Filed 8/24/16

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re A.B., a Minor. D069257

JOHN O. et al.,

Petitioners and Respondents,

v.

SCOTT R.,

Objector and Appellant.

 (Super. Ct. No. A60345)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Edlene C. 

McKenzie, Commissioner. Affirmed.

Lelah S. Fisher, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Objector and 

Appellant.

Elizabeth C. Alexander and Neal B. Gold, under appointment by the Court of 

Appeal, for Petitioners and Respondents.

Carl Fabian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Minor A.B.
2

Scott R. appeals from an order terminating his parental rights to his biological 

daughter, A.B., under Family Code section 7822,1 which authorizes the termination of 

rights of a parent who "has left the child in the care and custody of the other parent for a 

period of one year without any provision for the child's support, or without 

communication . . . with the intent . . . to abandon the child." (§ 7822, subd. (a)(3), 

italics added.) He contends that the one-year statutory period refers only to the year 

immediately preceding the filing of the petition for termination of parental rights, which 

precludes its application to him. Alternatively, Scott asserts that reversal is warranted in 

any event because (1) he rebutted the presumption that he intended to abandon A.B., 

(2) the termination of his rights was not in A.B.'s best interests and (3) the juvenile court 

erred in determining that the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 

et seq.) did not apply absent proof that a tribe he identified actually received notice as 

required under that statutory scheme. We reject Scott's arguments and affirm the order.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Scott and Michaela O. met in November 2005. The couple moved in together 

three and one-half months later, and lived together on and off for almost four years. 

During that time, Scott was using marijuana and alcohol. After Michaela became 

pregnant with A.B., she broke up with Scott and moved out. Michaela gave birth to A.B.

in November 2009. Scott was not present for the birth, but visited the hospital two or 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise specified.
3

three hours later, bringing a pizza and asking to hold the baby. Scott was not named as 

A.B.'s father on A.B.'s birth certificate. 

Scott sent Michaela a $50 money order, but she rejected it. He also offered to 

bring her baby food, but Michaela told him she did not need it, as A.B. was breastfeeding. Scott did not offer to provide any further assistance and did not see A.B. again 

until two months later, in January 2010, when he met with Michaela and A.B. for 

approximately two hours. Scott did not otherwise send gifts, cards or other items to A.B. 

In early 2010, Michaela sought benefits for A.B. through the Department of Child 

Support Services (DCSS). Scott questioned whether he was A.B.'s father and requested a 

paternity test, noting on his income and expense declaration that if A.B. was his child, he 

would pay support and "wish for partial custody." Around that same time, Scott visited

Michaela's house but Michaela was not available to see him, and she did not learn of the 

visit until after Scott had left.

Scott was determined to be A.B.'s biological father and the court issued an order in 

September 2010 requiring him to pay DCSS for A.B.'s support and to obtain health 

insurance for her if "available at no or reasonable cost." Scott did not request visitation, 

but began paying support in October 2010, and continued paying consistently, through 

wage garnishment, almost every month thereafter, although he never provided A.B. with 

health insurance. 

Sometime in 2011, when Scott tried, unsuccessfully, to visit Michaela, Michaela's 

brother suggested that he seek court authorization to visit A.B. Scott went to family court 

and obtained the necessary paperwork to set up visitation, but did not take any further 
4

action after being told it would cost $400 to file the forms. Scott attempted to visit 

Michaela again in 2012, but she was not home. 

In April 2013, Michaela began dating John O. Within a few months, John became 

involved in A.B.'s care and he began providing financial support for her in October 2013. 

A.B. called John "Daddy" and became very bonded to him. In the fall of 2014, Michaela 

moved in with John and they thereafter married. 

At about the same time, Michaela had a "falling out" with her family. In October 

2014, Scott sent a letter to Michaela, inquiring about A.B. and explaining that he planned 

to seek visitation through the court by A.B.'s fifth birthday (in November 2014). Shortly 

thereafter, Michaela's mother contacted Scott. 

