1As noted by our colleague, Judge Albert Tate, Jr., when Chief Judge of the Louisiana Third

Circuit Court of Appeal, in Fremaux v. Buie, 212 So.2d 148, 149 n. 1 (La.App.1968), the "clause

is named after its creator, the late Lawrence G. Pugh, Sr., a distinguished attorney of Crowley,

Louisiana. Its purpose is to void the consequences of the holding of Louisiana mineral law, see

Hunter Co. v. Shell Oil Co., 211 La. 893, 31 So.2d 10 (1947) and following, that production

from a unit including a portion of a leased tract will maintain the lease in force as to all the lands

covered by the lease." (Law Review citations omitted.) 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 91–4318.

SANDEFER OIL & GAS, INC., et al., Plaintiffs–Appellees,

v.

Deanne Lounsberry DUHON and Freddie Paul Lounsberry, Defendants–Appellants.

June 4, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court For the Western District of Louisiana.

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, BROWN and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

POLITZ, Chief Judge:

Deanne Lounsberry Duhon and Freddie Paul Lounsberry appeal an adverse summary

judgment in favor of Sandefer Oil & Gas, Inc., Tex/Con Oil & Gas Co., and SHV Oil & Gas

Company. Concluding that the district court erred in its interpretation of the mineral lease at issue,

we reverse and remand.

Background

The focus of this litigation is an oil, gas and mineral lease covering property in Vermilion

Parish, Louisiana, executed on January 31, 1985. The lease contains a standard habendum clause

with a primary term of three years. The lease also contains a typed-in provision known as a

horizontal "Pugh" clause,1or a bottomhole severance clause, which isthe subject ofthis controversy.

That clause, contained in paragraph 17 of the lease, provides in relevant part that:
 

2When the well was drilled the formation was identified by the Louisiana Commissioner of

Conservation as one sand having two lobes. As such it was known as the Miogypsionoides Sand. 

Upon further testing, however, the Commissioner issued orders 745–G and 745–H which divided

the one Miogyp Sand into two separately defined zones, designated as the Middle Miogyp Sand

and Lower Miogyp Sand. 

After expiration of the primary term, thislease will terminate automatically as to all horizons

situated 100 feet below the deepest depth drilled (a) from which a well located on the land

or acreage pooled therewit h is producing in paying quantities, or (b) in which there is

completed on the land or acreage pooled therewith a shut-in gas well which cannot be

produced because of lack of market, marketing facilities, or because of governmental

restrictions, whichever is the greater depth.

Before expiration of the primary term, the lessees drilled the Marceaux No. 1 well on land

pooled with a port ion of the lease tract. The Marceaux No. 1 well was drilled to a total depth of

17,609 feet, but its production is from a perforation between 17,090 and 17,200 feet. This well is

producing from the Middle Miogypsionoides Sand ("Middle Miogyp").2 The Middle Miogyp is at

a depth between 17,100 and 17,250 feet in the area where the Marceaux No. 1 well is drilled. Below

the Middle Miogyp, separated by approximately 50 feet of shale, is the Lower Miogyp which lies at

a depth between 17,300 and 17,420 feet. Accordingly, although the Marceaux No. 1 well was drilled

into the Lower Miogyp, its production is entirely from the Middle Miogyp.

On January 31, 1988 the primary term of the lease expired. Based upon their interpretation

of paragraph 17 the lesseestendered to the lessors a release of all horizonslocated below 17,700 feet.

The lessors refused to accept the release, claiming that they were entitled to a release of all horizons

100 feet below the Middle Miogyp, specifically, all horizons below 17,350 feet. Lessees brought the

instant declaratory judgment action for a determination of the application of the Pugh clause.

While this action was pending—approximately seven months after the expiration of the

primary term of the lease—the lessees completed a producing well in the Lower Miogyp. The

pooling unit included some of lessors' property. Although the Louisiana Commissioner of

Conservation subsequently revised this unit and removed the lessors' tract, lessors counterclaimed,

asking the court to locate the horizontal lease boundary and to determine the sumsthey were entitled
to fromthe Lower Miogyp well during the period that their propertywasincluded in the pooling unit.

