Appendix xv

Appendix A

List of MEDEVAC Units

Note: Prior to their assignment as aeromedical units, many existed with other specializations and designations. As medical units, all had subidentifiers. Companies 

and separate platoons were designated as (AA) for air ambulance, any aircraft. 

Medical detachments were designated as (HA) for helicopter ambulance, any aircraft, or (RA) for UH-1 aircraft, or (RG) for UH-60 aircraft. Another designation 

(RC) was used for a short time for units assigned for crash and rescue duties. 

Korea Era

1st Helicopter Detachment – 8190th Army Unit 

– 37th Medical Detachment (HA) 

– 47th Medical Platoon (AA) 

2d Helicopter Detachment – 8191st Army Unit 

– 49th Medical Detachment (HA) 

3d Helicopter Detachment – 8192d Army Unit 

– 52d Medical Detachment (HA) 

4th Helicopter Detachment – 8193d Army Unit 

– 50th Medical Detachment (HA), 

Air Ambulance Platoon, 326th 

Medical Battalion, Delta Company, 

326th Medical Battalion, 

– 50th Medical Company (AA) 

1st Helicopter Ambulance Company (Provisional) 

Post–Korea 

15th Medical Detachment (HA/RA/RG) 

21st Medical Platoon (AA)

32d Medical Detachment (HA) 
xvi Call Sign – Dustoff

36th Medical Detachment (RA/RG) – U.S. Army Air Ambulance 

Detachment Fort Polk, Louisiana

36th Medical Battalion (Evacuation)

45th Medical Company (AA) 

47th Medical Detachment (HA)

52d Medical Battalion (Evacuation) 

53d Medical Detachment (HA) 

54th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) – 54th Medical Company (AA) 

56th Medical Detachment (HA) – 56th Medical Platoon (AA)

56th Medical Battalion (Evacuation)

57th Medical Detachment (HA/RA/RG) – 57th Medical Platoon (AA) – 57th 

Medical Company (AA) 

58th Medical Detachment (HA)

58th Medical Battalion (Evacuation) 

61st Medical Battalion (Evacuation) 

63d Medical Detachment (HA/RA/RG) 

68th Medical Detachment (RA/RG) – 68th Medical Company (AA) 

78th Medical Detachment (RA) 

82d Medical Detachment (HA/RA) – 82d Medical Company (AA)

85th Medical Battalion (Evacuation) 

132d Medical Detachment (RC) 

151st Medical Detachment (RA) 

159th Medical Detachment (RA/RG) – 159th Medical Company (AA) 

212th Medical Detachment (RA) 

214th Medical Detachment (RC/RG) 

218th Medical Detachment (RC) 

229th Medical Detachment (RA) – U.S. Army Air Ambulance 

Detachment, Fort Drum, New York

236th Medical Detachment (RA/RG) – 236th Medical Company (AA) 

237th Medical Detachment (RA) 

247th Medical Detachment (RA/RG) – U.S. Army Air Ambulance 

Detachment, Fort Irwin, California

254th Medical Detachment (RA) 

274th Medical Detachment (HA) 

283d Medical Detachment (RA/RG) 

377th Medical Company (AA) 

421st Medical Company (AA) – 421st Medical Battalion 

(Evacuation) 

431st Medical Detachment (RA) 

436th Medical Detachment (HA Provisional) 

498th Medical Company (AA) 

507th Medical Company (AA) 

542d Medical Company (AA) 

571st Medical Detachment (RA) – 571st Medical Company (AA) 
Appendix xvii

587th Medical Detachment (RA) 

658th Medical Detachment (AA) – 658th Medical Company (AA) 

(Provisional) 

Air Ambulance Platoon, 15th Medical Battalion

Army Reserve

136th Medical Detachment (RA) 

145th Medical Detachment (RA) 

273d Medical Detachment (RA) 

312th Medical Detachment (RA) 

316th Medical Detachment (RA) 

317th Medical Company (AA) 

321st Medical Detachment (RA) 

336th Medical Detachment (RA)

341st Medical Battalion (Evacuation) 

343d Medical Detachment (RA) 

345th Medical Company (AA) 

347th Medical Detachment (RA) 

348th Medical Detachment (RA) 

354th Medical Detachment (RA) 

364th Medical Detachment (RA) 

374th Medical Detachment (RA) 

412th Medical Detachment (RA) 

423d Medical Detachment (RA)

429th Medical Battalion (Evacuation) 

872d Medical Detachment (RA) – 872d Medical Company (AA) 

989th Medical Detachment (RA) 

990th Medical Detachment (RA) 

991st Medical Detachment (RA) 

Army National Guard

Note: These units are organized under the 54 individual National Guard organizations. All have lineages that evolve from previous units of all Army branches. 

Unit redesignations are common and occur yearly. Any unit may have existed for 

decades, at one time as an infantry unit, then transportation, then aviation, then 

medical, etc. See Appendix B for an example. 

24th Medical Company (AA) Nebraska 

86th Medical Company (AA) Vermont

104th Medical Company (AA) Maryland

107th Medical Company (AA) Ohio

110th Medical Battalion (Evacuation) Nebraska 
xviii Call Sign – Dustoff

112th Medical Company (AA) Maine

121st Medical Company (AA) Washington, DC 

123d Medical Company (AA) Mississippi

126th Medical Company (AA) California 

133d Medical Company (AA) Alabama 

142d Medical Detachment (HA/RA) North Dakota 

146th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) West Virginia 

148th Medical Company (AA) Georgia 

151st Medical Battalion (Evacuation) Georgia 

157th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Colorado 

172d Medical Company (AA) Arkansas 

198th Medical Company (AA) Delaware 

199th Medical Company (AA) Florida 

397th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) New Hampshire 

400th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Washington, DC 

441st Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Kentucky 

470th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Kentucky 

659th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) South Carolina 

670th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Tennessee 

681st Medical Company (AA) Indiana 

717th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) - 717th Medical Company (AA) New 

Mexico 

812th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) - 812th Medical Company (AA) 

Louisiana 

813th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Louisiana then Minnesota 

832d Medical Company (AA) Wisconsin 

841st Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Wisconsin 

867th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Missouri 

868th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Missouri 

920th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Kansas 

986th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) – 986th Medical Company (AA) 

Virginia 

997th Medical Company (AA) Arizona 

1022d Medical Detachment (HA/RA) -1022d Medical Company (AA) 

Wyoming 

1042d Medical Detachment (HA/RA) - 1042d Medical Company (AA) 

Oregon

1058th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) South Dakota 

1059th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Massachusetts/New Hampshire 

- 1059th Medical Company (AA) 

Massachusetts/New Hampshire 

1085th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) - 1085th Medical Company (AA) 

South Dakota 

1133d Medical Company (AA) Alabama 
Appendix xix

1136th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Texas 

1150th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Nevada 

1159th Medical Company (AA) New Hampshire 

1187th Medical Company (AA) Iowa 

1214th Medical Company (AA) North Dakota 

1250th Medical Company (AA) Utah 

1255th Medical Company (AA) Nevada 

1259th Medical Company (AA) South Carolina 

1267th Medical Company (AA) Missouri 

1297th Medical Detachment (HA/RA) Alaska 

Post–Transformation (Planned)

Charlie Company, 5-158 General Support Aviation Battalion (GSAB) 

Charlie Company, 1-214 GSAB

Charlie Company, 3-10 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-52 GSAB

Charlie Company, 1-52 GSAB

Charlie Company, 7-101 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-3 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-1 GSAB

Charlie Company, 3-82 GSAB

Charlie Company, 6-101 GSAB

Charlie Company, 3-25 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-227 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-4 GSAB

US Army Aviation Detachment – Fort Rucker

US Army Aviation Detachment – Fort Drum

US Army Aviation Detachment – Fort Irwin

US Army Aviation Detachment – US Army South

US Army Aviation Detachment – Fort Polk

Army National Guard

Charlie Company, 2-104 GSAB

Charlie Company, 1-111 GSAB

Charlie Company, 1-189 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-211 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-149 GSAB

Charlie Company, 3-238 GSAB

Charlie Company, 1-168 GSAB

Charlie Company, 3-126 GSAB

Charlie Company, 1-126 GSAB
xx Call Sign – Dustoff

Charlie Company, 1-169 GSAB

Charlie Company, 1-171 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-238 GSAB

Charlie Company, 5-159 GSAB

Charlie Company, 7-158 GSAB

Charlie Company, 2-135 GSAB

121st Medical Company (AA) 

249th Medical Company (AA) 

812th Medical Company (AA) 

832d Medical Company (AA) 

Sources: Hough, United States Army Air Ambulance; Anderson, The DUSTOFF Report; Briefing by 

Lt. Col. James Schwartz, DASG-HCO. 
Appendix xxi

Appendix B

Typical History of an ARNG MEDEVAC 

Unit

The 112th Med Co (AA), Maine ARNG, traces its origin as a unit back to 22 

June 1927, when it was organized in Gardiner, Maine, as Headquarters Company, 

1st Battalion – 103d Infantry Regiment. As a member of the 103d, it inherited a 

rich tradition in military history because the 103d was one of the oldest and most 

famous fighting forces in the history of the United States.

On 1 February 1929, the unit was redesignated “Mike” Company, 103d Infantry 

Regiment, and was known as the top machine-gun company in the entire regiment. 

As part of one of the three regimental combat teams in the 43d Infantry Division, “Mike” Company was mobilized and sailed 1 October 1942 from San Francisco, California, and arrived in Auckland, New Zealand, on 22 October 1942. 

The unit later landed and defended the central part of the New Caledonia Island 

until February 1943. The unit received its first battle casualties while occupying 

the Russell Islands. Throughout its tour in the Pacific Islands the unit took part in 

the battle of the Munda airstrip and in the New Georgia Island Group, and in July 

of 1943 it helped repulse a formidable Japanese offensive on New Guinea.

“Mike” Company was officially returned to National Guard status on 17 April 

1946. In March of 1959 the proud company was reorganized and designated 

“Aviation Troop, 103d Armored Cavalry Regiment.” It was equipped with OH-13 

Sioux helicopters. 

In 1960 the unit was redesignated the Aviation Company, 103d Armored Cavalry Regiment. In June 1961, it was again reorganized as the 112th Aviation Company (Fixed wing, light transport). The company traded its OH-13 Sioux Helicopters for U-1A Otter fixed wing aircraft. Unit strength at this time was about 5 

pilots and 45–50 enlisted personnel. 

The unit was further reorganized in March of 1963 when it became the 112th 

Aviation Company (CORPS ARTILLERY). It was the most combat ready unit in 

the Maine Army National Guard for that year.

After a short period of stability, the company was redesignated and federally 
xxii Call Sign – Dustoff

recognized as the “112th Medical Company (Air Ambulance)” on 13 November 

1967. Its headquarters was in Gardiner, Maine, with its flight facility at the Augusta Airport.

The 112th moved to Bangor, Maine, in July of 1968 and took up residence in 

the original Army Aviation Support Facility that was dedicated on 23 July 1977. 

Aircraft and maintenance were located in the old hangar, building 254, from July 

1968 to July 1977. The unit Headquarters and Operations were located in building 

255, now the Band Armory. 

The 112th moved up on the hill to the current armory in the summer of 1980. 

The 112th has gone through several airframes over the years, including the CH34 Choctaw and OH-23 Raven. In 1972 the 112th received its first UH-1H Huey 

and they continued to arrive until there were a total of 25 Hueys in the unit, six for 

each of the four flight platoons, and one for the Company Headquarters. The unit 

now had slots for 53 pilots, and a total of 142 personnel. 

The 112th has saved many persons since receiving the UH-1H helicopter. One 

program, the Maine Incubator Transfer Service for Infant Emergencies (MITSIE) 

flew more than 400 premature babies. During the 1970s and 1980s the 112th 

gained a reputation as one of the most mission capable MEDEVAC companies in 

the entire U.S. Army. During this period the company participated in numerous 

exercises including “REFORGER,” “WINGED WARRIOR,” and many MEDEVAC support missions throughout the United States and foreign countries, performing hundreds of real world rescues. 

On 6 December 1990, the 112th was again called into active federal service in 

support of Operation DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM. It deployed to Germany to support MEDEVAC operations in the European theater and remained in 

Europe up through and including Operation PROVIDE COMFORT. Distinguishing itself as reliable and highly mission capable, 112th was praised by General 

Crosby Saint, the commander of all U.S. Army forces in Europe. 

The company returned to the United States and was released from active federal 

service on 4 September 1991. 

From January 1994 through June 1994, 3 aircraft and 15 personnel deployed 

as MEDEVAC Support of Task Force Dirigo, an engineer mission to build roads, 

bridges, and schools near Salama, Guatemala.

From 1993 through 1997 the company underwent a total of five U.S. Army 

Aviation evaluations where it was validated as combat ready and deemed capable 

of performing its mission worldwide. As a result the 112th was designated as a 

“Force Support Package” and was selected to begin receiving the UH-60 “Blackhawk” helicopter in 1997. The program required the unit to maintain a high state 

of readiness and be prepared to mobilize and integrate with active duty counterparts on very short notice, a responsibility still taken very seriously today. 

The first two Blackhawks to enter the state arrived in August of 1997. 

From 19 August 1999 until 31 March 2000, 77 unit members successfully deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina, where they provided MEDEVAC and peacekeeping support to the Stabilization Force 6 mission. 
Appendix xxiii

On 10 February 2003, the 112th was activated and mobilized through Fort 

Drum, New York, in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. The unit arrived in 

Kuwait on 29 March and was based there with forward support medical teams at 

several locations throughout Iraq until April 2004. The unit flew more than 3,600 

hours and evacuated more than 1,000 patients. The unit received the Master Readiness Award for the Highest Operational Readiness of any aviation unit in theater. 

In the summer of 2005, 3 aircraft and 15 crewmembers voluntarily deployed 

to Louisiana in support of Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. They operated out of 

Belle Chasse Naval Air Station, where they augmented the 812th Med Co (AA) 

of the Louisiana ARNG.

Over the years the 112th has provided medical and aviation support to many 

organizations, both domestic and foreign. Unit members and equipment have frequently been called to other states and even other countries including Germany, 

Panama, Guatemala, Japan, Newfoundland, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kuwait, Iraq, 

and most recently Louisiana.

Within Maine, the 112th is often requested to assist in search and rescue for lost 

persons, emergency medical evacuations, and medical assistance and rescue to 

accident victims in remote areas of the Maine wilderness. 

(112th Med Co Unit History provided by 2d Lt. Jasmine Chase, Unit Historian, 

Maine ARNG) 
xxiv Call Sign – Dustoff
Appendix xxv

Appendix C

MEDEVAC Losses Post–Vietnam Era 

through Operation IRAQI FREEDOM 1

UH-1 Aircraft 

Date Location Unit Crewmembers killed Cause

15 Mar 75 Germany 421st WO1 Desmond Downey Crash

 CW2 John Johnson

SP5 Earl Rankhorn

SP5 Harvey Salas

13 Jul 77 Korea 377th Capt. William Lashley Crash

 CW2 James Miles

S.Sgt. Horace Robinson

Unknown

4 Jan 78 Tennessee 326th Bn Capt. John Dunnavant Crash

(MAST) Capt. Terry Woolever

 Sgt. Floyd Smith

Lt. Col. Ray Maynard

Four Unknown

4 Mar 80 Kentucky 326th Bn WO1 Sheryl Siroonian Crash

(MAST) Three Unknown

4 Sep 82 Colorado 571st Maj. Richard Bulliner Crash

(MAST) Capt. William Inklebarger

 Pfc. Mark Welch

S.Sgt. Gregg Penn

17 Sep 84 Indiana 412th Capt. Tom Heaverin Crash

 USAR CW2 Robert Machholz
xxvi Call Sign – Dustoff

6 Feb 87 Georgia 498th 1st Lt. Jim Belcher Crash

(MAST) CW2 Kevin Killman

 Sp4c. Jerome Brachel

Sfc. Doyle Cannon

23 Nov 90 Oklahoma 374th CIV Philip Walker Crash

 USAR

14 Dec 90 Texas 1267th 1st Lt. Peter Rose Crash

 Missouri CW2 Carol McKinney

 ARNG Sgt. Dallas Cooper

7 Feb 91 S. Arabia 229th CW3 Richard Lee Crash

27 Feb 91 Iraq 507th 1st Lt. Daniel Graybeal Shot down

 WO1 Kerry Heine

S.Sgt. Mike Robson

13 May 91 Honduras 126th 1st Lt. Vicki Boyd Crash

California Capt. Sashai Dawn

ARNG S.Sgt. Linda Simonds

1 March 97 Indiana 681st CW2 Thomas Miller Crash

http://www.armyaircrews.com/huey.html (accessed 2 April 2008)

UH-60 Aircraft

Date Location Unit Crewmembers killed Cause 

28 Aug 88 Germany 236th Capt. Kim Strader Ground 

 accident

30 Nov 89 Panama 214th S.Sgt. Adrian Rosado Water crash

19 Jan 91 S. Arabia 236th S.Sgt. Garland Hailey Crash

12 Mar 91 Iraq 36th 1st Lt. Joseph Maks Crash

 CW2 Patrick Donaldson

Spc. Kelly Phillips

Sgt. Mike Smith

9 May 03 Iraq 571st CW2 Hans Gukeisen Combat loss

 CW3 Brian Van Dusen

Cpl. Richard Carl

http://www.armyaircrews.com/blackhawk.html (accessed 2 April 2008)
Appendix xxvii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

A2C2 Army airspace command and control

AA Air Ambulance

ABIP Aviation Branch Implementation Plan

ACLS Advanced cardiac life support

ACR Armored cavalry regiment

AD Armored Division

ADA Air defense artillery

AFB Air Force Base

AHR Attack Helicopter Regiment

AHS Academy of Health Services

AMEDD Army Medical Department

AMES Army Medical Evacuation System

AMS Army Medical Service

AOC Area of occupational concentration

ARI Aviation Restructuring Initiative

ARMS Aviation Resource Management Survey

ARNG Army National Guard

ARS Air Rescue Squadron

ARVN Army of the Republic of Vietnam

ATI Aviation Transformation Initiative

ATLS Advanced trauma life support

AU Army Unit

AVIM Aviation intermediate maintenance

AVUM Aviation unit maintenance

AXP Ambulance transfer point 

BAE Brigade aviation element

BCT Brigade combat team

BIAP Baghdad International Airport
xxviii Call Sign – Dustoff

C2 Command and control

CALL Center for Army Lessons Learned

CASH Combat Army Surgical Hospital

CAT Crisis action team

CD Cavalry Division

CEOI Communications electronic operating instructions

CHS Combat health support 

C/JFLCC Combined/Joint Force Land Component Command

CMF Contingency Medical Force

CMTC Combat Maneuver Training Center

CONUS Continental United States

COSCOM Corps Support Command

CSAR Combat Search and Rescue

CSH Combat Support Hospital 

CTC Combat training center

CTF Combined task force

DAART Downed aircraft or aircrew recovery team

DASC Direct air support center

DCE Defense coordination element

DCO Defense coordination officer

DCSOPS Deputy chief of staff for operations

DCSPER Deputy chief of staff for personnel

DISCOM Division Support Command

DMOC Division medical operations center

DOD Department of Defense

DOMS Director of Military Support

DOT Department of Transportation

EAC Echelon above corps 

EMAC Emergency Management Assistance Compact

EMT Emergency medical technician

ESSS External stores support system (UH-60) 

FARP Forward arming and refueling point 

FASCOM Field Army Support Command 

FC Field Circular

FEAF Far East Air Force

FECOM Far East Command

FHP Force health protection

FLIR Forward Looking Infrared

FLOT Forward Line of Troops

FM Field Manual

FOB Forward Operating Base

FORSCOM U.S. Army Forces Command

FSMT Forward Support MEDEVAC Team

FST Forward surgical team
Appendix xxix

FTX Field training exercise

GPS Global positioning system

GSAB General Support Aviation Battalion

HCA Humanitarian civilian assistance

HF High frequency

HSS Health service support

HSSALB Health service support to AirLand Battle

ID Infantry Division

IFOR Implementation Force, Bosnia 

ISAF International Security Assistance force 

JAAF Joint Army Air Force

JFLCC Joint Forces Land Component Command

JFS Joint force surgeon 

JNA Yugoslav National Army 

JOC Joint operations center

JOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution System 

JP Joint Publication 

JPMRC Joint patient movement requirements center

JROC Joint Requirements Oversight Council 

JRTC Joint Readiness Training Center 

JTF Joint task force

JVX Joint vertical aircraft experimental 

KFOR Kosovo Force

KIA Killed in action

KKMC King Khalid Military City, Saudi Arabia 

KLA Kosovo Liberation Army

LHX Light helicopter experimental

LSA Logistics support area 

MASCAL Mass casualty event

MASH Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

MAST Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic

MAW Marine Aircraft Wing 

MDW Military District of Washington

MEB Marine Expeditionary Brigade 

MEDCOM Medical Command 

Med Co (AA) Medical Company (Air Ambulance)

MEDDAC Medical Department Activity

Med Det (HA) Medical Detachment (Helicopter Ambulance) 

Med Det (RA) Medical Detachment UH-1

Med Det (RC) Medical Detachment (Crash Rescue)

Med Det (RG) Medical Detachment UH-60

MEF Marine Expeditionary Force

MEU Marine Expeditionary Unit 

MEPAO Medical Evacuation (Air/Ground) Proponency Action 

Office

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxix
xxx Call Sign – Dustoff

MEPD Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate 

METT-TC Mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time, civilian 

considerations

MFO Multinational force and observers 

MF2K Medical Force 2000

MHS Military health system 

MNB Multinational brigade 

MND Multinational division 

MND-N Multinational division - North

MOASS Mother of all Sandstorms (in Iraq, 24–25 March 2003 

during Operation IRAQI FREEDOM)

MOOTW Military operations other than war 

MOS military occupational specialty

MRI Medical Reengineering Initiative 

MSC Medical Service Corps

MSPR Medical System Program Review

MTF Medical task force 

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NCO Noncommissioned officer

NTC National Training Center

NVGs Night vision goggles

OPCON Operational control

OPMS Officer personnel management system

OTSG Office of The Surgeon General

QRF Quick reaction force 

PDF Panamanian Defense forces

PET Patient evacuation team

RCT Regimental combat team 

RIF Reduction in Force 

RL Readiness level 

ROTC Reserved Officers’ Training Corps

RSOI Reception, staging, onward movement, and integration

SAR Search and Rescue

SC Specialty code 

SFOR Stabilization Force, Bosnia

SIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network 

SOP Standard operating procedure 

SPINs Special instructions 

SRC Standard requirements code

SRT Special reaction team 

TDA Table of distribution and allowances (organizations 

that are part of the base infrastructure of an Army 

garrison)

TF Task Force

TFME Task Force Medical Eagle (deployment to Bosnia) 
Appendix xxxi

TFMF Task Force Medical Falcon (deployment to Kosovo)

TO&E Table of Organization and Equipment

TOC Tactical operations center

TPMRC Theater patient movement requirements center

TRADOC U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command 

TROAA TRADOC Review of Army Aviation

TTP Tactics, techniques, and procedures 

UA Unit of action

UE Unit of employment 

UN United Nations

UNMIK United Nations Mission, Kosovo 

UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia

UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force 

USAAAD U.S. Army Air Ambulance Detachment

USAAVNC U.S. Army Aviation Center

USAR U.S. Army Reserve

USAREUR U.S. Army Europe

USASAM U.S. Army School of Aviation Medicine

USASCV U.S. Army Support Command Vietnam

USASGV U.S. Army Support Group Vietnam

USCENTCOM U.S. Central Command

USNORTHCOM U.S. Northern Command

USSOCOM U.S. Special Operations Command

USSOUTHCOM U.S. Southern Command

VNAF Vietnamese Air Force 

ZOS Zone of separation, Bosnia 

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxxi
xxxii Call Sign – Dustoff
Appendix xxxiii

Endnotes

Preface

1. Oral History Interview with Maj. Gen. Spurgeon Neel, John W. Bullard, U.S. Air 

Force, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 3 March 1977, 29.

2. U.S. Army FMI 4-02.2 (Final Draft), 30 June 2006, 1-7.

3. Ibid.

Chapter One

An Honorable Heritage

1. Dorland, Peter, and Nanney, James. Dust Off: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in 

Vietnam. Washington, DC, Center of Military History United States Army, 1982, 37.

2. 2d Lt. Andrew Russ interview, 24 September 2006.

3. Ibid.

4. Fardink, Lt. Col. Paul. “Amazing Men,” Army Aviation Magazine, 29 February 

2000, 27.

5. Ibid., 27.

6. Guilford, Lt. Col. Fredrick R., and Soboroff, Capt. Burton J. “Air Evacuation: An 

Historical Review,” Journal of Aviation Medicine, 8, December 1947, 602.

7. Ibid., 604.

8. Ibid., 605.

9. Lawrence, Lt. Col. G.P. MC. “The Use of Autogiros in the Evacuation of Wounded,” 

Military Surgeon, 73(6), December 1933, 319.

10. Fardink, 6.

11. Van Wagner, Maj. R.D. 1st Air Commando Group: Any Place, Any Time, Anywhere.

Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air Command and Staff College, 1986, 40, 92. 
xxxiv Call Sign – Dustoff

12. Ibid., 81, 91.

13. Wells, Maj. Kristin L. “Luck of the Irish,” The Retired Officer Magazine, October 

1986, 36.

14. Ibid., 36. (This mission is noted as both the first helicopter rescue and first helicopter 

MEDEVAC, although technically since Harmon did not have a medic onboard, it 

would now be considered CASEVAC. Both the MEDEVAC and rescue communities celebrate it as a key event in their respective heritages.)

15. Van Wagner, 93.

16. Smith, Robert Ross. United States Army in World War II, Triumph in the Philippines, Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, 

DC, 1961, 421. http://www.centenialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/MASH/HE12G7.htm

17. The History of Aeromedical Evacuation in the Pacific Theater During World War II, 

document #UH215 L746H, 1945, 40; Operation Ivory Soap, PowerPoint Presentation, 

n.d., sent to the author by Mr. Dan Gower, Dustoff Association, 17 December 2008.

