JPRS-TND-89-012

14 JUNE 1989

* FOREIGN

BROADCAST

INFORMATION

SERVICE

-'PRS Report---

V iArDbutiouh un•.mited

Nuclear

Developments

REPRODUCED BY

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE

SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161

D=TIC QUALTY INSPECTED I
Nuclear Developments

JPRS-TND-89-012 CONTENTS 14 JUNE 1989

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

SOUTH AFRICA

Commentary Weighs Space Program, Costs [Johannesburg Radio] ...................................................... I

CHINA

2d Minireactor Reaches Criticality Safely [CEI Database] ......................................................................... 2

Potential Sites for Power Plant Named [Hong Kong SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST 19 Apr] ............... 2

Prototype of Element for Nuclear Power Station Developed [XINHUA] .................................................. 2

Zhejiang Nuclear Power Station Construction [CHINA DAILY 29 May] .................................................. 2

EAST ASIA

JAPAN

Police Investigate Firm's Exports to GDR [KYODO] ....................................................................... 4

NORTH KOREA

Czech Nuclear Delegation Discusses Cooperation ............................................................................... 4

M eeting W ith Vice Prem ier [KCNA] ......................................................................................... 4

Atomic Energy Protocol Signed [KCNA] .................................................................................. 4

EAST EUROPE

INTRABLOC AFFAIRS

CEMA Nuclear Program Described [Prague RUDE PRA VO 18 May] ............................................. 5

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Details of CSSR Nuclear Program Provided [MLADA FRONTA 23 May] ...................................... 7

POLAND

Government Responsive to Antinuclear Initiatives [PRA WO I ZYCIE 6 May] ............................. 8

LATIN AMERICA

BRAZIL

Avibras, PRC To Sell Satellite Launchers [FOLHA DE SAO PAULO 19 Apr] ............................... 11

PERU

Foreign Minister Rejects Nuclear Test in Mururoa [EL COMERCIO 14 May] ............................ 13

NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

ISLAMIC AFFAIRS

Arab Motives for Nuclear Technology Development Discussed [Muscat 'UMAN 7 Apr] .............. 14
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 JUNE 1989 2

EGYPT

Cooperation W ith Iraq on M issiles Denied [WAKH] ....................................................................... 15

INDIA

M edia H ail M issile Launch, C riticize U .S . .......................................................................................... 16

Positive Press Response [Hong Kong AFP] ............................................................................. 16

Public H ails Launch [D elhi Radio] ......................................................................................... 17

Commentary on Agni Launch [Delhi International] .............................................................. 17

Advanced Surface-to-Surface M issile Tests Planned ........................................................................... 18

AFP Report [H ong Kong AFP] ................................................................................................ 18

Scientist on December Launch [Delhi Radio] ......................................................................... 18

New Missiles May Be Able To Deliver Nuclear Weapons [THE TIMES OF INDIA 10 Apr] ........... 19

Defense Minister Says 'Agni' Can Carry Warheads [Delhi Radio] ................................................... 20

Nuclear Reactor Commissioning Time Reduced [Delhi Radio] ..................................................... 20

Commentary Views Missile-Based Defense System [Delhi International] ....................................... 20

Emergency Drill for Tarapur Planned for December [THE TIMES OF INDIA 25 Mar] .............. 21

PAKISTAN

U.S. Nonproliferation Policy Criticized [HAIDER 21 May] ........................................................... 21

Islamabad Reports India's 'Agni' Missile Launch [Islamabad International] ................................ 22

Nuclear Power Generation Program Outlined [DA WN 22 May] .................................................... 22

SOVIET UNION

Scheduled Shutdown of Leningrad AES Explained [LENINGRADSKA YA PRA VDA 12 May] ............... 24

Energy Official Discusses Reactor Safety Deci-ee [PRA VITELSTVENNYY VESTNIK Apr] .................. 24

WEST EUROPE

AUSTRIA

Cabinet Adopts Nuclear Agreement With CSSR [DER STANDARD 24 May] ............................. 27

CSSR Power Plants Threaten 'I1l Feelings' [DIE PRESSE 30 May] .............................................. 27

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

Court Rules Niederaichbach Plant Dismantling Possible [DIE ZEIT 31 Mar] .............................. 27

FINLAND

Expansion of Nuclear Power Plants Considered [Stockholm NY TEKNIK 27 Apr] ...................... 33
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1

SOUTH AFRICA Satellite data received at Hartebeeshoek is routinely

relayed to other countries in Africa south of the equator

Commentary Weighs Space Program, Costs and is used in weather forecasting. Satellites are also

MB0106052689 Johannesburg Domestic Service in used for international communications and for relaying

English 0500 GMT 1 Jun 89 television programs.

[Station commentary] It is imperative that South Africa keeps up in the ever

accelerating technological race. As it approaches the 21 st

[Text] South Africa is ready to launch her own space century, the world is likely to split into two major blocs:

program, when financial resources permit. The dramatic a small group of nations forming the premier technologannouncement this week that South Africa has the ical league-the hi-tech league-and the rest. South

ability and the know-how for a space program is the Africa has the undisputed potential to enter the hi-tech

latest testimony to the high level of technological league of the 21st century, but our Third World environadvancement in South Africa, a level that is remarkable ment inevitably provides constraints.

for a small nation that is rooted in a predominantly

Third World environment. The costs of a space program for example, must be

The milestones on South Africa's road to hi-tech status weighed up against the need for the socioeconomic

are well marked: oil-from-coal and uranium enrichment development of developing communities. Given our

technology; shaft sinking and deep level mining exper- limited financial resources, expenditure on education,

tise; the development of major iron and steel industries, health, and other sectors experiencing a backlog in

as well as extensive electricity and communications facilities must have priority.

infrastructures; spectacular innovations in armaments

manufacture and participation in major hydro-electric The paramount need is for job creation and training and

projects; and, now, Mossgas and a space program capa- for the development of depressed sectors of our society.

bility. At the same time, however, technological acceleration

must not be seen as contradictory to the need for labor

Insofar as space research is concerned, South Africa has intensive workplaces. Experience in the Far East has

been intimately involved in the space age since the shown that hi-tech can create jobs and new industries

launch of the first sputnik. The radio space research and can stimulate informal sector growth. It is accordstation at Hartebeeshoek played a significant part in all ingly important that, while socioeconomic development

the American deep space missions and in the tracking of projects continue to be emphasized, hi-tech sectors be

United States earth satellites. The Hartebeeshoek com- encouraged to grow and expand so that South Africa will

plex has also provided tracking and command support be ready for the technological demands and challenges of

for the launching of French satellites, the 21st century.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 CHINA 2

2d Minireactor Reaches Criticality Safely He declined to reveal the exact locations of the sites but

HK2205131189 Beijing CEI Database in English said one Haifeng site had recently been dropped because

22 May 89 of the discovery of several faults.

[Text] Beijing (CEI)-According the China State He Jiang said Taishan had a clean record as far as

Nuclear Industry Corporation, China's second mini earthquakes were concerned and it had not had any

reactor, built by the China Nuclear Energy Science major tremors in recent decades.

Research Institute, has reached criticality safely recently.

The reactor passed the safety examination organized by "Haifeng is also pretty stable. The last major earthquake

State Bureau of Nuclear Safety after its installation and was recorded several decades ago off the coast at Hongtesting were completed in Shandong Province and hai Bay (northeast of Daya Bay)," he said.

approved operation. In May 3, the reactor reached

criticality. China's first mini reactor was developed by Mr Jiang said their study did not cover Daya Bay

China Nuclear Energy Science Research Institute and because the relevant data for the area was available from

passed testing in 1984. previous site selection studies for the first plant.

Potential Sites for Power Plant Named Meanwhile, a China News Agency report said Guang51004009 Hong Kong SOUTH CHINA MORNING dong power experts had cancelled a planned field trip to

POST in English 19 Apr 89 p 3 Daya Bay, following a Ministry of Energy Resources

announcement this month that the province's second

[Article by S. Y. Wai] atomic station would not be built there.

[Text] Guangdong authorities have identified Haifeng and Prototype of Element for Nuclear Power Station

Taishan counties as two potential sites for the southern Developed

Chinese province's second nuclear power station. 0W2705090789 Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in

Chinese 1138 GMT 13 May 89

Provincial officials yesterday said the two areas were

chosen for their relatively stable seismic structure and ["Local Broadcast News Service"]

proximity to the centre of electricity demand.

[Excerpt] Beijing, 13 May (XINHUA)-The following A team of Chinese geologists, seismologists, meteorolo- new achievement has been scored during new construcgists and energy experts visited the two sites last month. tion:

Haifeng, comprising mostly of fishing villages, is about 140 The prototype of an element for a nuclear power station

kilometres northeast of Lowu and less than 100 km from with a capacity of 300,000 kilowatts, designed and built

Dakeng, Daya Bay, where a $28.6 billion atomic station is by China for the first time, passed verification and

being developed by a Sino-Hongkong joint venture. appraisal at the ministerial level recently. Relevant

experts believe that their various functions have met the Taishan is about I110 km west of Lantau Island. Both specifications of design parameters, and that they may counties are much farther from Hongkong than Daya be put into mass production. The successful developBay, which is only 30 km northeast of the border. ment of the prototype of an element for a nuclear power

station will provide an up-to-standard element for the A retired deputy chief engineer of the Guangdong Elec- Qinshan Nuclear Power Station. [passage omitted]

tric Power Bureau, Jiang Zhiping, has been appointed to

head the site selection team.

Zhejiang Nuclear Power Station Construction

The site selection study, which began in December, was HK2905031289 Beijing CHINA DAILY (Business

jointly ordered last year by the Guangdong Provincial Weekly Supplement) in English 29 May 89 p 1

Government and Planning Commission.

[Text] Installation of key equipment at a Chinese

Mr Jiang said experts from the Guangdong Electric designed and built nuclear power station in Qinshan,

Power Bureau and the Guangdong Electric Power Zhejiang Province, is well under way and the plant is

Design Institute were assessing the seismological and expected to start operation next year.

geological characteristics of the two counties.

A major capital construction project, the plant was

He expected the assessment to be complete by the end of started in 1983. Its first phase of construction provides

the year. for a generating capacity of 300,000 kilowatts.

Mr Jiang yesterday said the Guangdong province had The safety shell of the reactor has been sealed and

experienced a lot of earthquakes and it was difficult to various workshops and a water system have been comlocate seismologically stable places. pleted.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 3 CHINA

A recent inspection has proved that the design, construc- Preparation of the second phase of construction, which

tion and equipment at the plant are all up to the required will provide an extra 1.2-million-kilowatt generating

standards. capacity, is under way.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 EAST ASIA 4

JAPAN The company expanded the bilateral business relations

after concluding a contract with an East German elecPolice Investigate Firm's Exports to GDR tronics import and export corporation 10 years ago, the

0W2405040989 Tokyo KYODO in English sources said.

0233 GMT 24 May 89

According to the sources, the police suspect that East

[Text] Tokyo, May 24 KYODO--Executives of an elec- Germany may have pressed Prometron Technics to

trical machinery manufacturing company in Tokyo face illegally reexport the material, which was imported from

arrest on suspicion of illegally exporting nuclear material the United States.

to East Germany, sources in the Metropolitan Police

Department said Wednesday. NORTH KOREA

The company, Prometron Technics Ltd., is suspected of

exporting hafnium, a metallic element occuring in zirco- Czech Nuclear Delegation Discusses Cooperation

nium minerals which can be used to control neutron

releases from nuclear reactions, in violation of the rules Meeting With Vice Premier

of the Paris-based Coordinating Committee for [Multi- SK2205103589 Pyongyang KCNA in English

lateral] Export Control (COCOM), the sources said. 1022 GMT 22 May 89

COCOM controls the export of strategically sensitive [Text] Pyongyang May 22 (KCNA)-Vice-Premier Hong

goods to communist countries. Song-nam today met and conversed with the delegation

of the Czechoslovak Nuclear Energy Commission led by Police have raided the company's offices and homes of its chairman Stanislav Havel in a friendly atmosphere at

its executives, including its president, Hirokuni Mat- the Mansudae Assembly Hall.

suda, and seized documents as evidence, the sources

said. Choe Hak-kun, minister of atomic power industry, and

Vaclav Herman, Czechoslovak ambassador to Korea, The executives, who are being questioned by the police, were present.

will be arrested and charged with violation of the Customs Law which prohibits such exports without notification, the sources said. Atomic Energy Protocol Signed

SK2305101289 Pyongyang KCNA in English

Executives of the company were not available for com- 1010 GMT 23 May 89

ment when telephoned by a reporter.

[Text] Pyongyang May 23 (KCNA)-A protocol on

According to the police sources, Prometron Technics cooperation in the field of atomic energy for a peaceful

employees are believed to have carried the material to purpose between the Ministry of Atomic Power Industry

East Germany on several occasions between 1986 and of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the

1987, taking 3 to 5 kilograms there each time. Czechoslovak nuclear Energy Commission was signed in

Pyongyang on May 22.

The sources said hafnium can be used to make control

rods for small reactors used in nuclear submarines. It was signed by Choe Hak-kun, minister of atomic

power industry and Stanislav Havel, chairman of the

Prometron Technics is a leading manufacturer of air Czechoslovak Nuclear Energy Commission.

plasma steel cutters as well as of electronics products and

has branch offices in East Berlin, Chicago, and Singa- Meanwhile, the 1989-1990 working plan between the

pore. It has had relations with East Germany since the ministry of the DPRK and the Czechoslovak commiscompany was founded in 1973, the sources said. sion was signed on the same day.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 EAST EUROPE 5

INTRABLOC AFFAIRS Romania. The Romanian side backed away from these

plans in the middle of the 5-year plan, at a time when

CEMA Nuclear Program Described work on both reactors was in progress. This has caused

A U2005165289 Prague RUDE PRA VO in Czech losses because the reactors are still among the invento18 May 89 p 3 ries of the Skoda concern's Power Engineering plant.

[Interview with Engineer Vaclav Pantucek, deputy direc- [RUDE PRAVO] Is there still a realistic chance of all the

tor of a department at the CSSR Ministry of Metallurgy, capacities-and, more specifically, Skoda's reactor

Engineering, and Electrotechnical Industry, by Evzen hall-that we have built, with a view to international

Stanek: "Prospects of Nuclear Engineering"; date and specialization, being fully utilized?

place not given; first paragraph is RUDE PRAVO introduction] [Pantucek] In 1987 the CEMA governments signed a

.protocol extending until the year 2000 the agreement on

[Text] The CEMA Committee for Cooperation in Engi- specialization and cooperation in manufacturing equipneering met in Prague in March. One of the items on its ment for nuclear power stations. Deliveries up to the

agenda was the implementation and further develop- year 1995 were specified in such a way that member

ment of the CEMA countries' joint nuclear program. In countries would not run up any excessive stocks of

response to the wish which one of our readers conveyed manufactured equipment and manufacturers would be

to us in a letter, we have asked Engineering Vaclav able to effect timely supplies to new projects. In the next

Pantucek, deputy director of a Federal Ministry of 5-year plan, we should deliver seven 1,000-megawatt

Metallurgy, Engineering, and Electrotechnical Industry reactors-two each to Bulgaria and Hungary and another

Department, a member of our delegation in the commit- three to the Czechoslovak nuclear power plant at Temetee, about the present state of this program and about its lin. Simultaneously, three VVER-440 reactors will be

prospects after the Prague meeting. completed to be exported to Poland.

[RUDE PRAVO] What has, in your opinion, caused the [RUDE PRAVO] Still, how will the problems in Skoda

slowing down of the development of nuclear power Plzen be dealt with?

engineering in the CEMA countries, compared with the

intentions of the program? [Pantucek] Work on five nuclear reactors is in progress

[Pantucek] The slowing down occurred in the years of in the Skoda plant, of which two will be used in this

the Seventh 5-Year Plan, particularly in the years 1986- 5-year plan. One has already been dispatched to Bul88. It is possible to say that it reflects the lower- garia, for the first unit of the Belene power station, and

than-planned generation of national income in the the other one, to be delivered in 1990, is for the first unit

socialist countries, which resulted in there being less of the Temelin power station. The remaining three 1,000

money for the construction of expensive nuclear power megawatt units account for formidable difficulties in the

stations. There are also specific reasons in individual financial situation of the enterprise. These inventories countries. The GDR, for example, did at a certain time should be regulated [zregulovany] by 1991. We anticigive preference to the construction of some ecological pate that an alternative production of turbines will have

projects, such as the reconstruction of boiler rooms, but to be found for about 20 percent of the reactor hall's

now it is accelerating its nuclear construction again. The annual capacity. Various alternatives have, of course,

construction of nucleat isuer stations in Bulgaria has been considered. However, any other traditional alternafallen 2 years behind the plan; in the Seventh 5-Year tive production would cause economic difficulties comPlan, Bulgaria drew up a rather ambitious program for parable with those existing today.

the construction of two 1,000-megawatt units at the

Kozloduy power station and construction start at Belene [RUDE PRAVO] Given the present difficulties of all

was delayed. The situation in the Soviet Union has CEMA countries, is there any prospect at all for the

become complicated after the accident of Chernobyl. nuclear program being developed in its original form,

Many regulations, particularly decisions about the selec- which foresaw that Czechoslovakia, together with the

tion of localities, are being reconsidered and construc- Soviet Union, would be CEMA's largest supplier of reaction in this 5-year plan has slowed down substantially. A tors?

similar situation is to be expected in the next 5-year plan.

