation was debated until March until the USSR Ministry of the Petrochemical

Industry finally made an official decision about deliveries of the missing

113
equipment during the first 6 months of the year and transfer of their own

funds of supplementary material resources to the builders, not provided by

the old design.

The construction of the plant has felt an acute shortage of work force from

the very beginning of the year. Thus, according to measures confirmed by

Mintyazhstroy [Ministry of Heavy Construction] and Minmontazhspetsstroy [Ministry of Special Construction and Installation Work] of the republic, 2,600

builders and installers were supposed to be working at the construction site

of the petrochemical plant, but there were only 1,900 of them. There is an

especially acute shortage of installers. It is no accident that the collectives of the Chimkent and Southern Kazakhstan installation administrations of

the Kazkhimmontazh Trust, to which falls the greatest volume of work, have

until now been working mainly on a single shift. Incidentally, there are as

yet no second shifts in the other subdivisions as well. Hence the lag, interruptions of tasks and untimely presentation of a work front to the related

workers.

The circumstance that the plants of Minmontazhspetstroy of the republic have

underfulfilled the plan for manufacture of assembled steel sections during the

first quarter is also disturbing. As a result, work on such facilities as

the LK-6U installation, circulating water supply, reagent facility, materialsraw material base and a number of others is being delayed.

"Moreover," says the chief of the staff of the starting complex B. Yakubonek,

"the proper measures have not yet been implemented in the ministry to develop

a base for manufacture of pipe assemblies at Chimkent. And approximately

13,000 tons of them are required here. Perhaps it isn't worth talking about

the fact that manufacture of assemblies by the industrial method is a decisive

factor in acceleration of installation work." Serious complaints are also

being made against the client. He has not yet become an example of clear

executive action. For example, the installers are experiencing great difficulties due to underdeliveries of production equipment.

A continuous brigade contract has recently been practiced to accelerate the

rates of work and to concentrate the efforts of all participants of construction into a unified flow on large starting objects. The good experience of

introducing this progressive form of increasing the efficiency of work has

also been accumulated at the construction sites of Chimkent. Specifically,

it played the main role in turnover of starting objects ahead of schedule at

the production association Chimkentshina. But it is being introduced slowly

at the construction site of the petrochemical plant. True, the documentation

for a continuous contract is now being formulated at Chimkentpromstroy Trust

However, this preparatory work has clearly been drawn out.

As can be seen, despite the fact that the omitted funds are being assimilated

as a whole at the important construction project since the beginning of this

year, there are very many unutilized reserves for increasing the efficiency of

construction here. The main topic for today is to set them in operation very

rapidly and to eliminate the existing deficiencies and interference. And the

efforts of everyone who participated in the birth of the republic's new petrochemical giant should be subordinated to solution of this problem in identical

measure.

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GENERAL

ACTIVITIES OF NOVOKUYBYSHEV PETROLEUM REFINING PLANT DISCUSSED

Moscow SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA in Russian 23 May 84 p 3

[Article by V. Petrushin, deputy chairman of KNK of Novokuybyshev Petroleum

Refining Plant, and A. Bochkarve, special correspondent of SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA:

"Warehouses and Mismanagement"]

[Text] It looks like a museum. There is the excursion guide and there are

unique exhibits. One looks at their price tags and one is amazed: six- and

seven-digit numbers take form. And everything was assembled here within the

"shortest" deadlines. Minneftekhimprom SSR [USSR Ministry of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industry] required something like 5-7 years to become

the owner of an unforeseen collection. True, it is shown at the production

association Kuybyshevnefteorgsintez only to selected visitors for the time

being. These are mainly managers of the sector and perhaps workers of people's

inspection and prosecutors. A regular commission arrives and immediately the

reserves are sent to the bases. How does one save a people's contribution

here?

The attention of the controllers is justified: the association now has equipment worth tens of millions of rubles for oil refining. And who knows what

would become of it if not for the commission. Material valuables must be

cherished as the apple of one's eye. Old guards recall that someone initially

displayed negligence. For example, plant managers, having naively checked

that reconstruction is under way in shops, install something from the solid

reserves so that there are at least rectification columns and pipes. They

hoped and "were burned out" for nothing. One chief was relieved of his duties.

Other managers were strictly punished for the first signs of rust on the

columns.

It was then decided at the association that the "frozen millions" could be

preserved only on a centralized basis. The responsible work was entrusted

personally to deputy general director for capital construction L. M. Avrakh.

One will not be amazed at what he has to do. When construction of the next

objects is begun, they will finally begin reconstruction. They thought aprpxoimately the same thing at Minneftekhimprom, being interested in preservation rather than in the use of equipment in production.

"Perhaps the sector simply does not need all of this?" we asked the. chief

supervisor of valuables L. M. Avrakh^and we point out the racks loaded with

115
crates, judging by aesthetics, allocated from funds of USSR Gosplan as early

as 1979.

