Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

 1976 Annual Administrative Report

Introductory Note By Thomas L. Wright and Jennifer S. Nakata

Compiled By Jennifer S. Nakata

Summary 76

January to December 1976

By Robert Y. Koyanagi, Karen Meagher, 

Fred W. Klein, and Gary S. Puniwai

Chronological Summary

By Peter W. Lipman

Open-File Report 2007-1336

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark D. Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007

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INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Summaries have been published in the current format since 1956. The Quarterly 

Summaries (1956 through 1973) and the Annual Summaries (1974 through 1985) were originally published as Administrative Reports. These reports have been compiled and published as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports. 

The quarterly reports have been combined and published as one annual summary. All the summaries from 1956 to 

the present are now available as .pdf files at http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod.

The earthquake summary data are presented as a listing of origin time, depth, magnitude, and other location parameters. Network instrumentation, field station sites, and location algorithms are described. Tilt and other deformation 

data are included until Summary 77, January to December 1977. From 1978, the seismic and deformation data are 

published separately, due to differing schedules of data reduction. 

There are eight quarters—from the fourth quarter of 1959 to the third quarter of 1961—that were never published. 

Two of these (4th quarter 1959, 1st quarter 1960) have now been published, using handwritten notes of Jerry Eaton 

(HVO seismologist at the time) and his colleagues. The seismic records for the remaining six summaries went back to 

California in 1961 with Jerry Eaton. Other responsibilities intervened, and the seismic summaries were never prepared.

Chronology

The following Kïlauea eruption chronology covers the two recent reports and the six missing quarters:

Location Beginning Date Ending Date Comment

Kïlauea Iki crater (Kïlauea’s summit) 11/14/1959 12/20/1959 19 eruptive episodes

Kapoho (lower east rift zone) 1/13/1960 2/18/1960 4 eruption stages

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 2/24/1961 2/24/1961 Intermittent activity during 

uninterrupted inflation following the 1960 eruption

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 3/22/1961 3/25/1961 Same as above.

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 7/10/1961 7/17/1961 Same as above.

Heiheiahulu (middle east rift zone) 9/22/1961 9/25/1961 First historical east rift eruption at this location

The 1959-1960 eruptions were among two of the most spectacular Kïlauea eruptions. The HVO staff was kept busy 

with acquisition of unusually high quantities of instrumental data and observations of the two sequences, which 

were separated by less than one month. Even with a year’s interval before the beginning of the summit-east rift sequence in 1961, the staff never caught up, and the seismic records were set aside for later study. 

A total of 1,672 earthquakes—1,106 for 1960 and 566 for 1961—are part of HVO’s cataloged database. The annual 

listings have been appended to the 1st Quarter Report of 1960 and to the 4th Quarter Report for 1961. The number of 

earthquakes is probably low, biased toward the larger magnitudes. The entire HVO catalog, including 1960 and 1961, 

is accessible from the ANSS CATALOG SEARCH site at http://www.ncedc.org/anss/catalog-search.

 Thomas L. Wright and Jennifer S. Nakata 
UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

IIAWAIIAN VOLCA~O OBSERVATORY

SU"'tARY 76

JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1976

This report is preliminary and has not been

edited or reviewed for conformity with

Geological Survey standards and nomenclature

Ifenlo Park, Call{ornla

/Y78
UNITED STATES

DEPARTMEliT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY

SUtflARY 76

JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1976

BY

ROBERT Y. KOYANAGI. KARDi MEAGHrn:*, FRED W. KLEIN*,

AND GARY S. PUNIWAI

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY

BY

PETER W. LIPMAN

OBSERVATORY STAFF

GEOLOGY

GORDON P. EATON (SCIEliTIST-IN-CHARGE)

PETER W. LIPMAN

JOHN P. LOCKWOOD

ROBERT I. TILLING (SCIEliTIST-IN-CHARGE)

GEOPHYSICS

LElINART A. ANDERSON

KEliNETH T. HONMA

GEORGE KOJIMA

ROBERT Y. KOYANAGI

ERWIN MCPHERSON, JR.

ARNOLD T. OKAMURA

JEliNIFER S. NAKATA

GARY S. PUNIWAI

GEOCHEMISTRY

REGINALD T. OKAMURA

SUPPORT

JOHN C. FORBES

WILLIAM E. FRANCIS

JACK E. HARRIS

MARIE S. ONOUYE

MAURICE K. SAKO

AKIRA YAMAMOTO

KEliNETH M. YAMASHITA

·OFFICE OF EARTHQUAKE STUDIES, MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
CONTE2lTS

Page

Introduction. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. ..... . . .... . .. ..... .. . . . .... . .. . .•. 1

Chronological SUIlIll3ry.............. . ..•.. . . ....••... .•. .. .. .. .•. 2

Seismic Instrumentation......................................... 4

Figure 1 Map of Hawaii showing geographic and geologic

features. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 5

Figure 2 Map of Hawaii showing active seismic stations..... 6

Table 1 Seismic stations on Hawaii operated by the USGS... 7

Table 2 Seismic instrumentation types in use by HVO....... 8

Figure 3 System response curve of the four basic seismograph types in use by HVO....................... 9

Seismic Data Processing......................................... 10

Figure 4 Relationship between duration time and local

magni tude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Seismic SlUlIlIary.......................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Table 3 Number of earthquakes and minutes of tremor

recorded on seismographs around Kilauea .

Figure 5 Epicenter map of Hawaii showing only magnitudes

larger than 3 .

Figure 6 Epicenter map of Hawaii showing all earthquakes...

Figure 7 Epicenter map of the KilauealMauna Loa region

showing only magnitudes larger than 3 .

Figure 8 Epicenter map of the KilauealMauna Loa region

showing all earthquakes .

Figure 9 Map of Hawaii showing geographic codes used for

classifying earthquakes by region .

Table 4 Coordinates of named regions used for classifying

earthquakes .

Table 5 List of all located earthquakes........•......•...

III

12

25

25

26

26

27

28

29
Table 6

CONTENTS (continued)

List of located earthquakes magnitude 3.5 and

larger. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. 55

Tilt Instrumentation............................................ 60

Tilting of the ground around Kilauea Caldera 6L

Table 7 Weekly tilt coordinates at Uwekahuna.............. 61

Table 8 Water-tube tilt stations in Hawaii 63

Table 9 Tilt coordinates and changes, December 1975-

April 1976........................................ 64

Figure 10 Tilt vectors around Kilauea, December 1975-

April, 1976....................................... 65

Table 10 Tilt coordinates and changes, April-September,

1976.............................................. 66

Figure 11 Tilt vectors around Kilauea, April-September,

1976........................... 67

References cited................................................ 68

IV
INTRODUCTION

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) summaries present data gathered

during the year together with a chronological narrative intended to describe

in geologic terms the volcanic activity associated with the seismic events and

tilt data included. The seismic, tilt, and chronological summaries are

offered without interpretation as a source of preliminary data. The seismic

summary is complete in the sense that all data routinely gathered by the

observatory are included. The emphasis in collection of tilt and deformation

data has recently shifted from quarterly measurements at a few water-tube tilt

stations (llwet" tilt) to a larger number of continuously recording borehole

tiltmeters and repeated measurements at numerous spirit-level tilt stations

(lIdry" tilt). To maintain continuity with past summaries, we will continue to

publish weekly data from the Uwekahuna vault tiltmeter (Kilauea summit) and

from water-tube tilt stations as they are reoccupied. A comprehensive summary

of the numerous and varied tilt and deformation data now gathered is beyond

the scope of this publication.

The HVO summaries have been published in various formats since 1956.

Summaries prior to 1974 were issued quarterly, but cost, convenience of

preparation and distribution, and the large quantities of data dictated an

annual format beginning with summary 74 (Koyanagi, et al.) for the year 1974.

Summary 74 includes an extensive description of the seismic instrumentation,

calibration and processing used in recent years. The present summary includes

enough background information on the seismic network and processing to use the

data and understand the essentials of how it was gathered.

PUblication of the summary represents a group effort by the staffs of the

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the National Center for Earthquake Research

in Menlo Park, California.

1
1976 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY

No eruptive activity occurred at either Kilauea or Mauna Loa during 1976

the first such Quiet year on the Island of Hawaii since 1966. Perhaps the

most

impressive feature recorded at HVO was the continued high seismicity along Kilauea's south flank, reflecting aftershock activity from the November 1975 M = 7.2 earthquake.

The large deflation at the summit of Kilauea related to this earthquake

finally bottomed out in February, with a total southeasterly tilt of 241 microradians at Uwekahuna Vault. Extensive Geodimeter and leveling studies of the

entire Kilauea network, carried out during the winter and spring, showed that

the Kilauea summit area subsided 1.7 meters, and that along the coast between

Halape and Keauhou Landing subsidence was as much as 3.5 meters (Tilling et

al., 1976). The entire Kilauea area moved seaward in a horizontal component,

including areas mauka of the two main rift zones. Preliminary displacement

solutions indicate a maximum horizontal displacement vector of ~-9 meters

southward at Kalue.

Through the remainder of 1976 the Kilauea summit area showed a distinctive

pattern of ground deformation, different from that observed for the past 10

years, that appears to reflect continued adjustment to effects of the 1975

earthquake and related aftershocks. Weak summit inflation--only a few microradians per month--was accompanied by sizable continued seaward horizontal

motions of the entire summit area that tended to overwhelm the effect of the

inflation. On June 21 and again on July 14 this pattern was interrupted by an

abrupt 5-10 microradians of summit deflation accompanied by swarms of sharp

earthquakes along the upper east rift zone. Both events were interpreted as

marking draining of lava from the summit area into the the east rift zone,

with accumulation of lava occurring mainly along upper parts of the rift

system. Some connection with lower parts of the east rift zone was also

indicated, however, by strikingly increased steaming, centered on the south

flank of the prehistoric Heiheihulu cone, that broke out in the spring, and by

sizable extensions along geodimeter lines in the same area.

An unusual esplsode of large prolonged aseismic deflation at the summit of

Kilauea occurred in August and September. Deflation continued at a rate of

almost 2 microradians per day, totaling about 40 microradians and finally

stopping at about the same level reached during the major subsidence associated with the November, 1975 earthquake. During the deflation episode levels

of seismic activity were in no way anomalous, and this deflation episode thus

appears unique for the 20-year period for which modern tilt data are available. Previous deflations of similar magnitude have been associated either

with a flank eruption or with pronounced local seismicity that marked the

locus of shallow intrusive activity. At year's end Kilauea was again in a

pattern of steady slow inflation.

Mauna Loa was characterized throughout 1976 by continued summit inflation,

accompanied by a surprisingly low level of seismic activity. Earthquake frequency, which was at a high level for 14 months before the July 1975 summit

eruption, decreased to near-background levels by late fall 1975 and fluctuated

little during the following year. Dry-tilt and Geodimeter measurements showed,

however, that the summit area had begun to reinflate immediately after the

1975 eruption, and inflation continued at a high rate through 1976. Tilt

2
occurred at a rate of 3-5 microradians per month, and Geodimeter lines across

Mokuaweoweo extended by as much at 15 mm/month. Measurements at Mauna Loa's

summit for the time interval August-December 1976 suggested a slight slowing

in the rate of inflation, but the changes were too small to be interpreted

with confidence. Much HVa staff effort during 1916 was directed to increasing

the geodetic baseline control for Mauna Loa, especially Geodimeter and drytilt nets.

Reoccupation for the first time of the lIsuper triangle" Geodimeter lines

between Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Hualalai, showed an outward directed

displacement vector for the north rim of Mokuaweoweo consistent with summit

inflation, and permitted for first time tying to a stable base line the

geometry of summit inflation. Both these results and the dry-tilt data

demonstrated that the center of Mauna Loa inflation is asymmetric with respect

to Mokuaweoweo caldera, lying near the southeast margin of the caldera. This

asymmetry is strikingly similar to that long and well documented at Kilauea.

The continued summit inflation of Mauna Loa, as well as the historic

record for this volcano in which flank eruptions have typically followed

summit activity within a few years, led to the forecast by Hva of a probable

Mauna Loa rift eruption within three years after the July 1915 summit activity

(Lockwood, et al. I 1916). Considerable staff activity was directed toward

briefing civil defense and other state and local government officials about

contingency planning, should Mauna Loa erupt along its northeast rift and

threaten Hilo. Additional planning and several field exercises were devoted

to enhancing techniques of lava diversion. At the end of the year the HVa

staff was becoming increasingly uncertain about the Mauna Loa prediction,

however, because of the continued seismic lull as well as the obvious fact

that the 25-year period of inactivity at Mauna Loa between 1950 and 1915 was

itself atypical in terms of the historic record for this volcano. One obvious

major need, for both Mauna Loa and Kilauea, is the reliable geologic understanding of recurrence intervals for different types of activity, that would

extend our frame of reference back beyond the 150 years of written history for

these volcanoes.

