[Cite as Mills v. Westlake, 2016-Ohio-5836.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 103643 

BARBARA MILLS

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT 

vs. 

CITY OF WESTLAKE, ET AL.

DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES 

JUDGMENT: 

AFFIRMED 

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-14-826449 

 BEFORE: Blackmon, J., McCormack, P.J., and Celebrezze, J. 

 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 15, 2016
FOR APPELLANT

Barbara Mills, pro se 

22465 Brookpark Road 

Fairview Park, Ohio 44126 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES 

For City of Westlake and Keenan Cook, Officer 

Tami Z. Hannon 

Frank H. Scialdone 

John T. McLandrich 

Mazanec Raskin, Ryder Co., L.P.A. 

100 Franklin’s Row 

34305 Solon Road 

Cleveland, Ohio 44139 

For Ellen Hartrup

Robert J. Koeth 

Anne E. Leo 

Koeth Rice & Leo Co., L.P.A. 

1280 West Third Street 

Cleveland, Ohio 44113 

For Arthur and Beth Hohman

Ronald V. Rawlin 

Kimberly A. Brennan 

Terrance P. Gravens 

Rawlin Gravens Co., L.P.A. 

1422 Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland, Ohio 44115 

 
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J.: 

{¶1} Barbara Mills (“Mills”) appeals pro se from the trial court’s journal entries 

granting summary judgment to defendants Arthur Hohman (“A. Hohman”), individually 

and in his capacity as a Westlake auxiliary police officer; Beth Hohman (“B. Hohman”); 

Ellen Hartup (“Hartup”); and Westlake Police Officer Keenan Cook (“Officer Cook”). 

Additionally, Mills appeals the court’s award of sanctions for frivolous conduct against 

her and in favor of the Hohmans. Mills assigns four errors1

 for our review. 

{¶2} Having reviewed the record and pertinent law, we affirm the trial court’s 

decision. The apposite facts follow. 

{¶3} In August 2010, the Westlake City School District moved a school bus stop 

to the corner of Primrose Lane and Canterbury Road, and determined that the “designated 

place of safety” for this stop was the driveway apron located at 3823 Canterbury Road. 

According to Jonathan Perkins (“the bus driver”), who was the Westlake bus driver 

assigned to this route, a “designated place of safety * * * is a place away from 

the road where [the children] are out of danger, to where they can stand there until the bus 

leaves.” At the time, Mills’s mother owned the house located on this property. 

{¶4} The Hohman’s eight-year-old son B.H. and the Hartup’s eight-year-old son 

P.H. were assigned to this bus stop. Early in the school year 2010,2

 B. Hohman was 

 1

See appendix. 

2

B. Hohman and A. Hohman testified that the incident between Mills and B. 

Hohman occurred early in the school year. Mills, on the other hand, argues that it 

occurred in December. Although the parties disagree on the time frame, there is 
waiting for her son at the bus stop when Mills pulled out of her mother’s driveway, 

stopped, and yelled out of her car window, “I don’t want my driveway used as a bus 

stop.” According to B. Hohman, Mills was “very angry” at the time. B. Hohman told 

Mills that they used the driveway only for a short time and that B. Hohman did not choose 

the bus stop location. Mills said, “I have a dying mother, and if the bus is in front of my 

house, an ambulance can’t get in.” B. Hohman told Mills that she was “not having this 

discussion with” her. 

{¶5} On December 9, 2010, an incident occurred between Mills and B.H. when 

he got off the bus. According to Mills, as she was leaving her mom’s house she saw 

B.H. in the apron of the driveway. Mills alleges that she “told him that she’d already 

spoken to his mom and the school system and needed for him to stay out of to keep from 

blocking [sic] the driveway.” According to Mills, she did not yell at B.H. 

{¶6} However, B.H. testified that Mills yelled at him to “get the hell off my 

driveway and stay off.” All other witnesses’ testimonies and statements corroborated 

B.H.’s testimony. According to B. Hohman, B.H. came home from the bus stop that day 

“crying. He was hysterical * * * because the lady yelled at him.” P.H. witnessed the 

incident and testified that Mills yelled at B.H. According to Hartup, her son P.H. came 

home from the bus stop that day “visibly upset,” because Mills yelled at him and B.H. to 

“get the hell out of my driveway.” Additionally, a neighbor, Monica Peters (“Peters”), 

 

no dispute that the event occurred. 
testified that she heard noise outside, opened her front door, and saw Mills “standing in 

the apron of her driveway yelling at the kids.” 