18. Holley, Irving B., Jr. The United States Army in World War II, Special Studies, Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for The Army Air Forces, Office of the Chief of 

Military History, Department of The Army, Washington, DC, 1964, 551.

19. Kitchens, Dr. John W. “Cargo Helicopters in the Korean Conflict, Part 2 of 2,” U.S. 

Army Aviation Digest, November/December 1952, 39.

20. Maj. Gen. (ret) Spurgeon Neel, U.S. Air Force Oral History interview by John Bullard, 3 March 1977, Brooks Air Force Base, TX, 2.

21. Greenwood, John T., and Berry, F. Clifton Jr. Medics at War: Military Medicine from 

Colonial Times to the 21st Century. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005, 119.

22. U.S. Army Field Manual 8-10, Medical Service of Field Units, 22 March, 1942, 6, 

as quoted in Wagner, Donald, O. The System of Field Medical Service in Theaters 

of Operations: Its Principles and the Types of Units Authorized. Unpublished manuscript, September 1959. NARA, RG 112, Stack 390, Box 287, HU 314.7.

23. Marion, Forrest L., Lt. Col. That Others May Live: USAF Air Rescue in Korea, Air 

Force History and Museums Program, Washington, DC, 2004, 2.

24. Dorland, 11.

25. History, Headquarters 8055th MASH, APO 301, 1 October–31 October 1950, 

NARA, Record Group 407, Stack 270, Box 23.

26. Futrell, Robert F. The United States Air Force in Korea 1950–1953. Washington, 

DC, Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, 1983, 586.

27. Ibid., 586.

28. Ibid., 590. As can be seen by these events Air Force Rescue and Army MEDEVAC 

are close cousins. In addition to Harmon’s rescue in World War II, both communities 

claim some of these same Korea events as part of their own heritage. Many years 

later an Air Force Rescue unit, the 33d Expeditionary Rescue Squadron, would be 

dispatched for MEDEVAC duty in Afghanistan in 2005.

29. Ibid., 589; Marion, 10.

30. Kirkland, Richard G., MASH Angels, Tales of the First Air Evac Helicopters. Professional Press, Chapel Hill, NC, 2004, 44. 

31. Driscoll, Col. Robert S. “U.S. Army Medical Helicopters in the Korean War,” Military Medicine, 166, April 2001, 291.

32. Ibid., 291.

33. Ibid., 291.

34. Hamner, Capt. Louis. “Helicopters in the Medical Service,” Military Bulletin, U.S. 

Army Europe, 11(7), July 1954, 157; Neel, Lt. Col. Spurgeon H., “Helicopter Evacuation in Korea,” U.S. Armed Forces Medical Journal, VI(5), May 1955, 693. (Neel, 

Helicopter Evacuation)
Appendix xxxv

35. Driscoll, 291.

36. Hamner, 158, Directory and Station List of the United States Army, June 1953.

37. Maj. Gen. (ret) Spurgeon Neel, Senior Officers Oral History Program interview 

by Lt. Col. Anthony Gaudiano, Carlisle Barracks, PA, 1985, 47. (Neel/Gaudiano); 

Neel, Lt. Col. Spurgeon H., “Medical Considerations in Helicopter Evacuation,” 

U.S. Armed Forces Medical Journal, 5(1), February 1954, 220. 

38. Neel/Gaudiano interview. 

39. Ginn, Richard V.N. Col. (ret). The History of the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. 

Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General and Center of Military History, 

1997, 251.

40. Cowdrey, Albert E. The Medics’ War. Washington, DC: Center for Military History 

United States Army, 1987, 165; Driscoll, 292. 

41. Driscoll, 295. 

42. Cowdrey, 165.

43. Driscoll, 292.

44. Ibid., 293.

45. Ibid., 293.

46. Ibid., 293.

47. Marion, 15.

48. Cowdrey, 165, 199; Dorland, 14. 

49. Driscoll, 294.

50. History, Headquarters 1st Helicopter Ambulance Company, Command Report for 

June 1953. NARA, Record Group 407, Stack 270, Box 23.

51. Kitchens, Dr. John W. “Cargo Helicopters in the Korean Conflict, Part 2 of 2,” U.S. 

Army Aviation Digest, November/December 1952, 36–37; Neel, Helicopter Evacuation, 697. 

52. Maj. Gen. (ret) Spurgeon Neel, U.S. Air Force Oral History interview by John Bullard, 3 March 1977, Brooks Air Force Base, TX, 19. (Neel/Bullard)

53. Neel, Helicopter Evacuation, 698–701.

54. Marion, 17.

55. Smith, Allen D., Col., “Air Evacuation–Medical Obligation and Military Necessity,” 

Air University Quarterly Review, Maxwell AFB, AL, Summer 1953, 99.

56. Marion, 18.

57. Driscoll, 295.

58. Cowdrey, 167, 342.

Chapter Two

From Korea through Vietnam

1. Neel, Maj. Gen. Spurgeon, Vietnam Studies: Medical Support 1965–1970. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1991, 59. (Neel, Vietnam Studies)

2. Lam, Lt. Col. David M. “From Balloon to Blackhawk, PART IV,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, September 1981, 45.

3. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, June 1954, December 1954.

4. Neel, Lt. Col. Spurgeon H. “Aeromedical Evacuation,” Army Magazine, April 1956, 

33. (Neel, Aeromedical Evacuation)

Endnotes xxxv
xxxvi Call Sign – Dustoff

5. Geiger, Lt. Col. Victor Geiger, MS. “Views from Readers,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, May/June 1991, 51.

6. Neel/Bullard interview, 25, 83–85, 94.

7. History of the 54th Medical Detachment, 6 January 1958, MEDEVAC Files, Office 

of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

8. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, April 1955, December 1955.

9. Cook, John L. Rescue Under Fire: The Story of Dust Off in Vietnam. Atglen, PA: 

Schiffer Military/Aviation History, 1998, 24.

10. Hough, Mark, M. United States Army Air Ambulance, Bellevue, WA: Vedder River 

Publishing, 1999, 8.

11. Ibid., 5, 210.

12. Col. (ret) Doug Moore interview, 31 October 2006.

13. Newsletter – The American Helicopter Society, July 1961, 57th Med Co (AA) File, 

MEDEVAC Historical File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

14. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, October 1960; Hough, 5.

15. United States Army Medical Service Combat Development Group Project NR AMSCD 56-6, Aeromedical Evacuation Final Report, December 1959. M-41566-NC 

(AMSCD 56-6), 2.

16. Ibid., 2–8

17. Ibid., 9–11.

18. Ibid., 11.

19. Ibid., cover letter.

20. Field Manual 8-55, 23 October 1960, 172–175. 

21. Hough, 227, 232; Historical data for the 24th Med Co (AA), supplied by Col. Tom 

Schuurmans, Nebraska ARNG, MEDEVAC Unit files, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA.

22. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, October–December 1961.

23. Currie, Col. James T., and Crossland, Col. Richard B. Twice the Citizen: A History 

of the United States Army Reserve, 1908–1995, Office of the Chief, Army Reserve, 

Washington, D.C., 1997, 137; Doubler, Col. Michael D. I am the Guard: A History 

of the Army National Guard, 1636–2000, Department of the Army, Washington, 

DC, 2001, 251; Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 

1961, June 1962; Historical data for the 24th Med Co (AA), supplied by Col. Tom 

Schuurmans, Nebraska ARNG, MEDEVAC Unit files, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA.

24. Cook, 29; Cosmas, Graham A. MACV The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation 1962–1967, Center for Military History, United States Army, Washington, DC, 

2006, 54.

25. Dorland, 117–118.

26. Cook, 46.

27. Dorland, 24–26.

28. Ibid., 76.

29. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 1962, June 1963.

30. Cook, 86.

31. Dorland, 77.

32. Cook, 93.

33. http://www.transchool.eustis.army.mil/lic/documents/OCOT_Interviews/klingenhagen.htm; Ginn, 322.

34. Dorland, 26–27; Ginn, 322.
Appendix xxxvii

35. Dorland, 28–29

36. Ibid., 118.

37. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 1963.

38. Dorland, 30–31.

39. Ibid., 35, 53.

40. Ibid., 37.

41. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 1964.

42. Ginn, 337.

43. Moore interview.

44. Col. (ret) Jim Truscott interview, 5 January 2007.

45. Dorland, 39; Truscott interview.

46. History, Headquarters 15th Medical Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division, 1 January–31 

December 1968, 10 January 1969. NARA RG 112, Stack 390, Box 1, Aeronautical 

Units, 15th Medical Battalion.

47. Cook, 80; Ginn, 339.

48. Cook, 82.

49. Dorland, 49.

50. Cook, 84.

51. Dorland, 52.

52. Ibid., 44.

53. Moore interview.

54. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, June 1966; Moore interview; 

Army Medical Profiles: Col. Douglas E. Moore U.S. Army, Office of Medical History, Office of the Surgeon General, Alexandria, VA, January 2004, 62.

55. Pamphlet, 421st Medical Company, March 1966, MEDEVAC Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

56. Truscott interview.

57. Dorland, 54.

58. Ibid., 78.

59. Cook, 90.

60. Ibid., 91.

61. Ibid., 81.

62. Moore interview.

63. Truscott interview.

64. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 1967.

65. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 1967; Brig. Gen. 

(ret) Jerome Foust interview, 21 February 2007. 

66. Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, 1962/63, Great Missenden, England, 1963, 178–179; 

Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, 1964/65, Great Missenden, England, 1965, 182–183; 

Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, 1970/71, London, England, 1971, 274–276; Cook, 

24, 39.

67. Dorland, 69; Moore interview.

68. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 1968.

69. MFR, DASG – HCA files, 16 August 1968, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, 

VA.

70. Historical data for the 24th Med Co (AA), supplied by Col. Tom Schuurmans, Nebraska ARNG, MEDEVAC Unit files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

71. DASG-HCA files, MFR 29 January 1970, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, 

VA.

72. Dorland, 63.

Endnotes xxxvii
xxxviiiCall Sign – Dustoff

73. Ibid., 44; Neel, Maj. Gen. Spurgeon. Vietnam Studies: Medical Support 1965–1970. 

Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1991, 18. (Neel, Vietnam Studies)

74. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, December 1968, April 1969; 

Hough, 134.

75. Dustoff Association Newsletter, Summer 1999, 9.

76. Pamphlet, Dustoff Europe, 1969, MEDEVAC Files, Office of Medical History, Falls 

Church, VA.

77. Dorland, 95; “Dustoff” Newsletter, 50th Med Det (RA) June 1968, 50th Med Co 

History, Fort Campbell, KY.

78. USARV Aviation Operational Procedures Guide, 1 June 1970, page 5-1, MEDEVAC Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

79. Dorland, 100–101.

80. Ibid., 96.

81. Ibid., 102–105.

82. Truscott interview.

83. Field Manual 8-10, April 1970, 1–1.

84. Field Manual 8-10, April 1970, 2–1. 

85. Field Manual 8-10, April 1970, 4–4. 

86. Field Manual 8-35, December 1970, 1. 

87. TOE 8-660H, 17 April 1970, Box 228, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

88. TOE 8-137H, 23 May 1972, Box 224, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

89. Field Manual 8-15, September 1972, 2–23. 

90. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, October 1971.

91. Foust interview.

92. Col. (ret) Art Hapner interview, 23 March 2007.

93. Dorland, 113.

94. Ginn, 328.

95. Dustoff Association Newsletter, Fall 1997, 1.

96. Dorland, 118–119.

97. Ibid., 119.

98. Neel, Helicopter Evacuation, 698; Dorland, 120.

99. Cook, 147.

100. Ibid., 147.

101. Neel/Bullard interview; Ginn, 321.

102. www.dustoff.org.

103. Neel, Vietnam Studies, 59.

104. Ginn, 322.

Chapter Three

Quiet Years, 1973–1980

1. Annex B1, MAST Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic, Appendices to Report of Test Program by the Interagency Study Group, March 1971, Box HCO-FD 

(AVN) Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

2. Stewart, Dr. Richard. American Military History Volume II, The United States Army 

in a Global Era, 1917–2003. Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2005. 

(American Military History Volume II), 369.

xxxviii Call Sign – Dustoff
Appendix xxxix

3. Col. (ret) Frank Novier interview, 18 February 2007.

4. Novier interview.

5. “Culture, et cetera,” Washington Times, 2 February 2007, A2.

6. Ginn, 375.

7. Col. (ret) William Thresher interview, 23 October 2007.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Dell, M. Sgt. Nat. “The Future is Now,” Soldiers Magazine, August 1973, 5.

11. Maj. Gen. (ret) Pat Brady interview, 15 February 2007.

12. Moore interview; Moore, Lt. Col. Douglas, “Air Ambulance Support for the Combat 

Division,” unpublished paper, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS, June 1974.

13. American Military History Volume II, 373.

14. Dell, M.Sgt. Nat. “Toward a Professional Army,” Soldiers Magazine, August 1973, 5.

15. Foust interview.

16. American Military History Volume II, 374; Currie, Col. James T., and Crossland, 

Col. Richard B. Twice the Citizen: A History of the United States Army Reserve, 

1908–1995, Office of the Chief, Army Reserve, Washington, DC, 1997, 246.

17. American Military History Volume II, 374.

18. Moore interview.

19. Ginn, 379.

20. Ibid., 398.

21. Directory and Station List of the United States Army, September 1973.

22. Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List, June 

1974, June 1975, October 1979, December 1980.

23. Truscott interview.

24. Hapner interview.

25. Currie, Col. James T., and Crossland, Col. Richard B. Twice the Citizen: A History 

of the United States Army Reserve, 1908–1995, Office of the Chief, Army Reserve, 

Washington, DC, 1997, 176–179; Doubler, Col. Michael D. I am the Guard: A History of the Army National Guard, 1636–2000, Department of the Army, Washington, 

DC, 2001, 278.

26. American Military History Volume II, 376.

27. Hough, 205–226.

28. Hough, 227–272.

29. Letter from Dr. Charles Atkinson, to Col. Neel, 16 February 1968, and response 26 

February 1968, MAST Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

30. Neel, Col. Spurgeon. “Army Aeromedical Evacuation Procedures in Vietnam,” 

JAMA, 204(4), April 22, 1968, 99.

31. Sears, “An Air Medical Evacuation System for Highway Accident Victims,” Arizona State University, June 1968, iii, Item 2, MAST Book 2 of 2, U.S. Army Aviation 

Museum Archive, Fort Rucker, AL.

32. Letter from Maj. Gen. Winston P. Wilson, Chief, National Guard Bureau, Item 3, 

Mast Book 2 of 2, U.S. Army Aviation Museum Archive, Fort Rucker, AL.

33. Historical data for the 24th Med Co (AA), supplied by Col. Tom Schuurmans, Nebraska ARNG, MEDEVAC Unit files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA; 

MEMORANDUM FOR the Secretary of the Army From the Secretary of Defense, 

12 August 1969, Item 3 MAST Book 2 of 2, U.S. Army Aviation Museum Archives, 

Fort Rucker, AL.

Endnotes xxxix
xl Call Sign – Dustoff

34. MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Results of MAST Study Group Meeting 13 May 

1970, Item 5 MAST Book 2 of 2, U.S. Army Aviation Museum Archive, Fort Rucker, AL.

35. Annex E, MAST Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic, Appendices to Report of 

Test Program by the Interagency Study Group, March 1971, 12–13, Box HCO-FD 

(AVN), Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

36. Ibid. 

37. Ibid. 

38. Ibid., 16–24. 

39. Ibid., 3–5. 

40. Pettyjohn, Lt. Col. Frank S., M.D. Review of the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research 

Laboratory Conference on Aeromedical Evacuation, 15–16 January 1974. U.S. 

Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Ft. Rucker, AL. August 1974, iii.

41. Annex B1, MAST Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic, Appendices to Report of Test Program by the Interagency Study Group, March 1971, Box HCO-FD 

(AVN) Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

42. “Over Two Decades of Service: An Update on MAST,” no author, 1987, Box HCOFD (AVN), Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

43. Ibid. 

44. Pettyjohn, 5. 

45. Hough, 20, 49, 66, 72, 95, 124, 127, 206.

46. Foust interview.

47. Col. (ret) Dan Gower interview, 21 February 2007.

48. Ibid.

49. “Baby Born During Mast Flight,” Army Aviation Digest, September 1976.

50. “The MAST Program,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, October 1976, 8, and March, 

1977, 12.

51. Hough, Mark, 81, 88, 89; Halloran, Barney, “Red Hot Mission,” Soldiers Magazine, 

January 1973, 17.

52. “Dustoff: Med Choppers Ready Anytime,” Medical Bulletin of the U.S. Army, Europe, January 1976, 25.

53. Wood, Maj. William C. “MEDEVAC on the European Battlefield,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, August 1977, 5.

54. Truscott interview.

55. American Military History Volume II, 377.

56. American Military History Volume II, 380–384.

57. Ibid., 378, 388, and Annual Report - The Surgeon General of the United States Army, 

Fiscal Years 1976–1980, 141.

58. Field Manual 8-35, January 1977, 1-1.

59. Field Manual 8-35, January 1977, 5-3. 

60. Field Manual 8-35, January 1977, 5-2.

61. Field Manual 8-10, 2 October 1978, i, and 2-1.

62. Field Manual 8-10, 2 October 1978, 1-9, 1-10.

63. Field Manual 8-10, 2 October 1978, 2-4, 4-3.

64. MAST File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

65. 326th Med Bn Quarterly Historical Summary, 1 January–31 March 1978, 7 April 

1978, Historical Files, 101st ABN Div, Fort Campbell, KY.

66. Foust interview.

67. Brady interview.
Appendix xli

68. Truscott interview.

69. Neel/Bullard interview, 37.

70. Ibid.

71. Thresher interview.

72. Col. (ret) Scott Heintz interview, 16 September 2007.

73. Annual Report - The Surgeon General United States Army, Fiscal Years 1976–1980, 

257, 258.

74. Neel/Gaudiano interview, 90.

75. Col. (ret) Pauline Lockard interview, 14 March 2007.

76. Lt. Col. Pete Smart interview, 6 March 2007.

77. Moore interview.

78. Moore, Douglas E., Col. (ret). “The Mount Saint Helens Search and Rescue Effort 

May 18–29, 1980,” unpublished paper.

79. Ibid. 

80. American Military History Volume II, 391–392.

81. Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List, December 1980.

82. MAST File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

83. “MAST Anniversary,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, July 1980, 7.

84. American Military History Volume II, 393.

85. Ginn, 398.

Chapter Four

New Challenges: Near and Afar, 1981–1990

1. MEMORANDUM FOR the Chief of Staff, Army, SUBJECT: Aviation Branch 

Composition – Action Memorandum, 13 Apr 1983, MEDEVAC File, Notebook 

AVN BR vs 67J, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

2. American Military History Volume II, 393.

3. Hapner interview.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Col. (ret) Tom Scofield interview, 30 March 2007.

7. 326th Medical Battalion Quarterly History, 1 October 1980 to 30 September 1981, 

101st ABN Division History Office, Fort Campbell, KY; Scofield interview; Novier 

interview

8. Lockard interview; Scofield interview.

9. Novier interview. 

10. Ibid.

11. After Action Report AHUAS TARA II, Box 157E, Office of Medical History, Falls 

Church, VA).

12. Foust interview.

13. Ibid.

14. Col. Dave MacDonald interview, 14 September 2006.

15. American Military History Volume II, 379.

16. Field Manual 8-35, 22 December 1983, 5-12.

Endnotes xli
xlii Call Sign – Dustoff

17. Field Manual 8-55, 15 February 1985, 1-1, E-1.

18. Pratt, Capt. Bob. “USAR Unit Aids in D.C. Aircraft Recovery Operations,” Army 

Reserve Magazine, Spring 1982, 33.

19. “Sinai ‘Nomads,’” Army Aviation, 28 February 1997, 43.

20. Knisely, Col. Benjamin. “Army Medical Department Aviation and Its Relationship 

to the New Army Aviation Branch,” unpublished paper, Army War College, April 

1985.

21. Letter from Maj. Gen. (ret) George Putnam 4 March 2004, Msg from HQDA Wash 

DC, dtg 132225Z Apr 79, Subject: Commissioned Officer Aviation Management, 

Aviation Branch Implementation File, Aviation Library, Fort Rucker, AL.

22. MFR, Subject: General Officer Aviation Branch Composition Meeting 7 April 

1983. MEDEVAC File, Notebook AVN BR vs 67J, Office of Medical History, Falls 

Church, VA.

23. MEMORANDUM FOR Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, SUBJECT: Inclusion of Medical Service Corps (67J) Aviators in the Aviation Branch, 7 April 1983, 

MEDEVAC File, Notebook AVN BR vs 67J, Office of Medical History, Falls 

Church, VA.

24. Scofield interview.

25. MEMORANDUM FOR Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, SUBJECT: TRADOC Proposal to Centralize Aviation Proponency and Form an Aviation 

Branch, 8 April 1983, MEDEVAC File, Notebook AVN BR vs 67J, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

26. MEMORANDUM FOR the Chief of Staff, Army, SUBJECT: Aviation Branch 

Composition – Action Memorandum, 13 Apr 1983, MEDEVAC File, Notebook 

AVN BR vs 67J, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

27. “Army Aviation Branch Implementation.” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, August 1983, 2.

28. Knisely, Col. Benjamin. “Army Medical Department Aviation and Its Relationship to 

the New Army Aviation Branch,” unpublished paper, Army War College, April 1985.

29. Ginn, 398.

30. Lockard interview. 

31. Scofield interview. 

32. Thresher interview; Greenwood, 159.

33. Truscott interview.

34. Kruse, Lt. Col. William R. “Separate but not Apart,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, 

September 1985, 38.

35. Ginn, 376, 398; Knisely, Col. Benjamin, “Army Medical Department Aviation and 

Its Relationship to the New Army Aviation Branch,” U.S. Army War College, April 

1985: Jablecki, Maj. Joseph S., “AMEDD Aviation Update,” U.S. Army Aviation 

Digest, July 1988, 6.

36. Story, Maj. Dennis C., “Aviation Medicine, Its Origins and a Training Perspective,” 

U.S. Army Aviation Digest, July 1988, 2–5.

37. Ibid.

38. MacDonald interview.

39. McAndrews, Kevin, “Helicopter crew seeks gubernatorial rider,” The Prairie Rider, 

June 1986, 1; Historical data for the 24th Med Co (AA), supplied by Col. Tom 

Schuurmans, Nebraska ARNG, MEDEVAC Unit files, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA.

40. Lockard interview.

41. Ibid.
Appendix xliii

42. Ibid.

43. Gower interview.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Heintz interview.

47. Lt. Col. Bob Mitchell interview, 19 March 2007.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid.

50. Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List, June 

1986.

51. “Over Two Decades of Service: An Update on MAST,” no author, 1987, Box HCOFD (AVN), MAST Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

52. Nomination Package for Mr. Craig Honaman to the DUSTOFF Association Hall 

of Fame, 16 April 2007, Box HCO-FD (AVN), Office of Medical History, Falls 

Church, VA. 

53. Hapner interview.

54. Ginn, 423; American Military History Volume II, 396.

55. Hapner interview.

56. Peake, Col. James B., “Message to Warfighters: Historical Perspective on Combat 

Medicine,” Army War College, 17 March 1988, 18.

57. Richards, Lt. Col. Donn R. “Medical Trends: An Evaluation of Medical Care Given 

in Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, and Desert Storm,” U.S. Army War College, April 

1999, 19.

58. Hapner interview

59. “Dustoff Europe,” Medical Bulletin of the U.S. Army, Europe, July 1984, 23.

60. Dustoff Follies Notebook, unpublished, in six volumes and still being used, Hohenfels Dustoff Alert Facility, Germany.

61. Furbish, Maj. Bruce G. “Dustoff Panama,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, November 

1982, 38.

62. Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List, June 

1984.

63. History of JTF-Bravo, NARA, RG 338, file 870-5b-6/36.

64. Ginn, 399.

65. 1st/228th Aviation Battalion, Fort Kobbe, Panama, Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1988–30 September 1989, NARA, RG 338, file 870-5c-57/4; Lt. Col. Vinny 

Carnazza interview, 27 September 2006.

66. Jacobs, Lt. Col. Bill M. “Winged Warriors’ in Central America,” U.S. Army Aviation 

Digest, November/December 1993, 34.

67. Greenwood, 156; FC 8-45, October 1986, front page.

68. FC 8-45, October 1986, 1–5.

69. FC 8-45, 2–6.

70. FC 8-45, 4–-10.

71. FC 8-45, 5–2. 

72. FC 8-45, 5–5.

73. Greenwood, 157.

74. “Joint Services Operational Requirement for the Advanced Vertical Lift Aircraft 

(JSX JSOR),” April 1985, MEDEVAC Files, Box HCO-FD (AVN), MEDEVAC 

Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

75. MFR, V-22 Joint Working Group Meeting, 4 March 1976, MEDEVAC Files, Box 

Endnotes xliii
xliv Call Sign – Dustoff

HCO-FD (AVN), Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

76. “Army XXI Aviation: Time for the V-22,” Army Magazine, 1 Nov 1999, “Fact 

Sheet” Subject: V-22 (Osprey) Program, Purpose: To inform the CG TRADOC about 

the rationale of the SECDEF and HQDA in their decision to cancel the V-22 Program.” 11 May 1989. From Historian, U.S. Army Aviation Center, Fort Rucker, AL.

77. Novier interview; Heintz interview. 

78. Risio, Maj. Andrew. “421st Medical Evacuation Battalion History and Accolades,” 

Army Medical Department Journal, October/November/December 2005, 11; Hapner interview; Novier interview.

79. Risio, Maj. Andrew. “421st Medical Evacuation Battalion History and Accolades,” 

Army Medical Department Journal, October/November/December 2005, 9; Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List, December 

1988.

80. Hapner interview; Jackson, James O. “West Germany Hellfire from the Heavens,” 

Time Magazine, 12 September 1988. 

81. Hapner interview; Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army 

Troop List, June 1989, June 1990.