Hungary, on the other hand, wants to speed up the [Pantucek] We firmly believe that preference will be

construction of two VVER-1,000 units at Paks, where we returned to the nuclear program again. Other countries,

will supply our equipment. such as the United States, are also considering the

resumption of the construction of nuclear power sta-

[RUDE PRAVO] What is the impact of the slowing tions, because of the pollution caused by the burning of

down of the nuclear program on our economy? fossil fuels. All CEMA countries are grappling with this

type of pollution. The possibilities of generating electric-

[Pantucek] In this 5-year plan, we were to supply, among ity from other sources have been considered but all

other things, two 1,000 megawatt nuclear reactors to solutions devised so far indicate that one has to stick to
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 6 EAST EUROPE

nuclear power stations, equipped, of course, with ele- markdowns, which we consistently apply against partments that will be modem even after the year 2000. ners who do not honor their obligations. They, too, apply

them against us.

[RUDE PRAVO] But what would happen if, for economic reasons, we would have to replace current produc- [RUDE PRAVO] What is the situation with respect to

tion by other production programs? Would the CEMA the deliveries of equipment for our own nuclear power

countries be able to procure the equipment elsewhere? stations?

[Pantucek] Deliveries for the Mochovce power station, [Pantucek] They would. At least two countries are special- which will have four 440 megawatt nuclear units, are being

izing in the production of each nuclear component. Czech- worked out. In line with a CSSR Government resolution of

oslovakia and the Soviet Union, for example, specialize in 1985, the first unit is to be commissioned in 1989. The nuclear reactors and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, launching of the first unit at Temelin will be possible

and Poland specialize in steam generators. However, wind- around the year 1992 or 1993 at the latest, which is

ing down the production of components such as reactors, commensurate with the difficulty and novelty of problems

steam generators, and special fixtures and pipes would involved in the construction of a project with four 1,000 cause a severe delay in new production. We spent the inovdnthcnsrtonfapojtwthou1,0 entire Sixt 5Yeare Playn prepawngfortod production. Wemegawatt units. Another difficulty is that in some years the entire Sixth 5-Year Plan preparing for today's production. investors lack the resources to purchase deliveries. This We have invested immense resources in specialist work- concerns for example, the Skoda state enterprise and the

places and training specialist cadres--designers and tech- Vitkovice economic production unit, which have prepared

nicians, welders, assembly workers, control staff, and oper- a number of installations, which, however, have not been

ators of control equipment. The dovetailing of the invoiced so that Skoda and Vitkovice are getting into the

production teams in the Skoda and Vitkovice concerns red, through no fault of their own.

and in five enterprises of the Sigma concern required great

efforts. A winding down of production would mean the [RUDE PRAVO] Are the delays in the nuclear program loss of the qualifications of these specialists. The renewal accounted for, apart from internal difficulties, also by

of production at a later stage would lead to formidable bad deliveries by foreign partners?

material difficulties.

[Pantucek] The production of new types of pumps in the

[RUDE PRAVO] What will be the impact on further Soviet Union did not start in time-with some deliveries

cooperation and specialization of Bulgaria's view, which being up to halfa year behind schedule-which causes us

it expressed at the last session of the CEMA Committee certain difficulties during assembly work at the Mochofor Engineering, that one should abandon the practice of vce nuclear power station. Other deliveries, coming from

fixed appropriations [vazane odbery] and move toward Bulgaria and the GDR, are being fulfilled.

direct contractual ties between individual countries?

[RUDE PRAVO] What do we owe the other CEMA

[Pantucek] The governments consistently control the countries? Some time ago, for example, it was claimed in

sharing out of specialization. This is an administrative the Bulgarian press that we are to blame for the slowing

measure, whose effect in the last 10 years has been down of construction at the Belene nuclear power station.

generally positive. Manufacturers were compelled to

produce in good time and quality and to meet deadlines. [Pantucek] I do not remember any problems on our part Bulgaria has now proposed that the importer should with the fulfillment of contracts concerning the Belene

have the opportunity of choosing the supplier according nuclear power station. We have recently dispatched the

to certain criteria, such as price. To be specific: Czech- pressure vessel of the nuclear reactor. It is not yet needed

oslovak deliveries represent for Bulgaria a major item in at the building site and the Bulgarian side itself is having

the mutual trade balance, which Bulgaria cannot offset difficulties with premises for its unloading and with addiby its deliveries, tional equipment for it. We have also concluded with the

Bulgarian People's Republic contracts for various special

In our opinion, this situation needs to be dealt with at fixtures, which we are fulfilling. However, the Bulgarian

the level of national planning agencies with a lead time partners want to have some deliveries that are not manuof at least 5 years. A way to proceed will have to be found factured within the framework of specialization. This

so that everyone benefits from specialization, which has concerns the production of pipes and shaped parts in the

been created not only in our country. Chepos and Sigma Modrany enterprises from materials

which the Bulgarian partners delivered with a delay. They

have also ordered, beyond and above the agreement's [RUDE PRAVO] Are sanctions being applied if dead- framework, other equipment, such as construction

lines are not complied with? machinery, and demand its expeditious delivery. We will

do our best to accommodate them. However, our capaci- [Pantucek] Yes, it is possible to claim punitive damages ties are not such that we can accomplish everything.

in the event of the nonfulfillment of mutual deliveries.

There are agreements on prices and various markups and [RUDE PRAVO] Thank you for the interview.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 7 EAST EUROPE

CZECHOSLOVAKIA [Cech] We will no longer be delivering to the GDR? And

what about Romania? At one time Romania used be

mentioned as a market for Skoda's nuclear power engiDetails of CSSR Nuclear Program Provided neering equipment.

A U2605121689 Prague MLADA FRONTA

in Czech 23 May 89 p 3 [Koller] The GDR was our customer only for the lowerperformance reactors of the VVER-440 type. The Social-

[Interview with Eng Jiri Koller, director of the nuclear ist Republic of Romania was the only one that backed

program of the Skoda concern of Plzen, by Jan Cech: away from its orders. For they are capable of manufac-

"The Crucial Sore Spot of Our Nuclear Power Engineer- turing quite a few things themselves and purchase only

ing: Producing Expensively and Slowly; Atom Deprived some parts abroad. They are delivered-as far as I

of Mystery"; date and place not given] know-by Canada.

[Cech] Have our nuclear plans been somewhat changed?

[Excerpts] [Passage omitted] [Koller] No, the construction of nuclear power plants

remains the fundamental strategy in the CSSR's eco- [Koller] Thus far, we have manufactured 21 reactors of nomic development, and the development of our nuclear

the VVER-440 type, of which 15 have been completed power engineering has been planned through the year

and expedited. Four of our "440's" are in Hungary, two 2005. After the conclusion of the construction in Mochoin the GDR, two in the V-2 nuclear power plant in vce and Temelin, we will continue in Kecerovce in

Jaslovske Bohunice, four in Dukovany, two in Mocho- eastern Slovakia, in Blahutovice in northern Moravia,

vce, and one in Poland. And we also have customers for and in Tetov in eastern Bohemia. Each one of these

the remaining reactors. Right now, we are preparing to expedite three expdit remaining emanin thee blcs blocs to o Plan Poland an and tw two to to newly blocs. [passage planned power plants will have two 1,000-MW omitted]

Mochovce. Work is proceeing on five nuclear reactors of

the VVER- 1000 type. We have begun expediting the first [Cech] From what you have been saying, one could get

of them to Bulgaria, next year we will deliver the second the impression that the nuclear program is completely

to Temelin, which will receive yet another bloc in free of problems ....

1991.... In total, we must manufacture four 1,000 MW

reactors for Temelin and, by 1994, also two each for [Koller] Problems do, of course, exist, and I see the most

Bulgaria and Hungary. fundamental of them in the fact that we are producing

things too expensively, they cost us twice and even three [Cech] Nothing is definite regarding the VVER-1000 times more, compared with the most developed world.

reactors for Bulgaria and Hungary? This, of course, is a result of the design and the matter can

be solved. Another sore point involves the considerable

[Koller] Thus far, the delivery of the first bloc for the shortfalls in the construction of nuclear power plants in the

Bulgarian Belene power plant has been contracted for, CSSR as well as lags on the part of our customers.

and at present we are negotiating technical conditions

with Hungary with a view to a contract for two reactors [Cech] This brings us to the economic aspect of the

being concluded in the third quarter of this year. During matter. The CSSR has invested considerable sums in the

the meeting of chairmen of the CEMA member coun- nuclear program. Is that right?

tries' State Planning Commissions in Moscow last February, of the customers allocated to us in CEMA, the [Koller] The Skoda concern has invested a little over

Hungarians and Bulgarians have confirmed their orders, Kcs1 billion in its nuclear program, and further

only the Poles requested at that time the postponement resources have been earmarked in this connection for the

of deliveries by about 3 years, which meant that they modernization of other Skoda enterprises-for Hute

wanted the first VVER-1000 pressure vessel in 1996.... [metallurgy works], Kovarny [forging shops], and

However, recently we were informed that the prepara- Turbiny [turbines], thus investing roughly a total of

tory work on the Warta nuclear power plant had been Kcs2,5 billion. One reactor of the VVER-440 type costs

suspended, which was to have six CSSR-manufactured Kcs380 million, and the VVER-1000 reactor costs

"1000's." Thus, we are waiting for the final decision on Kcs750 million. They are some of the most profitable

construction of the aforementioned power plant. The lines we manufacture. [passage omitted]

decision will be made by the Economic Committee of the

Council of Ministers of the Polish People's Republic, [Cech] Are the customers able to pay us without problems?

which will assess various variants of the state's energy

policy through the year 2000. [Koller] Thus far, there have been no big problems with

payments for nuclear power engineering equipment. Of course, we must admit that the situation as a whole is Certain discussions have arisen only in connection with

complex, and will be strongly influenced by the current the first VVER 1000-pressure vessel, which we recently

political developments in the individual countries, expedited for Bulgaria.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 8 EAST EUROPE

[Cech] This is what I had in mind. I escorted the vessel In the opinion of many citizens of Szczecin, they have

on its complicated journey from Plzen to Bratislava and not yet had an event with so many participants organized

was surprised when, under way, I found out that the by a still informal movement. Other informal groupings

giant will not be transported any further and, approxi- also took part, including the Federation of Fighting

mately to the end of the year, will remain stored in Youth, Solidarity, the POS [Polish Student OrganizaPalenisko port in Bratislava. tions], Interacademic Ecological League, and.., those

who did not quite know. Not only ecological slogans

[Koller] The Bulgarian customer still has not readied the appeared on banners and were chanted during the

lifting equipment in the port for the construction site of march.

the Belene power plant, where there is a roughly a 1-year

lag. The project's state of readiness there is about the Several days later, on Sunday, 2 April, ecological protests

same as in Temelin. Under these conditions, it would be occurred in Poznan, Pila, Gorzow Wielkopolski, and

difficult to move the vessel, weighing some 350 tonnes, Wronki. In Poznan, where somewhat earlier the building

and store it somewhere else in Bulgaria. Thus, it has been of the nuclear power station in Klempicz was protested,

agreed that it will remain-properly conserved-in Brat- a peace demonstration was announced. As the Polish

islava for some time. This will result in no economic loss Press Agency reported, it ended with the following

to Czechoslovakia; following operative [operativni] balance: no arrests, 17 injured law enforcement personnegotiations at the government level, the vessel has nel, and five overworked militia cars.

already been paid for.

There were no incidents in the three other cities where

POLAND protests were held against the construction of the Warta

nuclear power plant in Klempicz, except, of course, one

attempted battery, or essentially perhaps just intimidaGovernment Responsive to Antinuclear Initiatives tion, of a well-known Gorzow journalist, a very active

51003005 Warsaw PRA WO I ZYCIE in Polish WiP member. A young man with a green band on his

No 18, 6 May 89 pp 4-5 arm assumed belligerent poses, and threatened the journalist, who was observing the manifestation, with battery

[Article by Danuta and Aleksander Wroniszewski: for his unfavorable attitude toward the movement and

"Green Wave"] open lack of fear of nuclear energy.

[Excerpt] The color green has always been associated The Gorzow demonstrators began to assemble next to

with spring, nature, and hope, and lately also with the cathedral before 10.00 hours.

ecology. This year, on the first day of spring, when

madders were drowned all over Poland, the Wroclaw The banners were unfurled with slogans like "We Do Not

movement WiP [Freedom and Peace] (proclaiming a

pacifist and ecological program) organized the first legal Want Klempicz," "We Want Healthy Air, Water, and

manifestation in its history. The participants directed by Food," "Nuclear Power Stations Will Ruin the Polish

Leszek Budrewicz recalled their ecological slogans; how- Economy," "Fewer Power Plants, More Tractors," or

ever, primarily this was supposed to be a peace manifes- "Radioactive Wind Will Blow Away All Doubts."

tation. WiP members handed flowers to the representatives of law enforcement. The militiamen tried to avoid Meanwhile, doubts surfaced as to who was to walk at the

accepting them for statutory reasons. Budrewicz head of the march: the sponsor, i.e., WiP representatives,

expressed his hope that in the immediate future the Solidarity functionaries, who assumed responsibility

Easter peace march will not be restricted to beating the before the city administration for the conduct of the

pavement on Swidnicka Street, but will rather proceed to event, or young people from the so-called RMN [Movethe Netherlands and Spain. ment of Independent Youth]. After a short argument, the

RMN banner was positioned first.

WiP members in Szcecin prepared such an event for Easter

Monday. In the invitations they handed out to anonymous After mass was said, and Dabrowski's Mazurka [Polish

passersby one could read: "We hereby have the honor of national anthem] was sung, the chanting crowd went in

inviting you to take part in the peace and ecological Easter the direction of the high-rise building of the City AdminMarch, organized in Szczecin for the first time. Instead of istration. While still there, the leaders of groups taking

the traditional gluttony and boredom, there will be a part in the march talked to those gathered, as well as a

holiday walk through the streets of the city proceeding guest, representative of the Citizens' Committee "The

under the slogans 'Europe Without Other Countries' Watch" from Darlowo, who read a petition from the

Armies,' 'Poland Without Nuclear Power Stations.' We inhabitants of Darlowo to the Sejm (we reported on it in

will announce the route of the march and details of the detail in the fall of last year). In turn, Stanislaw Zytschedule in special posters after they are confirmed by the kowski read a resolution passed on 19 March 1989, after

city authorities. We call on you to prepare your own the second ecological session held in Gorzow in March,

banners, clothing, and other attributes which are in line on the topic "Prospects for the Development of Nuclear

with the main goals of the march." Power Generation" and "Fears and Dangers." Among
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 9 EAST EUROPE

other things, the authors of the resolution demanded that years of shabbiness and carelessness. Over the years, the

the authorities discontinue building all nuclear power Rozana facility has become much like the forgotten devil

stations, and allocate all the funds saved for restructur- in the play by J. Drda. To be sure, the institute in Swierk

ing industry with a view to reducing its energy intensive- did regularly ship two drums a week of radioactive

ness, as well as make materials of that nature available to wastes taking, however, little interest in what happened

independent experts, and provide an opportunity for the to them, and to the employees. The latter, dressed in

opponents of nuclear energy to express their views in the aprons affording protection from getting soiled, but not

mass media. from radioactive contamination, tested rarely and

unaware of the results of latest tests, were making money

There already were 4,000 signatures under the resolu- on the side selling lead drums at the purchasing facility,

tion, and Stanislaw Zytkowski announced that signa- and making cast iron drums available to the public.

tures will be collected at the gates of plants and churches.