On cross motionsforsummaryjudgment the district court granted the lessees' motion holding

that "the Lease automatically terminated at the end of its primary term only as to those horizons

below the ... depth of 17,709 feet." The court also dismissed with prejudice the lessors' counterclaim

for an accounting. Lessors timely appealed.

Analysis

We focus herein on the interpretation of the Pugh clause. Generally, contract interpretation

is a question of law reviewed de novo. Massie v. Inexco Oil Co., 798 F.2d 777 (5th Cir.1986);

Austin v. Decker Coal Co., 701 F.2d 420 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 938, 104 S.Ct. 348, 78

L.Ed.2d 314 (1983). While "[a]mbiguous contracts may require consideration of evidence beyond

the four corners of the contract," neither party to this suit argues that the lease provision is

ambiguous, "nor did the district court rely on extrinsic evidence in granting summary judgment to the

[lessees] when presented with cross-motions." Burns v. Louisiana Land & Exploration Co., 870

F.2d 1016, 1018 (5thCir.1989). Therefore, although the parties each assign a different interpretation

to the lease provision, we treat it as unambiguous and proceed to construe it de novo.

In light of the specific language of paragraph 17, the Louisiana Civil Code articles and

jurisprudence governing the interpretation of oil and gas leases, and the purposes of this type of

clause, we must disagree with the legal conclusion of the district court and hold that the depth to

which the horizontal Pugh clause refersisthe depth of the sand from which the Marceaux No. 1 well

is producing, not the depth to which the drill stem was extended.

There is no dispute that paragraph 17 of the lease was intended and does operate as a

horizontal Pugh clause. The main purpose of any Pugh clause is to protect the lessor from the

anomaly of having the entire property held under a lease by production from a very small portion.
Rogers v. Westhoma Oil Co., 291 F.2d 726 (10th Cir.1961); Roseberry v. Louisiana Land &

Exploration Co., 470 So.2d 178 (La.App.1985). The Pugh clause fosters reasonable development

of leased property. Horizontal Pugh clauses, like the one at issue, are relatively recent innovations

in oil and gas leases, but they serve the same purposes as the more established vertical Pugh clause.

In juxtaposition to its vertical counterpart, the horizontal Pugh clause makes a horizontal division of

property subject to the lease. As with the original vertical-oriented clause, its purpose is to foster

reasonable development of the property burdened by the lease. Stated more simply, if one leases

property for oil and gas development, one should develop it during the agreed time or let it go.

While Pugh clausesshare the same basic purpose, theymay differ in the requirementsimposed

on the lessee in order to continue the lease beyond its primary term. For example, the lessees herein

have attempted to bolster their position by including in the record examples of horizontal Pugh

clauses which maintain the lease only to the depth from which there is actual production. These

clauses, they argue, indicate that if the lease in question was to be maintained only to those depths

from which actual production was being realized, the clause should have been written that way. One

need not look very far, however, to find examples of clauses which just as clearly establish that the

lessee shall retain lease rights to depths to which the lessee has merely drilled or tested, with no

reference to production. See Low, The Law of Oil and Gas, § 1126 (West 1990 Supp.). In order

to determine the depths maintained under the present lease we must look to its specific language.

As an Erie court, we defer to Louisiana law for the principles applicable to interpreting the

oil and gaslease before us. Under Louisiana law, the codical provisions applicable to ordinary leases

are applicable to mineral leases. Massie, 798 F.2d at 779; Bouterie v. Kleinpeter, 258 La. 605, 247

So.2d 548 (1971). We must therefore "determine the intent of the parties as expressed in the lease

without rendering any part of the instrument meaningless." Massie, 798 F.2d at 779 (citing Civil

Code arts. 2045, 2050). "Some effect is to be given to every word or clause if possible for a court

may not impute to the parties the use of language without meaning or effect." Lambert v. Maryland
Cas. Co., 418 So.2d 553, 559 (La.1982). "Words susceptible of different meanings must be

interpreted as having the meaning that best conforms to the object of the contract." Civil Code art.

