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JPRS-CST-8 5-032

19 September 19 8^

China Report

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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s
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

CHINA REPORT

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

Opening Markets for Technologies Urged

(Yang Jingheng; JISHU SHICHANG BAO, 9 Jul 85) 1

Strategies for Improving Standing in Global Tech Trade

(Hu Jun, Zhang Bingshen; GUOJI MAOYI, No 6, 27 Jun 85) 5

Defense Industry Technology Given Civilian Application

(Zhang Heping; RENMIN RIBAO, 14 Aug 85) 10

China's Chemical Industry in 1983

(XIANDAI HUAGONG, No 5, Oct 84) 12

Patent Protection for Chemical Inventions Discussed

(Shen Yaozeng; ZHONGGUO ZHUANLI, No 6, 1985) 18

Soda Ash Production in China Discussed

(Yang Manyi; XIANDAI HUAGONG, No 5, Oct 84) 23

Qinghua University Establishes S&T Center for Graduate Students

(Zhou Xiaoping; GUANGMING RIBAO, 19 Jul 85) 28

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Vector Valued Long James Type Banach Spaces J(n, X ) (K p<+°o)

(Zhao Junfeng; XITONG KEXUE YU SHUXUE, No 1, 1985) 30

Finite Difference Scheme for One-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic

Equations

(Liu Deming; SHUZHI JISUAN YU JISUANJI YINGYONG, No 3,

Sep 84) 40

- a -
APPLIED SCIENCES

Opinions on Nuclear Waste Management Expressed

(Luo Shanggeng, Yu Chengze; HE KEXUE YU GONGCHENG, No 1,

Mar 85) 55

China Develops 6J KrF Laser

(Wang Ganchang, et al.; HE KEXUE YU GONGCHENG, No 1, Mar 85) 62

Application of Radiographic Image Enhancement, Segmentation

(Wang Chengye, Xia Wei; JISUANJI YANJIU YU FAZHAN, No 12,

1984) 67

Iron and Steelmaking With Plasma

(Yu Dingfu; GANGTIE, No 5, May 85) 71

Interfacing Modern Serial Display to DJS-130

(Chen Wei; DIANZI JISHU, No 8, 20 Aug 84) > 85

Computer Optimization of Penning Polarized Ion Source

(He Naiwen; TIANJIN DAXUE XUEBAO, No 4, Dec 84) 93

Cutaway View of Chinese-Made Supersonic Fighter Published

(HANGKONG ZHISHI, No 8, Aug 85) 110

CAD Program for High-Power Electron Gun With Annular Cathode

Described

(Tu Yushan; DIANZI XUEBAO, No 4, Nov 84) 113

LIFE SCIENCES

Proposals for Bioengineering Development Discussed

(Ju Naihu; GUANGMING RIBAO, 14 Jun 85) 118

Developments in Neurosurgery Discussed

(Jia Zengfu; JIANKANG BAO, 14 May 85) 120

ABSTRACTS

AERODYNAMICS

KONGQIDONGLIXUE XUEBAO [ACTA AERODYNAMICA SINICA] No 2, 1985 123

CHEMISTRY

HUAXUE SHIJI [CHEMICAL REAGENTS] No 1, 28 Feb 85) 129

- b -
COMPUTERS

TIANJIN DAXUE XUEBAO (ZHENG KAN) [JOURNAL OF TIANJIN UNIVERSITY

(SUPPLEMENT)] No 2, Dec 84) 131

ENGINEERING

HEDIANZIXUE YU TANCE JISHU [NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS AND DETECTION

TECHNOLOGY] No 3, May 85) 132

MATHEMATICS

XITONG KEXUE YU SHUXUE [JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES] No 3, Jul 84 137

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

YUANZIHE WULI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS] No 2, May 85... 139

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

SICHUAN .DAXUE XUEBAO (ZIRAN KEXUE BAN) [JOURNAL OF SICHUAN

UNIVERSITY (NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION)] No 2, 1985 .145

PHYSICS

HEJUBIAN YU DENGLIZITI WULI [NUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA PHYSICS]

No 2, 15 Jim 85.. 146

- c
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

OPENING MARKETS FOR TECHNOLOGIES URGED

Tianjin JISHU SHICHANG BAO [TECHNOLOGY MARKET WEEKLY] in Chinese 9 Jul 85 p 1

[Article by Yang Jingheng [2799 4552 5899]: "Opening a Market for Technologies

is Breakthrough in the Reform of Our S&T System"]

[Text] The resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the reform of the S&T

system is of abundant content and profound meaning; we must implement this

resolution. However, since the content is complex, where are we to make our

breakthrough? Where is the "nose of the ox," which will enable us to get hold

of the whole thing and gain mastery of the entire situation? In my opinion

the breakthrough point has to be the opening of a market for technologies,

because:

First, the technology market can most effectively promote integration of

scientific research with production.

A technology market is a place to trade S&T achievements. The subject of the

trade are commodities in the form of knowledge, comprising all kinds and

shapes of industrial property rights, technical patents, technical

information, technical services, training of personnel, engineering contracts,

cooperative production, new products as the result of new technologies, etc.

Just as all common commodities in physical form, intellectual commodities have

value and use value, and are products of labor which can be exchanged. In the

technology market, buyer directly meets seller, without restrictions as to

departments, regions, military or civilian status, and without distinction as

to ownership by the whole people, the collective or an individual. Production

departments in urgent need of new technological armament can find suitable

technological achievements in the technology market, and can also find parties

willing to undertake technological development or to cooperate in problemsolving efforts. Scientific research units can find applications for the

expansion of S&T results that they have already worked out, thus enabling

these results to be soon transformed into productive forces. They will also

discover many topics, on which work is urgently required by the production

sector, and which they could then undertake to develop. The technology market

can also be a place where S&T personnel can display their abilities in their

particular technological specializations. Through trade activities in the

technology markets, production and scientific research can establish close and

diverse relations, and the serious evil of disjointed production and

scientific research could be gradually overcome by technological market
activities, which will have the effect of promoting production as well as

advancing scientific research.

Second, opening technology markets is the precondition for the reform of our

system of allocating funds for scientific research units.

A crucial item in our present reform of the way in which our S&T is now

organized is the reform of the system of allocating funds for our scientific

research units. This reform demands that units engaged in developmental

research gradually become basically self-supporting within 3 or 5 years in

respect of their operating expenses. The purpose of this is that the change

of the system of allocating funds will essentially motivate the scientific

research units to link up with production, and that it will induce them to

regularly and on their own initiative approach enterprises and the society in

general in their search for research topics. By charging fees, through

royalties on transferred technologies, by investing technologies as shares and

sharing in the dividends or in any other way, the scientific research units

should become economically linked with enterprise entities, remain bonded

together through thick and thin and share weal and woe together. This would

be a radical change from the past abnormal state of affairs, where scientific

research units merely depended on the upper level department for their

operating expenses, were responsible only to their superior departments and

had nothing at all to do with society or production. However, if we want to

accomplish this, there is no alternative but to acknowledge that technological

achievements are commodities, which can be transferred against remuneration,

can be invested in a company as shares, qualify for dividends and can be

traded at negotiated prices, depending on their technological level, the

economic results that can be derived from them and the conditions Of supply

and demand, thus providing the scientific research units with a comparatively

solid economic income. Only with this precondition can the reform of the

system of allocating funds be provided with an economic and material

foundation. If we would merely emphasize self-sufficiency in operating

expenses, but have technological achievements remain altogether unsaleable,

also fail to create competition by opening technology markets, our reform of

the system of allocating funds would amount to nothing but empty words.

Third, technology markets will help develop competition, will stimulate not

only enterprises, but also those in charge of scientific research units as

well as S4T personnel to exert greater efforts, and this will be beneficial

for the raising and training of talents.

Distinctions depend on comparisons. When intellectual commodities enter the

technology market with its free trade, they must face the fastidious selection

by the buyers among the wares of several producers. Most welcome will be

those technological commodities that yield high overall benefits, can quickly

be converted to productive forces, the operation of which can easily be

mastered, and that will produce products for which there is a broad market."

On the other hand, research results that are purely pursuits of new

technologies, but show no actual effectiveness or are far removed from

realities, merely formulistic and theoretical literature without contributing

to the solution of real problems of production, are bound to receive a very

cold reception. There is, of course, the possibility that the value of some
particular research result with important theoretical implications and with

potential for economic exploitation remains unrecognized by the buyers in the

market, but if one is able to clearly publicize their long-term, inherent

economic benefits, there will always be some people who recognize the worth of

it. Furthermore, technological achievement of the same effectiveness and of

equal level of attainment may get into completely different positions merely

by earlier or later arrival on the market. This kind of realistic and sharply

contrasting competition on the technology market will be a rigorous test for

all scientific research personnel and for all those in charge of scientific

research units. This type of competition is, of course, not the dog-eat-dog

competition of capitalism, but still is competition in which the better one

wins and the inferior is defeated. On the premise of a reformed system of

allocating funds, defeat will have a profound impact on the unit and personal

interests of the defeated party, and will stimulate that party to bestir

itself, obtain fullest information, take advantage of the next opportunity and

fight on bravely in the hope of being victorious in the next bout of

competition. This type of competition will also have the effect of spurring

on S&T personnel in their professional development. Incompetent people will

be weeded out, and truly gifted ones will become apparent. Future criteria

for the evaluation of the quality and the amount of contributions of technical

personnel will be the result of comparison and selection in the technology

market and the actual economic benefits created in the actual practice of

social production; the traditional system of employing personnel on the basis

of record of service and record of formal schooling will eventually die out by

itself.

Fourth, opening a market for technologies will help implement the policies of

"mutual dependence" and "correct orientation," beneficial for the promotion of

uniting for combined action.

Opening a market for technologies will give rise to fierce competition between

production enterprises. Certain inconspicuous small factories, weak in

technological respects and manufacturing backward products, may possibly make

a rapid advance and get ahead of all others in the quality of their products,

in technological capabilities and in economic effectiveness by an opportunity

to buy advanced technology in the technology market and by employing capable

personnel. On the other hand, some illustrious big factory with a high level

of technological capacity and a large personnel, could possibly become

relegated to a position of inferiority in the competition because of its

conservative technology, its giving itself airs because of age, while making

no effort to progress, but rather cherishing the outmoded and preserving the

outworn. The essence of all commodity competition is competition of

technology, and the technological competition is essentially a competition of

knowledge. In this type of competition the large number of our enterprise

managers will be taught to gradually recognize the importance of knowledge,

technology and qualified staff, and will thereby gradually come to respect

knowledge and talent, and recognize the value of mutual competition to acquire

advanced and useful technological achievements. Only then will the policies

of "mutual dependence" and "correct orientation" become truly implemented.

Intellectual commodities are different from physical commodities in that they

cannot be used as soon as they are bought. The buyer must provide certain
material and technical conditions and possess a certain level of knowledge,

only then will he be able to make full use of the technological commodity.

There has to be also a certain process of digestion, absorption and

reconstruction. For this reason enterprises with comparatively developed

capability for technological absorption are able to buy research results with

a fairly high level of technology and yielding greater results; they can,

furthermore, transform more effectively and more rapidly the acquired

technologies into real productive forces. On the other hand, enterprises with

poor ability to absorb technology will only be able to buy technological

achievements of a lower level and with a weaker competitive strength, but such

that are easier to operate, and even if they would indeed buy advanced, useful

technologies, they would have great difficulties in transforming them into

productive forces that can be managed by them. This is bound to lead

enterprises to lay stress on strengthening their own capacity for

technological development or to take the initiative of combining with units

that have abundant technological strength, in order to assure themselves of

long-term technological support. All these tendencies are beneficial for the

strengthening of linkages between S&T units and production units, and will

promote transformation of scientific research results into real productive

forces at the utmost speed.

In order to achieve comprehensively the maximum of economic results,

scientific research units must make efforts to fill in the gaps to complete a

set of results, and for things that they can do themselves to achieve this,

they should organize the efforts to do so. Whenever they are not capable of

doing so, they may also, on their own initiative, link up with other

technological units and jointly attack the problem. This trend of having

sellers combine for joint action has already become evident at the present

first national fair of technological achievements. In addition, in order to

further facilitate S&T results becoming more acceptable and easier to manage

by the production units, the scientific research unit will be induced to not

only emphasize conducting experiments in the laboratories, but to also pay

attention to obtain such results from central experiments that will increase

the effectiveness of the technological achievement for production, in order to

strengthen its ability to compete in sales on the technology market.

In brief, stressing the fact that technologies are commodities and opening

markets for technologies are the crucial links which will have a certain

effect of spurring on various important sections of the reform, such as

changing the system of fund allocation^ having each person work to the limits

of his ability, strengthening enterprises in their ability to absorb and

develop technologies, promoting linkages, motivating scientific research units

toward consideration for production and the economy, having enterprises

develop a strong inclination toward reliance on S&T progress and toward

welcoming competition, etc. Taking these links as our point of breakthrough,

we will be able to smoothly accomplish with comparative ease the all-round

implementation of those parts of the "Resolution" that deal with the reform.

9808

CSO: 4006/2024
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING STANDING IN GLOBAL TECH TRADE

Beijing GUOJI MAOYI [INTERTRADE] in Chinese No 6, 27 Jun 85 pp 10-12

[Article by Hu Jun [5170 6511] and Zhang Bingshen [1728 3521 39*»7]: "The

Challenge and Opportunity of the New Technological Revolution"]

[Excerpts] I. China's Position in Global Technical Trade

As science and technology made spectacular advances after World War II, the

transfer of technology in the international market, commonly referred to as

the global technical trade, also gained momentum. Technology is a specialized

branch of knowledge which arises from combining systematic scientific

knowledge with mature practical experience and operational skills. It

includes rational knowledge, including principle, design, calculations,

applications, debugging, as well as practical experience and operational

skills. But this is technology in the form of knowledge. There is also a

material form of technology which manifests itself in concrete objects such as

machine tools and equipment. But to be useful at all, concrete objects like

machine tools must depend on a specific operating procedure, such as testing

and analysis. As a result, technical trade refers to the selling and buying

of the knowledge of industrial production as well as the buying and selling of

hardware like machinery and equipment. In global technical trade, China is at

a disadvantage.

A. China Accounts for a Minute Share of Global Technical Trade

Global technical trade today is still concentrated in the hands of advanced

industrial nations, with the United States, Japan and Western Europe

accounting for 80 percent. The Soviet Union and countries in Eastern Europe

account for 10 percent and developing nations, about 10 percent. China's

share is less than 1 percent.

B. Deficit in Technical Trade

In global technical trade, the United States, Britain and France enjoy a

favorable balance of trade, while Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany

have been running up deficits. A deficit in technical trade does not

accurately reflect a nation's standard of technology; despite their trade

deficits, Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany are formidable technical
powers. They extensively import technology mainly to reduce the technical gap

between themselves and other nations and fill the void in their technical

know-how. China's technical trade deficit, on the other hand, is explained by

its backwardness. Now and then it does appear in the international market as

a seller, but our share of sales is tiny; we account for only 0.14 percent of

the world's trade in electrical machinery goods, which is a gauge of a

nation's technical standard.

C. The Structural Irrationality of Our Technical Trade

Since the People's Republic was founded, we have concentrated on the material

form of technical trade. According to statistics, we spent about $14.5

billion importing technical hardware between 1950 and 1979, including $13.5

billion, or 93 percent, to finance the purchase of whole plants, and less than

$200 million on the import of technology in the form of knowledge. Since its

establishment, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has introduced 2,282

projects, of which 80 percent were labor-intensive, processing projects using

imported materials. Only 20 to 30 projects, about 1 percent, were of a more

advanced nature.

We have a deplorable record in converting imported technical hardware into

technology in its knowledge form and back into hardware again. In Japan, the

ratio between import costs and research & development expenses is 1:7»

compared to 1:1 in China. It can thus be seen that reversing China's

unfavorable balance of trade in global technical trade directly influences our

position and role in international trade.

II. The Challenge and Opportunity of the High Tech Revolution

The high tech revolution presents a severe test of our position in the global

technical trade as well as an excellent opportunity for change.

D. The High Tech Revolution Presents an Opportunity To Change Our Unfavorable

Position in Global Technical Trade

Over the entire course of human history and scientific development, there have

occurred several spectacular outbursts of scientific and technical creativity

accompanied by shifts in scientific centers: From the discovery of fire to

the appearance of multi-center ancient civilizations as a result of the

development of stone, pottery and bronze technologies; the progression from

pottery and bronze technology to iron technology, accompanied by the shift of

the scientific center from the ancient civilizations to China; the leap from

iron technology to steam technology, when Europe replaced China as a

scientific center; the transition from steam technology to electric, atomic,

computer and space technologies, when backward America took over scientific

leadership from advanced Europe. The culmination of all these developments is

the internationalization of science. This brief review shows that the course

of human history and scientific progress, and the development of productive

forces, are full of ups and downs, and that progressiveness and backwardness

are relative concepts. Britain's science and technology were unsurpassed

during the Industrial Revolution; today, however, it lags behind the United

States and Japan in information technology, telecommunications and bio-
engineering. Learning from the economic experiences of;tadvanced nations and

directly adopting the latest science and technology* a backward nation is

capable of catching up with and overtaking developed nations. The high tech

revolution has presented us with just such an opportunity* -Much of the latest

technology since the 1970's did not spring from new scientific discoveries or

inventions, but is a refinement and extension of existing scientific concepts

and technology. Before the high tech revolution, therefore, both developing

and developed nations _are at the same starting point. Such is the belief of

Toffler, an American sociologist. It is possible for us to join advanced

nations at the same starting point, developing new industries or directly

using new technology to develop new industries. . .,'

To be sure, all developed nations and a number of newlyr semi-industrialized

countries and regions are now engaged in a scramble to develop new technology

and concentrating on the production of state-of-the-art" products, to the

neglect of a large amount of traditional industries and technologies. We can

use this opportunity to zero in on certain traditional technologies and

products which have not yet become outdated, improving their quality and

lowering production costs. In the process, we can, on the one hand, fill the

void of traditional industrial technology and corner for ourselves that

segment of the international market, and, on the other., provide the nation

with technical personnel and funds to develop embryonic industries and open up

a market for new technical applications.

III. Measures To Change China's Unfavorable Position in Global Technical Trade

We are a huge nation with gross imbalances in our economic, scientific and

technical developments. Generally speaking, we still trail behind the world

in science and technology, but areas do exist where our products are

technically on a par with international standards. We should take this fact

as our starting point when we map out our strategies. si

A. Major industrial cities on the coast should rid themselves of the rburden of

traditional industries, develop high grade,precision and advanced products,

and foray into the arena of global technical trade. This is because they have

a high concentration of scientific and technical know^-howi ;a strong industrial

base and relatively well-educated workers, thus making it both necessary and

possible for them to compete in the global technical.market. At present,

however, the industrial structures of these cities are still dominated by

traditional industries; in both Shanghai and Guangzhou, for example,

traditional industries account for more than 80 percent of their respective

industries. Hemmed in by traditional industries and:lbogged down in an

antiquated structure, the cities cannot release the human resources and funds

required for developing new technology and industries»^ Hence they must

overhaul the traditional industrial structure and retainiand develop those

traditional industries which still have potential, -modernizing them

technically so as to upgrade their products. In addition,- they must conduct

high-tech research and develop sophisticated products to gain entry into the

international market.
B. Transform the Irrational Mix of Technical Imports and Enable Scientific

Research Units To Play Their Important Roles

For a long time we have always considered foreign trade a means whereby

nations supply one another's needs and regulate surpluses and shortages,

ignoring the importance of using foreign materials and resources. This

mentality has resulted in an irrational mix of technical imports: too much

technical hardware, too little know-how. Moreover, we have also done poorly

in converting technology from one state to another. Consequently, if we are

to change our status in global technical trade, we must first rationalize the

mix of our technical imports, assimilate thoroughly whatever we do import,

convert them from a material state to knowledge and back to material state,

and, through foreign trade, promote economic growth and raise our scientific

and technical standards.

To change our position in global technical trade also depends on our domestic

scientific and technical prowess and how it is put to use. In the past, the

country's scientific research units were basically divorced from production

enterprises and foreign trade agencies. Not only was our scientific research

capacity relatively limited, but it was also underutilized. The results were

that technical trade was deprived of powerful support in the form of

technology and that technical imports were not assimilated and converted into

knowledge and reconverted into hardware in time. We must therefore change

this closed and inward-looking scientific research management system, orient

scientific research units toward production and the international market, and

enable them to play an important role in global technical trade.

C. Work Harder To Make Special Economic Zones and Economic and Technical

Development Zones a Success

As transfer stations for China's foreign trade, special economic zones and

economic and technical development zones should be further consolidated,

developed and improved. In particular, we must make full use of their

strengths: geographic location, close relations with key cities and abundant

technical resources in their surrounding areas. At the same time, we must be

selective in our technical imports, focusing on the capital of some

multinational companies, license trade and patent technology, so that through

cooperative production and cooperative research, etc., we can sooner come to

grips with the new technology and develop a capacity to export technology.

D. Develop Intellectual Resources and Devote Major Efforts to the Development

of Software Export

As computer technology advances, the pace of software development is also

quickening. Software costs have increased noticeably and will grow to account

for 90 percent of the total costs of a computer system. The popularization of

the microcomputer in society, in particular, will create an enormous market

for software. Each year Japan produces only 60 percent of the software it

needs, with a 40 percent shortfall. In the West, the demand for programmers

rises by 23 percent annually, while the number of people trained to develop

software grows by only 17 percent. Many developing nations today consider the

development of software for export the way to go in reversing an unfavorable
position in global technical trade. Software exports by India soared from

$4.4 million in 1974 to $14.4 million in 1981, which translates into an

average annual rate of 80 percent. Ninety percent of them were bought by the

united States, Western Europe and the Soviet Union. China is in a uniquely

favorable position to develop software. In the opinion of Japan's Fujitsu

Corp, Chinese-made computers are of an extremely high standard. The company

has placed orders for basic software relating to scientific computation using

„large computers, which it plans to sell to Japanese consumers. Confronted

with a serious shortage of programmers, Japan is reportedly watching China

keenly. For all these reasons, we must make the training of programmers a

priority and consider it a strategy in an all-out effort to change our place

in global technical trade and end the inequitable monopoly of technology by

advanced nations.

12581

CSO: 4006/819
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

DEFENSE INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY GIVEN CIVILIAN APPLICATION

Beijing RENMIN RIBAO [OVERSEAS EDITION] in Chinese 14 Aug 85 p 1

[Report by correspondent Zhang Heping [1728 0149 16273: "Transferring Defense

Industry Technologies to Civilian Use is Urgently Needed and a Timely Aid to

Economic Construction; S&T Departments of the Defense Industry Establish LongTerm Technical Cooperation With Beijing, Tianjin and Zhejiang"]

[Text] Our correspondent Zhang Heping reports that certain technologies of

the defense industry, that had formerly been classified, are now widely made

available for use in the four modernizations drive, much as the proverbial

"sending charcoal in snowy weather."