"The forgotten devil" in Rozana was discovered in

In both Gorzow and Szczecin, they demanded that an conjunction with loud protests against the drafted

all-Polish referendum be held on continuing or discon- nuclear burial site in the vicinity of Miedzyrzecze, in

tinuing the construction of nuclear power plants. The Gorzow Province. In June of this year, a special comprotesters also expressed dissatisfaction with the fact mission certified by the International Atomic Energy

that, as they see it, the government takes no interest in Agency in Vienna will examine the Rozana storage

public opinion on an issue that important, expensive, facility. Preparations in Rozana are under way. If the

and controversial. inspection brings a favorable result, then nothing will

remain but to believe the assurances of a character in the

To be sure, it is controversial to the point that opponents report by E. Mistewicz that life amid radioactive wastes

of nuclear power have great differences among them- is as quiet and healthy as at a resort.

selves as to arguments for objecting to this. For example, the scientists from Poznan point out the side effects of Protests against the development of nuclear power gen- the eventual operation of "Warta" nuclear power sta- eration are not in the least the domain of angry and

tion-the drying of soil in Great Poland and destruction confrontational young people. At a session of the WRN

of the breadbasket of our country. Others, such as a [Provincial People's Council] councilman Jerzy Hrybacz representative of the legal association "Order and tabled a motion to convene a session on nuclear energy Freedom," argue that the development of this kind of and the construction of the power station in Klempicz.

power generation in Poland is unprofitable. They One day later, this was the dominant extra-agenda topic

emphasize tremendous costs of construction which ham- at the WRN session in Poznan. Councilman Michal

per other, currently more efficient investment projects, Domnarowicz introduced a letter to the minister of

and a relatively short operational life of the power industry outlining doubts concerning the construction of

station, costly and difficult waste storage, as well as the Warta nuclear power station. The WRN Presidium

fact, brought up by, among others, Stanislaw Albinowski, transmitted this letter and other documents to Jerzy

that several dozen percentage points of electricity now Bijak, government commissioner for nuclear power gen- generated in our country are wasted. They admit that eration, who was visiting Poznan.

Minister [of Industry] Wilczek has recently made several

necessary decisions on restructuring, but a well-con- Meanwhile, the WiP members and others promise pro- ceived and stable policy for savings in energy consump- tests against nuclear power stations on the first Sunday

tion is needed. of every month. The slogan "Clean Energy = Clean

Death," indicating lack of confidence in the statements

The citizens of Great Poland, Lubusko, and Pomerania that nuclear power plants are clean and safe, will still

also state their disbelief in the opportunity for nuclear remain. "Clean death" inflicted on the people and

plants to be safe, all the more so if they are built by the nature by the accident in Chernobyl will remain the

Poles rather than the Japanese or the Americans. They supreme justification. This year, 20 Belorussian villages,

say that in a country in which a decent car, or even in which increased radioactivity continued to occur,

reliable forks cannot be manufactured, endeavoring to were evacuated.

get "the nukes" is very dangerous.

There is no argument that only after the Chernobyl These apprehensions do not appear absolutely ground- accident has the panic, the fear of this unknown power of

less. A TV report, shot by Ireneusz Engler a couple years the atom become awaken in people. Before 1985, nuclear

ago and showing the beginnings of building the Zarnow- power stations were first of all synonymous with

iec "nuke," remained "shelved," to be sure, perhaps for progress. For example, in the GDR the public demanded

the simple reason that it showed the entire "generic that nuclear power stations be built for ecological reaquality" of construction: substitute materials, and sub- sons, because particle emissions from the coal power

stitute labor, i.e., prison inmates... In its turn, the report plants polluted the air too much.

by Eryk Mistewicz in the March 1989 issue of

REPORTER on the Central Storage Facility for Radio- The citizens of Gorzow or Szczecin protesting the conactive Wastes in Rozana paints a shocking picture of 30 struction of the nuclear power station in Klempicz,
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 10 EAST EUROPE

removed from them by 100 kilometers or more, are The radioactive cloud traveled over Sweden, and subsenearer to the already existing nuclear power stations in quently, driven by shifting winds, came partly as far as

Eberswalde and Greifswalde. The latter, incidentally Swinoujscie and its vicinity, which I could see much later

built with the participation of young people from Szcze- on the maps of radioactive contamination."

cin working there within the framework of OHP [Volun- The proponents of a clean environment, just as the

teer Labor Brigades] brigades, is one of the largest in opponents of nuclear power generation, have recently

Europe: four reactors are already in operation, and four become more active. By all signs, they will be increasmore are under construction. ingly many, and increasingly louder, though it is not

certain at all that in doing that they will help the

government of Prime Minister Rakowski, who accepted In case of an accident and a threat of radioactive environmental protection to be one of his three basic

contamination, their proximity and the wind rose would tasks. Thus far, increasingly many citizens gain

be more unfavorable [than] in the case of Warta power "knowledge" about nuclear power stations from the

station. "Indeed, 80 percent of the winds in Szczecin protest banners, because there is little official informaProvince blow from the west and northwest," admits tion explaining this field; TV debates of scientists-proFirst Secretary of the PZPR Provincial Committee in ponents and opponents of the "nukes" remain in the

Szczecin Stanislaw Miskiewicz. "However, the case of dimension of declarations by the one side, and wishful

Chernobyl has shown that distance does not mean safety. thinking by the other. [passage omitted]
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 LATIN AMERICA *11

BRAZIL Avibras. U Keli, who is Great Wall's vice president for

space affairs, is also the number two man in Inscom.

Avibras, PRC To Sell Satellite Launchers

33420050 Sao Paulo FOLHA DE SAO PAULO in Great Wall's partnership with Avibras differs from the

Portuguese 19 Apr 89 p A-8 one proposed by Elebra in that Inscom will not concern

itself with developing new rockets for its customers,

[Article by Roberto Lopes] much less with any military objectives in connection

with its work (something which the Chinese felt was

[Text] The Avibras International Co. of London-a implied in Elebra's intentions). Avibras and the governsubsidiary of Sao Paulo's Avibras Aerospace Corp., the ments of China and Brazil are well aware of the diplocountry's chief arms exporter-signed a contract with matic difficulties with the big Western powers that they

the Chinese Government 2 weeks ago to set up an agency would have to face if the United States discovered that

which, operating like a trading company, will market Inscom was going to sell rockets to Third World counlaunchings of space rockets and supply satellite tracking tries or that its contracts to supply space centers in the

equipment to Third World countries. The new company Middle East, Latin America, Asia, or Africa were going

will be called International Satellite Communication to be used for military projects on those continents.

(Inscom). The signing of the agreement, which took place in Beijing on 4 April, was the result of almost 3 years of The day before yesterday, late in the afternoon, Avibras

negotiations between the Brazilian firm and the China Director of Government Relations and Sales Manager

Great Wall Industry Corp., the industrial arm of the Pedro Vial, who will be a kind of manager for Inscom in

Chinese Ministry of Astronautics. Brazil, reacted with surprise and great nervousness as he

talked to reporters who had gone to the firm's headquarPresident Jose Sarney and Minister of Army Leonidas ters in the municipality of Sao Jose dos Campos (85 km

Pires Goncalves were informed of the talks about a year from Sao Paulo). "The Inscom matter will be announced

ago, even before Sarney's official visit to China (in July to the press by the company chairman, Joao Verdi Leite

1988). Except for them, only Ambassador Paulo Tarso (chairman of Avibras), in Paris in June. Until then,

Flecha de Lima, secretary general of the Ministry of FOLHA DE SAO PAULO will just have to wait," he said

Foreign Affairs, was kept informed of the details of the at first.

plan. The government respected the secrecy surrounding the negotiations. Today, in addition to Sarney, Leonidas, Despite that, Vial could not prevent our newspaper from

and Paulo de Tarso, only four other ministers-General interviewing two Great Wall executives who were at

Ivan de Souza Mendes, chief of the SNI [National Avibras over the last holiday preparing the proposal Intelligence Service]; General Octavio Moreira Lima, which they will submit to the Ministry of Communicaminister of aeronautics; General Rubens Bayma Denys, tions this morning in an attempt to win the contract for

chief of the Military Household of the Presidency; and launching the satellites included in the Brasilsat-2 proAbreu Sodre, minister of foreign affairs-are familiar gram. One of the Chinese, Fu Wen Long, will be a

with the matter. member of the Inscom board of directors. His companion, Chen Shouchun, Great Wall's vice president for

The secrecy is justified. In the Middle East alone, the science and technology, said that he saw "better pros- immediate potential market for supplying space centers pects for Inscom in South America, the Middle East, and

and launching artificial satellites is estimated by the Asia. We are very happy with the new firm," he said in

Chinese at DM 1 billion ($600 million)-that is, 13 times conclusion, and he never stopped smiling. the value of Brazil's share of the scientific cooperation

program with China for building two artificial satellites.

The partnership between Avibras and Great Wall will be Capital of $500,000

announced officially within 2 months, during the coming

International Air Show at Le Bourget in Paris in the Inscom, the company formed by the Sao Paulo firm of

presence of government officials from Brazil and China. Avibras and the Chinese Government to launch satellites

for Third World countries and supply them with tracking News of the deal did not leak out until 3 weeks ago, when stations, will have its headquarters in Europe and branch

two executives from the Brazilian firm Elebra (one of offices in Sao Jose dos Campos (at Avibras headquarters) them a colonel in the Air Force Reserve named Men- and in Beijing (where Great Wall's main offices are

donca) intercepted a mission from the Chinese Ministry located). The company's initial capital will total

of Astronautics that was making a courtesy visit to $500,000 (about I million new cruzados), most of which

Minister Moreira Lima in Brasilia. FOLHA DE SAO will be supplied by the Brazilian firm.

PAULO has learned that the Brazilian pair proposed to

the Chinese that a partnership be formed for space Last December, Pedro Vial was in China negotiating that

launches and the joint development of new rocket and other final details in connection with the undertakprojects. The Chinese listened attentively and smiled, ing. The day before yesterday, he would say only that the

and then one of them, U Keli, revealed that China was new company was going to be physically located on the

already involved in similar negotiations with Brazil's top floor of the so-called VIP wing at Avibras, near the
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 12 LATIN AMERICA

landing strip used by Embraer [Brazilian Aeronautics Jose Sarney in July of last year). The agreement provided

Co.]. Avibras is experiencing a financial crisis. At the for the joint development of two artificial satellites--10

end of last year, after the Iraqi Government delayed times heavier than those being planned to date in Brazil.

payment on military rocket launchers of the Astros-2 But the Sao Paulo firm of Orbita felt that satellite

type-the star performer in Avibras sales in recent technology might be followed by the technology for

years-the firm laid off over 1,000 employees and began building rockets, and so it immediately contacted the

paying the remaining 5,000 employees late. INPE, which was to be the Brazilian partner of the

Chinese.

"We had a cash-flow problem which we have not concealed from anyone, including our Chinese partners in Orbita's interest in absorbing Chinese technology had

Inscom. They know everything. Since our difficulties are the blessing of the INPE's manager at the time, Marco

due to circumstances of the moment and are temporary, Antonio Raupp (who resigned this past January); but

we did not want to interrupt the firm's growth and the Raupp could never get the government interested in the

project with China. Next week we will begin paying the undertaking, the simple reason being, as he himself was

amounts due those who were laid off but have not yet to say later, that there were so many changes of minister

received everything to which they are entitled. We will in the ministry concerned (the now-extinct Ministry of

also try to straighten out our monthly payments. In other Science and Technology) that the matter could never be

words, we will begin overcoming our difficulties. Today pursued with any regularity. More recently, it was the

we are convinced that we did the right thing by not Elebra firm's turn to try to draw closer to the Chinese

suspending the negotiations on Inscom because of our (see above).

cash-flow problems," said Vial.

But Orbita and Elebra were not the only ones to feel In fact, the military and financial areas of the govern- tempted by rockets and satellites. Around September ment have always had faith in Avibras' ability to over- 1988, Ozilio Silva, chairman of Embraer (which is

come its economic diffi culties. A general assigned to 1988, to the chairy of eron aui and is

Army Headquarters in Brasilia told FOLHA DE SAO attached to the Ministry of Aeronautics and manufacPAULO early this month that the yards at one of the tures light aircraft), presented the INPE's management

comp company's arly's pnths plants arm are full lon of rockttheyards rockets for afone the Astro Astros-2 the with a re an order hc for a ol military efle observation hnst satellite h nttt' for Iraq,

armored launch vehicles ordered by the Iraqi Army, and an order which could be filled thanks to the institute's

that they will be shipped as soon as the Baghdad govern- experience in building its small scientific satellites.

ment finishes paying off its debt to the Sao Paulo firm.

Saudi Arabia, which already has the Astros, is also Ozilio visited Baghdad last December to discuss the

negotiating a new order for rockets, matter. But the fact that the order has a military purpose

worries the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In military circles, the difficulties at Avibras are

regarded as a direct consequence of the events marking The establishment of Inscom differs from those other

1988-examples being Brazil's high inflation rate and initiatives. Inscom will simply combine what Avibras

the end of the Iran-Iraq War. Embraer, which manufac- already manufactures-ground-based systems for tracktures the well-known Tucano aircraft and is attached to ing artificial satellites-with what China already manuthe Ministry of Aeronautics, has announced losses of $20 factures-space rockets-and try to transform that

million for last year. union into profits.

Great Interest in Rocket Market Avibras Designed Sonda Rocket

The establishment of Inscom is the big bombshell in the

genuine war that Brazilian industry's fight to enter the Avibras began its activities in 1961 as an aircraft maninternational market for rockets and artificial satellites ufacturer. In 1962, however, it won an international

has become. Last year, after FOLHA DE SAO PAULO contract to produce solid rocket propellants and wound

reported the difficulties being encountered by the Space up cooperating with the Ministry of Aeronautics in the

Activities Institute (IAE) of the Ministry of Aeronautics development of the Sonda family of research rockets.

in developing a rocket capable of launching the scientific

satellites being built by the National Institute of Space After completing its work on Sonda-I and the Sonda-2B

Research (INPE), and revealed that the INPE was trying and Sonda-2C rockets, Avibras worked on the second

unsuccessfully to lease foreign rockets for those launch- stage of the Sonda-3 rocket. It also worked on a 3-stage

ings, the attention of Brazilian businessmen was drawn rocket-known as the Barium Project-which constito that sector. tuted the preliminary design for the Sonda-4 rocket that

has now been developed by the Ministry of Aeronautics.

And that attention turned into good business prospects Technical disagreements caused Avibras to withdraw

when the government announced the negotiations for a from the space program and eventually led it into the

space cooperation agreement with the Chinese Ministry arms industry, where it beat all export records from 1985

of Astronautics (the agreement was signed by President through 1987.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 13 LATIN AMERICA

PERU Larco Cox reiterated that Peru supports the decision of the

Conference on Disarmament, held in Geneva (Switzerland) on 25 April 1989, to definitely ban the nuclear tests.

Foreign Minister Rejects Nuclear Test in Larco Cox said that it is urgent to reach an agreement on

Mururoa the definitive ban of nuclear tests in keeping with the

PY2405181089 Lima EL COMERCIO in Spanish Peruvian proposal raised at international forums such as

14 May 89 p A-5 the United Nations and the South Pacific Permanent

Commission.

Larco Cox reasserted Peruvian support for the Tlatelolco

[Excerpt] Peruvian Foreign Minister Guillermo Larco Treaty concerning the ban of nuclear weapons in the

Cox has strongly rejected the nuclear test carried out by region, and to the Rarotonga Treaty, which seeks to

France on 12 May at the Mururoa atoll in the South establish a "denuclearized" zone in the South Pacific.