"Please," the deputy general director counters. "This is a remarkable, excellent installation. It cleans oil of water and salts and permits one to produce valuable fractions from gases and high-octane gasolines to tar. This is

actually hardly a complete plant. It is very productive with capacity of

millions of tons annually.

Without going into the details of technology, we understood the main thing

that all this is purely theoretical, since the remarkable complex has not

produced a single gram of gasoline and its parts are packed in crates. And

there were stacks of other racks in the neighborhood. Various types of installations, equipment and instruments, also called upon to accelerate development of the sector, and to improve and renovate methods of production of

polyethylene, propylene, phenol and a number of no less valuable products.

But how has it happened that the latest installations have not found their

elementary work for many years, they waste time in warehouses and are becoming

physically obsolete? We attempted to analyze the history of petrochemical

capacities for which one so zealously fought earlier, but now they have actually

become frozen. Let us leaf through the endless correspondence of Minneftekhimprom with the association and let us read hundreds of lists, requests, promises

and refusals. There are also orders signed personally by the minister. Strict

papers sometimes require that reconstruction of enterprises be begun, otherwise matters are postponed for unspecified periods. One can actually understand one thing from the complicated changes: the ministry does not yet have

its own clear position.

And it's all in vain. The plants of Nefteorgsintez are in extreme need to

replace many basic funds. Many installations did not provide even the lowest

product quality. Sanitary organizations rightfully raise the question, noting

the extreme pollution of the soil and the haziness of the atmosphere. But

the builders fanned the flame when they dug the trenches. Instead of the expected underground waters, they found high-quality gasoline. It had been

leaking into the soil for a long time from operating, but worn out equipment.

The products of the enterprise—fuel and lubricating oils—also sometimes

cause censure. Add a large volume of manual operations, turnover of the work

force and chronic interruptions of plans and it becomes immediately clear how

much reconstruction of the Kuybyshev plants is needed. And they would be provided with new equipment to their profit if only everything would be started

in economic circulation.

As early as 1977, Minneftekhimprom gave its word on the important matter. And

later it was as if an evil force began to confuse all the plans. Obviously,

the time has come to answer the numerous questions of what to do with the

frozen equipment. Then they suddenly decided in the sector to transfer part

of the funds to other enterprises. However, whether they will finally unfreeze them and begin to take action, no one is confident of. It is natural

that the unexpected turn of the ministry aroused the indignation of local

authorities. The CPSU obkom knew how to vindicate its opinion.

116
Minneftekhimprom has now again been forced to change course and to find the

next solution. What it will be is unknown. And the equipment is still in

the same warehouses. Will it be transformed to "relics" of mismanagement,

having lain in crates for the normative period? Should not the sectors soon

appeal to Gosplan and request funds for new, more modern equipment? And will

the new equipment not be immediately allocated to it for storage?

From the editors. The facts covered in the article are unfortunately typical

for a number of other enterprises of the sector. One can name as many addresses where equipment worth millions of rubles is also sitting in warehouses,

becoming obsolete and is being spoiled. This includes the Voronezh Tire Plant

and the association Groznefteorgsintez. What enviable persistence was earlier

manifested at Minneftekhimprom when scarce funds were knocked out at Gosplan

and a need for fundamental reconstruction was proved. It was proved in figures and facts, requiring preference of one's own sector. Where then are the

bold aspirations?

The question is especially timely today. The fraction of old equipment is

increasing sharply in petrochemistry. Only 0.7 percent is being renovated

annually. One cannot work very much with antediluvian installations and one

cannot produce the full volume of products required by the state. One will

also not provide high quality and the proper conservation.

The time has come to strictly question the managers of the sector. Which of

your personnel, comrades, is responsible for new equipment? When will the

equipment worth many millions of rubles begin finally to operate? It is

obvious that Gosplan and a number of construction ministries, related to reconstruction of industry, should also be interested.

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GENERAL

OIL PRODUCTION ON BUZACHI PENINSULA REPORTED

Moscow STROITEL'NAYA GAZETA in Russian 11 Mar 84 p 4

[Article by V. Azarov: "City for Oil Workers"]

[Text] The "Plan for settlement of oil workers" on Buzachi Peninsula has been

confirmed. It provides for construction of a workers' town on the shore of

the Caspian Sea.

The promising oil fields of these difficult, remote sites have already yielded

approximately five million tons of oil this year. Buzachi is being developed

at very vigorous rates and many unique innovations in oil production are being

utilized here. And the watch method of work, now being used, is unsuitable

for Buzachi. Specialists of the association Mangyshlakneft' have calculated

that if 3,000 persons are carried by motor and air transport to the peninsula,

this figure will triple within 15 years.

Having studied all the socioeconomic factors, the managers of the association

have proposed that a town be constructed on Buzachi. Kazgiprograd Institute has studied several variants and issued the optimal calculation.