This correspondent learned from departments concerned that new developments

have occurred in the implementation by China's defense industry of the policy

of "integrating army and civilians" and in the industry's promotion of the

transfer of military technologies to civilian use: first, the transfer of

single items of technology is expanded to the joint development of engineering

projects; second, the cooperation in single items of technology is expanded to

long-term and comprehensive economic and technical cooperation between

departments and regions; third, the "forced marriage" type of administrative

measures is gradually developed into a mutually beneficial "free union,"

primarily under regulation of the technology market.

This strategic shift was started with a technical cooperation with Tianjin

Municipality. As early as in the summer of 1980, the Ministry of Nuclear

Industry established a relationship of technical cooperation with Tianjin

Municipality. In May 1983, S&T departments of the defense industry signed

further agreements with Tianjin for economic and technical cooperation,

establishing a long-term, comprehensive and diversified cooperation, which

achieved very gratifying progress. Departments of the armament, aircraft and

space industries signed 109 agreements with Tianjin, of which 82 projects

involved have by now been completed. They increased the annual industrial

output value by more than 160 million yuan and increased profits and tax

revenue by over 20 million yuan. Twenty of these cooperative projects were of

the level of advanced international technology. Successful experiences were

made in economic and technical cooperation by the S&T departments of defense

industry in its relations with Tianjin and by the Ministry of Ordnance

Industry in its relations with Chongqing. The central authorities commended

these relations, and these experiences began to be spread to all key cities.

Since March of this year, the S&T departments of the defense industry signed

10
further economic and technical cooperation agreements with Beijing

Municipality and with Zhejiang Province.

Toward the end of last year, the central leadership pointed out that

technologies are commodities, and after opening a market for technologies, the

S&T departments of the defense industry should boldly try the market out. At

the "First National Fair For the Transfer of Military Technologies to Civilian

Use," held in March of this year at Hangzhou, the results were beyond

expectations. Eight technology trading groups of the defense industry system

displayed more than 7,000 useful technologies, and over 3,200 items were

traded on the spot; the total trade amounted to 1.12 billion yuan. For certain

key plan items of the state and local authorities, tenders were invited,

selecting only items that were employed with the best technical results.

Among the trade negotiated at the fair, more than 100 items were of the 1

million yuan or more category, and 37 item among these were large projects of

10 million yuan and above. For instance, Huzhou City in Zhejiang Province had

planned to spend U.S.$20 million on a new imported weaving machine, but

learned at the fair that the Ministry of Aviation Industry had developed such

machinery and had already put it into production. The two parties concerned

finally came to an agreement, and the Ministry of Aviation Industry provided a

machine for trial use.

At the "First National Technology Achievement Fair," held in Beijing in May of

this year, the S&T related defense industry displayed more than 9,000 items,

which represented about half of the exhibits on display at the fair. The

amount of trade concluded reached the sum of 4.7 billion yuan, or about 60

percent of the total trade at the fair. Defense industry technology was much

welcomed by the numerous medium- and small-sized enterprises, by village and

township industries and by individual specialized households. As is evident

from the two fairs, there are considerable prospects ahead for the

transplantation of war industry technologies to civilian use. It is reported

that during the period of the Seventh 5-Year Plan, the turning over of defense

industry technologies to civilian use by the S&T sectors of the defense

industry will concentrate on technologies related to energy sources,

communications and transportation, light industry, chemical industry and

medical apparatus and instruments, including hydraulic trestles for coal

mines, petroleum machinery, aircraft, motorcars, motorbikes, air conditioners,

electric refrigerators, television sets, washing machines, cameras, explosives

for civilian use and other such standard civilian articles. It will also be

the aim to open up the international market with technologically superior and

hot-selling goods. In addition, it is also intended to provide useful

technologies for the economic development of the remote border regions, such

as Xinjiang, Ningxia and Nei Monggol. Persons involved in these matters have

told this reporter that the S&T sectors of the defense industry, in the

development of the production of civilian commodities, will actively seek

foreign investments and welcome the cooperation of overseas Chinese and

foreign firms. During the Seventh 5-Year Plan period, even greater

developments are predicted in the transfer of war industry technologies to

civilian use by our S&T sectors of the defense industry and by our ordnance

departments.

9808

CS0: 4008/2024

11
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

CHINA'S CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN 1983

Beijing XIANDAI HUAGONG [MODERN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY] in Chinese Vol 4, No 5

Oct 84. pp 2-5

[Article by the Office of Investigation, Ministry of Chemical Industry]

[Abstract] The gross chemical industry output value increased 11.4 percent in

1983 over that of the previous year with steady upgrading of the quality of the

major products. Profits and tax payments of the entire industry increased

12.9 percent compared with that of the previous year, the increase in economic

results were obvious. The consolidation of enterprises had shown marked effects.

Around 32 percent of the enterprises had accomplished the 'five tasks of consolidation. ' The consolidation of enterprise organization and product mix

showed new progress. Completion of key construction projects were in good

shape and many new technologies were continuously being developed. There were

more than 70 major research projects showing good achievements. Further steps

were taken with regard to the importance of nurturing qualified personnel.

[Text] In 1983, chemical industry workers, following the spirit of the 12th

Party Congress, earnestly carried out the policy of "readjustment, restructuring, consolidation, and upgrading." Centering around economic results, they

carried out the spirit of readjustment and restructuring a step further by the

earnest development of enterprise readjustment and continuous quality improvement, thus obtaining gratifying achievements in establishing chemical industry

production.

I. The Output Of Chemical Industrial Production Shows Broader Range

The gross output value of the chemical industry in 1983 reached 49.2 billion

yuan (RMB), an 11.4 percent increase compared to the previous year (after subtracting the output value which was transferred to the General Petrochemical

Corporation totaling 42.9 billion yuan, the increase over the previous year

would be 11.9 percent). All 18 major products listed in the state plan have

reached or exceeded production goals and showed different levels of growth

compared with the previous year except for the production of pesticides and

dyes. Amongst the 12 major products listed in the Sixth Five-Year Plan, seven

of them, that is, phosphorus ore, synthetic ammonia, chemical fertilizers,

H2SQ4, caustic soda, rubber tires, and plastics have reached their goals 2

years ahead of schedule. (See Table 1.)

12
Table 1 Output of 18 Major Chemical Products in 1982!

• [Unit: 10,006 tana)

Product Annual 1 Actual output 1983 Actual output 1983 aa X

plan in 1983 Output Z in 1982 of 1982

Phosphorus ore (output) 1010 1163.2 115.2 1172.8 99.2

(export) 1020 1158.6 113.2 1228.8 94.3

S-Fe ore (output) 550 755.5 133.7 619.9 118.71

(export) 610 753.3 123.5 650.2 115.8

Synthetic ammonia 1500 1677.1 111.8 1546.4 " 108.5

Chemical fertilizers 1255 1378.9 109.9 1278.1 107.9

Of which: Nitrogenous 992 1109.4 111.8 102*.9 108.6

Phosphate 260 266.6 102.5 253.7 105.1

Sulfuric acid 800 t 870 108.8 817.4 106.4

Concentrated HN0„

Caustic soda

20 25.6 128 24.6 104.1

185 212.3 114.8 207.3 102.4

Soda ash 170 179.3 105.5 173.5 103.3

Pesticides 28 33.1 118.2 45.7 72.4

Of which: Highly-effactive low-ruidue 14.7 18.7 127.2 15.0 124.7

Calcium carbide 150 180.7 120.5 147.4 108.7

1 Tires (10,000) 900 1271 141.2 863.6 147.2

Synthetic rubber 14.5 16.9 116.6 13.6 124.3

Plastics 96 112.1 116.8 100.3 111.8'

i

Pure benzene 39 42.5 109 39.3 108.1

i Methanol 39 43.5 110.8 38.6 111.9

j Glacial acetic acid 16.1. 18.9 117.4 15.5 121.9

1 Dyes 6.7 7.5 111.9 8.6 87.2

j Paints 46 61.2 133 52.3 117.0

The quality of major products improved steadily. In the ministry-controlled

quality index of 16 major products, 15 of them were equal to or better than

those of the previous year, that is, a stable upgrading rate of 93.8 percent.

The entire chemical industry system received national quality awards for 51

products, i.e. 7 gold and 44 silver medals. Another 251 items were judged by

the ministry as good quality products. They Dyestuff Plant of Jilin Chemical

Industrial Company was judged to be the nation's industrial and communications

quality management advanced establishment.

The consumption of raw materials, fuels, and power has further decreased. In

the ministry-controlled 25 major energy consumption indicators, 21 of them

showed energy consumption less than or equal to that of the previous year,

namely, a steady decrease of 84 percent. Energy savings in the entire chemical

industry was about 1,600 thousand tons of coal, which was better than in recent

years. Jiangsu Taichang Chemical Fertilizer Plant, Shanghai Solvents Plant,

and Shenyang Rubber Plant No 4 are the nation's advanced units in terms of

energy savings. There are 20 chemical industry enterprises rated as energy

saving advanced units. Thirty-two units received commendations from the State

Economic Committee.

13
II. Marked Increase in Economic Results

Total profits and payment of taxes from the chemical industry were 10.4?

billion yuan, 12.9 percent more than the previous year (15.5 percent increase

over the previous year before subtracting 8.14 billion yuan of output value

which was transferred to the General Petrochemical Corporation), realizing an

income increase greater than the increase in production. The entire industry

reached a total of 8.84 billion yuan in profits and taxes, 9.2 percent more

than the previous year (10.6 percent before subtracting 6.9 billion yuan for

the transferred output value to the General Petrochemical Corporation). The

growth of the chemical industry was about the same magnitude compared with other

production units with an increasing rate 9.9 percent (10.5 percent after subtracting the transferred output value to the General Petrochemical Corporation).

Profits and taxes per RMB 100 of total fund was 30.5 yuan, an increase of 2.5

yuan over the previous year; turnover period of quota circulating fund was

78.7 days, a decrease of 4.5 days over the previous year. Total labor productivity increased 8.4 percent compared with that of the previous year.

Throughout the entire chemical industry, deficit was incurred in 515 enterprises in 1983 and 1,143 in 1982, a decrease of 54.5 percent; deficit decreased

60.8 percent from 0.408 billion yuan to 0.16 billion yuan. Obvious result is

seen in smair nitrogenous fertilizer industry by turning deficit to profit,

deficit incurred in 304 enterprises fewer [than the previous year], a reduction

of 0.143 billion yuan. The entire industry made 0.516 billion yuan net profit,

which was 2.8 times increase over the previous year.

III. Effects Seen in Further Steps Taken in Consolidation of Enterprises

The year's all-out consolidation has enabled improvements in various aspects

of enterprises, pertaining to personnel quality, skills and management in the

chemical industry, resulting in a marked increase in economic results. About . ,

32 percent, or 1,342 units of the total chemical industry have accomplished the

'five tasks of consolidation'. Of these, 199 units of key enterprises have

passed the requirements; accounting for over 70 percent of the total number of key

enterprises; and about 35 percent, or 13 of the ministry's production enterprises and construction, survey and design units have been checked. The spirit

of the "four modernizations" of leading groups of all levels has been raised

since consolidation. Based on 66 enterprise statistical units under the

ministry, members of the leading groups were reduced 16.4 percent from 437 to

365, and the average age of cadres were lowered 5 years from 54.3 to 49.3 years.

Cadres having a high school or college degree increased 21.4 percent from 47.3

percent to 68.7 percent. Based on checking the extent of achievements with

respect to the "five working tasks," various departments in the industry have

launched a widespread movement to construct "non-polluting" (Wu Xie Lau) [2477

3118 3345] and "modernized" (Wen Ming) [2429 2494] activity. By the end of the

year, 308 "non-polluting" plants and 78 "modernized" plants were built, showing

a great improvement in the image of the enterprise.

IV. Readjustment of Enterprises Showed New Progress

The entire chemical industry has been working on readjustment of enterprise

organization and product structure to improve economic results for a year.

14
Many unqualified enterprises such as high-energy-consuming and non-competitive

plants have been shut down at the request of the director of the State Chemical

Department in 1982. For instance, there are 93 fewer small nitrogenous fertilizer enterprises than in the previous year. Another example is in Liaoning

Province where, after an overall survey, 106 small paint producing plants were

shut down due to work of poor condition and product quality, below the state

standard, and this had a great impact on strengthening industrial management

and raising social-economic results. In the readjustment of product structures,

production of highly-effective low-residue pesticides has increased 24.7 percent

to replace production of '666' (BHC) and DDT in order to reduce environmental

pollution. In dyes, production of old products such as sulfur dyes, substantive

dyes and levco dyes was reduced and replaced by more competitive products according to the market changes. In rubber products, production of motor [li(cosoo)]

vehicle tires' decreased while production of agricultural vehicle tires and a

variety of rubber shoes were increased.

V. Major Construction Projects Were Finished With Improved Results

Under the guidance of the spirit of the Central Working Conference, all construction projects were to finish the current working program and exclude any

items not in the plan, which kept investments within the state budget plan.

The five major construction projects, the Beijing Dongjang Chemical Plant, the

Yunfu Troilite Mine, the Shanxi Chemical Fertilizer Plant, the Zhejiang Zhenhai

Petrochemical Plant, and the Urumqi Petrochemical Plant, were completed as

planned. The synthetic ammonia and nitramine synthesis units at Heilongjiang

Chemical Works; and the ethylene, ethanol, butaneoctaol, acetaldehyde, and

acetic acid synthesis units of the Jihua Company; the catalytic cracking, net

bag, and reinforced plastic manufacturing units of the Yanshan Petroleum General

Corporation, and the fatty acid and fatty alcohol synthesis units at Dalian Oil

and Fat Chemical Plant, all 12 of these engineering projects have been completed

and put into operation. Besides, the urea production unit at Jihua Company and

the cyanuramide synthesis unit at Sichuan Chemical Works were ready to be tested

for production. The 6 construction projects including the Hubei Chemical Fertilizer Plant, the Qixiashan Chemical Fertilizer Plant, the hydrogen purifying unit at the Qilu Petrochemical General Plant, the Liuzhou Chemical Fertilizer Plant, the Wuhan Carbon Black Plant and the Xincheng Chemical Plant

are now in the process of passing state evaluation. The preliminary designs

for another 15 new plants have also been completed. The quality of basic construction engineering has shown marked upgrading, for instance, the Dongtinhu

Chemical Fertilizer Plant has been awarded a prize by the state for good

engineering quality.

VI. Chemical Technology Again Obtained New Achievements

In this year, under the combined effort of all S&T personnel and workers, more

than 70 major research projects have shown good progress. Of these over 70

percent are projects to serve agriculture, light industry and defense. For

instance, the production of P205 by the wet process using H3PO4 and (NH4)P03

as intermediates; evaluation of a new soda ash diaphragm reactor and testing

of a three-stage counter-current evaporator, etc. Some research topics are to

be reported for the first time at home and abroad, and some have broken the

15
technological monopoly abroad. For instance, the research success in using a

rare earth element as a catalyst for butadiene rubber production technology

enables China to be the first worldwide; and the technology for the synthesis

of vitamin E is a big success in precision chemical engineering, has broken

the technological monopoly abroad, and its production unit is under construction

in Beijing. New results have also been obtained with regard to the absorption

and digestion of new technology from abroad. For example, a cooperative

venture of the Nanjing Chemical Industry Company's Chemical Engineering Plant

and Dalian Jinqhou Heavy Machinery Plant along with a foreign company has

successfully constructed a 520-thousand-ton* urea synthesizing and washing

tower up to international standards; and use of a largescale installation imported from France to carry out the decarbonization technique in ammonia

synthesis improved the purifying ability by 15 percent and increased profit by

4 million yuan. Computer applications have shown new breakthroughs. For

example, the Research Institute of the Nanjing Chemical Industry Company

computer for monitoring alkylbenzene dehydrogenation at the Nanjing Chemical

plant brought in 430 thousand yuan net profit in a mere 22 days; use of a

microcomputer in the dealkylization of dichlorovos DDVP at the Nantong Insecticide Plant reclaimed 230 thousand yuan of investment. At the same time, the

pace to replace chemical products has been stepped up, investments in manufacturing have been made to develop more than 600 new chemicals. Among them are

top-grade dyes, coatings, perfumes, highly-effective low-residue pesticides,

chemicals for leathers and paper manufacturing, and adhesives.

VII. Personnel Training Gained Recognition and Training Strength

In 1983, a total of 2300 chemistry majors in universities and 1596 high school

and vocational students graduated from institutes directly under the ministry;

44 were sent for master degrees; and 57 went abroad for advanced study. Furthermore, enterprise units affiliated with the ministry provided training to 326

graduates from the Television University and the Workers University. As for

the education of cadres, 937 leading cadres of: rotational training organs;

provincial, municipal and district chemical offices and bureaus; as well as key

enterprises, were trained at: the ministry's cadre management institute; the

three special training centers for scientific research, capital construction and

mines, as well as the Nanjing chemical machinery class. Seventy-one (71) cadres

with college credentials attended special cadre training courses at the institutes of chemical engineering in Nanjing and Beijing.

Regarding the education of workers, incomplete statistics from the chemical industry bureaus of 14 large and medium-size cities, five major enterprises and

enterprise institutes directly under the ministry indicate that amongst the

900 thousand workers, around 440,000 attended various cultural, service, or

technical schools, reaching a school attendance rate as a whole of 50 percent.

A total of 166 thousand persons qualified for remedial cultural courses, reach-

[*Editor's note: According to the "People's Republic of China Year-Book 1984,"^

p 388 — "The Nanjing Chemical Industry Company successfully manufactured China's

first urea synthesizing tower with an annual production capacity of 520,000 tons.

The" tower, 36 metres high and with an inner diameter of 2.8 metres, weighs

320 tons...."]

16
ing a cummulative 55 percent. Based on the remedial cultural course, various

places popularize widespread remedial courses in technology to enhance the educational level of workers with middle school education. Just in the chemical

industries in the 14 large and medium-size cities, 7,000 participated in higher

education, of which 3,000 studied economic management.

VII. Tasks in 1984

Although, China's chemical industry in 1983 has obtained marked achievements,

they were not sufficient. The major problems were relative to weak management,

and poor quality of the chemical products. They were not meeting the needs of

modernization whether it was due to the lack of resources in personnel, technology and management.

Major tasks to buildup production of the chemical industry in 1984 are: to

thoroughly follow the spirit of the 12th Party Congress, to continue practicing

"readjustment, restructuring, consolidation, and upgrading" to improve economic

results, to improve product quality, to reduce energy consumption, to change

deficit to profit, to improve the quality of enterprises, and to guarantee the

completion of national projects. In order to accomplish the above-mentioned

tasks, some suggestions are summarized as follows:

(1) overcome all difficulties to guarantee reaching production goals;

(2) continue consolidation of overall enterprises to guarantee the quality of

work;

(3) take further steps to make up deficits and increase surpluses to eliminate

management loss;

(4) build towards production with regard to work in new chemical technology to

improve productivity;

(5) improve engineering quality to accomplish major national projects;

(6) improve the quality of working teams by upgrading the workers' qualifications; and

(7) tightly grasp the main points of enterprise restructuring.

(Paper received in May 1984.)

12,864

CSO: 4008/1028

17
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

PATENT PROTECTION FOR CHEMICAL INVENTIONS DISCUSSED

Beijing ZH0N6GU0 ZHUANLI [PATENT REVIEW OF CHINA] in Chinese No 6, [Jun]

1985 pp 9-11

[Article by Shen Yaozeng [3088 1031 2582]]

TTextl Inventions in the chemical field mainly imply chemical substance

[nvSiionsIbut also include those of food and pharmaceuticals Prepared by

chemical methods. Patent protection for these inventions xs a^complxcated

issue Sat is handled differently among countries throughout the world Only

the general principles are outlined in the patent laws of our country. Although the criteria of examination for chemical inventions are tentatively

set they have to be constantly modified and perfected during thexr implementations ifthe future. In this article, a few questions concerning the patent

protection for chemical substance inventions will be briefly explaxned.

I. What Are Chemical Substances?

Chemical substances are "substances obtained by chemical methods," which

means new substances prepared by chemical reactions from startxng materxals

that have different composition and properties from the latter.

Chemical substances, as defined by the patent laws, include:

1. Compounds that can be defined by molecular or structural formulars.

They can be either low-molecular-weight inorganic or organic compounds that

possess specific molecular weights and chemical and/or phy.xcal^constants

or polymeric compounds that possess no specific molecular wexght and/or

chemical and physical constant.

2. Substances that can not be defined by molecular or structural formulas

but can be described by their preparation methods and/or chemxcal and physical

properties. Examples are lignin, starch and cellulose.

3. Chemical intermediates, which means those compounds that have no valuable,

direct uses except as materials for the preparation of other chemical substances (final products) by chemical reactions. Examples are organic reaction intermediates such as aniline, naphthylamine and phenosulsulfonxc acid.

18
Mixtures and compositions are not regarded as chemical substances. Mixtures

are substances consisted of two or more chemical substances, in which components

are chemically inert to each other. Composition is a synonym of mixture and

is often used in cases where two or more compounds form an homogenous entity

that appears to be a single substance. Mixtures or compositions include:

1. Mixtures with specific uses. Examples are adhesives, detergents, polishing

agents, lubricants, magnetic toners, coating materials, inks and paints.

2. Solid materials that appear to be pure compounds but in fact are mixtures

of chemical substances. Examples are glass, cements, ceramics, fire retardants, explosives, plastics and alloys.

3. Macroscopic or microscopic structural mixtures. Examples are the layered

products made of different materials, the safety glass having sandwiched

layer of synthetic resin and the layered products made of pulp and synthetic

fiber.

It should be pointed out that those mixtures by simple mechanical mixing of

several chemical substances in which each component retains its properties

without producing new applications or a mixture of several chemical substances

in which only one chemical substance is active ingredient while others are

either supporters or have no particular functions are not regarded as mixtures

or compositions but are treated as chemical substances in the patent laws.

II. Why Chemical Substances Are Not Patentable in Our Country?

The various practices of patent protection for chemical substances in countries

around the world are worthy of our careful consideration. The ways countries dealt with the issue of patent protection for chemical substances can

be roughly classified into three modes;

1. "Absolute Protection" of Chemical Substances

"Absolute protection" means that, in the chemical field, it is handled the same

way as in other fields that patent protection not only deals with a product per

se but also includes the manufacture, sale and use of the product. This is

mainly adopted by industrialized nations such as the United States, the United

Kingdom, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan. It worths mentioning that there was no patent protection for chemical substances in the Federal

Republic of Germany until 1968 and in Japan until 1976.