Pacific. [passage omitted]
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA 14

ISLAMIC AFFAIRS Three Basic Requirements

Arab Motives for Nuclear Technology As for the scope of nuclear power in the Arab homeland,

Development Discussed we find that since the early seventies the Arab homeland

51004502 Muscat 'UMAN in Arabic 7 Apr 89 p 11 has witnessed the rise of new methods of acquiring nuclear

technology. Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia have all

[Article by 'Ali ibn 'Abdallah al-Harithi: "The Arabs and defined long-range nuclear programs for themselves. They

Nuclear Power"] have been able to define the main problems that can arise

during the stage of mastering the technology and have

[E]In his book, "A-Taqa considered certain national measures to solve these prob- [Excerpts] [Passage omitted] Inhsbo,"ITqh lems. In the field of mastering the technology, some of the

al-Nawawiyah al-'Arabiyah--'Amil Baqa' Jadid" [Arab

Nuclear Power: A New Survival Factor], the author, Dr Arab countries have shown their interest in acquiring this

'Adnan Mustafa, describes the various efforts that have technology. The main reason for this is the need of these

been made in the Arab homeland in the field of nuclear countries for a source of long-term power. Furthermore,

power. He tries to draw the attention of Arab public the existence of an Arab nuclear capability will surely

opinion in a collected and logical way to understanding provide an effective vehicle for increasing the Arab techthis complex and important subject, since nuclear power nological development rate and will contribute to the

and nuclear technology constitute a vital factor for overall progress of Arab science, technology, and industry.

economic and political development in the Arab home- There is no doubt that the success of national nuclear

land. The book is 138 pages long and is divided into 4 programs requires, among many important things, the

chapters. [passage omitted] establishment of a national organization for nuclear development. Such organizations have proven their success in

the developing countries, stimulating nuclear activities

The Arab States and Entry Into the Nuclear Field ranging from the use of nuclear power to the planning and

erection of nuclear industrial installations. In any case, the

In the second chapter, which the author devotes to author of the book sees three requirements for implementdiscussing the horizons of nuclear power in the Arab ing the process of mastering nuclear technology:

homeland, he begins with an introduction in which he

reviews the conflict between the interests of the

advanced countries and those of the developing coun- • To obtain the greatest return from the mastery protries in the field of nuclear power. This conflict reveals cess, the scientific and technological human resources

itself in manifestations such as the subjugation of tech- of the technology-importing country must be capable

nology in the form of price inconsistancy and restrictions of grasping all aspects of nuclear technology and must

and obstacles to constructive international exchange. permit the treatment of the problems that accompany

The advanced countries feel they must obtain adequate the implantation of this technology.

return for their research and development investments. * The contribution of domestic industry to the estabThe developing countries feel the large amount of out- lishment of heavy nuclear industry must made as

flow in exchange for the available technology, which is of large as possible.

a backward kind, scarcely satisfying their needs. • Popular acceptance of nuclear technology must be

taken into account, since this is a debate that constiCountries advanced in the nuclear field are prone to tutes one of the main questions controlling the progreat anxiety as a result of the close relation between cess of mastering nuclear technology. As for Arab

nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Thus, the attempt public opinion, the Arabs who have expressed their

by any nation to achieve nuclear self-sufficiency consti- satisfaction at the success of light nuclear technology

tutes for them a danger to international security, in their midst are still uneasy about the rapid expansion of the nuclear weapons arsenal in the advanced

At the present time and in the near future, nuclear power countries.

is considered to be the available alternative for facing the

power requirements that accompany economic development. In view of this consideration, the developing As is well-known, before the seventies Arab consciouscountries-the less advanced ones-have responded ness of the importance of the potential role of nuclear

positively to the ability of some developing countries, power was limited to a few Arab countries. This consuch as Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Pakistan, and Turkey, sciousness centered on the fact that nuclear power, as a

to establish their national power programs firmly. nondepletable and guaranteed source, would have an

important role in the economic development programs

In light of the nearly complete monopoly on facilities for of these countries. Subsequent implementation of this

uranium enrichment, the less advanced nuclear coun- belief in Algeria, Egypt, and Iraq showed serious attentries, which import enriched uranium, feel a lack of tion to certain aspects of the conventional nuclear power

confidence about the continuance of their being supplied industry, while the remaining Arab countries made difwith enriched fuel. ferent degrees of progress in certain aspects of light
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 15 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

nuclear power. At the same time, the question of mas- countries by Arab and international sources; second, linktering nuclear power was taken into consideration in ing the academic structures to development plans. The

most of the Arab development plans. Thus, the master- second of these goals has been stimulated through the

ing of nuclear technologies related to agriculture, medi- exchange of expertise taking place today between Arab

cine, industry, and the environment, has made excellent universities and research centers. The matter of Arab

strides to date. The Middle East Regional Center for coordination has been frustrated by the administrative and

Radioactive Isotopes in Cairo has played an important political problems prevailing in the Arab homeland. Mearole in spreading light nuclear technologies throughout sures for it have thus been limited to including certain

the Arab homeland. It should be mentioned that this organizations for non-nuclear science and technology.

center was founded at the beginning of 1963 to realize a

number of goals, including: training specialists in radio- Sources of Nuclear Fuel in the Arab Region

active isotope applications, carrying out detailed

research in the field of surface water, and helping to Dr 'Adnan Mustafa devotes the third chapter of his book

strengthen the development of research on radioactive to a discussion of nuclear fuel sources in the Arab

isotopes and their technologies in the Arab countries that homeland. Preliminary indications of the abundance of

are members of the center. Arab sources of nuclear fuel-uranium-have aroused

wide hopes on the part of Arab agencies concerned with

In summary, the Arab approach to acquiring nuclear developing future Arab power resources. The modest

technology can be classified under two headings. The first efforts that have been made in the area of discovering,

stems from the need to absorb, assimilate, and master evaluating, and developing certain uranium deposits

nuclear technology and use it in various peaceful fields, have succeeded in demonstrating the following facts:

with work on building certain features of nuclear industry

representing the core of the implementation of this policy. 1. Uranium is encountered in all six main forms of

The second focuses only on the use of light nuclear mining in many parts of the Arab homeland in various

technology, with extensive efforts being made to use radio- concentrations. The vein and sandstone types are distinactive isotopes in irrigation, agriculture, industry, and the guished by their prominent and confirmed deposits.

environment. The implementation of these two kinds of

Arab nuclear policy is embodied in specialized organiza- 2. At the beginning of the eighties, the Arab homeland in

tions or in relevant ministries that carry on various efforts general began seriously considering the exploitation of

in this field. Such efforts include: the discovery, mining, uranium potentials from secondary sources, particularly

exploitation, and processing of uranium; the nuclear fuel phosphate.

cycle; and nuclear reactor technology. Two facts must be

kept in mind when one considers analyzing the Arab 3. The success realized by Arab efforts in discovering

situation as regards reactor technology: and prospecting for uranium represents an incentive for

moving Arab programs for the next period forward.

1. The first fact is that the Arab countries consume Certain yields of these programs indicate that the policy

imported industrial products in addition to the inven- of discovering and producing Arab uranium will move in

tions of modern technology, the direction of bridging the gap between knowledge of

Arab uranium sources, on the one hand, and knowledge

2. The second fact can be summed up in the existence of available about world sources, on the other hand.

abundance in some Arab economic and technological

resources. In the fourth chapter, which closes the book, the author

discusses in a general way the tendency of the Arab

Based on these two facts, one can discern three patterns countries in one way or another to acquire certain

of Arab behavior relating to the mastering of nuclear aspects of the nuclear energy industry within their bortechnology: ders. In the late seventies, some successes were achieved

in this regard, but the successes that were achieved did

"* The pattern of importation, followed by countries not measure up to expectations.

with abundant funding capability. "* The pattern of partnership, relied on by countries EGYPT

with low financial capability. "* The pattern of self-reliance, which only Algeria fol- Cooperation With Iraq on Missiles Denied

lows. JN2805090489 Manama WAKH in Arabic

0800 GMT 28 May 89

To strengthen the Arab move to acquire nuclear technology, Arab and international cooperation in the nuclear [Text] AI-Shariqah, 28 May (WAKH)-Dr Jamal altechnology field has been necessary. The first signs of this Sayyid Ibrahim, Egyptian minister of state for war

cooperation began in the early sixties in the fields of production, has denied the existence of any Egyptianscience and technology. The goal of these efforts centered Iraqi cooperation in the production of chemical or

on two main things: first, coordinating the scientific and biological warfare weapons or in the field of manufactechnological assistance programs granted to the Arab turing longe-range or medium-range missiles.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 16 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

In an interview with the newspaper AL-KHALIJ, the "The real success of such a capability is that it should

minister said that cooperation between the two countries never have to be used," it said. "It has to be achieved

is currently restricted to providing expertise and coop- nevertheless. This is specially so with regard to missiles

eration in the manufacture of protective devices used in because of their proliferation in our neighbourhood."

chemical warfare, establishing some military industries

plants in Iraq, and providing certain production require- The HINDUSTAN TIMES described Agni's blast-off as

ments as well as some end products. "an unqualified success," while the ECONOMIC

TIMES said it "is an occasion for gratification."

The minister added that Egypt does in fact possess a

group of chemical plants. He went on to say: However, THE HINDU newspaper noted that Agni-which has a

Egypt is not producing any chemical weapons. It is only THe of up notes tha A 6 i--hihhas

producing devices used for protection from chemical range of up to 2,500 kilometres (1,560 miles)-had

warfare; and there are several countries with which military overtones and, mentioning Pakistan and China

Egypt is cooperating to develop various types of protec- by name, added that "the signals it sends out are

tive devices designed to be used in case of chemical or undoubtedly of special significance."

biological warfare.

Noted defence analyst K. Subrahmanyam said Agni was

Dr Ibrahim said that the Ministerial Council of the Arab the first step in the country's attempt "to fill a vital gap

Cooperation Council [ACC] has outlined plans for estab- in its security needs," and referred to the missile prolishing joint military industries projects and added that grammes of China and Pakistan. China, with which

specialized committees will prepare the details of these India fought a brief border war in 1962, also possesses

projects so that they can be submitted to the [ACC] IRBM's.

summit to acquire the capital, prepare the cadres, and

make available all the necessary requirements. "Pakistan is said to have tested an unnamed missile

capable of hitting Delhi and Bombay which puts it very

INDIA near the IRBM category," Mr. Subrahmanyam said.

Media Hail Missile Launch, Criticize U.S. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi said Monday that Agni would provide New Delhi with a non-nuclear option

"with high precision at long ranges." Positive Press Response

BK2305105489 Hong Kong AFP in English He added that the "technology proved in the Agni is

1033 GMT 23 May 89 deeply significant for evolving national security

[Text] New Delhi, May 23 (AFP)-Newspapers here options."

hailed Tuesday the launch of India's maiden intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) and said it would An official statement released Monday echoed the prime

boost the country's deterrent capabilities, minister's views, and added that Agni was "expected to

provide such options to the country in facing an increasMost dailies said the launch was significant because New ingly complex security environment."

Delhi's biggest neighbours China and Pakistan-with

which India has fought a total of four wars-possessed, Agni's launch attempts drew criticism from the U.S.

or were in the process of manufacturing, similar systems. Government, and moves were reportedly afoot in Washington to impose trade sanctions against India and block

Editorials and commentators also flayed the United technology transfers if New Delhi went ahead with the

States for criticising Indian efforts to launch the missile, test firing.

called Agni (fire), saying Washington was indulging in

discrimination. Newspapers Tuesday accused the United States of

The 19-metre (62-foot) high, two-stage surface-to-surface adopting double standards.

Agni was test fired Monday from eastern India's coastal

Chandipur region, 32 days after the first attempt to Washington, THE TIMES OF INDIA said, "has not said

launch was called off because of technical snags. a word about the capability Israel demonstrated by

testing its latest nuclear-capable missile and its bid... to

A second try on May I was also called off for similar export the technology to others."

reasons.

THE HINDUSTAN TIMES praised the government for

THE TIMES OF INDIA described Agni's launch as "the standing up to "overt and covert pressures" by the U.S.,

biggest step forward in India's quest for a credible while the pro-Moscow PATRIOT newspaper criticised

deterrent capability" since the 1974 explosion of a Washington for keeping quiet about Pakistani missile

nuclear device in northwest India. programmes.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 17 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

"Washington's pressure on India is, therefore, meant to Commentary on Agni Launch

retain for a member of the U.S.-Pakistan-China strategic BK2305110589 Delhi General Overseas Service in

consensus, all advantages that nuclear weapons and English 1010 GMT 23 May 89

missiles delivery systems give," the PATRIOT said.

New Delhi has said the launch was intended as a show of [Science editor K.S. Jayaraman commentary]

its technological capabilites and that it had no intention

of mass-producing the missile. [Text] India reached a major milestone in military missile

India successfully test-fired a missile called Prithvi development technology yesterday when it successfully

(Earth), with a range of 250 kilometres (155 miles), in test-fired its first intermediate-range ballistic missile (ebruart 1[IRBM], Agni. The two-stage missile weighing 14 tons and

about 19 meters tall took off from Defense Ministry's test

But the country's civilian space programme suffered a range in Chandipur on the east coast of Orissa State in the

major setback five months later when a missile, the early hours of the morning [22 May], ushering India into

Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle, crashed into the the select club of nations that have the capability to design

Bay of Bengal 150 seconds after lift-off, and build such long-range missiles.

News reports after Agni's launch said that Indian scien- The IRBM is a result of about 6 years of work by scientists

tists would begin work on production of an inter-conti- of the Defense Research Development Organization. Agni

nental ballistic missile with a range of more than 5,000 is the third missile to roll out of defense laboratories under

kilometres (3,125 miles). the integrated guided missile development program, that

has a budget of about $500 million. Trishul, a 12-kilometer-range surface-to-air missile was test flown in 1987. A

year later India successfully tested Prithvi, a surfacePublic Hails Launch to-surface missile having a range of about 250 kilometers.

BK2305161889 Delhi Domestic Service in English Agni is the most advanced in the family of missiles. Its first

1530 GMT 23 May 89 stage is solid propelled, and the second stage has twin

engines powered by a storable liquid fuel. The missile is

[Text] More reports [Tex] o of Mre nation-wide naton-ide rpors acclaim cclim of f the scien-e designed as 2,500 kilometers to deliver a within 1-ton about warhead 8 minutes. at a target The as missile far awayis

tists, engineers, technicians, and others who were asso- equipped withia sa own irina tion sste an

ciated with the launching of the [intermediate-range equipped with a strap-down inertial navigation system and

ciatd lunchng wth te f te [iterediae-rnge an on-board computer to carry out the task of guidance

surface-to-surface missile] Agni yesterday has come in. an flight con trol.

The achievement has generated a feeling of confidence and flight control.

and happiness among the people in all walks of life. They

consider the event as symbolizing the country's progress Yesterday's launch was described by the defense minisin advance research and indigenous technology. State ter, Mr K.C. Pant, as a test flight to prove the indigegovernors, chief ministers, and others have hailed the nously developed advanced missile technology. The

launch and greeted the team of workers who made it Indian Government has not announced details of yesterpossible. day's test flights, except that the missile followed the

predetermined flight path and impacted in the desigWelcoming the launch, the Congress-I has described it as nated area in the Bay of Bengal. According to an official

a matter of pride for all. In a statement the six general announcement, preliminary analyses of data indicated

secretaries of the party, Mr V.N. Gadgil, Mr Ghulam that the test flight fully met the mission's objectives. One

Nabi Azad, Mrs Sheila Kaul, Mr K.N. Singh, Mr Oscar of the mission's objectives was to evaluate the perforFernandes, and Mr A.R. Mallu, and the treasurer, Mr mance of an indigenously developed heat shield during

Sitaram Kesari have said that, appropriately, this feat the fiery reentry through the atmosphere. The heat shield

was achieved in the Nehru centenary year as it was that is meant to protect the warhead from intense heat is

Jawahar Lal Nehru who made self-reliance in scientific a key hardware in the defense delivery system. The heat

[as heard] temper the cardinal principles of the Congress shield was developed by the defense scientists quite some

ideology. They congratulated the prime minister and the time ago and was being tested for the first time by Agni.

scientists who worked under his leadership with dedication and determination to make this possible. The successful test flight of Agni has demonstrated

India's technological capability, but it cannot be interSome opposition parties have also congratulated the preted as a signal that India wishes to become a regional

scientists for the achievement. Among them are the superpower. While hailing the achievement, the Indian

Communist Party of India, the Bhartiya Janata Party, prime minister, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, emphasized that

Telugu Desam, and the Janata Dal. In a resolution India is a nonviolent country and has no aggressive

passed at the conference of its office bearers in Bangalore designs on anyone. The testing of Agni was part of

today, the Janata Dal said the event heralds a new era in India's continuing efforts to safeguard the country's

missile technology. independence and security by self-reliant means, he said.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 18 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

According to the prime minister, a great deal of misinfor- Defence researchers here are basking in the aftermath of

mation and disinformation has been spread by interested Monday's successful test of Agni (fire), India's first

quarters that the Indian missile would be used to carry a intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM), which put

nuclear warhead. In a statement, Mr Gandhi made it clear the country in an exclusive club of nations with their

that Agni is not a nuclear weapon system. It only gives us own ballistic missile technology.

an option to deliver nonnuclear weapons with high precision at (?long) range, an option that is of great relevance to The others are the United States, the Soviet Union,

contemporary strategic doctrine, he said. Britain, France, China and Israel.

India detonated a nuclear device 15 years ago, but it set Mr Kalam denied reports that Agni could be equipped

an example to the whole world by its refusal to convert with nuclear warheads. The missile could carry only

this nuclear capability into nuclear weapons. It wishes to conventional warheads, he said.

keep it that way, Mr Gandhi said, adding that India is

passionately committed to peaceful coexistence. India The scientists reiterated that Agni's test, which has

firmly believes that Agni, while providing a limited aroused fears in the United States of a missile arms race

deterrence, will in no way become a threat to regional in South Asia, was a technology demonstration and not

peace. As one Indian defense analyst puts it: Agni, which the induction of a new weapons system.

has broken the big power monopoly, may be a major

contribution to India's negotiating strength for advanc- The missile would need further tests before reaching the

ing international peace and stability, operational stage, they said.

Advanced Surface-to-Surface Missile Tests Mr Arunachalam said the 14-tonne Agni had reached a

Planned range of about 1,000 kilometres (600 miles), although it

has a potential range of 2,500 kilometres (1,560 miles),

during Monday's test and added that its accuracy had

AFP Report exceeded expectations.