3
SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION

The network. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has installed and

maintains an extensive telemetering seismometer network on the island of

Hawaii. In January 1976 the seismometer network consisted of 40 stations

spread over an area with a diameter of 125 kilometres on the island of Hawaii

(Figs. 1 and 2). Of these 40 stations, two are low-gain multicomponent

stations (optical), six are two-component, three are three-component, and

twenty-nine are vertical only. The coverage is most complete on and around

the main center of seismic and volcanic activity, Kilauea Volcano. Other

stations in the network are part of a larger net located on other volcanoes of

the island of Hawaii. With the exception of HIL, all seismometer signals from

the short period network are telemetered to the observatory for recording.

During 1976, station DAN on the southeast rift of Mauna Loa was added, and

station SCA was moved a short distance and renamed WIL.

Figure 1 is a map of selected geographic and geologic features, and

Figure 2 shows the seismic stations which were operated or added during the

year. Table 1 lists all seismic stations operated by the U.S. Geological

Survey in Hawaii during 1916. Listed are station name, three letter code,

coordinates in degrees and minutes, elevation in meters, and other data

described below.

Instrumentation and recording. Each telemetering station has a voltage

controlled oscillator (VCO) for FM multiplex transmission to HVO via either

hardwire or VHF radio. The VCO frequencies are listed in Table 1. These

telemetering stations are now all of Type 1, the NCER standard system used in

USGS seismic networks (see Table 2 for details). After discrimination, the

analog signals from thirty-two stations are recorded on two Develocorders

using 16mm microfilm. Beginning in late 1975, FM signals from the

telemetering network were recorded directly on one inch magnetic tape.

Selected larger events are copied onto condensed library tapes which are

currently archived in Menlo Park.

Develocorder records are read on a film viewer with 20x magnification.

Arrivals are read to the nearest 0.05 second. The recorded arrival times,

amplitudes (where readable), and other key data are routinely sent to N.C.E.R.

in Menlo Park for computer processing.

In addition to the standard stations, optical seismographs are maintained

at Uwekahuna (HVO), Hilo, Maui, and on Oahu (Kipapa station operated by

Honolulu Observatory). The less sensitive short period records are used

primarily for S data and amplitude measurements for magnitude calculations to

supplement readings from l6mm film. Optical seismographs listed in Table 1

are of four types. Types numbered three and four are electro-mechanical

systems of high and low gain respectively. Hilo and Haleakala are each

equipped with two low-gain Wood-Anderson torsion seismographs. Long period

Press-Ewing seismographs record in three components in the Uwekahuna vault.

The paper (optical) records as well as the 16mm develocorder microfilm are

archived at AVO.

Seismograph response and calibration. Displacement response curves for

the four short-period seismograph types in use are given in Figure 3. Types

three and four are electro-mechanical systems recorded on paper records. The

Type 1 curve gives the displacement magnifcation of the standard NCER system

from ground motion at the seismometer to the seismic trace as seen on a 20x

Develocorder film viewer. The curves plot the unit response which should be

multiplied by the factors CAL listed in Table 1 to get the response for an

4
individual station. Individual CAL factors for Type 1 seismographs are equal

to the peak-to-peak amplitude measured in mm on the 20x Develocorder viewer of

a 10 microvolt 5 Hz signal introduced to the preamp/VCO in place of the

geophone. Calibration is normally done each time a station is visited,and

major changes in attenuation or recalibrations are listed in Table 1 along

with the dates they took place. Minor changes in CAL factors may not be

listed if they are less than 20%.

O:...~=O;:..~="o;:.~="'~ ••

.......

...... hla'

,,·-+-----="'o---LL-f-----------------+---- ".

I~'· ...Ia.t_tU ...... I~~·

Figure 1 Map of the island of Hawaii showing

settlements and selected geographic

logic features.

6

principal

and geo-
,o·..,,1"'',''crrrrrTnTTIT'"Ti'"'T'TTITTITrrrni''mTTrrrrrrmmITTTTl"lT[TTmITTITT"lTflTm'"n'"iITrrrfTTITTnl··mcrrfTTrrrw..··,.,

,.....E-----+- +------+------=.'.

-- HAWAIIAN

" SEISMIC STATIONS

1976

-"

",''''

-._~

... • co........... 1 1 ... .- "-.

.: •

/;:Y I ' llAUNA, KEA

.. -... 1//\ ) .. -",.11 ...."

.~UALALA'

0/ \ , ".

fTr(("<:',+,1 ( -_..... •• ..' I •

MAUNA •

~;: .'f

• • • .~

- • • ." '. " • ..... ...'.. .

....,,, •

Figure 2 Map of the island of Hawaii showing seismic stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey.

6
TABLE 1. Seismometer stations in Hawaii operated by the U. S. Geological Survey. 1976.

Old Date of New

Station Name Code LAT-N LON-W Delay ELEV veo Type/Cal Change Type/Cal

AHUA AHU 19 22.40 155 15.90 .06 1070 2380 1 3.8 76/09/29 1 4.3

AlNAPO AIN 19 22.50 155 27.62 .33 1524 1020 1 8.5

AINE 2380 1

AINN 2720 1

CAPTAIN COOK CAe 19 29.29 155 55.09 .15 323 1360 1 3.3 76/01/22 1 5.4

CONE PEAK ePK 19 23.70 155 19.70 -.04 1038 1700 1 4.0

ePKH 1020 1

DANDELION DAN 19 21.42 155 40.04 -.07 3003 2380 none 76/05/10 1 4.8

DESERT DES 19 20.20 155 23.30 -.10 815 680 1 4.8 76/03/16 1 4.2

ESCAPE ROAD ESR 19 24.68 155 14.33 .01 1177 1360 1 1.7 76/09/21 1 2.0

HALE POHAKU HPU 19 46.85 155 27.50 .42 3396 2720 1 4.5 76/10/02 1 4.7

HILlNA PALl HLP 19 17.96 155 18.63 .18 707 2040 1 5.0 76/01/05 1 4.0

HUALALAI HUA 19 41.25 155 50.32 .58 2189 1700 1 2.2 76/01/27 1 2.6

HUMUULA HSS 19 36.31 155 29.13 .35 2445 1700 1 6.2

HSSE 680 1

HSSN 2720 1

KAAPUNA KAA 19 15.98 155 52.28 .00 524 1020 1 4.9 76/12/01 1 5.2

KAENA KAE 19 17.35 155 7.95 .15 37 2380 1 2.2 76/10/27 1 1.3

KAHUKU KHU 19 14.90 155 37.10 .08 1939 1700 1 3.5

KALALUA LUA 1924.55 155 04.25 -.02 622 1020 1

KANEKII KII 19 30.56 155 45.90 .18 1841 1700 1 7.1

KlIE 1020 1

KIlN 1360 1

KAPAPALA RANCH KPR 19 16.40 155 26.70 .05 610 1700 1 4.33 76/01/26 1 6.0

KEANAKOLU KKU 19 53.39 155 20.58 .86 1863 2380 1 2.3

KIPUKA NENE KPN 19 20.10 155 17.40 .07 924 1360 1 5.0 76/08/16 1 6.4

KOHALA KOH 20 7.69 155 46.77 .21 1166 2380 1 2.4

MAUNA LOA MLO 19 29.80 155 23.30 .24 2010 1360 1 10.5 76/01/29 1 10.0

MLOH 2040 1

MAUNA LOA X MLX 19 27.60 155 20.70 .27 1474 1360 1 2.1

MLXH 2720 1

MAKAOPUHI MPR 19 22.07 155 9.85 -.01 881 2720 1 2.1 76/01/12 1 3.3

MOKUAWEOWEO MOK 19 29.28 155 35.98 .28 4104 2040 1 7.5 76/09/23 1 5.4

MOUNTAIN VIEW MTV 19 30.25 155 3.75 .17 409 680 1 3.2 76/11/18 1 7.8

NATIONAL GUARD NAG 19 42.12 155 1.72 .63 18 1360 1 8.5 76/02/11 1 10.2

NORTH PIT NPT 19 24.90 155 17.00 -.06 1115 680 1 9.0 76/08/17 1 4.4

OUTLET OIL 19 23.40 155 16.80 .02 1084 1360 1 4.15 76/09/22 1 4.9

OILH 2040 1

PAU PAU 19 22.62 155 13.10 -.06 994 2040 1 3.8

PAUH 1020 1

POLIOKEAWE PALl POL 19 17.02 155 13.47 .10 169 2720 1 4.8

PUU HOHUAULA PHO 19 28.90 154 53.40 .03 215 2720 1 4.8 76/01/06 1 1.9

PUU PILI PPL 19 9.50 155 27.87 .24 35 1360 1 2.2

RIM RIM 19 23.90 155 16.60 .02 1128 1020 1 7.3

RIMH 2040 1

SOUTH POINT SPT 18 58.91 155 39.92 -.07 244 2040 1 3.6

SOUTHWEST RIFT SWR 19 27.26 155 36.30 .14 4048 1020 1 2.4

SUMMIT CABIN SeA 19 28.20 155 35.08 .30 4048 1700 1 11.5 76/12 off

TANGERINE TAN 19 27.79 154 58.51 .02 351 1020 1 76/03/17 1 8.0

WAHAULA WHA 19 19.90 155 2.92 .06 29 680 1 3.66 76/10/27 1 2.3

WALDRON LEDGE WLG 19 25.49 155 15.69 -.02 1067 2380 1 2.2

WILKINS WIL 19 28.15 155 35.02 .30 4037 none 76/12 1 5/1

7
TABLE 1. (continued) Optical Seismographs

HALEAKALA Z HAL 20 46.00 156 15.00 Z090 3 0.71

HALEAKALA EW HAE 20 46.00 156 15.00 2090 WA 1.0

HALEAKALA NS HAN 20 46.00 156 15.00 2090 WA 1.0

HILO Z HIL 19 43.20 155 5.30 .64 20 3. 1.0

HILO EW HIE 19 43.20 ISS 5.30 .64 20 WA 1. 0

HILO NS HIN 19 43.20 ISS 5.30 .64 20 WA 1.0

KIPAPA KIP 21 25.40 158 .90 76 3 0.56

UWEKAHUNA Z UWE 19 25.40 ISS 17.60 .06 1240 3 0.7

UWEKAHUNA Z USZ 19 25.40 ISS 17.60 .06 1240 4. 1.0

UWEKAHUNA EW USE 19 25.40 155 17.60 .06 1240 4. 1.0

UWEKAHUNA PEZ 19 25.40 ISS 17.60 1240 PE

UWEKAHUNA PEE 19 25.40 155 17.60 1240 PE

UWEKAHUNA PEN 19 25.40 155 17.60 1240 PE

Table 2. -- Seismic Instrumentation Types

Type 1. Consists of:

a) EV-11 - Electrotech EV-l1 1.0 sec. period moving magnet

vertical component seismometer or horizontal component

adjusted for an output of 0.5 volts/em/sec. and 0.8

critically damped.

b) Preamp/VCO Develco Model 6202 voltage controlled oscillator or a

USGS/NCER Model JE202. 3 db points for bandpass

filter at 0.1 Hz and 30 Hz. Signals are transmitted

on audio FM carrier over cable or FM radio link to

HVO. USGS Model J302 was introducted in 197~.

Type 3. Consists of:

a) EV-17 - Electrotech EV-11 (as described above), Hall-Sears

HS-IO 0.5 sec. period moving coil seismometer or

Observatory-built 0.8 sec. period moving coil

seismometer with HVO-built solid state seismic

preamplifier (voltage gain, 2000X), or

Observatory-built electronmagnetic seismometer

approximately 40,000 at 4 Hz.

Type 4. Consists of:

Sprengnether short period vertical and horizontal seismometers (E-W)

with 1.5 sec galvanometers, coupling factor = 0.25. 2X critically

damped. Peak magnitication approximately l500X at 2Hz.

Experimental type amplifier systems are not given type numbers.

Type 2 instruments have been discontinued.