2048.

Our analysis begins and ends with the text of the lease provision relating to the depth from

which the measurement isto be made. The lease identifies that as "the deepest depth drilled (a) from

which a well located on the land or acreage pooled therewith is producing in paying quantities...."

As used herein, the word "depth" has three modifiers: "deepest," "drilled," and "from which a well

... is producing," We are persuaded that the only depth which meets all three of these criteria is the

bottom of the sand from which the Marceaux well is actually producing in the Middle Miogyp.

The district court emphasized the importance of "drilled" but provided no explanation of the

effect of the requirement that the depth be one from which a well is producing. The bottom of this

well at 17,609 feet is simply not a depth from which a well is producing in paying quantities.

Therefore, this lower depth does not satisfy all of the criteria detailed in the lease.

Lessees argue that the lessors' interpretation ofthe lease renders meaninglessthe requirement

that the measuring depth be the deepest drilled depth. "Meaningless" is an overstatement. More

accurately, in our view, is that the drilled depth is "qualified." One must not only drill, under this

clause, but one must produce. Taking lessees' argument one step further indicates its Achilles heel.

Assume a drilling to a depth of 17,800 feet, with a perforation resulting in a producing well in a

200–foot sand located just below 4500 feet. Is the additional two and one-half miles of depth to be

maintained under the lease, without any further development, as long as the sand at 4500 feet

surrenders its oil or gas in paying quantities? We are not so persuaded.

As in all cases of contract interpretation, we must seek to ascertain the intent of the parties.

Civil Code art. 2045. Requiring that the lessee actually produce minerals from the depth over which
the lease provisions are maintained after expiration of the primary term, is consistent with both the

plain and express meaning of the language used and the recognized purpose ofthe Pugh clause. "The

obvious intent of the inserted typewritten clause was to insure that [the lessees] would diligently

attempt to explore and develop all of the acreage encompassed within the lease." Roseberry, 470

So.2d at 183. To hold otherwise would defeat the main purpose of the horizontal Pugh clause by

allowing the lessees to hold deeper horizons indefinitely without producing a cup of oil or an MCF

of gas. But for the possibility of an action for breach of further exploration and development, see

Carter v. Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co., 213 La. 1028, 36 So.2d 26 (1948), the l essors would be

unable to prevent the lessee from holding the Lower Miogyp indefinitely for speculative purposes,

and might not ever reap the benefits of their property during their lifetimes. We now hold that the

bottom of the horizontal lease is 100 feet below the bottom of the Middle Miogyp, specifically, 100

feet below 17,250 feet within the area drained by the Marceaux No. 1 well.

The final issue before us is the lessors' contention that they are entitled to an accounting of

the unit production fromthe Lower Miogyp Sand. We agree that an accounting isin order; however,

there are not sufficient facts in the record to determine the proportionate interests of the parties in

the Lower Miogyp Sand production.

Although the lessors urge that the word "horizon" means a flat, parallel boundary line which

would be drawn at 17,350 feet, the district court determined that the parties intended it to mean "a

body of material or a stratum found below the earth's surface, generally considered to be a bed of

sand or other material which contains oil, gas, and other minerals ..." We agree with this definition

which we find consistent with the usage of the term in the oil and gas industry. See Williams &

Meyers, Manual of Oil & Gas Terms, 566 (1991) (defining horizon as "a zone of a particular

formation ... of sufficient porosity and permeability to form a petroleum reservoir"). Thus, the

horizontal lease boundary under the Lounsberry tract is 100 feet below the bottom of the Middle

Miogyp, at whatever depth it is found throughout the leased tract.
Although it is not sufficiently established in the summary judgment record, it appears that a

portion of the Lower Miogyp may be located above the horizontal lease boundary. Accordingly, on

remand the district court is to determine the relative percentage ownership interests of the parties in

the Lower Miogyp Sand, if any, and the resulting accounting that is due, if any.

REVERSED and RENDERED, IN PART, and REMANDED for further proceedings

consistent herewith.