82. Lt. Col. John Lamoureux interview, 24 May 2007.

83. Heintz interview.

84. Thresher interview.

85. Smart interview. 

86. Ibid. 

87. MacDonald interview.

88. Smart interview, Thresher interview.

89. Thresher interview.

90. Ibid.

91. Ibid. 

92. Smart interview, MacDonald interview.

93. Thresher interview. 

94. American Military History Volume II, 397. 

95. American Military History Volume II, 397, Carnazza interview. 

96. Ginn, 425.

97. American Military History Volume II, 398.

98. Jacobs, Lt. Col. Bill M. “Winged Warriors’ in Central America,” U.S. Army Aviation 

Digest, November/December 1993, 34, Carnazza interview.

99. Carnazza interview.

100. 214th Medical Detachment (RG) Presentation to AMEC 27 Feb, 90, NARA RG 334, 

File 870-5b-6/40aaa, Carnazza interview.

101. Carnazza interview.

102. 214th Medical Detachment (RG) Presentation to AMEC 27 February 90, NARA RG 

334, File 870-5b-6/40aaa.

103. Carnazza interview.

104. American Military History Volume II, 402.

105. 214th Medical Detachment (RG) Presentation to AMEC 27 February 1990, NARA 

RG 334, File 870-5b-6/40aaa.

106. 214th Medical Detachment (RG) Presentation to AMEC 27 February, 90, NARA 

RG 334, File 870-5b-6/40aaa; Memorandum, Subject: Operation JUST CAUSE 

Lessons Learned Report, Academy of Health Sciences, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 1 

June 1990.

107. Carnazza interview.
Appendix xlv

108. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory, Degen, Lt. Col. E.J., and Tohn, Lt. Col. David. On 

Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, Naval Institute 

Press, Annapolis, MD, 2005, 4.

109. Smith, Barry D. “Desert Dust Off: Medevac with the 247th,” Rotor & Wing International, January 1991, 38.

110. “Commander’s CASEVAC System,” Report #89-5, CALL, November 1989, 3–4.

111. MEDICAL SYSTEM PROGRESS REVIEW, Army Medical Department, January 

31, 1989, Academy of Health Sciences, Fort Sam Houston, TX; White Paper, Health 

Services Support futures, Final Draft, Academy of Health Sciences, Fort Sam Houston, TX, March 1989.

112. Anderson, Capt. Randall G. The Dustoff Report. The Dustoff Association, San Antonio, TX, 1992, 2. (The Dustoff Report)

113. Ibid., 20.

114. American Military History Volume II, 409.

Chapter Five

Desert Shield/Desert Storm, 1990–1991

1. Ginn, 428.

2. American Military History Volume II, 412.

3. Ibid., 413.

4. Doubler, Col. Michael D. I am the Guard: A History of the Army National Guard, 

1636–2000, Department of the Army, Washington, DC, 2001, 306; Truscott interview.

5. American Military History Volume II, 413.

6. Ibid., 414.

7. Ginn, 427.

8. American Military History Volume II, 414.

9. Ginn, 428; Foust interview.

10. Ledford, Lt. Gen. Frank F. MC. “Medical Support for Operation DESERT STORM,” 

The Journal of the U.S. Army Medical Department, January/February 1992, 3.

11. American Military History Volume II, 425.

12. Ginn, 429.

13. Hough 30; Heintz, Maj. David S. Operations DESERT SHIELD and STORM After 

Action Review, Delta Company, 326 Medical Battalion “Eagle Dustoff,” 15 March 

1991; Heintz interview.

14. Lt. Col. Brad Pecor interview, 13 February 2007.

15. Lt. Col. (ret) Tommy Mayes interview, 21 February 2007; Ginn, 432; expansive 

comments by Col. (ret) Scott Heintz to author by email, 17 December 2008. 

16. Email to author from Sgt. Maj. (ret) Jeff Mankoff to author, 1 April 2008.

17. “Darmstadt to Dhahran: MEDEVAC Self-Deployment to DESERT SHIELD,” The 

Journal of the U.S. Army Medical Department, September/October 1992, 51; personal log of M.Sgt. Mike Craven, 45th Med Co (AA), undated, sent to author.

18. Smart interview.

19. The Dustoff Report, 13, Hough, 58, 90, 125.

20. Lt. Col. Jon Fristoe interview, 5 June 2007.

Endnotes xlv
xlvi Call Sign – Dustoff

21. Hough, 77.

22. Hough, 131; Carnazza interview.

23. Hough, 92; Griffin, Col. Greg, Lonestar DUSTOFF in DESERT SHIELD/STORM, 

Personal Experience Monograph, U.S. Army War College, undated.

24. Hough, 235, “Technical Report of U.S. Army Aircraft Accident,” Case number 

1991-05-13-001, procured from the U.S. Army Combat Readiness Center, Fort 

Rucker, AL.

25. United States Army Reserve in Operation DESERT STORM, Washington, DC: Department of the Army, September 1993, 26; Hough, 224, 226, 237; The Dustoff 

Report, 33, 46, 47, 49; Jeffer, Col. Edward K., MC. “The Medical Units of the Army 

National Guard (ARNG) and Operation DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM,” 

Journal of the U.S. Army Medical Department, March/April 1992, 20.

26. Veit, Lt. Col. Christoph. “German Medical Assistance for U.S. Forces During the 

Gulf Crisis: A Stock-taking of Lessons Learned,” The Journal of the U.S. Army 

Medical Department, January/February 1992, 58.

27. Hough, 205–224.

28. AAR: 44th Medical Brigade Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM, 

Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, DESERT STORM Collection, Box 29; 

United States Army Reserve in Operation DESERT STORM, 89–95; Hough, 6, 215, 

220.

29. The Dustoff Report, 28.

30. Scales, Maj. Gen. Robert H. Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War, 157.

31. Ginn, 428.

32. Novier interview.

33. Carnazza interview.

34. Ibid.

35. Hough, 131, Carnazza interview.

36. Lt. Col. Scott Drennon interview, 20 February 2007.

37. Carnazza interview.

38. The Dustoff Report, 21.

39. Carnazza interview.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. The Dustoff Report, 7; Hough 58.

43. Hough, 220.

44. The Dustoff Report, 11; Hough, 77.

45. The Dustoff Report, 2; Hough, 6.

46. Lt. Col. Randal Schwallie, DESERT Dustoff, Personal Experience Monograph, 

Army War College, April 25, 2002.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid. 

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid. 

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid., The Dustoff Report, 39; Hough, 215.

55. Schwallie, DESERT Dustoff.

56. Hough, 228.
Appendix xlvii

57. Hough, 90.

58. Hough, 125; Fristoe interview.

59. Howard, Maj. William. “History of the 50th Medical Company (AA),” undated, 

5, procured from author; Heintz, Maj. David S. Operations DESERT SHIELD 

and STORM After Action Review, Delta Company, 326 Medical Battalion “Eagle 

Dustoff,” 15 March 1991; MacDonald interview.

60. Heintz, Maj. David S. Operations DESERT SHIELD and STORM After Action Review, Delta Company, 326 Medical Battalion “Eagle Dustoff,” 15 March 1991; expansive comments by Col. (ret) Scott Heintz to author by email, 17 December 2008. 

61. Griffin, Lonestar DUSTOFF in DESERT SHIELD/STORM.

62. Ibid.

63. Ibid.

64. Whitcomb, Darrel D., Combat Search and Rescue in Desert Storm. Maxwell Air 

Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 2006, 223; Griffin, Col. Greg, Lonestar 

DUSTOFF in DESERT SHIELD/STORM.

65. Hough, 135.

66. Griffin, Lonestar DUSTOFF in DESERT SHIELD/STORM.

67. The Dustoff Report, 34; Hough, 207.

68. Hough, 209; Currie, Twice the Citizen: A History of the USAR, 1908–1995, 464.

69. The Dustoff Report, 37; Hough, 211.

70. The Dustoff Report, 51; Hough, 259.

71. The Dustoff Report, Hough, 240.

72. The Dustoff Report, 58; Hough, 269.

73. Hough, 93.

74. Hough, 252; Carlin, CW2 Victor E. “Operations in the DESERT: A Postscript, U.S. 

Army Aviation Digest, November/December 1992, 26.

75. Hough, 257.

76. The Dustoff Report, 38; Hough, 214.

77. AAR, 108 Med Bn Command Report for Operation DESERT STORM, Office of 

Medical History, Falls Church, VA, DESERT STORM Collection, Box 30.

78. The Dustoff Report, 38; Hough, 212.

79. Maj. (ret) Pete Webb interview, 26 September 2006.

80. Hough, 317; Webb interview.

81. Hough, 223.

82. Smart interview.

83. The Dustoff Report, 4; Hough, 16, 84; Email from Sgt. Maj. (ret) Jeff Mankoff to 

author, 1 April 2008.

84. The Dustoff Report, 25.

85. MacDonald interview.

86. Heintz interview; MacDonald interview.

87. Smart interview.

88. The Dustoff Report, various unit sections.

Endnotes xlvii
xlviii Call Sign – Dustoff

Chapter Six

Force Reductions, 1992–1995

1. Schwallie, DESERT Dustoff, 116.

2. MEMORANDUM FOR Director for Operational Plans and Interoperability, J7 

Joint Staff, Washington, DC, 20318, 29 Jan 1992, SUBJECT: USCINCEUR After 

Action Report on Operation PROVIDE COMFORT, AMEDD C&S MCCS-FD Historical Files, Fort Sam Houston, TX.

3. Lockard interview; Note, at the time, her married name was Pauline Knapp.

4. MEMORANDUM FOR Director for Operational Plans and Interoperability, J7 

Joint Staff, Washington, DC, 20318, 29 January 1992, SUBJECT: USCINCEUR 

After Action Report on Operation PROVIDE COMFORT, AMEDD C&S MCCSFD Historical Files, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 14. 

5. Foust interview. 

6. Ibid.

7. Operation DESERT STORM – Full Army Medical Capability Not Achieved, GAO/

NSIAD-92-175, Government Accounting Office, August 1992, 3–5, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, DESERT STORM File.

8. Ibid., 14, 45.

9. Ibid., 45–48.

10. Ibid., 49.

11. Donnelly, William M., Transforming an Army at War, Designing the Modular Force, 

1991–2005. Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2007, 5–8.

12. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html.

13. JOINT TASK FORCE ANDREW AFTER ACTION REPORT, Enclosure 7 

(AVIATION) to Tab J (J3), Army Aviation Museum Archives, Fort Rucker, AL, 

071830ROCT92, File 87020A, 3.

14. Webb interview. 

15. MEMORANDUM FOR JTF Andrew Aviation, October 12, 1992, Army Aviation 

Museum Archives, Fort Rucker, AL, File 870.20A, JOINT TASK FORCE ANDREW AVIATION AFTER ACTION REPORT (TAB R) 090730ROCT92, U.S. 

Army Aviation Museum, Fort Rucker, AL, File 870.20A.

16. Carroll, Col. Dale A., “The Role of the U.S. Army Medical Department in Domestic 

Disaster Assistance Operations – Lessons Learned from Hurricane Andrew,” Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1996, 25.

17. The Story of JTF Hawaii, Public Affairs Office, U.S. Army, Pacific, undated.

18. Field Manual 8-10, 1 March 1991, 1-1, 2-9.

19. Ibid., 2-9.

20. Field Manual 8-10-6, 31 October 1991, x.

21. Ibid., 3-1, 3-2. 

22. Ibid., 3-8, 3-11.

23. Ibid., 3-11.

24. Ibid., 4-11.

25. Lt. Col. (ret) Van Joy interview, 5 December 2007.

26. Ibid. 

27. Ibid.

28. The U.S. Army in Bosnia and Herzegovina, AE Pamphlet 525-100, 7 October 2003, 4.
Appendix xlix

29. American Military History Volume II, 424.

30. The U.S. Army in Bosnia and Herzegovina, AE Pamphlet 525-100, 7 October 2003, 6.

31. Doubler, I am the Guard, 345–346; Currie, Twice the Citizen: A History of the 

USAR, 1908–1995, 521–522.

32. Doubler, I am the Guard, 345–346.

33. Currie, Twice the Citizen: A History of the USAR, 1908–1995, 537.

34. Schwallie, DESERT Dustoff, 116.

35. Lt. Col. Bill LaChance interview, 14 February 2007.

36. MSG dtg 071800Z APR 92, from FORSCOM to numerous addressees, MAST File, 

Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

37. Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List, December 1992, Hough, 142.

38. Lugo, Lt. Col. Angel L., “The Army’s MRI,” http://www.military-medical-technology.com/article.cfm?DocID=481.

39. Hough, 30; Quarterly History of the 326th Medical Bn, 1 October 1991 to 30 September 1992, 31 October 1992; MacDonald interview; Truscott interview.

40. Fix, Capt. Gregory D., “The New UH-60Q Black Hawk MEDEVAC Helicopter,” 

U.S. Army Aviation Digest, January/February 1993, 43.

41. Novier interview.

42. Ibid. 

43. Ginn, 490; Foust interview.

44. American Military History Volume II, 429.

45. Kirkpatrick, Charles E., Ruck it Up! The Post Cold-War Transformation of V Corps, 

1990–2000, Department of the Army, Washington, DC, 20006, 239; Lockard 

interview.

46. Smart interview.

47. Ibid.

48. Ingram, Sandra, Somalia Medical Operations, Camber Corporation, 9 September 

1996, 22. 

49. Ibid., 67.

50. Ibid., 76.

51. American Military History Volume II, 431.

52. Ingram, Somalia Medical Operations, 131.

53. Field Manual 100-5, 14 June 1993, vi, 2-7.

54. Ibid., 2-17, 2-24.

55. Ibid., 4-5.

56. Ibid., 5-1.

57. Ibid., 12-12.

58. Ibid., 13-5.

59. Field Manual 8-55, 9 September 1994, 1-2.

60. Ibid., 2-29.

61. Ibid., 4-17.

62. Joint Publication 1, 11 November 1991, iv, 6.

63. Joint Publication 4-02, 26 April 1995, v.

64. Ibid., ix.

65. Ibid., II-1, 5, 6.

66. Condon-Rall, Mary Ellen, Disaster on Green Ramp: The Army’s Response, Washington, DC, Center for Military History, 1996, 19.

67. Ibid., 21.

Endnotes xlix
l Call Sign – Dustoff

68. American Military History Volume II, 433–434.

69. Medical Support for Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY, HCO Files, Box, 204, 

Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

70. Lt. Col. Greg Gentry interview, 29 September 2006.

71. Mitchell interview.

72. American Military History Volume II, 436; “Task Force Bandit Aids Division in 

Aviation Missions,” Hawaii Army Weekly, 9 March 1995, A-6; “President Clinton 

visits Tropic Lightening Soldiers in Haiti,” Hawaii Army Weekly, 6 April 1995, A-5; 

Smart interview.

73. Webb interview.

74. Smart interview.

75. MacDonald interview.

76. MAST Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

77. Simon, Kimberly. “54th Med Honored for MAST Mission,” NW Guardian, 5 May 

1993, 1.

78. Lt. Col. Matt Brady interview, 7 August 2007; Hough, 260.

79. American Military History Volume II, 439.

80. Hough, 138; Permanent Orders 102-1, HQ Eighth United States Army, 12 April 

1995, Historical Files, 542d Med Co (AA), Fort Campbell, KY.

81. Heintz interview; expansive comments by Col. (ret) Scott Heintz to author by email, 

17 December 2008.

82. List: U.S. Army MEDEVAC Units February 1996, MAST file, Office of Medical 

History, Falls Church, VA.

83. Donnelly, William M. Transforming an Army at War, Designing the Modular Force, 

1991–2005, Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2007, 9–10.

Chapter Seven

The Balkans, 1992–Ongoing

1. TRADOC Pam 525-50, 1 October 1996, 2.

2. The U.S. Army in Bosnia and Herzegovina, AE Pamphlet 525-100, Washington, 

DC: Center for Military History, 7 October 2003, 5.

3. American Military History Volume II, 440.

4. The U.S. Army in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 8.

5. Ibid., 11.

6. American Military History Volume II, 441.

7. The U.S. Army in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 14.

8. Ibid., 25.

9. Lamoureux interview.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Gouge, Col. Steven F., Commanding the 212th MASH in Bosnia, Personal Experience Monogram, U.S. Army War College, 2001, 9–10; Troth, S.Sgt. Jeff, “Medics 

Pull Soldiers from Bosnia Minefield,” The Mercury, September 1996, 8.

13. American Military History Volume II, 443. 
Appendix li

14. TRADOC Pam 525-50, 1 October 1996, 2.

15. Ibid., 3.

16. Ibid., 10.

17. Ibid., 11.

18. Joint Publication 4-02.2, 30 December 1996, i.

19. Joint Publication 4-02.2, 30 December 1996, II-1.

20. Joint Publication 4-02.2, 30 December 1996, III-1, 4, B-B-1.

21. Hough, 16; Novier interview.

22. Hough, 132, 252; MEMORANDUM FOR Record 832d Med Co (AA) Unit History, 

Maj. Robert Carty, 5 September 2002, MEDEVAC File, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA.

23. Hough, 84.

24. Hough, 93; Bosnia Deployment AAR (SFOR4), Bosnia File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

25. Hough, 235; DUSTOFF Association Newsletter, Summer 1999, 7.

26. Hough, 228.

27. Matt Brady interview.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Lockard interview.

31. “57th Med Co Helps USAF Airlift Sailor from Croatia to Germany,” Dustoff Association Newsletter, Summer 2001, 6.

32. Dynamic Response Mass Casualty (MASCAL) Exercise AAR, 7 May 2001, Bosnia 

File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

33. Gentry interview.

34. Pouncey, Maj. Michael, 498th Med Co (AA) AAR, 10 April 2002, 498th Med Co, 

MEDEVAC Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA; Gentry interview.

35. Task Force 1-25 Aviation SFOR AAR, undated, 25th Infantry Division Museum, 

Schofield Barracks, HI.

36. Email to author from Col. Frank Leith, New Hampshire ARNG, 27 September 2007.

37. Email to author from Capt. Roger Drury, Vermont ARNG, 21 August 2007.

38. Pamphlet Task Force Eagle Disestablishment Ceremony, 24 November 2004, courtesy of C/2d/238th Med Co, Indiana ARNG; Bosnia-Herzegovina: The U.S. Army’s 

Role in Peace Enforcement Operations 1995–2004, CMH Pub 70-97-1, Washington, 

DC: Center for Military History, 2005, 38; various interviews. All from chapters 5–8.

39. Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List, January 

1998.

40. Unit History, Capt. Jason Hauk, Commander, USAAAD Honduras.

41. DUSTOFF Association Newsletter, Winter/Fall 2000, 8; Drennon interview.

42. American Military History Volume II, 446.

43. Ibid., 447.

44. Ibid., 446.

45. TTP From Task Force Hawk Deep Operations, Volume I, Box 157, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

46. Maher, Lt. Col. Joseph E., “V Corps in the Balkans: The History of Task Force 12,” 

Army Aviation, 31 December 1999, 18.

47. Email to author from Maj. Charles Zimmerman, 25 March 2008.

48. Maher, Lt. Col. Joseph E., “V Corps in the Balkans: The History of Task Force 12,” 

Army Aviation, 31 December 1999, 20, 22.

Endnotes li
lii Call Sign – Dustoff

49. Lt. Col. (ret) Mike Avila interview, 28 September 2007.

50. American Military History Volume II, 449.

51. Phillips, R. Cody, Operation Joint Guardian, the U.S. Army in Kosovo, CMH Publication 70-109-1, Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2007, 22, 27.

52. TFMF Information Paper, 6 October 2000, Box 197, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA.

53. Avila interview.

54. Maher, Lt. Col. Joseph E., “V Corps in the Balkans: The History of Task Force 12,” 

Army Aviation, 31 December 1999, 22; Avila interview.

55. TTP From Task Force Hawk Deep Operations, Volume II, Combat Health Support, 

Box 157, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA; also reflected in “TF Hawk 

CAAT Initial Impressions Report (IIR) Final AAR, Chapter 11, Topic C: Evacuation, Box 157, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, and CALLCOMS File 

number 10004-39128.

56. Interview – Lt. Col. Alan Moloff, Commander 212th CMF, TF Hawk, 17 May 1999, 

Box 157, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

57. Interview – Lt. Col. James Bruckart, TF Hawk Surgeon, undated, Box 157, Office 

of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

58. American Military History Volume II, 451; Smart interview.

59. Fristoe interview.

60. Fristoe, Maj. Jon, “Dustoff in Kosovo,” Dustoff Association Newsletter, Summer 

2000, 10; Fristoe interview.

61. Email from Lt. Col. Jon Fristoe, 5 August 2007; MEDEVAC Kosovo File, Office of 

Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

62. Email to author from Lt. Col. Jon Fristoe, 5 August 2007; Smart interview; Email to 

author from Maj. Bill Howard, 22 October 2007.

63. Briefing: Army Medical Department in Support of Peacekeeping Operations in 

Kosovo, undated, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, Box 190.

64. Briefing: Dustoff Kosovo, 50th Medical Company (AA), undated, MEDEVAC File, 

Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA; Phonecon author and CW4 Andrew 

Feris, 17 September 2007.

65. Email to author from Maj. John Fishburn, 717th Med Co (AA), 5 September 2007.

66. Email to author from Maj. John Fishburn, 717th Med Co (AA) New Mexico ARNG, 

to author, 6 Sep 2007

67. Phillips, R. Cody, Operation JOINT GUARDIAN, the U.S. Army in Kosovo, CMH 

Publication 70-109-1, Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2007, 50; Email 

to author from Mr. Rick Deitz, FORSCOM G3/5/7, 18 October 2007.

68. http://www.nato.int/kfor/chronicle/2003/chronicle_07/11.htm (accessed 18 September 2007); Email to author from Mark Hough, 18 September 2007.

69. Email to author from Mr. Rick Deitz, FORSCOM G3/5/7, 18 October 2007; http://

www.nato.int/kfor/chronicle/2004/chronicle_07/12.htm (accessed 18 September 

2007).

70. Email to author from Mr. Rick Deitz, FORSCOM G3/5/7, 18 October 2007; Email 

to author from Maj. John Fishburn, 717th Med Co (AA), 5 Sep 2007. All in chapters 

5–8.

71. Operation FOCUS RELIEF, 30th Med Brigade AAR, MEDEVAC Lessons Learned 

File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

72. Bakutis, Bunky, “For Army, a Proud Record,” Honolulu Advertiser, 3 January 1999, 1.

73. Field Manual 8-10-26, 16 February 1999, vi.
Appendix liii

74. Field Manual 8-10-26, 16 February 1999, 1-4.

75. Field Manual 8-10-26, 16 February 1999, 1-5.

76. Field Manual 8-10-26, 16 February 1999, 2-1, 3-1.

77. Field Manual 8-10-6, 14 April 2000, 1-1, O-1.

Chapter Eight

To 9/11, 2000–2001

1. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory. On Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI 

FREEDOM, 22.

2. American Military History Volume II, 451; Fontenot, On Point: The United States 

Army in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, 20; Email to author from Maj. Andrew 

Risio, 19 February 2009.

3. MacDonald interview.

4. MacDonald interview; Email to author from Maj. Andrew Risio, 19 February 2009.

5. Ibid.

6. Lamoureux interview.

7. Heintz interview.

8. Anderson, Lt. Col. Randall G., CONUS Installation Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) Analysis, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington, DC, May 2002, unpublished, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, 

11-12; Heintz interview.

9. Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, 2006/07, Coulsdon, England, 2007, 874–881; Smart 

interview.

10. Air Force Joint Instruction 16-401, Army Regulation 70-50, 1 September 1997, Attachment 3-1; Smart interview; Lamoureux interview.

11. Field Manual 3.0, 1-2, 9-11, 10-1.

12. Joint Publication 4-02, 30 July 2001, v, II-6.

13. Ibid., II-4-7.

14. Ibid., E-1.

15. Change 1, Field Manual 8-10-26, 30 May 2002, 3-5, B-8.

16. Change 1, Field Manual 8-10-26, I-1–5.

17. Field Manual 4-02, 13 February 2003, 1-1.

18. Ibid., 2-1.

19. Ibid., 5-3.

20. Ibid., 6-1 through 10, 7-1 through 5, 8-1 through 8-3.

21. Lawson, Sfc. Rhonda. “Aviators Honored for Sinai Actions,” Army Aviation, 29 

February 2004, 32.

22. Lumbaca, Capt. Sonise. “Black Hawks Replace Hueys for Sinai Mission,” Army 

Aviation, 31 July 2006, 40.

23. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist 

Attacks upon the United States, New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005, 326.

24. Avila interview.

25. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist 

Attacks upon the United States, 326.

Endnotes liii
liv Call Sign – Dustoff

26. Ibid., 314; Hirrel, Leo P. Ph.D. Response to Terrorism, U.S. Joint Forces Command, 

Norfolk, VA: Office of the Command Historian, 2003, 17.

27. Author phonecon with Lt. Col. Maureen Bellamy, State Army Aviation Officer, 9 

October 2007.

28. Email to author from Col. (ret) Scott Heintz, 11 October 2007; expansive comments 

by Col. (ret) Scott Heintz to author by email, 17 December 2008.

29. Lockard interview: Email to author from Col. (ret) Pauline Lockard, 17 October 2007.

30. Email to author from Maj. Michael Charnley, 10 October 2007. At the time, he was 

the Battalion S2.

31. American Military History Volume II, 461.

32. Email to author from Col. Frank Leith, New Hampshire State Army Aviation Officer, ARNG, 9 October 2007.

33. Matt Brady interview.

34. Avila interview.

35. Mitchell interview.

36. Email to author from Lt. Col. John Lamoureux, 11 October 2007.

37. Email to author from Maj. John Fishburn, 717th Med Co (AA), 10 October 2007.

38. Email to author from Maj. Mike Pouncey, 9 October 2007.

39. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory. On Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI 

FREEDOM, 22.

40. Ibid., 23.

41. Briscoe, Dr. Charles H., Kiper, Dr. Richard L., Sepp, Dr. Kalev I., and Schroder, 

James A. Weapon of Choice, ARSOF in Afghanistan, Combat Studies Institute, Fort 

Leavenworth, KS, 2003, 1.

