This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-1164

State of Minnesota, 

Respondent, 

vs. 

Alfonso Domingo Martinez, 

Appellant.

Filed May 4, 2015

Affirmed

Hudson, Judge

Dakota County District Court

File No. 19HA-CR-13-3346

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

James Backstrom, Dakota County Attorney, Heather Pipenhagen, Assistant County 

Attorney, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent)

Charles F. Clippert, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Hudson, Judge; and 

Bjorkman, Judge. 
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U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

HUDSON, Judge

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions of 

conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance and aiding and abetting the sale of a 

controlled substance. Because the circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support the 

convictions, we affirm. 

FACTS

After a bench trial, the district court found appellant Alfonso Domingo Martinez 

guilty of one count of conspiracy to commit first-degree controlled substance crime, sale, 

and one count of aiding and abetting first-degree controlled substance crime, possession. 

At trial, an agent with the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) 

testified that he received information about a potential sale of methamphetamine and 

acted as an undercover agent, calling an identified cell-phone number to arrange a 

purchase. He spoke to J. M.-V., who instructed him to go to a specified intersection on 

Fremont Avenue North and call that number again. The agent proceeded to that location 

and made the phone call; the same person answered. Two men, G. C.-G. and J. M.-V., 

exited a residence at the intersection and entered the agent’s vehicle. The agent paid J. 

M.-V. $800 for one ounce of methamphetamine and negotiated a purchase of four pounds 

of methamphetamine the next day, discussing the use of code words about purchasing a 

car. That evening, the agent called J. M.-V. again and stated that he would buy four 

“cars.” The next morning, on a Drug Enforcement Agency cell phone, the agent traded 
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text messages with J. M.-V. relating to purchasing “cars.” He then initiated a recorded 

phone call with J. M.-V. and arranged to meet him at a McDonald’s in Lakeville. 

Another BCA agent testified that, the next day, he set up surveillance of the 

Fremont Avenue residence and observed a Jaguar and a white van drive up within a 

minute of each other. The Jaguar pulled ahead to make room for the van, and men exited 

both vehicles. Those men, who included Martinez, shook hands with two other men who 

appeared to have come from the residence. They all stood talking on the curbside for 

several minutes, with one man gesturing as if giving directions. A few minutes later, two 

men entered each vehicle and drove away. 

A Hennepin County deputy conducted surveillance on the moving vehicles. She 

followed them as they drove south on 35W in tandem, maintaining no more than a car 

length apart, with the van in the lead. The deputy continued the surveillance until a state 

trooper pulled the Jaguar over in a prearranged stop. 

The trooper conducting that stop spoke to the driver, Martinez, and asked whether 

he was traveling with the van because he was following so closely. Martinez stated that 

he was waiting for an opportunity to pass and produced a valid driver’s license and car 

registration and an outdated insurance card. The trooper testified that Martinez “seemed 

really on edge” and “blurted out” without being asked that they were going to Mystic 

Lake Casino. The trooper had Martinez sit in the squad car and verified that he had valid 

insurance. The trooper asked with whom Martinez was traveling, and Martinez 

responded, “Juan,” but could not provide Juan’s last name. When the trooper asked

where Juan was from, Martinez stated that he thought he was from Chicago. They 
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returned to the Jaguar, and the passenger, J. M.-V., produced a Mexican identification 

card and said that he was from Mexico. The trooper then gave Martinez a warning for 

following too closely and asked permission to search the Jaguar. 

By that time, another state trooper had arrived and conducted a canine search, 

which revealed a .40-caliber loaded handgun under the Jaguar’s passenger seat and a 

white powder, identified as a cutting agent for narcotics, in a sealed plastic bag behind 

the rear passenger seat. Martinez acknowledged responsibility for the contents of the 

Jaguar. 

The second state trooper noticed that the Jaguar appeared to be traveling with the 

van and was following it at an unsafe distance. He observed the stop of the Jaguar and 

then stopped the van, identifying its occupants as G. C.-G., the passenger, and O.S., the 

driver. Both appeared nervous, and O.S. stated that he did not believe that there was 

insurance on the van, but he did not know for sure. G. C.-G. stated that they were going 

to a roofing job and that the driver’s first name was Octavio, but he did not know his last 

name. The trooper issued a citation for no insurance and obtained permission to search 

the van. A canine alerted to the possible presence of drugs, and the men were detained. 