In late October 2014, Scott initiated a family court proceeding to obtain visitation. 

He acknowledged that he did not know A.B. and had only seen her a few times since her 

birth, but emphasized his self-improvement, stating that although he "use[d] to have a 

drinking problem . . . ", he was now sober and had worked on becoming "a more

responsible and more reliable [f]ather." In his visitation request, Scott noted his 

relationship with Michaela's family and suggested starting visitation at Michaela's 

mother's home. Michaela called Scott after seeing the visitation request, and they had a 

lengthy conversation. Scott primarily discussed Michaela's mother, stating that she

wanted to see A.B. again, he believed seeing her would be in A.B.'s best interests, and he 

wanted to visit with A.B. at her house. 

Michaela and Scott participated in mediation to address Scott's visitation request. 

Based on their agreement, the family court ordered a therapist to oversee A.B.'s 
5

introduction to Scott and subsequent visitation. The therapist met individually with A.B., 

Scott, and Michaela and held conjoint sessions with Scott and A.B. in February and 

March 2015, although Scott did not take full advantage of the authorized visitation. Scott 

tried to develop a relationship with A.B., but they had limited interaction during the 

therapy sessions. At the second session, Scott played his guitar and A.B. hugged him

when the session was over. 

The conjoint therapy sessions proceeded "on a reasonable basis," but ended in 

March 2015, when John petitioned to terminate Scott's parental rights so that he could 

adopt A.B.2 In response to John's petition to terminate Scott's rights, a social worker 

scheduled interviews with A.B.'s family. Scott was hesitant to meet, and the social 

worker had to contact him four to five times to set up his interview, which was unusual

for a parent facing termination of parental rights. Moreover, at Scott's request, 

Michaela's mother and stepfather were included in his interview.3 In her report, the 

social worker recommended that Scott's parental rights not be terminated, based on her 

conclusion that he neither abandoned nor intended to abandon A.B. 

Despite her earlier recommendation, the social worker testified at the hearing on 

John's petition that Scott's five-year absence deprived A.B. of stability and that John had 

provided A.B. with stability and continuity of care during the preceding two years. The 

 

2 At respondents' request, we take judicial notice of John's adoption petition.

(Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (d)(1).)

3 Michaela's mother and stepfather also had multiple "excited" telephone 

conversations with the social worker. 
6

social worker also acknowledged that the timing of the falling out between Michaela and 

her mother and Scott's request for visitation "was likely not to be coincidental."

Michaela and Scott presented conflicting testimony at the hearing as to Scott's 

attempts to initiate contact with A.B. between 2010 and 2014. Scott introduced evidence 

(including testimony from Michaela's family members) that he sent Michaela several

letters between 2009 and 2014, but Michaela testified she never received any letters from 

him.4

Similarly, Scott testified that Michaela started blocking his telephone calls in 2012

and introduced testimony from Michaela's family that he had called Michaela several 

times asking to see A.B., but Michaela had ignored his messages. By contrast, Michaela 

testified that Scott had called her periodically through 2011 but never requested visitation 

with A.B., and she had not returned his calls because she did not want to give him false 

hope regarding their relationship. Michaela admitted that she changed her phone number

in 2012, but retained voice mail for her old number (which she checked weekly), until 

late summer of 2013. 

After the close of evidence, the court noted the absence of evidence as to the cause

of the "huge falling out" between Michaela and her family, but indicated that its focus 

was on Scott and his actions with respect to A.B. It ruled in relevant part that: 

(1) Michaela's testimony as to Scott's efforts to establish contact was much more credible 

 

4 Michaela had lived in her deceased grandmother's house during this time and some 

of her relatives testified that Michaela received numerous letters from Scott at the house; 

however, as the juvenile court noted, these family members provided inconsistent 

testimony as to who was living in the house over that time period. 
7

than that of her family members; (2) Scott was aware of the family court and its 

procedures but made no meaningful attempt to request visitation until 2014; (3) when 