Chapter Nine

Again, Into Battle, 2001–2003

1. Lt. Col. Art Jackson interview, 12 February 2007. 

2. Ibid., 33.

3. American Military History Volume II, 465.

4. Ibid., 466.

5. Ibid., 466.

6. Ibid., 469–470.

7. Interview with Brig. Gen. William Fox, by Maj. Robert Glisson, 23 October 2002, 

OEF Oral History File, Box 28, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

8. Stewart, Dr. Richard. The United States Army in Afghanistan: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2003, 32–-45.

9. “Crewmember of the Year” Award Citation, Dustoff Association Newsletter, FallWinter 2002, 3.

10. XVIII Airborne Corps Annual Historical Review, 2002, History Office, Fort Bragg, 

NC: 235; “Rescue of the Year” Award Citation, Dustoff Association Newsletter, FallWinter 2002, 3.

11. 50th Medical Company (AA) Detachment AAR for Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, 13 September 2002, Capt. James Stanley, Unit historical file, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.
Appendix lv

12. Presentation by Col. Scott Heintz to Directorate of Health Care Operations, 25 October 2002, Office of The Surgeon General, OEF Oral History File Box 29, Office 

of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

13. XVIII Airborne Corps Annual Historical Review, 2002, History Office, Fort Bragg, 

NC, 245; Matt Brady interview.

14. Matt Brady interview.

15. Ibid. 

16. American Military History Volume II, 476.

17. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html (accessed 19 

December 2007).

18. American Military History Volume II, 477.

19. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory. On Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI 

FREEDOM, 448–480.

20. Maj. Gen. George Weightman interview, 26 November 2007.

21. Ibid.

22. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory. On Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI 

FREEDOM, 482–494; 3d MEDCOM EAC OIF AAR, undated, OIF MEDEVAC 

File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

23. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory. On Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI 

FREEDOM, 469.

24. Weightman interview.

25. American Military History Volume II, 477.

26. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory. On Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI 

FREEDOM, 47; American Military History Volume II, 478–479.

27. Atkinson, Rick. In the Company of Soldiers, New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2005, 93.

28. Gordon, Michael R., and Trainor, Lt. Gen. Bernard E. Cobra II, The Inside Story of 

the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, Pantheon Books, New York, NY: 2006, 175, 

178.

29. Groen, Lt. Col. Michael S. With the 1st Marine Division in Iraq, 2003, Quantico, 

Virginia, History Division, Marine Corps University, 2006, 153.

30. American Military History Volume II, 482.

31. Groen, Lt. Col. Michael S. With the 1st Marine Division in Iraq, 2003, 247.

32. Atkinson, Rick. In the Company of Soldiers, 154.

33. Ibid., 164.

34. Fontenot, Col. (ret) Gregory. On Point: The United States Army in Operation IRAQI 

FREEDOM, 194.

35. American Military History Volume II, 483.

36. Ibid., 485.

37. Ibid., 485. 

38. Groen, Lt. Col. Michael S. With the 1st Marine Division in Iraq, 2003, 349.

39. Atkinson, Rick. In the Company of Soldiers, 462.

40. American Military History Volume II, 486–490.

41. Matt Brady interview.

42. Weightman interview. 

43. Lt. Col. Art Jackson interview, 12 February 2007; email to author from Capt. Anthony Borowski, 10 March 2008.

44. Lt. Col. Judith Robinson, interview with Lt. Col. Bryant Harp, 21 May 2003, OEF 

Oral History File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. (Harp/Robinson). 

Endnotes lv
lvi Call Sign – Dustoff

45. Jackson interview, Drennon interview.

46. Black Jack Journal, Issue 1, December 2007, MEDEVAC File, Office of Medical 

History, Falls Church, VA, 4; author phonecon with Sfc. Tomas Ortiz, 9 January 2008.

47. Harp/Robinson interview.

48. Ibid.

49. Maj. William “Casey” Clyde interview, 16 February 2007; Gentry interview.

50. Gentry interview; Salvetti/Ginn interview.

51. Gentry interview.

52. Clyde interview.

53. Gentry interview; Clyde interview.

54. Salvetti/Ginn interview.

55. Gentry interview.

56. Kennedy, Maj. Christopher M. U. S. Marines in Iraq, 2003: Anthology and Annotated Bibliography, Washington, DC: History Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 2006, 7; 

Clyde interview.

57. Clyde interview; Gentry interview.

58. Salvetti/Ginn interview.

59. Clyde interview.

60. Gentry interview. 

61. Email to author from Adrian Salvetti, 8 January 2008.

62. North, Lt. Col. (ret) Oliver L. War Stories: Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, Regnery 

Publishing, Inc., Washington, DC, 2003, 99–101. 63. Givings/Ginn interview.

64. Ibid

65. Dahlen/Ginn interview. 

66. Mallory/Ginn interview.

67. Clyde interview. 

68. Clyde interview; Gentry interview.

69. Salvetti/Ginn interview.

70. Phonecon with Maj. Brian Veneziano, commander Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 

126th Aviation Regiment, Maine ARNG, 7 January 2008; 112th Med Co (AA) Unit 

History provided by 2d Lt. Jasmine Chase, Unit Historian, Maine ARNG.

71. Schwartz/Barger interview; Ortiz/Barger interview.

72. Ibid. 

73. Email to author from Capt. Justin Avery, 20 March 2008.

74. Schwartz/Barger interview.

75. S.Sgt. Dan Ledbetter, 82d Med Co crewmember/Barger interview.

76. Personnel Recovery Team/Barger interview.

77. Email to author form Capt. Jason Avery, 20 March 2008.

78. CW2 Scott Van Hoagland, 82d Med Co crewmember/Barger interview.

79. S.Sgt. Dan Ledbetter, 82d Med Co crewmember/Barger interview.

80. Schwartz/Barger interview.

81. Schwartz/Barger interview; Ortiz/Barger interview.

82. Schwartz/Barger interview.

83. Barger/Personnel Recovery Team interview; email to author from Capt. Jason Avery, 20 March 2008.

84. Schwartz/Barger interview; Ortiz/Barger interview; email to author from Capt. Jason Avery, 20 March 2008.

85. Ortiz/Barger interview.

86. Schwartz/Barger interview.
Appendix lvii

87. Jackson interview.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid.

90. Ibid.

91. Ibid.

92. Ibid.

93. Capt. Tom Powell interview, 13 February 2007.

94. Ibid.

95. Jackson interview; Howe, Maj. Robert F. “Soldiers of the 159th Maintain the 

DUSTOFF Legacy,” U.S. Army Medical Department Journal, October–December 

2005, 18.

96. Drennon interview.

97. Ibid. 

98. Ibid.

99. Ibid.

100. Ibid.

101. Drennon, Maj. Scott, 507th Med Co (AA) OIF-AAR, undated, 507th Med Co, 

MEDEVAC File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

102. Ibid.

103. Ibid.

104. Contemporary Operations Study Team, “Interview with Col. Curtis Potts,” Combat 

Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 13 December 2005.

105. Drennon interview.

106. Lamoureux/Barger interview.

107. Ibid.

108. Ibid.

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid. 

111. Lamoureux interview.

112. LaChance interview.

113. Ibid.

114. Ibid.

115. Ibid.

116. Ibid.

117. Pecor interview.

118. Ibid.

119. 62d Medical Brigade Annual Historical Reports, 1 January 2003–31 December 

2003 and 1 January 2004–31 December 2004, Fort Lewis, WA; MEDEVAC/54th 

Med Co (AA) File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA; OIF unit History 

supplied by Lt. Col. Martin Kerkenbush, undated, MEDEVAC Unit Files, Office of 

Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

120. MacDonald, Lt. Col. David L. The Joint Patient Movement System, A Solution to 

Arrest the Erosion of an Efficient and Effective System, U.S. Army War College, 

Carlisle Barracks, PA, 2004, 14.

121. MacDonald interview.

122. MacDonald interview; Decision Briefing, 56th Med Bn CDR, MEDEVAC/OIF File, 

undated, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

123. OIF External After Action Review (AAR) 56th Medical Battalion (Evacuation), 30 

June 2003, MEDEVAC File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

Endnotes lvii
lviii Call Sign – Dustoff

124. XVIII Airborne Corps Annual Historical Review, 2003, 219; XVIII Airborne Corps 

2004 Annual Historical Summary, 275, both from the Fort Bragg History office; 

email to author from Maj. Michael Charnley, 249th Med Co (AA), 31 August 2007.

125. Emails to author from 1st Sgt. Greg Patin, 812th Med Co, 24 February 2008, and 

from CWO4 Michael Knuppel, Flight Operations Officer, 832d Med Co (AA), 10 

September 2007.

126. CW4 Jim Brennan interview, 1 April 2007.

127. Ibid.

128. XVIII Airborne Corps Annual Historical Review, 2003, 219; XVIII Airborne Corps 

2004 Annual Historical Summary, 275, both from the Fort Bragg History office; 

email to author from Maj. Michael Charnley, 249th Med Co (AA), 31 August 2007.

Chapter Ten

Aviation Transformation and Domestic Operations, 

2002–2005

1. Brady, Maj. Gen. (ret) Patrick. “In Response to MEDEVAC on Track,” Army Aviation Magazine, 31 March 2004, unk.

2. Lockard interview.

3. Executive Summary, ATI Update, DASGp-HCF, Lt. Col. Anderson, 14 September 

2001, MEDEVAC Transformation File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, 

VA.

4. Donnelly, William M. Transforming an Army at War, Designing the Modular Force, 

1991–2005, Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2007, 20–21.

5. Ibid., 32.

6. Brig. Gen. (ret) Edward Sinclair interview, 5 May 2008. 

7. Sinclair interview. 

8. Lockard interview. 

9. Smart interview.

10. Email to author from Lt. Col. Bill Goforth, 10 March 2008.

11. Fristoe interview.

12. Email to author from Lt. Col. Jon Fristoe, 23 January 2008.

13. Anderson, Lt. Col. Randall G. CONUS Installation Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) Analysis, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington, DC, May 2002, unpublished, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, 

4–24.

14. Fristoe interview.

15. Executive Summary Subject: MEDEVAC “3 Deep” Aviation Oversight, 6 October 

2003, MEDEVAC Transformation File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

16. Joy interview.

17. Lockard interview, Joy interview, Sinclair interview.

18. Lockard interview.

19. Heintz interview; expansive comments by Col. (ret) Scott Heintz to author by email, 

17 December 2008.

20. Fristoe interview.
Appendix lix

21. Ibid., Sinclair interview.

22. Sinclair interview. 

23. Fristoe interview.

24. Lockard interview, Fristoe interview, Sinclair interview.

25. Lockard interview.

26. Fristoe interview, Sinclair interview.

27. Lockard interview; Lamoureux interview.

28. Information Paper, Subject: Task Force Aviation, 30 January 2004, Col. Pauline 

Lockard; Point Paper, Subject: SRC 08 MEDEVAC Discussion, 11 July 2004, Maj. 

Jon Fristoe; both in MEDEVAC Transformation File, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA.

29. Sinclair, Brig. Gen. E.J. “Aviation Transformation: How Far Have We Come?” 

Army Aviation, 3 November 2004, 8.

30. MEMORANDUM FOR MG JAMES D. THURMAN, DIRECTOR, ARMY AVIATION TASK FORCE, 450 ARMY PENTAGON, WASHINGTON DC 20310, 5 

January 2004, MEDEVAC Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

31. MEMORANDUM FOR VCSA, SUBJECT: MEDEVAC Force Structure Decisions, 

05 February 2004. Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, Box 454D.

32. Ibid.

33. Barger, Maj. Lewis, and Greenwood, Dr. John, Interviews with Lt. Gen. James B. 

Peake, The Surgeon General, U.S. Army, 2d and 7th Sessions, 22 July and 13 August 2004, Oral History Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

34. “Statement by: MG James D. Thurman, Director, Army Aviation Task Force, Office 

of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3 United States Army,” before the Tactical Air and 

Land Forces Subcommittee Committee on the Armed Services United States House 

of Representatives, on Aviation Industrial Base and Department of Defense Rotorcraft Programs, 4 March 2004. MEDEVAC ATI File, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA. 

35. Ibid.

36. Briefing: MEDEVAC OVERVIEW: AVN TF Implementation Brief 26 March 2004, 

Maj. Jon Fristoe, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, Box 454U.

37. Email to author from Lt. Col. Bill Goforth, 10 March 2008.

38. Point Paper, DASG-HCF, Subject: SRC 08 MEDEVAC Discussion, 11 July 2004, 

MEDEVAC Transformation File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

39. MEDEVAC Charter, 1 May 2004, procured from the MEPD Director, Col. Dave 

MacDonald, Fort Rucker, AL, MEDEVAC ATI File, Office of Medical History, 

Falls Church, VA. 

40. Certificate of Charter SUBJECT: Aeromedical Evacuation, 14 May 2004, MEDEVAC Transformation Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

41. MEMORANDUM FOR ARMY G3, SUBJECT: Request to Retain Unit Designation for Air Ambulance Company, 28 April 2004, Office of Medical History, Falls 

Church, VA, Box 454D.

42. MacDonald, Lt. Col. David L. “Is MEDEVAC Broke,” Army Aviation Magazine, 31 

October 2004, 14.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Forrester, Col. Bill. “MEDEVAC on Track,” Army Aviation Magazine, 31 January 

2005, unk. 

Endnotes lix
lx Call Sign – Dustoff

47. Brady, Maj. Gen. (ret) Patrick. “In Response to MEDEVAC on Track,” Army Aviation Magazine, 31 March 2004, unk.

48. Rogers, Sfc. Reginald. “GSAB Brings New Capabilities to the Combat Aviation 

Brigade,” Army Aviation Magazine, 30 November 2005, 36.

49. Lockard interview; MacDonald interview; Joy interview.

50. DUSTOFF Association Newsletter, Fall/Winter 2003, 6.

51. Total ARMY (Active and Reserve Component) MEDEVAC Sourcing (05-07), Provided by the MEPD, Fort Rucker, AL, MEDEVAC Transformation File, Office of 

Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid.

54. 2003, Current MTOE, data supplied by Lt. Col. Pete Smart, Utility Helicopters Project Office, Redstone Arsenal, AL.

55. Mitchell interview.

56. Fristoe interview; Mitchell interview.

57. Mitchell interview.

58. Ibid. 

59. Ibid.

60. Gower Interview, Maj. Ken Koyle interview, 27 September 2006.

61. Kirkland, Richard G. MASH Angels, Tales of the First Air Evac Helicopters, Professional Press, Chapel Hill, NC, 2004, 274; http://www.lifeteam.net.

62. Message from: Army Operations Center, DTG: 222251Z FEB 05, MAST Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

63. Ibid; Army Regulation 95-1, para 3-12, HQ DA, Washington, DC, 1 September 

1997; Anderson, Lt. Col. Randall G., CONUS Installation Medical Evacuation 

(MEDEVAC) Analysis, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 

Washington, DC, May 2002, unpublished, 10, MEDEVAC Files, Office of Medical 

History, Falls Church, VA.

64. Reap, Lt. Col. Vincent M. “Winged Warriors in Honduras,” Army Aviation, 28 February 2005, 28.

65. “NASA Looks Back at Hurricane Katrina One Year Later,” Science Daily, 28 August 2006; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060828074620.htm 

66. Louisiana National Guard Timeline of Significant Events Hurricane Katrina: Task 

Force Pelican, 7 December 2005, 3; procured from Lt. Col. Al Koenig, First Army 

Historian.

67. http://www.nemaweb.org/?1435 (accessed 20 September 2007).

68. Brunken, S.Sgt., Korey. The US Army Response to Hurricane Katrina (Draft), 20 

June 2007, 10, MEDEVAC Katrina File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, 

VA. 

69. Louisiana National Guard Timeline of Significant Events Hurricane Katrina: Task 

Force Pelican, 7 December 2005, 3.

70. Knabb, Richard D., Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Katrina 23–30 August 2005. 

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf 

71. Barger, Maj. Lewis, Katrina AMEDD Briefing HCO-MH, 13 December 2005, Katrina File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA, Box 181F, slides 108-110. 

(Barger Katrina Briefing)

72. Ibid., slides 110–112. 
Appendix lxi

73. MFR Nomination for the Army Aviation Association of America Award for Air/Sea 

Rescue for 2005, from the 812th Med Co (AA) Louisiana ARNG, 29 October 2005, 

copy received from 1st. Sgt. Greg Patin, MEDEVAC File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

74. Haskell, M. Sgt. Robert. “Army Guard Aviators Ramped Up to Meet Katrina’s Challenges,” Army Aviation, 31 October 2005, 44.

75. Louisiana National Guard Timeline of Significant Events Hurricane Katrina: Task 

Force Pelican, 7 December 2005, 5.

76. Author - Phonecon with Maj. Joseph Brocato, 9 October 2007.

77. Ibid.

78. Louisiana National Guard Timeline of Significant Events Hurricane Katrina: Task 

Force Pelican, 7 December 2005, 5; author - Phonecon with Maj. Joseph Brocato, 9 

October 2007; Brunken, 10–14; Barger Katrina Briefing slide 20.

79. Barger Katrina Briefing, slide 21.

80. McNally, Maj. John, Hurricane Katrina Relief Operations – 498th Medical Company (AA) After Action Report, 23 September 2005, 498th Med Co File, Office of 

Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

81. Ibid.

82. Ibid.

83. Email to author from Capt. Boudreau to author, 11 December 2007.

84. Barger Katrina Briefing, slide 22; email from Capt. Boudreau to author, 11 December 2007.

85. Email to author from S.Sgt. Steve Vacula, Det 1, C/104th Aviation Battalion 

(GSAB), Tennessee ARNG [formerly Det 1, 146th Med Co (AA)], 11 October 2007.

86. “Dustoff Gossip,” Newspaper of the USAAAD at Fort Polk, LA, 15 April 2006.

87. Ibid. 

88. Barger Katrina Briefing, slide 24; Haskell, M. Sgt. Robert, “Army Guard Aviators 

Ramped Up to Meet Katrina’s Challenges,” Army Aviation, 31 October 2005, 44.

89. Phonecon with Lt. Col. Shon Dermody, CW4 Doug Drost, CW3 Richard Burger, 

and Sfc. Darwin Kramer, 1022d Med Co (AA) Wyoming ARNG, 4 October 2007.

90. Phonecon with Sgt. Ken Jarrett, 149th Med Co (AA) medic, 5 October 2007.

91. Barger Katrina Briefing slide 28; Author – phonecon with CW3 Jason Graff, 24th 

Med Co (AA), 5 October 2007.

92. Data supplied by CW4 Michael Knuppel, Flight Operations Officer, 832d Med Co 

(AA), September 2007.

93. Sommers, Larry. “A Determined Rescue,” At Ease Magazine, Wisconsin ARNG, 

undated, received from Lt. Col. Al Koenig, Katrina Historian, First Army Historical 

Office, Fort Gillem, GA. 

94. Emails to author from Maj. Michael Charnley, New York ARNG, 1 August, and 10 

October 2007; email to author from 1st Lt. Andy Thaggard, Command Historian, 

MS, ARNG, 3 October 2007.

95. Email to author from Lt. Col. Paul Frazier, 3 March 2008.

96. Email to author from CW2 Robert Hetrick, 148th Med Co, 29 August 2007, Brennan interview.

97. Barger Katrina Briefing, slide 28; Hosh, Kafia, “D.C. Guard rescues Hurricane Katrina victims,” Belvoir Eagle, 22 September 2005, A1.

98. Briefing: Fifth US Army, 251639CDT September 2005, Hurricane Katrina/Rita File, 

Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA; Phonecon with Sgt. Ken Jarrett, 149th 

Med Co (AA) flight medic, 5 October 2007.

Endnotes lxi
lxii Call Sign – Dustoff

99. Louisiana National Guard Timeline of Significant Events Hurricane Katrina: Task 

Force Pelican, 7 December 2005, 11.

100. “Maine Guard Sends Aviation to Support Hurricane Relief Operations,” http://

www/first.army.mil/pao/2005_Articles/092805 (accessed 17 October 2007). 

101. A Failure of Initiative, Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina, Washington, DC: U.S. 

Government Printing Office, 2006, 217.

102. Louisiana National Guard Timeline of Significant Events Hurricane Katrina: Task 

Force Pelican, 7 December 2005, 5–12; email to author from 1st Sgt. Greg Patin, 

812th Med Co, 24 February 2008.

103. A Failure of Initiative, Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina, 230.

104. Ibid., 201, 202, 217.

105. MacDonald interview.

106. MEPD Current Focus Brief 10 August 2005. MEDEVAC MEPD File, Office of 

Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

Chapter Eleven

Warriors of Compassion

1. Charles Kelly Jr., Remarks at the Inactivation Ceremony for the 57th Med Co, Fort 

Bragg, NC, recorded by author, 26 January 2007.

2. Neel/Bullard interview, 29.

3. MacDonald interview.

4. Ginn, 322.

5. Thresher interview.

6. Smart interview.

7. Neel, Lt. Col. Spurgeon H. “Medical Considerations in Helicopter Evacuation,” 

U.S. Armed Forces Medical Journal, 5(1), February 1954, 220.

8. MacDonald, Lt. Col. David L. The Joint Patient Movement System, A Solution to 

Arrest the Erosion of an Efficient and Effective System, Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War 

College, 2004, 16.

9. Ward, Geoffrey C. The War: an Intimate History 1941–1945, New York, NY: Alfred 

A. Knopf Publishers, 2007, 308.

10. Field Manual 1, June 2005, para 1-62.

11. McKiernan, Lt. Gen. David D. “Letters to the Editor,” Army Times, 28 April 2003, 60.

12. Atkinson, Rick. In the Company of Soldiers, 113.

13. Woodward, Robert. Bush at War, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2002, 209.

14. Casey, Gen. George W. Jr.. “The Strength of the Nation,” Army Magazine, October 

2007, 19.

15. http://www.louise.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view

&id=781&Itemid (accessed 6 March 2008).

16. Geyer, Georgie Anne. “Challenges for new NATO commander,” Washington Times, 

28 September 2002, A12.

17. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Incorporated, 1999.
Appendix lxiii

18. Cook, 36.

19. Barger/Personnel Recovery Team interview.

20. Email to CW2 Gerald McGowen, given to author 2 April 2007.

21. Thomas Johnson, Dinner Remarks, recorded by author, 25 January 2007.

22. Ceremony remarks recorded by author, 26 January 2007.

23. 57th Medical Company (AA) Inactivation Ceremony, 56th Multifunctional Medical 

Battalion, Fort Bragg, NC, 26 January 2007.

24. Charles Kelly, Jr., Inactivation of the 57th Med Co (AA) Fort Bragg, NC, 26 Jan 

2007, remarks recorded by author.

25. Ibid.

Endnotes lxiii
lxiv Call Sign – Dustoff
Appendix lxv

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Appendix lxix

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Hosh, Kafia, “D.C. Guard Rescues Hurricane Katrina Victims,” Belvoir Eagle, 22 September 2005: A1.

Howe, Maj. Robert F., “Soldiers of the 159th Maintain the DUSTOFF Legacy,” U.S. Army 

Medical Department Journal, October–December 2005: 18.

Jablecki, Maj. Joseph S., “AMEDD Aviation Update,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, July 

1988: 6.

Jackson, James O., “West Germany Hellfire from the Heavens,” Time Magazine, 12 September 1988. 

Jacobs, Lt. Col. Bill M., “Winged Warriors in Central America,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, November/December 1993: 34.

Jeffer, Col. Edward K., MC, “The Medical Units of the Army National Guard (ARNG) and 

Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm,” Journal of the US Army Medical Department, March/April 1992: 20.

Kitchens, Dr. John W., “Cargo Helicopters in the Korean Conflict, Part 1 of 2,” U.S. Army 

Aviation Digest, November/December 1952: 38–44.
Appendix lxxi

__________________ “Cargo Helicopters in the Korean Conflict, Part 2 of 2,” U.S. Army 

Aviation Digest, January/February 1953: 34–39. 

Kruse, Lt. Col. William R., “Separate but not Apart,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, September 1985: 38.

Lam, Lt. Col. David M., “From Balloon to Blackhawk, PART I,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, June 1981: 41–48.

____________________ “From Balloon to Blackhawk, PART II,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, July 1981: 44–48.

____________________“From Balloon to Blackhawk, PART III,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, August 1981: 44–48.

____________________ “From Balloon to Blackhawk, PART IV,” U.S. Army Aviation 

Digest, September 1981: 45–48.

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Lawson, Sfc. Rhonda, “Aviators Honored for Sinai Actions,” Army Aviation, February 29, 

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Loeb, Vernon, “Fighting a ‘Battle of Perceptions,’” Washington Post, 10 November 2003: 

A20.

Lumbaca, Capt. Sonise, “Black Hawks Replace Hueys for Sinai Mission,” Army Aviation, 

31 July 2006: 40.

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Maddox, Maj. Gen. Bobby J., “Army Aviation Branch Implementation,” U.S. Army Aviation Digest, August 1983: 2.

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Aviation, 31 December 1999: 18.

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Appendix lxxiii

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Bibliography lxxiii
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the Interagency Study Group, March 1971, Box HCO-FD (AVN).
Appendix lxxv

McNally, Maj. John, Hurricane Katrina Relief Operations – 498th Medical Company (AA) 

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MEDEVAC Files, Box HCO-FD (AVN).

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1983, MEDEVAC File, Notebook AVN BR vs 67J.

Memorandum for the Chief of Staff, Army, Subject: Aviation Branch Composition – Action Memorandum, 13 April 1983, MEDEVAC File, Notebook AVN BR vs 67J.

MEPD Current Focus Brief 10 August 2005. MEDEVAC MEPD File.

Message from: Army Operations Center, DTG: 222251Z FEB 05. MAST Files.

Newsletter – The American Helicopter Society, July 1961, 57th Med Co (AA) File. 

Nomination Package for Mr. Craig Honaman to the DUSTOFF Association Hall of Fame, 

16 April 2007, Box HCO-FD (AVN). 

Operation DESERT STORM – Full Army Medical Capability Not Achieved, GAO/NSIAD-92-175, Government Accounting Office, August 1992. DESERT STORM File.

OIF External After Action Review (AAR) 56th Medical Battalion (Evacuation), 30 June 

2003. MEDEVAC/Battalion File.

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(AVN).

Point Paper, DASG-HCF, Subject: SRC 08 MEDEVAC Discussion, 11 July 2004, MEDEVAC Transformation File. 