8
10 5

Period (sec)

2 I 05 0.2 0.1 0.05 002 0.01

lOS

c /,

-..... 0 I ..... 0 I " u 10'

-c I "" Type 3

.,.

0 I

:;: I .-._._._._.-

I ,.... Wood - Anderson

10' 1 ~: .........'.'. ..~. '. 1 • ...... / '. I: •

•••• Type • 4 I.:

.•

10 2 :/

0.01 0.1 I 10 100 1000

Frequency ( Hz )

Figure 3. System response curves for the Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph

and for the 3 different types of seismometers in use by the

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Types 3 and 4 are electro-mechanical

seismographs recorded optically on photographic paper. Type 1 is

the standard NCER seismometer recorded on Develocarder film. The

curve for Type 1 includes response of the geophone, all electronics

including telemetry, Develocorder galvanometer, and projection of

film by a 20X viewer. The curves plot the unit response which

should be multiplied by the factors CAL listed in Table 1 to get

the response for an individual station.

9
SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

Earthquakes are located by the combined efforts of HVa and NeER in Menlo

Park. Develocorder films are read at HVO, and lists of P and S arrival times,

event amplitude and duration, clock correction, etc. are sent to Menlo Park.

Data are then keypunched, computer locations are made using the program

HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, et a1., in preparation), and problem events are reread at

HVO and rerun. Card and magnetic tape copies of all arrival time (phase) and

output summary data (one card per event), are kept in Menlo Park. All

computer output (including first motion plots) are on microfiche, and copies

are available for inspection at AVO and in Menlo Park.

The crustal model used consists of flat, homogeneous layers and contains

a embedded low velocity zone. It is a modified version of Crosson's (1976)

model and is:

VELOCITY

LAYER (Ion/sec) DEPTH TO TOP ( Jan)

-1- 2.00 0.0

2 3.25 0.8

3 6.00 2.0

4 6.40 5.5

5 5.30 9.5

6 8.30 13.0

An empirical set of station delays or corrections were used in the

locations, and are given in Table 1. They have been adjusted so the mean

delay of Kilauea stations is zero, and are most appropriate for locating

earthquakes on the south side of the island.

Magnitudes for most events were computed using both recorded amplitudes

on calibrated stations and signal or coda duration on short-period vertical

stations. Amplitude magnitudes used by HVO are based on readings from

Wood-Anderson seismographs. Amplitudes read from other instruments are

corrected to an eqUivalent Wood-Anderson amplitude using the curves of Figure

3 and CAL factors of Table 1. Amplitude magnitudes larger than 2.5 are

generally based on the Wood-Anderson instruments in Hilo or Type 4

seismographs at Uwekahuna. Smaller events may occasionally include amplitude

readings from stations ABU, KAA, OTL, or PPL.

Duration magnitudes are determined from the length of signal in seconds

read from the Develocorder viewer. This time, also called the "F-P time" is

measured from the first P arrival to the point where the earthquake signal has

decayed to about twice the noise level, or to about 1 em peak-to-peak on the

Develocorder viewer. A plot of log (F-P time) versus local (amplitude)

magnitude appears in Figure 4. The bilinear relation shown in the figure is

an appropriate fit to the data sample and is used to compute all duration

magnitudes. Duration times are only read from Type 1 seismographs. Because

duration magnitudes are relatively insensitive to station response and can be

determined using the high-gain short-period stations, it is felt that duration

magnitudes are more accurate and complete at the lower magnitudes (below 2).

10
10,000c-----,--~--___,_--___,--_r--_,_--_,___r______::I

N' - 0.705 + 2.026 LOG (f-Pl

• • • • • • • 1,000

• ••

•

" . •

•

"""'---N· - 5.00 + 3.69 LOG (F - PI

l( .. ,... .... . .. " .." , .. .: .. " :.. ..

Jf'" .. .. •• t· .. .. .·.. :1·, .. : .. ...... _..... ...... ,.. .. .. ...." I e•

..' .. .. 'II •• :--•••• ~.. r .. .... .. ,.\ . , ...- • • •

..

•

100

10 0L----'--L---2L---3~--L4 -----1.

5

---.l6---.l7-----.J

6

NAG N17 UDE

Figure 4. Relationship between signal duration (F-P time) and local magnitude

for a large number of earthquakes which occurred during 1975 and

1976. Local magnitude is determined from amplitudes read on

Wood-Anderson and other calibrated seismographs. The dual linear

relationship between magnitude and log(F-P) appears to hold over a

magnitude range of 7 units.

11
SEISMIC SUMMARY

The emphasis in both station coverage and detailed data analysis is on

the highly active south flank of the island of Hawaii. Hundreds of

earthquakes too small to locate are counted daily, and the set of located

earthquakes in the Kilauea region is nearly complete above magnitUde about 2.0

to 2.5. Many smaller events are located also. Substantial effort is made to

locate earthquakes elsewhere on the island and within about 150 km of the

island. Such coverage cannot be as complete as on the south flank, but nearly

all events above magnitude 3.0 to 3.5 are located.

Data presented in the seismic summary is in four parts. Table 3 gives

duration of harmonic tremor and numbers of earthquakes (most too small to

locate) from several source regions around Kilauea. The source region is

determined visually from signal character and pattern of arrival times at key

stations. Maps showing computer located epicenters of all depths are given in

Figures 5, 6, 1 and 8. The epicenter maps are on two scales, and show both

all located earthquakes and large events only.

The list of computer locations constitutes the bulk of this summary, and

is given in Table 5. Each earthquake in the list is assigned a three-letter

code based on its location and in some cases on its depth. Figure 9 is a map

of the regions used to assign the location codes. The latitude and longitude

limits of rectangular regions are listed in Table 4. When the listed

coordinates imply an overlap, precedence is given according to Figure 9.

Table 6 relists the events in Table 5 for which either duration or amplitude

magnitude is 3.5 or larger. It is felt that this list is a more objective

measure of large earthquakes than a list of felt earthquakes.

Table 3. Number of earthquakes and minutes of tremor recorded on seismographs around Kilauea. Tremor is separated into three

categories: Deep, Intermediate, and Shallow, on the basis of

relative amplitude on seismographs in the summit region. Unless

otherwise stated, tremor is presumed to be associated with

movement of magma within the central complex of Kilauea

Volcano. Earthquake categories are: Kilauea Summit 30 kID,

earthquakes from about 30 km beneath the summit region; Kilauea

Summit long-period, earthquakes characterized by low-frequency

waves from intermediate depths roughly 5-10 km beneath the

summit region: Kilauea Summit Shallow, earthquakes from within a

few km beneath the caldera regionj SW Rift and Kaoiki,

earthquakes along the southwest rift zone of Kilauea and the

adjacent portions of the Kaoiki fault system; Upper East Rift,

earthquakes from the upper east rift zone of Kilaueaj Koae,

earthquake from along the northeast-trending Koae fault system

south of the caldera; Lower East Rift, earthquakes from the

lower east rift zone of Kilauea; South Flank, faults on the

south flank of Kilauea; Mauna Loa L-P, earthquakes characterized

by low-frequency waves from Mauna Loa volcano; Mauna Loa S-P

earthquakes from within a few kilometers beneath the summit of

Mauna Loa; Offshore PPL, earthquakes from mostly offshore areas

south of Puu Pili station.

12
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m

= minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa (1976 ) h = hours)

SW Rift Upper Lower I OffInter- and East East shore R

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P S-P PPL 

Jan 1 1 16 37 570 890 131 292

7 1 LP

2 1 9 78 481 807 128 266

2

3

3

5 84 131 451 116 126 11 Kon

4

5

6 146 469 865 141 59 1 2

3

5 2m 17 216 325 656 99 59 Pow

LPD

6 21 170 327 666 78 106 2 1 1

7 12 88 397 756 16 105

9 10 Kon

8 35 56 329 665 81 101

7

6 NER

9 13 154 365 676 79 173

4

5 Ko

10 3m

2 38 71 402 761 90 185

2

3

2 LPD

11

5 44 88 369 664 93 151

2

3 LPD

'" 12

2 40 66 310 670 75 128 2 2 1

13 17m 5m 3 9 89 329 915 114 142 2 4 8 Kon14 1 59 113 391 985 99 150 16 14 1 LPD

15

9 37 85 439 926 77 158 11

5 LPD

16 20m 12 55 149 438 823 83 177

2 18

3

17 10m 5 5 126 402 736 72 196 1 1 LPD

18

5 170 417 1035 72 208

3

6 LPD

19 31m

2 34 125 432 922 96 132 14

8 LPD

20 10m

2 41 109 353 912 94 102 18 13

3 Kon

21 15m

3 31 136 276 909 120 75 17

7 Kon

15 

22 2m

3 119 135 316 925 100 105

9 11 LPD

23 3m 1 118 105 127 496 83 125

4 15 Kon

24 7m!,. 1 8 119 263 825 110 121

9

8 17 LPD

25

4 13 125 362 877 103 118

4

3 1 Mau

26

3 20 126 313 819 146 88 9 9 Kon

27 1 14 94 266 691 93 73 25

5

2 LPD

28

3 11 87 326 884 103 120 10

5 1

29 2m

9 118 329 1009 87 148

3 8 2

30 1 19 263 320 816 119 100 2 2 Kon31

2 14 227 294 892 284 92

3 LPD

, ..

_

.. - o.lcano
! Earthquakes Tremor

Date (m

= minutes Kilauea Summit 1 Kilauea Flank I Mauna Loa I (1976) h = hours)

. .

SW Rift Upper Lower OffInter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow I 30 KM L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Kaae Rift 1-P S-P PPL 

Feb 1 6m 1 11 123 326 934 134 110 I 1 I 1 2 1 23 146 246 995 143 215 3 3 

3 2m I 1 23 141 261 985 151 241 , 7

4 13 192 167 790 69 65 1 I 4 1 

5

3 72 242 582 87 107 1 5 9 

6 5m 1 15 155 237 691 38 91 11 1 

7 1 11 87 216 752 86 126

2 7 3 

8

8 100 228 776 90 74 1

9

2 86 213 807 92 71

3

4 

10 24 326 183 903 161 I 70 4 4 

11 4nJJ 3nJJ

6 208 231 874 150 72 10 1 

- 12 1 7 146 175 600 97

1

67 4 4 1 

.. 13 20m 1 67 41 222 25 70

8 

•

14 104 I 174 530 54 I 93 1 5 

15 15m 71

I 31 253 43 59

6 

16

7 122 123 612 68 50 

17

7 150 I 150 646 68 62

2 I 8

2 

18 1 9 183 165 732 90 60

2

19 4m

3 10 202 219 779 74 48

8

20 2m 22 141 145 660 41 79 3 3 21 36m 1 8 98 202 551 43 73

3 1 1 

22 5m 2m 1 23 118 221 593 41 59

2 

23 9m 1 64 126 717 56 34

4 

24

3

6 120 121 655 65 31

5

9 

25 2nJJ

4 26 511 119 750 27 99 1 28 

26 25m 14 263 64 627 15 51

2 16 

27 3m 10m 2 8 143 52 858 20 99

2

9 

28 10m 1 12 65 835 25 98 4 8 1 29 25 177 857 74 97

6

3

• I 

...,

1.!MOK-Tremor beneath Hauna Loa Volcano
l/MOK-trernor beneath Matula Loa Volcano

,

Earthquakes

Tremor ,

Date (m

= minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa (1976) h = hours) ,

SW Rift Upper LoYler OffI Inter- and East East shore 

Deep I mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P S-P PPL 

Mar 1 I I 1 1 97 174 677 72 92 2 4 

2 I 1 2 103 192 754 56 77

3 1 1

3 4m I , 1 29 220 152 880 81 74

5 

4 I , 7 135 168 842 114 84 1 1 

5 I 10m 10 113 41 328 43 66 32

2

6 2m 1 23 123 40 413 54 50 1 6

7 I 1 14 110 141 717 62 66 2 2

8 4m 7rrJ,/ 12 91 152 671 88 80 21 13

9 1 15 256 158 820 75 94

4

3

10 1 28 185 148 826 62 82 1 2 11 , 3 50 98 168 733 79 80 1 2 

• 12 I 1 15 172 161 697 60 74 1 2 

" 13 I 2

9 180 177 841 79 75 1 

14 1 35 161 140 737 90 75 1 2 15

I

3m 7m 1 17 183 144 757 78 86 2 2 

16 1 13 150 140 697 77 77 4 2 17 1 15 128 156 804 79 83 11

3 

18 2m

3 42 185 139 791 77 86

7

8 

19 10m!/ 20m 34 130 52 1017 14 72 1 5 

20 6m!/ 20m

3 69 99 76 711 15 55 11

2

21 1 59 109 152 570 43 60 1 

22 2m

4 11 135 121 582 53 65

5

6 

23 1 9 158 120 661 51 61 1 8 

24 37m llmll

9 135 135 647 60 64

8

3 

25

2

5 146 132 641 79 86 11 13 

26 I 6 129 39 316 48 49 10 1

27 79 143 38 346 58 69

5

28 7m 3m 1 1 82 107 552 65 36 7 9 29 lOm'/

2 13 71 133 564 49 27 13 17 

30

2

9 70 101 471 43 44 13 20 

31 1 1 56 85 433 19 44 35 18 , , -,

'"
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa (1976 ) h = hours)