Scott first sought visitation at that time, he did not emphasize that Michaela had kept him

away from A.B., but instead focused on his personal struggles, which suggested that he

was not actively interested in establishing contact with A.B. prior to 2014; (4) Scott failed 

to have meaningful contact with A.B. for a period of more than one year; (5) the support 

Scott paid sporadically over the years was token; (6) Scott's communications with

Michaela's family members failed to establish that he had a meaningful relationship with 

A.B.; and (7) A.B. had a good relationship with John, such that adoption was in her best 

interests. The court therefore ordered termination of Scott's parental rights. 

Scott timely appealed.5

DISCUSSION

I

Application of Section 7822

Section 7822 establishes the grounds for terminating parental rights due to a 

parent's voluntary abandonment and, in pertinent part, allows for commencement of 

proceedings where "[o]ne parent has left the child in the care and custody of the other 

parent for a period of one year without any provision for the child's support, or without 

communication from the parent, with the intent on the part of the parent to abandon the 

 

5 In the proceedings below, A.B.'s counsel argued that adoption was in the child's 

best interests based on her age and the significance of Michaela and John in her life. On 

appeal, A.B.'s appellate counsel has changed approaches, now joining in Scott's 

arguments that the order terminating his parental rights must be reversed. 
8

child." (§ 7822, subd. (a)(3), italics added.) This statute is liberally construed "to serve 

and protect the interests and welfare of the child" (§ 7801) and the juvenile court's 

findings must be based on clear and convincing evidence. (§ 7821.)

A. One-year Statutory Period for Abandonment

Scott contends the one-year period of abandonment referenced in section 7822, 

subdivision (a)(3), refers solely to the year immediately preceding the filing of the 

petition to terminate parental rights. However, although the statutory language is clear 

that the one-year statutory period of abandonment must occur prior to the filing of the 

termination petition (In re Amy A. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 63, 71), neither that language, 

nor any case interpreting it, establishes the limitation that Scott urges. (See In re E.M.

(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 828, 841, fn. 8 (E.M.) [recognizing, but declining to decide, the 

issue]). For the reasons that follow, we conclude that no such limitation exists.

"The interpretation of a statute is a question of law we review independently."

(In re Lana S. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 94, 108.) To ascertain legislative intent, we first 

examine the words of the statute and, if the statutory language is clear and unambiguous,

its plain meaning governs. (In re Joshua A. (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 208, 214.) A court

may not interpret a statute to reflect an intention that does not appear from its plain 

language (In re Y.A. (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 523, 527), and when a particular word or 

phrase is used in a particular statutory scheme, the omission of similar language from a 

related provision is often evidence of a different legislative intent. (In re Joshua A.,

at p. 215.)
9

The plain language of section 7822, subdivision (a)(3), describes abandonment 

"for a period of one year," but does not limit the one-year time period to the period 

immediately preceding the filing of the petition. The absence of limitation in the plain

language is consistent with the interpretation of identical language in a different 

subdivision of section 7822's predecessor statute (former Civ. Code § 232, subd. (a)(1),

(Stats. 1992, ch. 162, § 10, p. 664, appen., p. 8)) authorizing the termination of parental 

rights to a child who had lived in an out-of-home placement for a one-year period.6 

(In re Connie M. (1986) 176 Cal.App.3d 1225, 1235-1237 (Connie M.).) 

The predecessor statute was analyzed in Connie M., in which a three-month-old 

child was placed in foster care from November 1979 to January 1983, when she was 

briefly returned to the custody of her biological parents. After efforts at reunification 

failed and Connie was placed back in foster care, the Department of Public Social

Services successfully petitioned on her behalf to terminate parental rights. Connie's 

mother appealed, contending in part that the statutory one-year period only applied to the 

year immediately preceding the filing of the petition. 