{¶7} That evening, A. Hohman reported the matter to the police. Officer Cook 

spoke with the Hohmans and the Hartups, and then spoke with Mills. According to 

Officer Cook, Mills became agitated and irate, accused the boys of trespassing, and 

denied yelling at B.H. Officer Cook ended the conversation because Mills was “being 

unreasonable and unwilling to try to find a solution.” He advised her not to yell at the 

boys again and to call the police if there were any future problems. 

{¶8} The next day, on December 10, 2010, A. Hohman and Hartup were waiting 

for their boys to get off the school bus when Mills came speeding down the road in her 

vehicle. According to A. Hohman, Hartup, B.H., P.H., and the bus driver, it appeared 

that Mills was not going to slow down or stop at the bus’s stop sign. The driver honked 

his horn to alert the children not to cross the street. Mills stopped her car in the street, 

got out of her vehicle, and began yelling at A. Hohman for contacting the police. 

{¶9} A. Hohman testified that Mills “was driving at a high rate of speed. The 

bus driver had to get the stop signs out, had to actually physically blow the horn before 

she abruptly stopped * * *.” According to A. Hohman, Mills “drove * * * her vehicle 

towards the bus and then when she jumped out of the car she came walking towards me. 

What she was going to do at that point I have no idea. She is out of her vehicle. My 

concern at that point is basically for everybody.” 
{¶10} B.H. testified that “a car came speeding by and then it was the same lady 

and she got out of the car and started yelling at my dad. * * * I don’t know if she was 

driving it at me or not [but] she seemed very close to almost hitting us.” 

{¶11} P.H. stated that “all of a sudden a car came screeching down the street and it 

was [Mills]. * * * She came out of her car and started yelling at my [mom].” According 

to Hartup, Mills “came speeding north-bound on Canterbury and the bus driver blew his 

horn as it looked like she was going to blow right threw [sic] the bus ‘stop’ sign. She 

came within 2 feet of the bus, and got out of her car, stood in the middle of Canterbury, 

screaming at us * * *.” While Mills was yelling, Hartup escorted B.H. and P.H. across 

the street because she feared for their safety. 

{¶12} The bus driver testified that after the boys got off the bus that day, a vehicle 

came down the street 

and it sped up — it looked to me like it was going about 45 miles an hour. 

It was increasing speed and the vehicle crossed the center line, and I 

thought it was a drunk driver and it was going to hit me. * * * Honestly, I 

was terrified * * *. 

I kept my hand in the air so the children wouldn’t cross, * * * and I saw the 

vehicle coming very fast, and I blared the horn for a good two, three 

seconds, to let the children know, you need to be looking at me, you need to 

stay where you are, and the oncoming vehicle, I was trying to get it through 

to them, hey I’m stopped, I’m making a student drop. 

The vehicle didn’t slow down until the last 30 feet, and pulled halfway into 

the driveway where the place of safety was, and she, the driver, [Mills], got 

out of her vehicle, started yelling at the parents — I couldn’t hear what she 

was saying, but I could hear her yelling at the parents. 
I didn’t know what to do, because I didn’t want the kids in danger. The 

place of safety was blocked, and there was something going on, something 

that, you know, I can’t let these kids cross. 

{¶13} Peters witnessed this incident from her front porch and gave the following 

statement to the police: 

On Friday 12/10/10, the bus stopped again at the corner of Primrose and 

Canterbury around 2:30 p.m. The bus was stopped with the stop sign out. 

A beige car kept coming northbound. My husband and I thought it wasn’t 

going to stop as the same two boys started to walk in front of the bus to 

cross Canterbury. The car was about two feet from the bus bumper. At 

that point our neighbor Barbara Mills got out of her car and stood in the 

street yelling at the boys and the mother of one * * * and the father of the 

other. Ms. Mills has a horrible temper which my husband and I can attest 

to. * * * She scared us and we’re adults. I can just imagine how those 2 

young boys felt. 