Bibliography lxxv
lxxvi Call Sign – Dustoff

Pouncey, Maj. Michael, 498th Med Co (AA) AAR, 10 April 2002, 498th Med Co, MEDEVAC Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

62d Medical Brigade Annual Historical Reports, 1 January 2003 – 31 December 2003 and 

1 January 2004 – 31 December 2004, Fort Lewis, WA, MEDEVAC/54th Med Co 

(AA) File.

Somalia Medical Operations, Ingram, Sandra, Camber Corporation, 9 September 1996, 

Box 185.

Stanley, Capt. James, “50th Medical Company (AA) Detachment AAR for Operation Enduring Freedom,” 13 September 2002. OEF File. 

TF Hawk CAAT Initial Impressions Report (IIR) Final AAR, Chapter 11, Topic C: Evacuation, Box 157. 

TF Medical Falcon Information Paper, 6 October 2000, Box 197.

Transformation Briefing, MEPD, Fort Rucker, AL, undated, MEDEVAC Transformation 

File.

TTP From Task Force Hawk Deep Operations, Vol I, Box 157.

TTP From Task Force Hawk Deep Operations, Vol II, Combat Health Support, Box 157.

U.S. Army Center for Military History, Washington, DC 

Directory and Station List of the United States Army, U11.U58A7; January 1951, July 

1951, January 1952, August 1952, October 1952, June 1953, June 1954, December 1954, 

April 1955, December 1955, April 1956, December 1956, June 1957, December 1957, 

April 1958, October 1958, June 1959, December 1959, April 1969, October 1969, June 

1961, December 1961, June 1962, December 1962, June 1963, December 1963, June 1964, 

December 1964, June 1965, December 1965, June 1966, December 1966, June 1967, December 1967, June 1968, April 1969, December 1969, April 1970, December 1970, October 1971, May 1972, September 1972, September 1973. Force Structure and Unit History 

Branch.

Department of the Army Force Accounting System Active Army Troop List U11.U58A7; 

June 1974, December 1974, June 1975, December 1975, June 1976, March 1977, September 1977, April 1978, October 1978, June 1979, March 1980, December 1980, June 

1981, December 1981, June 1982, December 1982, June 1983, December 1983, June 1984, 

December 1984, June 1985, December 1985, June 1986, December 1986, June 1987, December 1987, June 1988, December 1988, June 1989, June 1990, December 1992, August 

1996, January 1998, July 1999, February 2000, April 2001, February 2002, January 2003. 

Force Structure and Unit History Branch. 
Appendix lxxvii

U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA

Carroll, Col. Dale A., “The Role of the U.S. Army Medical Department in Domestic Disaster Assistance Operations – Lessons Learned from Hurricane Andrew,” U.S. Army 

War College, April 1996.

Gouge, Col. Steven F., “Commanding the 212th MASH in Bosnia,” Personal Experience 

Monogram, U.S. Army War College, 2001.

Griffin, Col. Greg, “Lonestar DUSTOFF in Desert Shield/Storm,” Personal Experience 

Monograph, U.S. Army War College, undated. 

Knisely, Lt. Col. Benjamin M., “Army Medical Department Aviation and Its Relationship 

to the New Army Aviation Branch,” U.S. Army War College, April 1985.

MacDonald, Lt. Col. David L., “The Joint Patient Movement System, A Solution to Arrest 

the Erosion of an Efficient and Effective System, ” U.S. Army War College, April 

2004.

Palmer, Lt. Col. Gerald A., “Army Medical Department Issues from Operation Desert 

Shield,” U.S. Army War College, June 1991.

Peake, Col. James B., “Message to Warfighters: Historical Perspective on Combat Medicine,” U.S. Army War College, 17 March 1988.

Richards, Lt. Col. Donn R., “Medical Trends: An Evaluation of Medical Care Given in 

Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, and Desert Storm,” U.S. Army War College, April 1999.

Schwallie, Lt. Col. Randal A., “Desert DUSTOFF,” Personal Experience Monograph, U.S. 

Army War College, 25 April 2002. 

“USARV Aviation Operational Procedures Guide, 1 June 1970,” MACV Command Historian’s Collection.

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

Annual Historical Review, 1-228th Aviation Battalion, Fort Kobbe, Panama, 1 October 

1988–30 September 1989, Record Group 338, file 870-5c-57/4.

214th Medical Detachment (RG) Presentation to AMEC 27 February 90, Record Group 

334, File 870-5b-6/40aaa.

History, Headquarters 1st Helicopter Ambulance Company, Command Report for June 

1953. Record Group 407, Stack 270, Box 23.

History, Headquarters 1st Helicopter Ambulance Company, Command Report for July, 

1953. Record Group 407, Stack 270, Box 23

Bibliography lxxvii
lxxviii Call Sign – Dustoff

History, Headquarters 8055th MASH, APO 301, 1 October–31 October 1950. NARA, Record Group 407, Stack 270, Box 23.

History, Aeromedical Units, NARA, Record Group 112 Stack 390, 57th Medical Detachment.

History, Headquarters 15th Medical Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division, 1 January–31 December 1968, 10 January 1969. NARA Record Group 112, Stack 390, Aeronautical 

Units, 15th Medical Battalion, Box 1. 

History of JTF-Bravo, NARA, Record Group 338, file 870-5b-6/36.

Wagner, Donald, O., The System of Field Medical Service in Theaters of Operations: Its 

Principles ands the Types of Units Authorized. Unpublished manuscript, September, 

1959. NARA, Record Group 112, Stack 390, Box 287, HU 314.7. 

Tropic Lightening Museum, Schofield Barracks, HI

Task Force 1-25 Aviation SFOR AAR, undated.

The Story of JTF Hawaii, Public Affairs Office, U.S. Army, Pacific, undated.

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 

James A. Zimble Learning Resource Center, Bethesda, MD

Anderson, Capt. Randall G., The Dustoff Report. The Dustoff Association, San Antonio, 

Texas, 1992. USUHS/LRC call # UH503D974.

U. S. Army Aviation Museum Archives, Fort Rucker, AL

“Fact Sheet” Subject: V-22 (Osprey) Program, Purpose: To Inform the CG TRADOC about 

the rationale of the SECDEF and HQDA in their decision to cancel the V-22 Program. 11 May 1989. From Historian, U.S. Army Aviation Center, Fort Rucker, AL.

JOINT TASK FORCE ANDREW AVIATION AFTER ACTION REPORT (TAB R) 

090730ROCT92, File 870.20A.

_____________________________________________________ Enclosure 7 (AVIATION) to Tab J (J3), 071830ROCT92 , File 87020A.

Letter from Maj. Gen. (ret) George Putnam, 4 March 2004, Aviation Branch Implementation File.

MAST: Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic, Book 2 of 2 
Appendix lxxix

Item 1. Sears, Lt. Col. Robert L., “An Air Medical Evacuation System for Highway Accident Victims,” Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, June 1968. Unpublished.

Item 3. Letters, Subject: Review of Proposal for Military Support of Air Medical Evacuation Systems (AMES) to Aid Highway Accident Victims, 20 August 1969. 

Item 5. MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Project MAST, several documents and memoranda.

Item 7. MAST, Military Assistance To Safety and Traffic, Report of Test Program by the 

Intragency Study Group, July–December 1970.

MEMORANDUM for JTF Andrew Aviation, 12 October 1992, File 870.20A.

MSG from HQDA Washington, DC, dtg 132225Z Apr 79, Subject: Commissioned Officer 

Aviation Management, Aviation Branch Implementation File.

Pettyjohn, Lt. Col. Frank S., M.D. Review of the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory Conference on Aeromedical Evacuation, 15–16 January 1974. Fort Rucker, 

AL: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, August 1974. (AD/A-001544)

Army Medical Department Museum Archives, Fort Sam Houston, TX 

Pamphlet. 421st Medical Company, March 1966.

Pamphlet. Dustoff Europe, 421st Med Co, 15th Med Det, 63rd Med Det, 1969.

Army Medical Department Center and School, Fort Sam Houston, TX

MEDICAL SYSTEM PROGRESS REVIEW, Army Medical Department, January 31, 

1989, Academy of Health Sciences, Fort Sam Houston, TX.

MEMORANDUM FOR: Director for Operational Plans and Interoperability, J7 Joint 

Staff, Washington, DC, 29 Jan 1992, SUBJECT: USCINCEUR After Action Report 

on Operation PROVIDE COMFORT, AMEDD C&S MCCS-FD Historical Files, 

Fort Sam Houston, TX.

MEMORANDUM, SUBJECT: Operation JUST CAUSE Lessons Learned Report, Academy of Health Sciences, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 1 June 1990.

White Paper, Health Services Support Futures, Final Draft, Academy of Health Sciences, 

Fort Sam Houston, TX, March 1989.

Historian’s Office, Fort Bragg, NC

XVIII Airborne Corps Annual Historical Review, 2002, History Office.

Bibliography lxxix
lxxx Call Sign – Dustoff

XVIII Airborne Corps Annual Historical Review, 2003, History Office.

XVIII Airborne Corps Annual Historical Summary, 2004, History Office.

Historian’s Office, Fort Campbell, KY

Historical Files of the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile).

Historical Files of the 50th Medical Co (AA).

Historical Files of the 542nd Medical Co (AA).

Historian’s Office, Fort Gillem, GA

Brunken, S.Sgt., Korey, The U.S. Army Response to Hurricane Katrina (Draft), 20 June 

2007, JTF-Katrina History Group (Provisional), First Army. 

Louisiana National Guard Timeline of Significant Events Hurricane Katrina: Task Force 

Pelican, 7 December 2005, from Lt. Col. Al Koenig. 

Interviews

By author:

Col. Dave MacDonald, Fort Rucker, AL, 14 September 2006.

2d Lt. Andrew Russ, Fort Rucker, AL, 24 September 2006.

Capt. Jason Richards, Fort Rucker, AL, 25 September 2006.

Maj. (ret) Peter Webb, Fort Rucker, AL, 26 September 2006.

Maj. Brian Almquist, Fort Rucker, AL, 26 September 2006.

Sfc. Jim Burbach, Fort Rucker, AL, 26 September 2006.

Maj. Ken Koyle, Fort Rucker, AL, 27 September 2006.

S.Sgt. Lee Bucklin, Fort Rucker, AL, 27 September 2006.

Lt. Col. Vinny Carnazza, Fort Rucker, AL, 27 September 2006.

S.Sgt. George Hildebrandt, Fort Rucker, AL, 28 September 2006.

Lt. Col. Greg Gentry, FortMcPherson, GA, 29 September 2006.

Col. (ret) Doug Moore, Arlington, VA, 31 October 2006.

Col. (ret) Jim Truscott, OTSG, Arlington, VA, 5 January 2007. 

1st Lt. Rebecca Joseph, Fort Bragg, NC, 24 January 2007

S.Sgt. Joseph Lemons, Fort Bragg, NC, 25 January 2007.

S.Sgt. Shawn McNabb, Fort Bragg, NC, 25 January 2007.

CW4 Scott Markgraf, Fort Bragg, NC, 25 January 2007.

Maj. Brady Rose, Fort Bragg, NC, 26 January 2007. 

Lt. Col. Art Jackson, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 12 February 2007.

Col. Randy Schwallie, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 12 February 2007.

Capt. Thomas Powell, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 13 February 2007.

Lt. Col. Brad Pecor, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 13 February 2007.

Lt. Col. William LaChance, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 14 February 2007.
Appendix lxxxi

Col. (ret) Randy Maschek, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 15 February 2007.

Maj. Gen. (ret) Patrick Brady, Cibolo, TX, 15 February 2007.

Maj. William “Casey” Clyde, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 16 February 2007.

Col. (ret) Frank Novier, San Antonio, TX, 18 February 2007.

Sfc. Christopher Downey, Fort Hood, TX, 20 February 2007.

CW3 Leroy Thompson, Fort Hood, TX, 20 February 2007.

S.Sgt. Brandon Coughlin, Fort Hood, TX, 20 February 2007.

Lt. Col. Scott Drennon, Fort Hood, TX, 20 February 2007.

M.Sgt. Kevin Gillin, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 21 February 2007.

Col. (ret) Dan Gower, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 21 February 2007.

Brig. Gen. (ret) Jerome Foust, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 21 February 2007.

Lt. Col. (ret) Tommy Mayes, San Antonio, TX, 21 February 2007.

Col. Pat Hastings and Lt. Col. Brian Kueter, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 23 February 2007. 

Cmd. Sgt. Maj. Alfred Rodriguez, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 23 February 2007.

Lt. Col. Pete Smart, Atlanta, GA, 6 March 2007.

Maj. Tanya Peacock, Atlanta, GA, 7 March 2007.

1st Sgt. Tim Barr, Indiana ARNG, Shelbyville, IN, 9 March 2007.

S.Sgt. Derrick Kuhns, Indiana ARNG, Shelbyville, IN, 9 March 2007.

CW2 Scott Osborne, Indiana ARNG, Shelbyville, IN, 9 March 2007.

Sgt. Terry Hansome, Indiana ARNG, Shelbyville, IN, 9 March 2007.

Col. (ret) Pauline Lockard, Chevy Chase, MD, 14 March 2007.

Lt. Col. Bob Mitchell, Carlisle Barracks, PA, 19 March 2007.

Col. (ret) Art Hapner, Fairfax, VA, 23 March 2007. 

Col. (ret) Tom Scofield, Lake Ridge, VA, 30 March 2007.

CW4 Jim Brennan, Georgia ARNG, Atlanta, GA, 1 April 2007.

S.Sgt. Andrew Quen, Fort Campbell, KY, 2 April 2007.

SPC Aaron Tuten, Fort Campbell, KY, 2 April 2007.

CW3 James Van Meter, Fort Campbell, KY, 2 April 2007.

CW2 Gerald McGowen, Fort Campbell, KY, 2 April 2007.

Sgt. Michael Bishop, Fort Campbell, KY, 2 April 2007.

S.Sgt. Thomas Harris, Fort Campbell, KY, 3 April 2007. 

S.Sgt. Will Kosnitch, Fort Campbell, KY, 3 April 2007.

Lt. Col. John Lamoureux, Arlington, VA, 24 May 2007.

CW2 Michael Espinoza, Wiesbaden Airbase, Germany, 4 June 2007.

CW3 Travis Workman, Wiesbaden Airbase, Germany, 4 June 2007.

Sgt. Boyd Smith, Wiesbaden Airbase, Germany, 4 June 2007.

S.Sgt. Luis Ramirez, Wiesbaden Airbase, Germany, 5 June 2007.

Lt. Col. Jon Fristoe, Wiesbaden Airbase, Germany, 5 June 2007.

Maj. Robert Howe, Wiesbaden Airbase, Germany, 5 June 2007.

Sfc. James Gambill, Landstuhl, Germany, 6 June 2007.

S.Sgt. Rusty Borders, Landstuhl, Germany, 6 June 2007.

CW4 Mike Carson, Landstuhl, Germany, 6 June 2007.

Maj. Andrew Risio, Landstuhl, Germany, 6 June 2007.

1st Sgt. Eric Blaine, Landstuhl, Germany, 6 June 2007.

Maj. Anthony Meador, Ketterbach, Germany, 8 June 2007.

CW2 Jason LaCrosse, Ketterbach, Germany, 8 June 2007.

Sfc. James Carwell, Ketterbach, Germany, 8 June 2007.

Sgt. Robert Reavis, Sacramento, CA, 14 July 2007.

Sfc. James Moore, Sacramento, CA, 14 July 2007.

1st Sgt. Gary Volkman, Sacramento, CA, 16 July 2007.

Bibliography lxxxi
lxxxii Call Sign – Dustoff

CW4 Rick Lynn, Sacramento, CA, 16 July 2007.

CW4 Barry Brown, Salem, OR, 18 July 2007.

1st Sgt. Kevin Hoggard, Salem, OR, 18 July 2007.

S.Sgt. Jason Johnson, Salem, OR, 18 July 2007.

Maj. David Strayer, Salem, OR, 18 July 2007. 

Lt. Col. Mathew Brady, Alexandria, VA, 7 August 2007.

Col. (ret) Scott Heintz, by telephone, 16 September 2007.

Lt. Col. (ret) Mike Avila, Arlington, VA, 28 September 2007.

Col. (ret) William Thresher, Lansdowne, VA, 23 October 2007.

Maj. Gen. George Weightman, Fort Meade, MD, 26 November 2007.

Lt. Col. (ret) Van Joy, by telephone, 5 December 2007.

Brig. Gen. (ret) Edward J. Sinclair, by telephone, 5 May 2008.

Other Interviews

Barger, Maj. Lewis, and Greenwood, Dr. John, Interviews with Lt. Gen. James B. Peake, 

The Surgeon General, U.S. Army, 2d through 7th Session, 22 July and 13 August 

2004, Oral History Files, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.

Barger, Maj. Lewis, OIF Oral History File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. 

With:

Maj. James Schwartz, 82d Med Co (AA), 19 May 2003. (Schwartz/Barger)

Capt. Enrique Ortiz, 82d Med Co (AA), 19 May 2003. (Ortiz/Barger)

Several crewmembers of the 82d Med Co (AA), 19 May 2003. (crewmember name/

Barger) 

Personnel Recovery Team, 19 May 2003 (Personnel Recovery Team/Barger)

Maj. John Lamoureux, 50th Med Co (AA), 1 October 2003. (Lamoureux/Barger) 

Ginn, Col. (ret) Richard V., In Their Own Words: The 498th in Iraq 2003, Office of Medical 

History, Army Medical Command, Falls Church, VA, undated. With:

Maj. Greg Gentry (Gentry/Ginn)

Capt. Jeremy McKenzie (McKenzie/Ginn)

Capt. Adrian Salvetti (Salvetti/Ginn)

Capt. Thomas Mallory (Mallory/Ginn)

CW2 Paul Bryant (Bryant/Ginn)

CW2 Al Hill (Hill/Ginn)

CW2 Jason Wright (Wright/Ginn)

S.Sgt. Gregory Givings (Givings/Ginn)

S.Sgt. Bryant Williams (Williams/Ginn)

Spc. Robert Dahlen (Dahlen/Ginn)

Spc. Michael Tilley (Tilley/Ginn)

Glisson, Maj. Robert, interview with Brig. Gen. William Fox, 23 October 2002, OEF Oral 

History File, Box 28, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA.
Appendix lxxxiii

Maj. Gen. (ret) Spurgeon Neel, U.S. Air Force Oral History interview by John Bullard, 3 

March 1977, Brooks AFB, TX. (Neel/Bullard) 

Maj. Gen. (ret) Spurgeon Neel, Senior Officers Oral History Program interview by Lt. Col. 

Anthony Gaudiano, Carlisle Barracks, PA, 1985. (Neel/Gaudiano)

Lt. Col. Judith Robinson, interview with Lt. Col. Bryant Harp, 21 May 2003, OEF Oral 

History File, Office of Medical History, Falls Church, VA. (Harp/Robinson) 

Recorded Remarks by Author

Charley Kelly, Jr., Inactivation of the 57th Med Co (AA) Fort Bragg, NC, 26 January 2007. 

Thomas “Egor” Johnson, Inactivation Dinner of the 57th Med Co (AA) Fort Bragg, NC, 

25 January 2007. 

Public Law

Title 10, U.S.C., Section 2635, Section 814, Public Law 93-155.

Joint Publications

JP 1, Joint Warfare of the US Armed Forces, 11 November 1991.

JP 4-02, Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations, 26 April 1995.

JP 4-02, Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations, 30 July 2001

JP 4-02.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Patient Movement in Joint Operations, 30 December 1996.

U.S. Army Field Circulars, Manuals, 

Pamphlets, Regulations

Air Force Joint Instruction 16-401, Army Regulation 70-50, 1 September 1997.

Army Regulation 95-1, HQ DA, Washington, DC, 1 September 1997.

Army Regulation 500-4, HQ DA, Washington, DC, 15 January 1982.

FC 8-45, Medical Evacuation in the Combat Zone, October 1986.

FM 1, The Army, June 2005.

FM 3.0, Operations, 14 June 2001.

FM 4-02, Force Health Protection in a Global Environment, 13 February 2003.

FM 8-8 / NAVMED P-5047 / AFM 160-20, Medical Support in Joint Operations, 1 June 

1972. 

Bibliography lxxxiii
lxxxiv Call Sign – Dustoff

FM 8-10, Medical Support Theater of Operations, 10 April 1970.

FM 8-10, Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations, October 1978. 

FM 8-10, Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations, 1 March 1991. 

FM 8-10-6, Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, 31 October 1991. 

FM 8-10-6, Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, 14 April 2000.

FM 8-10-26, Employment of the Medical Company (Air Ambulance), 16 February 1999.- 

Change 1, 30 May 2002.

FM 8-15, Medical Support in Divisions, Separate Brigades, and the Armored Cavalry 

Regiment, September 1972.

FM 8-35, Transportation of the Sick and Wounded, December 1970.

FM 8-35, Evacuation of the Sick and Wounded, January 1977.

FM 8-35, Evacuation of the Sick and Wounded, 22 December 1983.

FM 8-55, Army Medical Service Planning Guide, 23 October 1960.

FM 8-55, Planning for Health Service Support, 15 February 1985. 

FM 8-55, Planning for Health Service Support, 9 September 1994. 

FM 100-5 Operations, 20 August 1982.

FM 100-5 Operations, 5 May 1986.

FM 100-5 Operations, 14 June 1993.

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-50, 1 October 1996.

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-72, 1 June 1996.

Newsletters

DUSTOFF Association Newsletter, November, 1995. (DAN)

___________________________________________, June 1996.

___________________________________________, Fall 1996.

___________________________________________, Summer 1997. 

___________________________________________, Fall 1997.

___________________________________________, Spring 1998. 

___________________________________________, Fall 1998. 

___________________________________________, Summer 1999.

___________________________________________, Spring/Summer 2000.

___________________________________________, Fall/Winter 2000.

___________________________________________, Spring/Summer 2001.

___________________________________________, Fall/Winter 2001.

___________________________________________, Spring/Summer 2002. 

___________________________________________, Fall/Winter 2002. 

___________________________________________, Spring/Summer 2003.

___________________________________________, Fall/Winter 2004.

___________________________________________, Spring/Summer 2005. 

___________________________________________, Fall/Winter 2005.

___________________________________________, Spring/Summer 2006.

___________________________________________, Fall/Winter 2006. 
Appendix lxxxv

On-line Research

http://www.lifeteam.net/ (accessed 6 August 2007).

http://www.centenialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/MASH/HE12G7.htm (accessed 14 March 2007).

http://.allexperts.com/e/1983_beirut_barracks_bombing.httm (accessed 19 April 2007). 

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html (accessed 24 May 2007).

http://www.military-medical-technology.com/article.cfm?DocID=481 (accessed 9 May 2007).

http://www.nemaweb.org/?1435 (accessed 20 September 2007).

http://www/first.army.mil/pao/2005_Articles/092805 (accessed 5 November 2007).

http://www.transchool.eustis.army.mil/lic/documents/OCOT_Interviews/klingenhagen.htm 

(accessed 5 November 2007). 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html (accessed 19 December 

2007).

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf (accessed 18 September 2008).

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060828074620.htm (accessed 18 September 

2008). 

Unpublished Documents

Dustoff Follies Notebook, unpublished, in six volumes and still being used, Hohenfels 

Dustoff Alert Facility, Germany. 

Heintz, Maj. David S., Operations Desert Shield and Storm After Action Review, Delta 

Company, 326 Medical Battalion “Eagle Dustoff,” 15 March 1991. Procured from 

author.

Howard, Maj. William, “History of the 50th Medical Company (AA),” undated. Procured 

from author.

Moore, Lt. Col. Douglas, “Air Ambulance Support for the Combat Division,” Fort Leavenworth, KS: Command and General Staff College, June 1974. Procured from author.

Moore, Douglas E., Col. (ret), “The Mount Saint Helens Search and Rescue Effort May 

18-29, 1980,” procured from author.

Pamphlet Task Force Eagle Disestablishment Ceremony, 24 November 2004, courtesy of 

Charlie Company, 2d Battalion, 238th Aviation Regiment, Indiana ARNG.

Bibliography lxxxv
lxxxvi Call Sign – Dustoff

57th Medical Company (AA) Inactivation Ceremony, 56th Multifunctional Medical Battalion (P), Fort Bragg, NC, 24 January 2007. Procured from Lt. Col. Scott Putzier.