2. Protection Only of Chemical Substances Having Specific Applications

?ljS,

1S

,t° SSy ^

the Protection of Products in the chemical field is limit- ~/P

?

Clf" aPPiications claimed by inventors or analogous applicaSZ;* £

1S a

f°P^

ed by/01ne lndustrialized Scandinavian nations such as Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The limited patent protection is adopted

by these nations in order to enhance the development of their domestic chemihv\^- KS

T °

ne hand and t0 Pr°tect the lnterests of these nations by keeping big foreign companies and enterprises from chemical product monopones on the other.

19
3. No Patent Protection for Chemical Substances

This is mainly adopted by the USSR, the Eastern European countries and the

majority of developing countries.

Through the analysis of the above-mentioned modes, two preliminary conclusions

can be reached. First, we should move toward granting patent protection for

chemical substances in the future because this is good for reaping the full

benefits of the patent system. Second, the prerequisites of granting patent

protection for chemical substances are that domestic chemical industries

have achieved certain technological level and some products are competitive

on the international market. Therefore, for the countries whose chemical

industries are not developed and especially for the developing countries, it is

inappropriate to grant the patent protection for chemical substances too early.

According to the regulations, the patent protection for a chemical substance

covers wide areas. It covers not only the product per se but also all possible

ways of manufacturing and using the product, even though the patentee does not

envision them and mention them in the patent application. If a novel and

innovative production process or application of the product is developed by

someone else, the patent protection of which will be valid only with the consent of the patent holder of the product or after a compulsory license is obtained. For reasons that substances prepared by chemical methods cover wide

areas and have significant implications, that there is a rather large gap in

the technological level between our chemical industries and those of the industrialized nations and that we lack experience in dealing with this issue, it is

appropriate at the moment not to consider granting the patent for substances

obtained by chemical methods in order to protect our interests.

III. What Inventions in the Chemical Field Can Be Granted Patent Protection?

In our patent laws, inventions are divided into two categories, the product

patent and process patent. In the chemical field, patent protections are

granted to mixture or composition inventions of the product invention category

even though there are no protections for chemical substances as well as food

and pharmaceuticals prepared by chemical methods. Patent protections are

granted for the following types of process inventions:

1. Production Process Inventions

Chemical substances can be made through one or more of the following chemical

reactions: combination, decomposition, substitution and double decomposition

in inorganic chemistry; addition, hydration, oxidation, hydrolysis, alkylation,

carbonyl group synthesis, hypochloridation, chlorination, nitration, chlorine

substitution, bromination, amination and ethylation in organic synthesis;

polymerization reactions in polymer chemistry such as solution polymerizations,

emulsion polymerizations and suspension polymerizations that are types of addition polymerization and all kinds of condensation polymerization reactions.

Those that can get patent protections are not limited to the new production

processes of chemical substances. They can also be analogy processes. An

20
analogy process is a method.to prepare closely related chemical substances

from well-known chemical substances or closely related chemical substances that

are new and well known by well-known process. These processes are not

novel and the products, although new, are obvious. However, as long as the

product possesses unexpected properties and hence finds specific applications,

its process invention should be regarded as patentable.

Chemical recipes generally refer to methods of preparation and include the

name, proportion and preparation condition of each component. They are

htCT^r T

b

!

l0?glng to *he category of chemical process. These recipes can

be granted patent protection as process invention. But if it is a "mixing

recipe, that is the mixing of various chemical substances by certain proportioTJS ^

g

J

n

f

the pr°Pertles of the ingredients, then patent protec- tion cannot be granted.

2. Processing Method Inventions

These inventions are ail related to processes in which certain chemical subtrTrt ^.ac

J

ed

.

upcm

J

t

°

achleVe cerfcaln workinß objective. The chemical subS£J% t^e

\

h

J

the action

» that is no other chemical substances are

resulted from the application of this process. Examples are the analytical and

SSzS S'/

he

f

PUiflCati0n aS Wel1 aS the transportation, quantitSi"" pellitization and refrigeration methods of chemical substances.

3. Process Inventions that Employ Chemical Substances for Specific Uses

(Application Inventions)

These inventions involve the new applications of a known product, equipment

be Ja«SV° aChleVe SPe"

fiC USeS

-

An a

PPlicatlon invention can ge^raUy

nL gf

3S ?pr°"SS inventi°n ^ which a material is employed for specific

use. For example, the use of fine-coal ash as a new construction material is

L^?PPr

fcl

r I-"116 C°

al aSh'but ifc Can also be considered a process invention of using fine coal ash as a new construction material. Therefore

the inventor can file patent application for "the method of making construction

blocks by using fine coal ash" from the point of view of the production process.

countrv°Lthl?mited ^W^ ^^ pr0te<\tion for P

r

°cess invention in our country is limited to the process per se because it is not stated in our

patent laws that the patent protection for process invention also covers the

product that is prepared directly by the said process. Nevertheless I? ts

stated in our patent laws that: "When an infringement dispute arises'and the

invention patent involved is the production process of a product, the individual

or organization making the same product shall provide evidence of the lndlVldual

production process by which the product is made " Therefo^ %hf ITA <- A

directly by the said process is protected to a «rtSn dfgree. ?^ "***

In summary, the process invention has important significance in n,,r na^onf

protection practices because chemical substances ITwell asfnL »n/ £

Sue0:

18 ^^ ^Chem

,

iCal meth0dS "e n0tTotlclirinVur o^ry^ufthT production processes of these products can be granted patents by the patent

laws. In the chemical field, not only the process inventions involving the

21
production of various chemical substances and those involving the processing

of chemical substances but also the analogy processes and application inventions are protected. Thus, process inventions are granted better protection

in our country but the chemical substances involved are also protected to a

certain degree. This is more in line with the reality of our country. As to

the issue of whether or when to grant patent protection for chemical substances, it will be decided after the laws have been implemented for a period

of time.

12922

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22
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

SODA ASH PRODUCTION IN CHINA DISCUSSED

Beijing XIANDAI HUAGONG [MODERN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY] in Chinese Vol 4 No 5 Oct

84 pp 41-43

[Article by Yang Manyi [2799 2581 3354] of Tianjin Soda Ash Plant. "Doubling

the Production of Soda Ash Should Be Targeted to Satisfy the Needs of Society"]

[Text] The 12th Party Congress stated: "China's economic objective from 1981

to the end of the century is to improve economic results to quadruple the gross

industrial and agricultural output " This is a great strategic goal to

push forward socialist modernization construction. This is a serious question

and needs to be dealt with seriously.

In the author's opinion, the goal to strive for quadrupling the gross industrial

and agricultural output value is a collective one. However, it cannot be applied

to every trade profession and commodity in exactly the same way. It has to be

considered with regard to solving the imbalance in the development of the national economy. We must gradually reduce some commodities in over-supply and increase goods in short supply to construct a new balance of the economy.

For so many years, the production of soda ash was not enough to meet demand

and therefore it affected the development of the national economy seriously.

Before the production goal is set for such a situation, it is necessary to

fully evaluate the problem of domestic shortage and the large amounts of

passive annual imports. The production goal must be set to meet the society's

soda ash needs gradually. J

I. Evaluation of Soda Ash Production

From 1981 to the end of the 20th century, the production of soda ash was set

^° ,; mi"-i°n tons, that is, 4 times the actual output of 1.613 million

tons in 19Ö0, and this can be achieved with an average increment of 6 79-7 22

percent per year.

This is a plan without having considered our experience since the founding of

thePRC nor the slow current demand. This plan cannot meet the needs of

national economic development.

23
First, let's look back at the development of the soda ash industry since the

construction of the nation. China produced 1.613 million tons of soda ash in

1980. This was 18.33 times more than the 88,000 tons produced during the

years just following liberation and averaged an increment of 9.84 percent per

year.

In the past 31 years, if we exclude the first 3 years right after the liberation and the 10 years of disturbance, the production of soda ash during normal

national economic development increased an average of 12.8 percent per year

from 223 thousand tons in 1953 to 1.066 million tons in 1966, and an average

increase of 14.5 percent per year from 1.0754 million tons in 1977 to 1.613

million tons in 1980. During this period, we have not accounted for the loss

of the Tianjin Soda Ash Plant caused by severe earthquake, otherwise, the

average growth rate would be even higher.

Therefore, we can say that during the 31 years prior to 1980, the production

rate of soda ash increased 12.8-14.5 percent per year in the normal economic

development period, and even when we include both the 3 recovery years after

the liberation and the 10 disturbance years, the average rate of increase was

still 9.84 percent, and compared with the 6.79-7.22 percent progress rate for

doubling the production to meet the state plan, the latter rate is still lower.

Next, the shortage of soda ash was hurting the national economy for many years,

the growth rate to meet the demand for soda ash should have been faster than

the actual growth rate of production. With a growth rate of 9.84 percent per

year for the last 31 years, we have been paying a high price to import soda

ash, but those imports still cannot satisfy our demand. Hence, this current

plan to double production is also not fast enough.

Therefore, if the planned production of soda ash is simply based on the actual

1980 production value without regard to the historical development and the

current needs of the society, then it will drag the hind leg of the nation s

economic development by the end of this century.

II. Doubling Production of Soda Ash Should Aim To Satisfy the National Need

China is a socialist country and the goal of production in a socialist country

is to fulfill both the material and cultural needs of the people.

In 1980, the actual consumption of soda ash was 1.9166 million tons based on

1.613 million tons domestic and 303.6 thousand tons imported. At that time,

due to insufficient supply of soda ash, consumption was restricted by about

290 thousand tons, therefore, our demand in 1980 actually was 2.2 million tons

of soda ash.

Obviously, we could just simply quadruple the actual production value of

1.613 million tons, using 1980 as an index, to 6.452 million tons, but such a

plan would lead to a larger gap in production.

Of course, we can also forecast our demand in a certain period by means of

statistics. However, in recent years the actual demand was hard to predict

due to conflicts among soda ash production, demand, and the restriction of the

24
people sconsumption. Hence, it is difficult to predict the actual need by the

end of this century. Nevertheless we can estimate our demand based on trends

of development and on direct and indirect consumption for other major products

which need to use large amounts of soda ash.

ine-inlnfrti0n,°f maJCT

S

°

da ash elated products and the gross output values

inindustry and agriculture since the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Central

Committee are outlined in the following table: : general

Table 1. Some soda ash consuming products, gross industrial and agricultural

output, and soda ash production growth rate©

X item

Year ^\

Plate glass

output

(10,000 cases)

1I feSc u&

I

1

m

4 -

J 1-3 8

? 1 fill

3 PI

sH

J979 2330 136 39.7 51' ' 6175 148.5

1983 i 4167 269 67.7 163> '9209 179.3 i

i979~1983

Average annual

increase Z

15.7 18.6 14.3 33.7 10*5. 4.»

® data are quoted from REMIN RIBA0 of April 30, 1980 and April 30, 1984

llth Prr T

UltS Sthe alT! data> We f±nd that since the 3d Plenum of the 11th PCC the growth rate of both the industrial and agricultural output and

eo^e^'S et^f* ^f^* fast" thee that of the production of soda ash. The gap between the needs and production is obvious. During this

IZt °

f

.

severe Mortage, the amount of soda ash imported increased. By 1983,

co" TsTltl?» 60°'000 t0nS WMCh WaS 1/3 °

f the t0tal °u

^ o? the '

Table 2. Imports of soda ash since the Third Plenum of the 11th Partv

Central Committee

(10,000 tons)

Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Total

i

Import 1 16.63 30.36 21.18 24.09

1

60.35 152.61

25
We have spent over 0.3 billion U.S. dollars.of foreign exchange in importing

s da ^! last 5 years: that is equivalent to -e than b, xon yuan

of RMB including import tax and miscellaneous expenses. For China such spend

ing is a heavy load on the national economy.

Judging from the above, there is no doubt that these major soda ash consuming

products will continue to grow at a fast rate.

For instance, the production of plate glass was regulated to be 42 »g

1

^

cases in 1985 according to the Sixth Five-Year Plan whxch would be 52 percent

more than in 1980 with an average growth rate of 8.7 percent. Judgxng from the

noint of view of 3 years into the plan, 1983 shows an output value of 41.67

S Son easel whic/is close to the goal set for the Sixth Five-Year Plan In

recent years, the production of plate glass has been growxng at 15.7 percent

per year, which, however, meets only 40 percent of the current demand.

Much housing has been built in the cities and ^.^J^^^^^

Plenum of the 11th Party Central Committee, and the demand for plate g^s

ScuTated from the total area of residential housing, public welfare facilities^ other housing estimated for the Sixth Five-Year Plan was 63 million

cases "based on 3mm thickness single-layer plate glass and 15 percent of the

total construction area), which required about 600 thousand tons of soda ash.

In the case of glass for daily use, the production of beer in 1985 was set at

2 million tons; each ton of beer would require 1 ton of glass whxch also

requires soda ash.

Furthermore, the demand for soda ash for synthetic detergentsv£" ^

8

gr8t

20 percent per year as based on the 20 percent increment per year for the fxrst

3 years into the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

Of course the demand for soda ash for some areas might not increase with the

incasing growth rate of development and living standard For instance, the

demand for soda ash for foods might stay at a certaxn level. In «eneral^the

demand for soda ash for most trades and sectors xncreased at £««^J£f8

with the increasing growth rates of product development and living standard.

Therefore, doubling the production of soda ash cannot be based on the actual

output value of 1980. It should be based on the current trend of need.

The author feels that using the output value of 2,200,000 tons of soda ash in

1980 as the base for doubling production would perhaps not be far from the

actual situation. This means that the soda ash output value will reach

"SotoOO tons by the end of this century. This also means that^based on^the

1980 actual output value, the output increases at an average rate of 8.85^9

Percent a year At this rate, by the end of this century, soda ash production

c u d be coniidertd "on the whole' as just meeting the ^ds for development o

the national economy. This also means that by the end of this century, Chxna s

averse soda ash output per capita will be just 7.3 kg, which is only around

1/4 of the level of more developed industrial countries.

26
III. Development of the Soda Ash Industry With a Higher Growth Rate Is Possible

As everyone knows, our soda ash industry has more than 60 years of history.

China's development of 'Hou's method for the preparation of soda ash1 has made

a great contribution to the world's soda ash industrial history.

For many years, the soda ash industry has become a strong technical force combining research, design, production and equipment manufacturing, and has

accumulated a lot of practical experience, besides, China has plenty of raw

materials for soda ash preparation. Therefore, China can develop the production

of soda ash at a higher growth rate, which is necessary and possible. China was

exporting soda ash some 20 years ago with a good reputation. For various reasons

the soda ash industry has been slowed down in recent years and instead of exporting, China is importing larger and larger amounts to compensate for her

shortage. The increasing amount of imports are hurting the development of the

national economy. Therefore, if China can avoid making mistakes in the regulation of soda ash production, the development of the soda ash industry would be

growing at a faster rate. (Paper received in May 1984.)

12,864

CSO: 4008/1028

27
jPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 19»:>

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

QINGHUA UNIVERSITY ESTABLISHES S&T CENTER FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS

Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 19 Jul 85 p 2

[Article by reporter Zhou Xiaoping [0719 1420 1627]: "The Applied S&T Service

Center of the Graduate School of Qinghua University Builds a Bridge for Its

Graduate Students To Participate in Science Practice1»]

[Text] The Applied S&T Service Center of the Graduate School of Qinghua

University has tentatively initiated S&T service activities for its graduate

students. The Applied S&T Service Center has been organized for S&T service

under the guidance and with the support of the university and its graduate

school. It shows itself externally as an economic entity of its own, and

internally it brings the superiority in science and engineering of a

comprehensive university fully into play. It assists the more than 1,500

doctoral and master degree research personnel to make positive contributions

toward the instruction and scientific research at the university as well as

toward the S&T development of society.

Since its initiation in November last year, the Qinghua Applied S&T Service

Center has established long-term and comprehensive S&T cooperative relations

with Nanyang City in Henan, Yancheng City in Jiangsu and Huairo and Pinggu in

the Beijing Municipality. The center has served as consultant on various

matters to several hundred units and responded to more than 50 requests for

technical service, cordially welcomed by all of society. A leader in one of

the units said most gratefully: "Every year only a few students in our line

are allotted to these places here. If graduate students would use vacation

time every year to come here and give technological guidance, serve as

probationary factory directors and engineers, it would mean that we could

count on a number of graduate students every year."

With the rising level of S&T in China, the trial-production of every new

product is frequently the result of mutual collaboration among several

disciplines. The center is paying attention to increasing the mutual osmosis

between the various disciplines. Through the organization of cooperation

across S&T specializations, it was possible to develop a cylinder stroke

control device for a computer for the metal forging research group of the

university. This is of major significance, showing the way that new

technologies can be used in traditional specializations. The center also

provides an excellent locale for graduate students from all specializations of

28
the university to engage in extended interdisciplinary scholarly exchanges.

The scope of requests from outside, which the center entertains, comprises all

specializations represented in Qinghua University. The members of the center,

each specializing in a certain field, are on their own initiative trying to

learn the basic knowledge of all the other specializations and their

developmental conditions. Graduate students who in their own research meet

with difficulties that extend beyond their fields of specialization can easily

find someone in the center to render them assistance. Most recently, the

center initiated the organization of graduate students from three departments

and four specializations to jointly complete a very important research

project.

The center has also been entrusted by the Graduate School of Qinghua

University to arrange a part of the practical training required within the

training program for graduate students through its organization of S&T service

activities, thus rendering the Qinghua Applied S&T Service Center into a

bridge that enables the graduate students to come in contact with society,

whereby the graduate students not only consolidate their acquired knowledge in

actual practice, but also learn things that are not taught in classrooms and

laboratories. At the same time, many students, in the course of this partwork and part-study system, rendering S&T services against remuneration, work

toward maintaining themselves by their own labor. Presently, the Qinghua

Applied S&T Service Center has attained economic independence, and the

students taking part in the S&T services are also able to gain certain

economic benefits from it.

9808

CSO: 4008/2024

29
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

VECTOR VALUED LONG JAMES TYPE BANACH SPACES J(n,&p)(1<P<"^)

Beijing XITONG KEXUE YU SHUXUE [JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICAL

SCIENCES] in Chinese Vol 5, No 1 [Jan] 85 pp 51-62

[Article by Zhao Junfeng [6392 0193 1496], Department of Mathematics, Wuhan

University. Written by author while visiting the Ohio State University.

Received 9 May 1984]

rT xtl The concept of the transfinite basis of a Banach space is introduced in [3]. In this paeX ,per we invest^ate die vector valued long James type Banach spaces. We find that j(.n, lP)

(1 <£<oo) and its dual /0iW#)* have the transfinite bases, and if a. Banach space X

has a transfinite basis, so does the space Xl» X).

We will use the following definitions for transfinite series and basis in a Banach space

X. Let ij be «a ordinal number, and let x„6 X be given for each a<n. The value

(when it exists) of the series

2 *« . •';"- ,.' '-. '" ' "• ' *<r

a defined recursively as follows. If r'— 0, then

2*«-°-

If r — ß + 1 isa successor, then

2 *" "' 2 *" +**'

provided the series on the right-hand side converges. If r is a limit, then

T! xa — lim (2 *• )»

where the limit is taken in the norm topology of X.

A transfinite sequence 0.)o<, of vectors is called a basis for X if and only if for each

v€ Y, there is a unique sequence (£«)«<, of scalars such that

V — 2

C

'

x

" 'a<1

Suppose i|isan ordinal number. [0, »;] is a set of ordinal numbers with the order

topology. The Banach space l2 consists'of the sequences a — (o0, alt a2i • • •, a„, • • •) with

the norm ||a|| -f2«if < °°." *» particular, the unit vectors in the space /2are defined

30
by:-«,- (1, 0, 0, •'• , 0, •••), *, - (0, 1, 0, •••, 0, •••)».»a-:

(0, 0, 1,(),•••, 0,

•••)•"» fn " (0j 0, •••,0 , 1, 0, •••), • • •. The vector e„ in ltis the vector that has

1 in its (» + 1) th slot and zeros elsewhere. The vector valued long James type Banach

space /(JJ, /2) consists of the vector valued functions F defined on [0, IJ] and values in l3

which satisfy the following conditions: .

(i) F(0)«0;

(

n

\l/2

JjWFCa^-FCa^Wll) ,

where the sup is taken over all finite sequences Oo < ex < • • • < a» in [0, \];

(iii) F is continuous in the norm ||'||;2. .

It is easy to see that (j(l> '2)» II II) »'» Banach »pace. The norm III • III defined by

IIIFIII -sup(2l|F(fo.1>-J»(^>J|V+l|F(^Rir- (1)

is equivalent to the norm || ||, where the sup is taken. over all finite sequences:

ßi < §2 < ''' < ßa-i < ßx < ' • "• < ßlk-i <ß1K in .[0, nl

We call the space /(is h") the lr valued long James type Banach space. '

Let us now consider functions (tfw) defined by '••" '".

4wO)-jn•£ //! ft) U), if r|E(«»?lJ>

where a € [0, ij], r€ [0, JJ], 16 [0, to), e,- — (0, (),•••, 0, I, 0, 0, •••)€ ^ and a> is

the first infinite ordinal number.

We know that <£„„•€ /(l» h) and ||<£„„-|| " 1.for any <*€ [0, >j] «nd for any *'€ [0,

.»). .

Suppose F€/(»I» O» F — (F(c))a€.[0, ijijwbere

F(a) -(F.,,, F0lJ, •••,F..v, *••)€/,.

Theorem 1. ((<£a,i)««:io.i»>)ae[o.i,) is a transfiniie basis pf tie Banach space /(ij, /3).

Furthermore, for any F € j(?\,li') we have

. F--S S. C/tfw (3)

«eto.i») /IE[0M.) -

where C„„- — F0+i„- — F„„-.

Froo/. Let us consider a projection P« from /(>j, /3) into /(*j, /2) defined by

FflF - F«[0;o, + FCoX«,^ -

where #[0l«) and • *(„,,] are the characteristic functions of [0,«] *nd (o, JJ] respectively, 4»€

[0, JJ]. In particular P,F — F. '

Using the same argument as in Proposition 1 of [3] we see that

||F0F — FfF|| -»• 0 as a -* ßt.

31
if B is1

a limit point in [0, »]. Therefore lim PaF — F in norm in the Banachspace /(«,

For any <*6 [0, if)» thtseries 2

c

'mii4>:i converges. In fact, for any e>0, there

exists an integer N > 0 such that - .

2 *u.<(f), 2

FV<(f)

i-tf+1 \ *>' i*N+l ^ * '

for any integer W > 0. SinceII 2 C0„«^0,,|| = ^j (Fa+1„- Fa„)

N+M S+M

< 2 •«+*•+ 2

F

-.'

i-W+l «-N+1

+ 2( 2 **«-) ( 2 '*•-) •

it follows that || 2 £«.'*«•'II < 8, for any Af > 0.