The new town is being constructed not far from the sea. A highway, laid across

Komsomol'skiy Proliv, will eventually connect it to other regions of the country. The USSR's first specialized watch airport is already operating nearby.

Tomorrow's town will also have from its birth a reliable supply of electric

energy and water supply from the nearby Kyzyl Kum field. It also has its own

gas. The geologists are looking for construction materials in the vicinity.

By 1990, 15,000 persons will live permanently at Buzachi.

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118
GENERAL

GEOLOGISTS AWARDED FOR GAS DISCOVERIES

Ashkhabad TURKMENSKAYA ISKRA in Russian 17 May 84 pi

[Article: "Awards to Prize Winners"]

[Text] On 16 May, a group of Turkmen scientists and producers were awarded

certificates and honorary badges as winners of the USSR State Prize of 1983

at the Central Committee of the Turkmenistan Communist Party in the field of

science and technology, which they won for discovery and accelerated and highly

efficient prospecting of the unique Dovletabad-Donmez gas condensate field.

Among the winners were the chief of the Central Geophysical Expedition of the

Administration of Geology of the Turkmen SSR R. Ataniyazov, the former chief

geologist of the Eastern Geological-Geophysical Expedition, now chief of the

Bayram-Aliysk Oil- and Gas-Prospecting Expedition of UG [Administration of

Geology] of the Turkmen SSR R, Ye. Chavushyan, the chief engineer, deputy chief

of the Administration of Geology of the Turkmen SSR Yu. A. Gavrilov, the chief

of the oil-prospecting expedition of the Administration of Geology of the Turkmen SSR F. G. Belen'kiy, the chief geologist of the oil-prospecting expedition

of the Administration of Geology of the Turkmen SSR R. S. Smirnov, drilling

foreman of the oil-prospecting expedition of the Administration of Geology of

the Turkmen SSR V. V. Shumskiy, the chief of the central engineering production

service of the oil-prospecting expedition of the Administration of Geology of

the Turkmen SSR, Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences D. A. Kolatov,

director of the Turkmen Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Institute,

corresponding member of the Turkmen SSR Academy of Sciences Ya. A. Khodzhakuliyev and the chief of the operational analysis party of the Turkmen Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Institute, Candidate of GeologicalMineralogical Sciences A. N. Davydov.

Member of the CPSU Central Committee, first sectretary of the Central Committee

of the Turkmenistan Communist Party M. G. Gapurov handed out the awards. In

the name of the Central Committee of the Turkmenistan Communist Party, the

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the Council of Ministers of the Turkmen

SSR, he heartily congratulated the awardees and wished them great creative

success. The labors of the new winners, Comrade Gapurov emphasized, indicate

the increasing level of the geological service in the republic and the role of

the research of geologists in acceleration of the race of scientific and technical progress.

119
Scientific secretary of the Committee for Lenin and State Prizes in the Field

of Science and Technology attached to the USSR Council of Ministers, Doctor of

Technical Sciences V. N. Chetverikov, who participated in the solemn ceremony,

warmly congratulated the winners and hoped that they would multiply the success of the Turkmen prospectors in the future and would increase the country's

fuel and energy potential.

In accepting the awards, the winners expressed deep gratitude to the CPSU

Central Committee and to the Soviet government for high evaluation of the

work and stated that they will direct all their efforts in the future toward

further development of the republic's national economy.

The second secretary of the Central Committee of the Turkmenistan Communist

Party A. I. Rachkov, the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Turkmen

SSR Ch. S. Karyyev and other leaders of the party and government of the republic were present at the awards.

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120
GENERAL

; UDC 662.769.21

NONEQUILIBRIOUS PLASMA-CHEMICAL HYDROGEN PREPARATION URGED

Frunze IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK KIRGIZSKOY SSSR in Russian No 5, 1983 pp 3-9

[Article by Zh. Zh. Zheyenbayev and D. K. Otorbayev (Institute of Physics and

Mathematics, Kirghiz SSR Academy of Sciences): "Methods for Obtaining Hydrogen—the Energy-Engineering Fuel of the Future"]

[Text] Atomic-Hydrogen Energy Engineering. The growth in scale of production

and technical progress have made it necessary to constantly increase energy

consumption. It is expected that the rate of growth of world consumption of

energy will also increase in the future and will be 3-4 percent per year [1].

The opportunities for satisfying this demand for energy are defined by the

existence of energy-resource reserves, and also by the cost of extracting the

energy. Because of this, the necessity for an increase in the growth of nuclear power is determined primarily by economic factors. And the matter here

is not only that of the limited nature of the reserves of ordinary fuel. It

is known that there is much coal on Earth, and by the end of the century no

more than 2-3 percent of it will have been consumed [2]. There will be no coal

shortage for several centuries. However, the high cost of the coal itself and

of transporting it over great distances and the ecological effect of consumption . of the coal's energy will lead to the noncompetitiveness of this fuel

in areas distant from the coal fields. This is why an ever-increasing share

of energy consumption has been covered by oil and gas in recent decades. However, first, world reserves of these fuels are limited, and second, oil and

gas are valuable chemical raw materials.