The Connie M. court rejected the mother's argument, concluding that "to hold that 

the one-year period immediately preceding the filing of the petition is the requisite year 

would defeat the legislative purposes" of the statute. (Connie M., supra, 176 Cal.App.3d 

 

6 The transition from former Civil Code section 232, subdivision (a)(1) to Family 

Code section 7822 was without substantive change. (23 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep. 1, 

649 (1993).) The 1984 version of former Civil Code section 232 analyzed in Connie M.

contained the provision allowing parental termination for abandonment (now contained in 

Fam. Code § 7822, subd. (a)(3)) in former Civil Code section 232, subdivision (a)(1). 

(Connie M. at p. 1238; Stats. 1983 ch. 309, § 2.)
10

at p. 1239.) The court examined the legislative intent for former Civil Code section 232 

and observed that the chapter containing the section required courts to liberally construe 

its provisions to " 'protect the interests and welfare of the child.' " (Connie M., at p. 1239, 

quoting from former Civ. Code § 232.5.) The chapter further described its purpose as 

" 'to serve the welfare and best interests of a child by providing the stability and security 

of an adoptive home when those conditions are otherwise missing from his or her life.' "7 

(Ibid., quoting from former Civ. Code § 232.6.) 

The Connie M. court also found "convincing support for the interpretation that the 

one-year period can be any time prior to the filing of the petition" based on a comparison 

of the subdivisions of former Civil Code section 232. (Connie M., supra, 176 Cal.App.3d 

at p. 1240.) Former Civil Code section 232, subdivision (a)(3), allowed for termination

of rights if it is "shown that 'the child has been a dependent child of the juvenile court, 

and the parent or parents have been deprived of the child's custody continuously for one 

year immediately prior to the filing of a petition pursuant to this section.' " (Connie M., 

at p. 1240.) According to Connie M., the Legislature's use of specific language limiting 

the one-year period to the time immediately prior to the filing of the petition in former 

Civil Code section 232, subdivision (a)(3) and failure to include such language in former 

subdivision (a)(7), established that it did not intend for such a limitation in the latter 

circumstance. The court reasoned "[i]f the Legislature had intended the time period of 

 

7 Former Civil Code sections 232.5 and 232.6 were carried forward without 

substantive change in 1992 when section 7800 et seq. were enacted (Stats. 1992, ch. 162, 

§ 10). 23 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep. 1, 644, 664 (1993), referencing §§ 7800, 7801, 

and 7890.)
11

[former Civil Code section 232,] subdivision (a)(7) to be the one year immediately prior 

to the filing of the petition, [it] would have done so explicitly, as [it] did in [former] 

subdivision (a)(3)."8 (Connie M., at p. 1240.)

The express legislative purpose underlying section 7822 is identical to the 

legislative purpose described in Connie M. (23 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep. 1, 644, 664

(1993), referencing §§ 7800, 7801, and 7890) and therefore just as in Connie M.,

interpreting the one-year period as limited to the preceding year would defeat the 

legislative purposes of section 7822. In addition, because the predecessor to section 

7822, subdivision (a)(3), was one of the subdivisions included in former Civil Code 

section 232, the court's conclusion in Connie M. that the presence of specific limiting 

language in a different subdivision of the same statute establishes that the Legislature did 

not intend to include the limitation in a subdivision lacking the limiting language is 

equally applicable here. Moreover, the same reasoning applies to an even earlier 

predecessor of section 7822. In 1961, when the provision allowing parental termination 

 

8 The phrase "for a period of one year" in the predecessor of a related statute has 

likewise been interpreted as not limited to the year immediately prior to the filing of an 

adoption petition. (Connie M., supra, 176 Cal.App.3d at 1239 [referencing former 

Civ. Code § 224, predecessor to § 8604, Stats. 1992, ch. 162, § 10, pp. 681-682, appen., 

p. 7; Stats. 1990, ch. 1363, § 3, p. 6059].) Section 8604 allows a party to adopt without 

the noncustodial birth parent's consent if such "parent for a period of one year willfully 

fails to communicate with, and to pay for, the care, support, and education of the child 

when able to do so." (§ 8604, subd. (b), italics added.) Courts have consistently rejected 

an interpretation of section 8604's predecessor that would limit the one-year period to the 

period immediately preceding the filing of the petition. (Adoption of Burton (1956) 

147 Cal.App.2d 125, 133-134; Adoption of Christopher S. (1987) 197 Cal.App.3d 433, 

441; Adoption of Smith (1969) 270 Cal.App.2d 605, 608; 10 Witkin, Summary of Cal. 