We now only need to show that

P,F mm /i y i Ca,i<pa,i.

««(0*) /€[(>«,)

This is true for r — 0. Suppose it is true for r, i. e.,.

PrF - F, + F(o)-

^ /1 / i CB,i<p«,i.

•«CO** mo»*

By the definition of P„ ... '

Pr+1F-Fz +F(r + l)z f

- Ft + F(r + l)z + F(r + 1),

-F„ + F(r)_ + F(r + l)z ' - F(r)

- P,F + (F(r + 1) - F(r)), .

- 2 2

C

«»^«>' + 2 Cr,i4>r.l

atlQ,r) <€(0,.) I SHU,)

< aet0.r+l) <«(0H.)

If r is a limit ordinal, then

2 2 C0„^«„-— lim ( 2 2-C«"*"''i )

32
- lim (PßF) —' PrF in norm. '.

Therefore

a€[0,r) <€[0,«)

This completes the proof.

Remark 2. The transfinite basis of /(»»» h) is *

Wo.o» 00.1» 4>o,tt "'" » 0i.o» 0i.i» 0i.a» • *' » 0«.o» 0».i»,0«.a» *' *»

&».(»&.i ><£».>»" *> 0»+i.o» 0«+J.i» 0«+i.a» '•••}.'•

The order type of this transfinite basis is w • ij. There is one to one correspondence between

the two:

8

mm (a, 0 *- act +. i,

*'€ tO.to),

a€-[0, O.

In the /p valued long James type Banach space '/(sj, /p).(l ^ ? < oo) :we 'have

Theorem 3. ((0o.<)«(o.»3)o«[o.^) is a transfinite basis of the 11 valued longJames type

Banach space Xl» lp) 0 ^ P + °°) «»<* /«" tny F € /(»], /p)

where

l

1«« '**a+W''"* Tout

. v f<fi» if f-€ (a» »?]»

U), if r£(a, q],

<ry being,a unit vector in lP that has 1 i» *Yr (i + l) fA .Wo/ AIM/ *CTW elsewhere.

Proof. We only need to notice that *

• i F0+i,l4>ati(r) " '

<€[<U0 0, if r*(«+l,ll»

and

2 ^«»' '»» ^

r€

c«> ii>

0, af r^CojäjL .:

Then

7! (•Pa+»rf — F„i)<l>„j(r)

33
' 2 *•+»' *' ~ S

F

«< .«»

if '»-€(a+l,.»], .

^ «[<W «CO.«)

H 2 *-'" if r€(a,a+l],

«CO»)

* 0, if r€[0,a].

The series

/«[OH.) «CO.») «10«.)

»re convergenr in /- norm. So for any o€[0, JJ), the series 2

c

««*w » convergent in

.«to«)

norm. •. *

The rest of the proof is similar to that of Theorem 1. ' *

More generally, suppose X is a Banach space« Similarly we can define a Banach space

/(ij, X) consisting of the functions F on [0, if] and values in X which satisfy the following

conditions:

(i) F(o)-a; .

00* \\F\\ -sup (2'&*<«)"- F<*> --oiiiT <+•.";

where the sup is taken over all finite sequences a, < «i < • • • < a« in [0, llJ

(iii) F is X-norm continuous on [0, JJ].

We call this space /(ij, X) the X Valued long James type Banach space.

Theorem 4. Suppose X is a Banach space with a Schauder basis {*,}?-o, and

.' , N f*f» * '€(<*, 1»],

10» if rf («, ij],

»fcnr i€[0',o»), a€[0,n). TA*» ((*„,)«to,<.))«€[oi,) «» « transfinite basis of the X

pa/««; /«if /*»« *yp* Banach space Xl» *) «"* for any F € Xl»X) w<? *««"?

... f — 2 2

c

««*«<»

«to,«) «to..)

Cni\F) mm Fa+l,i *~~ «««.

- This theorem can be proved using the same method as in Theorem 3.

- Let us consider the associated transfinite sequence of coefficient functional* ((Cm;)/«to>i»>)aetoM|>

defined in Theorem 1. ((C„,-, <krf)«to,.))«€[o,,f » » transfinite biorthogonal system.

Theorem 5. The biorthogonal functionals ((C,,,,),«»,^)^»»!,) associated with

C(*«rf)«tOHrt)^lo»f,) -»hick is a transfinite basis of the Banach space j(ij, Z3) form a transfinite

basis of the dual space Xl»'a)*» <"»rf we nave the representation'.

34
. '- E E x*».-)c„, O)

ae[0,*) /«tO».)

/or a»y /€/(»}>/a)*.

Proof. Since ((^.,()«[o.»)U.,) » » biorthogonal system, for any /€/(i|,/j)* we

have

'- £ E XtfwX«.

in the »""-topology in the Banach space /(IJ, /,)* (see p. 8 in [5]). We now need to

shew that the transfinite series ^

E S '(<*w)cw

«en.«) «[OMO .....

converges to / in norm in the Banach space /(*»».O*..

(i) We will show that for any fixed o€ [0, if) the «ries

«to«.)

is convergent to 1 in die Banach space /(IJ,JJ)*> ^

or *ny /€ /(ij» W*.

Suppose not. Then there exist e > 0 and integers i, < i3 < • • •*. < •• • -* »(» -+

oo) such that

Choose

II E K*«.)C„,H > e.

*«U».'«+1>

C(0,f) KIOMO

such that •• ."

( E ^«.)C«/» *-)>*.

By the biorthogonality we can choose

such that ll/.H < ||*.||< 1 and

Since

( E K*../)C.;,-,/.)

V6H../.+1) ,

<*./->-( E '(*.,)c-,.,/.),

vet/,.1,,+1)

so </, /„) > 6, for any » € [0, co). Let

35
We now prove that/€/(iJ*'a). Suppose

ft < ft < • -• < ft,-i < ft, < ' • • < ft*-i < ft*.

is a partition of [0, ij]. There are'three cases:

(a) The partition points, say ft,_n ft,- of the term ||/(ft,_,) — /(ft,)||2in (l), are

greater than a? i, e. ',.-' -

.a < ft/._i < ft,-. r

(b) The partition points, say ft/-,» ft/ of the. term ||/(ft;-i) —/(ft/)||Jin (1), are

less than or equal to o, i. e.

/' . -. .... ' ,

ßli-l < fat <«•

(c) The partition points ft -^ ft» of' the term ||/(ftm-i) —/(ftm)llasatisfy

ftm-l ^ « < ft».

The sum of the terms in case (a) and case (b) appearing in (1) is equal to zero. By

the definition of the "equivalent norm (1),

. ii/iia- 2 BKA»-») - ^)H?.+ 2 ii/(A/-.) -/Cft/)ii?,

+ !l/(ft»-1)-/(ft»)ll?, + ll/Cft«)«?,

-il/(ft»-l) -/(ft*)ll?, +il/GMI?,

. - ll/(ft»)ll?, + ll/(^)IIJ, -

-ii 2 -/.(/»»-)»?.+ ii 2 -/A)Hf,

- S A ii/A.)i£+ 2 -J/-CMI2,

*«tW fl "€C1M.) » ' '

(since {/»} have disjoint supports)

<2

i

i+ 2-,

««ei,«)»

;

<»«[».») B

-2 S-^<«.

So /€ y(>|, /2). But </, /> > 8 2 ^» »• e- H'll - °°' a«««»d«*««-

• • \

(ii) We will show that for any / 6 j(n» *a)* and for any limit ordinal /?€ [0, ij] the

transfinite series

y, /1 '(<&».«)£««'

aCtO.0) «[0,..)

converges^; norm in the space ](ji,li)*.

36
Suppose not. Then there are e >0, rl<r1< < r„ < • • • € [0, ß) and r,

£(»-»00 ) such that . (

II 2 2 'Uw)C..,ll>e.

So there exists </>, € /(»!> O» II*« II < 1 and

such that

4>, — 2 2 £«•'(* )*«

a € w,?) «to.»)

( 2 '2 K*a..)C.„,*.) > e.

*o€tr,,.r-+i) «W.M)

By the biorthogonality we can get

such that

Notice that

Then

/."22 CX*.)*.rf «d »/.»< n*.n < *

«€[r,.r.+i) i«i(w)

(22'(<*w)c„.„ •/.) -

*««lr,.r#+i> <e[0.») '

-(2 2 '(**j)c«it*-)>«,

<;, /.> -'( 2 2 *(*w>c-, /-)•"'"

Velr».»»+l) i€W—) '

</,/.)>£. Let /.(a)- 2 £..>(<*>•)*...•.

By the definition of the norm of the space /(l» /a)>

. B/.(a)l<j/.ll<l-.'.

We now write f„ in the following form:

/.- 2 ,/ («). ".;•• ..

Let .... '... . . "' J1"

/-±7/--il'S, £/ <«•>..'. :

«-1 » •>!l<««[raaifc+l)' "

Consider the following two cases: , .

(a) There exist integers »' and »" such that the partition points ft,_j and ßx in the term.

ll/C^-i)-/^)^ in 0) satisfy ... u *V.>"V,-

t- • - s~-'

»V ^ ßa-i < »v+u >"«" ^ ft« < »"»"+i»

where »' # «". The sum of these terms is less than or equal to

37
2(3.+

^Ty<4Si

(b) There is an integer n such that the partition points /?2p_i < ftp < • • • < ft?-» <

ft, of the terms ||/(ft,-,) -/(ftp) 111,, '•'•, ll/(ft«-i) ~ /(ft*) 11/, in (1) are in the set [r„

r.+l). Then

S HKfr-t) -/(ft,)..IH -.iS ll/»(ft,-/)

Therefore

<6 S ^<+°°.

So /€/(»!,/,). But

V

»€tW " ' »€CW *

j. e.., 0»/) ••oo. This contradiction completes the proof.

Theorem 6. The transfinite sequence of coefficient functional associated with the

transfinite basis ((tfw),«[o,..>)a«[o..i> of the space /(»?> 'p)0 < P < °°) A»«»« atransfinite

basis of the dual /(ij, /p)*(l <P < 00) a»<f /or ««y /€/(»?,/?)*> a* A<w<?

/- S 2 K<t>*,dcati.

Proof. We only need to notice that using the sam»- method as in part (i) of the proof

of Theorem 5 we can get the {f»}n<iu») which have disjoint supports. Since

II S /.ll'- S ll/,IK<> <?<<»)

we have

||a-||/(ft«.)ll?p + ll/(^)H??

-II 2 -/.GOiiv+u 2

x

/»(^)it?p

^•«11.-)» <

Vp

Vp

<2i v .LY" <•+«>.

38
So

fzKn,h) (i<?<:+*>).

The proof of the rest of this theorem is the same as the proof of Theorem 5.

G A Edgar proves that any Banach space with a transfinite basis has the approximation

property (unpublished). Combininglhis conclusion with our results we have the following

corollaries.

Corollary 7. The Banach spaces /0j,>) 0 <? < +»)'«nd Kn, /,)*0< P <

+co) have the approximation property for any ordinal number ij.

Corollary 8. If a Banach space X has a Schauder basis, then /(ij, X) has the approximation property for any ordinal number ij.

The author cordially thanks Professor G. A. Edgar for his valuable advice while the.

author was visiting the Ohio State University.

' REFKBENOES

[ 1 ] Dunford, N. and Schwartz, J. T., Linear Operators, part 1, Interscience, 1958.

[ 2 ] Edgar G., An ordering for the Banach spaces, Pacific J. Math., (1983), $2—98.

[ 3 ] Edgar, G. A., A long James space, in Measure Theory, Oberwolafach, 1979, edited by D. KcW,

Lecture Notes in Mathematics 794, Springer-Veriag, 1980.

[ 4 3 Edgar, G. A. and Zhao, Junfeng, The ordering structure an Banach spaces (to appear in Pacific

J. of Math.).

[ 5 ] Lindenstrauss, J. and Tzafriri, L., Classical Banach Spaces I. Ergehniss der Mathematik und ihn

Grenzgebiete 92, Spring-Verlag, 1977.

[ 6 ] Singer, L, Bases in Banach spaces I, 1970.

[ 7 ] Zhao Junfeng; The transfinite basis of the bidual of the long James apace.

CSO: 4010/1011

39
JPRS-CST>85-032

19 September 1985

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS"

Beijing SHUZHI JISUAN YU JISUANJI YINGYONG [JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL METHODS AND

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS] in Chinese Vol'5 No 3, Sep 84 pp 138-150

[Article*by Liu Denting [0491 1795 2494], Liaoning Architectural Engineering

Institute]

[Text] Abstract

In this paper we present a finite difference scheme for magnetohydrodynamic

equations in one dimension. Numeric results have verified its effectiveness

§1. Cylindrically Symmetric One-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Equations

Assumptions

1. The magnetic permitivity is not significantly different from 1, therefore,

U = 1.

2. The field cycle is much longer than the characteristic collision time of

electron, i.e., the electronic collision frequency is much higher than the

Larmor frequency (eH/mec).

3. (V/c)2<1 (refer to references [1] and [2]), i.e., a nonrelativistic

approximation.

The general equations in a medium are

VÄ-0, <

U

>

8ß = vx(Vxß)_iVx(ivxßl (1-2)

dt 4*

V<r '

Ofi.+V (pV)-0, 0.3)

dt

dV_.(V.v)V=,-Y£.~J^(BxvxB), (1.4)

dt c

4

*P

*Received on 21 September 1981

40
JL(PZ! + pe + £) = _v • q, (1.6)

St \ 2 8*/

g _ „WZ! + 8 + 1) + f (fl X (VX B))

__ _£l_ ßx(VXB)- KVT, (1-7)

16jr2<7

where B is the magnetic induction intensity, t is time, V is velocity of the

fluid, c is speed of light, O is electrical conductivity, p is pressure of the

material, p is density, e is internal energy per unit mass, T is temperature

and K is the thermal conductivity coefficient.

The following one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations can be derived from

the above equations using thermodynamic relations.

1. Equations in Euler Coordinates

(1) By neglecting thermal conduction, together with V = (u(R,t),0,0) and

B = (0,0,Bz(R,t)) (i.e., the magnetic field is in the axial direction of the

cylinder), we get

dB

dt

i-ii-^J + I^^), (1.8)

R OR RdR\-.dRJ

(_8. + u£.)tt^-±JL(Ru), .0.9)

\dt dR/ R oR

(_8_+ „-§-).---L31--LB,

\dt dR/ P OR 4xP

dBz.

dR

___LJL(; + -5iV ' (1.10)

P dR\ 8W .,:,...,

(JL + uJL)e--JJL + u^)(±) + -J^m)\ (i.ii)

\dt dR/ \dt dRJ\p) 16jrVp\ OR 1

P-P(P, e). (1.12)

(2) For V = (u(R,t),0,0) and B = (0,B^(R,t),0) (i.e., the magnetic field is :

tangent to the cylinder), we have

9ß* ^(»V + fMfMA (1.13)

at dR * 8R\R dR 9I

(-d_+-ttA-)p--*.-§-(Ra)9 (1.14)

\dt dR/ R dR

(3- + mA)m — ±*L-A.

\dt dR/ P dR. 4rtp

1 B_ d(RBv)

R dR

— .1 JLf* +-?L\ _ _ßL (i.i5)

P dR\ 8W 4-itpR.

41
\di dRJ \dt öRAPJ . .

+ _*WJ_9(M*>Y, (1,16)

I67t2ap \R dR I

p = p(p,e). (1-17)

(3) Boundary Conditions

Assuming the fluid is not a superconductor, i.e., its electrical conductivity

is finite, it is possible to deduce that the magnetic induction intensity B is

continuous. From a continuous flow, it is possible to derive that dB,

.

V

" dR

and VmOiByR) are continuous by assuming Bz *=fc 0 and Bg?#= 0.

R OR

ßi

From the continuity of momentum, it is possible to derive that p+.-r2-

D2

and p + £-2- are continuous.

(4) Equations in Vacuum (Cavity Equations)

A cavity exists in the computation model which assumes its inner boundary to

be R< and outer boundary R>. Then, the following equation regarding the

magnetic induction intensity B can be derived.

1) B = (0,0,Bz)

: i(B.«fc=«S)_.„. dB,

OR (us)

R<

2) B = (0,B-,,0)

ii'vfe)) v„d(RB9

)

R dR

R>

(1.1.)

2. Equations, Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions in Laplace

Coordinates

We transformed these equations to the familiar Laplace coordinates because the

boundary between materials is clearer and the accuracy of numerical calculation

is higher in those coordinates.

(1) The set of equations corresponding to B = (0,0,B(r,t)), where B(r,t) =

Bz(r,t) and r is the Laplace coordinate, is

42
(LA)

a« _ . l a (

dt ""T

a/ " p-euv * 8*/

*

2

\

dt »»

„_ Ö£L 3r

P R 1R'

P NJ du (du I a« t\

q-^iaAr) ^TW ~ |aT|;» • is a constant,

a/ vp q'ds\P/ **p\dR/'

P — KP* e),

dt R\dR\ dRJ R dR J

(°r&"(7) " ~k 8R (

VMR Ml))' in a medlum

.

JL(B(R1- RÜ/2) - R>Vm \

at dR\s>

— R<v„ dB

dR R< » in the cavity.

Here, we introduced Von Neumann's artificial viscosity q (see reference [3])

in order to solve the shockwave interruption problem in computation.

(2) Equations corresponding to B = (0,B(r,t),0)

Here, equations corresponding to B(r,t) = B^>(r,t) are

[du_

dt

dR

dt

(LB)

P dR\ * 8*/

B

2

4xRp

„ _ Par dr f? 7M'

P . du (du du \

q~Y(aAr) ä-^öT- äT >

dt dt\pJ 4np\R dR

p~p(p,e),

dt dR\R dR I dR

y.

(1.B.1)

(1.B.2)

(1.B.3)

(1.B.4)

(1.B.5)

(1.B.6)

(1.B.7)

43
mm,

(BR in (&.))-,&£ ***> [

Kflg)

*<' in the cavity

_d

dt &R

_vw< d(RB)

R< dR

(3) Boundary and interfacial conditions

f «(o,0 — o»

«(r, — 0, /) = «(r/+0, /),

?(»"/ — 0t /) — fO; + 0, 0,

?Oside^')-0»J?side is the external boundary.

B(ry—0, /)-B(r/ + 0.,/),

(l.C) dB

a/?

8B

— 0

07?

vm 0(RB)

for ß.— B,

R OR

'Vmd(RB)

R dR

BU-0 -

for B — B,

(4) Initial conditions

«(r, 0) - 0,

R(r,0)-A°(r>t

(1.D) ip(r,0>~ A.0).

6(r,0)-e0(r),

.?(, , 0) - B%r).

In computation, we often choose B(r,t)=0 in a region rju < r < rboundary

where rjß is a given interface.

§2.Difference Scheme

This is a series of nonlinear partial differential equations and its difference

scheme must be established by taking the stability of the scheme into consideration. The difference scheme was established based on the discussion of stability of linear problems as well as on the calculation of nonlinear problems and

the stability of individual equations in specific conditions. Physical

44
continuity was taken into account in the treatment. The scheme has been

proven to be valid in the computation of various complicated models.

1. Difference Scheme for B = (0,B(r),0)

(1) Difference scheme for (l.B.l)

Let us divide time into t

n

(n=0,l«••)» then

At" - /•+* - t-i _ * + t" _ f + /*-'

A/"+* — **+' — /«

2 2

*"T1— /".

»

Let us divide the Laplace coordinates into r' * "" '""'"* "

r

> ~* rside- &

r

i^i "" ri "" r'-1

Let Ö«

~ST~N(2.i)

P dRV^

q +

J

+

^ (2.2>

Integrating Equation (2.1) with respect to t, we get

Multiplying Equation (2.2) by Rp and integrating it with respect to R, we get

left side = J*M NPRdR=Ni J^+{ RpdR

- N, -L (Pi.x(R) - R)_t) + Pi+i(R)+1 - R>))

m

"

N

> — [«o,v} + /»(,/+*],

where «o/+| — A>/+i(r/+1 — rj);

45
* Ri(pl+i + qi+i ~ Pi-i - qi-0 + Rj £ (B2

i+i - B

2

^)

8ir 8ir ..'•.

Therefore

2y? /+* f-t j—. —.—

Finally

4Ai"[a;(tf+*+Y"*- pu-q'])+ «B%iyRi+i-(BuyRU/s*l

_ 'li : ^— — (2.3)

m

oi-i "f" moi+i

When Rj = Rj< (Rj< is:the inner wall radius of the cavity), because pressure

is 0 in vacuum

left side = (*;<, NpRdR^NK [*'* pRdR

4 '

4

right side - J£_4 (« £(, + f -H g) + 9«

*«" [('-^Sit». ]

+

.%* ("»«-«»«>

---Äy<(ft<-4 + ?/<-*) + (Rj<BU- Rj<-iBU-i)/S*

fg(Ri>+Rl<)l2)Bi<+0

i

*—Ri<(pi<-i + ?/<-*) + ^

-

^"

Hence

Nl

«R?< (~P"<-i - q"~\ ) + ((Br<+i(R;> + R7<)/2y/RU - RU-i(BU-i'y)/S*)

/<-*

"»0/<-l

Finally

——T . (2.4>

46
«;> «;>

4A/^i?^C^+i+^+Y)+(i?^+lCBV+1>

,-(((/?^>+Ä7<)/2)fi5'<+i)'//?7>)/83rj

m

ti>+i

When R = RJB (which represents when R > Rjg, B * 0), we get

*»»jB-i + *»»;*+i

In the region B 0, we have

*o

(2) The difference scheme for (1.B.2) is

rJ?S+1-0,

(3) The difference scheme for (1.B.3) is

(4) The difference scheme for (1.B.4) is

„a

(2.5)

„;H_„ri_ ' —LL L±__- (2-6)

... *»«/-! +«o/+j

When i = J, using (p + q)|Rj = 0, we get

-r*-«r*+ „„;/ " * (2.7)

Obviously,

5

+i

-0. ' (2.8)

(2.9)

**"te^ffiar)''

?'~0

'

1

»"'^"'. (2-10)

..+* -J-(P"V + p"+l) («;+* - «r*)a» when «?+i - „?+* < o ,

,+* 0, • . / when *«+

* — «?+i > o

I . ' i+i ' *

where a is a constant, which is selected according to the computation model.

47
(5) The difference equation for (1.B.5) is

left side=^±* + (^+i

Ar"+*

/P*-x

+

P*+i *+i\/ 1 1 \ ,

d(RB)\2

right 5 side-tf-f^^Y-^(^-_,

4*p\K &R / 4»pi>m\J? 3K /

Let.*_*£*2lt then

^ J? OR s

7V--i—MS

N?+i -i- (2V'+Y + NUO

1 [((M?^1 + Mr')/2)a

{

. «M7+, + Ml)/2y 1

Finally, we have

Where

IV A/"+i, /

10,

0, •', JB — 1,

;-7B,---, 7-1.