{¶14} According to Mills, however, she was trying to get into her mom’s driveway 

on December 10, 2010, but A. Hohman and Hartup were blocking it and would not move. 

 Mills alleges that she “got partway out” of her car and “said in a normal tone of voice to 

[A. Hohman] that she was * * * going to tell the mayor he was blocking the driveway.” 

Mills testified that there was neither a school bus nor children present at the time. Mills 

further stated that Hartup’s, A. Hohman’s, B.H.’s, P.H.’s, and the bus driver’s statements 

to the police were false and that they perjured themselves in various legal proceedings. 

{¶15} That same day, A. Hohman, B. Hohman, Hartup, B.H., and P.H. gave 

written statements to the police. Per Hartup’s request, on December 14, 2010, Westlake 

moved the bus stop a few houses down the road; however, B.H. and P.H. still had to walk 

on the sidewalk past Mills’s mother’s house to get home. 
{¶16} After the bus stop was moved, Mills began parking her car in the apron of 

her mother’s driveway blocking pedestrian sidewalk traffic around the time the bus 

dropped the children off. Mills remained in the car with the vehicle running. According 

to Mills, she was using her cell phone, which had spotty reception in areas other than the 

apron of her mother’s driveway. 

{¶17} The bus driver testified that “I noticed that [Mills’s] vehicle was parked on 

the actual sidewalk, * * * she parked the vehicle across the sidewalk * * *. I was 

worried about the children because they would have to go around the parked car and 

sidewalk and they would either have to walk on to the property or closer to the road.” 

{¶18} On January 3, 2011, Hartup and Peters reported Mills’s behavior to Officer 

Cook. According to Officer Cook, Hartup “was concerned for the safety of the children” 

because “a person would have to either walk in the road or onto the residential property” 

to get around Mills’s running car. Hartup also supplied the police with photographs of 

Mills’s vehicle parked blocking the public sidewalk. Hartup noted in her statement to 

the police that as soon as the bus dropped the boys off, Mills moved her vehicle. 

{¶19} On January 4, 2011, A. Hohman reported Mills’s behavior to Officer Cook, 

and Hartup and Peters reported it for the second day in a row. According to A. Hohman, 

he and his son had to either walk around Mills’s running vehicle or walk in the drainage 

ditch to avoid Mills’s mother’s property. A. Hohman stated that given Mills’s odd 

behavior, he was concerned for his son’s safety and thought Mills might suddenly drive 

her car in reverse while they were behind it. A. Hohman and B. Hohman stated that B.H. 
“is scared to death” to go to the bus stop and asks his parents everyday, “Who is going to 

meet me at the bus?” B.H. will not walk by himself past Mills’s mother’s house. 

{¶20} According to Hartup, “[P.H.] is afraid of [Mills] and does not want to ride 

the bus anymore. I will continue to meet that bus everyday as I am afraid [Mills] might 

do something to one of the boys.” P.H. stated that he asked his mom to wait for him at 

the bus stop “just to make sure that it didn’t happen again.” 

{¶21} The Westlake prosecutor reviewed the police reports and witness statements 

at issue and interviewed Officer Cook, Hartup, and A. Hohman. On January 5, 2011, the 

prosecutor determined there was probable cause to charge Mills with menacing and 

instructed the police to issue an arrest warrant. That same day, Officer Cook went to 

Mills’s mother’s house to arrest Mills. Mills was not there at the time, but Mills’s 

mother let the police into her home to wait for Mills. When Mills arrived, Officer Cook 

arrested her. 

{¶22} Mills’s menacing case went to trial, and she was acquitted. Mills filed a 

civil case, which she voluntarily dismissed after summary judgment was briefed. Mills 

refiled her case, and on July 24, 2014, amended her complaint to assert claims for 

malicious prosecution, abuse of process, and civil conspiracy against A. Hohman, B. 