BK2605162589 Hong Kong AFP in English

1550 GMT 26 May 89 No difficulties were encountered in manoeuvering the

transition from a first stage solid propulsions system to

[Text] New Delhi, May 26 (AFP)-India plans to test an the second stage liquid propellant, he said. The heat

advanced surface-to-surface missile at the end of the year shield withstood the extremely high temperatures generafter joining an exclusive club of nations with the suc- ated during the test.

cessful launch of a ballistic missile, defence scientists

said Friday [26 May]. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi has said that Agni would

give New Delhi an effective non-nuclear deterrent with

The planned testing of Akash (sky) in December is part its ability to deliver non-nuclear warheads with high

of a tight schedule set for India's indigenous missile precision at long ranges.

development programme, the scientists told a news

conference here. India's missile development programme was launched in

1983, 1I years after India reportedly abandoned Project

Akash, a medium-range missile, would have a multi- Devil-aimed at building a family of missiles and step

target capability. Its testing will be followed by the up indigenous defence production.

deployment in 1991 of Prithvi (earth), a short-range

tactical battlefield missile, and Trishul (trident), a sur- Project Devil, employing 800 experts and costing 770

face-to-air missile, the scientists said. million dollars, was reportedly scuttled because it was

found to be over-ambitious. But the government never

Prithvi was successfully tested in 1988 and Trishul in announced the decision.

1987. A third-generation anti-tank missile named Nag

(cobra) is undergoing flight trials. Scientist on December Launch

BK2705035689 Delhi Domestic Service in English

Both Akash and Nag are expected to be operational by 0240 GMT 27 May 89

1993, said the scientists, including V.S. Arunachalam,

Abdul Kalam and R.N. Agarwal, who are all closely [Text] The scientific adviser to the defense minister, Dr

involved in the billion-dollar missile development pro- V.S. Arunachalam, has said that the medium-range surgram launched in 1983. face-to-air missile Akash [Sky] is expected to be launched

by December this year. Addressing a news conference in

The news conference came a day after Defence Minister New Delhi yesterday, he said the main purpose of the

Krishna Chandra Pant said India was likely to opt soon test launching of the long-range missile Agni [Fire] was

for a missile-based defence system. India has reportedly basically to establish the designing of heat shield for

decided to also begin work on producing an interconti- reentry inertial navigation system and change of propulnental ballistic missile. sion from stage one to stage two.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 19 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

Dr Arunachalam said the successful launching has Three major guidance systems are employed for guiding

proved that India has acquired the vital reentry technol- missiles-wire, radio and inertial. The first two have

ogy which would give a big boost to the integrated inherent problems. The first two have inherent probmissile development program. lems. Wire-guided missiles need a long wire in tow which

tends to get enmeshed in foliage while the missile is on

The third generation antitank missile Nag [Cobra] is its initial trajectory. Radio-guided missiles are vulneracurrently going through flight test trials, he said. ble to jamming. Inertial guidance systems in which a

pre-programmed on-board computer charts out the misNew Missiles May Be Able To Deliver Nuclear sile's path is the most efficient.

Weapons

51500125 Bombay THE TIMES OF INDIA in English Missile Tech

10 Apr 89 p 12

The soon-to-be-launched Agni, as well as the earlier

[Article by Ravi Shastri: "Indian Missiles at Takeoff Prithvi, are believed to employ inertial guidance.

Stage"]

This is a major achievement of DRDL scientists, given

[Text] India's missile programme has reached the takeoff the fact that the sale of inertial guidance sub-compostage. This is evident from the preparations now under nents, such as high altitude gyrocoscopes along with

way to test-fire Agni, a ballistic missile with a range put advanced materials, are strictly controlled by the missile

at 2,500 km in recent reports. technology control regime.

Several other third world nations are also well on their The successful launch of the Prithvi in February last year

way to developing such missile systems. This prolifera- heralded India's entry into the missile age. Though a

tion accounts for the Western initiative to prevent the short-range missile, not much of use as a nuclear delivery

spread of missiles which may have the capacity to deliver system, its high accuracy would make it prove extremely nuclear and chemical weapons. Seven major Western effective with conventional warheads against such tarpowers have now setup what they call the missile tech- gets as massed troops, armour and dams. Its 1,000 kg

nology control regime (MTCR) to retain exclusive con- payload capacity gives it theoretically the capability to

trol over this weapon system. But such hegemonistic carry a nuclear warhead.

control may be difficult to establish as shown by the

rapid strides made by India. However, the delivery of a strategic nuclear warhead

over short distances such as 150 km would be counterIndigenous development in India was accelerated by the productive because winds may carry radio-activity back

integrated guided missile programme (IGMP) launched to Indian territory. To be effective as a nuclear delivery

under Mrs Gandhi in July 1983, with an initial funding vehicle, a missile would need to carry a 1,000 kg warhead

of Rs 380 crores. Though attempts to indigenise missile over a distance of at least 800-1,100 km. Even if the

technology had been made earlier, such attempts were range of Agni is only 1,600 kin, as is more likely, rather

aborted as a result of bureaucratic red tape and the than the reported 2,500 kin, nuclear delivery may indeed

absolescence of technology employed. A prime objective be within India's reach.

of the IGMP was to minimise delays and get the wheels

of research and development moving smoothly. What payload Agni will be able to carry is not yet known.

Reports indicate that Agni's first stage employs solid fuel

Apex Body while its second-stage engine is fuelled by a liquid

propellant. Inertial guidance would render electronic

As part of this effort, the Defence Research and Devel- counter-measure (ECM) techniques employed against

opment Laboratory (DRDL) at Hyderabad was made the the missile ineffective. Agni may, therefore, prove to be

apex body to coordinate research, with Brig (Dr) V.J. a potent long-range strategic delivery vehicle that could

Sundaram, a physicist who had worked on solid fuel be the Indian answer to strategic blackmail. The possirocket propulsion, heading the research team. At the bility of India breaking the monopoly of nuclear weapon

same time an effort was made to involve specialised stakes over long-range missile systems has not gone

agencies in the effort, with each given the task of down well with the nuclear non-proliferation establishdeveloping individual sub-components. As a result, sev- ment. In fact, some analysts have named India one of the

eral research institutions and private companies have prime targets against whom the missile control regime is

participated in the coordinated programme. aimed. Prithvi and Agni are only the most talked about

missiles being developed by DRDL. A short-range surGiven the overlap between satellite launch vehicles and face-to-air missile (SAM), Trishul, with a range of 9 km

long-range missiles, it is possible that several propulsion has been tested a number of times and is due to go into

technologies developed by the Indian Space Research production by 1990, while a longer range SAM, desig- Organisation (ISRO) have been adopted for use in the nated Akash with a 27 km range, is also believed to be in

missiles. Two major problems which DRDL would have an advanced stage of development. A laser-guided antito solve itself, however, would be guidance and reentry. tank missile, Nag, may go into production by 1993. The
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 20 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

mid-1990s may thus witness reduced dependence of the Addressing the economic editors conference in New

Indian armed forces on external sources of supply for Delhi yesterday, Mr Pant said the integrated missile

their missile requirements. development program aims at building up our missilebased defenses. This is an option, which the country will

Three Wings have to consider in the coming years, he said. The

defense minister said the government's policy is to

As of today, all three wings of the Indian armed forces compete in the international market and sell equipment

depend on missiles imported from the Soviet Union and and systems as also enter into agreement with other

France. With France and Britain already party to the countries for joint production.

control regime, and the Soviets likely to follow suit,

future Indian missile requirements may come under The industry minister, Mr Vengal Rao, who also

increasing pressures. addressed the conference, said the center's policy is to

modernize and upgrade the technology in industry to

It is imperative, therefore, for Indian defence planners to enable it compete in foreign markets.

speed up indigenous research and development of missiles of all categories and potential capabilities. Recogn- Nuclear Reactor Commissioning Time Reduced

ising the need for indigenisation, the defence minister, BK0106153189 Delhi Domestic Service in English

Mr KGC. Pant, said in reply to Parliament question that 1430 GMT 1 Jun 89

guided missile is one area "where we want to be totally

self-sufficient." [Text] India is now able to reduce the time required for

Striking Range commissioning of a 235-megawatt [nuclear] reactor from

9 years to about 7 and '/2 years. According to the

The past few years have witnessed the deployment of Department of Atomic Energy, this has been possible

missiles in and around the south Asian region. Chinese from the experience gained over the years. The departICBM's have in any case the range to strike any part of ment has drawn up a heavy water production program to

India. Besides, a quarter of the 350-strong Chinese match the requirements of nuclear power generation.

IRBM force is based in Tibet, according to some

accounts. The Chinese transfer of the SCC-3 IRBM to Commentary Views Missile-Based Defense

Saudi Arabia and of the shorter range to Syria raises the System

possibility that such missiles could be transferred Paki- BK3105110689 Delhi General Overseas Service in

stan at some future date, given the history of cooperation English 1010 GMT 31 May 89

between the two countries in strategic fields. [Mahendra Ved Commentary]

In any event, Pakistan has now developed two new

surface-to-surface missiles which were recently exhibited [Text] With the successful test firing of Agni, India's first

at a National Day parade. It is claimed that these have long-range ballistic missile, many questions are being

been developed indigenously though observers think asked about its purpose to which great prestige and

that China's help with technology and sub-systems has significance is being attached and for which the nation

played a very important part. The range of these is said can take justifiable pride. Actually, Agni's launching

to be 80 km and 300 km, and the payload capability, 500 need not have raised this question. Already the Bharat

kg. A third missile for use against low-flying aircraft has Dynamics Limited, a public sector undertaking of the

also been unveiled. It closely resembles the Chinese Ministry of Defense, is working on the production of

version of the Soviet SAM. Prithvi, the surface-to-surface tactical missile with an

estimated range of 150 kilometers. It is the entry of

Gen Aslam Beg, Pakistan's army chief, has announced Prithvi that will mark the beginning of integration of

that the country's space scientists would be ready with a missile based defenses into the network of our Armed

multi-stage rocket in the next 2 years. In sum, Pakistan is Forces.

fast catching up, In view of these developments, the Agni

test comes none too soon. The defense minister, Mr K.C. Pant, addressing the

Economic Editors Conference in New Delhi on ThursDefense Minister Says 'Agni' Can Carry day said that the integrated guided missile development

Warheads program aims at developing capabilities for ensuring

BK2605031589 Delhi Domestic Service in English national security through missile-based defenses. How0240 GMT 26 May 89 ever, while expressing happiness at the successful demonstration of a capability for developing missiles, Mr

[Text] The defense minister, Mr K.C. Pant, says the long Pant said we still have some way to go before missiles

range missile 'Agni' has the potential to carry lethal enter operational service and they are integrated with

warheads and deliver them with a high degree of accu- our Armed Forces. This is an option which the country

racy. He, however, pointed out that India still has some will have to consider in the coming years. The defense

way to go before missiles enter operational service and minister and earlier on the day of the Agni's launching

are integrated with the armed forces. on the 22d of May, the prime minister, Mr Rajiv
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 21 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

Gandhi, had repeatedly stressed that Agni was essen- (TAPS) would be held in December this year, according

tially a technology demonstrator. So far as this missile is to a decision taken at a meeting held at the collectorate

concerned the position remains unchanged. As Dr here.

Arnuchalam, the scientific adviser to the defense minister and the chief of the Defense Research and Develop- According to an official release, it was decided to create

ment Program, has said Agni would have to be further awareness among the nearby villagers about the drill, by

tested. The scientists and engineers working on it would organising meetings, showing films and displaying inforhave to carry forward data in the coming months. The mative boards.

development stage is never over. They would definitely

like to do more experiments. The significant thing is that The officials from TAPS, the revenue department, the

it remains a technology demonstrator. For its integration police and the Western Railway discussed at the meeting

into the military defenses, there would have to be a various measures to be taken in case of an emergency.

decision at the highest levels of the political and military The collector, Mr G.B. Pingulkar, presided.

leaderships of the country. This should mean that there

is nothing instant about Agni, certainly not its integra- It may be recalled, that a similar drill organised in

tion into the country's defenses. October last created panic among people from the

nearby villages, who had fled their homes temporarily,

Let us look at Prithvi which is very much on its way to because of fear that "some poisonous gas was to be

joining the defense system. The project was sanctioned released from the TAPS." The distinct administration

in July 1983. It has undergone eight flight trials so far. had failed to inform the people and that it as only a drill

The performance of its missile subsystems has been and there was not cause for panic.

established. It was test launched in February last year

and has since undergone further development. Its missile

and ground systems have been perfected. Next to Prithvi PAKISTAN

is Akash, which is a medium-range air defense system

with multi-target tracking capability employing com- U.S. Nonproliferation Policy Criticized

mand and homing guidance system. Akash has a high BK3105123589 Rawalpindi HAIDER in Urdu

energy solid propellant for the booster and integrated 21 May 89 p 3

ramrocket for the sustainer. Akash is now undergoing

flight trial preparation and its systems are being tested to [Editorial: "The Statement of the Director of the CIA"]

achieve perfection. The first test launch of this surfaceto-air missile system is due toward the end of this year., [Text] Making a statement before the public affairs

committee of the U.S. Congress, CIA Director Webster The work is also going on the antitank missile Nag which has given a detailed report on the nuclear programs of

is the third generation missile with advanced guidance Pakistan and India. He said Pakistan is busy improving

system for achieving fire and forget capability. The its nuclear capabilities, whereas India has started

Trishul is another short range surface-to-air defense research on technology that can be used in the producsystem which is scheduled to be ready sometime in 1991. tion of large nuclear weapons. According to Mr Webster,

It will use high strength steel rocket motor chamber with India can attack Pakistan anytime it wants to force

composite propellant in dual thrust mode. The exciting Pakistan to give up its nuclear program. He added that

thing about Akash is that it has multi-target handling India has also begun work on manufacturing a hydrogen

capacity. Feasibility studies are going for Astra, an bomb.

air-to-air missile system.

It is noteworthy that the statement of the CIA director Coming back to Agni, Dr Arunachalam has said the has come at a time when Pakistani Prime Minister Ms

place of its splash down in the Bay of Bengal was a Benazir Bhutto is about to visit the United States. The

pre-determined spot and it was accurate. All its systems statement of the CIA director is indicative of the fact

worked well and its reentry was perfect. The parameters that by raising the issue of Pakistan's atomic program

set for Agni have proved to be sound and the various once again prior to Ms Benazir Bhutto's visit to the

systems effective and perfect. No doubt, the scientists United States, the U.S. Government wants to express its

have every reason to be feel happy. The task ahead is to concern to Pakistan and thus maintain its pressure on keep testing it through more prototypes and prepare for Pakistan as ever before in the context of the latter's a day when it has to be productionized. nuclear program.

Emergency Drill for Tarapur Planned for The fact is that the United States' attitude is contradicDecember tory toward the nuclear programs of Pakistan and India.

51500126 Bombay THE TIMES OF INDIA in English By sheer expression of its fears against Pakistan's peace25 Mar 89 p 18 ful nuclear program, the United States has always tried

to attach strings to its assistance to Pakistan and has also

[Text] Thane, 24 March-The emergency drill under the attempted to get some Pakistani concessions in the

disaster plan of the Tarapur atomic power station context of the peculiar political situation of this region.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 22 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

But it has totally ignored the atomic program of India, The launch put India in an exclusive club of countriesalthough India detonated a nuclear device in 1967 and is which so far includes the United States, China, Soviet

continuously manufacturing nuclear weapons. Union, Britain, France, and Israel-with their own ballistic missile capability.

The CIA director also admitted before the congressional

committee that India has commenced work on manufac- Meanwhile, the United States has expressed concern

turing a hydrogen bomb. Nevertheless, Pakistan's stand over India's development of the missile.

on its nuclear program is very clear. Pakistan says its

nuclear program is for peaceful purposes and it has

absolutely no intention of making any nuclear weapons. Nuclear Power Generation Program Outlined

Because of its honest stand on this issue, it has gone to BK2905123589 Karachi DA U'N in English

the extent of making a proposal expressing its readiness 22 May 89 p 3

to throw open its atomic installations for international

inspection, provided India is ready to do the same. But

India is not ready for talks on any proposal for interna- [Text] Lahore, May 21-A 20-year programme for

tional inspection of its nuclear installations, nuclear power generation through reactors produced

locally on the principle of "co-manufacturing" has been

If the United States considers Pakistan its ally, irrespec- drawn up by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

tive of its usual idea about its ideological and political (PAEC). The idea of acquiring nuclear technology

supremacy over Pakistan, it should prove by its acts that through the "co-manufacturing" principle has the

it is a true friend of Pakistan. It will absolutely have to approval of the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. With the

play the role of a friend-to make Pakistan economically 20-year plan ready, the stage is now set for a sure and a

self-reliant and ensure its stability. steady take off, highly placed PAEC sources told DAWN

here on Sunday. So far, the analysis of the people of Pakistan is that the

United States has always extended its arm of friendship Under the "co-manufacturing" principle, private industo Pakistan because of its specific interests. One of its tries of Pakistan would collaborate with sonic foreign

interests was to make Pakistan a buyer of its arms. firms in the development of nuclear reactors. The GovBecause of its interests, the United States has granted ernment of the countries to which these firms belong

assistance and loans to Pakistan on many occasions. But would have nothing to do with the project. Thus, techit has not make serious efforts to lead the people of nically being a private-sector venture, Pakistan would

Pakistan toward prosperity and to make them econom- not be required to sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty

ically self-reliant. (NPT), which it is reluctant to do unless India does the

same, the sources said.