,

BW Rift Upper Lower OffInter- Wld East East shore R

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P S-P PPL 

Apr 1 8 62 81 488 33 68 22 10 LPD

2 22 438 99 711 49 51 7 6 Kon

3 8m 2 17 191 74 714 65 56 7 5 LPD

4 4 87 102 486 21 48 3 2 Kon

5 24 104 80 402 37 36 7 5 Hig

6 4 121 77 449 48 35 9 2 Hig

7 2mY 4m!/ 11 147 110 594 43 47 5 4 Hig

8 3 186 103 654 6 46 3 4 LPD

9 11 169 58 815 11 40 9 NER

10 24 163 37 579 6 34 3 Pow

11 20m 29 161 55 573 17 61 5 6 NE

• 12 2 3 172 115 589 37 45 3 12 " 13 2m 1 18 166 88 475 48 32 3 2

14 6m 2 34 99 93 527 37 46 20 5 Kon15 15m 2 1 91 94 494 41 61 7 3 Kon

16 7 114 37 273 37 64 517 28 160 30 338 47 70 618 3 9 452 110 972 91 38 1 Kon19 2 10 137 118 546 54 63 5 11 Kon

20 8 70 109 448 49 42 2 3 Kon

21 5m 9 118 125 532 55 53 9 5 Ku

LPD

22 48m 2 9 105 101 484 50 52 8 Ku

3mY

23 2l 107 75 432 27 57 2 124 1 11 159 104 584 68 68 1 Kon

25 2 11 209 129 636 67 71 4 LPD

26 7 261 142 583 75 49 5 3 Kon

27 2 13 229 104 507 71 75 9 11

28 8m 1 15 223 131 629 78 56 11 6 Kan

29 10m 2 13 178 135 572 65 70 2 6 Kon

30 32m 20 155 52 I 354 10 54 9 13 1 LPD

'"

Mauna Loa Volcano
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minu;)s Kilauea Swnmit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa (1976 ) h - hours

SII Rift Upper lo.....er OffInter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30KM L-P S-P Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P S-P PPL 

May 1 69m 10m 2 23 177 132 424 54 65 2 9 

2mY

2 174m 1 9 190 133 458 77 104 3 

3 22m 12 152 106 543 61 83 26 9 

4 14 161 87 504 42 66 4 3 

5 1 5 172 87 633 50 72 10 6 

6 4 196 85 503 64 86 20 33 

7 1 160 20 249 51 49 5 43

8 40m 182 29 258 53 79 19 26

9 1 2 117 94 471 36 64 10 10 

"

10 8 157 86 557 64 76 18 8 11 2 32 182 86 474 53 81 17 8 

12 5m 37 173 27 237 10 20 8 16 

13 2h 437 136 23 233 4 52 1 2

14 23m 50 149 35 389 7 67 6 215 20m 3 148 226 46 429 5 37 4 216 1 47 94 97 486 44 77 32 14 

17 8m 49 199 106 462 67 97 12 9 

18 1 8 11.26 97 397 70 87 11 3 1 

19 2 1 1222 88 588 62 87 17 87 

20 3 234 71 317 32 66 11 6

21 6 1204 86 373 45 59 10 3 

22 lOml! 1 219 86 350 34 42 12 4 

23 1 5 244 61 405 47 50 7 8 

24 3m 2 2 237 75 388 38 63 15 4 

25 1m 9 274 82 446 37 75 1126 3 2 286 88 457 56 95 9 227 3 1 257 85 396 42 61 5 2 28 382 32 227 50 58 5

29 2 326 32 385 66 36 1 3

30 1 386 57 408 77 38 1 6

31 13 290 113 525 55 22 1 

, I

l!MOK-tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa (1976) h = hours)

SW Rift Upper Lower Offlater- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P S-P Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P S-P PPL 

Jun 1 5m 7 325 86 509 49 31 7 1

2 7m1./ 56 308 84 590 68 60 7 3 

3 4 78 271 109 552 62 71 1 1 

4 2m 4m1./ 7 91 332 105 686 76 52 3 1 

5 22m 1 302 299 91 498 47 34 2 2 

6 3 107 341 127 427 52 58 5 1 

7 16m 1 10 276 74 393 51 47 1 

8 10m 10 312 85 448 42 73 3 1 

9 2m 1 14 326 52 579 30 78 2 1

10 11m 79 335 56 544 78 61 2 1 

11 5m 15m 1 98 294 28 429 18 39 7 

12 8m 5m1./ 44 347 23 445 14 3 5 3 

•

» 13 1 4 344 86 519 55 56 1 2 

14 3m 6 241 86 373 44 38 3 2 

15 5 210 71 460 47 33 2 2 

16 3 144 63 299 34 36 6 2 

17 5m 3 207 52 319 36 43 6 5

18 6m 6 205 53 387 42 39 22 6 19 5 286 54 479 73 35 12 17 

20 1 4 352 67 423 53 34 8 6 21 6 142 39 3134 22 29 10 8 

22 27 133 73 828 59 56 29 8 

23 28m1.1 1 14 126 87 660 23 51 14 10 

24 1 20 163 71 382 11 53 6 8 

25 15 218 20 253 54 31 2 2

26 15m 298 30 257 64 31 7

27 4m1. 2 277 97 531 34 52 7 9 

28 4 8 231 72 440 20 32 17 2

29 35m 1 8 263 78 432 25 34 2 5 

30 1 245 73 396 19 44 31 3

'"

11MOK-tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
17MOK-tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano

Earthqua.k.es

Tremor

Date (m

= minutes Ki lauea Summit Kilauea Flank l>1auna Loa (1976) h = hours)

SW Rift Upper Lo....er OffInter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P S-P Kaoiki Rift Koa. Rift L-P s-p PPL 

Jul 1 3

8 228 69 380 21 59

5

2 21m

3 268 72 364 44 45

5

2

3

5 282 75 401 33 33 1 

4

6 BB

6 105

2 10

2 

5

2 349 49 395 31 39

2 

6

4 277 59 451 21 42 

7

2

7 117 38 188 17 21 1 

8 1 24 125 46 352 19 26

2 

9 96 22 161 46 32 37

10 150 25 315 39 38

2 

11

4 57 140 47 613 16 56

9

• 12 6m 1 17 119 40 636 28 32 1 2 

• 13 24m

8 126 42 767 46 41

4

2 

15m1/

14 1 16 320 62 1677 26 42

3

4 

15

7 105 90 591 41 44

3

2 

16

2

9 106 55 534 39 49

5 

17

4 34 132 51 548 41 47

4 

18

2 28 138 46 435 40 46

2

4 

19

2

7 167 57 497 48 29

2

3 

20

2

5 164 62 376 34 17 1 1

21 2 2 114 41 470 30 31 2 1 

22

3 27 160 57 478 48 26 2 1 

23 12 329 19 525 19 21

2 

24

9 319 49 732

9 29 4 6 1

25 7m

2 193 45 439 33 45 2 3 

26 41m 6m

3 341 63 422 38 28 1 3 

27 36m

9 221 59 587 23 34

9

3 

28 3mY

2 20 254 64 560 34 29 28

3 

29 1 13 245 64 435 53 30 6 1 

30

2 16 296 70 568 39 39

7

3 

31 1 14 302 51 635 51 29

3 

, .

..
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes Kilauea Summi t I Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa I (1976 ) h = hours) SW Rift Upper LOY1er I OffInter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P s-p PPL 

Aug 1 16 191 42 434 16 30 1 2 N

2 7 184 55 350 26 40 19 19 K

3 1 4 144 59 282 20 33 5 11 L

4 1 176 42 302 30 19 6 28

5 5m 5 257 59 469 38 41 13 12 K

6 28 319 18 318 74 34 1 6

7 7m 2 264 14 290 73 41 1 7 K

8 10 214 50 468 24 41 8

9 4 13 320 55 504 29 38 9 7

10 7mY 4 270 56 427 33 39 29 3 N

11 2rn!J 1 255 54 411 26 31 16 2 K

4m

,,

12 4 223 49 214 22 33 3 K13 3"J) 3 345 22 353 6 27 13 4 N

14 lom!! 1 6 431 20 494 6 21 12 6 K15 10 262 33 494 30 48 3 26 3

16 1 1 332 66 572 58 29 16 6 K

17 2m 1 4 267 68 584 47 98 14 7 L18 2 2 201 61 652 44 32 4 3 N

19 8 246 77 509 30 33 7 9 K

20 7m 5 209 55 445 37 27 3 3 D21 3m 3m 11 238 63 521 68 38 4 1 L

22 6 118 33 211 27 26 1 8 5

23 6m 1 13 108 77 295 40 41 5 2 L

24 14m 5 65 85 301 39 28 11 1 L

25 1 10 99 59 339 56 33 4 5 L

26 13 90 97 413 46 25 10 2 K

27 3 146 21 196 41 32 2 11 K

28 5m 4 131 21 211 42 28 1 N

29 27 129 55 226 39 65 3 19 1 N

30 52m 2 13 153 63 303 43 35 1 2 L

31 4m 13 167 82 322 43 44 2 3 K

M

,

..

co

l:.!MOK-tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
17

- MOK-tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano

Earthquake

Tremor

Date (m = minutes Kilauea Sununit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa (1976) h = hours)

SH Rif't Upper Lower OffInter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P S-P Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P S-P PPL 

Sep 1 11 117 76 359 40 27 

2 2 25 106 54 375 59 36 2 6 1 

3 35 125 43 300 64 84 29 15 2

4 28 77 65 172 44 48 40 10 

5 4nJJ 2 25 83 69 258 52 45 4 5 1 

6 9 102 63 365 43 33 4 2 

7 2 20 83 79 384 52 31 4 3 

8 2 10 52 71 261 15 29 4 

9 10m 3 7 72 56 225 23 33 3 1 3 

10 9m 10ll,1/ 11 271 28 286 3 56 10 10 3 11 11 363 12 291 1 171 10 1 2 

, 12 2 21 211 76 334 35 200 5 

•

13 6m 3m 1 7 171 54 320 34 116 13 

14 5 99 60 197 5 71 17 4 

15 3 75 39 212 8 62 10 2

16 2 17 78 80 299 26 83 6 

17 2 7 82 74 330 49 80 4 4 

18 20m 15nJJ 1 55 209 75 339 40 56 12 3 19 4m 16 99 72 340 38 82 29 1

20 3 15 65 76 287 26 69 31 2 21 1 3 52 75 278 49 36 16 1 

22 8m 2 11 79 67 352 38 41 15 123 11m 27 87 76 342 40 47 16 2 24 33m 2m 22 70 24 155 42 45 2 9

25 5m 127 81 28 131 38 35 14 7 26 3m 53 69 68 348 29 46 5 3 127 32 70 321 44 3 2 28 25 75 75 394 26 31 1 2 

29 2 23 88 87 382 47 42 4 

30 53 84 81 421 40 30 10 

,

. ,

"
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m

= minutes I

(1916 ) h = hours) Kilauea Summit , Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa

I SW Rift Upper Lower Off- Inter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM I L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P s-p PPL 

Oct 1 35m 10m

2 150 110 15 293 12 39

3

9

2 91m

:Jm1/ 281 106 34 232

9 22

3

2 L

3 1 58 114 89 402 32 41 1 4 K

4

4 49 91 88 390 38 39 1 3 K

5

2 26 108 83 451 25 24 1 3 K

6 1m 141 82 81 422 48 34 4 4

1 16m 128 95 61 264 15 34

8 L

8

2 32 16 64 249 19 21

4 1 K

9 4m

3 30 106 61 301 11 29

3

2 L

10 19m

4 91 92 31 251 11 34

4 1 O

11 5mJ/ 6m

3 46 115 24 254 1 25

3

9 N

12 24m

3 135 159 32 264

4 19

2

3 N

• 13 1 36 115 31 229

3 23

3

2 N

•

14 110m

5 102 161 19 191 10 19

2

4 K

15 8m

9 210 11 161 55 31 1 10 1

16 181 245 26 198 10 41 3 511 8m 55m 121 200 31 230 11 24 1 6

3

18 14m 41 242 22 219 12 23

3

6 K

19 23 204 30 211 1 13 1 1 1 N

20 14m

4 180 180 36 283 13 32

2

6 N

21 30m 111 221 21 256

8 39 2 1 N

22 4m

2 35 153 40 219 11 12 1 K

23 21 116 10 241

4 25 1

24 65m

3 121 213 21 231

6 26

3 1 L

25 40m 1 101 222 26 186 1 18

2

3 L

26 1 60 300 25 194 12 28

4

6 L

21 1 6 281 29 235 11 31 1 5 N

28 11 385 32 214 13 52

2

9 N

29 1 233 45 188 59 32 11 12 N

30 136m 12 245 23 243 16 31 1 6 L

31 20 216 40 261

5 22 3 3

2 L

, •

.. . . ..- .. ---- .. ".,--

..