A forecast of the development of future power-engineering that would enable an

optimal energy-engineering developmental strategy to be defined is extraordinarily important. Figure 1 shows a variant of the development of energy engineering for a model of an industrially developed society with a population of

250 million people at the initial date of 1970 [3]. It gives a representation

in particular of the necessity for developing and introducing most intensely

other, nonelectrical ways for using nuclear energy.

The use of traditional types of raw materials becomes not at all mandatory,

given sufficient support of industry by nuclear energy. Water, on being

broken down into the source molecules, can yield an energy carrier that is

optimal for various production purposes. This is important, since, as is

known from figure 1, solution of the problems of energy engineering is possible only by using nuclear sources for producing heat, hydrogen and electricity.

121
Figure 1. Forecast of the Development of EnergyEngineering up to the Year 2050 for a Model of an

Industrially Developed Society with a Population of

250 Million People in the Initial Period of 1970 [3].

1. Energy demand.

2. Nuclear energy—electricity.

3. Nuclear energy—hydrogen heat and coal.

4. Coal.

5. Oil.

6 . Gas and Oil.

•::j;s33 /::: 22)0 24!) 25))

As for hydrogen, the desirability of its use is determined by the following factors: an unlimited

amount of the raw material (water) exists for obtaining hydrogen; hydrogen is a good energy carrier from

the standpoints of both its use and the transporting

of it; hydrogen is an ideal fuel from the ecological standpoint: actually, the

only product that is formed from its combustion is water; and the storage of

hydrogen is a simple and reliable method for accumulating energy.

Property H2 CH„

Melting temperature, degrees C. -259 -184

Boiling temperature, degrees C. -253 -162

Heat of combustion:

68.35 212.8

34.17 13.3

Heat of combustion per 1 kg of the

fuel mix with oxygen,

3,800 2,660

The Use of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier. The table shows the physical properties of hydrogen in comparison with those of methane—the main component of

natural gas.

It is evident from this

table in particular that

hydrogen possesses a

higher calorific value

than methane. It can

also be noted from its

physical properties that

hydrogen is highest among

the gases in speed of

diffusion and heat conductivity, factors that

promote good dispersion of it (this is important from the standpoint of safety

equipment), and it also enables hydrogen to be used effectively as a cooling

or heating gas.

Hydrogen's chemical properties also are singular: it is one of the most

powerful reducing agents, especially in its monoatomic form; it forms compounds that are used widely in the national economy (ammonia, acids, gasoline,

and so on); it enters into reactions with metals, forming metallic hydrides;

and so on.

The prospects for using hydrogen in various branches of the national economy

are simply universal [3]. In power engineering it could even displace natural gas. From both the economical and ecological points of view, such a replacement is desirable. Moreover, energy can be transported over great distances by means of hydrogen. In ferrous metallurgy, even now, methods for the

direct reduction of iron from ore by means of an energy carrier (hydrogen and

carbon monoxide) are well known, and later these methods should be developed

122
intensely. In the chemical industry, aside from using hydrogen in the synthesis of ammonia and methanol, and in hydrogenating fats, and so on, substantial

amounts of it are required for synthesizing a number of valuable organic products. In transport, liquid hydrogen can be used as motor-vehicle and aviation

fuel. In the household, hydrogen can replace natural gas and also take over

the function of heating and lighting for housing.

Moreover, substantial amounts of hydrogen will be required in the future for

producing synthetic liquid fuels by hydrogenating coal.

About 30 million tons of hydrogen are produced in the world annually. About

90 percent of this amount is used in the chemical industry for synthesizing

ammonia, methanol, and so on. The remainder of the hydrogen consumed goes to

ferrous metallurgy (for the direct reduction of iron) and to the production of

synthetic fuel (the gasification of coal). By the year 2000, the world's annual hydrogen consumption for various purposes can amount to 60 to 90 million

tons. Thus, the task of searching for optimal methods for obtaining hydrogen

are extraordinarily urgent.

Methods for Producing Hydrogen. Many different methods for producing hydrogen

are now being used and developed. Their efficiency is evaluated on the basis

of a combination of such indicators as energy efficiency, specific productivity, raw-materials costs and so on. The final assessment is made according to

the cost of the process, which reflects its k.p.d. [efficiency]. Let us note

the four main methods for preparing hydrogen, which either are now being used

widely or are of greater interest for the long term [4 and 5]: 1—the conversion of natural gas and petroleum products; 2—the gasification of coal;

3—the electrolytic decomposition of water; and 4—the plasma-chemical method

for the decomposition of water.