(2.12)

(6) The formula for (1.B.6) is

**» - c

(7) The difference equation of (1.B.7) is

Ö fvm 6(RB)\

NmmdT\R OR r

The following difference scheme is obtained using the above method:

!> +$

(2.13)

(2.14)

(2.15)

N

i+i. A'

i_r B.+1 *gj - *?+1_ B1+i *fr-Kj]

A*"+*(r/+1.-r,) i+i

IB? + HRXI -R7+1J~ BJ+i(RJ+l-RJ)].

48
The difference scheme for equation (2.15) is

»+i 2 t+i *

_ i /M?:I - M:+I_, MI+1 -M?\ '

2 V r/+i — r,. r/+1 — r/ /

- i (Min - M?+I

+ M?+1 - M:\

rj+i — rjK 2 2 )*

Mj is determined as the following:

M -v-m d(RB) '

J? dR ' '

Multiplying both sides by R/vm and integrating with respect to R,

we get

dR.

Vm

left side- (*'+* ^ MdR^MjRj (*y+*

. —MjRii^- R±i- +

R

*"- Ri)/2,

right side -(RB) |*/+* -

R

'

+t + R

l Bi+x -

R

i

+

*/-« B, i,

I i-i 2 2

Hence.

(*i+t + Rj)Bi+i - (Rj + *f.t)BM

Mi " K,((J?j+l - Rj)/vmi+i + (Ri - R^hmi-i)

-2KtBi+i-2KTBi.it

where

Kt~(Rj+i + Ri)/Ki,

KJ -(K, + Ri-J/Ki,

Kj - 2i?,(0?/+1 - Ri)/vmf+i + (/?, - ÄM)/».,_t).

When R = Rj<,

left side - (J< ^ UdR - «,<]>/;< (J?'< ~ *'<"> ,

right side -(KB)

^ B/<+i _

R

i< + *,<- Bj<_it

Therefore

0?,> + Rj<)Bi<+i-(Rf< 4- Rjt-jBj^

Mi< Rj<(Rj< - Ri<-t)fVml<-t

49
Because a. ^ - 0, therefore l/vmj<4^ = 0. Thus, Mj< can be written as

(Rj> + RJ^BK+J - (Rj< + JgK-i)g><-j

Mj<- Ri<((Ri< — Rj<-i)/vmi<-i + (Rj> — Ri<)/vmi<+i)

- 2KtBi<+i-IKjBxs.

When R = R\J>

left side

' )

R

i< v

R w JT> _ w n #>>+t — ff/> M<M? — M,>/?,<

M;>Ä;>Ä;> P

Rt>+i *M

V»/>+i

2vmi>+$

/?;>>-R— Ri ]/2,

right side -(ÄB) b>+*

2 2

Hence

M,> — 2K?>Bj>+± — 2X^. £/>_£.

When R = RJB» similar to Mj<, we have

M !B — 2K%B,B+i — 2K7,B;B-.*.

Based on the computation model, we choose

l/v»/j+i —'0». BjB+i — 0,

When R = 0, in analogy to the above derivation, we have

Mt-2/(Rjvmi)Bi.

(8) Solving the Difference Equation

Equation (1.B.7) can be rearranged and written as follows:

-(K7Y+l B"+1 + ZT+1B"+1- (Kt)n+1 B"\l- G^+i j - 0,-,/B - 1,(2.16)

i-i i+i i+i • '+?

where

G7+i _ i(jf'k - M7) + ^7F

X 4

W+. -*")*"+*» '/ - o,-• •, 7B - 1, j*j<

L 2 vRy</J

(R7A1 - K"*')»*- °» • • • * -^ ~

l

•

i¥

* h

2 ■■ . - A R'< '

(2.17)

(2.18)

50
Both Equations (2.12) and (2.16) are nonlinear. Equation (2 121 i«, «m A K

a sxmple iteration method. The iteration fomula is as folW: 7

»+1W

P m

«+1C»> »4-1

6

>+i Kf-AWC

'+4 i+i (2.19)

Here, s represents the number of iterations. p'

+m

is chosen to be •

and e is

6

'**•

fomSanis(2*

16) mUSt ^S°1Ved by successive convergent iteration. Its

|

F

'

+

*~ (G

;+i

+

(K7)n*

lWvi-0KDj]+i -'(ü7r%4), (2.20)

;"—0,---, JB — U

B -Wj+iB +Vi+i, /-7*-1, •••,<..

' * »

When the Inner and outer wall are in contact, the empty cavity is removed.

2. Difference Equation for B = (U,U,B(r,t))

cLTo" fl (OtrBfrUt? m ^

SC^me and the meth°d are t0ta1^si-l- to the case or B - (0,B(r,t),0), therefore, it will not be described in detail Th» final results are summarized as follows: aescrxoea in detail. The

51
When

/ «S+* - o,

,»+i _ ,;-*- 4A*"K? { ?"/+4 + /^ - £t-*

»-4

+ -((B* , y -(B" x y )l/(«o,-i -H«.i+i).

8* i+i . - • >-* i

/ — I > • • • > y.

fÄS^'-o,"

lÄ-+t - R» + A/'+*«r*» ;'— i»2,• • •. 7.

•+t •+»

R < R

, the following treatment is performed:

(2.21)

(2.22)

(2.23)

'i+i

... '," «+i- +*' «+i •

'j^/' + p" )(«"+i- «r*)%when «. - «r* < 0 •

2 /+*• »+* '

+1 '""r

•

+

Y . a

«+i

0, •* ..

when -*+i

K, - 2R,/((Rj - KM)/»«*-* + (R>n ~ **)/»-»+*>»

l y+i ; i+i «i+i -

(2.24)

(2.25)

(M + Mjy

»+'—;

k o, ; —;B,V» /-<1» /<

7-0,'

i+i »i+i

tJB-\ j ¥ ;<

+lW

>i+i

«+»« »+i x

>p(e , P,)> i+i : i+i

»+J« cr°-[(+-^)/2K

P

i+i i+i

+ 8

i+i \~ WV"+1 • /

(2.26)

P

i+i Pi+i

;-o,-.-, y — i» /'#;<

52
»+1 «+1 «+1

(D - X. +KJ+l * l(R )

2

-(Ä?+l)

J

]/A/«+*,

y »+t /+» »+i v

<??+* - A/;+I - Mf + Bj+ii(k?ny - o?;>']/A/«+i,

/'~1, •••» 7B- 1, (2.27)

«.«+«,1 "

+,C'+U ^"+1C,)

_ «+«»+1) «+10) «+K/+1) x.+iwB + D B _ K B

i-i i+i i+i ;+t j+J

"%. (2.28)

The successive convergent iteration formula is:

(•+!« H+1W

^*- CG* +/s:ri(x)F,-i)/(D*+;

c'>-x?+lc,)»'i-4) (229)

»+I /'+£ •*'.•.

' ;' —0, •••, JB — 1

+«(/+!) «+lC»+l>

§3. Treatment of a Problem and Its Stability Analysis

In the computation we found that the magnetic diffusion equation could not

be accurately calculated in some media. The reason is that in the given

pulse magnetic field the smoothing • time Td for some media is Td/vio-16, which

requires that the computation step At < 10"16to be able to give accurate

results} This is obviously impossible to do. Because joule heating in these

regions can be neglected, it is considered that magnetic diffusion does not

require any time in these regions, i.e., the distribution of B is stable in

these regions and there is no electrical conduction current, just as an empty

cavity.

With regard to the selection of the time step it is as follows. The size of

the time step is determined by the stability requirement of the difference

scheme. There are two physical processes in our problem; (i) the mechanical

motion caused by the initial intense Shockwave in the outer layer and

(ii) the diffusion process of the super magnetic field. They correspond to

nonlinear hyperbolic systems and parabolic type equations in mathematics.

In addition, the magnetic field generates another intense Shockwave which

is located in the middle of the system. It moves with time. Because there

are different media, the system is made very complex due to the interaction

of the empty cavity and the two Shockwaves. It is more convenient to use

Von Newmann's viscosity treatment. As for the stability condition of the

motion, based on the results of reference [3], under cylindrical symmetry we

have

cA.t /R\ J r

53
Actual calculated results indicate that the above condition is essentially met.

In the initial stage of the calculation, the Shockwave is relatively strong and

At is very small. With increasing time, the Shockwave is weakened and At can

be increased gradually. When the inner and outer wall of the cavity come into

contact, At must again be very small. When the Shockwave created by the

magnetic field collides with the Shockwave in the external region, the shockwave is strengthened again. Correspondingly, At has to be decreased In conclusion, the size of At is basically determined by the magnitude of the artificial viscosity q. Generally, At is very small initially. It gradually

increases and the difference may be several orders of magnitude.

On the other hand, the magnetic diffusion equation is a nonlinear parabolic

type equation. With linear constant coefficients, a six-point symmetry scheme

is definitely stable. It is also stable for certain nonlinear equations

(see reference [3]). For our problem, the actual calculation shows that it

is conditionally stable. The unstable effect is due to oscillation of the

magnetic field, especially for a strong pulsed magnetic field. At the beginning of the calculation, the requirement on At is very strict. Mathematically, stability is determined by the "degree" of nonlinearity of the equation.

The larger the diffusion coefficient and the more violent the change is, the

smaller At must be.

A difference scheme may be established by taking heat conduction into consideration, in analogy to the case of magnetic diffusion equation (see

reference [6]). We have also done a great deal of similar computation and

the results show the scheme is effective. Appropriate patterns were obtained.

REFERENCES

1. Landau and Lifshitz, "Electrodynamics in Continuous Media," [I960].

2. Lu Hefu [4151 7729 4188], Zhou Tongqing [6650 0681 1987] and Xu Guorong

[6079 0948 2837], editors, "Controlled Thermal Nuclear Reactions.

3. R.D. Richtmyer, "Difference Methods for Limit-Value Problems," [1967].

4. Yu. P. Popov, A.A. Samarskiy, "Fully Conservative Differential Schemes

for the Equations of the Magnetic Hydrodynamics,"(ZhVM i MF),1970, 990-998.

5 N.B. Belan, N.A. Mashtylev, L.V. Shutlyapin, "Fully Conservative Differential Schemes of Two-Dimensional Equations of Magnetic Hydrodynamics,

ZHURNAL VYCHISLITELNOY MATEMATIKI I MATEMATICHESKOY FIZIKI (ZhVM x MF),

14, 1974, 792-797.

6. Liu Deming [0491 1795 2494], "Using a Difference Method To Consider^OneDimensional Dynamic Hydromagnetic Equations With Thermal Condition,

Vol 4 of the symposium of the Second National Discussion Conference on

Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics.

12553

CSO: 4008/1052 54
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

APPLIElj) SCIENCES

OPINIONS ON NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT EXPRESSED

Beijing HE KEXUE YU GONGCHENG [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING] in Chinese Vol 5, No 1, Mar .85 pp 78-82

[Article by Luo Shanggeng [5012 0006 1649] and Yu Chengze [0060 2110 3419]

of the Institute of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences; manuscript

received 19 Jan 84]

[Text]

Abstract: In order to manage well radwastes from nuclear power plants the

following four basic principles should be followed: 1) to strive to decrease

the radwastes; 2) to strive to develop the volume reduction technology;

3) to develop a proper solidification technology; and 4) to realize final

disposal which guarantees safety. These points are discussed in this paper.

Nuclear power plants release a great amount of waste gas, liquid, and solid

in their operation process. Gaseous and liquid wastes may be released to

the environment or recycled after they are purified to the acceptable standard. The amount of radioactive wastes depends on the type of the reactor,

the power rating, design, operation, management, and maintenance of the power

station, the nature of the incidence, and the waste processing technique.

Different power plants produce widely different amounts of wastes, a 1000 MWe

pressurized-water reactor [PWR] power plant generates 300-1000 m3/yr of wastes,

Assuming a power plant has 40 years of operating life and taking into account

the wastes generated after its retirement, a 1000 MWe PWR power plant produces

a total of 20,000-50,000 low and intermediate level radioactive solid wastes,

a substantial amount indeed.

Nuclear power is one of China's high-priority energy sources for development.

By the end of this century China is expected to have 10,000 MWe of nuclear

power plants in operation. Assuming 2000 MWe of power plants are built in

1990 and 2000 MWe are built every 2 years therafter, then China can expect

an accumulation of 36,000 m3 of low and intermediate level radioactive solid

wastes by the year 2000. If 1 m3 of solidified waste fills one barrel, there

would be 36,000 barrels (200 liters per barrel) requiring 72 storage chambers,

each holding 5000 barrels and measuring 64x12x8m. If these wastes are buried

in shallow strata with a stacking height of 4m, it would require 0.9 hectares

of land. Most of China's nuclear power plants will be built in eastern,

55
central south, and northeastern China where electric power is in short supply.

Since these are areas with well-developed industrial and agricultural production and have a high population density and land economic value, it is_ot

utmost importance that radioactive wastes be handled safely and economically

so that nuclear power may be further developed and the public health and

the environment may be protected. To manage the radwastes from nuclear power

plants, four basic principles must be followed:

1. Decrease the Generation of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes

The low and intermediate level radioactive wastes are the pollution sources

of the nuclear power industry. The strategy for handling such wastes should

be a combination of prevention and treatment. Today, both the countries

with developed nuclear power and the countries with developing nuclear power

industry are paying great attention to the reduction pf radwastes, taking

it to be a high priority task in the management of waste gas, waste liquid

and solid waste. Actions are taken in the design, construction and operation

of the nuclear power plants and in the handling of the wastes.

In the selection of an engineering process, a process that produces less

waste and favors waste handling is considered an advanced, rational, and

economic process. The reactor structure and equipment should be made ot

high-quality, corosion-resistent materials that are easy to clean in order

to improve the service life and reliability of the equipment and reduce the

amount of maintenance and replacement necessary. The water quality of the

coolant and the purity of the additives should be controlled and the generation of activated products should be kept to a minimum. The quality ot

irradiated components must be assured because component damage is a mam

source for radioactive fission products. Foreign power plants pay great

attention to component quality and the actual damage ratio is only 0.01-U.UZ

percent.

Practical experiences have shown that the amount of wastes generated depends

on the level of management. We need to strengthen the management, formulate

sound and practical regulations, train and evaluate the operators, and educate all the workers so that they understand the importance of reducing radioactive wastes. Ideally a special task group should be formed to periodically

examine the problems existing in waste management.

The waste gas from a nuclear power plant is usually catalytically hydrogenated, dried, compressed, and stored for about 60 days and then filtered by a

high efficiency filter before being released into the atmosphere. The plant

atmosphere may be released after going through activated charcoal and high

efficiency filters. The waste water from a nuclear power plant, depending on

the salt content, is treated with ion exchange, evaporation, and filtering.

We should strive to improve the purification efficiency of waste gas and waste

water treatment and recycle in order to reduce secondary wastes. Wastes

should be collected and stored according to category to avoid cross-contamination. Ordinary refuse should be handled as such and we should never treat

all the wastes from a nuclear power plant as radioactive wastes.

56
Contaminated equipment or components may be cleaned and reused, or treated

as nonradioactiye waste to reduce the volume of wastes. Common cleaning methods

include chemical, ultrasonic, high-pressure water or steam jet, and electrolytic

cleaning;! Improper use of detergents often produces many secondary wastes

which are difficult to handle because of their strong corrosive nature. China

has studied cleaning methods for a long time and has accumulated considerable

experience, but there still remain a number of problems. To meet the needs of

the nuclear power plants, we need to develop efficient detergent and cleaning

methods in order to conduct decontamination without shutting down the reactor

and to clean the evaporators, pumps and valves. Decontamination standards

and codes are essential.

In addition, efforts should be spent to develop or import and apply generalpurpose, sensitive, fast, and convenient monitors, especially the continuous

monitors and controls for waste gas and liquid.

2. Develop Volume Reduction Technology

The volume of radioactive wastes already generated should be reduced as much

as possible. Various volume reduction techniques should be developed in a

major effort. Since 40-60 percent of the solid wastes produced by a nuclear

power plant are combustible, burning can reduce the volume by 20-60 times.

*JS burn5

n

S' J

0

»

tha" 70 percent of the radioactive elements are in the ash,

l^t\£ani?T CT

PaCt/d f

°

r flnal disP°sal- The radioactive waste incinerf£ t ?« ?

aVS *and rellable waste loading a

«d ash unloading systems and

IfrJ? e!

flCien£y tail 8as Purification system. The design standards are

stringent and the construction and operating costs are high. Generally speaking, it is not economical to install an incinerator for a single nuclear reactor, however, a common incinerator for a multireactor nuclear power plant or

concentrated regional nuclear facilities is also effective and economical.

Foreign nuclear power plants are currently developing incineration facilities.

T

a

n

a

; f

ken s?me Preliminary steps in the design, construction, and operation of radwaste incinerators and efforts should be organized on this basis

to design and build such facilities.

Although the volume reduction achieved by compaction (2-8 times) is not as

large as that by incineration, the compaction apparatus is easier to operate

*nJ?i8I

S t0

v

ld and °Perate' ^ incinerator costs several million to

JrJÜnJ°" yuan ?

hereas a

compaction facility costs only several tens or hundreds of thousand yuan. Compaction is therefore a low-cost alternative for

volume reduction and is used widely in foreign power plants. Usually, 20-30-

in^MnT w

US6d t0

.

comPact the waste Erectly into the storage barrel or

£Jft?J before loading into the barrel. Mobile compaction devices trans-

?? t

y

,i7?^T been built in West Germany to compress wastes into

»rl«c \

thlck/isks

for loading into 200-liter storage barrels.2 Large-scale

presses have also^been used to compact the waste along with the barrel? The

400-ton press in Manche, France, compacts the storage barrel to reduce the

was^ r? ^f' °ydinary PreSS6S may be easily converted to handle rad- wastes by installing suitable safety features.

57
The scrapped contaminated equipment or parts often have a large volume and may

be compressed, crushed, or cut into small pieces to reduce their volume. The

cutting and dismemberment technology is particularly important for the handling

of large quantities of retired nuclear facilities and wastes. Parts taken from

the nuclear reactor such as pipes and control rods are often highly radioactive and techniques for underwater demolition and cutting, plasma arc cutting,

laser cutting, and electric arc sawing are therefore quite important. The

research and development of such technology is still very weak in Chxna.

3. Develop Solidification Technology

Most of the radioactive elements in radwastes would have decayed to a harmless

level after a short period of storage, the remaining species —

Cs137 Cs134 Co60 and Sr90— would still have a radioactive level 10 -10

times'higher'than the acceptable release level. The radwastes from a nuclear

power plant should therefore be stored for 300-600 years. People have

designed a multitude of shields to separate such radwastes from the human living environment. The first shield of protection is to solidify the radioactive wastes in a stable solid. The evaporation residue, waste resin, filter

slush and incinerator ash are either high in moisture content or loose in

form and tend to pollute the environment. They are also hard to transport,

store, or handle and must be first solidified. The ideal solidification

method should be safe and economical. The process itself should be safe and

the solidified product should be safe to store. The release rate of radioactive elements should be low, the mechanical strength should be high and the

thermal stability and radiation stability should be good. To be economical

the waste content should be high and the equipment investment and operating

costs should be low. The combined cost for solidification, transport, storage, and handling should be kept low to minimize capital outlay. Solification

techniques already developed for low and intermediate radiation level wastes

include cement solidification, bitumen solidification, and plastic solidification. Each has its own merits and shortcomings and each applies to certain

types of wastes.3

The oldest and most commonly used method is cement solidification because

its operation is simple and safe. However, it has two major drawbacks:

1) the waste content is low and hence the volume is large; and 2) the seepage

rate of radioactive elements (such as Cs13?) is high. A number of methods

have been developed to reduce the seepage rate, among them: 1) pretreat the

waste liquid and precipitate out cesium with potassium ferrocyanide and remove

cobalt with activated carbon; 2) mix in additives such as zeolite, rock, or

bentonite; 3) cost the solidified cement with bitumen, polystyrene, or silicon tetrafluoride; and 4) use hot or cold solidification to increase the density. These methods may reduce the seepage rate considerably but also increase

the volume and complicate the operation. Waste liquids may be turned into a

dry power by evaporation before solidification to reduce the volume. In the

hydraulic fissure method, the radioactive waste liquid, concrete grout and

additive are injected into waterproof shale rock. This method places the

waste directly into its storage location and is a viable method when the

appropriate shale strata are available.

58
The waste content in bitumen solidification is 2-3 times higher than the cement

solidification and the seepage rate is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. The

bitumen solidification method was used in the early 1960's in some European

countries (Belgium, France, and West Germany). In mid-1970's there was some

heated controversy over the safety of bitumen solidification. China also

studied the safety of bitumen solidification and found that temperature control

is crucial^ and the temperature should be kept below 200°C. The sodium nitrate

content of nuclear power plant wastes is low and experience shows that bitumen

solidification can be safe as long as precautions and proper operating procedures are observed.

Plastic solidification is a relatively new technique. The first plastic solidification method uses urea-formaldehyde but the technique has been gradually

phased out* because it produces acidic corrosive water in the solidification

process. A number of new plastics are being developed including polystyrene,

polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, and epoxy. The advantages of

plastic solidification are the high content of waste and the low seepage rate.

For example, 100 m^ of sodium sulfate waste liquid (10 g/1) produces 4 m^ of

residual liquid (250 g/1) after evaporation process. Using the cement

solidification method, 40 barrels (200 1/barrel) of solidified waste weighing

22 tons will be produced. Using plastic solidification, only 7 barrels of

solidified waste with a total weight of 2 tons will be produced", greatly reducing the need for transportation, storage, and burial space. Furthermore,

wastes not suitable for cement solidification such as waste resin and TBP solVent may be satisfactorily solidified in plastic.? Because of this, plastic

solidification has been developed fairly quickly in recent years.

Some countries today have switched to solidification methods with a high volume

reduction ratio" because of shortage in storage site (like Japan) or increases

in the cost of waste processing (like the U.S.). China has not fully developed

its solidification technology, cement solidification of concentrated wastes

and filter grout and polyethylene solidification of waste resin are viable

approaches. We should conduct engineering tests of cement solidification of

borate wastes and improve the solidification method, and we should also develop

high content salt powder solidification and granular solidification.

9

Solidification apparatus transportable on trucks have been developed in

foreign countries in recent years. Since such equipment may be transported to

the location of waste processing, the utilization is high and the economic

benefits are great. It is an economical, rational and effective methods in

regions where nuclear power stations and nuclear facilities are scattered.

4. Achieve Safe Final Disposal

Generally nuclear power stations are not equipped to handle the final disposal

of radioactive solid wastes. Such solid wastes are usually stored in the

temporary storage of the power plant for 5-10 years and then delivered to the

final disposal site. Today nuclear power plants in other countries use three

disposal methods: burial in shallow strata, storage in mines or rock caves,

and disposal in the ocean.