..
lh-lOK-tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano

Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Hauna Loa (1916 ) h = hours}

, SW Rift Upper Loyer OffInter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P s-p PPL 

Nov 1 9rrd/ 4 27 346 45 325 11 26 15 2 N

2 21 285 32 307 34 32 3 2 K

3 7m 1 20 302 34 187 18 23 2 4 L

4 20 324 26 154 8 28 2 2 2 N

5 2 24 256 45 135 14 41 4 8 N

6 3 398 33 189 11 39 2 5 N

7 2 3 349 24 211 12 38 3 8 1 L

8 44 374 41 224 21 36 10 10

9 3mY 21 397 17 277 11 41 2 9 D

10 1 20 352 23 259 19 51 23 16 1 L

11 9 321 21 208 9 27 7 4 L

, 12 1 1 317 15 155 50 30 1 8 M

, 13 2 549 23 161 42 28 2 6

14 5m 34 350 21 260 4 27 5 M15 5 322 24 303 1 30 1 5 M

16

8Qm1/

3 9 384 14 181 3 29 1 1 N

17 26m 1 23 468 15 173 5 39 45 2 L

18 24m 5 28 425 34 180 9 41 7 7 2 K19 1 39 370 36 127 46 34 347 2l 1 N

20 32 374 30 132 31 41 306 4 N21 19m 1 62 419 19 154 4 28 223 1 N

22 28m 5m 2 51 385 32 166 9 29 152 39 K23 14,J/ 92 389 33 176 43 32 67 27 1

20m

24 5m 22 343 22 144 10 38 36 18 1 N

25 6m 28 354 21 186 10 26 17 46 N

26 27 371 14 194 9 34 24 17 N

27 47m 14 364 26 203 5 36 7 17 L

28 7m 13 356 41 194 6 33 8 19 N

29 3nd/ 13 388 30 159 1 21 14 17 M

30 20 379 39 283 3 27 8 12 N

,

'"

'"
J:/MOK-tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano

Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Los (1976 ) h = hours)

,

SW Rift Upper Lower OffInter- and East East shore 

Deep mediate Shallow 30 KM L-P s-p Kaoiki Rift Koae Rift L-P S-P PPL 

Dec 1 38m 13 406 43 274

2 45

2

9 N

2

2 19 345 30 275 15 41 11

2 N

3

3 396 28 209 35 38 1 4

4

4 431 22 220 37 26 2 4 N

5 13 332 32 273

6 53

5

4 K

6 30m 1 18 403 33 203

2 29 6 2

7

2 23 383 30 207

7 30

3

2 K

8 5m 1 14 493 26 185 1 29

4 10 N

9 5m 17 467 38 193

3 26

6

5 K

10 12 272 44 176 15 25 2 4 L

11 23m 19 167 42 143 37 38 13 7 3

12

2 19 333 48 245

2 17

7 10

2

13 23 486 20 217 32 26

7 M

14 20m 1 42 319 48 266 15 11 7 5 K15 12 501 114 474 72 13 15

2 N

16

4 767 20 147 35 23

9

17 2 4 358 64 496 10 20

5

3 L

18 31m 1 3 161 26 211

4

8

3

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22

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5 24 14 K

25 1 19 311 35 330

9 20 3 1 N

26 3rJl 1 9 355 38 377

9 24

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CONTE2lTS

Page

Introduction. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. ..•.. . . ..•. . .. ...•. .. . . . .•.. . .. . .•. 1

Chronological SUIlIll3ry........................................... 2

Seismic Instrumentation......................................... 4

Figure 1 Map of Hawaii showing geographic and geologic

features. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 5

Figure 2 Map of Hawaii showing active seismic stations..... 6

Table 1 Seismic stations on Hawaii operated by the USGS... 7

Table 2 Seismic instrumentation types in use by HYO....... 8

Figure 3 System response curve of the four basic seismograph types in use by HYO....................... 9

Seismic Data Processing......................................... 10

Figure 4 Relationship between duration time and local

magni tude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Seismic SlUIIlIary.......................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Table 3 Number of earthquakes and minutes of tremor

recorded on seismographs around Kilauea .

Figure 5 Epicenter map of Hawaii showing only magnitudes

larger than 3 .

Figure 6 Epicenter map of Hawaii showing all earthquakes...

Figure 7 Epicenter map of the KilauealMauna Loa region

showing only magnitudes larger than 3 .

Figure a Epicenter map of the KilauealMauna Loa region

showing all earthquakes .

Figure 9 Map of Hawaii showing geographic codes used for

classifying earthquakes by region .

Table 4 Coordinates of named regions used for classifying

earthquakes .

Table 5 List of all located earthquakes........•......•...

III

12

25

25

26

26

27

28

29
",.. ,

;0

il

•

I.·..

Figure 5 Epicenter plot of magnitude 3 and above earthquakes for the year 1976.

,,'..

•

• •

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;0

il

..'

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. '

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'.

·0-1

. 2

: 1WAG

-5·7 '.· . • • I'·"

Figure 6. Epicenter plot

year 1976.

of all

26

events located for the
•

•

rJ • •

• ••

• •• •

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ll! • ,

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19.60

• 3 • • • MAG I!I • • .~-7

•••

•

19-10

Figure 7. Epicenter plot of Mauna Loa and Kilauea earthquakes magnitude 3

and above for the year 1976.

• ,

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,

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•

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19.10

Figure 8. Epicenter plot of all Mauna Loa and Kilauea earthquakes

located for the year 1976.

28
DIS

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I

)

155 0

I

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DIS

_ 200

I KD' UER MER

L. H'f-----4 " /'

,.-__,-,S,-,W'TR - --

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NER

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l

HIL

GLN

DIS

- 190

'-------./ 18 0 30'

Figure 9. Map indicating limits of areas for specific mnemonic codes

used in the remarks column of the earthquake summary. DEP

is a code applied to earthquakes with depths greater than

13 kilometres in the Kilauea region. 3PC is used for

depths between 0 and 6 km, and LPC is used between 6 and 13

km.

27
Table 4. Coordinates of named regions.

Name (---------------------------Limits-----------------------------------l

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST DEPTHS

D M D M D M D M 0

SPC 19 <l 19 23 155 15 155 19 o - 6

LPC 19 <l 19 23 155 15 155 19 6 - 13

DEP 19 29 19 18 155 22 155 22 13 - 70

UER 19 23 19 19 155 6 155 15

KOA 19 23 19 17 155 15 155 19

SWR 19 22 19 16 155 19 155 25

UKF 19 29 19 22 155 19 155 30

MER 19 25 19 16 155 1 155 6

LER 19 31 19 20 154 47 155 1

PeL 19 19 19 10 155 6 155 15

LSW 19 16 19 0 155 21 155 34

PPL 19 10 18 30 155 0 155 21

HLP 19 17 19 10 155 15 155 21

HlK 19 40 19 22 155 30 155 45

GLN 19 31 19 23 155 1 155 19

KON 19 55 19 15 155 45 156 10

HEA 19 22 19 0 155 25 155 45

KOH 20 15 19 55 155 30 156 0

NER 19 40 19 29 155 12 155 30

HIL 19 50 19 31 154 47 155 12

KKU 20 5 19 40 155 0 155 45

DIS EVERYPLACE ELSE

IlLS QUARRY BLAST

When coordinates imply an overlap, precedence is given as shown in Figure 9.

28
Table 5 is a chronological listing of successfully located earthquakes. For

each event the following data are presented:

Origin time in Hawaiian Standard Time: date, hour (HR), minute (MN), and

second (SEC).

Epicenter in degrees and minutes of North latitude (LAT N) and west longitUde

(LON W).

DEPTH - Depth of focus in km.

AMP MAG - Amplitude magnitude, if determined.

DUR MAG - Duration magnitude, if determined.

NR - Number of arrivals (P or S) used for solution.

NS - Number of S arrivals used for solution.

GAP DEG - Largest azimuthal separation in degrees between stations.

RMS SEC - Root mean square error of time residuals in sec.

RMS = ( L R~/NR) 1/2

MIN DIS - Epicentral distance in km to the third nearest station.

ERH km - Standara error of the epicenter 1n km.

ERZ km - Standrad error of depth of focus in km.

REMK - Remarks, three letter code for geographic location of event. See

Figure 9 for location of mnemonic code.

Table 5 lists all events located during 1976. Table 6 lists only events of

magnitude 3.5 or larger.

29
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54
TABLE 6. "VO SUr>lMARY LIST . MAG 3.5 AND ABOVE PAGE

ORIGIN TIME lAT N lUN • DEPTH AMP UU. GAP RMS MIN ER" ER'

YEAR MON DA HRMN SEC OF.G "'N DEr. "'N '" MAG MAG N. NS OEG SEC UIS '" KM REMK

1Hb JAN 1 0 2 tl8.09 la 50.09 155 tI.b8 1 b. b 1 3.6 _ • I 2a 0 2b' • I 0

5 _

3.' 29.5 PPl

1 a'_ 19.82 la tlO."" 155 2.80 50.32 _.1 _.2 15 I 310 .oa la 6.0 14.1 PPl

1 153b a7.31 " 21 .71 155 15.0d 9.34 3.5 3.' 30 U 60 • I 0 - .- .5 KO'

1 016 39.3b " 18.b9 155 20.bb 9.b" 3.1 3.1 30 0 lOb .11 b .7 .- SWR

7 1_' B.B " 27.20 IS_ 53.21 7.b9 3.a 3.' 2A I 23a .U, 19 •• .5 LER

11 1 _ 5 40.17 l' 30.77 155 It•• 17 24.49 _.2 _.2 32 0 61 .11 13 .7 1 ., GlN

15 12<l1 45.31 I. 24.55 155 11.59 14.21 -.- _.5 35 0 _6 .00

- .5 .A OEP

15 1259 2b.09 " 24.b5 155 17 • b 0 Ib.07 _.5 _.7 3_ 0 '6 .10

- .6 I .0 DEP

1. 1~29 13084 1. 22.49 155 b.53 8.U,5 3.1 _.0 20 0 68 .0' 8 .7 .' U,R

16 20 0 3.85 " 21 .29 1SU ~9.b1 2.18 3.2 3.A 2S 0 20b .12 12 t.2 t.5 L'.

la --. 28.37 " 21.13 155 15.30 9.10 ;.6 3.a 31 0 60 .0.

- ., ·\ KOA

la I_ S 10.<:12 19 21.71 1;S 7 .01 9.35 3.6 _.0 30 0 7. • 10 a .6 .5 UE • 18 1413 37.139 l' 21 • h5 155 7 .02 7.03 3.6 3.7 31 0 73 .(J9 a ., .7 UER

la 23':17 Ub.47 19 22.50 155 5.92 7.9/J 3.6 3.5 32 0 11 .10 1 .5 .7 ME.