Hohman, Hartup, and Officer Cook. Additionally, Mills included a claim for false arrest 

against Officer Cook and A. Hohman in his capacity as an auxiliary police officer. The 

Hohmans asserted a counterclaim for frivolous conduct. 
{¶23} On May 27, 2015, the court granted all of the defendants’ motions for 

summary judgment. The Hohman’s counterclaim remained pending, and on June 11, 

2015, the Hohmans also filed a motion for sanctions. The court ruled that, in lieu of a 

trial on the frivolous conduct counterclaim, it would hold a hearing on the motion for 

sanctions. On July 29, 2015, the court held this hearing, but after listening to opening 

statements, the court found that it had “enough here * * * to make a decision as to 

whether the actions of plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel justify an award at all as to 

frivolous conduct under Rule 11 or 2323.51.” Neither party objected to the court 

deciding the issue on the documents and evidence submitted. 

{¶24} On August 3, 2015, the court granted the Hohmans’ motion for sanctions 

against Mills pursuant to R.C. 2323.51, finding that Mills engaged in frivolous conduct, 

and denied the motion for sanctions against Mills’s attorneys under Civ.R. 11. On 

October 8, 2015, the court held a hearing to determine the amount of sanctions and 

awarded the Hohmans $33,672.68 for legal fees and expenses. This appeal followed. 

Summary Judgment

{¶25} Appellate review of granting summary judgment is de novo. Pursuant to 

Civ.R. 56(C), the party seeking summary judgment must prove that (1) there is no 

genuine issue of material fact; (2) they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3) 

reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the 

nonmoving party. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). 
{¶26} To succeed on a motion for summary judgment, the “moving party carries 

an initial burden of setting forth specific facts that demonstrate its entitlement to” 

judgment as a matter of law. Huntington Natl. Bank v. Blout, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

98514, 2013-Ohio-3128, ¶ 13. “If the party fails to meet this burden, summary judgment 

is not appropriate; if the moving party meets this burden, summary judgment is 

appropriate only if the nonmoving party fails to establish the existence of a genuine issue 

of material fact.” Id. 

Malicious Prosecution

{¶27} To succeed on a malicious prosecution claim, a plaintiff must show the 

following: “(1) malicious institution of prior proceedings against the plaintiff by 

defendant, (2) lack of probable cause for the filing of the prior lawsuit, (3) termination of 

the prior proceedings in plaintiff’s favor, and (4) seizure of plaintiff’s person or property 

during the course of the prior proceedings.” (Citations omitted.) Crawford v. Euclid 

Natl. Bank, 19 Ohio St.3d 135, 139, 483 N.E.2d 1168 (1985). 

{¶28} Underlying the case at hand are four counts of menacing brought against 

Mills pursuant to Westlake Codified Ordinance 537.06, which states that “No person shall 

knowingly cause another to believe that the offender will cause physical harm to the 

person * * * or a member of the * * * person’s family.” 

{¶29} In the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, they argue that the 

Westlake prosecutor made the decision to charge Mills with menacing; therefore, they are 

insulated from liability. However, the Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that a 
malicious prosecution action may be brought against an individual who is not a 

government employee. A “private person who initiates or procures the institution of 

criminal proceedings against another is not subject to liability unless the person against 

whom the criminal proceedings were initiated proves all * * * of the above-listed 

elements” of malicious prosecution. Ash v. Ash, 72 Ohio St.3d 520, 522, 651 N.E.2d 945 

(1995). 

{¶30} It is undisputed that proceedings were instituted against Mills, and she was 

arrested, tried, and ultimately acquitted. The focus of our inquiry is not who initiated 

these proceedings; rather, our focus is whether there was probable cause to indict Mills, 

which in turn indicates whether there was malice. See, e.g., Mecher v. O’Brien, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga Nos. 89008 and 89626, 2007-Ohio-6633, ¶ 34 (in a claim for malicious 

 prosecution, “the determinative issue is * * * whether there was a reasonable ground 

of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a 

cautious man in the belief that the person accused was guilty of the offense with which he 

or she was charged”). “The absence of probable cause is the gist of an action for 

malicious prosecution, and malice may be inferred from the absence of probable cause.” 

Brand v. Geissbuhler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 70565 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 709 (Feb. 

27, 1997). 

