U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 

1 

69–118 

" ! SENATE 110TH CONGRESS

2d Session 

TREATY DOC. 

2008

110–11 

EXTRADITION TREATY WITH ROMANIA AND 

PROTOCOL TO THE TREATY ON MUTUAL LEGAL 

ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS WITH 

ROMANIA 

MESSAGE 

FROM

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

TRANSMITTING

EXTRADITION TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ROMANIA (THE ‘‘EXTRADITION TREATY’’ OR THE ‘‘TREATY’’) AND THE PROTOCOL TO THE TREATY BETWEEN THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ROMANIA ON MUTUAL 

LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS (THE ‘‘PROTOCOL’’), 

BOTH SIGNED AT BUCHAREST ON SEPTEMBER 10, 2007 

JANUARY 22, 2008.—Treaty was read the first time, and together with 

the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and ordered to be printed for the use of the Senate 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGE:\Seals\Congress.#13

cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
(III)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 

THE WHITE HOUSE, January 22, 2008. 

To the Senate of the United States: 

With a view to receiving the advice and consent of the Senate to 

ratification, I transmit herewith the Extradition Treaty between 

the United States of America and Romania (the ‘‘Extradition Treaty’’ or the ‘‘Treaty’’) and the Protocol to the Treaty between the 

United States of America and Romania on Mutual Legal Assistance 

in Criminal Matters (the ‘‘Protocol’’), both signed at Bucharest on 

September 10, 2007. I also transmit, for the information of the Senate, the reports of the Department of State with respect to the Extradition Treaty and Protocol. 

The Extradition Treaty would replace the outdated Extradition 

Treaty between the United States and Romania, signed in Bucharest on July 23, 1924, and the Supplementary Extradition Treaty, 

signed in Bucharest on November 10, 1936. The Protocol amends 

the Treaty Between the United States of America and Romania on 

Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, signed in Washington on May 26, 1999 (the ‘‘1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty’’). Both the Extradition Treaty and the Protocol also fulfill the 

requirements for bilateral instruments (between the United States 

and each European Union (EU) Member State) that are contained 

in the Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance Agreements between the United States and the EU currently before the Senate. 

The Extradition Treaty follows generally the form and content of 

other extradition treaties recently concluded by the United States. 

It would replace an outmoded list of extraditable offenses with a 

modern ‘‘dual criminality’’ approach, which would enable extradition for such offenses as money laundering and other newer offenses not appearing on the list. The Treaty also contains a modernized ‘‘political offense’’ clause, and it provides that neither Party 

shall refuse extradition based on the citizenship of the person 

sought. Finally, the new Treaty incorporates a series of procedural 

improvements to streamline and speed the extradition process. The 

Protocol primarily serves to amend the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in areas required pursuant to the U.S.-EU Mutual 

Legal Assistance Agreement, specifically: mutual legal assistance 

to administrative authorities; expedited transmission of requests; 

use limitations; identification of bank information; joint investigative teams; and video conferencing. 

I recommend that the Senate give early and favorable consideration to the Extradition Treaty and the Protocol, along with the 

U.S.-EU Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance Agreements and 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
IV

the other related bilateral instruments between the United States 

and European Union Member States. 

GEORGE W. BUSH. 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
(V)

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, November 1, 2007. 

The PRESIDENT, 

The White House. 

THE PRESIDENT: I have the honor to submit to you the Extradition Treaty between the United States of America and Romania 

(the ‘‘Extradition Treaty’’) and the Protocol to the Treaty between 

the United States of America and Romania on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (the ‘‘Protocol’’), both signed at Bucharest 

on September 10, 2007. Upon its entry into force, the Extradition 

Treaty would replace the Extradition Treaty between the United 

States of America and Romania, signed at Bucharest on July 23, 

1924, and the Supplementary Extradition Treaty, signed at Bucharest on November 10, 1936. The Extradition Treaty and the Protocol fulfill the requirements of the Agreements on Extradition and 

Mutual Legal Assistance between the United States of America 

and the European Union, both signed on June 25, 2003, which 

were transmitted to the Senate on September 28, 2006, for implementing bilateral instruments between the United States and each 

member state of the European Union. The article-by-article analyses of the two instruments are enclosed with this report. I recommend that the Extradition Treaty and the Protocol be transmitted to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification. Both 

instruments are self-executing and will not require implementing 

legislation. 