In our opinion, the visit of Prime Minister Benazir

Bhutto to the United States has paramount importance, The PAEC estimates that Pakistan would be able to have

as it is the visit of the head of an elected government, a capacity to generate about 6,000 megawatts of nuclear

However, regarding this visit, the U.S. Government power by the turn of the century. The first reactor to be

should make its position clear to the people of Pakistan. fabricated locally would take some seven years to comIf necessary, in the context of the proposed visit of plete and would have a 300-MW capacity. Thereafter, it

Benazir Bhutto, the United States can take such steps would make over half a dozen reactors of the same

and decisions that will make the people of Pakistan capacity before switching over to 600 MW reactors. The

forget the bitter experiences of the past and consider the simultaneous fabrication of 300 MW and 600 MW

United States their true friend. But if it tries to give reactors would continue for some time, after which,

priority only to its own interests in the context of fabrication of low capacity reactors would be given up.

Pakistan's peaceful nuclear program, there may later be

circumstances contrary to its expectations. A high-capacity reactor cannot be undertaken at the very

outset because in the present situation, local industry

Islamabad Reports India's 'Agni' Missile Launch would not be able to make much of a contribution,

BK2205085389 Islamabad Overseas Service in English thereby making reliance on imported components nec0800 GMT 22 May 89 essary.

[Text] India has successfully test fired today its first The idea of gradually acquiring capability to manufacintermediate-range ballistic missile-Agni-which had ture high-capacity reactors has been borrowed from

been bogged down by technical snags for a month. The India. which is very much in the field since the late

missile, launched from the Chandipur area of eastern [Prime Minister] Pandit Nehru, who had given New

Orissa State, has a range of up to 2,500 km and has been Delhi a 30-year programme of promoting nuclear techtargeted to land in the Bay of Bengal. nology. India standardised 235-MW reactors and has

been manufacturing one reactor biennially since the last

Defense experts have said "Agni" can also be equipped decade and is gradually proceeding towards the 500 MW

with nuclear warhead or used to launch satellites, capacity.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 23 NEAR EAST & SOUTH ASIA

The PAEC has already assessed the engineering capabil- number of countries are prepared to provide Pakistan a

ity of some 400 major industrial units, a number of nuclear reactor provided it paid for the same in cash. It

which have already been trained in maintaining high was mainly because of lack of foreign exchange that

standards of quality. Heads of some 20 industrial units Pakistan could not obtain it.

were taken to various European countries where they

were shown 50 industries engaged in the manufacture of A 600-MW reactor costs about 1.5 billion dollars.

nuclear reactors.

Pakistan has already signed memoranda of understand- A number of countries have facilities to manufacture

ing with 17 industries for collaboration in this field. reactors and sell the same to other countries but they are

not finding buyers. Consequently, their plants are lying Answering a question about the existing potential of the idle and they are desperately trying to find purchasers

local industries to undertake the new assignment, the who can pay in cash.

sources said: "We are not starting from scratch. We are

already mobilised." With Pakistan in a position to pay in cash, a number of

Questioned as to why Pakistan could not make any other countries would be prepared to provide it with a

headway in this field in the past, the sources said it was reactor. Neither the International Atomic Energy

because of lack of commitment. The late Zulfiqar Ali Agency, nor any country opposed to Islamabad's nuclear

Bhutto had planned about two dozen nuclear reactors for programme, would be able to hinder the deal. The real

the country by the end of current century, but no serious problem, the sources said, was lack of the availability of

work was done in this regard by the governments that the required amounts in foreign exchange.

followed, the sources maintained.

With the co-manufacturing concept, the sources said,

To another question the sources said given serious Pakistan would be able to attain technology and capacity attention, Pakistan would have acquired a nuclear reac- to manufacture reactors at one-tenth of the cost prevailtor without signing the NPT. [sentence as published] A ing in the international market.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 SOVIET UNION 24

Scheduled Shutdown of Leningrad AES Explained All the same the question of the Leningrad AES' safety

PM2205135789LeningradLENINGRADSKAYA was crucial at the meeting. The power workers were

PRA VDA in Russian 12 May 89 p I asked again and again what measures are being taken by

them after the accident at Chernobyl. Leningrad AES

[Article by A. Agrafenin and T. Syrchenko under the Director A.P. Yeperin stressed that increasing safety was

rubric "In the CPSU Oblast Committee Press Center": the main concern of all the station's workers. He enu-

"Reactor Readied for Repair"] merated specific technical measures which have been

taken to qualitatively improve the work of the emer-

[Text] As already reported, the scheduled repair of one of gency containment system. The power workers are not

the reactors at the Leningrad V.I. Lenin nuclear electric counting the cost. For example, in implementing these

power station [AES] will begin in June this year. This measures the prime cost per kilowatt-hour of electricity

event has given rise to all kinds of rumors and distor- increased from 0.7 kopeks to 0.85 kopeks.

tions. Yesterday a meeting took place in the CPSU

Oblast Committee [obkom] press center at which jour- At the meeting Yu.V. Kuznetsov, sector chief at the

nalists received answers from specialists to questions Radium Institute, said that soil, water, silt deposits, air,

connected with the forthcoming repair and the situation and agricultural produce have been monitored for over

around the nuclear power station in Sosnovyy Bor. 10 years in the Leningrad AES region. The "pollution"

figures are tens and hundreds of thousands of times

A.P. Yeperin, director of the Leningrad nuclear electric below the norms regulated by the appropriate USSR

power station, reported that during the repair the fuel Ministry of Health documents. But it is odd that the

channels (16-meter zirconium tubes in which the nuclear results of these observations have not been broadly

fuel is placed) of the first power unit's reactor will be publicized. This may be one reason for the rumors.

replaced. The fuel channel clearances in the reactor's

graphite core will also be calibrated. This year the power "Man

workers are planning to replace 40 percent of the tubes. y questions would not have arisen for the populaIn November, by the beginning of the cold season, all the tion if there had been sufficient glasnost," O.V. Bodrov,

station's units will be working once again. It is planned chairman of the "Zelenyy Mir" Association in the city of

to complete the repair next year. Sosnovyy Bor, said. "We must aim to inform the public

widely about everything that is going on at the Leningrad

Journalists asked about the safety of the upcoming jobs. AES and around it. Because there is an element of

Specialists gave assurances that there is no cause for distrust, which is not, incidentally, connected with

concern. The replacement of the fuel channels is a doubts about the level of the Leningrad AES personnel's

customary operation in the Soviet power industry. Sim- responsibility but connected with the lack of informailar operations have been carried out at Siberian nuclear tion, we propose setting up a council which will include

electric power stations. Individual fuel channels were representatives of Leningrad enterprises, the public, and

also replaced when the reactor was shut down at the the press. This council will monitor the situation around

Leningrad power station during previous scheduled pre- the station and inform the population about it. I think

ventive maintenance. For example, last year in the same that no difficulties will arise because everyone is interunit 10 channels were replaced and their clearances ested in this."

reset. This was done in I I days. Now it is simply a

question of a larger operation. The specialists also answered journalists' numerous

questions. G.I. Barinova, chief of the CPSU Obkom

The reactor repair is part of a major reconstruction pro- Ideological Department, presided at the press confergram at the station which is to be completed in the 13th ence. S.G. Petrov, secretary of the Leningrad CPSU City

5-Year Plan. In particular, it is also planned to replace the Committee, took part in the work.

station's assemblies approaching the end of their design

life, including computers and control systems.

Energy Official Discusses Reactor Safety Decree

Naturally, the question arises: How will the shutdown 18220128 Moscow PRA VITELSTVENNYY VESTNIK

lasting almost 6 months affect the city's power supply this in Russian No 8, Apr 89 p 10

year and next year? It is well known that the Leningrad

AES provides 60 percent of the Lenenergo's [Leningrad

Regional Power Administration's] electricity. The shut- [Interview with V.V. Marin, first deputy chairman of the

down of one reactor reduces the Leningrad AES' capacity USSR Council of Ministers Bureau of the Fuel and

by one-fourth. It was said at the press conference that all Energy Complex, by V. Lvov: "Levels of Safety"; date

the work is being coordinated by the Lenenergo control and place not given]

service. Leningrad heat and electric power stations are

making up some of the power. At the same time Leningrad

stations are becoming members of the Single European [Text]The government constantly holds in view the

Power System, which will also "safeguard" electricity issues of providing safety in nuclear energy. Since the

consumers in the city on the Neva. accident at the Chernobyl AES [nuclear power station], a
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 25 SOVIET UNION

major complex of multiplan measures directed toward In connection with the exhaustion of design resources of

increasing the reliability of nuclear stations has been the work of reactor equipment, a resolution has been

carried out. Serious improvements have been introduced adopted to this year halt the operation of the second

in the designs of active power units and those under power unit of the Beloyarskaya AES, and in 1990 the

construction, and in the construction of equipment and second power unit of the Novovoronezhskaya AES. As is

equipment systems. The training of the operating staff known, the first power assemblies of these stations were

has been significantly improved. Scientists and special- halted several years ago.

ists continue intense work in this direction, developing

and implementing in principal new technological deci- Great attention has been directed toward the improvesions. It can be stated with certainty that today the ment of AES fire safety by expanding the application of

possibility of an accident such as that of Chernobyl is nonflammable and radiation-resistant materials, includcompletely excluded. ing special enamels for the protective covering of building constructions and parts of roofing overlaps, as well as

A new stage has now come to this work. Its basic tasks fireproof cable products and fire-resistant oils...

were determined in the resolution recently adopted by

the USSR Council of Ministers on supplementary mea- [Lvov] How is quality control over AES construction

sures to increase the safety of nuclear stations. Such and assembly work and the production of equipment,

resolutions used to be closed. But today, we will tell the apparatus, and control systems implemented?

readers of PRAVITELSTVENNAYA GAZETA not only

of the fundamental positions of this document, but of [Marin] Safety provisions at nuclear stations depend to

what seems to be left between the lines, no small degree on the high quality of work at all stages

of creation of the power units, including the choice of the

Our interlocutor is V.V. Manin, first deputy chairman of site, the process of developing the project, as well as its

the USSR Council of Ministers Bureau of the Fuel and construction, preparation, and the assembly of equipEnergy Complex. ment.

[Lvov] Vladimir Vasilyevich! What problems will be An important element of this work is the further

solved during the new phase of work on raising AES improvement of documentation of the technical specifi- safety? cations which define safe conditions and limits during the creation and operation of nuclear power installations. The basis of these is the requirements and recom-

[Marin] Stipulated first and foremost is the reconstruc- mendations of the International Atomic Energy Authortion from 1989-94 of all 14 active energy units built ity [IAEA] and the conclusions of the results of careful

during the seventies. Today their safety systems are not analysis of the causes of the Chernobyl AES accident.

completely up to the increased modem demands. These,

as well as newly constructed power units, will be [Lvov] How is the precise definition of the seismic

equipped with the so-called passive supplemental safety characteristics of the sites of active AES's proceeding, as

systems which do not require any sort of external power well as of those under construction and in the planning supply. This is very important. This allows for reliable stage?

cooling of the reactor in the event of any accident

situation and for the localization of any discharge of [Marin] The USSR Academy of Sciences, the USSR

radioactive matter while the reactor installation is State Construction Committee, and the USSR Ministry

depressurizing. Some of these systems have no analogies of Geology are working intensively to correct the map of

in world practice and are a serious step forward in seismic zones in the areas where nuclear stations are

resolving the problem of providing AES safety. situated. This work will be completed by 1 October this

year.

Also important is the condition that active energy units

and those newly brought on line are equipped with [Lvov] Has the fate of the fifth and sixth power units

developed diagnostic systems for checking the state of previously under construction been decided definitively?

the equipment and the tubing. Such systems allow for the Is an expansion of the active AES planned with the use of

timely manifestation of the nuclear station's deviation high-capacity reactors?

from normal work modes and for taking measures in

advance for the prevention of critical situations. [Marin] The USSR Council of Ministers adopted a

simple resolution to refuse to construct the fifth and

It is intended that the major scope of the work of sixth power units of the Chernobyl AES temporarily

replacing obsolete equipment at the AES's be executed closed down after the accident. No expansion is planned

during the period of scheduled repairs. This concerns of other active nuclear stations with the use of high- first the control and measuring equipment, the computer capacity reactors. In particular, it was decided to halt the

equipment, the parts and assemblies of equipment which construction of the fourth power unit at the Smolensk

deteriorate quickly. AES and the sixth power unit of the Kursk AES.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 26 SOVIET UNION

[Lvov] Our readers are interested in how spent nuclear of any equipment failure or personnel error. It is planned

fuel is stored. What safety provisions are involved? Are that the project work and necessary scientific and conthere any threats to nature and people? struction research will be completed by the midnineties

so that by the 14th 5-Year Plan, construction will begin

[Marin] Safety provisions during the storage and trans- on the new generation of AES's.

port of spent nuclear fuel and the utilization and burial

of radioactive wastes formed during the operation of It must be noted that the prototypes of such installations

nuclear plants is the subject of particular attention. have already been created. The heat-supply nuclear

Accumulated domestic and international experience and stations under construction in Voronezh and Gorkiy can

scientific research allow for the simple confirmation that be counted among them. They have no analogies in

the technological processes, means, and methods reliably world practice for their level of reliability and safety.

guarantee the safety of AES personnel, the population, Extremely promising in this field are the power units

and the natural environment, with high-temperature reactors, of which construction is

planned to begin in the midnineties.

This is the system for dealing with spent nuclear fuel in

our country and the world today. The fuel assemblies [Lvov] How is glasnost being expanded in AES activiunloaded from the reactor are first placed in water-filled ties?

cooling pools at the reactor where they are retained over [Marin] This is a very important question. The distrust

the course of several years. After a reduction to a safe of the nuclear power industry by a certain segment of

level of residual energy emission, the spent assemblies society was to a significant extent linked with the

are transported to special on-site storage facilities from society was tto gnfocationtenthe work of

which they are later sent to reprocessing enterprises. groundless limitation of information on the work of

They are transported in special container cars which AES's. Measures are now being taken to correct this

have been carefully tested and built in compliance with situation. Information centers are now being created at

IAEA requirements. In particular, their pressurization is each nuclear station. Here one may receive data on the

not disturbed even in a fall onto a hard surface from a work of energy units, the measures in effect and still

height of 9 meters, in a head-on, high-speed collision planned for providing their safety, and the radiation

with other railway transportation equipment, in various conditions in the adjacent environment. AES's are now

types of fires, etc. The safety of such transportation has open for visits by representatives of labor collectives,

been confirmed by many years of practice. educational institutions, and public organizations.

A center for public information in the field of nuclear

The liquid and solid low- and medium-level radioactive power has been formed in Moscow. Its task is to provide

wastes formed during the AES operation processes are competent, exhaustive answers to any questions which

concentrated in special, reliably protected vessels on the trouble people. A discussion club meets regularly at the

premises of the station. Ongoing control of their condi- Nuclear Power Institute imeni 1.V. Kurchatov. Anyone

tion is arranged, precluding any sort of threat to nature

and people. The AES is equipped with installations for

burning solid and bitumenized liquid radioactive wastes. As you can see, everything has been done to possess

With this assistance the wastes turn into stable, compact complete information on the AES's. It seems to me that

structures. The volume of such wastes is insignificant the side of the mass information media must also proand their dependable storage does not present any par- vide a high level of responsibility for the accuracy and

ticular difficulties. competence of materials published. And last, the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers emphasizes the

[Lvov] How is the work progressing on the creation of especially important role of the nuclear power industry

new-generation reactor installations with improved in strengthening the country's economy as one of the

safety, reliability, and economic characteristics? When most important progressive trends in increasing the

will they be introduced into the power industry? generation of electric and heating power. For example,

this has been confirmed by the experience of such

[Marin] Work in this direction is in full swing. The most countries as France, Belgium, and the FRG, in which

progressive domestic and foreign achievements are being AES's produce 70, 66, and 31 percent of all electric

utilized in the development of projects for reactor instal- power, respectively.

lations and of new-generation power units in general,

and in the selection of lay-out and construction solu- Apparently, broad explanatory work is required among

tions. The main goal is to create an installation with such the public and all the country's population on the issues

a degree of internal self-protection that it is independent of the prospects for nuclear power.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 WEST EUROPE 27

AUSTRIA FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

Court Rules Niederaichbach Plant Dismantling Cabinet Adopts Nuclear Agreement With CSSR Possible

A U2405163089 Vienna DER STANDARD in German 51002425 Hamburg DIE ZEIT in German

24 May 89 p 6 31 Mar 89 pp 17-20

[APA report: "A New Nuclear Treaty With the CSSR"] [Article by Juergen Benz and Michael Hailer: "The Long

Shadows of the Nuclear Age"]

[Text] Vienna (APA)-An extended agreement between

Austria and the CSSR, which was adopted by the Cabi- [Text] Feeling guilty, we have tried to make it clear to

net on Tuesday [23 May], provides more protection our children that they and their descendants will have to

against a possible defect in a CSSR reactor. Foreign live with the damned nuclear power plant ruins, because

Minister Alois Mock spoke of a further positive step their radioactive internal parts are much too dangerous

toward nuclear safety. to dismantle.