59
Ocean disposal requires the most elaborate packaging and has the highest cost,

and it has also met increasingly strong objections. A decision was made in

the London meeting in February 1983 to temporarily halt disposal of radioactive wastes in the ocean.

Storage in abandoned mineshafts and in rock caves is safe but cost more than

burial in shallow strata. A typical example of storage in an abandoned mineshaft is the salt mine at Asse in West Germany, where 140,000 barrels of lowgrade radioactive waste and 1,3000 barrels of intermediate grade waste were

stored. In addition to salt mines, there are also plans to store nuclear

waste in iron mines, uranium mines, gypsum mines, and limestone mines. Sweden

and Switzerland are also studying the installation of nuclear waste storage

facilities in rock caves.

10

»

11

Burial in shallow strata is easy to implement at low cost and is most often

used. The types of structures used include ditches, wells, underground cellars, and surface mounds. Ditches of various sizes are used most often, the

typical dimensions are 30-240 m long, 10-15 m wide and 6-10 m deep, and they

are constructed of concrete. Waste with a high level of radioactivity such

as waste resin and used filter elements is best stored in wells. There are

different types of wastes of different radioactive levels. Water is the most

likely medium to transport the radioactive elements and the control of ground

water and surface water is therefore very important. The surrounding soil

should be able to adsorb, exchange, and retain the radioactive material and

prevent it from migrating. The site selection requires detailed geological

and hydrological survey and environmental impact and safety factors are considered. Measures must be taken in the construction of such storage facilities to prevent ground water and surface from entering the storage zone.

After the disposal site is closed, it should be monitored and maintained for

a long period of time to prevent the exposure of the radioactive material

caused by soil and water loss and weathering erosion. The long experience

of shallow strata burial gained by the United States, France, the United

Kingdom, Canada, and the Soviet Union has shown that, as long as the burial

sites are properly chosen and carefully managed, the radioactive waste can be

separated from the living environment of human beings for 500-600 years.

At the present time China is considering building nuclear power plants in

the eastern coastal area. This is a humid and rainy area and metallic storage barrels may corode if they are left in temporary storage sites for a long

time. We should begin coordinating and planning the storage and disposal

tasks and build the necessary structures at an early date to avoid future

problems.

Based on the experience accumulated by foreign countries and the actual situation in China, we should employ the shallow burial method and storage in

abandoned mines and rock caves as local circumstances permit. Because of the

large size of China, a centralized disposal scheme would require long-distance

transportation of the nuclear waste and would lead to additional costs and

safety concerns. We should therefore construct local disposal sites and do

so based on a rational scheme. We suggest that hydrological and geological

surveys be conducted first in eastern China and in the central south region

60
and next in the northeast or Nei Monggol and a number of candidate sites be

chosen for environmental impact studies. The selection of the disposal sites

should be finalized after sufficient comparison and investigation. Three

disposal sites of the size of the Manche disposal site in France should be

built in the above three regions. (The Manche disposal field has a volume

of 400,000 m3, occupies 12 hectares of land and cost 150 million Francs,

equivalent to 30 million yuan). These three disposal sites are expected to

satisfy the nuclear waste disposal needs for nuclear power plants and radioactive wastes generated by isotopes and nuclear technology applications to

the year 2020.

In order to base our site selection, design, construction and operation of

nuclear disposal facilities on scientific, rational, and safe and reliable

grounds, we should organize an effort to formulate standards, codes, and

regulations and at the same time develop the necessary scientific research.

References

1. A.D. (Zukin), Physics and Chemistry of Radioactive Pollution and Disposal,

Modern Engineering Society (Japan), 1979.

2. R. Ambros et al., IAEA-TECDOC. - 276,105(1983).

3. Luo Shanggeng, Zhang Jishun [1728 4480 5293], and Yu Chengze, Radiation

Protection, Vol 4, p 288, 1984.

4. Xu Yuanchao [1776 8678 6389], Wang Shujuan [3769 2579 0608], and Luo

Shanggeng, Nuclear Chemistry and Radiation Chemistry, Vol 2, No 1, p 28,

1980.

5. R.M. Neilso, Jr. P. Colombo, BNL - 51517 (1982).

6. A. Baer et al., IAEA -SM - 207/32 (1976).

7. Luo Shanggeng, Li Xiufang [2621 4423 5364], and Jiang Yaozhong [1203 5069

0222], Nuclear Chemistry and Radiation Chemistry, Vol 6, No 4, p 207, 1984.

8. M. Fuhrmann et al., BNL - 51521 (1981).

9. Luo Shanggeng, Foreign Nuclear News, Vol 12, p 26, 1983.

10. H.W. Paige et al., Radioactive Waste Management, 2(1), 1(1981).

11. G. Schultz, International Atomic Energy Agency Bulletin, 24 2, 20(1982).

9698

CSO: 4008/372

61
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

APPLIED SCIENCES

CHINA DEVELOPS 6J KrF LASER

Beijing HE KEXUE YU GONGCHENG [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING] in Chinese Vol 5, No 1, Mar 85 pp 1-5

[Article by Wang Ganchang [3769 3227 2490], Zhu Xuhui [6175 2485 6540], Wang

Naiyan [3769 0035 1750], Xie Jinggang [6200 0079 0474], Li Yingshan [2621

7751 1472], Zhou Changhuai [0719 2490 3232], and Wang Pu [3769 2883] of the

Institute of Atomic Energy, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Manuscript

received 3 Dec 84]

[Text]

Abstract: A KrF excimer laser pumped by relativistic electron beam of high

intensity at a gas pressure up to 3.5 atm has been investigated. The experiment shows that for an Ar:Kr:F2 = 89.6:10:0.4 mixture, the maximum energy is

about 7.2 J and some KrF lines were observed.

Research on inertial confinement fusion and X-ray lasers using high power

laser is at the forefront of the international scientific field. Neodymium

glass lasers with a wavelength of 1.06ym have generally been used in these

research, but it is worth noting that considerable progress has been made

recently using KrF excimer lasers with a wavelength of 2484 & in the ultraviolet. The energy coupling efficiency of the KrF excimer to the target material is high in the UV range and there is almost no preheating problem of the

target center by superheated electrons. Besides, it is the only laser with

a high efficiency (a few perCent) in this wavelength range. As a result,

researchers in the U.S., Japan, the UK, and the USSR are working on the KrF

excimer laser.

There are a number of advantages in pumping the KrF laser with an electron

beam. If a uniform electron beam can be obtained from a large area cathode,

the longitudinal and transerve dimension of the stimulated gas can be large,

leading to a large energy deposit and generating a high power laser.

The high current pulsed electron beam accelerator in the Beijing Institute of

Atomic Energy has been in operation since 1982 and performing stably.1We

have conducted some experimental research with this accelerator. We have

recently developed a diode with a large area cathode and a large cross-section

62
electron beam was extracted from the diode to pump a KrF laser. Figure 1

shows the structure of the diode. The cathode is rectangular and made of

brass, the anode is an aluminum foil of 50 ym thickness. The electron beam

comes out of an 8.4x40 cm

2

window and is received by a charge collector to

measure the total current emitted from the window. Preliminary results show

that the performance of the diode is sensitive to the distance Dg between the

electrodes and the surface geometry of the cathode. After tuning, the total

current reached 50 kA and typical parameters are D = 2.0 cm. V = 600 kV,

out = 46 kA, and the current density at peak output is 137 A/cm2

. The

uniformity of the electron beam current density is examined by producing

fluorescence on an organic glass plate and photographing the fluorescence.

The uniformity of the laser intensity may be tested with acid test paper.

Judging from the color distribution, the uniformity is still less than desired.

Fig. 1. Construction of the cold cathode

diode and the current probe

Key:

1. Cathode

2. Anode foil

3. Charge collector

4. Cathode support

As shown in Fig. 2, the electron beam stimulates the working gas medium

transversely. The volume pumped by the electron beam is 1.5 liter and the

total pressure in the laser cavity is 1.5-3.5 atm. The ratio of the gas mixture is 0.4 percent F2, 10 percent Kr, and the remainder is Ar and some trace

amount of He. The cavity mirrors are a pair of polished flat quartz plates,

and their transmissivity is 92 percent. The optical resonance cavity mirror

also consists of a pair of flat quartz plates with reflectivities of 58 percent and 96 percent respectively and mode multiple films on a quartz substrate. The effective diameter of the mirrors are 70 mm and the two reflecting mirrors are separated by 62 cm. The cavity mirror and the window mirror

are both adjusted to a position perpendicular to the optical axis of the laser

during experiments.

63
—L2J

Fig. 2. KrF laser generation and testing apparatus

Key:

1. Cathode

2. Anode foil

3. Incident electron window with support

4. Laser cavity

5. 4> 80x8 quartz

6. «580x8 quartz lens (R = 58 percent)

7. «580x8 quartz total reflecting mirror (R = 96 percent)

8. Photoelectric tube

9. Spectroscope (R = 4 percent)

10. Energy meter

11. Spectrophotometer

12. Vacuum and gas system

Figure 2 also shows the laser output parameters of the apparatus. A model

JN-1 laser energy meter placed at one end of the output mirror measured the

laser output energy to be about 6J and the maximum once reached 7.2 J. The

spectral lines of the KrF laser and the fluorescence are photographed with a

model WSP-1 flat grating spectrophotometer, see Fig. 3 and 4. The KrF spectral lines are confirmed using the iron spectrum as a standard. The width at

half maximum of the KrF laser is found to be 5 Ä and the fluorescence width

is 30 X (Fig. 5,6) using a model 3CS microdensitometer.

Fig. 3. The KrF laser spectrum. Center wavelength is 2482 A. The

top and the bottom rows are the standard spectrum of iron.

64
Fig. 4. The KrF fluorescence spectrum. The top and the bottom

rows are the standard spectrum of iron.

Fig. 5. Frequency distribution curve of

the KrF laser line. The width at half

maximum is 5 A and the incident slit

width of the spectrophotometer is 2 ym.

^A_

Fig. 6. Frequency distribution of the

KrF fluorescence line. The width at

half maximum is about 30 Ä and the incident slit width of the spectrophotometer is 300 ym.

65
The Electronics Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has earlier

developed a KrF laser with NF3, Kr, and Ar mixture and pumped transversely

with an electron beam; the laser output energy

2

at 2484 A was about 3 mJ.

They have also built a long pulse large area high current electron beam source

for transverse pumping and for controlled discharge pumping of high energy gas

lasers. With the lasing of the controlled discharge pump X , a laser energy

of 1 J was obtained in 1.9 liter of activated volume. Using this laser energy

as the pumping source of a CO2 laser, 360 J of laser energy^ was obtained in

a 7.85 liter volume. Since the discharge pump was controlled by the electron

beam, the pulse width was quite large (1-3 Us). Such long pulse lasers are

difficult to use in research on inertial confinement fusion and X-ray lasers.

Figures 7-9 [not reproducible] show the voltage and current waveform of the

electron beam and the KrF laser waveform generated by the electron beam pumping during a discharge of the accelerator. Figure 10 [not reproducible] shows

the fluorescence waveform in a different run under the same electron beam

parameters. The characteristics of the large area electron beam are found to

be similar to those obtained at the Rutherford Laboratory in the UK.^

We have also studied the kinetics of pumping a KrF laser with an electron beam

and obtained the dependence of the laser intensity on the electron beam density

and the pressure of the gas mixture. The next step will be improving the laser

quality and increasing the laser energy, studying the interaction of laser and

materials, and exploring methods to supress the laser pulse width.

References

1. Wang Naiuan, et al., "80 GW Relativistic Electron Beam Accelerator", First

National Inertial Confinement Fusion Conference, 1982.

2. Gu Zhiyu [7357 0037 3768], Zhao Zhonghong [6392 0112 1347], Wang Shaoying

[3769 4801 5391], Wu Chengmao [0702 2110 2021], Xia Nengqiao [1115 5174

2884], and Zhou Houlin [0719 0624 3829], Electronics Communication, Vol 1,

No 1, Mar 1979.

3. Hong Pu [3163 3184], Electronics Communication, Vol 3, No 3, July 1981.

4. RL-81-040, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Annual Report to the Laser

Facility Committee (1981).

9698

CS0: 4008/372

66
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

APPLIED SCIENCES

APPLICATION OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE ENHANCEMENT, SEGMENTATION

Beijing JISUANJI YANJIU YU FAZHAN [COMPUTER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT] in

Chinese Vol 21 No 12, [Dec] 1984 pp 52-53

[Article by Wang Chengye [3769 2052 2814], Automation Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Sciences Institute, and Xia Wei [1115 5633], Space Science and

Technology Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]

[Text] Abstract: This paper introduces a method that

enhances gamma ray images using a method that smooths

partial images with whole information, and that uses

the histogram guided convergence method to separate

these images.

I. Preface

In keeping with the broader applications of radio-medical equipment, radiographic image (RI imaging) processing technology is currently attracting the

attention of many scientists and technicians, as people are beginning to

apply computers full scale in this field and are diligently advancing image

restoration and enhancement technologies, while at the same time working to

develop the technology for automatic diagnosis.

Because of penetration and spreading during the mobile process of gamma rays

inside the human body, as well as changes in ventricle thickness and differences in measured accumulations, the projected images photographed by gamma

ray machines are usually uneven and blurry and the grey between adjacent

places changes only gradually. This is to say that because the grays in

interior parts of the ventricle are not uniform, there is no clear division

between different areas as the ventricle areas gradually shift to other different areas. This makes for great difficulties in reading images, and at the

same time is an obstacle to furthering automatic processing, as for example

in the geometric calculations for certain target locations.

The object of study in this paper is gamma ray imagery of the heart. The

original images were provided by the Jishuitan Hospital Gamma Ray Laboratory,

and were on black and white film as shot by the office of gamma photography.

They had a graphic dimension of 380 mm, the instrument had a system definition of 4 mm, and the graphic edge diameter direction was equivalent to

having 95 pixels.

67
We used two methods in this research: One was the method to enhance images

by using whole information to smooth partial areas, to extend smoothing techniques to medical image enhancement; the other was the histogram peak guide

convergence method for segmentation.

II. The Method of Using Overall Information To Smooth Partial Areas

Given that we have already input the histogram of an image as produced by

statistics, for which see Figure A (omitted). We took a 3 x 3 window from

the original figure, and let Z and Z', respectively, represent the grey area

values of pixel (f(xo, yo) in the window and its adjacent element, f(x', y'),

and P and P' represent their probability.

Also, given that S' = il] " *i >0, Z" is the grey value between Z and Z', P"

\L - L\ P" - P

is the corresponding probability, then S" = |z„ _ z| if Z" exists, making

S"<S'/K (in which K is a parameter), in which case we would not use a pixel

of the type f(x',y') because this Z" exists, signifying that there is a

depression in the histogram between Z and Z'. The points f(x',y') adjacent to

the point f(x0,yo) selected with this method are all under the same histogram

peak as f(x0,yo). and moreover are pixels with a higher probability than

f(xo.yo). When we average this kind of pixel and use this average value to

substitute for the grey value of central pixels, after repeated post processing, pixels of high probability in the original image will rapidly increase,

and consequently make the original peaks in the histogram steeper, tending to

approach the shape of sharp peaks. This kind of change means that the objects

or areas corresponding to those sharp peaks abruptly become uniform, which

results in enhancement.

III. The Method for Histogram Peak Value Segmentation

1. Automatic selection of histogram peak values:

The grey characteristics of various objects in images reflected by histogram

peak values, under set conditions, represent the average grey level of objects,

and peak values can be obtained by manually analyzing grey histograms of a

full range image, or can also be achieved automatically via a computer. This

paper uses the latter method, the basic procedure of which is as follows:

a. Preprocessing: In order to reduce the noise effect on automatic peak

search calculations, we first undertook preprocessing using a histogram

smoothing method on images, smoothing away false peaks and burrs produced

through the effects of noise. Smoothing substitutes the average probability

of the adjacent three pixels for the central point, as in:

[prob(g-l)+prob(g)+prob(g+l)]/3. In the formula, prob(g) represents the

probability produced by pixels where histogram grey values are g.

b. Extracting the histogram peak and valley points: We found the gradient

of the histogram at each grey step after smoothing, determined as peak and

valley points (points of inflection) the gradient symbol generated changes

68
(i.e., Signum generated changes), and also sequentially arranged the peak and

valley points according to the size of the probability for each peak and

valley point.

c. Automatic peak selection: Based on image characteristics and practical

requirements we selected the least distance (Dis) between peak points and the

number (N) of the peak value, compared the distances between the histogram

peak points as selected with the least distance given, and took as the central

peak value m£, 1=1, ...n each peak value greater than the least distance

between peak values.

Finally, we arranged according to size the probabilities of the peak values as

selected according to given distances, we took the grey values corresponding

to the front N peak values for the highest probabilities among those selected,

and we dropped the remaining peak values.

2. Classify according to the criterion of the least distance:

With the average value Mi of the classes obtained from the section above as the

center, we classified each pixel with the small distance calculation method.

The decisive formula was: D.S. = IX - M.I, where

if D.S. < D.S. j== i, then xft)..

x x x x x

3. Relaxation method post processing:

The probability relaxation method used here iteratively renews the probability

of pixel classes in given images.

In the (K+l) iteration, the formula for calculating P.(A) is:

p^JV. P.wU)[l + q,«>(A)]

where ' q,<« (A) = £dij £ P/«(AOr„'(i, A')

dij is the weighted value of adjacent points, the sum being 1. r^j is the

compatibility coefficient [correlation coefficient] for point i class X and

class A' of adjacent point j.

For the compatibility coefficient we used two formulae: 1) like enhancement

coefficient: if the classes of point i and point j are the same, then take

r^j = 1, if the classes of point i and point j are not the same, then take

r

ij =0» 2) the Hummel and Zucker coefficient, the expression of which is:

r /; y, E[Pi(A)-P(A)][PJ(^)-P(AQ]

69
in which, Pj_(A) is the estimated value of initial probability when the class

of point i is A, P(A) is the average value of the probability of P(A) for any

point, and where a(A) is the standard deviation for P(A). Thus, Pj(A'),

P(A'), and cr(A') are the respective corresponding parameters for points j

adjacent to i.

(Editor's note: the figure accompanying this article was not clear, so it

was omitted)

12586

CSO: 4008/1051

70
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

APPLIED SCIENCES

IRON AND STEELMAKING WITH PLASMA

Beijing GANGTIE [IRON AND STEEL] in Chinese Vol 20 No 5, May 85 pp 48-54

[Article by Yu Dingfu [0060 1353 1318] of the Technology Division of the

Shanghai Iron and Steel Research Institute]

[Text] Plasma technologies were in use as early as the 1940's in the industrial production of acetylene in Germany, and they continue to be used up to

the present day. Since then, other nations have studied the utilization of

plasma technologies for metal cutting, metal spray coating, extractive metallurgy, 2~4 coal gassification^-

^ and recovery of trace amounts of alloy elements in coal,'' steelmaking-waste steel melting, production of high alloy

steel,8-13 ironmaking-blast furnaces,14-1« direct reduction of iron and iron

alloys,17-28 biast cupolas^9-30 ancj plasma remelting,31 and in other areas on

a wide scale. Through intermediate experiments, some already have become industrial production equipment. This article provides a brief introduction to

the situation in plasma iron and steelmaking.

Plasma iron and steelmaking uses a smelting method that converts the thermal

energy in electrical power to gas, and can be called a type of electrometallurgy. For this reason, plasma iron and steelmaking first of all requires

consideration of the question of electricity supply capacity and the price

of electrical energy. It has attracted a great deal of attention from iron

and steel workers in some regions and nations with abundant electric power

resources. Research and production work in this area now is unfolding.

I. Plasma Technologies

A gas at room temperature is composed of many molecules, each molecule usually

being formed from two or more atoms. The molecules of the gas decompose into

single elements when it is heated to around 2,000°C. When heated to 3,000°

to 3,500°C, the atoms lose some of their electorns and it becomes an ionized

gas, a plasma gas with a high heat content. This function can be completed

using a plasma gun (also called a producer, nozzle or burn nozzle).

Current plasma guns mainly use either conversion-type electric arcs or nonconversion-type electric arcs (see Figure 1), the conversion-type electric

arc uses one electrode running toward the metal melting tank. Non-conversiontype electric arc methods use two electrodes, both of them inside the plasma

71
gun. The electric arc "rebounds" inside the gun. A small amount of air or

gas is ionized by being sprayed into it and a high-temperature plasma flame is

emitted from the end of the gun. This basic principle can be used for smelting

in iron and steel metallurgy.

Figure 1. Illustration of the

Principles of a

Plasma Gun

Rear-end

electrodeJ""L

Gas

sprayer

Direct installatioix^r'

Metal melting

tank

Conversion-type

electric arc

Rear-end

r-T I—. electrode

Gas

sprayer

Front-end

electrode

Non-conversiontype electric arc

II. Plasma Steelmaking

With assistance from the Soviet Union, the East German Special Steel Mill put

a 15-ton conversion-type electric arc DC plasma steelmaking furnace (plasma

furnace) into operation in 1973 and a similar 40-ton furnace into operation

in 1977. In 1979, the Austrian Steel Federation purchased special rights for

the East German plasma furnace and built a 45-ton plasma steelmaking furnace

at the Linz mill to replace two 25-ton arc furnaces and one 12-ton induction

furnace. Investments totalled 100 million Austrian shillings (3.7 million

English pounds) and it went into operation in October 1983. Annual steel output is 130,000 to 180,000 tons. The West German Krupp Company first built a

10-ton three-phase plasma steelmaking furnace at its Siegen mill and later

built a 50-ton three-phase plasma furnace.

The East German plasma furnaces basically are electric arc furnaces. All use

metal electrodes instead of carbon electrodes and a plasma arc instead of an

electric arc. They are different in that the plasma gun extends downward along

the wall of the furnace and directly into the surface of the melting tank. The

tungsten alectrode [cathode] is located in the center of the gun and the anode

is located in the center of the bottom of the furnace. The plasma arc between

the electrodes ignites the fuel that heats the melting tank and melts the waste

steel. The location and orientation of the plasma gun can be changed using

hydraulic systems.

The longest electric arc length is determined by the voltage and by the type

of gas chosen as the process gas. Argon or a gaseous mixture of argon and

nitrogen were selected to assure that the length of the electric arc is

sufficient for melting the waste steel.

72
1. Metallurgical characteristics.

Plasma furnaces can achieve all the operational techniques of steelmaking and

steel smelting, and can be even better.

a. Sulfur content. The slag temperature is relatively high and desulfurization easily reaches a content of 0.010 percent.

b. Dephosphorization. There is an obvious improvement in dephosphorization.

The waste steel and slag load has a phosphorous content of 0.030 to 0.040

percent and the final phosphorous content can reach 0.006 to 0.008 percent.

c. Nitrogen content. If argo gas is used exclusively during the smelting

period, the nitrogen content of low-alloy structural steel is 80 to 100 ppm.