Respectfully submitted. 

CONDOLEEZZA RICE. 

Enclosures: Overviews and analyses of the provisions of the Extradition Treaty and Protocol. 

PROTOCOL TO THE TREATY BETWEEN ROMANIA AND THE UNITED

STATES OF AMERICA ON MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL

MATTERS

OVERVIEW

The Protocol to the Treaty between Romania and the United 

States of America on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters 

(the ‘‘Protocol’’) serves to implement, as between the United States 

and Romania, the provisions of the 2003 Agreement on Mutual 

Legal Assistance between the United States of America and the 

European Union (the ‘‘U.S.-EU Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement’’). It does this through amendment of the Treaty between Romania and the United States of America on Mutual Legal AssistVerDate Aug 31 2005 08:42 Jan 23, 2008 Jkt 069118 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 7633 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\TD011.XXX TD011

cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
VI

ance in Criminal Matters, signed at Washington on May 26, 1999 

(the ‘‘1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty’’). 

The following is an article-by-article description of the provisions 

of the Protocol. 

Article 1 of the Protocol incorporates Article 8 of the U.S.-EU 

Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (‘‘Mutual legal assistance to 

administrative authorities’’), thereby providing an express legal 

basis for the provision of assistance to an administrative authority 

investigating conduct with a view to criminal prosecution or referral to criminal investigation or prosecution authorities, pursuant to 

its specific administrative or regulatory authority to undertake 

such investigation. If the administrative authority anticipates that 

no prosecution or referral will take place, assistance is not available. This provision is added as Article 1 bis of the 1999 Mutual 

Legal Assistance Treaty. 

Article 2 of the Protocol replaces Article 2 of the 1999 Mutual 

Legal Assistance Treaty. The only change is that the amended 

treaty will reflect that, for Romania, the Central Authority is the 

Ministry of Justice. 

Article 3 of the Protocol replaces Article 4(1) of the 1999 Mutual 

Legal Assistance Treaty and provides that requests transmitted by 

fax or email shall be considered to be in writing. It also adds Article 4( 1) bis to the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty to incorporate Article 7 of the U.S.EU Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement 

(‘‘Expedited transmission of requests’’), which provides that requests for mutual legal assistance, and communications related 

thereto, may be made by expedited means of communications, including fax or email, with formal confirmation to follow where required by the requested State. The requested State may respond to 

the request by any such expedited means of communication. 

Article 4 of the Protocol incorporates Article 6(2) of the U.S.-EU 

Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement, providing that the costs associated with establishing and servicing a video-conference for mutual legal assistance purposes, as well as the allowances and expenses related to travel of persons in relation to such video-conferences, will be borne by the Requesting State unless otherwise 

agreed. This provision replaces Article 6( 1) of the 1999 Mutual 

Legal Assistance Treaty. 

Article 5 of the Protocol incorporates Article 9 of the U.S.-EU 

Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (‘‘Limitations on use to protect 

personal and other data’’) by replacing Article 7 of the 1999 Mutual 

Legal Assistance Treaty. Paragraph 1 of the new Article 7 permits 

the Requesting State to use evidence or information it has obtained 

from the requested State for its criminal investigations and proceedings, for preventing an immediate and serious threat to its 

public security, for non-criminal judicial or administrative proceedings directly related to its criminal investigations or proceedings, for non-criminal judicial or administrative proceedings for 

which assistance was provided under Article 1 of the Protocol, and 

for any other purpose if the information or evidence was made public within the framework of the proceedings for which it was transmitted or pursuant to the above permissible uses. Other uses of the 

evidence or information require the prior consent of the requested 

State. 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
VII

Paragraph 2(a) specifies that the article does not preclude the requested State from imposing additional conditions where the particular request for assistance could not be granted in the absence 

of such conditions. Where such additional conditions are imposed, 

the requested State may require the requesting State to give information on the use made of the evidence or information. 