{¶31} B.H. and P.H. testified that they were afraid of Mills, and the boys’ parents 

testified that they feared Mills might cause physical harm to their children. Peters 

testified that she and her husband were scared of Mills and “you could tell the boys were 
scared” of her as well. Officer Cook testified that B.H. and P.H. were visibly “upset” 

when he spoke with them, and based on his interviews with the Hohmans, the Hartups, 

and Mills, he had evidence “that led me to believe that [Mills] possibly had yelled at the 

boys.” Officer Cook testified that it was his understanding that Mills’s conduct and the 

boys’ reactions exhibited the crime of menacing, and he reported this information to the 

prosecutor. 

{¶32} The Westlake prosecutor’s affidavit reads, in part, as follows: 

As prosecutor, I reviewed the police reports and witness statements for the 

complaints against Barbara Mills relative to her conduct on December 9, 

2010 and December 10, 2010 involving Art Hohman and the minor 

children, [B.H.] and [P.H.]. In this case, we attempted to resolved the 

matter without filing criminal charges. * * * I was concerned due to the 

continuing nature of Ms. Mills’s conduct, despite Officer Cook having 

spoken to her regarding her behavior. I was further concerned that the 

behavior had not stopped despite a change in location of the school bus 

stop. Based on Ms. Mills’s continuing conduct, I determined that criminal 

charges were necessary in this situation in order to prevent any further 

instances. I determined that probable cause existed to pursue criminal 

charges against Barbara Mills for menacing. 

{¶33} The appellees have pointed to ample evidence in the record that there was 

probable cause to charge Mills with menacing, which would negate the “malice” element 

of her malicious prosecution claim. To overcome summary judgment, Mills would have 

had to provide evidence that created a genuine issue of material fact regarding the 

allegations at hand. In her oppositions to summary judgment, as well as her appellate 

brief, Mills points to inconsistent testimony that she argues should be enough to defeat 

summary judgment. Our review of the record, however, shows that the testimony 
brought to our attention is neither in conflict with other evidence in the record nor 

material to the issues at hand. 

{¶34} For example, Mills argues that there is conflicting testimony regarding the 

events that occurred on December 10, 2010. According to Mills, the Westlake City 

School District’s Director of Transportation’s testimony contradicts the “trial testimony 

from school bus driver J. Perkins who said he witnessed Mills driving toward his stopped 

school bus.” However, the director simply testified that he did not recall off the top of 

his head the name of the bus driver who reported “[t]hat the students were standing on a 

sidewalk at the corner and a car came basically barreling off the street into the driveway.” 

{¶35} A second example of Mills arguing that a genuine issue of material fact 

exists is her allegation that B. Hohman’s testimony is inconsistent in that she first stated 

that B.H. “walked” home crying on December 9, 2010, then subsequently testified that he 

“ran” into the house crying that day. According to Mills, “[s]uch material testimony 

change precludes dismissal on Summary Judgment.” We disagree. A witness’s 

testimony that their child a) walked home crying, and b) ran into the house crying does 

not amount to a credibility-challenging inconsistency. 

{¶36} Upon review, we find that Mills has failed to show a genuine issue of 

material fact, and the defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Mills’s 

malicious prosecution charge. 

 Abuse of Process
{¶37} “[T]he three elements of the tort of abuse of process are: (1) that a legal 

proceeding has been set in motion in proper form and with probable cause; (2) that the 

proceeding has been perverted to attempt to accomplish an ulterior purpose for which it 

was not designed; and (3) that direct damage has resulted for the wrongful use of the 

process.” Yaklevich v. Kemp, Schaeffer & Rowe Co., L.P.A., 68 Ohio St.3d 294, 298, 

626 N.E.2d 115 (1994). 

{¶38} This court has held that “the ulterior motive contemplated by an abuse of 

process claim generally involves an attempt to gain an advantage outside the proceeding, 

using the process itself as the threat. * * * Conversely, abuse of process does not occur 

when a party uses the court to pursue a legal remedy that the court is empowered to give.” 

Sivinski v. Kelley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94296, 2011-Ohio-2145, ¶ 36-37. 