Unit History, Capt. Jason Hauk, Commander, USAAAD Honduras, undated. Emailed to 

author, 19 April 2007.
Appendixlxxxvii

Index

A

Abrams, Gen. Creighton

reorganization of the Army, 225

tribute to MEDEVAC units, 54

views on the use of the Reserve Component in the Vietnam War, 67

Abrams, Gen. John, Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 231

Afghanistan, Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 245–252

Agosta, Lt. Col. Rick, career and MEDEVAC role, 194

AH-64 Apache helicopters

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 149

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 247, 251

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 258, 275

Task Force Hawk and, 213–214

upgrades to, 121

AH-1 Cobra helicopters, MAST duties and, 300

Aideed, Muhammed, ambush of United Nations troops and, 183–184

“Air Ambulance Support for the Combat Division” (Moore), 63

Air Florida crash, rescue efforts after, 99

AirLand Battle concept

description, 79

doctrinal crystallization of, 117–120, 173, 225

MEDEVAC support for, 104, 105

Medical Force 2000 and, 141

reorganization of the air ambulance MEDEVAC assets and, 117–120, 124

UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter support for, 85

Al Qaeda, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 245–252

Albania

Operation SHINING HOPE and, 215

operations in, 211–215

Alison, Col. John, Project 9 role, 7–8
lxxxviii Call Sign – Dustoff

AMEDD. See Army Medical Department

Amos, Maj. Gen. James, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 266

AMS. See Army Medical Service

Anderson, Lt. Col. Randall

MEDEVAC role, 105

MEDEVAC study, 307

Anderson, 1st Lt. Karen, first female MEDEVAC pilot, 65

Armstrong, Maj. Gen. Harry G., endorsement of helicopters for medical evacuation use, 

14

Army After Next concept, description, 197

Army Aviation Task Force Study Report, description and recommendations, 313

Army Center for Lessons Learned, tactical view of medical evacuations, 134–135

Army Medical Department

Aviation Branch proposal and, 102

Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 230–232

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 313–314, 317

doctrinal manual update, 51–52

Medical Force 2000 and, 141, 210–211

Medical Reengineering Initiative, 179

proposed training of medical officers as pilots, 17

role in developing and maintaining combat power, 173

UH-60Q aircraft procurement for MEDEVAC use and, 233

Army Medical Service

review and study of aeromedical evacuation, 29–30

updated TO&Es for MEDEVAC units, 52–53

Army Medical Service Planning Guide, October 1960 (FM 8-55), 31

Army of the Republic of Vietnam

lack of MEDEVAC capability, 37

transport helicopters for, 32

ARNG. See U.S. Army National Guard

ARVN. See Army of the Republic of Vietnam

Atkins, Maj. Garry, force realignment and, 179

Atkinson, Dr. Charles, MAST project and, 68–69

Atkinson, Rick, comments on the value of MEDEVAC, 346

Austin, Lt. Gen. Lloyd J., III, inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 348

Autogiros, uses in casualty evacuation, 6

Avery, Capt. Justin

comments on the value of MEDEVAC, 347

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 275–276, 278

AVI. See Aviation Transformation Initiative

Aviation Restructuring Initiative, MEDEVAC issues, 230–232

Aviation Section

activation of, 17

post-Korean War efforts on behalf of the MEDEVAC force, 25

Aviation Transformation Initiative. See also Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate

Army Aviation Task Force Study Report, 313

background, 303–304

decision on, 313–314

implementation phase, 314–318

MAST program and, 327–328
Appendix lxxxix

personal perspectives on, 324–326

post-decision debate, 318–322

post-transformation MEDEVAC units, planned, xix–xx

process, 305–312

realignment of 25-ship companies and six-ship companies into 15-ship companies 

and, 178–179, 309–310

Task Force Aviation and, 305–318

Task Force Modularity and, 305

unit inactivations, 326–327

unit transformation plans, 322–324

Avila, Maj. Michael

Operation DESERT STORM and, 158

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 237–238, 240

Task Force Falcon and, 216

Task Force Hawk and, 213, 215

B

Bailey, Maj. Sean, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 265

Bailey, Maj. Tom, career and MEDEVAC role, 194

Balkans conflict. See 1992-ongoing: the Balkans; specific countries

Barnett, CW3, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 270

Barrios de Chamorro, Honduran Pres. Violeta, 133

Becker, Brig. Gen. Quinn H., mentoring of Pauline Lockard, 85–86

Beebe, 1st Lt. Hugh, rescue of downed airmen, 26

Bell Helicopter Corporation, design competition for utility and MEDEVAC helicopter 

and, 26–27

Bellamy, Lt. Col. Maureen, Hurricane Katrina and, 338

Berlin crisis, background and resolution of, 31–32

bin Laden, Osama, al Qaeda and, 245–246

Bitterman, Maj. Dave, career and MEDEVAC role, 195

Blair, Spc. Chad, rescue of, 203

Blake, 1st Lt. William, Korean War role, 18

Blakely, Col. Frank, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 241

Blanck, Lt. Gen. Ron, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 292

Bliss, Maj. Gen. Raymond W., Korean War role, 14

Bloomquist, Capt. Paul

death of, 54

57th Medical Detachment leadership role, 38

Blunt, Lt. Col. James, proposal for the formation of a provisional Medical Company, 40

Boeing Aircraft, V-22 aircraft design, 120

Boies, Maj. Marc, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 300

Bolint, Maj. Steve, MAST mission, 222–223

Bordelon, S.Sgt. Eugene, Hurricane Katrina and, 332

Borowski, 1st Lt. Anthony, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 261

Bosnia-Herzegovina

independence of, 200, 201

operations in, 205–210

two political “entities” for, 201

Boudreau, Capt. Cory

Index lxxxix
xc Call Sign – Dustoff

Hurricane Katrina and, 335

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 263

Boyd, 1st Lt. Vicki, death of, 145–146

Brady, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Patrick

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 310, 321

Medal of Honor award, 46, 55

MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 344

mentoring of Thresher, 127–128

Reserve Component views, 82

326th Medical Battalion leadership, 63

Vietnam War role, 44, 56

Brady, Maj. Mathew

career and MEDEVAC role, 207–208, 251–252

Operation ANACONDA and, 251–252

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 240

Brennan, CW4 Jim

Hurricane Katrina and, 338

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 300

Brocato, Maj. Matt, Hurricane Katrina and, 332–333

Brown, 1st Lt. James, World War II medical evacuation role, 9–10

Bruckart, Lt. Col. James, Task Force Falcon and, 217

Buker, Maj. Gen. Robert, Aviation Branch proposal and, 102

Bush, Pres. George H.W.

call up of Reserve Components to support Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation 

DESERT STORM, and Operation DESERT SABRE, 140

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 171

mission objective for Operation DESERT SHIELD, 140

Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama and, 129

Operation PROVIDE RELIEF and, 181

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 181

Bush, Pres. George W.

“Bush Doctrine,” 242–243

Hurricane Katrina and, 332

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 245

removal of Saddam Hussein and, 253–254

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 237, 242–243

ultimatum to Saddam Hussein and his sons, 257

visit to Kosovo, 220

Byrnes, Gen. Kevin, Task Force Modularity and, 305

C

C-47 aircraft

Korean War role, 12

World War II role, 7–8

Camp David Peace Accords

enforcement of the ceasefire, 236–237

signing of, 99

Carle, 2d Lt. Louis, World War II medical evacuation role, 9–10
Appendix xci

Carnazza, Capt. Vinny

Operation DESERT SHIELD role, 145, 151–153

Operation JUST CAUSE and, 130–132, 133

Carter, Pres. Jimmy

Camp David Peace Accords and, 99

Mount St. Helens eruption disaster relief mission and, 89

seizure of U.S. hostages by Iran and, 114

Casey, Gen. George

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 318

comments on the value of MEDEVAC, 346

Caudill, Sgt. Frank, Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 248

Central America. See also specific countries

Joint Task Force Bravo role, 116, 328

U.S. support for friendly nations, 93

Central Intelligence Agency, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 257

CFLCC. See Combined Forces Land Component Command

CH-46 aircraft, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 267, 270

CH-47 aircraft

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 322

MEDEVAC role, 263

upgrades to, 121

CH-53 helicopters, crash in Korea, 127

Chase, 2d Lt. Jasmine, history of the 112th Medical Company, xxi–xxiii

Cheney, Secretary of Defense Dick, military reductions in force and, 176

CHS. See Combat health support system

Clark, Lt. Gen. Robert, Hurricane Rita and, 338

Clinton, Pres. Bill

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 184

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189, 191

Clyde, Capt. Casey, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 265–273

Cochran, Col. Philip, Project 9 role, 7–8

Cody, Lt. Gen. Richard A.

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 306, 310, 311, 317

procurement of HH-60L helicopters for MEDEVAC use and, 233

Task Force Falcon and, 213

Coffman, CW2 Ezekial, Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 248

Collins, Colin, Air Evac Lifeteam and, 327

Colombia, humanitarian relief mission, 116

Combat health support system, description and role, 204, 223–225

Combat Maneuver Training Center, description and activities, 90–91

Combined Forces Land Component Command, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 

254–255, 260. See also specific units and commanders

Communications issues, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, 263–264, 267, 276–277, 281, 

283, 286, 290

Connelly, Maj. Mark, death of, 160

Conway, Lt. Gen. James T., Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255

Cook, Lt. Col. (ret.) John, comments on Vietnam War helicopter use, 35–36

Cowdry, Albert, critique of MEDEVAC in Korea, 22

Cowgill, 1st Lt. Robert, World War II medical evacuation role, 9–10

Index xci
xcii Call Sign – Dustoff

Crest, Pfc. Claude C., Jr., rescue of, 12

Croatia

elections in, 199

local militia formation, 200

Crook, Lt. Col. Ken

command of the 421st Medical Battalion, 203

MAST missions and, 110–111

Crosby, Maj. Leonard, Aviation Section leadership, 17

Curtis Eagle aircraft, modifications for carrying casualties, 6

Cypert, Spc. Courtney, rescue mission, 203

Czerwinski, Spc. Donarita, MAST missions and, 74

D

Dahlen, Spc. Robert, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 272

D’Araujo, Maj. Gen. John, Jr., reduction in forces and, 176–177

David, 1st Lt. Neal, Operation DESERT STORM and, 158

Dawn, Capt. Sashai, death of, 145–146

DePuy, Gen. William E.

doctrinal changes and, 78–79

MAST project and, 69

Determan, CW2 Doug, Hurricane Katrina and, 337

Deuberry, S.Sgt. Patrick, Hurricane Katrina and, 337

DH-4 aircraft, modifications for carrying casualties, 5

Dire, Col. Dan, command of the 5th Medical Group, 210

Disaster relief missions

Air Florida crash, 99

“Blizzard of the Century” rescue efforts, 179–180

disaster on the Green Ramp, Fort Bragg, 188–189

eruption of Mt. Saint Helens, 86–90

Hurricane Andrew, 171–173

Hurricane Iniki, 173

Hurricane Katrina, 328–338

Hurricane Mitch, 211

Hurricane Rita, 338–339

Doctrinal manuals. See also specific manuals and publications

AirLand Battle concept, 79, 173

changes and additions for 1973-1980, 78–81

changes and additions for 1981-1990, 97–99, 117–120, 135–136

changes and additions for 1992-1995, 173–175, 185–188

changes and additions for 1992-2000, 204–205, 223–225

changes and additions for the Vietnam War period, 51–53

changes and additions for 2001-2003, 233–236

combat health support system and, 204, 223–224

force health protection, 234, 235–236

Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations, April 1995 (Joint Publication 

4-02), 187–188

Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations, July 2001 (Joint Publication 

4-02), 234

DOD. See U.S. Department of Defense
Appendix xciii

Dominican Republic, civil unrest in, 38

Donaldson, CW2 P.A., death of, 153

DOT. See U.S. Department of Transportation

Dovell, Col. Chauncey E., Eighth Army Chief Surgeon role, 12–14, 343

Drennon, Maj. Scott

career and MEDEVAC role, 283–284

command of the 214th Medical Detachment, 211

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 152

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 284–288

Driggers, CW2 Huey, MEDEVAC role, 110

Dunnavant, Capt. John, MAST mission and, 82

Dustoff Association, formation of, 92

Dustoff Follies Notebook, 115

E

Eads, CW2 Jerry, Hurricane Katrina, 336

Echelons Above Corps. See also specific units

Operation DESERT STORM and, 162–164

units assigned to for Operation DESERT SHIELD, 141, 147–148

Egypt

Operation BRIGHT STAR and, 112–113, 135

Sinai Peninsula mission, 99, 236–237

Eichel, Capt. Scott, MAST mission, 222–223

832d Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 206

Hurricane Katrina and, 337

Hurricane Rita and, 339

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299–300

872d Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT STORM and, 163

XVIII Airborne Corps

Joint Task Force Andrew disaster relief mission, 172

Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation DESERT STORM, and Operation DESERT 

SABRE and, 140, 148–149, 150–158

Operation JUST CAUSE and, 129

Eighth Army. See also specific units and leaders

format for MEDEVAC requests, 19–20

helicopter detachment designation changes, 16

Korean War role, 12, 19

8th Field Hospital, arrival in Vietnam, 32–33

812th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 206

Hurricane Katrina and, 331, 332

Hurricane Rita and, 339

MAST duties, 289

Operation DESERT STORM and, 162

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299

8055th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Korean War role, 12, 13

8056th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Korean War role, 12

Index xciii
xciv Call Sign – Dustoff

8076th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Korean War role, 15

82d Airborne Division

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 153

Operation URGENT FURY and, 114

82d Medical Company

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262, 263, 273–279, 297–298, 309

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 183–184

82d Medical Detachment

activation of, 26

designation of “the originals,” 39

MAST missions, 73

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 153

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 145

Vietnam War role, 39, 54

86th Evacuation Hospital

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 181–184

86th Medical Company, Balkans conflict and, 210

El Salvador

civil unrest in, 91–92, 93

terrain, 93

U.S. government sanctions against, 93

Elder, Capt. Dustin, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 261, 279

Ellenberger, Maj. Richard, career and MEDEVAC role, 143

EMAC. See Emergency Management Assistance Compact

Emergency Management Assistance Compact, Hurricane Katrina and, 330, 333, 337

Employment of the Medical Company (Air Ambulance), February 1999 (FM 8-10-26), 

223–224

Employment of the Medical Company (Air Ambulance), May 2002 (FM 8-10-26), 235

Estrada, Sgt. David, rescue mission, 219

Europe. See also specific countries

challenges of MEDEVAC flying in, 77–78

concepts of FC 8-45 and, 122

consolidation of MEDEVAC units, 47–48

Dustoff Europe activities, 115

locations of MEDEVAC units in, 1953-2005 (map), 118

Partnership for Peace program, 193–194

Warsaw Pact country threat to, 78–79, 91

European Union, Operation ALTHEA and, 210

Evacuation of the Sick and Wounded, December 1983 (FM 8-35), 98

Evacuation of the Sick and Wounded, January 1977 (FM 8-35), 79–80

Exxon Valdez disaster, MEDEVAC role, 135

F

F-16 aircraft, crash at Fort Bragg, 188–189

Far East Air Forces, Korean War role, 12, 13–14

Farmer, Maj. Gen. Kenneth, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 311

FARPs. See Forward arming and refueling points
Appendix xcv

Faulk, Capt. Ryan, Hurricane Katrina rescue missions, 332

FCs. See Field Circulars

FEAF. See Far East Air Forces

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, establishment of, 199

FHP. See Force health protection

Field Circular 8-45: Medical Evacuation in the Combat Zone, October 1986, 117–120, 

122, 124, 135

Field Manual 3.0: Operations, June 2001, 233–234

Field Manual 4-02: Force Health Protection in a Global Environment, February 2003,

235–236

Field Manual 8-10: Health Service in a Theater of Operations, October 1978, 80–81

Field Manual 8-10: Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations, March 1991, 173

Field Manual 8-10: Medical Support Theater of Operations, April 1970, 51–52

Field Manual 8-35: Evacuation of the Sick and Wounded, December 1983, 98

Field Manual 8-35: Evacuation of the Sick and Wounded, January 1977, 79–80

Field Manual 8-35: Transportation of the Sick and Wounded, 1970, 52

Field Manual 8-55: Army Medical Service Planning Guide, October 1960, 31

Field Manual 8-55: Planning for Health Service Support, February 1985, 98–99

Field Manual 8-55: Planning for Health Service Support, September 1994, 186–187

Field Manual 100-5: Operations, August 1982, 97–98

Field Manual 100-5: Operations, July 1976, 78–79, 90

Field Manual 100-5: Operations, June 1993, 185–186

Field Manual 8-10-6: Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, April 2000, 224–225

Field Manual 8-10-6: Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, October 1991, 174–175

Field Manual 8-10-26: Employment of the Medical Company (Air Ambulance), February 

1999, 223–224

Field Manual 8-10-26: Employment of the Medical Company (Air Ambulance), May 

2002, 235

15th Medical Detachment

Berlin crisis and, 31–32

deployment to Europe, 47–48

Dustoff Europe activities, 115

role in Germany, 76

52d Medical Battalion

deployment to Korea, 194–195

MEPAO and, 105

52d Medical Detachment

movement out of Korea, 26

reactivation of in Germany, 27

53d Medical Detachment

activation of, 16

proposed training of medical officers as pilots, 17

56th Medical Battalion

Balkans conflict and, 206

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141, 150–158

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 295, 297–298, 309

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189

50th Medical Company

Index xcv
xcvi Call Sign – Dustoff

Balkans conflict and, 219–220

Operation ANACONDA and, 247

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 247–248

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 256, 263, 274–275, 288–292, 298, 309

redesignation of the 326th Medical Battalion as, 179

reorganization of, 309

54th Medical Company

MAST duties, 300

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 296–297, 299–300, 309

57th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 208–209

F-16 aircraft crash at Fort Bragg and, 188–189

inactivation of, 347–351

MacDonald’s leadership of, 192

MAST missions, 192

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 248

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 294–296, 298–299, 309

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189

50th Medical Detachment, Vietnam War role, 44, 48

54th Medical Detachment

Dominican Republic civil unrest and, 38

MAST missions, 70, 71, 74, 193

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178

Mount St. Helens eruption disaster relief mission, 86–90

Vietnam War role, 44

56th Medical Detachment

movement to Japan, 25

re-equipment of with UH-1s, 28

William J. Kossler Award for rescue operations in Chile, 28

57th Medical Detachment

activation of, 16

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 172

MAST missions, 73, 110–111

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178–179

mission statement for, 37

Operation BRIGHT STAR and, 112–113, 143

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 153

Operation JUST CAUSE and, 130

Operation URGENT FURY and, 114–115

post-Korean War support role, 27

re-equipment of with UH-1s, 28

rivalry with the 82d, 26

Vietnam War role, 33, 35, 36–37, 39–41, 53–54

William J. Kossler Award for rescue operations in Chile, 28

58th Medical Detachment

activation of, 16

inactivation of, 26

55th Medical Group, Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 172

Firehawk aircraft, MAST missions and, 193
Appendix xcvii

Fischer, Lt. Col. Carl, debate over MEDEVAC unit mission and, 36

Fishburn, Capt. John, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 241

542d Medical Company, formation of, 194

502d Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Balkans conflict and, 200

5502d U.S. Army Hospital, Balkans conflict and, 210

571st Medical Company, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262, 292–294, 298–299, 309

571st Medical Detachment

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178, 179

self-deployment to Honduras, 142

Vietnam War role, 43, 53–54

507th Medical Company

inactivation ceremony, 326–327

MAST missions, 70–71, 74, 75, 107–110, 164

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 145, 159–160

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262, 274–275, 277–278, 283–288, 297–298, 309

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 240

training for MEDEVAC crews and, 40, 47

507th Medical Detachment, Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178

587th Medical Detachment, transfer of wounded from Vietnam to Japan and, 41

V Corps. See also specific units and leaders

exercise in Poland, 279

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255, 256–257, 263–264, 273, 279–281, 296–297

Fix, 1st Lt. Greg, Operation DESERT STORM and, 158

Fixed-wing aircraft. See also specific types and designations

medical evacuation role, 5, 7–9, 12

Flint, Capt. Glen, crash rescue mission, 76

FMs. See Field Manuals

Force health protection

application in classic offensive and defensive operations, stability operations, and support operations, 236

focus on, 235–236

three pillars, 234

updates to Joint Publication 4-02, 234

Force Health Protection in a Global Environment, February 2003 (FM 4-02), 235–236

Force XXI

Army After Next and, 197

description, 171

Louisiana Maneuvers and, 171

Forrestal, Secretary of Defense James V., realignment of U.S. military forces and, 10

Forrester, Col. Bill

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 320–321

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 289

Fort Bragg, NC, disaster on the Green Ramp, 188–189

42d Field Hospital, Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 183

49th Armored Division, Balkans conflict and, 208

44th Medical Brigade

F-16 aircraft crash at Fort Bragg and, 188–189

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 172

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141, 150–158

Index xcvii
xcviii Call Sign – Dustoff

Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama and, 129–130

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189

Vietnam War role, 40, 46–47, 55

44th Medical Company, Balkans conflict and, 206

45th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 206, 217–219, 220–221

Berlin crisis and, 31–32

formation of, 28

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 164

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 142–143

Operation DESERT STORM and, 163–164

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 183

self-deployment of to Saudi Arabia, 143–144, 163

Vietnam War role, 43

47th Medical Detachment, activation of, 25

Forward arming and refueling points

Operation ANACONDA and, 247

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 290–291

Forward Support MEDEVAC Teams

Operation ANACONDA and, 247, 251

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 248

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 261, 263, 268–270, 278, 279, 288, 289–290, 294

Foster, CW2 C.D., Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 286

423d Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

421st Medical Battalion

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262, 279, 292, 293

reorganization of the 421st Medical Company as, 122

421st Medical Company

Berlin crisis and, 31–32

Dustoff Europe activities, 115

reorganization of, 122

role in Germany, 76, 78

421st Medical Detachment, REFORGER exercises and, 115

431st Medical Detachment

MAST missions, 74, 91

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 144–145, 157

4th Aviation Regiment, Hurricane Katrina and, 334–335

4th Infantry Division

Charlie Company of the 2d/4th, formation of under the Aviation Transformation 

Initiative, 322

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 293–294, 296–297, 298

436th Medical Company, Vietnam War role, 41–42

498th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 206, 209

Exxon Valdez disaster and, 135

Hurricane Katrina and, 334

Hurricane Rita and, 338

MAST missions, 73, 110
Appendix xcix

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 151–152

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 145, 151

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 265–273

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189

Vietnam War role, 40, 53

400th Medical Detachment, Air Florida crash rescue effort, 99

412th Medical Detachment

MAST missions and, 91

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

498th Medical Detachment, formation and equipment of, 38

Foust, Brig. Gen. Jerome (Jerry)

after-action reports and lessons learned from Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM, 169

comments on women recruits, 64

deployment to Europe, 47–48

MAST missions and, 73–74, 82

MEDEVAC risk assessment issues and, 344

mentoring of young officers, 97

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama and, 129–130

post-war career, 53

training of medics and, 97

UH-60 helicopter and, 96, 180

UH-60Q helicopter and, 180

Vietnam War role, 44, 53, 56

Fowler, 1st Lt. Joseph, Korean War role, 15

France, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 149–150

Franks, Gen. Tommy

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 245

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 254, 257

Task Force Horse and, 256

Frazier, Lt. Col. Paul, Hurricane Katrina and, 337–338

Freeman, CW3 Tyron, MAST mission, 222–223

Friedman, Milton, comments on the standing army, 60

Fristoe, Lt. Col. Jon

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 307–308, 310–312, 316

Balkans conflict and, 219

career and MEDEVAC role, 145, 157

FSMTs. See Forward Support MEDEVAC Teams

G

Gagliano, Col. Donald, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 297

GAO. See General Accounting Office

General Accounting Office, effectiveness study of the medical force deployed to the 

Persian Gulf, 169–171

General Framework Agreement for Peace, signing of, 201

General Support Aviation Battalions

Index xcix
c Call Sign – Dustoff

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 309, 310, 312, 315, 316, 321–322

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 292, 294

Gentry, Lt. Col. Greg

Balkans conflict and, 209

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 265–273

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189–190

Gerber, Col. Fred, support for MacDonald, 192

Germany

Berlin crisis, 31–32

challenges of MEDEVAC flying in, 76–78

fall of the Berlin Wall, 136

Ramstein Air Base disaster, 122–123

terrorist bombing of V Corps’ officers’ club, 54

Givings, S.Sgt. Greg, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 271–272

Goforth, Maj. Bill, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 306–307, 316–317

Gold Book, 164–165, 340

Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, 185, 187, 254

Golson, Col. Ellis, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 306

Gomez, S.Sgt. Felix, Balkans conflict and, 218

Gosman, Capt. George H.R., development of aircraft modified to carry casualties, 5

Gower, Capt. Dan

correction of deficiencies in the 507th Medical Company, 107–110

MAST missions and, 74, 107–110

Graybeal, 1st Lt. Daniel, death of, 160

Green, 2d Lt. Harold, World War II medical evacuation role, 9–10

Grenada, Operation URGENT FURY and, 113–115

Griffin, Maj. Greg, Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM role, 

145, 159–160

H

H-5 helicopters

Korean War role, 12–14

tests of, 10

H-13 helicopters

Korean War role, 13, 17–18, 20

limitations of, 17–18, 25

H-19 helicopters

Korean War role, 20

Vietnam War role, 43

H-21 helicopters, Vietnam War role, 37

H-23 helicopters, Korean War role, 17

Hackworth, CW3 Mike, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 282

Haiti, Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189–191

Hamner, Capt. Louis, Korean War role, 15–16

Hamrick, Brig. Gen. William, advice to Moore, 45

Hapner, Lt. Col. Art

career and MEDEVAC role, 53, 66, 94, 112–113, 122

mentoring of female soldiers, 94
Appendix ci

Operation BRIGHT STAR and, 112–113, 143

Operation URGENT FURY and, 114–115

Harmon, 1st Lt. Carter, Project 9 role, 8

Harp, Lt. Col. Bryant

career and MEDEVAC role, 110, 262

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262–264, 281–282, 297, 298–299

Harrington, 1st Lt. Jan, MEDEVAC role, 106

Hartmann, S.Sgt. Eric, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 282–283

Hartnett, Maj. Tim, rescue mission, 203

Hatfield, Sen. Mark, comments on the MAST program, 193

Hauge, Maj. E.T., recommendation for helicopter use, 10

Haverkorn, Sp5 Tom, MAST missions and, 74

Hawaii, Hurricane Iniki and, 173

Health Service in a Theater of Operations, October 1978 (FM-8-10), 80–81

Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations, March 1991 (FM 8-10), 173

Heath, 1st Lt. Charles, rescue of downed airmen, 26

Heine, WO1 Kerry, death of, 160

Heintz, Col. Scott

Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 231–232

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 310

career and MEDEVAC role, 84, 110, 122, 142, 164–165, 231–232, 284

co-author of lessons learned and tactics, techniques, and procedures, 164–165

command of the 52d Medical Battalion, 194–195

design of a field competitive training exercise, 195

Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate and, 303–304

mentoring role, 124–125

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM role, 142, 158, 164

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 251

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 238–239

Heithier, 1st Lt. Florian, Hurricane Katrina and, 338

Helicopters. See also specific types and designations

advantages of, 18–19

Blue Force Trackers for, 263

comparison of units, 44–45

design competition for utility and MEDEVAC helicopter, 25–27

development of, 5, 6–7

“Dustoff” radio call sign, 37, 104, 158

fleet commonality for, 25

hoists for jungle rescues, 42–43

Korean War role, 12–23, 25

light helicopters, 121

limitations of, 17–18, 25, 344

medical helicopter detachment formation, mission, and activation, 15

Neel’s detailed lessons learned for MEDEVAC operations in Korea, 21–22

red crosses on, 35, 37–38

Vietnam War role, 33–56

warrant officer pilots, 39

World War II use, 6–7, 8–10

Hendrix, Lt. Gen. John W., Task Force Hawk and, 213

Index ci
cii Call Sign – Dustoff

HH-60L helicopters

Hurricane Katrina and, 334–335

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 284

redesignation of UH-60Q helicopters as, 233

Hightower, Lt. Col. Charles, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299