1. The Conversion of Natural Gas and Petroleum Products [4]. The main portion of industrial hydrogen is obtained this way today. Catalytic conversion

Of methane and of petroleum products in tube furnaces, especially the steam

conversion of methane, have been used most widely. This is explained by the

simplicity of implementing the process and by superior economic indicators.

With steam catalytic conversion, the process ordinarily is used at a pressure

of 15-20 atmospheres at temperatures of -400 degrees C, in the presence of a

catalyst (most often this is nickel). On the whole, the process enables

enough pure hydrogen to be obtained at tolerable cost, but its, efficiency does

not exceed 60 percent, which is impermissible for use in the distant future.

Moreover, valuable organic compounds—gas or oil, the cost of which will increase another 5-fold to 10-fold by the year 2000—are used in this production

process.

2. The Gasification of Coal [4 and 6]. The growing expensiveness and the increasing shortage of oil and natural gas will, with greater insistence, require a search for new ways for preparing hydrogen. One of these paths is

the steam reforming of bituminous coal with the participation of catalysts.

Study of this process indicates that the heat given off during coal-burning is not enough to sustain the endothermal reactions of its interaction

with CO and H20. In order to intensify these reactions, additional heat must

123
be conducted into the gas generator. It is obvious that one of the ways for

reducing energy expenditure and for saving unrenewable mineral fuels should

be that of reducing the process's pressure and temperature, which can be done

by using an effective catalytic additive. Let us note that during this process of obtaining hydrogen, practically all the carbon is discharged into the

atmosphere in the form of an ash. This is undesirable for ecological reasons, and, moreover, it is still less efficient than converting it into

methane (gasification) or synthetic oil (liquefaction).

While methods for obtaining hydrogen that are based upon the use of valuable

mineral or fossil fuels will retain their value in the next few years, they

should, inevitably, give way in the long term, as a result of raw-material

and ecological restrictions, to other methods. In the search for new methods

and new raw-material sources, many researchers are paying attention to water,

the world reserves of which are practically inexhaustible. In this connection,

let us review two of the more promising methods for obtaining hydrogen by the

decomposition of water.

3. The Electrolytic Decomposition of Water [4 and 7].

2H20<*2H+^

2H++2e

-+H2t

^20H--*20H--2c-->H20+l/202t

U)

The purity of the output obtained—99.99 to 99.999 percent (the purity of the

product obtained, for example, at. installations for converting natural gas is

95 to 99 percent)—is among the indubitable virtues of the electrolytic method

for preparing hydrogen. The deficiencies of this method can include the high

cost and metal intensiveness. Thus, the cost of electrolytic hydrogen is

about 2.5-fold that of the cost of hydrogen obtained from natural gas, and

this is determined mainly by the cost of electricity. The economists calculated that if, in the long term, all the hydrogen required were obtained by

electrolysis at today's level of development of its production, not enough

metal for this purpose would be smelted in the country by that time. One of

the methods for raising the efficiency of electrolysis is to raise the temperature to 1,000 degrees C. At this time, the best developed technology operates on temperatures of s:100 degrees C. Moreover, conversion to the electrolysis of sea water because of the substantial content therein of calcium and

chloride-ions is not at all clear.

4. The Plasma-Chemical Method for Decomposition of Water [5]. From the overall physical point of view, the advantages of realizing the chemical transformations in the gaseous phase are obvious. The volumetric nature of the chemical processes that occur in a gas or plasma is considerable. High volumetric

speeds of flow and great speeds of homogeneous reactions in the gaseous phase

will enable high productivity to be achieved in systems that are technically

simple to realize. This feature distinguishes positively plasma-chemical

methods for obtaining energy carriers (hydrogen and oxides of carbon) from

other electrical methods, particularly from the electrolysis both of a liquid

phase .and of a high-temperature phase with a solid electrolyte. It is an

important, feature of the use of nonequilibrious plasma-chemical processes that

the energy contribution of the discharge is concentrated on separate levels

124
of freedom of the molecule and on the prescribed channels of the reactions.

For this reason, the warmup of the gas is, as a whole, usually insignificant,

and, consequently, the heat losses and the losses connected with reverse reactions are small. Thus, the possibility of achieving high energy efficiency

(up to 80 percent) at comparatively low inlet temperature of the gas, as

well as high specific productivity, distinguish the plasma-chemical method

favorably from other chemical methods examined. Let us dwell on a discussion

of this method in more detail.

There are in nature many different forms for the existence of a plasma and,

correspondingly, there are also many variants for realizing plasma-chemical

systems. A detailed analysis of the existing possibilities indicates that,

from the point of view of energy expenditure and productivity, nonequilibrious processes that are accomplished in a weakly ionized plasma of reduced

pressure through the fluctuating, excited states of reactants are optimal

[8 and 9].