21 I1tll 21.2<l 19 22.02 ISS 7.':?1 8.Lla _. I _.2 2_ U 17. .12 10 I • ; •• UER

23 2_7 <l0.05 19 21 • b 3 155 /J.91i 8.9b 3.1 _.0 31 0 62 .13 • •• .6 r-lER

23 620 1 4 • 1 1 19 21.82 155 7. 92 8.'H 3.2 :S.5 26 0 79 .10 • .' .7 UER

27 535 '::d.38 I' 21 .20 155 b.ll 8.&9 3., 3 •• 31 0 ., .11 7 .7 .5 UER

27 2226 28. 1b l' 20.28 155 b.b4 tJ.25 _.U _.1 31 U 107 • I 0 1 • I .5 UER

29 1019 50.117 19 22.14 IS. 5':l.b/J 0.1')6 , • 1 •• 9 33 0 lH' • I' H' 1.2 •• lER

31 20 7 26.9b " 22. 1a 155 u.rn 1, 52 3.3 3 •• 2. U

" .1 3 • .1 •• MER

FE. 3 Ib/.l2 13.a5 19 22.b8 155 5.95 8.7'1 :S.tI 3.7 30 U 72 .11 1 .b .' MER

3 2050 SIl.46 I. 21.*,1 155 15.18 9.78 3.5 3.8 2' 0 hI .08

- .a .3 KOA

5 11'19 ".48 ,. 2~.u2 1;; 8.1d 8.1 U 3. 1 '.b 2a 0 11 .12 • .7 •• lJElol

5 1919 1 b. 7 1 I' 20.as 155 7.11 'L2·' 3.2 3.b 2R 0 .. .08 1 .b • • UER

1 2248 12.2b I. 19.77 I '" 7 • 4b 1.82 3.2 3.7 27 U 10:S .0' a .5 .R UER

10 1820 3.55 " 20.33 155 6.07 9.':lt> 2 •• 3.5 25 0 ID2 .0. I .b •• UER

12 61a 2b.21 19 21 • f:. 7 IS; 3. ':1\ 7.25 3.2 3.a 2a 0 10. • 12 II .A .R MER

13 Oa9 ':i 1 .8 b ,. 31. 33 , ;S 57 .70 9.b8 3.6 3. 1 21 0 23« • 1> 22 2. 1 •• KON

1 A 18ao 52.f:ll ,.2~.82 I ;S lb.4h .b' 2 •• a. , 21 1 12A • 15 2 .b 1.2 sec

20 19':l1 1'1.91 20 2t1.95 1>6 1 .2\1 31 • 1':l 5. 1 _.b , 0 Ib2 .00 a3 ,54.d 5~.7 DIS

2. 550 1 q. 19 ,. 22.20 155 &.b5 8.5q •• 2 -.2 2. 0 71 .11 • .b .1 UER

2. 11142 32.b3 l' 2~.27 15S /J.dl 7.82 3.2 3.6 23 0 12. .11 • • I 1 .0 MEQ

2. 1'H~ 30.56 ,. 21 .12 155 7.9b 9.38 '. 1 3.; 31 0 7h .11 • .7 .- llER

25 1.548 20.37 ,. 22.17 , ;S 0.3S 8.9~ 3.9 •• 2 31 0 73 .0. 1 .' .- "ER

2a 2.555 25.89 " 22.42 155 6.3b 8. 12 3.3 3.b 25 U b' .11 8 .6 .R UER

2. 1941 ':I8.~3 ,. 20.?8 155 b.bl q. 1 j 3. 1 3.5 27 0 107 .11 7 .a • 5 U,• MAR • 1223 1.1.59 19 2 t • b 0 15' 1 • q ') b.04 3., •• 0 29 0 160 .11 13 .1 1 • 1 MER

7 ib25 .511.6a 19 21. HI 155 7. 17 8.211 3.1 •• 0 30 0 1. • 12 a .6 •• UE"

• 5 5 17.66 19 18.sa 155 20.b5 4 • .37 2 •• 3.5 30 0 IlU .0. • .S •• SWR

10 1832 110.95 I' 20.30 155 7. 13 9.0S 2 •• 3.' 26 0 •• .13 1 •• .1 U,R

11

- 2 4d.2! I. 21 • bO IS; 15.45 8.98 ;'1 3., 25 0 b7 .11 5 .7 •• KOA

13 616 16 • .58 19 8.b9 15~ 30. 14 1 1 .2b 3.5 3.5 2a 3 156 .13 2a , .0 ·" lSW

19 132a 30.32 " 21 .32 155 ,Lu3 8. 11 3.' •• 1 29 0 110 .12 II •• 1 • (l '~ER

20 1313 19.86 19 19.83 15~ 6.5.5 tJ.21 3. I 3.5 27 0 120 .0. 7 .1 .5 UE.R

21 .31 33.54 '9 22.23 155 15.c!h 9.78 3.3 ;.6 20 0 55 .11

- .a 1 .6 KOA

21 2031 24.bo ,. 20.22 1S; tl.bl 8.42 3.2 3.6 n 0 7. .11 • .0 .7 "ER

22 20tl~ 2b.9u 19 21 • A~ 1S; 5.0.5 8.7'5 3.3 3.5 2' 0 71 .11 8 .7 .6 M,R

66
HVO SUW~j\ffY LIST - MAG S.5 AND AI3UVF PA[;c 2

ORIGIN TIME lAT N LON • U£PTH AMP OUR GAP "MS MIN f"H /::RZ

VOR MON OA HRMN SEC OEG MIN OEG to< ll~ 'M ~~AG HAG NR NS UEt> SEC 015 'M 'M RE.HK

1976 '~A R 23 15 b .5. 24 19 18.82 155 16.38 9.48 3.7 3.9 ;0 u "" • 1"3 • .b .7 'OA

2b 8VV a 7 • 15 19 20.67 15S 10.80 CJ.u3 2.9 3.5 18 II 7v .OB e •• 1.2 lJEff

29 5 9 52.00 19 21 • 83 155 1 '5. 1q Cj • 7.5 3.7 v.O 27 0 59 .12 V • I ., <OA

30 1452 10.26 " 20.01 '" 7 • 52 q.~O 3.1I 3.7 29 0 101 .10 • .8 ., llER

APR 2 "V 6.50 ,9 20.&2 155 b.SU 'i..5 7 V.b V.b j3 0 101 .10 7 ." .v UE"

2 91V II. 7 0 " 38.57 '" '3 Cj • ':13 b.b£l 3.4 3.b 2V 2 221 .<1 29 I • b 1.2 KllN

2 955 3.26 19 19.86 155 12.91" 8.41 ;,b 3,9 28 0 72 .09 7 ., .7 UE"

3 lV3 42.22 19 23.72 155 11 • 02 3. q 1 3.0 3.b 32 0 37 .lb 3 .b .9 SPC

b 312 52.13 19 20.59 I" 12.54 9.21 3.- 3.7 29 0 h7 .13 7 .' .9 UE"

11 1535 /J q. 18 19 20.'15 155 3.5& so.n 3.4 3.7 2b 0 99 • I V 10 1.0 .9 i~E R

,2 72b 23.£15 19 18.94 155 21. '::10 9.41 3.0 3.5 27 0 103 • 12 8 .7 .' SI'JR

I V 22 I 36.02 19 21. Ed 15v 53.01 8. 1b 3.3 3.5 29 0 2t1a • I 5 19 2.3 .9 LER

20 711 .3.11 19 21 .70 155 15.25 CJ.,:>O 3.5 3.7 31 IJ bO .11 V .' .5 'OA

21 18 I 3 34.a9 18 /J 7 .70 155 .30 49.81 V.b 4.2 22 0 278 .09 b; -.. 9.0 PPl

22 55v 1.1.92 19 31 .50 155 18.b4 11 .64 ;.v 3,b 32 0 bl • 1 V 15 .' .3 NOI

22 8;; .97 19 18.57 155 20.6/1 9.7b 3.v 3,7 2b 0 109 • 1 1 b .7 .V Sl-.R

23 12?9 53.77 19 21 .88 15> 5.15 8.'15 v.2 v.3 2' 0 77 .11 • .1 .b ME~

2b 2114" 41 .56 19 23.26 155 16.96 5.'10 3.1 3.B 2b 0 44 .to , .V .b SPC

MAY 1 1852 '1.85 19 18.43 155 23.~b 6.6.3 3.2 v.O 31 0 107 .11 9 •• 1 • b S\'l~

• b14 '1.3.37 19 21 .55 155 7.95 9.1': ;.v 3.6 ;0 0 71 .0' 9 .5 ., UER

10 .27 4.1;5 19 23.27 155 4.1;8 7.13 3,5 3.b 32 0 94 .1< ,0 .5 .' ~1£~

12 555 11 • 56 '9 20.35 155 11.6b 9.26 3.7 V.2 31 0 77 • , 0 7 .b .7 UE.

11 145 6.09 19 1<1.18 15> 16.21, 9.60 3.b 3.8 32 0 91 .0' 5 .' .4 KUA

11 20~" 4 q. 19 19 lq.bb 155 B.I}O 9.51 3.0 3.b 28 0 7 • • 09 10 .b • 2 uc • ,. bib £I 1 • 5 1 ,. 1q. 7b 155 1."B 8.63 3.5 _.0 « 0 102 • I 2 • •• .b UER

,9 17lc 'S.5.s 19 19.eO 155 1. 7 9.29 ; .. 4. I 31 U 9b .12 • .8 .b UE.

21 1953 9.83 ,9 21 .08 155 /).06 <1.27 3.2 3.5 31 0 9V .11 7 •• .5 UER

22 1852 13.'11; 19 ? 1 .68 155 15. 11 10.51 3.7 V.O 31 0 bO .U9 V .5 .2 tWA

23 1731 20. 18 19 20.44 1'S~ 6.81 9.58 v.O V.O 31 0 101 .11 7 •• .5 UER

23 232£1 1 .63 20 51.l.93 15b 2].I.lO 49.09 V.3 4.2 ;V 2 ~(Jb .1416<1 3.2 l.b DIS

2' 12 8 1.15.51 10 23.03 155 4.81.1 8.1 1 3.3 3.7 2b 0 98 .09 • .5 .b MER

31 b27 21 .09 20 It1.17 155 53.55 .51.tl6 3.6 3. 3 9 0 303 .ov 70 5.8 9.7 'OH

31 832 9.Q9 20 15.86 155 tlb.l1 2.68 4. 1 3.9 b 2 175 .07 75 10. 1 5.b 015

JUN 4 2250 '51.27 19 21.5" 15> 7. 1 0 9.H v. 1 4._ 32 0

'" .12 8 ·., • 5 uE •

7 1039 37 • '5 7 19 19. 15 155 1'5. btl 31 • <l 0 3.5 3,3 35 0 93 • fl 9 b .7 1.3 ou:

10 015 3.85 19 20.07 155 7. 32 8.5':1 ::S.3 3.7 32 0 100 .11 8 .7 .b lJER

10 22 5 5.23 19 19.18 155 ti.S1 9.55 3.2 3,7 33 0 79 .09 \0 •• .? UE.

IV 1til 7 15.19 19 2t1.25 '" 15.o~ 1.1.37 3.2 3,9 2V 0 109 • 1 V 3 •• 1 .0 sec

lb 017 15 •., 19 21 .81 155 <l.ts4 1.79 3.v 3.b 31 0 79 .09 • .5 .b .ER

18 12 I 11 .60 19 22.53 155 6.06 7.50 3.V 3.b 2B 0 b9 .11 7 .b .9 UER

20 3 b 23.81 19 11 .44 155 32.ijl 10.b" 3. 1 3.5 23 0 132 .11 22 1 • 3 .b lSW

21 1539 5.68 ,9 22."9 155 13.':7 b.80 2.9 3,b 2b 0 5V • I 0 • .5 1.0 Ut::R

21 lA16 21 .24 19 22. 15 155 12.92 5.39 3. 1 3.5 2. 0 50 .12 5 .5 .5 IJER

2' 19 3 34.10 ,. 22.27 155 13.1.s 6. 1 5 3.v 3.7 27 0 5V .09 b .V 1.0 UER

21 1936 29.86 19 22. 10 155 12.95 6.06 ;. I 3.b 20 0 bl .13 0 •• 2 •• UER

21 20 0 34.66 19 22.34 155 13.2.s 5.30 3.3 3.' 2b 0 b3 .1.3 7 .b .7 llt::R

21 2015 12.03 ,. 22.81 155 '5. (itl 9.58 3.2 3.5 3D 0 BV .11 9 • 7 •• Me.