Law (10th ed. 2005) Parent and Child, § 102, p. 170.) 
12

for abandonment was first enacted as part of former Civil Code section 232,

subdivision (a), the provision referenced a "period of one year" and "a period of at least

one year" while two other subdivisions in the same section explicitly referred to "the 

period of one year continuously immediately prior to the filing of a petition." (Former 

Civ. Code, § 232, subds. (b) [addressing termination for cruel treatment or neglect] & (c) 

[addressing termination for habitual intemperance or moral depravity], italics added; 

Stats. 1961, ch. 1616, § 4, p. 3504.) Clearly, the Legislature knew how to limit the oneyear period if that was its intent.

We find the analysis of Connie M. persuasive here and therefore conclude that 

limiting the language of section 7822, subdivision (a)(3), to refer only to the one-year 

period immediately preceding the petition would defeat the legislative purpose of the 

statute. We also reject A.B.'s contention that interpreting the statute to authorize a 

termination of parental rights where a parent abandoned a child, but subsequently 

established frequent and constant contact with him or her, would be "absurd." In fact, the 

interpretation A.B. advocates would allow a parent to abandon a child for many years, 

only to race to the courthouse to obtain visitation as soon as a new stepparent enters the 

picture, thereby precluding the court from terminating the abandoning parent's rights and 

interfering with the child's potential adoption, stability and security. In light of the 

express statutory purpose of "serv[ing] the welfare and best interest of a child by 

providing the stability and security of an adoptive home when those conditions are 

otherwise missing from the child's life" (§ 7800; see § 7890), the Legislature could have 

reasonably concluded that the existence of parental abandonment for a year or more at 
13

any point in a child's life is a factor a court should consider in determining whether 

terminating parental rights is in the child's best interests, notwithstanding the parent's 

more recent attempts to connect with the child.

For these reasons, we conclude that the Legislature did not intend to limit the oneyear period in section 7822, subdivision (a)(3), to the one year immediately preceding the 

filing of the petition.

B. Intent to Abandon A.B.

Scott contends that even if section 7822's one-year statutory period is interpreted 

as occurring at any time prior to the filing of the petition, he has rebutted any 

presumption that he intended to abandon A.B. " 'The questions of abandonment and of 

intent . . . , including the issue of whether the statutory presumption has been overcome 

satisfactorily, are questions of fact for the resolution of the trial court.' " (In re Marriage 

of Jill & Victor D. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 491, 506.) 

Although a court must make such findings based on clear and convincing evidence 

(§ 7821), the sole issue on appeal is whether substantial evidence supports its

conclusions. (In re Adoption of Allison C. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1010.) In 

determining if substantial evidence exists, we consider the evidence in a manner that 

favors the order being challenged. (Guardianship of Wisdom (1956) 146 Cal.App.2d 

635, 639.) We do not evaluate "the credibility of witnesses, resolve conflicts in the 

evidence or determine the weight of the evidence." (E.M., supra, 228 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 839.) On appeal, appellant bears the burden of establishing insufficient evidence to 

support the trial court's findings. (Ibid.)
14

In determining a parent's intent to abandon, the superior court must objectively 

measure the parent's conduct, "consider[ing] not only the number and frequency of his or 

her efforts to communicate with the child, but the genuineness of" the parent's efforts.