Highway Safety Act, 69

Hildebrandt, Sgt. George, Operation ANACONDA and, 247

Historical background

Aviation Transformation Initiative, 303–304

Balkans conflict, 199–200

Berlin crisis, 31–32

Dominican Republic civil unrest, 38

early efforts, 5–6

Hussein’s attacks on the Kurds, 167

Korean War, 12–23

MEDEVAC unit mission debate, 36, 343–351

military coup in Panama, 128–129

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM, 139–140

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, 245

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, 252–254

post-World War II, 10

typical history of an ARNG MEDEVAC unit, xxi–xxiii

Vietnam War, 32

World War II, 6–10

Holiday, Lt. Col. Chris, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 239

Honaman, Craig, MBB Golden Hour Award and Distinguished Flying Cross, 112

Honduras

Joint Task Force Bravo role, 142, 328

Operation AHUAS TARA II, 96

Honore, Lt. Gen. Russell, Hurricane Katrina and, 330, 332, 333–334

Houston, Capt. Brian, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 261

Huey. See UH-1 helicopters

Hurricane Andrew, disaster relief mission, 171–173

Hurricane Iniki, disaster relief mission, 173

Hurricane Katrina

background, 328–332

MEDEVAC units and, 334–338, 339–340

military unit response to, 332–334, 339–340

Task Force Eagle and, 332–333, 336, 337–338, 339

Hurricane Mitch, disaster relief mission, 211

Hurricane Rita, MEDEVAC response, 338–339

Hyer, WO Jason, Balkans conflict and, 220

I

Iacovetta, Lt. Col. Glen, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 322

Ideus, Col. Eldon

FC 8-45 and, 117

MAST missions, 84
Appendix ciii

MEPAO and, 105

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

IEDs. See Improvised explosive devices

IFOR. See Implementation Force, Bosnia

Implementation Force, Bosnia, Balkans conflict and, 201–203, 205

Improvised explosive devices, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 259

Ippolito, Maj. Anastasia, career and MEDEVAC role, 195

Iran, seizure of U.S. hostages, 91, 114

Iraq. See Operation DESERT SABRE; Operation DESERT SHIELD; Operation DESERT 

STORM; Operation IRAQI FREEDOM

Iroquois. See UH-1 helicopters

Italy, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 259

J

Jackson, Lt. Col. Art

career and MEDEVAC role, 279

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 279–283

Jackson, Maj. Morris, career and MEDEVAC role, 96

Jacob, S.Sgt. David, Hurricane Katrina rescue missions and, 332

Jenson, Lt. Col. Garrett, Hurricane Katrina and, 336

Johnson, Pres. Lyndon B., Dominican Republic civil unrest and, 38

Johnson, Tom “Egor,” address at the inactivation ceremony for the 57th Medical Company, 348

Johnston, Maj. John, Balkans conflict role, 210

Joint Publication 4-02: Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations, April 

1995, 187–188

Joint Publication 4-02: Doctrine for Health Service Support in Joint Operations, July 

2001, 234

Joint Publication 4-02.2: Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Patient Movement 

in Joint Operations, December 1996, 205

Joint Readiness Training Center, description and activities, 90–91

Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Patient Movement in Joint Operations, 

December 1996 (Joint Publication 4-02.2), 205

Joint Task Force Bravo

role in Honduras, 142, 328

role in Panama, 116

Jones, Gen. James, “social contract” between the military and its troops, 347

Jordan, Operation NIGHTHAWK and, 135

Joseph, 1st Lt. Rebecca, inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 348

Joy, Maj. Van

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 306, 308–309, 322

career of, 304

Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate and, 303–304

views on the assignment of MEDEVAC units to aviation brigades, 175

JVX aircraft, debate over, 120–121

Index ciii
civ Call Sign – Dustoff

K

Karzai, Hamid, election as President of Afghanistan, 246

Kazan, Rep. Abraham, support for MAST missions, 72, 75

Keane, Gen. Jack, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 314–315

Keeling, Col. Barry, Hurricane Katrina and, 329–330, 331

Keiser, Maj. Gen. Lawrence, comments on the value of helicopters for MEDEVAC 

operations, 22

Keith, Lt. Col. Ray, career and MEDEVAC role, 122, 143

Keller, Mayor Franklin, support for MAST missions, 72

Kelly, Charles, Jr., inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 349–351

Kelly, Maj. Charles

Distinguished Service Cross award, 38

57th Medical Detachment leadership role, 37–38, 56

final mission and death of, 38

MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 344

Kennedy, Pres. John F.

Berlin crisis and, 31–32

Vietnam War and, 32

Kerkenbush, Maj. Martin, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 296

Kiley, Maj. Gen. Kevin C.

Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 231

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 304

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 241

UH-60Q aircraft procurement for MEDEVAC use and, 233

Kirkland, Capt. Richard, Korean War role, 14–15

Kleinfelter, Pfc. Debra, MAST missions and, 74

Klingenhagen, Col. John, MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 36

Knight, 2d Lt. Mark, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 286

Korea

MEDEVAC unit crash near the DMZ, 47

377th Medical Company role, 125–128, 194

Korean War

advantages of helicopter use, 18–19

format for MEDEVAC requests, 19–20

ground transportation difficulties, 12, 13

harsh conditions and, 12, 13

helicopter role in MEDEVACs, 12–23

lessons learned from, 21–22, 25

limitations of helicopters, 17–18

MEDEVAC units involved, list, xv

mission prioritization, 19

post-war MEDEVAC units, list, xv–xvii

reorganization of the helicopter detachments, 20

requests by divisions for their own MEDEVAC helicopters, 19

training of medical officers as helicopter pilots, 17

Kosovo

NATO security presence in, 215

Operation JOINT GUARDIAN and, 215
Appendix cv

operations in, 211–213

Kozlowski, Maj. Lou, career and MEDEVAC role, 195

Kruse, Capt. Bill

mentoring of Lt. Thresher, 61

MEPAO and, 105

Kurds, Operation PROVIDE COMFORT and, 167–168

Kuwait. See also Operation DESERT SABRE; Operation DESERT SHIELD; Operation 

DESERT STORM

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 254, 256

Saddam Hussein’s invasion of, 139–140

L

L-1 aircraft, World War II role, 7–8

L-5 aircraft

Korean War role, 12

World War II role, 8

LaBerge, Under Secretary of the Army Walter B., MAST missions and, 81

LaChance, Lt. Col. Bill

career and MEDEVAC role, 177–178

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 292–294

Laird, Secretary of Defense Melvin

MAST missions and, 69, 70

“Total Force” concept, 67

Lamoureux, Maj. John

Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 231

Balkans conflict and, 201–203

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 288–292

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 240–241

UH-60Q aircraft procurement and, 232–233

Lawrence, Lt. Col. G.P., autogiro article, 6

Leach, Maj. Jack, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 288

Ledbetter, S.Sgt. Dan, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 275

Leopold, Pfc. Ray, comments on the value of MEDEVAC, 346

Leukert, Sgt. Eric, Hurricane Katrina and, 337

Lockard, Col. Pauline

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 303–322

Balkans conflict and, 208

comments on “gender challenges” for women, 106–107

early career, 85–86

flight training, 96

Operation PROVIDE COMFORT role, 168

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 181–182

posting to the 54th Medical Detachment, 103

retirement of, 322

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 239

Lyle, Capt. Clay, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 258

Index cv
cvi Call Sign – Dustoff

M

MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, U.S. Far East Command role, 12, 14

MacDonald, Lt. Col. Dave

Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 230–231

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 318–322

co-author of lessons learned and tactics, techniques, and procedures, 164–165

early career, 97

leadership of the 57th Medical Company, 192

MEDEVAC risk assessment issues and, 344–345

MEPAO and, 105–106

Operation ANACONDA and, 251

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM role, 142, 158, 

164–165

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 295–296, 298–299

“Quad Charts” briefing, 340–341

replacement of Lockard with, 340

service in the 377th Medical Company in Korea, 126–127

service with Maj. Van Joy, 175

Macedonia, operations in, 213–215

Mackmull, Maj. Gen. Jack V., career and MEDEVAC role, 95

Maddox, Maj. Gen. William J., Jr., MAST missions and, 72

Madrano, Lt. Col. Joseph, 498th Medical Detachment leadership, 38, 40

Mahaffey, Lt. Gen. Fred K., Aviation Branch proposal and, 101

Maks, 1st Lt. J.D., death of, 153

Mallory, Capt. Tom, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 272

Mankoff, 1st Sgt. Jeff, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 143

Marine Expeditionary Force, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255, 256–258, 260, 

265–266, 268, 273, 278, 296–297

Marsh, Secretary of the Army John O., Jr., Army Aviation Branch and, 100

Maschek, Maj. Randy

MEDEVAC role, 115

Operation DESERT SHIELD role, 145

MASH units. See specific Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals

MAST. See Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic

Maxwell, 1st Lt. Stuart, Hurricane Katrina rescue missions, 332

Mayes, Lt. Col. Tom, career and MEDEVAC role, 142

McCaffrey, Maj. Gen. Barry, mentoring of Lt. Fristoe, 157

McGowen, CW2 Gerald, thank-you note from a soldier to, 347

McKiernan, Lt. Gen. David

CFLCC command, 254–255

comments of the value of MEDEVAC, 346

McLamb, Capt. Sam, MAST test and, 70

McMillon, Sfc. Donald, rescue attempt role, 208–209

McNabb, S.Sgt. Shawn

death of, 351

inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 348

McNamara, Secretary of Defense Robert, proposal to combine the ARNG and the USAR 

into one unit, 67
Appendix cvii

McWilliam, Capt. Bob, career of, 44

Medcalf, Maj. Rex, 45th Medical Company leadership, 31

MEDCOM. See 3d Medical Command

MEDEVAC losses, post-Vietnam era through Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, xxv–xxvi

MEDEVAC unit mission debate

medical operation versus aviation operation, 36, 343–351

risk assessment issues, 344–345

MEDEVAC units, list of, xvi–xx

Medical Evacuation (Air/Ground) Proponency Action Office, objective and role of, 

105–106

Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, 

April 2000 (FM 8-10-6), 224–225

Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, 

October 1991 (FM 8-10-6), 174–175

Medical Evacuation in the Combat Zone, October 1986 (FC 8-45), 117–120, 122, 124, 

135

Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate. See also Aviation Transformation Initiative

Lockard’s efforts with, 303–304

refocusing of, 340–341

Medical Force 2000

consolidation of MEDEVAC units, 178–179

description, 141, 170

realignment of current 25-ship companies and six-ship companies into 15-ship companies, 178–179

unit realignments, 210–211

Medical Reengineering Initiative, description, 179

Medical Service Corps, recruitment of women for, 64–65

Medical Support Theater of Operations, April 1970 (FM 8-10), 51–52

MEF. See Marine Expeditionary Force

MEPAO. See Medical Evacuation (Air/Ground) Proponency Action Office

MEPD. See Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate

Merryman, Maj. Gen. James H., Aviation Branch proposal and, 100–101

Meyer, Gen. Edward, Aviation Branch proposal and, 100–101

Meyers, Maj. David, comments on female soldiers, 106

MF2K. See Medical Force 2000

Middle East. See specific countries

Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic. See also specific operations

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 307, 327–328

“Blizzard of the Century” rescue efforts, 179–180

civilian operations, 112

concept, 68–69

continued operations, 72

expansion of the program, 81–84, 111–112

first mission, 70–72

Gower’s role, 107–110

growth of the program, 74–76

Interagency Group conclusions, 71–72

legislation and political support, 72–74

missions during 1999, 222–223

Index cvii
cviii Call Sign – Dustoff

missions during the 1992-1995 period, 191–193

Mitchell’s role, 110–111

purpose of, 327

success of, 309

test phase, 69–72

25th anniversary of the program, 193

Miller, CW3 Clint, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 282–283

Miller, Sgt. Jeremy, Hurricane Katrina rescue missions and, 332

Millward, Maj. Steven, Balkans conflict and, 219–220

Milosevic, Slobodan

conflict in Kosovo and, 211–213

ethnic rivalries and, 199

Military Technical Agreement and, 215

peace negotiations and, 201

Mitchell, Lt. Col. Bob

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 324–326

MAST missions and, 110–111

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 190

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 240

standardization of Army flight procedures and, 111

Mittemeyer, Lt. Gen. Bernard

Aviation Branch proposal and, 101

MEDEVAC views, 101

Vietnam War role, 48

Mixon, Maj. Gen. Robert, Task Force Modularity and, 305

Moloff, Lt. Col. Alan

Task Force Falcon and, 217

Task Force Hawk and, 213

Montagno, Lt. Col. Gino, Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate and, 303

Montenegro, formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 199

Montoya, Maj. Michael, Balkans conflict and, 220

Moore, CW2 Kevin, inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 348

Moore, Lt. Col. Doug

“Air Ambulance Support for the Combat Division” report, 63

Aviation Branch proposal and, 102–103

career and leadership role, 28, 41, 45, 56, 64

deployment to Vietnam, 39

MAST missions, 86–90

Moore, Lt. Col. Hal, jungle rescue challenges, 43

Mount St. Helens eruption, disaster relief mission, 86–90

Mruz, Sgt. Laura, MEDEVAC role, 106

MSC. See Medical Service Corps

Mumm, S.Sgt. Judy, rescue mission role, 214

Muse, Kurt, imprisonment and rescue of, 132

N

Nash, Maj. Gen. William L., Balkans conflict and, 201

National Guard. See U.S. Army National Guard
Appendix cix

National Training Center

AirLand Battle training, 134–135

description and early activities, 90–91

Partnership for Peace program and, 194

Natural disasters. See Disaster relief missions

Neel, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Spurgeon

analysis of MEDEVAC in Vietnam, 56

Aviation Section leadership, 26

command of the 30th Medical Group, 20

comments on the value of helicopters for medical evacuation, 10, 20–21

considerations and doctrine for helicopter ambulance medical detachments, 16–17

death of, 322

design competition for utility and MEDEVAC helicopter and, 25–27

detailed lessons learned for MEDEVAC operations in Korea, 21–22

establishment of the aviation medicine branch and, 25–26

MAST project and, 68–69, 83

MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 343

recommendations for MEDEVAC employment and, 54–55

views on UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, 85

Nicaragua, civil unrest in, 91–92

Nichols, Lt. Col. Bill, command philosophy, 190

Nigeria, Operation FOCUS RELIEF and, 222

991st Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

1973-1980

civil unrest in Central America, 91–92

crash review mission, 76

disaster relief for the eruption of Mt. Saint Helens, 86–90

doctrinal issues, 78–81

end of the military draft, 60–61

European operations, 76–78

garrison duty, 61–63

Iran’s taking of U.S. hostages, 91, 114

MEDEVAC units and locations, 65

Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic, 68–76, 81–84

new aircraft, 84–85

new personnel, 84, 85–86

operations, 61–63

organizational issues, 65–66

personnel movements, 66

reassignment and relocation of units, 66

recruiting strategies, 60–65

refocusing on the future, 76–81

Reserve Component units in the Total Force, 66–68

societal changes after the Vietnam War, 59–61

tactical training, 90–91

1981-1990

Aviation Branch debate, 100–103, 135–136

doctrinal issues, 97–99, 117–120, 135–136

domestic disaster relief, 135

Index cix
cx Call Sign – Dustoff

Exxon Valdez disaster, 135

increasing role of women, 106–107

MAST missions, 107–112

Medical Evacuation (Air/Ground) Proponency Action Office, 105–106

Operation BRIGHT STAR, 112–113, 135

Operation JUST CAUSE, 128–133

Operation NIGHTHAWK, 135

Operation URGENT FURY, 113–115

operations, 94, 99, 104–105, 107–116, 125–128

organizational issues, 95–97, 100–107, 120–125, 135–136

problems in Central America, 93, 116, 128–133

Ramstein Air Base disaster, 122–125

reactivation of MEDEVAC battalions, 103–104

tactical training, 134–135

V-22 aircraft project, 120–121

1990-1991

combat operations, 149–150

combat units deployed, 140–141

Echelons Above Corps role, 162–164

historical background for operations, 139–140

MEDEVAC operations, 150–158

medical units deployed, 141–145, 165

mission totals, 165

Reserve Component units and, 145–149

return home, 164–165

VII Corps role, 158–162

1992-1995

doctrinal issues, 173–175, 185–188

MAST missions, 191–193

MEDEVAC units in existence, 195–197

military operations other than war, 181–197

operations, 167–173, 181–184, 188–194

organizational issues, 176–181, 194–197

Partnership for Peace program, 193–194

reorganizing and reducing the forces, 176–181

1992-ongoing: the Balkans

doctrinal issues, 204–205, 223–225

“ethnic cleansing” and, 200, 212

historical background, 199–200

MAST missions, 222–223

Operation ALTHEA and, 210

Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, 201–203

Operation JOINT GUARD, 205–210

Operation JOINT GUARDIAN, 215, 219

operations, 200–203, 205–210, 211–222

signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace, 201

Task Force Falcon, 216–222

Task Force Hawk, 213–215

Task Force Medical Eagle, 201–203
Appendix cxi

unit realignments, 210–211

986th Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT STORM and, 162

989th Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

92d Medical Battalion, Operation DESERT STORM and, 163

Nixon, Pres. Richard M., support for MAST missions, 72–73

Nolan, Maj. Gerry, mentoring of Lt. Heintz, 84

Noll, 1st Lt. John, World War II medical evacuation role, 9–10

Noriega, Gen. Manuel, role in Panama, 128–129

North, Lt. Col. Oliver, criticism of Salvetti’s team, 269–270, 278

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Balkan conflicts and, 200–201, 205–210, 211–222

formal declaration of the end of a Soviet Bloc invasion of western Europe, 176

military reductions in force and, 176

Partnership for Peace program, 193–194

Warsaw Pact country threat to, 78–79, 91

Novier, Col. Frank

Balkans conflict and, 206

career and MEDEVAC role, 95, 96, 110, 121–122, 145, 151, 180–181

comments on post-Vietnam War changes, 60

support for UH-60Q helicopters, 180–181

Novosel, Chief Warrant Officer Michael

Medal of Honor award, 49, 56

MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 344

O

OIF. See Operation IRAQI FREEDOM

142d Medical Battalion, Operation JUST CAUSE and, 132

123d Medical Company

Berlin crisis and, 32

formation of, 31

1022d Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 209

Hurricane Katrina and, 336

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 161

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299

1042d Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 207–208

formation of, 193

Operation ANACONDA and, 251–252

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 261, 262, 263, 267, 279, 309

1133d Medical Company, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

132d Medical Detachment, crash rescue mission, 76

173d Medical Group, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

1st Air Calvary Division, Vietnam War role, 39

101st Airborne Division

Gold Book, 164–165, 340

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 140, 149–150

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 247, 248

Index cxi
cxii Call Sign – Dustoff

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 288–292, 296–297

1st Armored Division, Balkans conflict and, 201–203, 205, 206–207

1st Cavalry Division, Balkans conflict and, 207

1st Infantry Division, Balkans conflict and, 205, 206, 216–222

1st Marine Division, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255, 257

1st Medical Brigade, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 256, 293, 297–298

151st Medical Detachment, Vietnam War role, 53

128th Aviation Brigade, Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama and, 130

159th Aviation Brigade, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 291–292

125th Aviation Company, air traffic control system operation, 48

115th Field Hospital, Balkans conflict and, 206

108th Medical Battalion, Operation DESERT STORM and, 162

110th Medical Battalion, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262, 263

112th Medical Company

history of, xxi–xxiii

Hurricane Rita and, 339

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 146–147, xxii

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262, 273, xxiii

REFORGER exercise and, xxii

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 239–240

WINGED WARRIOR exercise, xxii

126th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 207

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 145–146, 309

146th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 221

Hurricane Katrina and, 335–336

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 161–162

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299

148th Medical Company

Hurricane Katrina and, 337–338

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 300

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 238

149th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 210

Hurricane Katrina and, 336–337

Hurricane Rita and, 338

159th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 206–207, 216–217, 219, 220

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

Operation FOCUS RELIEF and, 222

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 261, 262, 263, 264, 277, 279–283, 298, 309

Operation PROVIDE COMFORT and, 168

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 181–184

Task Force Hawk and, 213

199th Medical Company, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

1085th Medical Company, Balkans conflict and, 209

1159th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 210
Appendix cxiii

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 239

1187th Medical Company, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

1256th Medical Company, Balkans conflict and, 210

1267th Medical Company, Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT 

STORM and, 162

145th Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

159th Medical Detachment

Dustoff Europe activities, 115

formation and equipment, 37

role in Germany, 76

Vietnam War role, 44, 53–54

127th Medical Group, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

Operation AHUAS TARA II, description, 96

Operation ALTHEA, Balkans conflict and, 210

Operation ANACONDA, description and units involved, 247, 251–252

Operation BRIGHT STAR, description and MEDEVAC role, 112–113, 135

Operation DESERT SABRE. See also 1990-1991; Operation DESERT SHIELD; Operation DESERT STORM

combat operations, 149–153

mission totals, 165

Operation DESERT SHIELD. See also 1990-1991; Operation DESERT SABRE; Operation DESERT STORM

after-action reports and lessons learned, 168–171

combat operations, 149–150

combat units deployed, 140–141

Echelons Above Corps units involved, 141, 147–148

failure of diplomatic efforts, 149

Forward Surgical MEDEVAC Teams and, 142, 158, 164

Iraqi forces, 141

locations of MEDEVAC units (map), 150

MEDEVAC operations, 150–158

medical units deployed, 141–145, 147–148, 165

mission objective, 140

mission totals, 165

night vision goggle use, 151, 159, 161

Reserve Component units deployed, 145–149

types of injuries seen compared with Operation JUST CAUSE, 152

Operation DESERT SPRING, description, 274

Operation DESERT STORM. See also 1990-1991; Operation DESERT SABRE; Operation DESERT SHIELD

after-action reports and lessons learned, 168–171

cessation of hostilities, 164–165

Echelons Above Corps units involved, 162–164

mission totals, 165

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM

initial engagements, 246

MEDEVAC unit activities, 247–252

Operation FOCUS RELIEF, description, 222

Index cxiii
cxiv Call Sign – Dustoff

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM

ARNG MEDEVAC units activated for Continental U.S. backfill duty, 299–300

combat units involved, 254–255

communications issues, 263–264, 267, 276–277, 281, 283, 286, 290

conflict description, 257–261

evacuation battalions, 262–264

improvised explosive devices and, 259

local populace attitude toward U.S. troops, 260–261

locations of MEDEVAC units in operation in (map), 280

maintenance challenges, 272, 276, 287, 296

MEDEVAC units involved, 255–257, 261–300

Mother of all Sandstorms and, 258–259, 270, 287

Operation NOBLE EAGLE and, 299–300

postconflict planning, 260–261

rotation of units, 297–299

seizure of Baghdad, 260

seizure of the Baghdad International Airport, 259, 264, 278

severity of wounds and, 270–271

Task Force Gabriel and, 261, 263, 275–276

Task Force Horse and, 254, 256, 262, 292–293, 296

Task Force Tarawa and, 260, 267

Task Force Tripoli and, 260, 278

Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR, Balkans conflict and, 201–203

Operation JOINT FORGE, combat and medical units deployed, 206–210

Operation JOINT GUARD

combat units deployed, 205–210

MEDEVAC units deployed to Bosnia, 206

Operation JOINT GUARDIAN

description, 215

Task Force Falcon and, 219

Operation JUST CAUSE, description, 128–133

Operation NOBLE EAGLE, description and activities, 299–300

Operation PROVIDE COMFORT

after-action reports, 168

historical background, 167

Operation PROVIDE RELIEF, description, 181

Operation RESTORE HOPE

termination of, 183

units involved, 181–183

Operation SHINING HOPE, humanitarian effort, 215

Operation SKY-AID, 45–46, 69

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY

forces involved, 189–191

handing over of responsibility to a United Nations Mission, 191

objective of, 189

Operation URGENT FURY, description and MEDEVAC role, 113–115

Operational Concept for Combat Health Support, October 1996 (TRADOC Pamphlet 

525-50), 204–205

Operations, August 1982 (FM 100-5), 97–98
Appendix cxv

Operations, July 1976 (FM 100-5), 78–79, 90

Operations, June 2001 (FM 3.0), 233–234

Operations, June 1993 (FM 100-5), 185–186

Ortiz, Capt. Ricky, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 274, 275, 278–279

Otis, Gen. Glen K., Aviation Branch proposal and, 100–101

P

Panama

Joint Task Force Bravo and, 116

Operation JUST CAUSE, 128–133

U.S. Army responsibility for health care in, 116

Park, Capt. Benjamin, death of, 47

Parnell, S.Sgt. Robert, Balkans conflict and, 220

Partnership for Peace program, participants and activities, 193–194

Pataki, Gov. George, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 239

Peake, Lt. Gen. James

Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 231

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 312, 313–315

UH-60Q aircraft procurement for MEDEVAC use and, 233

Peay, Maj. Gen. Binford, Operation DESERT SHIELD role, 142

Pecor, Maj. Brad

career and MEDEVAC role, 142, 294–295

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 295–296

Persian Gulf War. See Operation DESERT SABRE; Operation DESERT SHIELD; Operation DESERT STORM

Peru, Spc. Jose, Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 248

Peterson, CW2 Roderick, Hurricane Katrina and, 335

Philips, CW2 Michael, rescue attempt role, 208–209

Phillips, Spc. K.D., death of, 153

Phillips, Texas Highway Patrolman Ken, MAST mission and, 75–76

Pickle, Rep. J.J., support for MAST missions, 72

Planning for Health Service Support, February 1985 (FM 8-55), 98–99

Planning for Health Service Support, September 1994 (FM 8-55), 186–187

Plock, Sgt. Linda, MEDEVAC role, 106

Porter, Sgt. Maj. Terry, career and MEDEVAC role, 195

Post-World War II period, realignment of U.S. military forces, 10

Potts, Col. Curtis, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 284, 286, 288