{¶39} Upon review, we find that Mills has failed to set forth competent, credible 

evidence to support an abuse of process claim. Specifically, Mills argues that the ulterior 

motive behind the menacing charges was for the defendants to retaliate against her for 

complaining to the mayor that they were blocking her mother’s driveway. Mills offers 

no evidence to support this allegation. Rather, the evidence in the record suggests that 

menacing charges were investigated and brought against Mills as a result of her behavior 

and to protect the children. This is a proper use of the justice system. See Terry v. 

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) (a general governmental 

“interest is of course that of effective crime prevention and detection”). 
{¶40} This court has held that “a nonmovant’s own self-serving assertions, 

whether made in an affidavit, deposition, or interrogatory responses, cannot defeat a 

well-supported summary judgment motion when not corroborated by any outside 

evidence.” Lucas v. Perciak, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96962, 2012-Ohio-88, ¶ 16. 

{¶41} Looking at the evidence in a light most favorable to Mills, as we must, we 

find no genuine issues of material fact relating to an abuse of process claim. 

Accordingly, the defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and Mills’s first 

assigned error is overruled. 

False Imprisonment

{¶42} “False imprisonment has been succinctly defined in the following manner: 

‘* * * to confine one intentionally without lawful privilege and against his consent with a 

limited area for any appreciable time, however short.’ 1 Harper and James, The Law of 

Torts, 226, Section 3.7 (1956).” Feliciano v. Kreiger, 50 Ohio St.2d 69, 71, 362 N.E.2d 

646 (1977). 

{¶43} In the case at hand, Mills’s false imprisonment claim is based on her 

allegation that Officer Cook arrested her on January 5, 2011, without a warrant. The 

municipal court docket for Mills’s menacing case shows that a search warrant was issued 

on January 5, 2011. Westlake v. Mills, Rocky River Mun. Court Nos. 11CRB0037 and 

11CRB0038. However, Officer Cook’s testimony on this issue is somewhat ambiguous. 

{¶44} He testified that the warrant issued was “a type of warrant form saying she’s 

already been arrested.” He further explained that “[i]n lieu of waiting for the warrant we 
make the arrest based on the complaints, the signed complaints and then we fill out that 

form.” Asked why the police did not wait until a judge issued a warrant for Mills’s 

arrest, Officer Cook replied, “There was nothing preventing me from waiting for a 

warrant but we chose not to wait because of the safety of the children.” Officer Cook 

further testified that the basis for Mills’s arrest was the written witness complaints and the 

determination of probable cause. 

{¶45} Whether a valid warrant was issued, however, is not dispositive of Mills’s 

false imprisonment claim. “[A] warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under 

the Fourth Amendment where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal offense 

has been or is being committed.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 152, 125 S.Ct. 588, 

160 L.Ed.2d 537 (2004). In the case at hand, Officer Cook went to Mills’s mother’s 

house to arrest Mills as a result of Mills being indicted for menacing. We have already 

determined previously in this opinion that there was probable cause for the menacing 

charges, and we use the same analysis to conclude that there was probable cause to arrest 

Mills. 

{¶46} Accordingly, Mills’s claim for false imprisonment against Officer Cook is 

without merit, and the court properly granted his motion for summary judgment on this 

issue. Mills’s third assigned error is overruled. 

Civil Conspiracy

{¶47} The elements of a claim for civil conspiracy are “1) a malicious 

combination; 2) two or more persons; 3) injury to person or property; [and] 4) existence 
of an unlawful act independent from the actual conspiracy.” Scanlon v. Gordon F. 

Stofer & Bro. Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 55467 and 55472, 1989 Ohio 

App. LEXIS 2528 (June 22, 1989). 

{¶48} As we have found that the court properly granted summary judgment to all 

defendants on all of Mills’s claims, Mills necessarily has failed to show the “existence of 

an unlawful act independent from the actual conspiracy.” This failure is fatal to her civil 

conspiracy claim. Lowry-Greene v. Brighton Hotel Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

60838, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 5596 (Aug. 10, 1992) (“Without the existence of the 

underlying unlawful acts * * * there can be no claim for civil conspiracy.”). 

Frivolous Conduct Sanctions

{¶49} Pursuant to R.C. 2323.51, a court may award attorney fees against a party 

for frivolous conduct committed in a civil case. Conduct is frivolous when: “(i) It 

obviously serves merely to harass or maliciously injure another party to the action * * *. 