(In re B.J.B. (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 1201, 1212.) There is no requirement that a parent 

intend to abandon the child permanently. (In re Daniel M. (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 878, 

883 (Daniel M.).) The Legislature has determined that a child's need for stability cannot 

be postponed indefinitely to conform to an absent parent's plans to reestablish contact "in 

the distant future." (Id. at p. 884.) 

Under section 7822, subdivision (b), a parent's failure to provide identification, 

provide support, or communicate with his or her child is presumptive evidence of an 

intent to abandon and his or her token efforts will not overcome this statutory 

presumption. (See ibid. [allowing a court to make a determination of abandonment if it 

finds a parent has either "made only token efforts to support or communicate with the 

child"]; Adoption of Oukes, 14 Cal.App.3d 459, 467 [similar, under former Civ. Code, 

§ 232].) In this case, there was substantial evidence to support the court's finding that 

Scott made only token efforts to communicate with A.B. for well over a one-year

period.9 The court found Michaela's testimony regarding the very limited nature and 

frequency of Scott's contacts with A.B. between early 2010 and the fall of 2014 credible

 

9 Because Scott's efforts to establish contact with A.B. were minimal for the entire 

period from early 2010, when he last saw A.B., to his filing for visitation in the fall of 

2014, the court did not need to focus on any particular one-year period within that four to 

five year time range.
15

as compared to the contrary testimony of Michaela's family members (and implicitly of 

Scott himself). Further, it is essentially undisputed that, although Scott initially 

expressed an interest in having "partial custody" when paternity was established, he did 

not thereafter actively inquire about A.B. or seek visitation with her until shortly before 

she turned five.10

Although Scott may not have intended to abandon A.B. permanently and his 

efforts toward self-improvement were admirable, the law does not require that A.B.'s life 

be kept in limbo based on such circumstances. In fact, doing so would not be consistent 

with the Legislative purpose of providing abandoned children with the stability and 

security of an adoptive home: " 'The reality is that childhood is brief; it does not wait 

while a parent rehabilitates himself or herself. The nurturing required must be given by 

someone, at the time the child needs it, not when the parent is ready to give it.' " 

(In re Daniel M., supra, 16 Cal.App.4th at p. 884.) 

Scott attempts to factually analogize his case to E.M., supra, 228 Cal.App.4th 828, 

wherein this court upheld an order denying a petition to terminate the parental rights of a 

father who was separated from his children while he addressed his substance abuse 

issues. (Id. at pp. 833, 841.) However, unlike Scott, the father in E.M. "regularly 

telephoned the children" and "asked to see the children numerous times during the 

 

10 Scott contends John and Michaela failed to prove he left A.B. without financial 

support. Because section 7822, subdivision (b) states the elements of abandonment in the 

disjunctive and we resolve the issue of abandonment by finding Scott failed to 

communicate with A.B. for more than one year, we need not address whether Scott 

further demonstrated an intent to abandon A.B. by failing to support her.
16

statutory period" and his failure to maintain regular contact was "solely because [the 

mother] had prevented him from doing so." (Id. at pp. 840-841.) In contrast, here 

substantial evidence establishes that Scott did not make anything other than perfunctory

efforts to see A.B. from 2010 to late 2014. 

Because substantial evidence supports a finding that Scott made only token efforts 

to communicate with A.B. for well over a one-year period of her life, the court did not err 

in ruling that he intended to abandon her within the meaning of section 7822, 

subdivision (a)(3).

C. The Court's Order Is in A.B.'s Best Interests

Scott also argues that even if substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings 

on abandonment, we should nonetheless reverse the termination order because A.B.'s 

adoption by John is not in her best interests. In Scott's view, Michaela's marriage to John 

provided less stability to A.B., who was cut off from her grandparents and other family; 

he also expresses concerns about John's character. A.B. similarly argues that because she

was recently deprived of her relationship with her maternal grandmother, it is not in her

best interests to also be deprived of the opportunity to have a relationship with her 

biological father. 