Sufficiently general considerations lead us to choose optimal parameters for

the existence of such a plasma, namely, average energies (we shall arbitrarily call them temperatures) of the electrons should exceed considerably the

temperatures of the gas: T » T . That same condition should also occur for

the fluctuating temperatures of the gas molecules: Tv » TQ. Moreover, sufficiently high demands should be made on the degree of ionization of the

plasma for maintaining the existing nonequilibriousness.

The conditions formed lead to the choice of two possible methods for obtaining

molecular hydrogen:

1. The direct decomposition of steam:

H20->H2 + V2O2; AH = 2,6 ev/mol, and (2)

2. The two-stage carbon-dioxide cycle:

C02 -* CO + Vapj; AH - 2,9 ev/mol,

CO + H20 -»- C02 + H2; AH =—0,4 ev/mol, (3)

when the carbon dioxide is decomposed at the first stage, and hydrogen is obtained at the second stage from carbon monoxide through steam conversion. Let

us examine each of these processes.

1) The Direct Decomposition of Steam [8]. A higher efficiency of decomposition should be expected with such systems, where the temperature of the electrons is not sufficient for intensive excitation of electron states and the

main share of the energy applied to the discharge of energy goes to the excitation of fluctuating degrees of freedom of the water and to dissociative

attachment of the electrons to the water molecules. In such cases, in order

to obtain high efficiency, very rigid requirements are imposed1 on the degree

of ionization of the plasma: ne/NQ > 3.10"*, since, first, the constant'of

the speed of pumping up of the fluctuations by electron collision is not

125
great enough, and, second, the constant of the speed of relaxation of the

water molecule is very high. Achieving such a high degree of ionization where

T ~ 1-3 eV is a task that is difficult to execute under conditions for all

types of independent discharges. It has been established experimentally in

an SVCh- [superhigh frequency-] discharge that the efficiency of such a process can reach 30-40 percent where the degree of ionization n /N = 10"5

.

e o

2) The Two-Stage Carbon Dioxide Cycle [5 and 9]. The more important stage

here is the first—the dissociation of C02, since the conversion of steam does

not require large energy investment and can be realized in practice with comparatively simple means.

Comparative evaluations indicate the attractiveness of dissociation precisely

of carbon-dioxide gas in an unequilibrious plasma. In the first place, the

constant of the speed of fluctuating excitation of the C02 molecule by

electron collision is strong enough (by more than an order of magnitude it exceeds the constant of the speed of fluctuating excitation of steam), and, in

the second place, the speeds of C02 molecule relaxation are low. All this

provides for a high degree of fluctuating excitation of C02 under the conditions of a nonequilibrious plasma which greatly exceeds the degree of fluctuating excitation under equilibrious conditions. The unique properties

of the C02 molecule such as these, it can be said, also provide under

nonequilibrious conditions an effective inversion of the population of its

fluctuational levels, and, as a consequence, powerful laser generation.

An analysis of the energy balance, taking into account all the processes that

influence the system's full efficiency, has indicated that the fluctuating

excitation of C02 permits 80 percent of the energy invested in the discharge

to be concentrated on conduct of the reaction of dissociation of carbon

dioxide gas (the experimentally achieved effectiveness in an SVCh-discharge

also is 80 percent). By way of comparison, the equilibrious process of thermal decomposition of C02 is marked by a maximum of computed process efficiency of 43 percent (the experimentally achieved efficiency obtained on an

electric-arc plasmatron is about 15 percent) [9].

The excitation of an antisymmetric mode (00°1) of C02 fluctuations, for which,

given a low-temperature plasma, the values of the parameter E/N = 1-3-10-16

V'cnf (10) are required, that is, the fields E ~ 300-500 V cm must be

realized where the gas pressure in the reactor is 50-100 Torr, is more effective for conducting the reaction of CO2 dissociation. Such field intensities

in the plasma are realized relatively simply in stationary VCh-[high frequency-] and SVCh-discharges. Moreover, it is necessary to provide a sufficiently

high degree of ionization in the discharge n /N > 3-10"6, which also can

be accomplished in such discharges. Low values of the inlet temperature

T < 103K, which are characteristic for SVCh discharge at pressures of less

than a hundred Torr, provides stability of the product in relation to the reverse reaction and low speed of the inlet fluctuation relaxation. Thus, the

SVCh-discharges of reduced and average pressures are convenient for creating

plasmas" under conditions that are favorable for dissociating C02 through a

fluctuating excitation of the molecule.

126
A functional scheme for realizing a two-stage plasma-chemical cycle is shown

in figure 2. Figure 3 shows the scheme for a plasma-chemical reactor [11].

It is evident from these schemesthat, after providing for separation of the

gaseous components with recirculation of the carbon dioxide, we get a

plasma-chemical cycle, the total result of which is a highly productive and

economical process for decomposing steam into oxygen and hydrogen.