Paragraph 2(b) provides that generic restrictions with respect to 

the legal standards of the requesting State for processing personal 

data may not be imposed by the requested State as a condition 

under paragraph 2(a) to providing evidence or information. This 

provision is further elaborated upon in the explanatory note to the 

U.S.-EU Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (regarding Article 

9(2)(b) of that Agreement), which specifies that the fact that the requesting and requested States have different systems of protecting 

the privacy of data does not give rise to a ground for refusal of assistance and may not as such give rise to additional conditions 

under paragraph 2(a). Such refusal of assistance could only arise 

in exceptional cases in which, upon balancing the important interests involved in the particular case, furnishing the specific data 

sought by the requesting State would raise difficulties so fundamental as to be considered by the requested State to fall within the 

essential interests grounds for refusal. 

Paragraph 3 provides that where, following disclosure to the requesting State, the requested State becomes aware of circumstances that may cause it to seek additional conditions in a 

particular case, it may consult with the requesting State to determine the extent to which the evidence or information can be protected. 

Article 6 of the Protocol incorporates Article 4 of the U.S.-EU 

Agreement (‘‘Identification of Bank Information’’) as Article 17 bis 

of the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty. 

Paragraph 1(a) requires the requested State to promptly ascertain if banks located in its territory possess information on whether 

a natural or legal person suspected of or charged with a criminal 

offense as designated pursuant to paragraph 4, holds a bank account or accounts. Paragraph 1(b) permits, but does not obligate, 

the requested State to ascertain whether bank information exists 

pertaining to convicted persons, or whether there is information in 

the possession of non-bank financial institutions, or financial transactions other than those related to accounts. 

Paragraph 2 requires a request for this form of cooperation to include, first, the identity of the natural or legal person relevant to 

locating such accounts or transactions; second, sufficient information to enable the competent authority of the requested State to 

reasonably suspect that such person engaged in a criminal offense 

and that banks or non-bank financial institutions in the requested 

State may have the information requested and to conclude that the 

information sought relates to the criminal investigation or proceeding for which assistance is sought; and, third, as much information as possible concerning which banks or other institutions 

may have the information, in order to reduce the breadth of the inquiry. 

Paragraph 3 designates the U.S. channel of communication for 

requests for assistance under this article as the U.S. legal attache ́


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
VIII

to Romania representing the Drug Enforcement Administration, 

the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the 

Federal Bureau of Investigation (depending on the nature of the investigation or proceeding giving rise to the request). For Romania, 

the designated channel is the Prosecutor’s Office of the High Court 

of Cassation and Justice. Paragraph 3 also allows the United 

States and the European Union to modify these designations by exchange of diplomatic notes after the entry into force of the Protocol. 

Paragraph 4 provides that the United States and Romania will 

provide assistance under this article with respect to money laundering and terrorist activity punishable under the laws of both 

states, and with respect to such other criminal activity as to which 

may subsequently be agreed by the Parties. U.S. negotiators 

verified that under Romanian law assistance will be available for 

a wide range of conduct associated with terrorism (which includes 

the conduct criminalized in international counterterrorism conventions to which they are party) and money laundering with respect 

to an extremely broad range of predicate offenses. 

Paragraph 5 indicates that the Requested State shall respond to 

a request for production of the records concerning the accounts or 

transactions identified pursuant to this article in accordance with 

the other provisions of the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, 

as amended by the Protocol. 

Article 7 of the Protocol incorporates Article 5 of the U.S.-EU 

Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (‘‘Joint Investigative Teams’’), 

and is added as Article 17 ter of the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance 

Treaty. 

Paragraph 1 of the new Article 17 ter provides that joint investigative teams may be established and operated in the respective 

territories of the United States and Romania, where the Parties 

agree to do so. 

Under paragraph 2, the manner of the team’s operation shall be 

agreed between the competent authorities, as determined by the respective States concerned. 

Paragraph 3 describes channels of communication so as to facilitate direct communication between law enforcement authorities 

with respect to cases arising under the Treaty. The paragraph provides that the competent authorities determined by the respective 

States concerned shall communicate directly for purposes of establishing and operating such teams, except where the complexity, 

scope, or other circumstances involved are deemed to require more 

central coordination, in which case the States concerned may agree 

upon other channels of communication. This approach facilitates 

speed, efficiency, and clarity by providing for direct communications in most cases among the affected law enforcement components, rather than through a mutual legal assistance request transmitted through the Central Authority, as would otherwise take 

place pursuant to a bilateral Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty. 