The figure for chromium steel made of chromium and iron is 150 to 250 ppm. If

nitrogen-containing austenite is being smelted, an argon-nitrogen gas mixture

can be used, with nitrogen accounting for two-thirds the gas atmosphere.

d. Hydrogen content. If the furnace load is not preheated and dried, the

hydrogen content is 2 to 5 ppm. If the furnace load is preheated, the hydrogen

content is 1.5 to 2.0 ppm.

e. Contaminants (oxides, sulfides) are much lower than in regular electric

arc furnaces.

Current production of low, medium and high-alloy steel, nickel steel and nickelbased alloys has proven that there is a high recovery rate for alloy elements

(Table 1).

Table 1. Recovery Rate for Alloy Elements in Medium and High Alloy Steel,

in Percent11»

12

Alloy Smelting Method Alloy Smelting Method

Plasma gun EF/AOD EF EF/AOD EF

Cr 98—100 97 94 W 97—98 96,97 85—90

Ni 99—100 98 98 V 95—97 93—97 83—85

Mo 98—100 97 94—95 Ti 75—88 65-^70 ,45—65

Mn 97—98 94 90—94 Al 68—85 - — ,-.' • -; 65—75

Si 96—100 96—100 88—91 B 98—100 — ' —

Nb 98—100 98—100 74—77 Fc 98—99 96—98 94—96

In terms of full melting times, the actual full melting time for waste steel

with a density of 1.3 to 2 tons/m^ is 70 to 90 minutes.

With regular maintenance, the electrodes in the plasma gun and at the furnace

bottom have a total life of 2,000 hours. Retamping the furnace bottom after

150 firings increased the life of the furnace bottom electrode to 500 to 700

73
firings. Chromium-magnesium bricks are used for the furnace sleeve, and the

furnace bottom is made of tamped magnesium sand. The temperature at the

surface of the furnace sleeve reaches 1,800°C during operation. The parameters

of a plasma furnace are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Parameters of a Plasma Steelmaking Furnace

. P15 P40 P45 (.mm

&m®m, t (l) 15 40 45

^ÄS, mm (2) 3900 5800 5800

»fö*ft*£fi, kW (3) 10,000 20,000 36,000

&*%ffi, V (4) 700 700

fclSlE&ffi, kV (5) 15 15

m<&m*, HZ (6) 50(60) 50(60)

mm*, tPh (7) 8~12 20~25

ftftffig, kWh (8) 450~550 450~500

M.m%, Nm'/h (9) 15 30

BttilMSf kg/t (10) 16/7 16/7

%?vm, <IB (ii) 80 80

mn?&®, % •- • (12) 3 4 4(7~8MW)

Key:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Nominal capacity, tons

Furnace diameter, mm

Maximum DC Capacity, kW

Maximum voltage, volts

Grid voltage, kV

Power supply frequency, kHz

7. Full melting capacity, tph

8. Full melting energy consumption,

kWh

9. Argon consumption, Nm-Vhour

10." Resistant materials consumption, kg/t

11. Noise standard, dB

12. Number of plasma guns

2. Advantages of plasma steelmaking:

a. There is almost no wear on the tungsten cathodes, and the production expenses for the entire plasma gun and furnace-bottom electrode are less than

25 Austrian shillings per ton of steel.

b. Furnace sealing. In an inert gas atmosphere, the plasma gas maintains an

extremely low normal pressure and eliminates oxidation. This improves the

recovery rate of the metal load and reduces the amount of slag.

c. Low environmental pollution (small amounts of soot and waste gas, and

noise generally is less than 85 db or so).

d. There are minimal effects on electricity supply lines and no need for

short-circuiting to ignite the electric arc.

e. Electricity consumption per ton of steel generally is similar to that for

regular electric furnaces.

f. Consumption of fire-resistant materials is similar to regular electric

furnaces.

74
III. Plasma Ironmaking

New techniques for ironmaking using a plasma reduction method followed plasma

steelmaking, and plasma iron alloys (manganese steel) have been produced industrially. Plasma blast furnace ironmaking still is being tested and plasma

blast cupolas have been transformed for production of cast iron.

1. A new family of plasma reduction methods. The Swedish Bearing Steel

Company (SKF) has successfully researched such members of the plasma ironmaking

family as Plasmared, Plasmasmelt, Plasmadust and Plasmachrome.

The plasma guns used in the plasma reduction method can be of two types,

conversion-type electric arc and non-conversion type electric arc. The Bearing

Steel Company uses the non-conversion-type. When the power of the plasma gun

was increased from 3 MW to the rather substantial 6 MW in 1983, it could control DC electricity supply in the silicon grid and obtained excellent results.

The technique for using electrical energy to convert the gas into thermal

energy is shown in Figures 2a and 2b. The principles of the plasma gun are

shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2a. Principles of the SKF Figure 2b.

Plasma Gun^ö

a coolant

water

Magnetic field

Elec-^ ' / _;

triciti

Magnetic

field coil

h II IL

tj i£—ir

Jsuperheated

gas

3000

~10000"(J

coolant

gas

coolant

water

Illustration of Plasma Gun

Techniques for Conversion of ._

Electricity into Thermal Energy

Gas

Reaotior

zone

coolant

water

Figure 3. The Plasmared

Process^l

Raw

Mater-^-5'

ial

Carbon

Dioxide

v^0010"? &>

Comressor

Coal I

I JCoolCooled Pres- ant

surized Iron

Blocks

0= _

PlasW^"^1^

Dolomite gassifica-

+ Sulfur tion Furnace

75
The plasma gun used by SKF has a layout of separate front and rear water-cooled

copper electrodes. During startup, a long electric arc is formed gradually

between the two electrodes and is sent into the gas in a circular line. The

gas around the electric arc is ionized and absorbs a large amount of heat,

forming a conductive super-heated gas around part of the electrodes. The

temperature of the thermal energy converted from electrical power drops a great

deal to around 5,700°C, a conversion efficiency of around 85 percent. In this

way, the use of a plasma gun can transmit the heat into the reaction zone.

During production (Figure 2b), the thermal energy of waste gas enters the shaft

furnace after it comes out of the shaft furnace, is cooled, purified and compressed, and acts as a process gas after it is sent into the plasma gun for

conversion. Some of the process gas serves as a carrier gas for the furnace

materials (iron ore or soot, slag-forming materials, coal) and is blown together

with them into the reaction zone for reduction and melting.

a. The plasmared method. The Bearing Steel Company transformed the Wiberg

reduction method equipment that had gone into production at Hofors in 1951

into a Plasmared installation in 1980 (Figure 3). The original coking coal

gassification furnace was changed into a plasma gassification furnace and the

reduced gas it produced was supplied to a shaft furnace for use in iron ore

reduction. After going into operation in 1981, direct reduction of crude iron

increased from 25,000 tons to 50,000 tons. Liquified petroleum gas first was

used as a fuel. It was changed over to using coal slurry as a fuel for gassification in May of 1982. The direction reduction crude iron that is produced

is used in steelmaking. A test using 100 percent block ore was completed

recently and the situation was excellent.

(1) Plasma gassifier furnace (Figure 4). The coal powder blown into the

plasma reaction zone has a temperature of about 4,000 C. It first of all is

gassified in the coking coal bed cavity reaction zone and then forms a permanent high-temperature heat-resistant layer that prevents the high temperatures

from burning the furnace sleeve. It passes across the superheated coking coal

bed as crude coal gas. The CO and steam contents of the goal gas are much

lower than in normal coal gassification. The crude coal gas that is produced

is mixed with the purified and cooled coal gas. After going into a dolomite

furnace for desulfurization, the reduced gas (800 to 850 C) enters the shaft

furnace and reduces the iron ore, producing direct reduction crude iron.

Figure 4. A Plasma Gassification Coking coal

Furnace^l

Reduced gas

Oxygen

water/steam

coal powder

1>V^ electricity

fO

Plasma gun

Slag

76
The use of steam as an oxidizing agent for coal gassification consumes large

amounts of electricity. The result has been a recent switchover to using

oxygen and steam and oxidizing agents (Figure 4), which greatly reduces electricity consumption. The large amount of heat needed for the gassification

process is supplied by the heat in the heat-emitting reaction zone. The plasma

gun supplies a small amount of the heat and maintains a normal gassification

temperature to guarantee complete gassification and obtain high-quality reduced gas.

A plasma gun greatly accelerates the reaction speed and controls the gassification reaction and slag formation reaction rather well. For this reason, it

is not restricted by the type of coal, ash content and ash melting point.

Coking coal consumption accounts for 20 percent of total coal consumption.

The gassification process is carried out at high temperatures, which can avoid

the production of tar, phenol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This means

that no additional purification equipment is needed.

b. The plasmasmelt method. The goal of research on pre-reduction and melting

of iron ore is to search for methods of liquid iron production that are more

economical than blast furnaces. The primary advantage of this method is the

lower investments needed than for blast furnaces. The investment for a blast

furnace that produces 2 million tons of pig iron annually is $720 million. The

investment for a plasmamelt furnace with annual output of 250,000 tons is $38

million. Production costs are 16 percent lower than for blast furnaces, which

can imporve the competitive abilities of small iron and steel mills. Output

can be increased three-fold is a blast furnace is changed over to a plasmamelt

furnace.

The Plasmamelt process (Figure 5). The clay ore in the fluidized bed that is

pre-heated and dried by the coal gas at the top of the furnace converts the

50 to 60 percent of the iron ore into pre-reduced ore (700°C). Then, some of

the coal gas at the top of the furnace is used as a carrier to blow the prereduced ore, slag-forming material and powdered coal together into the plasma

gun and flow downward into the coking coal cavity reduction and melting region

in the shaft furnace (see Figure 2b). Because the region has strong heat

absorption, the high temperatures of the plasma arc drop quickly from 3,000"

to 5,000°C down to 2,000° to 2,300°C. The iron ore is melted quickly and

collects in the lower part at.the bottom of the furnace, and is drained out at

regular intervals. The liquid iron has similar constituents to liquid iron

from a blast furnace, but the sulfur content is lower, around 0.01 to 0.015

percent. Electricity consumption is 1,120 kWH per ton of iron. If the sprayed

coal is increased to 440 kg, more surplus coal gas can be produced, which

lowers electricity consumption.

The coking coal in the shaft furnace is not used as a reducing agent, but

instead forms a permanent reaction zone that can resist temperatures as high

as 2,300° to 3,300°C. This protects the furnace sleeve and provides a

balanced carbon content for the liquid iron.

77
Figure 5. The Plasmamelt Method21

Iron ore +

slag forming

material

Drying, preheating

>V fluidized bed

^Excess cpal

Raw

Material

Liquid I

Iron

Slag

A new test of large-scale equipment has been completed recently (Figure 6) .

The ore is pre-heated and dried in the fluidized bed in the upper left part

of the figure. The ore is pre-reduced in the fluidized bed at the lower

right. The pre-reduction system is 18 m in height. Industrial equipment also

is of this size. Greater capacity is possible merely by increasing the diameter of the fluidized bed.

The test used magnatite and hematite and had a pre-reduction capacity of 700

to 1,200 kg of pure ore powder per hour. The particle diameter of the ore

powder was 2 mm, and it may be possible to reach 5 mm at an industrial scale.

The reduction rate of the fluidized bed is generally 50 to 60 percent, which

is equivalent to a metallization rate of 25 to 40 percent. Such a low reduction rate facilitates fluidized bed operation. A higher reduction rate

could cause bonding.

c. Plasmadust. The Bearing Steel Company applied the research experience on

Plasmamelt to recover the chromium, nickel, molybdenum and other precious

heavy metals in the metallic oxide in the electric furnace bag dust at the

Special Steel Mill and successfully studied the Plasmadust Method. The

Scandust Company completed facilities at Landskrona in 1982 with an anniiäl

soot processing capacity of 70,000 tons. It produces 35,000 tons of liquid

iron a year and even recovers zinc. It went into operation during the spring

of 1984. The experimental shaft furnace used a 1.5 MW plasma gun in a technical process outlined in Figure 7. The furnace load used process gas as a

carrier that is blown into the plasma gun and flows into the coking coal cavity

reaction zone at the bottom of the shaft furnace. The oxides and reduction

agent undergo a heat-absorbing reaction, the heat required by the reaction

being supplied by the plasma gas (Figure 2b). Actually, all of the oxides in

the load are reduced at the same time and melt to become liquid iron. The

78
The liquid iron is drained out once every 2 hours. The zinc and lead that

are released pass over the coking coal bed into the waste gas. The waste gas

leaves the shaft furnace and passes through a condenser, where it is cooled

from 1,200°C to 500°C. The zinc comes out of the condenser and is cast into

zince ingots.

d. Plasmachrome. On the basis of the Plasmamelt technology, the Bearing

Steel Company tried production of chromium steel and high coal chromium steel

of various contents. The chromium oxide did not use gas reduction, so there

is no pre-reduction stage. The chromium ore and coal powder are blown together directly into the shaft furnace. The results of the experiment were a

fairly high level of chromium recovery and low sulfur content.

Austria put a 50,000 ton/year capacity plasma furnace into operation in 1983.

A conversion-type electric arc plasma gun with a power of 8 MW was used. The

power-supply equipment capacity was 10.4 MW.

To reduce imports of expensive waste steel, Sweden plans to construct a 150,000

to 200,000 ton/year Plasmared facility in Stockholm for production of highquality reduced iron, and it is building a 78,000-ton per year Plasmachrome

facility at Malmo for production of high-coal chromium iron. The investment

for both totalled 700 million kronen, equal to $90 million. The thermal energy

of the surplus coal gas produced annually in the former plant is 600 GWh, which

is equivalent to the energy in 80,000 tons of coal. The destruction of all

organic material by the high temperatures of the plasma gun reduced the amount

of sulfur emitted into the atmosphere by 800 tons.

The thermal energy of the surplus coal gas produced annually in the second

plant reaches 100 GWh. An extremely small amount of sulfur is scattered into

the atmosphere. Regular chromium iron production methods would send 300 tons

of sulfur into the air each year. An additional 65 GWh of thermal energy in

the coal gas was produced each year using the Plasmadust method, equivalent to

the energy in 6,500 nH of petroleum. Moreover, the utilization of this surplus

heat can lead to a substantial reduction in the amount of electricity consumed

and has additional environmental protection benefits.

1. Plasma blast furnace ironmaking—PIROGAS Method (Plasma Injection of Reducing Overheated Gas). The Belgian Centre de Recherce Metalurgique (CRM)

performed several tests on a plasma gun in a small 2.5m high blast furnace

with a diameter of 0.300 mm in the furnace cylinder with microcomputer control.

The air is replaced with spray-blown superheated reduced gas, which causes the

hot wind temperature to reach 1,800°C. The tests show that the coke ratio can

be 100 kg or less.

After this, an industrial test of a 3.5 MW plasma gun installed in a wind gap

of a 4.6 m diameter furnace cylinder in a producing blast furnace was carried

out (Figure 8). The results were that the coke ratio could be lowered by

85 percent (the coke ratio was halved in the test of the SKF blast furnace).

The plasma gun of the blast furnace is easy to operate and does not interfere

with the power grid. Experiments on the installation of plasma guns on eight

wind gaps are continuing on this foundation. The Japanese Steel Pipe Company

has tested a plasma gun installed in a blast furnace at its (Shandao) mill.

79
Figure 6. Experimental Fluidized Bed Waste

Installation^! g^s

Propa

oxyge^p-^

Waste

ga/3

air

Reduced,

"pi coal gas

1 l l t fP "« 29%

CO 68%

25-40% ' H,o t%

Metallized CÖ2 1%

Pre-reduced ore

N

» ^

Figure 7. The.

Plasmadust

Method19.

Coking coal

Raw mf\Jf

Materiai^ 1^

oxidized

material

Excess

coal igas

zerial microparticle

80
Figure 8. Illustration of the Installation of a Plasma Gun in a Blast

Furnace Vent^-6

Plasma gun

| Vent

Inner lining

3. Plasma blast cupola. The Plasma Technologies Research Center of the U.S.

Westinghouse Electric Company and the General Motors Corporation worked

jointly to develop a plan for using plasma technologies in a blast cupola.

The Modern Equipment Company is engaged in conversion of an existing 60 ton/

hour blast cupola into a plasma blast cupola. The low-cost loose iron cutting

fragments in the load (without processing or hammering into blocks) can reach

70 percent. An estimated $19.60 will be saved per ton of pig iron ($12.38 of

which will be from utilization of unprocessed loose waste iron fragments),

and coke consumption will be reduced from 146 kg to 46 kg. Each ton of cast

iron consumes 395 kWh of electricity.

The non-conversion-type electric arc plasma gun described above was manufactured by the U.S. Westinghouse Electric Company.

4. The advantages of plasma ironmaking.

(1) Plasma blast furnace ironmaking can greatly reduce the coke ratio.

(2) In using the plasma reduction method for ironmaking:

a. Powdered ore is substituted for block ore or sintered ore.

b. Inferior coal is substituted for coking coal.

c. Iron alloys can be produced.

d. Extremely small amounts of sulfur are discharged into the atmosphere.

e. A plasma gun for chromium ore smelting can be used to produce stainless

steel.

81
Moreover, there are many other conversion-type electric arc plasma furnaces

that are being tested for production of direct reduction crude iron and iron

alloys.

The Raleigh Plasma Energy Company in North Carolina, U.S., is doing research

on plasma applications in the iron and steel industry and in other areas.

It has been stated that the Soviet Union has been using plasma for remelting

and production of high-quality electroslag remelted steel for bearing steel.

Plasma furnaces will be built to replace electric furnaces in the Soviet

Union and the U.S. before the end of this century.

The southwest, northwest and south-central regions of China have abundant

hydroelectric power resources. In regions with completed or to-be-completed

hydropower stations, consideration can be given to technical transformation

of existing iron and steel mills as well as to the construction of plasma

furnaces. Or, when making technical transformations in special steel mills

and iron alloy mills, consideration can be given to whether or not the original electrical equipment can be used for the rebuilding of an electric furnace

or an iron alloy furnace to create the conditions for the development of plasma

iron and steelmaking in China.

References

1. Labee, C.J. et al., Iron & Steel Engineer, Oct, 1983, 67.

2. Gross, B. et al., Plasma Technology, 1968, 329.

3. Fey, M.G. et al., Metals Engineering Quarterly, 1976, No 2, 27.

4. Fey, M.G. et al., Plasma Chemical Processing AIChE Symposium Series,

186V75, 1979, 25.

5. Sheer, C. et al., 4th Int. Symp. On Plasma Chemistry, Aug, 1979.

6. Kormann, S. et al., ibid.

7. Pickje, CA. et al. , High Temp. Technology, 1984, No 2, 15.

8. Esser, F. et al., Neue Hutte, 1974, No 10, 577.

9. Fiedler, H. et al., Neue Hutte, 1976, No 2, 69.

10. Scharf, C, Neue Hutte, 1980, No 12, 479.

11. Lugschriden, SEAISI Quarterly, July, 1983, 49.

12. Met. Bull. Month., 6, 1983, No 150, 45.

13. Steel Times, Jan, 1984, 19.

82
14. Ponghis, N. et al., Ironmaking Proc, 1979, 224.

15. Ponghis, N. et al., CRM Met. Rep., 1982, No 6, 35.

16. Ponghis, N. et al., High Temp. Technology, 1983, No 2, 15.

17. Metals & Materials, 3, 1981, 27.

18. Grauvin, W.H. et al., J. Metals, Jan, 1981, 42.

19. Barcza, N.A. et al., EFP, 1981, 243.

20. Upadhga, K. et al., J. Metals, Feb, 1984, 46.

21. Herlitz, H.C. et al., Iron & Steel Engineer, Mar, 1984, 39.

22. Jovet. P.A. The Metallurgist & Materials Technologist, Oct, 1983, 508, 513.

23. Herlitz, E.G., Resources & Conservation, 1982, No 9, 191.

24. Stahl u. Eisen, 1983, No 9, 514.

25. 33Metl Production, Feb, 1984, 37.

26. Muller, H. et al., Arch. Eisenhuttenwes., Dec, 1983, 481.

27. Fey, M.G. et al., EFP., 1982, 239.

28. Heanley, C.P. et al., EFP., 1982, 257.

29. Thunberg, S.L. et al., Iron & Steel Int., 1983, No 6, 207.

30. 33Metal Production, May, 1984, 51.

31" ?RQeral> F

'

P

"'

Electrometallur

gy of Steel & Ferro-Alloys, (1977), 1979,

32. Metallurgist & Materials Technologist, May 1984, 229.

33. Iron & Steel Int., 1984, No 2, 40.

34. Stahl u. Eisen, No 9, 422.

35. Iron & Steel Int., 1983, No 6, 191.

36. Industri. Heat. Jan, 1984, 43.

37. Berry, B.H. Iron Age, Aug, 1, 1983, MP-22.

38. Sundberg, K.D. Scandi. J. Metals, Jan, 1984, 56.

83
39. Iron & Steel Engineer, 5, 1984, 64.

40. Lasday, S.H., Indust. Heat., Jan, 1984, 14.

41. Sommenvill, I.D. et al., EFP., 1983, 31.

42. Iron and Steel, 1983, No 3, 401.

43. Iron and Steel, 1983, No 7, 746.

44. Pickles, CA., J. Metals, Dec, 1983, 40.

45. Koji Kamig et al., Trans. Iron and Steel Inst. of Japan, Jan, 1984, 7,

12,539

CSO: 4008/379

84
JPRS-CST-85-032

!9 September 1985

APPLIED SCIENCES

INTERFACING MODERN SERIAL DISPLAY TO DJS-130

Shanghai DIANZI JISHU [ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY] in Chinese No 8, 20 AUK 84

pp 9-11 »6

[Article by Chen Wei [7115 5524]: »DJS-130 Computer Users Adapt Serial Display

Terminals11]

J

[Text] In the 1970»s, the DJS-130 computer system was connected to the

domestically produced parallel character display, but because both the

capability and price of this equipment was low, many users did not install it,

and the average user used either a teletype or a DZM-180 KSR printer as a

controller for the computer. When using a teletype for a controller, the 130

computer must do a code conversion from 5 to 8 units or from 8 to 5 units,

corresponding to its input or output, which consequently greatly reduces the

working speed of the system. When there was no international ASCII code

characters corresponding to the input or output, two five-unit characters had

to be put together to substitute for it, which complicated operations and made

hard copy difficult to read. In addition to this, using teletypes greatly

increases the clamor in the operations room, and their mechanical structure is

quite complicated, with many special components, so down time was high, which

was a factor in increasing the unreliability of the entire system. Using the

DZM-180 KSR as the controller for man-machine relations with the DJS-130, even

if it is convenient to operate and there is little noise, when using it as the

primary I/O device in RDOS one generates a lot of hard copy that is not worth

saving, and long use will create much waste.