UH SwrsVlf» (3 )

NT**** (A)

Figure 2. The Technological Chain

for a Two-Stage Carbon-Dioxide Cycle.

1. Energy source.

2. Plasma-chemical reactor.

3. Steam-conversion unit.

4. Heat-exchangers of the separators.

„ \\Afa-tf&f

L,'(6)

Figure 3. Functional Diagram of an

SVCh [Superhigh Frequency] PlasmaChemical Reactor.

1. Magnetron.

2. Power accumulator.

3. [Illegible.]

4. Quartz pipe (reactor).

5 . To the tank.

6. To the pump.

7. Mixing tank. .^__

We now face the problem of optimizing the two-stage cycle, which incorporated

a large number of tasks: first, a search for ways to raise the experimental

value (-80 percent) now achieved of the energy efficiency of dissociating

carbon dioxide; second, increase in specific productivity and energy efficiency of separation in installations that separate carbon-dioxide dissociation products; and third, optimize the unit that converts carbon oxides into

hydrogen. Moreover, scaling up the plasma-chemical unit, that is, increasing

its capacity while retaining its energy efficiency, is important and urgent.

The solution of this problem involves studies of the kinetics of elementary

processes in the carbon-dioxide cycle's energy and of the process of the

forming of the volumetric characteristics of the charge by searching for optimal schemes for organizing it.

An analysis of the literature's data makes it possible to obtain the characteristics of the two basic methods for obtaining the energy carrier—electrolytic and plasma-chemical—in accordance with the main characteristics for comparison: the energy efficiency, 'specific productivity and raw-material costs.

It has been shown experimentally that 4-5 kWh of electricity are consumed in

forming 1 m

3

of hydrogen under the plasma-chemical method [9 and 11]; while

with low-temperature electrolysis of water, about 6 kWh of electricity is

spent in obtaining 1 m

3

of hydrogen because of the polarization of the oxygen electrode [12]. The energy efficiency of electrolysis can be raised by

sharply reducing the polarization effects with increase in temperature.

Such high-temperature electrolysis systems enable high energy effectiveness to

127
be estimated—4.5 kWh of electricity per 1 m

3

of hydrogen when delivering

water in the form of steam at a temperature of -850 K [13]. However, despite

this, such installations, by virtue of their heterogeneous nature, have limited productivity per unit of surface. The process can be provided with the

necessary productivity only by a layout of a large number of units, which

can entail strong instability of operation of the system as a whole.

Moreover, high-temperature electrolytes are metal-intensive and require the

use of a special solid electrolyte, for example, Zr02-Y203. Such an electrolyte is costly, as a rule, since the necessary conductivity is provided by using scarce materials and complicated technology.

Thus, the plasma-chemical method of obtaining hydrogen is advantageous mainly because of high specific productivity, low metal intensiveness and simplicity of technological implementation of the appropriate processes (for a

plasma-chemical reactor of 100 kW power and a productivity on the order of

25 m

3

of hydrogen per hour, the working plasma volume is ~ 20 cm

3

).

One cannot help but note the attractiveness of using plasma-chemical systems

from the point of view of the process's ecological purity: the hydrogen and

oxygen are produced from water practically without any kind of combustion or

use of organic compounds. Finally, the problem of extracting and transporting

fuel to the place of use disappears completely because water is the fuel.

Everything that has been said testifies to the promise of nonequilibrious

plasma-chemical systems for obtaining hydrogen.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Aleksandrov, A. P., Budushcheye energetiki[The Future of Energy Engineerinpl

KOMMUNIST, No 1, 1976, p 63.

2. Aleksandrov, A. P. "Prospects for Developing Nuclear Power." In the book,

"Atomno-vodorodnaya energetika i tekhnologiya [Atomic-Hydrogen Energy Engineering and Technology]. Moscow, Atomizdat, No 1, 1978, p 5.

3. Legasov, V. A., Ponomarev-Stepnoy, N. N., Protsenko, A. N., Popov, V. K.

and Trotsenko, N. M. "Atomic-Hydrogen Energy Engineering (a Forecast of

Development)." In the book, "Atomno-vodorodnaya energetika i tekhnologiya." Moscow, Atomizdat, No 1, 1978, p 11.

4. Stepanov, A. V. Polucheniye vodoroda i vodorodsoderzhashchikh gazov [The

Preparation of Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Containing Gases]. Kiev, Naukova

Dumka, 1982, 310 pages.

5. Belousov, I. G., Legasov, V. A. and Rusanov, V. D. "The Two-Stage PlasmaChemical Cycle of Recovering Hydrogen from Water." In the book, "Voprosy

atomnoy nauki i tekhniki. Ser. Atomno-vodorodnaya energetika" [Questions

of Nuclear Science and Technology. Atomic-Hydrogen Energy Engineering

Series], No 2, 1977, p 158.