Paragraph 4 states that, where the joint investigative team 

needs investigative measures to be taken in one of the States involved in the team, a member of the team of that State may request its own competent authorities to take those measures without the other State having to submit a mutual legal assistance request. The legal standard for obtaining the measure is the applicaVerDate Aug 31 2005 07:30 Jan 23, 2008 Jkt 069118 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 7633 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\TD011.XXX TD011

cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
IX

ble domestic standard. Thus, where an investigative measure is to 

be carried out in the United States, for example, a U.S. team member could do so by invoking existing domestic investigative authority, and would share resulting information or evidence seized pursuant to such an action with the foreign authorities. A formal mutual legal assistance request would not be required. In a case in 

which there is no domestic U.S. jurisdiction and consequently a 

compulsory measure cannot be carried out based on domestic authority, the other provisions of the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance 

Treaty, as amended by the Protocol, may furnish a separate legal 

basis for carrying out such a measure. 

Article 8 of the Protocol incorporates Article 6 of the U.S.-EU 

Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (‘‘Video Conferencing’’), except 

that Article 6 (2), relating to the costs of video conferencing is addressed, as noted above, in Article 4 of the Protocol. Article 8 is applied as Article 17 quater of the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance 

Treaty. 

Paragraph 1 of the new Article 17 quater provides that the use 

of video transmission technology shall be available between the 

United States of America and Romania for taking testimony in a 

proceeding for which mutual legal assistance is available. The procedures to be applied in taking such testimony are as otherwise set 

forth in the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, as amended by 

the Protocol. 

Paragraph 2 provides for a consultation mechanism in order to 

facilitate legal, technical or logistical issues that may arise in the 

execution of a particular request. 

Paragraph 3 provides that the making of intentionally false 

statements or other witness or expert misconduct shall be punishable in the requested State in the same manner as if such conduct 

had been committed in the course of a domestic proceeding. This 

is already the case where the United States has been requested to 

facilitate the taking of video testimony from a witness or expert located in the United States on behalf of a foreign State, since the 

proceeding to execute the request is a U.S. proceeding and therefore penalties under U.S. law for perjury, obstruction of justice, or 

contempt of court are applicable. 

Paragraph 4 specifies that the availability of video transmission 

technology for purposes of facilitating the taking of testimony does 

not mean that other means of obtaining testimony are no longer 

available. 

Paragraph 5 makes clear that the requested State may also permit the use of video conferencing technology for purposes other 

than providing testimony, including for purposes of identification of 

persons or objects, and taking of investigative statements (to the 

extent these are not considered to be testimony under the law of 

the requesting State). 

Article 9 of the Protocol sets out the temporal application of the 

Protocol in accordance with Article 12 of the U.S.-EU Mutual Legal 

Assistance Agreement. Paragraph 1 provides that the Protocol will 

apply to offenses committed before as well as after it enters into 

force. Paragraph 2 provides that the Protocol shall apply to requests for assistance made after its entry into force; however, Articles 3 (‘‘Expedited transmission of requests’’), 4 (‘‘Cost of video conVerDate Aug 31 2005 07:30 Jan 23, 2008 Jkt 069118 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 7633 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\TD011.XXX TD011

cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
X

ferencing’’), and 8 (‘‘Video conferencing’’) shall apply to requests 

pending in the Requested State at the time the Protocol enters into 

force. 

Article 10 of the Protocol provides for entry into force and termination of the Protocol. Entry into force of the Protocol occurs, following an exchange of notifications regarding the completion of applicable internal procedures, on the date of entry into force of the 

U.S.-EU Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement. In the event of termination of the U.S.-EU Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement, the 

Protocol also will terminate. Thereupon the 1999 Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty will apply along with any provisions of the Protocol 

for which the United States and Romania agree to continue application. 

The Department of Justice joins the Department of State in urging approval of this Protocol by the Senate at the earliest possible 

date. 

U.S.-ROMANIA EXTRADITION TREATY

OVERVIEW

The U.S.-Romania Extradition Treaty (the ‘‘Extradition Treaty’’

or the ‘‘Treaty’’) replaces an outdated 1924 extradition treaty, as 

amended by a 1936 supplementary treaty. This new Extradition 

Treaty also serves to implement, as between the United States and 

Romania, the provisions of the Agreement on Extradition between 

the United States of America and the European Union (‘‘the U.S.- 

EU Extradition Agreement’’), currently before the Senate. 