(ii) It is not warranted under existing law * * *. (iii) The conduct consists of allegations 

or other factual contentions that have no evidentiary support * * *. (iv) The conduct 

consists of denials or factual contentions that are not warranted by the evidence * * *.” 

R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a). 

{¶50} Prior to awarding attorney fees for frivolous conduct, the court must conduct 

a hearing that “allows the parties and counsel of record involved to present any relevant 

evidence * * *.” R.C. 2323.51(B)(2)(c). The court must then make a determination 
“that the conduct was frivolous and that a party was adversely affected by it” and 

determine the amount of the award. 

{¶51} Ultimately, the decision whether to impose sanctions for frivolous conduct 

lies within the trial court’s discretion. However, “[o]n review a trial court’s findings of 

fact are given substantial deference and are reviewed under an abuse of discretion 

standard, while legal questions are subject to de novo review by an appellate court.” 

ABN Amro Mtge. Group, Inc. v. Evans, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98777, 2013-Ohio-1557, 

¶ 14. 

{¶52} In the case at hand, the court held a hearing on the Hohmans’ motion for 

sanctions on July 29, 2015. The Hohmans and their counsel were present, and Mills and 

her three attorneys were present. The court heard opening statements and arguments 

from the Hohmans’ and Mills’s attorneys, and asked questions regarding the alleged 

conduct. The court then stated the following: 

I had initially anticipated that counsel would want to present testimony. 

I’m not certain that testimony would be called for at this juncture. We 

have the pleadings, we have the briefs on the summary judgment, we have 

the motion and briefs on the sanctions question, which I think are fairly 

voluminous as to not only the facts, but also the positions of the individuals 

involved. 

{¶53} On August 3, 2015, the court issued a journal entry granting in part and 

denying in part the Hohmans’ motion for sanctions. The court stated that, at the hearing, 

“counsel of record and parties appeared. Testimony was taken. The court notes that 

evidence was presented in the previously filed briefs.” The court denied the sanctions 

motion as to Mills’s attorney, reasoning that “[t]he statements made by [Mills’s attorney] 
in open court support a finding that he did not simply rely upon the claims of plaintiff, but 

that he acted in good faith in attempting to confirm the veracity of her assertions.” 

{¶54} The court granted the motion for sanctions regarding Mills, making the 

following findings: 

The Court finds Ms. Mills’s conduct more troubling. She claims that she 

was a victim of inappropriate action, indeed a civil conspiracy, on the part 

of the Hohmans. When viewed objectively, as this Court must do, the 

Court finds that these assertions are unsupported by fact, and thus are 

unwarranted. Other than pure conjecture, plaintiff offers no tangible 

evidence whatsoever to support her claim. 

The Court is left with the inescapable conclusion that Ms. Mills’s 

maintenance of this action, even though re-filed by counsel, was intended to 

harass or maliciously injure the Hohmans. The Court further finds that her 

claims were not warranted under existing law, nor corroborated with any 

evidentiary support. Even if the first filing of this case was justified, 

plaintiff’s subsequent re-filing and ensuing behavior in pursuing her 

vendetta against defendants were not. 

{¶55} Subsequently, the court granted Mills’s attorneys’ motions to withdraw as 

counsel, based on their “deteriorated” relationship with Mills. The court afforded Mills 

time to retain new counsel, but she did not do so. The court held a second hearing on 

October 8, 2015, to determine the amount of the sanctions awarded against Mills. Two 

of the attorneys who represented the Hohmans in an insurance defense capacity testified 

as to the work performed and billed at a rate of $115.00 to $140.00 per hour. 

Additionally, an expert witness testified as to the reasonableness of the fees, and the 
litigation specialist from Nationwide Insurance who handled the Hohmans’ claim testified 

as to the reasonableness of the amount of legal work performed in this case. 

{¶56} Mills refused her opportunity to cross-examine the first two witnesses and 

had limited questions on cross-examination for the expert and the insurance 

representative. For example, Mills questioned the expert’s objectiveness implying that 

he was “very much working together” with the Hohmans’ attorney “because they told 

everyone how much they hated me * * *.” This “question” was stricken from the record. 