With the treaty, the rights to information and consulta- We have long been familiar with the idea that these

tions were extended to all nuclear plants-that is, also to useless concrete giants on the banks of our rivers will

research reactors, deposits, and the entire territory of the petrify into horrible memorials to an epoch that fountwo states. Temelin and Mochovce are also included in dered because of technological megalomania.

the information system. So far, only light-water reactors

near the border have been included. Meanwhile, we have also had to give in to the opponents

of nuclear power, who even then, in the 1970's, wagged

The information on new projects is to be provided after their fingers at the unsolved problem of nuclear waste

the building permit has been granted, and not merely disposal: Where to put the radioactive stuff, when, after

half a year before the start-up of operations. The 25 or 30 years of operation, the plants have to be shut

exchange of data on radiation will also be improved, down once and for all due to old age?

Now information about events that are not defects in the

strict sense of the word, but which could cause concern But now, quite unexpectedly, we may be optimistic

in the population of the neighboring state, is also oblig- again: In Niederaichbach in Lower Bavaria, near the

atory. kreis city of Landshut, on the bank of the beautiful Isar

River, for the first time in Europe a shut-down nuclear

power plant is being dismantled and completely CSSR Power Plants Threaten 'I1l Feelings' removed. In 5 years at the most, the dismantling engiA U3005090889 Vienna DIE PRESSE in German neers tell us, flowers will again grow and cows be able to

30 May 89 p 2 graze on the green meadow there, as if there had never

been a radioactive power factory. A mirage?

["AG" report: "CSSR Power Plants: New Ill Feelings

Between Prague and Vienna?"] On Monday of last week the Regensburg administrative

court of the first instance decided that the city of

[Text] Prague/Vienna-The CSSR's power plant Landshut-which brought suit in July 1987-would not

projects threaten to cause new ill feelings between Prague infringe on its rights and duties to care for the citizens by

and Vienna. At the beginning of the first conference of dismantling the Niederaichbach nuclear power plant

environment ministers of CSSR neighboring states in (KKN). The radioactivity released in dismantling the

Prague, Austrian Minister Marilies Flemming urgently reactor, as calculated for the court by experts, would

appealed to the host country not to build the projected constitute only minute fractions of the permissible

nuclear power plants at Temelin and Mochovce near the amount of radiation. Even if the amounts present from

Austrian border. Flemming said that she can imagine the reactor accident at Chernobyl and radiation from the

that, if such were to be the case, Austria would grant still operating neighboring power plants Isar I and Isar II

financial support. Obviously as a reaction to this, a news are added in, the radioactivity remains so low that the

conference by the CSSR nuclear energy commission was legally prescribed limit of 30 millirem per year will not

announced for today. be exceeded. The conclusion of the judge: Scrapping the

nuclear ruin will not affect the well-being of the citizens

A delegation of Austrian environmental protection around the city of Landshut-and the last hurdle, for the

activists who wanted to hand over a petition against the time being, on the by now very long path toward comSlovak Gabcikovo hydroelectric power station on the plete dismantling has thus been eliminated.

Danube was turned away at the CSSR Embassy in

Vienna yesterday [29 May]. A new, economically prosperous, future has begun for

the nuclear industry: the epoch of nuclear power plant

The paper that was slipped through under the fence was scrapping. Even construction of the 23 units (so-called

immediately crumpled up and thrown back. blocks) in operation today in the FRG were a profitable
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 28 WEST EUROPE

business for the nuclear industry. Then, to be sure, came pressure tube reactor for natural uranium." But after

the dry period of nuclear power plant rejection: New scarcely 17 months full of mishaps the Bayernwerk AG

power plant projects are now hardly possible to under- plant had to close forever on 31 July 1974. During this

take in the FRG due to the resistance of the population. period of operation the particularly expensive construcBut the scrapping of decrepit plants promises to be just tion, calculated at DM230 million, had only delivered 18.3

as profitable: Around the world more than 50 reactors full days of operation at 100 megawatt power.

have been shut down; this means there is specialist work

to be done for the next 30 years. In the next 7 years alone Shortly afterward the turbines were dismounted, the fuel

nuclear power plant operators want to dismantle com- elements removed and the radioactively contaminated

pletely five power reactors out of the 16 power plants area of the plant sealed off; "secured containment" is

that are now shut down; by the end of the century the what nuclear technicians call this first stage of mothnuclear industry anticipates numerous additional com- balling according to the nuclear law.

plete dismantlings. In 2013, presumably, the last nuclear

power plants will be shut down in the FRG. The "Theoretically" the ruin could now be left standing like

Emsland power plant and a second block at Neckarwes- that forever, says Ulrich Loeschhorn. The only unattractheim were only added to the network last year; both are tive thing would be the high costs of maintenance and

given a normal lifetime of 25 years. protection, which by now have climbed to nearly DM 1.5

million annually.

The decommissioning work is also able to provide valuable service for the rehabilitation of the currently so A Chicken Coop in the Nuclear Power Plant?

badly tarnished image of the nuclear industry. Finally,

the engineers will again be able to show that they really The specialists from Wuerzburg and Karlsruhe have allohave a complete grasp of nuclear energy, that they are cated 6 years for the complete disassembly divided into

even able to overcome the problems of nuclear energy five phases (for details see the schedule above). The

and present the frightened society with a carefree post- scrapping of "inactive," meaning uncontaminated steel,

nuclear future. was begun as early as July 1987; 500 tons were removed

and recycled. Since the fall of 1988 the dismantlers have According to the letter of the German nuclear law, the been tearing out the so-called contaminated installations,

operators of nuclear power plants are obligated to take that is to say installations contaminated only on the

care of their removal. However, they are not expected to surface. Among them are the two heat exchangers, which at

stick to a time frame. They are thus able-purely theo- that time caused all the breakdowns, and the entire control

retically-to decide in favor of one of three possibilities system, the heavy water cycle with the large outlet tank in

after the shutdown: the basement. Apparently this work offers no problems as

well: Since the power plant was in operation for such a Stage 1: The fuel elements are removed, other radioac- short time, the material is only slightly contaminated. The

tive parts are enclosed in a safety container, all access is four dozen men from the dismantling companies "are

blocked. The plant remains standing, but must be working quite normally in overalls made of a linen mateguarded for safety reasons. rial," stresses Ulrich Loeschhorn; they can touch, saw, and

weld without any danger. Radiation in this area is said to

Stage 2: In addition to removing the fuel elements, still be "at most 0.2 millirem per hour," a dose which in fact is

intact components and building parts are removed- considered to be safe. Loeschhorn is frequently quoted by

with the exception of the reactor building and the safety journalists as saying that he could easily put a chicken coop

container, in this part of the nuclear power plant and without concern

eat the eggs they lay. Meanwhile, he finds this allegory Stage 3: Means "total removal." The entire facility is misleading.

completely dismantled until the original condition of the

site, the "green meadow," is restored. Not until the middle of next year will it "perhaps" get a

little trickier, when the men push into the reactor core area

And this last stage is now to be practiced for the first in order to remove the "activated" material from there:

time with the Niederaichbach case. primarily the pressurized tubes, the high-grade steel components in the reactor, the moderator tank and a protective "All of that is no problem," beams Ulrich Loeschhorn, shield (thermal shield) of various metal alloys.

physicist and project leader of the Karlsruhe Nuclear

Research Center (KfK) responsible for the decommission- During operation these components were bombarded by

ing. "Anyone who can build a thing like that can also pull neutrons, so that their activated atoms are now in turn

it down again." Loeschhorn is standing on the bank of the radioactive. The reactor core is enclosed by an 8-meterIsar in front of the gray, windowless concrete cube, from high and nearly 2-meter-thick concrete mantle, the sowhich a thin smokestack stretches toward the sky: 16 years called containment vessel. In this inner space 2,000

ago Niederaichbach was loudly celebrated as the prototype curies, or 74 billion Becquerel of radioactive materialof a nuclear power plant developed domestically by Sie- relative to the material cobalt 60-was measured 5 years

mens engineers-a "gas-cooled, heavy-water-moderated, ago. Even if, due to the short half-life of cobalt 60, the
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 29 WEST EUROPE

radioactivity has now decreased, this radiation could be Making that much construction rubble of Hazard Class I

dangerous to people, even in Loeschhorn's opinion. For disappear is not too difficult a task today, despite dumps

this reason the dismantling in this area must be handled being overfilled and many depots being blocked, because

by remote-controlled gripper machines. And since such there are still sufficient construction debris dumps.

automatic machines did not exist, these robots called "manipulators" were developed by the firm of Noell But at first the Karlsruhe demolition experts wanted to

especially for the Niederaichbach decommissioning. One profit from getting rid of the nuclear power plant rubble

of them, a rotating manipulator, will sit on top of the by using it as a foundation for the autobahn between

reactor platform and reach down into the depth up to 20 Landshut and Dingolfing. Meanwhile, however, the road

meters with its enormous gripper arm, sometimes with a workers were surprisingly fast, and the highway has

saw, sometimes with a drill, hammer or screwdriver, in already been built. The most recent proposal, just to

order to cap the 351 pressurized tubes in the moderator dump the whole lot at various garbage dumps, is not

tank. The second one, a crane manipulator, will be able exactly environmentally sound-but rather harmless,

to lift up to 3 tons of knocked down material. The two compared to the problem of waste removal of radioacmachines have been undergoing tests for a long time and tively contaminated material.

will finally be ready to use in early summer 1990.

To begin with, there are 1,700 tons of contaminated steel

The weak point, Noell engineers say, is the human scrap from the second demolition phase, an amount

element, or, in concrete terms, the operating crew, which corresponding to 2,000 VW Golf automobiles. Where

still has to learn to handle the robots. It must be possible, should it be put?

for example, to control the gripper arm with millimeter

precision. In order to operate it, a control center made of Melting Furnace for Nuclear Scrap

35-centimeter-thick steel will be hung in the reactor

dome. The men will then control the work of the robots Occasionally, nuclear waste disposal companies have

through narrow lead windows and via camera-fed mon- mixed contaminated high-grade steel in homeopathic

itors. All of this will present no problem at all, Loe- dosages, as it were, with melted ore in the blast furnaces

schhorn says in a casual tone, as if he had already buried of the steel mills. But in such quantities? Furthermore,

50 reactors. the Karlsruhe demolition experts wanted to test whether

the contamination of the cast metal would be lower and

Gentle Blasts the slag radiate all the more. So they decided to build

their own small blast furnace for contaminated steel at

The hot phase of the decommissioning, which many inhab- Karlsruhe. This by no means inexpensive "melt-down

itants around Landshut are most afraid of, will then begin facility for radioactive materials," Eiram for short, also

in the fall of 1990: the destruction of the containment serves other purposes, such as compression of highly

vessel, the meter-thick concrete ring which contains the radioactive materials, so that they can be permanently

nuclear area. It has this name because it is to prevent stored in as little space as possible.

strong radiation from getting into the biosphere. As a

result of being bombarded with neutrons, the concrete The 6-meter-high smelting furnace has already stood on

mantle has been activated to a depth of 60 centimeters and KfK's site for some time; right now it is being inspected

emits radiation. Since it consists 40 percent of steel, the by TUeV [Technical Monitoring Association], and in

robots would scratch themselves to pieces if they were to about 10 days it will be taken into operation-a world

cut it up. The dismantling engineers, therefore, had the premiere. In contrast to the blast furnaces of the Ruhr

idea of using the manipulators to drill deep holes in a tight region, which can swallow up to 100 tons, Eiram can be

line into the concrete ring and filling them with explosives, loaded with a maximum of 2 tons. In order to melt away If they have calculated and drilled correctly, the blasted-off the Niederaichbach steel, the five expert workers who

chunks will fly inward, where they can be gathered and handle this will have to be busy for a good 2 years.

smashed by the automated giant. No, not to worry; one will

blast quite "gently" with "soft detonations" and so to Until recently, the Karlsruhe physicists were convinced

speak squeeze the radioactive concrete off the steel skele- that their melted down steel would not exceed the

ton; there will be no jolts, no cracks, and no dust clouds, prescribed radiation limit of 0.5 Becquerel per gram and,

"First, an experienced blaster will be present, and, second, therefore, could be given to steel merchants, resold

we will make everything dust-proof." The containers without indication of origin and processed-for instance

packed full of fragments will be filled up with concrete, and as an additive in frying pans, eating utensils or ship's

then taken away. cabins. But meanwhile they are not so sure any more.

The last phase, if one is to believe Ulrich Loeschhorn Under certain circumstances the reprocessed steel scrap

and the men from Noell, will then be utterly boring: The could actually give off a higher radiation dose than

power plant building will be made to collapse with permitted. In extreme cases, physicist Christian Kuepbulldozers and wrecking balls, before the construction pers of the Ecological Institute in Darmstadt believes,

rubble is hauled away, toward the end of 1992-presum- the radiation dose could even exceed the 30-millirem

ably 130,000 tons. value which has been determined in the Radiation
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 30 WEST EUROPE

Protection Regulation to be the maximum value for of the shaft began; 14 months after that work had to be

exposure of the population to emissions from a nuclear stopped after an accident. But officials from the PTB are

power plant. For example, if a sailor lived for 1 year in a still hoping to be able to continue to establish the storage

ship's cabin made of reprocessed steel, he would possibly facility. They also know, however, that this nuclear

even have to count on a radiation load of 170 millirem- catacomb cannot be stocked until 2009 at the earliest, if

from cobalt 60. at all. And even then Gorleben would primarily be a

possibility for heat-developing, meaning highly radioacIt is obvious that German nuclear power plant owners, tive waste, to which the comparatively harmless remains

who in the future will have to pay for decommissioning of Niederaichbach do not belong.

their plants themselves-in contrast to Niederaichbach-would like profitably to dispose of as much high- For its low-level radioactive waste, which meanwhile is

grade scrap as possible. The higher the permitted value piling up at countless sites in the FRG in sheds, factory

set down in the regulation, the more material can be sold halls and on public land, the nuclear industry now sets its

through scrap dealers. The Nuclear Research Center in hopes to the Konrad ore mine not far from the Asse salt

Karlsruhe saw this connection as well and initially mine northeast of Salzgitter. The pits of the mine are

applied for a permitted value for Niederaichbach which suitable as permanent storage for a total volume of about

was almost 10 times higher than the limit which the 650,000 cubic meters of low-level radioactive material

Bavarian environmental authority was ultimately ready primarily because they are dry. The PTB determined

to approve. Meanwhile, the officials, who do not exactly their suitability as early as 1982, and the process of

appear hostile to nuclear energy, think even this limit of drawing up a plan has been under way since 1986; there

0.5 Becquerel is too high-see the ship's cabin example. are also hardly any objections to the change in the

Other than that, the Radiation Protection Commission function of the mine. Nevertheless, so far there arc no

came to the decision on I October 1987 that in the future approvable documents in existence. Only optimists still

an unlimited release of nuclear power plant scrap were believe that permanent storage can begin in 1993; realonly permissible if radioactivity remained below 0.1 ists in the licensing environmental agency are cautiously

Becquerel per gram. "Even this value would not give us speaking of 1995.

headaches," comments Ulrich Loeschhorn; "after melting the contaminated steel, the melted products have Until then, the Karlsruhe technicians will provide

even lower values." interim storage for the 2,000 standard casks on their site.