The following is an Article-by-Article description of the provisions 

of the Treaty. 

Article 1 obligates each Party to extradite to the other, pursuant 

to the provisions of the Treaty, persons whom the authorities in the 

Requesting State have charged with, found guilty of, or convicted 

of an extraditable offense. 

Article 2, which is taken from Article 4 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, defines extraditable offenses. Article 2(1) defines 

an offense as extraditable if the conduct on which the offense is 

based is punishable under the laws in both States by deprivation 

of liberty for a period of more than one year or by a more severe 

penalty. The approach taken in the Treaty with respect to extraditable offenses is consistent with the modem ‘‘dual criminality’’ approach, rather than the old ‘‘list’’ approach, and is one of the key 

benefits of the new Treaty. Use of a ‘‘dual criminality’’ clause, rather than the categories of offenses listed in the 1924 Treaty, obviates the need to renegotiate or supplement the Treaty as additional 

offenses become punishable under the laws in both States and ensures a comprehensive coverage of criminal conduct for which extradition might be sought. 

Article 2(2) further defines an extraditable offense to include an 

attempt or a conspiracy to commit, or participation in the commission of, an extraditable offense. The Parties intended to include, 

under the broad description of ‘‘participation,’’ the offenses of aiding, abetting, counseling, or procuring the commission of an offense, as well as being an accessory to an offense. 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
XI

Additional direction is provided by Article 2(3), which provides 

that an offense shall be an extraditable offense: (a) whether or not 

the laws in the Requesting and Requested States place the acts or 

omissions constituting the offense within the same category of offenses or describe the offense by the same terminology; (b) whether 

or not the offense is one for which United States federal law requires the showing of such matters as interstate transportation, or 

use of the mails or of other facilities affecting interstate or foreign 

commerce, such matters being jurisdictional only; or (c) whether or 

not, in criminal cases relating to taxes, customs duties, currency 

control, or commodities, the laws of the Requesting and Requested 

States provide for the same kinds of taxes, customs duties or controls on currency, or on the import or export of the same kinds of 

commodities. 

With regard to offenses committed outside the territory of the 

Requesting State, Article 2(4) provides that extradition shall be 

granted in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty if the laws 

of the Requested State provide for the punishment of such conduct 

committed outside its territory in similar circumstances. If the laws 

of the Requested State do not provide for the punishment of such 

conduct committed outside of its territory in similar circumstances, 

the executive authority of the Requested State, in its discretion, 

may proceed with extradition provided that all other requirements 

of the Treaty are met. 

Article 2(5) provides that, if extradition is granted for an extraditable offense, it shall also be granted for any other offense specified in the request if the latter offense is punishable by one year’s 

deprivation of liberty or less, provided that all other requirements 

for extradition are met. 

Article 3 provides that extradition shall not be refused based on 

the citizenship of the person sought. This provision reflects a significant development in the U.S.-Romania extradition relationship. 

The 1924 Treaty does not require that the Parties extradite their 

citizens, and this provision required an amendment both to the Romanian Constitution and Romania’s domestic law on international 

extradition. 

Article 4 governs political and military offenses as a basis for the 

denial of extradition. As is customary in extradition treaties, paragraph 1 provides that extradition shall not be granted if the offense 

for which extradition is requested constitutes a political offense. 

Article 4(2) specifies six categories of offenses that shall not be considered to be political offenses: 

(a) a murder or other violent crime against a Head of State 

of one of the Parties, or of a member of the Head of State’s 

family; 

(b) an offense for which both Parties have the obligation pursuant to a multilateral international agreement to extradite 

the person sought or to submit the case to their competent authorities for decision as to prosecution; 

(c) murder, manslaughter, malicious wounding, inflicting 

grievous bodily harm, assault with intent to cause serious 

physical injury, or serious sexual assault; 

(d) an offense involving kidnapping, abduction, or any form 

of unlawful detention, including the taking of a hostage; 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
XII

(e) placing, using, threatening to use or possessing an explosive, incendiary, or destructive device capable of endangering 

life, causing substantial bodily harm, or causing substantial 

property damage; and 

(f) a conspiracy or attempt to commit, or participation in the 

commission of any of the offenses set forth in.(a)–(e). 