"[T]he decision to terminate parental rights lies in the first instance within the 

discretion of the trial court, 'and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of that 

discretion.' " (In re Noreen G. (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1359, 1382.) "When applying the 

deferential abuse of discretion standard, 'the trial court's findings of fact are reviewed for 

substantial evidence, its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, and its application of 
17

the law to the facts is reversible only if arbitrary and capricious.' " (In re C.B. (2010) 

190 Cal.App.4th 102, 123.)

The trial court's finding that adoption by John was in A.B.'s best interests is amply 

supported by the record. The evidence shows Scott did not know A.B. and had no 

relationship with her, other than to the extent it developed during two conjoint therapy 

visits. In contrast, A.B. had formed a relationship with John beginning in 2013 and was 

very bonded to him by the time of the hearing. The therapist supervising the conjoint 

therapy and visitations testified that John and Michaela were the primary people in A.B.'s 

life and A.B. initially expressed no interest in Scott. Even the social worker who 

prepared the section 7822 report recommending against a termination of Scott's rights

testified that John had provided A.B. with stability and continuity of care during the prior

two years, something Scott failed to do during A.B.'s life. 

Contrary to Scott's implication on appeal, the "evidence" of any purported issues 

with John's character consists of unsubstantiated hearsay statements in Scott's 

declarations, none of which were specifically cited to at the hearing. Moreover, although 

Scott argues that John's presence in A.B.'s life brought less stability and security because 

A.B. was cut off from Michaela's mother and other maternal family members, he cites no 

evidence establishing that John's relationship with A.B. and Michaela caused the family 

rift or that A.B. would have been better off if the court did not allow John to adopt her. 

Scott likewise has failed to identify any evidence to suggest that his acting as an 

intermediary between A.B. and Michaela's family would have created greater stability for 

A.B. Similarly, no evidence established that A.B.'s new relationship with Scott was an 
18

essential substitute for her lost relationship with Michaela's mother. In any event, the test 

on appeal is not whether substantial evidence supports a finding the appellant wishes the 

court had made but rather whether substantial evidence, contradicted or not, supports the

conclusions the court did make. (Bowers v. Bernards (1984) 150 Cal.App.3d 870, 872-

873.)

Scott further argues that termination of his parental rights is not in A.B.'s best 

interests because he will no longer be obligated to provide child support for her. 

However, Scott forfeited appellate review of this issue because he did not raise it in the 

trial court. (Steve J. v. Superior Court (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 798, 810-811.) Moreover, 

he has not directed us to any evidence establishing that A.B. would suffer harm if Scott

stopped paying such support. 

Because the record contains substantial evidence to support the juvenile court's 

finding that adoption was in A.B.'s best interests, the juvenile court did not abuse its 

discretion in terminating Scott's parental rights.

II

ICWA

Congress enacted ICWA to "protect the best interests of Indian children and to 

promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families . . . ." (25 U.S.C. § 1902.)

ICWA allows a tribe to intervene in dependency proceedings because the law presumes it 

is in the child's best interests to retain tribal ties and heritage and in the tribe's interest to 

preserve future generations. (In re Desiree F. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 460, 469.) 

Consequently, a court cannot terminate parental rights over an Indian child without first 
19

providing the child's tribe with notice "by registered mail with return receipt requested, of 

the pending proceedings and of their right of intervention." (25 U.S.C. § 1912, subd. (a).) 

ICWA notice requirements "are mandatory and cannot be waived by the parties." 

(In re Robert A. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 982, 989.) However, "a notice violation under 

ICWA is not jurisdictional in the fundamental sense, but instead is subject to a harmless 

error analysis." (In re G.L. (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 683, 695.) " 'An appellant seeking 

reversal for lack of proper ICWA notice must show a reasonable probability that he or 

she would have obtained a more favorable result in the absence of the error.' " (In re

Autumn K. (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 674, 715 (Autumn K.).)