O.S. had on his person about $2,900 in cash, a round of ammunition for a .40 caliber 

handgun, and a small amount of suspected marijuana. The search of the van recovered 

suspected methamphetamine packaged in clear plastic bags in the rear cargo area. The 

substance in one of the bags tested positive for 444 grams of methamphetamine. 

In a post-arrest interview, Martinez told police that “Juan” had called him and said 

that he needed a ride to pick up some money, that Martinez had showed up alone at the 
5

Fremont Avenue address, and that he was not following or driving in tandem with 

another vehicle. He said nothing about going to a casino and stated that he did not see 

the van after leaving Minneapolis. 

J. M.-V. testified that he had pleaded guilty to, and was convicted of, first-degree 

controlled substance crime a few weeks before Martinez’s trial, but that he “[didn’t] 

know anything.” Although advised of a possible prosecution for perjury, he declined to 

answer questions, and the district court found him in contempt of court. The district 

court found Martinez guilty of both counts and sentenced him to 120 months on the 

conspiracy offense. This appeal follows.

D E C I S I O N 

I

Martinez argues that the circumstantial evidence is insufficient to convict him of 

conspiracy to commit first-degree controlled-substance crime. Our review on a claim of 

insufficient evidence is limited to a painstaking analysis of the record to determine 

whether the evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to the conviction, was 

sufficient to permit the fact-finder to reach its verdict. State v. Webb, 440 N.W.2d 426, 

430 (Minn. 1989). We must assume that “the [fact-finder] believed the state’s witnesses 

and disbelieved any evidence to the contrary.” State v. Moore, 438 N.W.2d 101, 108 

(Minn. 1989). This court will not disturb a verdict if the fact-finder, acting with due 

regard for the presumption of innocence and the requirement of proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt, could reasonably conclude that the defendant was guilty of the charged 

offense. Bernhardt v. State, 684 N.W.2d 465, 476–77 (Minn. 2004). When reviewing 
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the sufficiency of the evidence, we apply the same standard to bench and jury trials. In re 

Welfare of M.E.M., 674 N.W.2d 208, 215 (Minn. App. 2004). 

In reviewing a conviction based on circumstantial evidence, we apply a two-step 

analysis. State v. Hanson, 800 N.W.2d 618, 622 (Minn. 2011). First, we “identify the 

circumstances proved,” deferring to the fact-finder’s acceptance of proof of those 

circumstances and rejection of evidence that conflicted with those circumstances. State v. 

Silvernail, 831 N.W.2d 594, 598–99 (Minn. 2013). “We recognize that the trier of fact is 

in the best position to determine credibility and weigh the evidence.” State v. Al-Naseer, 

788 N.W.2d 469, 473 (Minn. 2010). In the second step, we “examine independently the 

reasonableness of all inferences that might be drawn from the circumstances proved” to 

“determine whether the circumstances proved are consistent with guilt and inconsistent 

with any rational hypothesis except that of guilt.” Silvernail, 831 N.W.2d at 599 

(quotations omitted). We do not defer to the fact-finder’s choice between reasonable 

inferences. Id. “Circumstantial evidence must form a complete chain that, as a whole, 

leads so directly to the guilt of the defendant as to exclude beyond a reasonable doubt any 

reasonable inference other than guilt.” Hanson, 800 N.W.2d at 622 (quotation omitted). 

A person is guilty of engaging in a conspiracy if that person “conspires with 

another to commit a crime and in furtherance of the conspiracy one or more of the parties 

does some overt act in furtherance of such conspiracy.” Minn. Stat. § 609.175, subd. 2 

(2012). “The elements of the underlying crime need not be proven to establish 

conspiracy since the crime itself need not be proven to prove conspiracy.” State v. Tracy,

667 N.W.2d 141, 146 (Minn. App. 2003). But “both knowledge of an agreement and 
7

evidence of intent to commit the crime or act that is the object of the conspiracy” are 

required. State v. Kuhnau, 622 N.W.2d 552, 556 (Minn. 2001). As long as the evidence 

objectively shows an agreement to commit a crime, the state need not prove the existence 

of a formal agreement. State v. Hatfield, 639 N.W.2d 372, 376 (Minn. 2002). And direct 

evidence of a conspiracy is not required if a conspiracy may be inferred from the 

circumstances. Id. If “several persons commit separate acts which form parts of a 

connected whole, an inference of conspiracy—that there was concert in both planning 

and execution—is permissible.” State v. Burns, 215 Minn. 182, 189, 9 N.W.2d 518, 522 

(1943).