Article 4(3) provides that, notwithstanding Article 4(2), extradition shall not be granted if the executive authority of the Requested State determines that the request was politically motivated. 

Article 4(4) provides that the competent authority of the Requested State may refuse extradition for offenses under military 

law that are not offenses under ordinary criminal law. Desertion 

would be an example of such an offense. 

Article 4(5) provides that the Executive Branch is the ‘‘competent 

authority’’ for the United States for purposes of Article 4. 

Article 5 governs those circumstances in which the person whose 

extradition is sought has been the subject of a prior prosecution. 

Article 5(1) provides that extradition shall not be granted when the 

person sought has been convicted or acquitted in the Requested 

State for the offense for which extradition is requested. 

Article 5(2) provides that extradition shall not be precluded by 

the fact that the competent authorities of the Requested State have 

decided: 

(a) not to prosecute the person sought for the acts for which 

extradition is requested; 

(b) to discontinue any criminal proceedings which have been 

instituted against the person sought for those acts; or 

(c) to investigate the person sought for the same acts. 

Article 6 provides that extradition may be denied if prosecution 

of the offense or execution of the penalty is barred by lapse of time 

under the law of the Requesting State. Acts that would interrupt 

or suspend the prescriptive period in the Requesting State are to 

be given effect by the Requested State. 

Article 7, which is taken from Article 13 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, concerns capital punishment. It provides that, 

when an offense for which extradition is sought is punishable by 

death under the laws in the Requesting State but not under the 

laws in the Requested State, the Requested State may grant extradition on the condition that the death penalty shall not be imposed 

on the person sought, or if for procedural reasons such condition 

cannot be complied with by the Requesting State, on condition that 

the death penalty, if imposed, shall not be carried out. If the Requesting State accepts extradition subject to such a condition, it 

must comply with the condition. 

Article 8 establishes extradition procedures and describes the 

documents required to support a request for extradition. Article 

8(1), which is taken from Article 5(1) of the U.S.-EU Extradition 

Agreement, provides that all requests for extradition must be submitted through the diplomatic channel, which shall include transmission through the channel specified in Article 12(4) of the Treaty. 

Article 8(2) specifies the documents, information, and legal texts 

that shall support all extradition requests. Article 8(3) provides 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
XIII

that a request for the extradition of a person who is charged with 

an offense must also be supported by: a) a copy of the warrant or 

order of arrest issued by a judge, court, or other competent authority; b)a copy of the charging document; and c) such information as 

would provide a reasonable basis to believe that the person sought 

committed the offense for which extradition is sought. 

Article 8(4) sets forth the items, in addition to those set forth in 

Article 8(2), that must accompany a request for the extradition relating to a person who has been found guilty or been convicted of 

the offense for which extradition is sought. 

Pursuant to Article 8(4)(d), a request for extradition of a person 

who has been convicted in absentia must also be supported by 

those documents required for a request for a person who has been 

charged with an offense, as well as information regarding the circumstances under which the person was absent from the proceedings. 

Article 9, which is taken from Article 8 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, authorizes the Requested State to require the 

Requesting State to furnish additional information to support an 

extradition request, if the Requested State deems it necessary to 

fulfill the requirements of the Treaty. It specifies that such information may be requested and supplied directly between the United 

States Department of Justice and the Ministry of Justice of Romania. 

Article 10, which is taken from Article 5(2) of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, concerns admissibility of documents. It provides 

that documents bearing the certificate or seal of either the Ministry 

or Department of Justice or the foreign affairs Ministry or Department of the Requesting State shall be admissible in extradition 

proceedings in the Requested State without further certification. 

Article 11 provides that all documents submitted under the Treaty by the Requesting State shall be translated into the language of 

the Requested State. 

Article 12 sets forth procedures and describes the information 

that is required for the provisional arrest and detention of the person sought pending presentation of the formal extradition request 

and supporting documents. Article l2( 1) provides for provisional 

arrest and sets forth procedures for transmission of a request for 

provisional arrest. Article 12(2) specifies the information that must 

accompany an application for provisional arrest. Article 12(3) requires the Requested State to notify the Requesting State of the 

disposition of the provisional arrest request and the reasons for any 

inability to proceed with the request. 