21 22"1 19.86 19 22.36 IS5 12.15 4.87 2.B 3.b 28 0 77 .1 b 5 • I • 9 LlER

66
HVO SUMMARY LIST - M'G ".5 'NO AHOVE PAGI:. 3

ORIGIN TIME LAI N LON \'j DEPTH AW~ OUR G'P ~MS MIN EHH ER,

YEAR MON 0' HRMN SEC OEG />IIN UEG MI r~ KM "'G ,.1j\G NR NS OCG SEC UIS KM K" Io/E~lK

1976 JUN 22 3 • 39.5& ,. 22.bt.i \

" 1tl • jib 2.53 3.2 '.0 32 0 50 .15 • .b I., Uffol

22 3" 9.92 ,. 23. 13 155 Itl.bO '5. 3 7 >,0 3,5 <0 0 •• • 11 j .' •• GLN

23 052 25.03 ,. 21 .58 155 15.54 2:. 11 2.' 3.7 20 0 b2 .1. • .b 2.0 KO.

20 1947 5L8S 10 20 • .51 155 11.90 9.23 3.b j.a 20 0 ,. .1. 7 ., .5 uER

25 '20 52.£19 10 23.27 155 lo.cH 3.77 2.5 3.'

" 0 os .10 3 • I 1.0 SPC

JUL 5 100 tl3. 57 19 2a.07 155 3.')9 8.08 3. I 3.b 21 0 119 .12 11 1.0 .a :~EW

b 1345 Q7.ljl 10 21 • b 1 15> 15.27 9.41 3.2 3.' 2a 0 b2 .0' 0 ., .b KO.

11 232& 10.83 10 21 • 1 1 155 13 • .55 9.48 3.2 3.' 31 0 55 ..

' • ·, .' U._

" 2 5 2.37 ,. 23.21 155 lO.~5 4.89 ".3 3.7 " 0 55 .12 3 .b .7 GLI~

" 141 Q J8. 0 7 ,9 22.",5 155 12.7& Q.88 3.1 3 •• " 0 ., • l' 8 .7 1.0 UER

15 a50 39.83 19 21 • bb 155 7.,.,1 7. 81 3,3 3.5 2a 0 72 · l' a .7 •• UER

I. 111 28.15 10 10.70 155 311:!.bS 8.83 '.2 3.a 27 0 I3b .18 23 1 • < I.' LS,

la 2331 25.59 ,. 19.83 \55 7 • /:It.! 9.32 3.4 '.0 27 0 •• • 10 a .a .5 UER

22 2'. 'H.05 '9 22."3 155 tl.b2 9.20 3.7 • • 1 30 0 •• • 13 • .8 ., MER

22 2149 Q').Q2 ,. 23.77 155 11.1.85 tI.82 3.2 3 •• 31 0 5. · l' 3 ., .7 GLN

23 1938 11.12 ,. 20.05 155 ~.3q 9.55 3.7 '.0 <2 0 .0 .10 10 .b .3 UER

2' 122 14.65 ,. 13.3S 155 lS.5l.l 10.32 '.0 3.5 29 0 115 .19 17 , .2 ., HCO

20 2346 .50.98 " 23. 3'1 15> 1Cl • 7 t.l 5.03 3,3 3.' 28 0 os • I 2 < .> .b GLN

27 ". 2b.85 ,9 22.21 155 a.e9 9.39 '.0 • • 1 32 0 83 .12 • •• .5 MER

21 2031 12.&9 ,. 23.49 15> 14.57 4.70 ".b '.0 30 0 'b • '2 3 .5 •• GLN

2. lb , 19.82 '9 23.73 ISS 23. I

U 9.&7 3.5 3.3 31 0 b• • 12 7 •• .5 UAF

30 5 9 43.69 ,. 20.40 15> to.6b 8.04 3.8 • • 1 " 0 10. .0' 7 .5 .' UER

30 2319 14.05 19 20.27 155 12. 19 8.&2 3.0 3.5 31 0 75 .13 b .b .b UER

" 1&51 36.05 19 24.28 155 1'::1.8b 4.bl 3.3 3.' 29 0 10. .12 3 ., .b SPC'UG 1 1&39 18.0" 19 23.58 1" 14.80 6.21 3 •• 3.8 25 0 .5 .12 b •• 1.2 GLN

2 .37 1 • 42 19 21 .52 155 15. 11 9.67 <,2 3.5 29 • b2 .10 5 .b • u <", 3 523 31 .91 19 2b.50 ". 53.67 8.88 3.0 '.5 27 0 227 .0' 19 I.' .5 LER

b "8 55.38 19 22.71 155 ':>.58 8. 12 3.2 3 •• 3D 0 ,. .11 • • b •• MER

7 13' £15.35 19 21 .29 155 2.69 6.59 3.3 3.a 27 0 100 .11 12 •• ." MER

7 1142 19.32 19 19. 17 155 11.98 9.06 3. 1 3.8 23 0 .8 .10 7 • 7 •• UER

• " • 33. Uq ,. 23.37 155 14.b2 4.9Q 3.' 3.7 <0 0 05 .13 3 .5 •• GLN

'0 '9 3 £11.59 19 19.17 155 13.31 10.12 3.5 3.a 32 0 7. .10 I •• .2 UER

,. 17 , .37 l' 21 • 4 U 155 d.u7 ~.UU 3.' 3.b 29 0 71 • '0 • .5 •• lJER

Ib 231 8.43 ,9 21 .89 155 3.1:10 1.44 2.' 3.5 ,8 0

"' .oa 10 .7 •• ME~

2b ". 4LbO 19 21 .78 155 15.Ub 10. 15 3.b '.0

" 0 59 • \ 0 • .b .3 '0'

28 1859 55.a5 19 21 .29 155 1.5 • .59 9.bb j.O 3.b 30 0 55 .0' b .5 ... UER

29 203b 25.54 1. 27.89 15' 52.91 1.&8 2.' <.5 18 0 258 .10 " j.2 1.0 LER

31 1041 8.47 19 23.ti2 155 2q.b7 10.18 0.0 o. , 35 0 00 .13 13 .b .3 UAF

" l' 0 38.53 19 19.89 '55 7.01 9.05 3.0 3.8 30 0 110 .12 7 •• .b Ui:.1ol

SEP 2 1020 26.7b 19 21. 18 155 3.20 7.&2 3.5 '.0 31 0 118 .11 11 .8 .5 "4E~

3 lib S'j. 89 19 19.77 155 10.bO 8.90 3. I 3.5 " 0 91 .12 7 .7 .b UCR

3 1523 20.02 19 22.93 155 24.70 9.57 2.' 3.5 19 0 82 • 11 9 •• •• UAF

3 22 < 41.(10 19 28.89 15' 50.99 7.&2 3.5 "8 27 0 2b' .10 22 3." .' LE_

• 1310 54.2(1 19 19.7Q 155 Ib.3~ q.&2 3.' '.0

" 0 91 .10 5 ., .' KO'

• "0 15.20 19 2b.U& 150 5£1.22 7.91 3.5 ••• 3. 0 210 • 13 I • 1.7 .7 LE_

b 1919 .3. 19 21.23 155 ItI.OS 4.52 3 •• '.2 2b 0 7b .13 7 .7 1 .0 KU'

7 22 1 1&.28 1. 22.20 155 4.73 d.Ze 3.5 '.0 32 0 85 .12 • .7 .b MER

• • , 55.52 19 18.45 155 20.8.5 9.51 3.2 3.b 29 0 113 .0' 7 ., ., ...

••
HVO SUMMARY LIST - M'G 3.5 'NO ABOVE PAGE •

ORIGIN TIME LAT • LON w DEPTH ,MP OUR G'P RMS MIN ERH E"Z

YEAR MON O' HRMN SEC OEG MIN OEG MIN <M M'G M'G NR .S DEG SEC DIS nM K" REMK

1916 SEP 10 .25 18.&2 18 £18.91 ISS 13.54 3&.,53 3.2 •• 0 28 2 2•• .1· 53 2. 1 8.1 PPl

11 5 • 30.51 to 22.13 155 4.22 1.61 3 •• '.0 28 0 •• .10 10 •• .7 ~1t; R

15 2 1 25.72 to 21. <17 155 5.05 8.63 3 •• •• 0 32 0 76 .12 6 .6 ., t~E~

21 '35 49.18 to 20.78 155 6.54 Q.32 3.2 3.6 .. 0 ., .11 7 .7 .5 UE"

2_ 2251 31.28 to 20.bl 155 b.b8 6.9'J 2.' 3.7 52 0 •• .11 7 .7 .5 UER

26 '1' 53.40 to 20.00 155 13.1 j 10.04 3.7 •• 2 J< 0 •• • 10 7 •• .2 UER

.. 1258 3.96 to 21 .97 ISS S. 10 8.&9 3.3 3.6 .. 0 77 .11 6 •• .5 ~o\ER

OCT 3 7" 8.58 to t'L 79 155 7 .26 9.29 3._ 3 •• 31 0 107 .11 6 .6 .5 UER

3 1121 45.'iO to 20.32 155 6.02 9.5'5 3.1 3 •• 31 0 .. .10 • •• • < UER

5 556 50.57 I' 20. 11 155 boSq 9.45 3.6 a. 1 30 0 112 .11 7 •• .5 UER

5 .55 H.b£! to 22.1 q 155 £1.19 7 • ab 3.5 3 •• 30 0 6' .10 • ., .7 McR

• 622 12.93 to 18. 1 7 15':1 23.4Q b.OB 2 •• 3 •• 30 0 'D. ·,. • •• 2.U SWR

7 311 3 T• QfJ ,. 22.b8 155 5.34 !Joeb 3.5 3.' 31 0 ,. • , u • •• • a ME"

6 2253 53. 0 1 19 23. 12 155 &.12 q. 17 3.2 3.7 .. U n. .12 • .7 .7 GlN

,. 2317 &.95 19 22.&1 15> 5. 1c! lI.09 2.7 <.5 26 0 62 .12 6 •• •• ~lER

17 557 1b. 1 5 I' 20.0a 155 8 • .0 9.33 2.7 3 •• .. 0 62 .10 • •• .a UER

17 ... 11. qq to 21 • bO 155 b.01 8.18 2 •• 3 •• 2. 0 BJ • l' 7 .7 •• UER

19 23 t 1 '::10.41 19 20.31 155 &.99 9.03 2.7 <." 26 0 101 .11 7 .7 ." UER

21 225 2'5. 95 19 27. 18 lsa lJl.82 IL£l8 2 •• 3.5 30 0 2.7 .0' 22 1,7 .5 lc"

U 1243 2!.'n l' 20.29 15' 11 .42 10.38 3.a a. 1 12 0 lOa .1. 6 l,a 2.0 UER

U 1411 25.90 ,. 21 .20 155 3 • .53 8. 19 <.5 3.' 26 0 113 .11 11 .' •• MER

24 5,. 4&.49 ,. 20.02 155 6. 19 9.32 2 •• 3.5 2. 0 6a .10 • .7 ., UE"

2. 7 7 25.35 ,. 21 .74 155 15. 16 9.q6 3.3 3." 27 0 "2 .11 a .7 ., KO'

NOV 2 1615 4&.37 ,. 19. 1 0 ISS 13.42 10. 1.... <.7 a.o .. 0 73 .06 7 ., .2 UE'il

2 193& 1&.05 ,. 22.50 155 5.d& 8.14 3.3 3.7 .. 0 71 .12 7 .7 .7 "E"

• 2340 41.2& ,. 23.58 155 25.04 9.15 <.< 3 •• <0 0 57 .12 9 •• ., UKF

6 1951 '5.tlO ,. 22.3& 155 &.00 7.q2 2.' 3.7 .. 0 70 .10 7 .5 .7 UER

• 1533 :S.3Q ,. 20.&0 15> 4 • III 8.0& 3.6 a. 1 32 0 '07 .12 • .' .h "E"

10 181';) 1&.b2 ,. 20.71 15> 11.7.5 GI • 94 <.1 <,7 2. 0 71 • 10 7 .7 .3 UEO

12 1&54 4&.51 19 21 .34 155 2.£1& 7. 12 .5.5 a. 1 <l 0 146 .1< 12 I • v .7 ME"

12 20 7 2L4!:1 I' 5tl.b4 155 3&.Ou 11.2:0 3.5 2. 0 145 .14 .. I.' .7 <OM

13 1 1 14 3.35 ,. 21 .97 155 5.07 9.18 3.7 •• I 26 0 77 .11 6 • I .n MER

I" 223 35.43 19 22.59 155 4.70 9.20 <.' a. 1 32 0 66 .12 • •• .5 MEk'