Martinez argues that the evidence did not “form a complete chain” leading only to 

his guilt because the record did not contain evidence connecting him to an agreement to 

distribute controlled substances. Specifically, he points out that none of his possessions 

was found at the Fremont Avenue residence, he was seen only briefly greeting the other 

men outside that residence, no text messages or emails link him to those men, and no 

DNA or fingerprint evidence connected him with a conspiracy. 

But a defendant must demonstrate more than mere conjecture to overturn a 

conviction based on circumstantial evidence. State v. Lahue, 585 N.W.2d 785, 789 

(Minn. 1998). The state proved the following circumstances: (1) Martinez arrived at the 

location of a previous day’s drug purchase; (2) he greeted several men there and appeared 

to receive directions; (3) he drove a Jaguar with one of the men, in tandem with a van 

containing the other men, along the route to a planned drug purchase; (4) police 

recovered a large quantity of drugs from the van; and (5) he acknowledged responsibility 
8

for the Jaguar’s contents, which included a loaded handgun and a substance frequently 

used as a cutting agent for drugs. These circumstances proved are not consistent with a 

reasonable hypothesis that he did not know of an agreement to commit the crime of 

selling illegal drugs and did not have a common purpose, along with the other men, to 

commit that crime. See Burns, 215 Minn. at 189, 9 N.W.2d at 521 (requiring a “common 

purpose” to commit the crime at the heart of the conspiracy and that “each of them 

understood that the others had that purpose”). Therefore, we conclude that the 

circumstantial evidence is sufficient to sustain Martinez’s conviction of conspiracy to 

commit first-degree controlled-substance crime. 

II

Martinez challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction of 

aiding and abetting first-degree controlled-substance crime. A person is guilty of aiding 

and abetting the crimes of another if that person “intentionally aids, advises, hires, 

counsels, or conspires with or otherwise procures the other to commit the crime.” Minn. 

Stat. § 609.05, subd. 1 (2012). 

To satisfy the intent element of aiding and abetting an offense, the state must 

prove the defendant “had knowledge of the crime and intended his presence or actions to 

further the commission of that crime.” State v. Hawes, 801 N.W.2d 659, 668 (Minn. 

2011) (quotation omitted). Passive acquiescence, inaction, or a mere presence at the 

scene of a crime does not rise to the level of criminal culpability, but the state need not 

prove that the defendant actively participated in the overt act constituting the substantive 

offense. State v. Ostrem, 535 N.W.2d 916, 924 (Minn. 1995). A fact-finder may infer 
9

the requisite intent from a variety of facts, including the defendant’s presence at the scene 

of the crime, a close association with the principal offender before and after the crime, a 

lack of objection or surprise under the circumstances, and flight with the principal 

offender from the scene of the crime. Hawes, 801 N.W.2d at 668. 

Martinez argues that the state has failed to prove that he knew that he was driving 

J. M.-V. to a drug transaction. He points out that his mere nervousness when his vehicle 

was stopped is insufficient to establish aiding-and-abetting liability. See State v. 

Burbach, 706 N.W.2d 484, 490 (Minn. 2005) (noting that nervous behavior alone did not 

support a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activity). But the district court 

considered additional facts establishing Martinez’s close association in time and place 

with the other men when they were transporting a large quantity of drugs to an arranged 

drug transaction. Further, the district court found that Martinez’s assertion that he did not 

know the purpose of the trip was incredible, based on the inconsistent evidence of his 

position following the van and his statement that he did not see the van after leaving 

Minneapolis, as well as the inconsistency of his statement to the trooper—that he was 

going to the casino—with his later statement to police—that he was taking his passenger 

to pick up money, with no reference to a casino. See Silvernail, 831 N.W.2d at 599 

(stating that even in cases involving circumstantial evidence, the fact-finder is in the best 

position to evaluate the credibility of the evidence). Based on the circumstances proved, 

Martinez cannot show the existence of an alternative rational hypothesis that he was 

unaware of the crime and did not intend his presence or actions to further its commission. 
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See Hawes, 801 N.W.2d at 668. The evidence is sufficient to sustain his conviction of 

aiding-and-abetting first-degree controlled-substance crime.

Affirmed.