Article 12(4) provides that, if the Requested State has not received the request for extradition and supporting documents within 

sixty days of the date of provisional arrest, the person shall be discharged, unless good cause is shown to maintain custody. Consistent with Article 7 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, Article 12(4) provides an alternative channel for receipt of extradition 

requests applicable with respect to persons who have been provisionally arrested, namely, through transmission of the request to 

the Embassy of the Requested State in the Requesting State. Article 12(5) provides that the discharge of a person from custody pursuant to Article 12(4) does not prejudice the person’s subsequent 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
XIV

rearrest and extradition if the extradition request and supporting 

documents are delivered at a later date. 

Article 13 specifies the procedures governing a decision on the 

extradition request and the surrender of the person sought. It requires the Requested State to promptly notify the Requesting State 

of its decision regarding a request. If the request is denied in whole 

or in part, the Requested State must provide an explanation of the 

reasons for the denial and, upon request, copies of pertinent judicial decisions. If extradition is granted, the States shall agree on 

the time and place for the surrender of the person sought. If the 

person sought is not removed from the territory of the Requested 

State within the time period prescribed by the law of that State, 

the person may be discharged from custody, and the Requested 

State, in its discretion, may subsequently refuse extradition for the 

same offense(s). 

Article 14 addresses temporary and deferred surrender. Article 

14(1), on temporary surrender, is taken from Article 9 of the U.S.- 

EU Extradition Agreement. It provides that, if a person whose extradition is sought is being proceeded against or is serving a sentence in the Requested State, the Requested State may temporarily 

surrender the person to the Requesting State for the purpose of 

prosecution. The Requesting State shall keep the person so surrendered in custody and shall return that person to the Requested 

State after the conclusion of the proceedings against that person, 

in accordance with conditions to be determined by mutual agreement of the States. Time spent in custody in the Requesting State 

pending pros’ecution there may be deducted from the time to be 

served in the Requested State. 

Article 14(2), on deferred surrender, provides that the Requested 

State may postpone the extradition proceedings against a person 

who is being prosecuted or who is serving a sentence in the Requested State until that prosecution has concluded or sentence has 

been served. 

Article 15, which is taken from Article 10 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, governs the situation in which the Requested 

State receives requests for the extradition or surrender of the same 

person from more than one State, either for the same offense or for 

different offenses. In the event of requests by more than one State 

for the same person, the executive authority of the Requested State 

shall determine to which State, if any, it will surrender that person. In the event that Romania receives requests both from the 

United States and pursuant to a European arrest warrant for the 

same person, Romania’s judicial authority, or such other authority 

as Romania may designate, shall determine to which State, if any, 

it will surrender the person. Article 15(3) provides a non-exclusive 

list of factors to be considered by the Requested State in determining to which State to surrender a person who is sought by more 

than one State. 

Article 16 provides that the Requested State may, to the extent 

permitted under its law, seize and surrender to the Requesting 

State all items, including articles, documents, evidence, and proceeds, that are connected with the offense in respect of which extradition is granted. Such items may be surrendered even if the extradition cannot be carried out due to the death, disappearance, or 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
XV

escape of the person sought. The Requested State may condition 

the surrender of the items upon satisfactory assurances from the 

Requesting State that the property will be returned to the Requested State as soon as practicable. The Requested State may also 

defer the surrender of such items if they are needed as evidence 

in the Requested State. The rights of third parties in such items 

are to be respected in accordance with the laws of the Requested 

State. 

Article 17 sets forth the Rule of Specialty, which, subject to specific exceptions set forth in paragraph 3, prohibits a person extradited under the Treaty from being detained, tried, or punished in 

the Requesting State except for: 

(a) any offense for which extradition was granted, or a differently denominated offense based on the same facts as the offense for which extradition was granted, provided such offense 

is extraditable, or is a lesser included offense; 

(b) any offense committed after the extradition of the person; 

or 

(c) any offense for which the competent authority of the Requested State consents to the person’s detention, trial, or punishment. 

Article 17(2) provides that a person extradited under the Treaty 

may not be the subject of onward extradition or surrender for any 

offense committed prior to the extradition to the Requesting State 

unless the Requested State consents. This provision would preclude 

Romania from transferring a fugitive surrendered to it by the 

United States to a third country or international tribunal without 

the consent of the United States. 