 As to the insurance witness, Mills asked her the following question: “So you don’t — 

you’re not really the person that would authorize payment, that would be someone above 

you, you just coordinate?” The witness answered, “No, I actually authorize the payment. 

 It’s submitted through a system and I review the billing and I either approve or 

disapprove.” 

{¶57} A. Hohman and B. Hohman also testified at the sanctions hearing as to the 

expenses incurred in defending this lawsuit. On cross-examination, Mills asked A. 

Hohman and B. Hohman if they made any false statements in this case. The court 

sustained defense counsel’s objection to this question. 

{¶58} Finally, defense counsel requested an award of $33,672.68, which was the 

total amount of the Hohmans’ legal fees for defending this case. 

{¶59} Mills did not call any witnesses or present any evidence. Rather, at the 

hearing to determine the amount of sanctions, she claimed that she did not get “a chance 
to present any evidence” regarding the imposition of sanctions and that she “did not have 

a chance to get an attorney * * *.” 

{¶60} The court responded to Mills as follows: 

You have had ample time to secure representation. If your motion * * * to 

continue the hearing had asserted, for example, you have contacted an 

attorney, but he or she was unavailable today, I certainly would have 

continued it to a date when that attorney could be present. 

If you had given the name of an attorney and said that you are in the process 

of retaining counsel, again, I would have cut you a break on that. 

* * * 

This Court has — again, I’ll use the word ‘indulged’ your needs or claims 

repeatedly throughout this process. I think today’s hearing is just another 

example of the efforts that I have gone through to enable you to have every 

opportunity to present your defense. 

{¶61} On October 16, 2015, the court awarded the Hohmans “$33,672.68 for their 

legal fees and expenses,” finding that “after reviewing the witness testimony, evidence 

proffered, and plaintiff’s objections, [the] legal fees are reasonable and the work 

performed was necessary.” Upon review, we cannot say that the court abused its 

discretion or misapplied the law in awarding sanctions against Mills for frivolous 

conduct. Accordingly, her third and fourth assigned errors are overruled. 

{¶62} Judgment affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas 

Court to carry this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, JUDGE 

TIM McCORMACK, P.J., and 

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR
APPENDIX 

Assignments of Error 

I. The trial court erred in granting all of Defendants’ Motions for Summary 

Judgment, where the Plaintiff’s Complaint and Ohio Civil Rule 56(C) materials 

filed with the trial court, demonstrate conflicting testimony and material/historical 

facts in dispute that are the province of the jury as triers of fact to wright and 

decide upon; and where the Complaint is based on valid case law and an adequate 

quantity of evidence to preclude Summary Judgment. 

II. The trial court erred in granting Defendant Keenan Cook’s Motion for Summary 

Judgment on Plaintiff’s False Imprisonment Cause of Action where the allegations 

in the Complaint and discovery materials produced, demonstrate conflicting 

witness testimony and disputed material facts regarding Plaintiff’s arrest that 

reasonable minds could find constitute a lack of probable cause for arrest. 

Therefore a jury could find implied malice, recklessness, and willful bad faith on 

the part of police officer Cook that preclude qualified immunity for him, and are 

issues for the jury as triers of fact to weight and decide upon, precluding summary 

judgment. 

III. The trial court erred in granting Defendants Arthur and Beth Hohman’s Motion for 

Frivolous Conduct Sanctions against Plaintiff without holding an evidentiary 

hearing where witness testimony and evidence could be presented to oppose the 

motion, as required by O.R.C. 2323.51(B)(2), and where Ohio case law 

demonstrates that the denial of such an evidentiary hearing is contrary to law and 

abuse of discretion. 

IV. The trial court erred in granting Defendants Arthur and Beth Hohman’s Motion for 

Frivolous Conduct Sanctions against Plaintiff by incorrectly ruling that the causes 

of action filed against the Hohman’s by Plaintiff’s attorneys were not supported by 

any case law or evidence. And erred in making a ‘subjective’ determination that 

Plaintiff must have filed her Complaint against the Hohmans to ‘obviously’ harass 

them when that ruling was not based on any actual facts or competent, credible 

evidence in the Complaint, and therefore was not an ‘objective’ determination and 

accordingly, was contrary to law and an abuse of process.