Under California law, a court may find that ICWA does not apply to termination 

proceedings if proper notice is given and neither a "tribe nor the Bureau of Indian Affairs 

has provided a determinative response within 60 days after receiving that notice."11 

(Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.3, subd. (e)(3); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.482(d)(1).) 

California law further provides that a "[p]roof of the notice, including copies of notices 

sent and all return receipts and responses received, shall be filed with the court in 

advance of the hearing . . . ." (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.2, subd. (c), italics added.). In 

 

11 Prior to 2008, the relevant 60-day period was tied to the sending of notice rather 

than its receipt. (See Cal. Rules of Court, former rule 5.664(f)(6), repealed eff. Jan. 1, 

2008 [allowing a court to determine that ICWA was inapplicable "[i]f, after a reasonable 

time following the sending of notice under this rule—but in no event less than 60 days—

no determinative response to the notice is received."]; see also, e.g., In re Justin S. (2007) 

150 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1437.) In addition, the California Rules of Court still allow a 

court to find ICWA inapplicable when a tribe does not respond to notice 60 or more days 

following service in guardianship and conservatorship proceedings. (Cal. Rules of Court, 

rule 7.1015(c)(9).) 
20

addition, no termination proceeding "shall be held until at least 10 days after receipt of 

notice by . . . the tribe . . . ." (Id., subd. (d), italics added; 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a).) 

During the course of the proceeding, Scott submitted an ICWA-030 form 

identifying four separate tribes with which A.B. might be affiliated. Respondents mailed

a copy of the form and notice of the termination hearing to each of the tribes and filed a

copy of the notice, proof of service and counsel's declaration with the court. By the time 

of the hearing in August 2015, three of the four tribes had responded, indicating that A.B. 

was not affiliated with them At the continued hearing, the court was informed that no 

response had been received from the United Keetoowah Band and, with the assent of 

Scott and A.B., it made a finding that ICWA did not apply.

On appeal, Scott contends the court failed to comply with ICWA's notice 

provisions because there is no evidence the United Keetoowah Band received actual 

notice of the proceeding as the result of an error in the zip code used in sending the 

notice. Scott is correct that the date of receipt of an ICWA notice, rather than the date of 

its service, is the critical time for determining whether ICWA applies in the absence of 

any tribal response. (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 224.2, subds. (c), (d), & 224.3, subd. (e)(3);

also 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a).) However, at the request of Michaela and John, this court has 

taken judicial notice of evidence that the United Keetoowah Band actually received 

notice of these proceedings several months prior to the termination hearing and decided 
21

not to intervene.12 Although this evidence was not before the juvenile court at the time 

of the continued hearing on the termination petition and thus the court erred in finding 

ICWA inapplicable, it nonetheless establishes that there is no reasonable probability that 

Scott would have obtained a more favorable result in the absence of error, as required to 

establish reversible error. (Autumn K., supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at p. 715.).

 

12 Although an appellate court will generally not consider postjudgment evidence as 

a basis for reversing a termination of parental rights except in extraordinary 

circumstances (In re Zeth S. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 396, 413), here the evidence supports an 

affirmance of the decision to terminate Scott's parental rights. (In re A.B. (2008) 

164 Cal.App.4th 832, 841 ["admission of the evidence to affirm the judgment would 

promote the finality of the judgment and prevent further delay"]; In re B.D. (2008) 

159 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1223 [considering reports of proceedings occurring after the 

termination of parental rights to establish harmless error].) In addition, because ICWA 

compliance can be raised at any time, consideration of this evidence for the first time on 

appeal is appropriate. (Alicia B. v. Superior Court (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 856, 866-867 

[augmenting record with ICWA notices where appellant was challenging ICWA notice 

rather than termination of parental rights]; A.B. at pp. 841, 843 [permitting augmentation 

with an ICWA form, noting the ICWA issue was "distinct from the substantive merits"].)
22

DISPOSITION

The order terminating parental rights is affirmed.

IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

MCDONALD, Acting P. J.

PRAGER, J.*

 

* Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.