17 551 48.55 ,. 32.32 155 14. 11 21.i.99 3.7 3.7 32 0 •• .11 17 • I 2.1 "ER

16 2224 43.71 ,. 23.87 155 Itl.aCi 3.7'1 3.0 3.6 '" 0 •• .13 3 .7 1 .0 SPC

2' 1015 58.54 ,. 24.23 155 15.87 '1.49 <. , 3._ 27 0 •• .1< < •• .R S.C

26 1214 1&.32 ,. 23.5:S 155 17. 1I 2.29 2.7 3 •• 21 0 5. .12 3 ., I •• SPC

.. 2210 28.00 20 57.005 15. 23.2.5 42.02 3.3 3.7 3 2 '"0 .00 " 89.7 41.& UIS

3D 174& 10.0& ,. 19.4& '55 11 • 39 9.31 3.3 3,6 2_ 0 •• .10 7 •• •• UER

30 1818 45.~9 ,. 19.34 155 11 .28 9.&5 3.0 3.5 .. 0 100 .11 7 • 1 .3 UER

DEC 1 a•• 11 • a7 ,. 21 • &4 155 15.2$ 9.40 3.1 3.6 32 0 ., .10

- .5 ." KO'

• 350 50.82 ,. 20.05 155 8.13 8.82 3.0 3.6 .. 0 65 .11 • • I .5 UER

5 257 18.0& ,. 23.49 155 17.02 1.93 2.1 3.5 17 0 ." .10 3 .5 .3 SPC

• .2. 58. 13 ,. 21 .53 155 7.&1 9.45 3.6 '. 1 .. 0 74 .10 • ." .5 UFR

7 2340 22. 1 7 ,. 23.I'H 155 1&.8& 2.99 2.7 3 •• 25 0 47 .1< 3 •• 1 .2 S.C

• 1415 42.&1 ,. 20.09 155 10.~7 d.99 2.' <.7 2' 0 6a .06 7 ., .h UE"

• 1528 lj9.'IO ,. 23.73

," 17. 1q 2.7& <.0 3.' 2a 0 .2 .13 < •• 1.3 SI-'C

11 1751 41.04 ,. 20.75 155 lil.Ot! 9.40 2.3 3.5 24 0 •• • 10 7 .7 .' UE"

66
_VO SUMMARY LIST . M'G 3.5 AND AiiOVE IJ 1(; 5

O~lGIN TIME LAl N LON • DEPTH .MP OUR G'P RMS MIN E"" E"'

YEAR MON O' HRMN SEC DEG MIN DEG MIN "M M'G H'G "" NS DEG SEC DIS "" "M QEMI<

197& DEC 13 112& 42.01 10 20.20

1 "

7.42 q. &7 3.' '.0 2' 0 •• • 12 • •• •• UE"

15 "0 42.94 " 19.&0 155 11 • q/,l q • 6 1 2.' 3.5 3' 0 •• .12 • .7 ..\ UEO

,. 2121 35.55 19 25.32 "5 17.03 .57 2.2 3.7 19 0 •• ·" • ·, .2 SPC

17 33' 14.61 19 25.&9 155 1b. 70 •• 0 2.' '.1 2R 0 •• • 10 • ., .S SPC

17 2031 43.2'il 10 20.00 15s b.Gl2 q. "9 3.2 3.7 31 0 10. .0' 7 .7 .s UEO

1. • 1 •• 0 l' 20. 14 I" 1.01 q. 31;1

'.. '.' 32 0 10' .0' 7 •• .s UER

2. 2343 q. 1b l' 47.7b 155 51i.~4 7.82 2.' 3.5 1. 0 220 .19 '2 3.' 1 •• "0'

27 "5 20.58 19 23.&1 155 14.75 5.22 3.3 _.0 30 0 •• .12 3 ·" •• GLN

27 ." 27.4& 19 )Q.45 1>S Ib.~j 9.63 3.1 '.5 32 0 97 .10 • .b .5 "D.

28 1517 3&.61 19 23.88 ISS Ib.ijb 1 • q u 2.b 3.5 19 0 10 .0' , ·" .2 SPC

2" 1937 4.91 19 19.21 155 12. 1b 9.77 3.2 3.R 2' 0 OS .11 7 .1 .3 UE"

29 " 11 17. 14 10 19.33 155 12. lj 1 8.11 2.' 3 •• 27 0 .b .12 1 .1 1.0 UE"

29 164'1 25.&3 10 19.8U 15S 11.26 <:l. 15 2.' 3.S 24 0 •• .0' & .S .1 UE"

29 1926 2&.92 19 23.1.18 "S 14.49 4.59 3.0 3 •• 24 0 S' • 10 ; .> •• GLN

30 041 ~H. 50 18 27. 18 I" 20. 11 11 • bb 3 •• '.1 • 0 31& .01 92 25.3 .0 015

30 419 51 • 59 10 19.52 155 15.9] Q.58 3.0 3 •• 30 0 '1 .0. • • • .3 "D.

69
TILT INSTRUME1lTATION

In addition to the seismic network, a network of spirit-level tilt

stations (dry), borehole tiltmeters, and water-tube (wet) tilt stations is

maintained. The network is located on the summits and flanks of Kilauea and

Mauna Loa Volcanoes. In December 1976 the tilt network consisted of:

73 spirit level tilt stations (dry)

8 borehole tiltmeters

10 water-tube tilt stations (wet)

1 continuous recording Ideal-Arrowsmith tiltmeter

Dry and wet tilt stations are generally occupied at irregular intervals.

Critical stations are measured more frequently than the entire network.

Digital borehole tiltmeters data are telemetered by VHF radio and recorded at

the observatory. An Ideal-Arrowsmith mercury-pool capacitor-type tiltmeter

with a 1 m base is located at the Uwekahuna vault, and the analog signal is

recorded at the observatory.

60
TILTING OF THE GROUND AROUND KILAUEA CALDERA

Tilting of the ground around the summit of Kilauea is monitored

daily by a short-base water-tube tiltmeter in Uwekahuna Vault. and

at irregular intervals it is measured on a regional scale by means

of a network of field tilt-bases and a portable water-tube tiltmeter.

The attitude of the ground surface at each tilt-base is reported in

terms of north-south and east-west tilt coordinates. Both coordinates at each station were arbitrarily set equal to 500 when

measurements at that station were begun. Increasing tilt coordinates

correspond to northward and eastward tilting of the earth's surface;

that is, to a relative subsidence toward the north and east. A oneunit change in coordinate corresponds to a tilting of 1 microradian

(1 mm per km) in the direction indicated.

Location of and essential data on each tiltmeter station are

listed in table 8.

Table 7.--Tilt Coordinates at Uwekahuna

nate (1976) N-S E-W

Jan 4 573 402

11 569 401

18 567 399

25 564 401

Feb 1 562 401

8 560 399

15 569 398

22 558 398

29 575 396

Mar 7 556 396

14 557 392

21 556 393

28 556 391

Apr 4 556 389

11 557 388

18 558 390

25 558 387

May 2 558 388

9 559 388

16 560 390

23 561 387

30 561 385

Jun 6 562 384

13 561 382

20 560 382

27 559 383

61
Table 7.--Tilt Coordinates at Uvekahuna (Continued)

Date (1916) N-S E-W

Jul 4 560 380

11 559 382

18 558 387

25 558 385

Aug 1 558 380

8 558 382

15 558 379

22 556 377

29 582 389

Sep 5 549 399

12 545 408

19 540 412

26 536 412

Oct 3 535 410

10 534 407

17 536 402

24 537 397

31 538 393

Nov 7 539 388

14 539 386

21 541 382

28 541 381

Dec 5 543 379

12 543 377

19 543 373

26 544 369

62
Table 8.--U.S. Geological Survey vater-tube tiltmeter

stations in Ha~aii

Location Frequency Base

Station Symbol of length Description

Lot. N. Long. W. reading H

Deg. Min. Dea· Ilia.

tree Holds TN 19 - 26.3 155 - 17.3 50.79 NS. and EW.

Sand Spit SS 19 - 24.1 155 - 16.8 25.40 Equilateral

triangle.

Keamoku K•• 19 - 25.1 155 - 19.0 47.55 do

Ahu.

Kamokukolau Kam 19 - 22.7 155 - 16.6 50.79 do

Kipuka Nene KN 19 - 19.4 155 - 16.7 47.73 do

Hillna PaU HP 19 - 18.2 155 - 18.6 47.73 do

Kapapala

Ranch Kap 19 - 20.5 155 - 23.8 50.79 do

Mehana H 19 - 26.2 155 - 14.3 25.00 do

Uvekahuna U 19 - 25.5 155 - 17.4 50.79 do

Uvekahuna

Vault 19 - 25.4 155 - 17.6 Daily 3.48 NS. and tw.

63
Table 9. Tilt coordinates and chances at bases around Kilauea caldera. (See fig.10)

-6 Rate (10 rad/mo)

Tilt base Date Tilt coordinates and direction of Da

( 1976) tilting since r

last readinB 

Uwekehuna (U on fig.10) 11 May 597 .6 346.8 8.96 i:73.7°. 

a- Tree flolds (TM) 11 494·7 513.3 1.50 N47. 

..

Send Spit (55) 14 Apr 805.8 855.2 1".69 :;LJ..OOg "

Ke8Jlloku (Kea) 13 Apr 576.5 496.6 7.49 ..i33.90E 

Ahua Kamokukolau (Kam) 14 Apr 703.6 554.9 12.14 IIb.So,. 1

Xipuka Nene (KN) 21 Apr 156.2 576.7 4.65 N41.00W 

Hilina Pali (HP) 15 Apr 309.7 550.8 6.80 N30.9°'. 1

Xapapala (Kap) 13 Apr 513.9 517.4 3.10 :i09.00E 

Mehana (M) 12 Apr 548.8 560.2 3.39 ':J7 .80'./ -
!

o

r M

ss

" 00

,0

cr Kom 0

<;J

0 0

00

,0 Q

Ko,

.... \. KN

HP

, >-----<

2000~ r TILTING RATE 10.0 X 10- 6 RAD I ANS/t~ONTH

5 K M

Figure 10 December 1975 to April 1976 tilting of the ground around Kilauea

Caldera. The vector depicting tilt at a given tilt base points

in the direction of maximum relative subsidence, and its length

is proportional to the rate of tilting during the measurement

interval. Closed circles represent field tilt bases; open

circles, short-base watertube tiltmeters. See Table 8 for

explanation of abbreviations.

65
Table lO.Tilt coordinates and chanves at bases around Kilauea caldera. (See fig.Il

Rate -6 I (10 rad rna)

Tilt base Date Tilt coordinates and direction of 

( 1976) N-S E-toJ tilting since 

last readinB 

Uwekahuna (U on fig. n) Occupied This Epoch

'"'"

Tree Holds (TH) Hot Occupied This Epoch

Sand Spit (SS) Not Occupied This Epoch

Keamoku (Kea) Not Occupied This Epoch

Ahue Kamokukolau (Kam) Not Occupied This Epoch

Kipuka Nene (Bl) 28 Sep 164.6 564.0 2.32 ;J57.8°U 

Hilina Pali (HP) Not Occupied This Epoch

Kapapala (Kap) Z7 514.7 522.1 0.85 

Hehana (H) Z7 Sep 535.9 558.6 2.32 ,rl.20 ',·1 
1 M

•

K..

55·

0

Kam- 0

<:;) 0'

0 0

Q

Kop

-

• HP

2000 ~f TILTING

00

"

,

>---<

RATE 5.0 X 10-6 RADIANS/MONTH

5 K M

•

r

Figure 11 April to September 1976 tilting of the ground around

Kilauea Caldera.

67
REFER~CES CITED

Crosson, R. S., 1976, Velocity structure below the Island of Hawaii from

earthquake modelling, (abstract), EOS Trans. Am. Geoph. Union, 57, 961.

Koyanagl, R. Y.• Stevenson, P., Endo, E. T., and Okamura, A. T., Hawaiian

Volcano Observatory Summary 74, January to December 1974.

Lockwood, J. P., Koyanagi, R. Y., Tilling, R. I., Holcomb, R. T., and

Peterson, D. W., 1976, Mauna Loa threatening: Geotimes, v. 21, no. 6, p.

12-15.

Tilling, R. I., Koyanagi, R. Y. t Lipman, P. W. t Lockwood, J. P., Moore, J. G.•

and Swanson, D. A" 1976, Earthquakes and related catastrophic events,

Island of Hawaii, November 29. 1975 -- a preliminary report: U.S. Geel.

Survey eire. 740, 33 p .

•

68

•

GPO ·1