"No problem," they say, "we have enough space." Nevertheless, Karlsruhe would like to give up steel recycling: The KfK itself wants to use the 1,700 tons of steel Model (Almost) Without Value

scrap in constructing a gigantic 5,000 ton shielding wall,

which is needed within the framework of a (not yet Assuming that there will actually be a happy end for

approved) research program for studying cosmic radiation. Niederaichbach in 6 or 7 years, and that all the poisonous

stuff will disappear into the shaft of the Konrad mine However, at Niederaichbach there are another approxi- never to be seen again: Will the demolition of the KKN

mately 500 tons of steel and 500 tons of concrete which actually become a model for scrapping retired nuclear

are radioactive, meaning they in turn emit radiation- power plants? This much is certain: The innumerable

the material which must first be brought out of the core attempts over many years to use remote-controlled automarea of the nuclear power plant with the two mechanical atons to saw up the recalcitrant steel reinforcements in the

giants. The regulations permit no latitude: This scrap is interior of an inaccessible hollow space, to pick up conso radioactive that it must be packed in 2,000 so-called taminated concrete lumps and chop them to pieces-this is

standard casks, then loaded into containers, declared as know-how which can also be transferred to large reactors.

nuclear waste and disposed of. But where? There is no Other than that, however, Niederaichbach does not appear

approved permanent storage site. to be a model, but rather a special case.

Waiting for Permanent Storage This special role was already recognized in 1959 in the

construction contract. Niederaichbach was to be added

Some 20 years ago the nuclear industry was convinced to the network as a prototype for a new construction

that it had solved the permanent storage problem once series, the pressurized pipe reactor, a development

and for all with the former salt mine of Asse near started by AEG and finally concluded by Siemens, in

Wolfenbuettel. But toward the end of 1978 the tests had order to compete with the well-known light-water reacto be stopped as a result of legal misgivings in the FDP tors as well as the English magnox reactors. Client and

[Free Democratic Party). manufacturer decided in favor of cooling with carbon

dioxide, which in order to be more economical was to be

The following year the waste disposal people set upon the under high pressure and at high temperature.

salt dome at Gorleben. After many expert opinions and

deep drillings the PTB [Federal Institute for Physics and After a suitable site had finally been found, the final

Technology] confirmed that it was suitable, but for construction plans were at long last ready at the beginhighly radioactive material. Three years later the sinking ning of 1965. In a paper the top people from the
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 31 WEST EUROPE

participating companies congratulated themselves: The becomes a meadow. Landshut mayor Josef Deimer (CSU)

Niederaichbach Nuclear Power Plant project has taken a [Christian Social Union] even advocated "simply letting

long time before starting up, but instead it was possible the nuclear hunk stand there as a memorial to technical

to think it through, work on it and prepare it all the megalomania:" Maybe people would learn from it.

more." Excitement grew into euphoria as the Euratom

commission and the French Commissariat a l'Energie Since then, nuclear power plant operators have learned

Atomique (CEA), supported by Electricite de France, one thing above all: Decommissioning, if shutdown is

gave it a good grade, in particular because of the devel- included in the calculation, will cost just as much as

opment capability of the series." "If the preconditions construction of the entire nuclear factory-possibly even

on which these calculations are based are met-which more. For Niederaichbach Karlsruhe estimates the price

the operation of KKN will prove-the production series for decommissioning to be DM180 million at present.

of heavy-water-moderated and gas-cooled pressurized To this are added 100 million for the shutdown and

tube reactors could be fully competitive for the foresee- maintenance costs since 1974 for the ruin, and finally the

able future," the operators rejoiced at the time. permanent storage costs. In this context, at least, scrapping the KKN waste, which is only weakly radioactive,

Some 8 years later people knew better; the production will be relatively cheap.

series was a failure. The steam generators which were as

hot as 500 degrees suffered series of pipe damages. Ulti- The electricity companies would have to dig very deeply

mately, the engineers realized that without expensive into their pockets if they had to tear down large nuclear

rebuilding one would never get more than 30 percent of the power plants of the Biblis type. They commissioned a

nominal capacity. The decision was made to shut down. Of study by the nuclear engineering service in Hanau, which

the DM230 million in construction costs the Federal is supported by the Stillko 2 computer program develGovernment had paid 130 million and the state of Bavaria oped expressly for this purpose. The computer-purely

10 million. Equivalent value: a radioactive ruin. As in hypothetically-arrived at the conclusion that tearing

Goethe's "Sorcerer's Apprentice," the nuclear power oper- down a 1,300 megawatt pressurized water reactor of the

ators now looked for a magic formula with which they Biblis A type immediately after shutdown would cost at

could banish the radioactive spirits that they had called up least DM387 million and a boiling water reactor of the

and now could no longer get rid of. Brunsbuettel type (806 megawatt) DM464.7 million (in

June 1988 DM). Consequently, the electricity companies

even today set aside 0.2 to 0.3 pfennig of the kilowatt

Search for a Decommissioning Prescription hour price for actual decommissioning.

The state-financed KfK then took over the now worth- The Association of German Electricity Works [VDEW]

less status symbol in order to study the mothballing for a long time has been running the "Decommissioning technique with tax money. "With the facility in Lower of Nuclear Power Plants" working group, in which

Bavaria it was possible for the first time in the FRG to dismantling experts have devised and calculated congather experience in shutting down a nuclear power cepts for shutting down and decommissioning nuclear

plant," it was said at the time in KfK in-house reports. power plants. In its most recent study, 2 years ago, the

And that is still the reason for the decommissioning group demonstrated the cost explosion for the perma- Anday: Withatitl the rucleasn fowr planthle decmmonie nent storage prices which is likely to be anticipated: In

today: With the nuclear power plant cycle of construc- case of decommissioning immediately after shutdown,

tion--operation-shutdown---dismantling it was possi- the predicted permanent storage costs for a boiling water

ble for the first time to gather experience and work reactor grew from DM20 million (1976) to DM70 miltoward aprescription for decommissioning. To the Eco- lion (1985)-and the tendency is to keep growing.

logical Institute in Darmstadt such reasons are "pure Experts also made it clear that the type of nuclear power

nonsense, since with the Niederaichbach nuclear power plant dismantling is predetermined by the permanent

plant no more experience in dismantling nuclear plants storage concept. This means that the breaking up and

could be gathered than would be possible at any other packaging of radioactively contaminated parts at Niednonradioactively contaminated plant." No one knows, it eraichbach is precisely fitted to the permanent storage in

says, whether a reactor, which after about 25 years of the Konrad mine. "Since the permanent storage containoperation gives off a hundred thousand times more ers at the Konrad permanent storage site are generally radiation, can be disassembled without risk according to larger than the 200 and 400 liter casks used until now,

the Niederaichbach model. The amounts of contami- the new packaging concept has a simplifying effect,"

nated waste are correspondingly larger. If Biblis, for dismantling experts joyfully say, "since even larger

example, were to be decommissioned it is anticipated pieces can now be packed." The nuclear power plant

that at the end of the normal period of operation there operators have obviously been firmly convinced for the

would be 18,000 tons of "total radioactive waste" that last 2 years that the ore mine will be given over to them.

would have to be eliminated.

Turn Off and Wait

That is why the Environmental Protection Association in

Bavaria is more afraid that another power plant-Isar If only enough money and a permanent storage site were

II-might arise on the riverbank site, if once again it available, shutting down the nuclear power plants would
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 32 WEST EUROPE

no longer be a problem, in the opinion of the circle of In the Business of Supplying Nuclear Energy

experts. They do not say anything about the actual

possibilities and risks of total dismantling, perhaps

because Niederaichbach really is nothing but a special Some 5,000 workers on 2.5 square kilometers of strictly

case. Nevertheless, in the FRG, in addition to two guarded land: The know-how people of the German

research reactors, two commercial power reactors have nuclear industry, the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Cenalready been shut down for good but not yet torn down: ter, KfK for short.

after a long period of operation nuclear power block A at

Gundremmingen in Bavaria with 237 megawatt, and the Owner: the FRG (90 percent) and the state of Badennuclear power plant at Lingen on the Ems with 256 Wuerttemberg (10 percent). Mission: applied technologmegawatt capacity. ical research. Total budget last year: DM718 million.

Specialty: "complex, risk-filled developments," For the Lingen nuclear power plant, which has been dead (according to managing board chairman Horst Boehm to

since the early 1970's, "safe containment" of the plant HANDELSBLATT). His motto: Technology transfer.

was arranged: One wanted to wait until the radioactivity His friends: Industry and the expert community. His

had greatly subsided after a few decades. Meanwhile, the enemies: nuclear power opponents. His most difficult

operating company, United Electricity Works of West- job: participating in the licensing process to operate

phalia Inc., is using the area as some sort of testing range. nuclear facilities.

Today the agile waste disposal specialists from the Noell

company are testing decontamination of the famous/

infamous Chernobyl by means of a special method they The KfK is a reliable enterprise. Of course, sometimes an

have developed. "embarrassing oversight" happens, as press spokesman

Klaus Koerting calls the illegal storage of 6.6 tons of pure

Block A at Gundremmingen has one of the oldest power uranium from KfK with the scandal-plagued company

reactors in the FRG: It was shut down in 1974 after 12 Transnuklear in Hanau.

years of operation because of continuous interruptions.

Since then, 3,000 tons of contaminated steel have been

removed and half of them delivered over the course of The abbreviation KfK was frequently found in the mass

several years to various blast furnaces of the steel industry of brothel receipts and gift lists. A slipup on the path

to be melted down-with financing from the EC coffers in toward a brilliant future.

Brussels within the framework of the "EC research program for decommissioning techniques." Since the begin- KfK was spawned 33 years ago as a large research facility

ning of this year the research program has been operating in order to enable the young republic to join the nuclear

in its third edition, with the goal of finding the most power t enable the youn re a. Todjoin the

economic technique for extensive reprocessing of the powers at least in the civilian area. Today, it is the increasingly larger mountains of radioactive waste. Disneyland of nuclear technology. That is where the

industrious Teko stands, the model for the planned

Electricity company demolition experts would prefer to reprocessing plant (WAA) in Wackersdorf, and the brave

raze the Gundremmingen reactor. But compared to KNK 11 breeder reactor, a model for the fast breeder. For

Niederaichbach its interior has many thousand times more than 10 years it had fed power to the public grid

more radiation. And in this case one is not as sure as KfK when. as it came on line again last December, an incident

expert Ulrich Loeschhorn that "in principle" large reac- of the Urgent Category had to be reported.

tors can be demolished in the same manner as totally

harmless Niederaichbach. For example, nuclear techni- Even the Gorleben permanent storage facility and the

cians are hesitant to take apart the little research reactor Konrad shaft are present at Karlsruhe in miniature. On

at Kahl, which with its 16 megawatt capacity is compar- the KfK grounds not only does the Thina simulator test

atively small. The plant concluded its nominal operating for accidents in the breeder reactor, but the kindhearted

period of 25 years last year and was shut down. But to Tamara works here as well, a waste incinerator facility,

this day no one knows what radiation intensity actually symbolizing a new orientation for the technology center.

exists in the reactor core, how much "radioactive"

material will have to be stored, and whether it is actually

permitted to dismantle it according the 5-stage model. Environmental protection is now on the agenda of the

future enterprise, which had already felt the cold breath

No matter how the Niederaichbach example is evalu- of a threatening cutback in personnel. Methods to purify,

ated, genuine nuclear power plant dismantling will not detoxify, and desulfurize power plant flue gases are to be

take place until permanent storage sites of type Konrad tested. Its up-to-date goal: cutback of the nuclear field to

and Gorleben are actually available. Otherwise there 30 percent. New hobbyhorses such as waste removal and

remains only "safe containment," say the engineers of meteorology, microstructure, and maintenance technolthe Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning working ogy are cultivated. Flexible equipment, such as articugroup. And that means taking care of the most horrible lated arms, is now finding a future application area in the

and expensive ruins ever. decommissioning of nuclear plants as well.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 33 WEST EUROPE

[Box, p 171 ordered while the present coalition government is in

power. The administration made this decision under

public pressure after the Chernobyl disaster. After the

Green Meadows the Goal national elections in 1991, the new government will be

How should a nuclear power plant be scrapped? Experts free to decide whether or not to expand nuclear power.

employed by the Association of German Electricity

Works, Ltd. have developed a 5-stage plan. After shut- Klaus Raninen, speaker for the board of the state power

down (removal of the fuel rods) begins the company, Imatran Voima, says that nuclear power is "on

hold" in Finland.

1st phase: Scrapping all components of the power plant

which are not contaminated (between 800 and 3,000 The power company keeps up to date with the developtons of steel for each reactor type). ment of the Swedish boiling water reactor and the Soviet

pressured water reactors. The Finns also follow develop- 2d phase: Manual disassembly of installations which are ments in West Germany and France.

superficially contaminated and can be recycled (1,700 to

2,500 tons of steel). According to Klaus Raninen, Finland will have to choose

:Dismantling of "activated" elements with between reactor manufacturers from these two countries.

3d phase:-Dismantling (manivated" elemeng of This opinion is shared by Magnus von Bonsdorff, VD at

remote-controlled grippers (manipulators); packaging of the Industry's Power, the company that runs the two

the waste for permanent storage. Asea reactors in Olkiluoto.

4th phase: Remote-controlled destruction of the containment vessel in the interior of the reactor (500 to 1,000 "We have not decided to buy a new power plant from

tons of steel-reinforced concrete), breaking up and pack- ABB, not yet. But we remain prepared to do so," he says.

aging of the rubble for permanent storage.

Magnus von Bonsdorff does not favor ABB over other

5th phase: Conventional demolition of the buildings, possible suppliers, but he says that it is important that

grading of the site. ABB's expertise in nuclear power not be wasted.

Then the German technicians were offered a singular "This know-how is a valuable asset, and as I see it, of a

opportunity at Niederaichbach to practice dismantling a multinational common interest," he emphasizes. And he

radioactive ruin. To be sure, the Americans have already adds that the prospects for expansion of nuclear power

scrapped a few small research reactors, but no one has hat the cosper ettea r

yet dared undertake the systematic annihilation of large have become considerably better.

commercial plants of at least 100 megawatt power and

correspondingly large amounts of radioactive material. Opinions Change

Niederaichbach was, thus, to be more than just a case

involving legal approval for the industry. Under the

curious eyes of Japanese, British, and American special- The fact that the government easily granted a 10-year

ists, the ruin should become a demonstration object for extension of the lease for the operation of the country's

the German art of demolition-"child's play for us," four nuclear reactors is the first concrete result of a

maintain the dismantling engineers from nuclear plant change of opinion in Finland.

specialist Noell Ltd. in Wuerzburg, a subsidiary of federally ownedSalzgitter AG. Finnish electric power consumption is expected to

increase by about three percent per year until the mid

1990's. The increase will be met with a new 500 mega- FINLAND watt coal plant in Pori, some municipal heating plants,

and larger imports of electricity from Norway and the

Soviet Union. Toward the end of the 1990's, additional Expansion of Nuclear Power Plants Considered expansion will be needed.

51002423z Stockholm NY TEKNIK in Swedish

27 Apr 89 p 10 "We do not know yet whether it will be coal, nuclear, or

[Article by T. Backmansson: "Finland Interested in some other kind of energy," says Taisto Turunen, direcSwedish Nuclear Power"] tor of the Energy Department at the Ministry of Trade

and Energy.

[Text] Finland may buy a new nuclear power plant from

ABB Atom; the decision is still two years off. The People in the ministry and the power companies agree

Finnish government is not expected to decide on the that Finland can take care of its electric power consumpfuture of nuclear power before the national elections in tion without nuclear power until the end of the 90's, and

1991. No new nuclear power plants will be built or that a decision regarding expansion can wait until 1991.
JPRS-TND-89-012

14 June 1989 34 WEST EUROPE

Greater Energy Demands Considering the other energy sources, hydropower is fully

utilized. The rivers that are not being exploited are proDirector Pentti Sierila at the Forest Industry's Central tected. To an ever larger extent, water power has assumed

Confederation, however, does not agree. He thinks that the role of a regulating power plant, meeting peak demand

the decision about expanding should already have been needs. Peat is used mostly by municipal heating plants,

made. and there is no significant increase in sight.

"The Forest Industry's decisions to build new paper [Box, p 101

machines and to increase production of mechanical pulp

entail higher energy demand, and inexpensive energy is Finnish Reactors Operate Efficiently

the basis for maintaining profitability."

Finland has two reactors, Loviisa of Soviet manufacture

Today, the industry pays 15 pennies (25 Swedish ore) per and Olkiluoto of Swedish manufacture.

kWh, which is about the same as in Sweden.

Loviisa has two 465 MW pressurized water reactors.

In recent years, the importation of natural gas from the Olkiluoto has two 735 MW boiling water reactors. Today

Soviet Union has become increasingly significant for Finland has the total capacity of 2400 MW.

Finnish energy supply. The forest industry in eastern

Finland and the petrochemical industry are major con- The Finnish nuclear reactors have very high operating

sumers. The high price and the somewhat uncertain rates. To date in 1989, all of the reactors have been

supply, however, are slowing growth. operating at over 100 percent capacity.
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