Pouncey, Maj. Mike, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 241

Powell, 2d Lt. Tom, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 282–283

Powell, Gen. Colin

Reserve Component reductions in force and, 176

V Corps command, 104

Powell, Secretary of State Colin, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 254

Project 9, description, 7–8

Putzier, Lt. Col. Scott, inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 348, 349

Index cxv
cxvi Call Sign – Dustoff

Q

Q Birds. See UH-60Q helicopters

Quayle, Vice Pres. Dan, visit to Honduras, 133

R

R-4 helicopters, World War II use, 6–10

R-6 helicopters, World War II use, 9–10

Ramstein Air Base (Germany) disaster, description and MEDEVAC role, 122–123

Reagan, Pres. Ronald, Operation URGENT FURY in Grenada and, 114

Recruiting strategies

“Be all that you can be” recruiting slogan, 60–61

disappointing early results, 63

recruitment of women, 63–65

reduction-in-force for officers, 63

Reed, Maj. Tom, career and MEDEVAC role, 94

Reel, CW2 Derek, rescue mission role, 214

REFORGER exercises, description and participants, 115, xxii

Reimer, Gen. Dennis, Army After Next concept, 197

Reserve Components. See also U.S. Army National Guard; U.S. Army Reserve; specific 

units and leaders

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 171–173

Joint Task Force Hawaii disaster relief mission and, 173

McNamara’s proposal to combine the ARNG and the USAR into one unit, 67

Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation DESERT STORM, and Operation DESERT 

SABRE and, 140, 145–149

Pres. Bush’s call up of to support Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation DESERT 

STORM, and Operation DESERT SABRE, 140

reductions in force and, 176–178

“Total Force” concept and, 67, 140

Vietnam War and, 66

Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, acceptance of women in, 64

Resor, Secretary of the Army Stanley, MAST project and, 69

Retzlaff, Lt. Col. Don, medical evacuation battalion proposal, 103

Rice, Lt. Col. Jim, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299

Richardson, CW3 Craig, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 286

Richey, CW3 William, Hurricane Katrina and, 337

Rieske, Maj. Michael, Balkans conflict and, 222

Rigsby, S.Sgt. Richard, rescue attempt role, 208–209

Robson, S.Sgt. Michael, death of, 160

Rocco, Sfc. Louis

Medal of Honor award, 50, 56

MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 344

Rogers, Gen. Bernard, career management for aviators and, 100

Rohrbeck, WO Michael, Balkans conflict and, 220

Romines, Lt. Col. Bob, mentoring of Capt. LaChance, 177–178

Rosato, S.Sgt. Adrian, death of, 130

Rose, Maj. Bob, mentoring of Lt. Thresher, 61
Appendix cxvii

Rose, Maj. Brady, inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 348–349

ROTC. See Reserve Officers’ Training Corps

Rothwell, Maj. J.C., death of, 47

Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense Donald

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 304

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255

Russ, 2d Lt. Andrew, comments on the value of MEDEVAC, 3–5

Russell, Capt. Earl, mission analysis of the 1st Helicopter Ambulance Company, 20

Russell, CW3 Lori, Hurricane Katrina and, 335–336

S

Saddam Hussein

attack on at Dora Farms, 257, 290

attacks on the Kurds, 167

Bush’s ultimatum to, 257

chemical weapons use, 141

no-fly zones and, 252–253

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 139–140

Pres. Bush’s actions in the removal of, 253–254

renewed aggression against Kuwait, 252

suppression of the Shia sect, 252

Sage, Spc. Robert, Balkans conflict and, 220

Saint, Gen. Crosby E., comments on training of the 112th, 146

Salmon, Capt. Ray, advice to Hapner, 53

Salvetti, Capt. Adrian, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 266–267, 268–270, 278

Sandler, Maj. Gen. Roger, reduction in forces and, 176–177

Saudi Arabia

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141–143

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 254, 256

Schloesser, Col. Jeff, rescue mission role, 214

Schoomaker, Gen. Peter, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 304, 313, 322–323

Schwallie, Capt. Randy, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 153–157

Schwartz, Maj. James

career and MEDEVAC role, 273–279

Operation DESERT SPRING and, 274

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 274–279

Schwarzkopf, Maj. Gen. Norman

Aviation Branch proposal and, 101, 102

comments on the performance of MEDEVAC units during Operation DESERT 

SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM, 165

Scofield, Lt. Col. Tom

Aviation Branch proposal and, 101

career, 95

FC 8-45 and, 117

mentoring of 2d Lt. Pauline Lockard, 96

reactivation of medical evacuation battalions and, 103

UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter debate and, 95

Sears, Lt. Col. Robert

Index cxvii
cxviii Call Sign – Dustoff

“Air Medical Evacuation System” proposal, 69

MAST missions and, 69, 72

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

Al Qaeda and, 245–252

MEDEVAC personnel and, 237–241

Pres. Bush’s comments on, 237

Serbia

conflict in Kosovo and, 211–213

formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 199

7th Medical Command, Dustoff Europe activities, 115

717th Medical Company, Balkans conflict and, 220, 222

78th Medical Detachment

MAST missions, 70

Vietnam War role, 53

75th Ranger Regiment, Operation URGENT FURY and, 114

VII Corps. See also specific units and leaders

Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation DESERT STORM, and Operation DESERT 

SABRE role, 140–141, 148, 149, 158–162

SFOR. See Stabilization force

Shelton, Lt. Gen. Hugh, comments on the first responders to the F-16 aircraft crash at 

Fort Bragg, 189

Shinseki, Gen. Eric K.

career and role of, 225–226

FM 100-5 rewrite and, 233–234

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 254

refocusing of the Army and, 229–230

retirement of, 304

Sikorsky, Igor, helicopter development, 5, 6–7

Simonds, S.Sgt. Linda, death of, 145–146

Sinclair, Brig. Gen. Edward J.

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 309, 311

Task Force Aviation and, 306

641st Medical Battalion, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299

658th Medical Company, formation of, 40

626th Support Battalion, 326th Medical Battalion reorganization and, 179

6th Light Division (France)

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 153

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 149–150

62d Medical Brigade, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 256, 292, 293, 296

63d Medical Detachment

conversion to UH-60 helicopters, 121–122

deployment to Europe, 41, 47–48, 66

Dustoff Europe activities, 115

Ramstein Air Base disaster and, 123–124

replacement of the 274th Medical Detachment, 25

role in Germany, 76, 94

62d Medical Group

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 181–184
Appendix cxix

61st Medical Battalion, Vietnam War role, 48–49

67th Combat Support Hospital, Balkans conflict and, 216, 220

68th Medical Company

MAST missions, 222–223

Medical Force 2000 realignment and, 211

68th Medical Detachment

Hurricane Iniki disaster relief mission and, 173

MAST missions, 73, 191

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178

transition to UH-60s, 190

Vietnam War role, 45, 46

Slaughter, Rep. Louise, comments on the value of MEDEVAC, 347

Slovenia

elections in, 199

local militia formation, 200

Smart, Lt. Col. Pete

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 306

career and MEDEVAC role, 86, 125–126, 128, 144, 165, 182, 217–218, 305

comments on the role of the 377th Medical Company in Korea, 126

MAST mission coordination, 191

MEDEVAC risk assessment issues and, 344–345

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 182

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 190

service with Maj. Van Joy, 175

Task Force Falcon and, 217–218

Smelser, CW2 Kevin, rescue attempt role, 208–209

Smith, Col. Allen, comments on the value of helicopters for MEDEVAC operations, 22

Smith, Sgt. Floyd, MAST mission and, 81

Smith, Sgt. M.S., death of, 153

Smith, S.Sgt. Otis, mentoring of Lt. Heintz, 84

Snyder, Lt. Col. Merle

MEDEVAC role, 110, 122

Vietnam War role, 53

Somalia

Operation PROVIDE RELIEF, 181

Operation RESTORE HOPE, 181–184

South Vietnamese Air Force

lack of MEDEVAC capability, 37

transport helicopters for, 32

Soviet Union

collapse of, 199, 225

Partnership for Peace program and, 193–194

threats against NATO and, 78–79, 91, 117

Spencer, Maj. Lloyd

“Dustoff” radio call sign and, 37

57th Medical Detachment leadership role, 36, 37

Stabilization force, Balkans conflict and, 205–210

Stanley, Capt. James, Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 247, 248, 250–251

Stewart, Sgt. Don, rescue mission role, 214

Index cxix
cxx Call Sign – Dustoff

Stilwell, Brig. Gen. Joseph

MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 36

response to Maj. Kelly’s death, 38

Stoller, Sp4c. Edwin, death of, 47

Stone, Capt. Michael, Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 248

Strader, Capt. Kim, death of, 123

Stratemeyer, Lt. Gen. George E., endorsement of helicopters for medical evacuation use, 

13–14

Strawn, 1st Lt. Willis, Korean War role, 15

Sullivan, Gen. Gordon

analysis of the data on the effectiveness of the medical force deployed to the Persian 

Gulf, 171

reduction in forces and, 176–177

Sullivan, Maj. Mark, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 273

Sylvester, Lt. Col. Ernie, mentoring of Lt. Heintz, 84

T

Task Force Aviation, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 305–318

Task Force Eagle

Balkans conflict and, 201–203, 205–210

Hurricane Katrina and, 332–333, 336, 337–338, 339

Task Force Falcon

MEDEVAC lessons learned, 217

MEDEVAC units deployed, 217–222

Task Force Medical Falcon and, 216

weather challenges, 219

Task Force Gabriel, description and activities, 261, 263, 275–276

Task Force Hawk

conflict in Kosovo and, 213–215

night vision goggles and, 214

Task Force 12 MEDEVAC role, 213–215

Task Force Horse, description and units involved, 254, 256, 262, 292–293, 296

Task Force Medical Eagle

Balkans conflict and, 201–203, 206–210

formation of, 201

Task Force Modularity, Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 305

Task Force Tarawa, description and activities, 260, 267

Task Force Tripoli, description and activities, 260, 278

Teeples, Col. David, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 294, 298

Temperilli, Maj. John, Jr.

57th Medical Detachment leadership, 33, 35, 36

421st Medical Company leadership, 41

MEDEVAC unit mission debate and, 36

William J. Kossler Award for rescue operations in Chile, 28

Tender, Maj. Isaac, comments on the value of helicopters in medical evacuations, 13

10th Mountain Division

Balkans conflict and, 207–208

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 172
Appendix cxxi

Operation ANACONDA and, 247

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 246

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 181–184

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189–190

Terrell, Sgt. Maj. Ricky, career and MEDEVAC role, 195

TFME. See Task Force Medical Eagle

32d Medical Detachment, Vietnam War role, 53

34th Infantry Division, Balkans conflict and, 210

35th Infantry Division, Balkans conflict and, 210

38th Infantry Division, Balkans conflict and, 210

34th Medical Battalion

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 151–152

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 150–158

36th Medical Battalion, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 262–263, 264, 274, 290, 

297–298, 309

30th Medical Brigade

Balkans conflict and, 201, 216, 219

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 256, 263, 278, 293, 297

36th Medical Detachment

Medical Force 2000 realignment and, 211

Operation BRIGHT STAR role, 135

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 153

Operation NIGHTHAWK role, 135

UH-60 helicopters for, 135

37th Medical Detachment

inactivation of, 27

movement out of Korea, 26

30th Medical Group, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

Thompson, 1st Sgt. Charles, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 290

3d Air Rescue Squadron, Korean War role, 12–15

3d Infantry Division. See also specific units and leaders

Balkans conflict and, 208–209

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 257, 258, 259–260, 276, 278

332d Medical Brigade

Balkans conflict and, 222

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 158

3d Medical Command

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 141, 162

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255–256, 263

343d Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT STORM and, 162

321st Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT 

STORM and, 161

341st Medical Group, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

301st Rescue Squadron, Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 171

307th Medical Battalion, Operation URGENT FURY and, 114

326th Medical Battalion

Eagle Dustoff nickname, 95

MAST missions, 74–75, 82, 97

medical training for crew chiefs, 97

Index cxxi
cxxii Call Sign – Dustoff

Operation AHUAS TARA II, 96

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 142, 149, 158, 

164

reorganization of, 179–180

UH-60 helicopters for, 95, 96, 148

units comprising, 48

317th Medical Company

Berlin crisis and, 32

formation of, 27

recruitment of soldiers and equipment for, 46

377th Medical Company

aviation maintenance role, 125–128

crash in Korea, 47

split of assets and personnel, 194

316th Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT 

STORM and, 161

347th Medical Detachment

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 171–172

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 153–157

348th Medical Detachment

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 172

Operation DESERT STORM and, 163

364th Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 146

374th Medical Detachment, Operation DESERT SABRE and, 153

334th Medical Group, Balkans conflict and, 206

Third Army. See also specific units and leaders

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 254–255

Thresher, Col. Bill

command of the 377th Medical Company, 125–128

early training and career, 61

FC 8-45 and, 117

first operational mission, 61–62

MAST missions, 83–84

MEDEVAC risk assessment issues and, 344

medical evacuation battalion proposal and, 103–104

Medical Evacuation Proponency Directorate and, 303–304

service with Maj. Van Joy, 175

Thurman, Brig. Gen.(P) James D.

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 308–309, 311, 315–316

Task Force Aviation and, 306

Thurman, Gen. Maxwell

MEDEVAC battalion proposal and, 104

Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama and, 129

Tito, Marshal Josip Broz, leadership and death of, 199

“Total Force” concept

description, 67

Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation DESERT STORM, and Operation DESERT 

SABRE and, 140

Touchton, Sgt. Josh, inactivation of the 57th Medical Company and, 348
Appendix cxxiii

Tower, Sen. John, support for MAST missions, 72

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-50: Operational Concept for Combat Health Support, October 

1996, 204–205

Transportation of the Sick and Wounded (FM 8-35), 52

Truby, Col. Albert E., airplane ambulance study, 6

Truscott, Maj. Jim

career and MEDEVAC role, 39, 41, 44, 50–51, 56, 66, 77–78, 82–83, 179

“Dustoff” radio sign and, 104

force realignment and, 179

mentoring efforts, 104–105

Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation DESERT STORM, and Operation DESERT 

SABRE role, 140

retirement of, 179

Turkey

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 259

Operation PROVIDE COMFORT and, 167

Task Force Horse and, 256, 292

21st Medical Platoon, formation of, 27

24th Infantry Division. See also specific units and leaders

Operation DESERT SABRE and, 151–152

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 140, 150

25th Infantry Division. See also specific units and leaders

Balkans conflict and, 209

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 190–191

28th Infantry Division, Balkans conflict and, 209–210

29th Infantry Division, Balkans conflict and, 209

24th Medical Company

all-female MEDEVAC crew, 106

Balkans conflict and, 207, 221

Berlin crisis and, 32

formation of, 31

Hurricane Katrina and, 337

MAST missions, 70, 81

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 157

UH-1 helicopters for, 45

2000-2001

Army Medical Department restructuring, 230–232

Aviation Restructuring Initiative, 230–232

doctrinal issues, 233–236

MEDEVAC aircraft variants (table), 232

new aircraft, 232–233

operations, 236–237, 238–241

refocusing the Army, 229–230

September 11, 200l events, 237–243

2001-2003

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, 245–252

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, 252–301

2002-2005

Aviation Transformation Initiative, 303–327

Index cxxiii
cxxiv Call Sign – Dustoff

Maj. Gen. Spurgeon Neel’s death, 322

operations, 327–339

organizational issues, 340–341

results of the military force response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 339–340

202 Medical Group, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

2d Marine Division, Operation URGENT FURY and, 114

273d Medical Detachment

MAST missions, 73

Operation DESERT SHIELD, Operation DESERT SABRE, and Operation DESERT 

STORM and, 160–161

qualifications of personnel, 160

283d Medical Detachment

formation of, 37

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178, 210–211

Vietnam War role, 40

210th Aviation Battalion, role in Panama, 116

228th Aviation Regiment

Joint Task Force Bravo and, 142, 328

Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama and, 130

244th Aviation Regiment, Hurricane Katrina and, 331, 332, 334

249th General Hospital, Balkans conflict and, 206

236th Medical Company

Balkans conflict and, 201, 207, 218–219, 220

composition of, 124

Operation DESERT SHIELD and Operation DESERT STORM and, 145, 146, 

159–160, 162

249th Medical Company

Hurricane Katrina and, 337

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299, 300

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 239

212th Medical Detachment, Vietnam War role, 47

214th Medical Detachment

crash rescue mission, 76

Medical Force 2000 realignment and, 211

Operation JUST CAUSE in Panama and, 130–133

role in Panama, 116

Task Force 210 humanitarian relief mission, 116

218th Medical Detachment, crash rescue mission, 76

229th Medical Detachment

MAST missions, 111–112

Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 144–145, 157

236th Medical Detachment

Dustoff Europe activities, 115

role in Germany, 76

Vietnam War role, 45, 46, 53

237th Medical Detachment

MAST missions, 73, 75

Medical Force 2000 realignment, 178

Vietnam War role, 45, 46, 53–54
Appendix cxxv

247th Medical Detachment

Medical Force 2000 realignment and, 211

National Training Center and, 91, 134

Vietnam War role, 45, 46, 53–54

254th Medical Detachment

formation of, 37

Vietnam War role, 40

274th Medical Detachment, activation of, 25

244th Medical Group, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 141

212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

Balkans conflict and, 200

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 264, 275, 291

Task Force Hawk and, 213

U

UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters

Aviation Restructuring Initiative and, 230, 314, 321–322, 323–324

debate over usefulness of, 95

design and specifications, 79

Hurricane Katrina and, 334, 336–337

Hurricane Rita and, 339

Joint Task Force Bravo and, 328

losses, post-Vietnam era through Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, xxvi

MEDEVAC fleet conversion to, 85, 95, 121–122, 170

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 247

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 261, 265–266, 274, 284, 289, 292–293, 296

Operation JUST CAUSE and, 132

Operation PROVIDE COMFORT role, 168

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 190–191

rate of accidents per 1,000 flight hours in UH-60A/L aircraft (table), 315

replacement of UH-1s with, 84–85

self-deployment of, 112–113

Task Force Hawk and, 214

upgrades to, 121

use in the Sinai, 99, 236–237

variants (table), 232

UH-1 helicopters

crash rescue missions, 76

Hurricane Katrina and, 331, 332, 337–338

improvements to, 39, 48

LORAN-C long-range navigation systems for, 145

losses, post-Vietnam era through Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, xxv–xxvi

navigational aids for, 48

Operation DESERT SHIELD role, 145, 170

Sinai Peninsula mission and, 99

specifications for, 26–27

specifications (table), 45

two pilots for, 35

Index cxxv
cxxvi Call Sign – Dustoff

variations of, 44–45

Vietnam War role, 33, 35–38, 39, 41, 42, 43–44, 55

UH-60Q helicopters

MEDEVAC usage of, 180–181

Medical Reengineering Initiative and, 179

procurement of for MEDEVAC use, 232–233

redesignation as the HH-60L, 233

Underwood, Maj. Dave, Balkans conflict role, 210

United Kingdom, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255

United Nations

Balkan conflicts and, 200–203, 205–210, 215–222

International Security Assistance Force action in Afghanistan, 246

Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 181–184

Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY and, 189–191

United Nations Protection Force, Balkan conflicts and, 200–201

UNPROFOR. See United Nations Protection Force

U.S. Air Force. See also specific units and leaders

agreement with the Army on MEDEVAC responsibilities, 14

Balkans conflict and, 200

creation of, 10

hoists for jungle rescues, 43

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 171

MAST missions, 70

Operation PROVIDE COMFORT role, 168

U.S. Army. See also specific units and leaders

Aviation Branch proposal, 100–103

Aviation Restructuring Initiative, 229–230

“Be all that you can be” recruiting slogan, 60–61

design competition for utility and MEDEVAC helicopter, 25–27

discipline problems, 59–60, 62, 63

end of the military draft and, 60–61

Force XXI, 171, 197

Joint Task Force Hawaii disaster relief mission and, 173

MEDEVAC responsibilities, 14

medical helicopter detachment formation, mission, and activation, 15

National Training Center, 90–91

NCO educational system, 62

quality of life improvements for soldiers, 62–63

realignment of forces, 10

recruiting strategies, 60–65

refocusing of, 229–230

reorganization and reduction in forces, 176–181

V-22 aircraft debate, 120–121

U.S. Army Aviation Center, Aviation Transformation Initiative responsibilities, 317–318

U.S. Army National Guard. See also specific units and leaders

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 323–324

Balkans conflict role, 208–210

Hurricane Katrina and, 332, 333, 334–338, 339–340

Hurricane Rita and, 338–339
Appendix cxxvii

MAST missions, 81–84

MEDEVAC unit formation, 31, 45–46

MEDEVAC units, list, xvii–xx

Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 251

Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 299–300, 301

reduction in forces, 176–178

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 239–240

Task Force 50, 171–173

typical history of an ARNG MEDEVAC unit, xxi–xxiii

units and locations in the mid-1970s, 68

units deployed to support Operation DESERT SHIELD, 145–149

U.S. Army Reserve. See also specific units and leaders

acceptance of women in, 64

Aviation Transformation Initiative and, 324

Balkans conflict role, 208–210

MEDEVAC unit formation, 27, 46

MEDEVAC units, list, xvii

reduction in forces, 176–178

units and locations in the mid-1970s, 67

units deployed to support Operation DESERT SHIELD, 145–149

U.S. Army School of Aviation Medicine, MEDEVAC medic training course, 105

U.S. Congress. See also specific legislation

authorization for the use of U.S. forces against al Qaeda, 245

aviation incentive pay issue and, 100

funding for new Army programs for soldiers, 62–63

legislation authorizing the use of DOD helicopter resources in civilian communities, 

73

recruiting bonuses for recruiters, 63

Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services of 

the U.S. House of Representatives, 315–316

U.S. Department of Defense. See also specific leaders

legislation authorizing the use of DOD helicopter resources in civilian communities, 

73

MAST project and, 69–70

Medical Force 2000 and, 170, 178–179

review of the GAO report on the effectiveness of the medical force in the Persian Gulf 

War, 170

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Operation SKY-AID, 45–46, 69

U.S. Department of Justice, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, 238

U.S. Department of Transportation

MAST project and, 69–70

Operation SKY-AID, 45–46, 69

U.S. Far East Command, Korean War and, 12, xxxiv n28

U.S. Marine Corps. See Marine Expeditionary Force; 2d Marine Division

U.S. Military Academy, acceptance of women at, 64

U.S. Navy, Operation RESTORE HOPE and, 182–183

U.S. Special Forces, Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and, 246

USAR. See U.S. Army Reserve

Index cxxvii
cxxviiiCall Sign – Dustoff

V

V-22 aircraft, debate over, 120–121

Van Buskirk, Lt. Col. Kryder, comments on helicopter pilots, 18

Vietnam War. See also 1973-1980

air traffic control and navigation innovations, 48

command and control structure, 46–47

doctrinal manual changes, 51–53

first MEDEVAC unit sent, 32–35

format for MEDEVAC requests, 42

four Corps for, 33

historical background, 32

hoists for jungle rescues, 42–43

landing zone safety issues, 42

last MEDEVAC deployments, 46–47

last units out of, 54–55

Medal of Honor recipients, 46, 49–50, 55–56

MEDEVAC crew composition, 35–36

MEDEVAC crew training, 40–41

National Guard units, 45–46

Neel’s recommendations for MEDEVAC employment and, 54–55

new units and redeployments, 53–54

radio control centralization for helicopters, 42, 55

red crosses on helicopters and, 35, 37–38

reorganization of helicopter ambulance units, 48–49

results of MEDEVAC transportation of casualties, 55–56

SA-7 heat-seeking missile and, 54

second combat tours, 45

societal changes at home and, 59–61

troop buildup, 35–38, 39–44

troop drawdown, 48–49, 59

unit realignments and activations, 35

weather and terrain challenges, 41, 42–43, 54

VNAF. See South Vietnamese Air Force

Votipka, WO1 Joanne, MEDEVAC role, 106

VS-300 helicopters, World War II use, 6

W

Wall, Capt. Donald, William J. Kossler Award for rescue operations in Chile, 28

Wallace, Lt. Gen. William S., Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255, 258, 259, 298–299

Warsaw Pact countries

Partnership for Peace program and, 193–194

threat to NATO, 78–79, 91

Waters, Gen. Johnny K., transfer of wounded from Vietnam to Japan and, 41

Webb, Capt. Pete

command of the 68th Medical Detachment, 191

Hurricane Andrew disaster relief mission and, 172

Operation DESERT STORM role, 163
Appendix cxxix

Weightman, Brig. Gen. George, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and, 255, 261, 266, 279, 

284

West, Maj. Johnny, Operation DESERT SHIELD and, 145

Westmoreland, Gen. William

MEDEVAC equipment needs and, 43

views on the end of the draft, 60

Wickham, Gen. John, Aviation Branch proposal and, 102

Wiester, Sheriff Bill, Mount St. Helens eruption disaster relief mission and, 89

WINGED WARRIOR exercise, description and participants, xxii

Winkler, Maj. Gen. William, Medical System Program Review and, 103, 104

Women

active recruitment of, 63–65

increasing role of, 106–107

sexual harassment and fraternization guidelines and, 64

Women’s Army Corps, disestablishment of, 64

Wood, Maj. William, comments on challenges of MEDEVAC flying in Europe, 77

Woolever, Capt. Terrance, MAST mission and, 81

World War I, MEDEVAC experiments, 5–6

World War II. See also Post-World War II

fixed-wing aircraft use in casualty evacuations, 7–9

helicopter use in casualty evacuations, 6–7, 8–10

Wright, Spc. Nick, rescue of, 160

Wright, Wilbur, comments on the helicopter, 5

Y

Yocum, Sgt. Paul, rescue mission role, 214

Yugoslavia, dissolution of, 199, 200

Z

Zanchi, S.Sgt. Carrol, death of, 47

Zarzabal, Maj. Ed., Hurricane Katrina and, 335

Zimmerman, 1st Lt. Dave, rescue mission role, 214

Zuber, Capt. Charles, MAST mission, 193

Index cxxix
cxxx Call Sign – Dustoff