128
6.

7.

9.

10,

11.

12

13

Grebennik, V. N., Ponomarev-Stepnoy, N. N., Lebedev, V. V. and Davydov,

V P "Prospects for Producing Liquid and Gaseous Synthetic Fuels from

Coal, and the Use of Nuclear-Reactor Energy." In the book "Atomno-vodorodnaya energetika i tekhnologiya." Moscow, Energoizdat, No 4, 1982 p 23.

Legasov, V. A., Kotel'nikov, G. A. and Popov, V. K "Me^ods for Preparing Hydrogen by the Decomposition of Water." In the book, "Atomnovodorodnaya energetika i tekhnologiya." Moscow, Atomizdat, No 1, 1978,

p 37.

Bochin, V. P., Legasov, V. A.,Rusanov, V. D., Fridman, A. A. and Sholin,

G V "The Decomposition of Water in a Nonequilibnous Plasma. Voprosy

atomnoy plazmi i tekhniki. Ser. Atomno-vodorodnaya energetika [Questions

of Nuclear Plasma and Technology. Atomic-Hydrogen Energy-Engineering

Series], No 2, 1977, p 93.

Rusanov, V. D., Fridman, A. A. and Sholin, G. V. "The Physics of a Chemically Active Plasma with Nonequilibrious Fluctuating Excitation of the

Molecule!" Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk [Successes of the Physical Sciences],

Vol 134, No 2, 1981, p 185.

. Rusanov, V. D., Fridman, A. A. and Sholin, G. V. "Dissociation of CO, in

a Nonequilibrious Plasma." ZhTF [Journal of Engineering Physics], Vol

49, No 10, 1978, p 2169.

Zhivotov, V. K.,Rusanov, V. D. and Fridman, A. A. "Dissociation of Carbon Dioxide Gas in a Nonequilibrious Plasma." In the book, ^himiya

plazmy" [Chemistry of the Plasma], Moscow, Energoizdat, No 9, 1982,

p 206.

Yegorov, A. P., Shereshevskiy, A. I. and Shmanenkov, I. V. ^Obshchaya

khfmicheskaya tekhnologiya neorganicheskikh beshchestv [The Fundamental

Chemical Technology of Inorganic Substances]. Moscow, Khimiya, 1964, 688

pages.

Bockris, I. 0. M. "High-Temperature Water Electrolysis." 1 International Conference on Hydrogen Energy, USA, 1974, p 371.

11409

CSO: 1822/323

129
GENERAL

BRIEFS

DEVELOPMENT OF YAMBURG- FIELD—Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug—The builders

of the Yamburg;.field have arrived to construct a town. The site for it was

selected within the Tazov Peninsula, 5 kilometers from the shore of Obskaya

Guba. The first object will be the housing complex for 400 persons. "Implementation of the general plan for development of Yamburg will begin here,"

said the chief engineer of the project, specialist of the Donetsk Institute

YuzhNIIgiprogaz [not further identified] G. Shemrayev, whom the TASS correspondent met at the site of the future settlement. "The plan encompasses all

aspects of development of the gas depot. Fifteen scientific research and

planning institutes are participating in development of it." G. Shemrayev is

a longtime resident of Western Siberia. He participated in development of

the Medvezhye, Vyngapur and Urengoy fields. "But Yamburg conditions are

more complicated than the others," he explains. "The main fraction of expenditures will go to auxiliary facilities rather than to construction of the

fields themselves." For example, every fifth ruble will be expended on laying roads alone. The reason is the absence of construction materials. Yamburg

is a large construction project even for the Western Siberian energy complex.

The problem of all its participants is to take Yamburg gas within the shortest

deadlines and with the least expenditures. [Text] [Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA

INDUSTRIYA in Russian 6 Jun 84 p 1] 6521

CHIMKENT OIL REFINING PLANT—(TASS)—The builders have determined an intensified schedule for construction of the first unit of the Chimkent Oil Refining

Plant. Only a week was required of the installers instead of the month according to the norm to complete assembly of the 50-meter rectification column,

raised and installed on its foundation. The volume of work of the installers

has increased 1.5-fold compared to last year's rate—the läge permitted earlier

due to incomplete delivery of equipment had to be eliminated. A daring engineering solution was required in order to cope within compressed deadlines. The

brigade of V. Mityukov suggested that related workers lay the heat insulation

on the previously assembled structure. The collectives of the machine shops

and bases of the trust maintained and developed the given acceleration during

subsequent operations. They shipped finished assemblies instead of standard

sets of pipe to the construction site. The rates will make it possible to

begin refining of oil coming through one of the country's longest pipelines,

the Omsk-Pavlodar-Chimkent, this year. [Text] [Moscow SOTSIALISTICHESKAYA

INDUSTRIYA in Russian 25 May 84 p 1] 6521

6521

CSO: 1822/320 END

130