Article 17(3) sets forth exceptions to the rule of specialty. It provides that the restrictions set forth under Article 17 shall not prevent the detention, trial, or punishment of an extradited person, or 

the extradition of a person to a third State, if the extradited person 

either leaves the territory of the Requesting State after extradition 

and voluntarily returns to it or fails to leave the territory of the 

Requesting State within twenty days of being free to do so. 

Article 17(4) provides that the Executive Branch is the ‘‘competent authority’’ for the United States for purposes of Article 17. 

Article 18, which is taken from Article 11 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, permits surrender without further proceedings if 

the person sought consents to being surrendered to the Requesting 

State. The consent of the person sought may include agreement to 

waiver of protection of the rule of specialty. 

Article 19, which is taken from Article 12 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, governs the transit through the territory of one 

State of a person surrendered to the other State by a third country, 

or to a third country by the other State. . 

Article 20 contains provisions regarding representation and the 

expenses associated with extradition. Specifically, the Requested 

State is required to advise, assist, appear in court on behalf of, and 

represent the interests of the Requesting State in any proceedings 

arising out of a request for extradition. Article 20(2) establishes 

that the Requested State bears all expenses incurred in that State 

in connection with the extradition proceedings, except that the Requesting State pays expenses related to the translation of extraVerDate Aug 31 2005 07:30 Jan 23, 2008 Jkt 069118 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 7633 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\TD011.XXX TD011

cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
XVI

dition documents and the transportation of the person surrendered. 

Article 20(3) specifies that neither State shall make any pecuniary 

claim against the other arising out of the arrest, detention, examination, or surrender of persons under the Treaty. 

Article 21(1) provides that the parties may consult in connection 

with the processing of individual cases and in furtherance of efficient implementation of the Treaty. Article 21(2), which is taken 

from Article 14 of the U.S.-EU Extradition Agreement, provides for 

consultation between the parties when the Requesting State contemplates the submission of particularly sensitive information in 

support of a request for extradition, in order to determine the extent to which the information can be protected by the Requested 

State in the event of submission. 

Article 22 makes the Treaty applicable to offenses committed 

both before and after the date it enters into force. 

Article 23 contains final clauses addressing the Treaty’s ratification, entry into force, and termination. It provides that the Treaty 

is subject to ratification and that the Treaty shall enter into force 

upon the exchange of the instruments of ratification. Article 23(3) 

provides that, upon entry into force of the Treaty, the Treaty of Extradition between the United States of America and Romania, 

signed at Bucharest on July 23, 1924, as well as the Supplementary Extradition Treaty, signed at Bucharest on November 10, 

1936, shall cease to have any effect except that they shall apply in 

extradition proceedings in which extradition documents have already been submitted to the courts of the Requested State at the 

time the Treaty enters into force. In such cases, only Articles 2, 

14(1), and 18 of this Treaty will apply, and Article 17 of the Treaty, 

regarding the rule of specialty, will apply to persons found extraditable under the earlier treaties. Under Article 23(4), where a request for extradition was received by the Requested State but not 

submitted to its courts before the entry into force of this Treaty, 

the Requesting State, after entry into force of this treaty, may 

amend or supplement the request for extradition as necessary in 

order for it to be submitted to the courts of the Requested State 

under this Treaty. 

Under Article 23(5), either State may terminate the Treaty with 

six months’ written notice to the other State through the diplomatic channel. 

The Department of Justice joins the Department of State in urging approval of this Treaty by the Senate at the earliest possible 

date. 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARING
(1) 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 20 here TD11.001
2 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 21 here TD11.002
3 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 22 here TD11.003
4 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 23 here TD11.004
5 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 24 here TD11.005
6 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 25 here TD11.006
7 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 26 here TD11.007
8 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 27 here TD11.008
9 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 28 here TD11.009
10 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 29 here TD11.010
11 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 30 here TD11.011
12 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 31 here TD11.012
13 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 32 here TD11.013
14 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 33 here TD11.014
15 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 34 here TD11.015
16 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 35 here TD11.016
17 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 36 here TD11.017
18 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 37 here TD11.018
19 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 38 here TD11.019
20 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 39 here TD11.020
21 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 40 here TD11.021
22 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 41 here TD11.022
23 


cprice-sewell on PROD1PC72 with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 42/50 here TD11.023