At present, there are many plants and companies producing or selling character

terminals with EIA (United States Electronics Industries Association) RS-232C

serial interfaces, which have a stable performance and are inexpensive. Using

them as controllers for the DJS-130 computer, one can avoid the problems of

operational complications, high noise level, and a high rate of down time.

Using one as the primary or secondary I/O device in RDOS is both economical

and convenient.

I. Chief Functions of the Serial Interface

The key to matching serial character displays and the DJS-130 computer is in

interface design. This interface can not only have the controlling functions

under DJS-130 program interrupts, but can do data conversion between serial

85
and parallel, as well as conversion from EIA signal levels to TTL logic

levels.

Character terminals with the RS-232C interface exchange information with the

computer in serial asynchronous mode. In serial asynchronous data flow,

starting bits are generally used to indicate the beginning of a character,

stop bits are used to indicate the end of a character, which structure forms a

frame. Figure 1 shows an ASCII code serial data pulse within an 11 bit frame.

Because computers use parallel mode to transfer information, when the display

sends information to the computer, the interface must convert the asynchronous

serial format to the parallel format, and must also eliminate the start and

stop bits in each character; when the display accepts data output by the

computer it must first convert the parallel format to the serial format, and

must as well add start, parity, and stop bits to each character. Each level

of signal in an RS-232C interface conforms to EIA standards, where below -3

volts is logic level 1, and above 3 volts is logic level 0. This is not

compatible with TTL logic levels, and therefore when the character terminal is

inputting and outputting it must do a level conversion at the interface. From

the point of view of circuit design, it is very convenient if the general

asynchronous receiver transmitter UART, MC1489 receiver, and MC1488 driver are

used for serial and parallel conversion and level conversion. But this

requires the user to design and make his own 450 X 450 mm pc board, which

would be difficult for the average user or plant or company to do. A rather

simpler method is to refit the secondary I/O device circuit board in the DJS130 multiplex communications controller as a serial interface board for the

character display.

logic 1

f I I I I I I I I I I I I

11 ! ! logic 0| I I

II I I

| <__> | < > I <«> I < > I <--> I <--> I

start ASCII code parity stop space start

bit bit bits bit bit

Figure 1 Asynchronous Transmission of Serial Data

II. Particulars for Adapting the Interface

We use the second 1/0 pc board in the multiplex communications controller

produced by the Weifang Computer Plant in Shandong for the refitting, and

connect a model ADM-5 character terminal that complies with the EIA RS-232C

serial standards to the DJS-130 computer system. The terminal acts as the

controller for the system and has operated for nearly a year without being

down. The model ADM-5 interactive display, manufactured by the American Lear

Sieglar Company and sold by the Fujian Television Plant, has better

performance than the ADM-3A. The computer interface (modem) of the ADM-5 is

86
either-EIA RS-232C or 20 mA current loop, permitting an RS-232C extension

interface, as well.

The second I/O interface.logic is similar to the DJS-130 basic peripheral

teleprinter interface, so we will here only discuss the different parts and

changes to be made to fit to the character display.

1. Common logic. Aside from the interrupt queue lines, the input gate

circuits in the output bus lines, the common equipment code composite line,

and the filter circuit for the controller signal, all part of the 130

computer's program interrupt mode basic interface, there are also a baud rate

generation circuit and a 5 to 8 bit system selection circuit, as well as

modifications to the signal for overall clearing of peripherals, equipment

code input, and the select line. In the refitting, it will work if the ICs

used solely by the multiplex communication controller in the common logic of

the original pc board, as for example the #44, #55, #57, #76, are given an

empty substitution.

a. Baud rate generation circuit. This circuit is a multilevel frequency

division circuit composite made up of an 18.5 kHz crystal oscillator and a D

flip-flop, as shown in figure 2. The crystal oscillator is an ordinary twostage transistor regenerative oscillator circuit. CF07 and CFn« in the

frequency divider are used by the »S» terminal in the D flip-flop to form a

three-frequency divider circuit, which provides 200, 100, and 50 baud

synchronous signals, and each level of the rest being a two-frequency division

circuit, providing 150 and 75 baud synchronous signals. In addition to this,

and if necessary, if you make short connections of the »1» terminals (lead 12)

of CF02, CF0I, and CFQO» y°u°an get 300, 600, and 1200 baud clock signals,

respectively. From the #36-10 lead you can even get a 2400 baud synchronous

signal. These various baud rates may be selected by the user at will.

Figure 2 Baud Rate Generation Circuit

87
b The 5 to 8 unit code system select circuit. The second I/O interface

provides a 5 to 8 unit code system select circuit for selection by the user,

which makes it convenient for connecting different 5 and 8 unit code

equipment. XZ5 and XZ8 are the system select signals, and when selecting the

8 unit equipment, XZ5 is low and XZ8 is high; when selecting 5 unit equipment,

the signal levels of XZ5 and XZ8 are reversed. The selection of either high

or low in each is effected by differing connections of the short connections

Wi and W2> as shown in figure 3. When adapting the ADM-5, use the short

connection W,, ground the XZ5 signal, and allow the switchover toibe the 8

unit character display interface.

9X2V

HC +5V IK 4-5 V

1

13 5-8 £&1MÄi£&&&

Figure 3 5-8 Unit System Select Circuit

c. Altering the signal for general clearing of peripherals. In the common

logic circuit schematic for the multiplex communications controller, there is

an error in the logic of the signal to clear peripherals (ZZ»0»RC), which

needs modification, as in figure 4. In the original design, as long as the

reset signal (Z"0"K) on the host computer controller board is not added, the

#56-9 will be low, and even if #56-10 is high, it will be as if the ZZ"0"RC

signal is always in its initial state, which consequently causes the

controller flip-flop in the display input output interface to be always set in

its initial state, which in turn leads to improper working by the interface.

Therefore, after inverting Z"0"K through a NOT gate, reconnect #56-9. Only in

this way can the ZZ"0»RC signal output by #56-10 play its normal role. For

the standby and NOT gates made up of the 1,2, and 3 leads of chip #56 that we

borrowed, invert the Z"0"K, and reconnect #56-9, allowing normal operation for

this portion of the circuit.

z'o'ic

+5V ZZ'O'HC

l°> »JEW (b) 2JÖEJS

(a) before correction (b) after correction

Figure 4 Modification to the Signal to Clear Peripherals

88
ÜTO ,tn St and second I/0 equipment code selection switch. Rules for the

DJS-130 computer stipulate that the first I/O equipment code be 10/11, and the

second, including the character display, be 50/51. To ensure that the display

terminal fitted can be both for background use in the first I/O port under

RDOS and in the second I/O port for foreground use, we have added selection

switches for two equipment codes. The distinction between the first and

second input/output equipment codes is simply in whether the logic level of

the DMS0 is «0" or "1«. If this bit code level is logic 0, then the equipment

code is 10/11, and otherwise it is 50/51. At the same time, if MXRin in the

equipment code input line is logic «0«, then the input code is 10; if the

logic level is 1, then the input equipment is 50. We made a modification in

the common equipment code composite circuit and equipment code input circuit

of the interface, shown in figure 5, where the switch selected in the diagram

is a double-bladed, double-throw manual switch. If the switch is moved to the

right, DMS0 does not pass through #66-5,6,7 and the NOT gate, but connects

directly with #47-14, MXR10 is cut off, which selects the first J/Q equipment

code; if the switch is moved left, DMSo Passes through the NOT gate and is

T/n6^' afl

ter\wl\lch

« S

oe

s *° «7-14, MXR10 is connected, and the second

i/o equipment code is selected. This accomplishes the switching of the first

and second 1/0 equipment codes.

DCRPX ZOFC

2L__I3

DMSa DMS, DMSo

3 5 /A

DCJWK

DMS* DMS, DMSt

(&) gfcs&JE

(a) before modification (b) after modification

Figure 5 Modified Portions of the Common Equipment Code Composite Circuit and

Equipment Code Input Line

2. Input interface. According to the original design, a teletype is

primarily intended to be connected to the second 1/0 port, and the input

89
serial data pulses are produced with key contacts, as shown in figure 6. This

signal level is compatible with TTL logic levels, and can be directly sent to

the input terminal of the #114 chip. However, according to the standards for

the RS-232C serial interface, the ADM-5 display levels for sending data are ±

12 volts, so in order to connect this signal line with TTL circuits, before

the serial data codes sent by the display enter the input interface, we should

use a single tube receiver and convert the + 12 volt transmitted levels to TTL

logic levels. The single tube receiver that we use is shown in figure 7.

There is no strict requirement as to the switch triodes and diodes in the

receiver, as the majority of other similar function silicon tubes can all

substitute. At the same time, empty substitution of #114-5,6,7 with a NOT

gate is acceptable.

IM was

. 6.8"

16 &&$£:£:£

(1) to JA register (2) DCR2 contact (3) to allocated DCR2 FT

Figure 6 Serial Pulse Input in Key Contact Mode

+ 5V

(2)

1 WffKS

®7 BS-2320 **&«»

(1) lead 2 of the

transmits data

MODEM connector (2) input interface JA

register

Figure 7 RS-232C Single Tube Receiver

3. Output Interface

a. Five to eight unit system select. The output interface provides use of a

5 or 8 unit second I/O port selection circuit, as shown in figure 8, that is,

the control gate output leads JA8(#77), JA9<#87), and JA10(#107) are short

connected. Because the ADM-5 is an 8 unit character display, then short

connect W3> W5, and W7 to allow the host computer to provide an 8 unit ASCII

code character to the display.

90
12 109

W<o qV/s. W6o <p«7

MXCX8 iiMXCX? J.MXCX10

B8 *tij£nitiftfr-«*&fliAä#«B

Figure 8 5-8 Unit System Select Circuit in an Output Interface

b. RS-232 drivers. In order to convert the TTL levels sent to the display by

the DJS-130 computer through the second I/O port to EIA RS-232C signal levels,

we have added the driver shown in figure 9 to the output interface. When the

input is low, the transistor cuts off, and the output is logical 1; when the

input is high, output is logic zero, which accomplishes the goal of two level

conversion.

MOD6M5S»»

3DK3 (3)

9 ES-2320igf;|

(1) Original output circuit (2) added driver (3) MODEM connector lead

receives data

Figure 9 Added driver

4. On-line methods for the ADM-5. The EIA RS-232C connector is a 25-line DB25 type cable plug, and for easier connection each lead is standardized.

Standard principles of RS-232C serial data communications require that we use

three strand wire for signal transmission connections, that is, data

transmission, data reception, and signal ground. Behind the ADM-5 display

there is an RS-232C standard MODEM receptacle, from which receptacle leads out

three twisted pairs for easy connection to computers. The three wires lead,

respectively, from:

lead 2: transmit data (Txp), representing the I/O key contact DCR2;

lead 3: receive data (RxD), representing the I/O DCC2LT>

lead 7: signal ground.

91
At the same time, we want to connect lead 4 request-to-send (RTS) high (all

that needs to be done is set the configuration switch S3-5 to "ON"), suspend

lead 5 clear-to-send, that is, as high level, allowing the ADM-5 display to

rest in a ready to send state.

12586

CSO: 4008/240

92
JPRS»CST»85-032

19 September 1985

APPLIED SCIENCES

COMPUTER OPTIMIZATION OF PENNING POLARIZED ION SOURCE

Tianjin TIANJIN DAXUE XUEBAO [JOURNAL OF TIANJIN UNIVERSITY] in Chinese No 4,

Dec 84 pp 103-119

[Article by He Naiwen [0149 0035 2429]»Department of Physics]

[Text]

Abstract

A CBM 4032 computer system is described which has been set up

to control the Penning Polarized Ion Source. A detailed describtion of

the control program and the underlying philosophy is given. This

program, besides setting and logging parameters, performs an optimization of the ion source output. A free definable figure of merit,

being composed of the current of the ionizer and its variance, has

proven to be an effective means in directing the source optimization.

The performance that has been reached during first successful

tests is reported.

1. Introduction

Low beam intensities, the old weakness in polarized physics has been

overcome through the development of high efficiency ionizers. A new technology was brought up by the construction of a superconducting strong field

ionizer by the Institut für Angewandte Physik in F.R.Germanyi 2J. The high

magnetic field of the superconducting solenoid allowes a penning discharge to

take place in the ultrahigh vacuum of the ionizer. The nearly tenfold increase

in efficiency marked a significant progress compared to the older generation of

ion sources.

93
yMMM/AWÄ

Ionizer

6 Pol/HF

0.5m

Dissoc

:; xtemmi1 „ lf°U •

a

~~M//M*UaMO*M**M'*t'/MrMmk

Fig. 1: Schematic of the Penning Polarized Ion Source

1 Kryogenic pump, 2 LN cooled copper nozzle,

3 Dissociator, 4 Suxtupole I,

5, 6 RF Transition units, 7 Compressor sextupole

8 Atomic deam detector, 9 Superconducting solenoid

10 Extraction System

94
Now it was possible to obtain beam currents comparable to those delivered

by standard ion sources.

Some complication resulted fronvthe somewhat increased number of parameters and the drifting of the optimal performance, due to varying vacuum

and surface conditions, parameters that can hardly be stabilized. The first

making the initial adjustment more difficult and the second giving the necessity for retuning from time to time.

The availability of low cost but powerful desktop computers stimulated

the idea to set up a system that was able tto control and optimize the polarized

ion source. The lay out of the computer control.had to include an easy]manual

adjustment, with the aim !to substitute the old inadequate remote control

system and simplify the transition from the old to the new system, especially,

as at the beginning the effectiveness of the controlling program was not to

foresee.

2. The polarized ion source

Fig. ] shows the main components of thejpolarized sourcel2). The hydrogen respectively deuterium gas is dissociated into atoms in the dissociator via

a RF discharge. The cold atomic beam leaves the liquid nitrogen cooled copper

nozzle and is cleaned by two skimmers. Entering the first sextupole magnet

the atoms are seperated according to their electron spin state. Only the m;=i

component is focused to the central axis. Two RF-transitions between the first

and the second sextupole magnets allow selection of the desired nuclear spin

states. The second sextupole magnet serves as a compressor .sextupole123 and

gives the necessary sharp and long focal volume for the superconducting ionizer.

The Penning discharge inside the ionizer is controlled by 8 electrodes El

through E8, the chief electrodes for the discharge mode being El through E6

(cf. Fig. 2). The ionizer as a whole can be set to a given "beam potential thus

defining the energy of the extracted ions. This allows the matching of the ions

to the proper energy for injection into the cyclotron.

The schematic of the controlling high voltage power supplies is given in

figure 3. The eight power supplies for the electrodes El—E8 are mounted inside

a "hot-rack". With the power supply "beam potential" a high voltage is

applied to the "hot rack". Therefore, the control signals for the supplies in

the "hot rack" are fed via optical links to the control unit ensuring thus the

necessary isolation towards ground. The power supply connected to the einzellens matches the ion beam to the acceptance of the axial injection line. .

95
re=3 Solenoid

E| --E2 E3-E4 - E5.. j.JE6

B(T)

24 28 32 3'6 40 Z(cm)

Fig. 2: Detailed view of the ionizer, with electrodes El through

E6. Below, with the same scale a typical voltage

configuration is shown together with the magnetic field

B of the solenoid.

High Voltage control system

i_H Floppy

Computer

Printer

Display 1 Register

i 1 Optical links I—

Mot Rack

isolation

transformer

EOSpare

E5

E6(-)

E7<-)

E8<->

Fan Fan"'

DAC

El

E2

E3

E4

CYCLOTRON

VAULT 0 Beam

Potential

ELSEinzet Lens

wm ^

3 !

220VM

j

1—a

corpus w if n M ^

U Idldld U Ul WttJ til

Extraction Ionization

Ionizer

Fig. 3i High voltage

power supplies

E1-E8 and their

connection to the

electrodes and the

computer

96
3. Computer configuration and interfacing

circuits

The system that has been set up comprises a CBM-4032 desktop computer

with a floppy disk as a mass storage for programs and data and a matrix

printer for hard copies of data. A schematic is shown in fig. 4.

CBM 8050 EPSOM 62 FT

CBH «032

DISPLAY

>

PROCESSOR

KEYBOARD

DUAL FLOPPY

DISl

n

MATII2

PRINTER

IEEE «66 BUS

t USER BUS'

CBN BUS0

INTERFACE . >Q i/cj

BOARD

DAC / ADC

UNIT

—7**Z—

2*L

PENNING

POLARIZED

ION

SOURCE

"Fig. 4« Schematic of the CBM-4032 computer system.

For our purposes it was necessary to expand the number of input/output

channels. Therefore, a separate PC-board with two versatile interface adapter

IC's 6522 was connected to the CBM-bus giving additional 40 I/O channels for

communicating with external devices.

To allow external control of the high voltage supplies the units were

modified for remote control with a signal between o and 10 Volt. This voltage comes from the sample and hold circuit shown in Fig. 5, which outlines

the digital to analog conversion scheme used in our case. The requirements

were an accuracy of io~4of full scale for the adjustment and a high monotony

to avoid erroneous adjustments. Furthermore, the high potential of the "hot

rack" had to be bridged. Simple adjustment either manually or by the computer had to.be provided.

The basic elements in Fig. 5 are the 4 digit BCD ramp counter driven by

a 500 KHz oscillator. With each synchronizing pulse the precision ramp going

up to 10 vojts js reset to zero. The control pf the high voltage output occurs

97
with the 4 digit BCD counter/register which can be set by the computer or

changed with the incremental optical encoder manually. If the digital comparator detects equality it sends a sample pulse to the sample and hold unit and

thus locks the corresponding voltage of the precision ramp. The details of the

circuits are shown in ref. l.

osc. RAMP

COUNTER

i.

SYNCHRON—PULSE

OPTICAIÜ DNK

PRECISION

RAMP [>l/k

COMPARATOR

DISPLAY

SAH—PULSE OPTICAL LINK

-H }—

H

SAMPLE ft

HOLD

I

CONTROLS

REG ISTER I

-——Q9c ~VZPOPTICAL ENCODER

JHIOH VOLTAGE

SUPPLY

DAC schematic

CBM—COMPUTER

Fig. 5

4. Parameter space

The present system has control over eight parameters, the eletcrodes E1-E8.

Those are connected to high voltage power supplies variable between o and 10

KV. But not all values adjustable are reasonable, some are even dangerous

and may lead to destruction. Therefore, it is neeessary to limit the variable

settings to a restricted parameter space. Upper and lower limits as well as

limits between parameters can be set and altered according to the needs. Before the computer makes an adjustment it checks according to this list if the

new value is within the allowed range.

A memory section of 4 K contains those parameter limitations. It can be

stored and loaded separately, thus saving typing effort. Provisions are made

to expand the number of parameters, foremost, to the elements of the axial

injection line; The structure of the program is built to permit an .easy expansion,

98
5. System software

5.1 The problem situation •

A device like the ionizer obeys complicated internal processes controlled

by the high voltages of the electrodes E1-E8. The large number of parameters lengthen the tuning procedure, especially, since the signal which is being

optimized,the ion current, can undergo strong fluctuations due to different

discharge modes inside the ionizer. Besides this difficulty, another problem

is thermal drift and drift due to aging. The latter may be of great importance since the surface conditions are crucial for the discharge as well as the

vacuum inside the ionizer. Both parameters can hardly be stabilized. The

only way to counter those changes is to vary the voltages of the electrodes in

order to hold the optimum current. This results in the need of retuning the

source from time to time by an operator. From this, three basic tasks can be

derived. First, initializing the source and bringing it up with a standard parameter set. Second, searching the parameter space for an optimum value of the

beam current. Third, go in a hold mode and keep the source on the optimum.

The difficulty in laying out the program structure results from transforming the knowledge of an experienced operator into a workable program code.

A theoretical approach would be to describe the output current IC as a

function of the parameters E1-E8

IC = f (ElfEa».E,,t)

Unfortunately it contains a dependance of the time t as mentioned before. Besides this, the hypersurface spanned by E1-E8 is not known analytically.

Certainly, it is of a very complicated nature containing many discontinuties

due to the different discharge modes. From the previous experience it is clear

that the maximum ion current alone may not be the best signal. Therefore,

we have created a figure of merit (FGM) which took into account the stability of the discharge mode. The measurement of the current had to be done in

a repetitions way to reduce the influence of accidental fluctuations. By having

for instance five current values available for a specific parameter set it is possible to compute a mean and a standard deviation which allows a judgement

on the stability of the discharge mode.

We used for our purposes a figure of merit defined as FGM= (IC)* /(o2)

B

.

IC is the measured ion current and a

2

is its variance. The exponents A and

B can be'chosen for best results in current respectively stability, .according

to the needs of the experiment. The sensitivity to strong fluctuations also

99
allows to avoid being trapped by instable modes,

5.2 Tracing the optimum

There are two basic methods for finding the maximum of a gjven function! 31

i) The grid search where each parameter is optimized separately. Assuming

the maximum can be descrided by a parabola, a parabolic extrapolation is

used. Successive iteration for each parameter yields the desired maximum.

*ii) In the gradient search the maximum is reached in a more direct way by

calculating the approximate vector towards the maximum. All parameters

are adjusted simultaneously in a way that leads to the most rapid growth

of the value to be optimized.

Fig. 6 shows the paths for a grid search and a gradient search in a contour

plot of the ion current with arbitrary parameters a.x and a2. Comparing the

two methods one can say in general that the first one is simple in its application, although may take longer to find the maxtmum. The second is much

faster in its movement towards the maximum, but takes a much greate computational effort. In our case the choice was a modified grid search since the

necessary computation for the gradient search was too long and unreliable due

to the fluctuations in current. In the modified grid search the parameter is

varied until the maximum is exceeded. With the last three points, a parabola

is calculated and the parameter is set to the optimum. Then the next parameter

is optimized and so on until it starts over with the first parameter,

»a,

Fig. 6* Comparing grid search and and gradient search

5.3 Pseudoparameters

A problem may^ arise in such a simple grid search, when there is a strong

coupling between the different parameters, i.e. the best value for one parameter

dependsJheavely on the others. In this case the creation of pseudoparameters

can be fo great help. A pseudoparameter is created for instance by a linear

100
combination of several parameters. If one changes the voltages of all the

electrodes by the same amount one has the same effect as if one would change

the beam potential thus allowing to match in a direct way the injection energy.

5.4 Software architecture

The software is composed of two programming languages. For ease of

application "Basic" is used in the main body of the program and to perform

fast tasks and communication with the interfaces assembler language is taken.

Strong structuring and the use of program modules in a tree like architecture

ensures the transparency needed for clarity and ease of further expansion.

This is supported, too, by detailed flow charts of the programs documented

in the appendix. Spectial memory sectors which can not be readily reached

by the Basic program are used for variable sets which determine the behaviour

of the controlling software.

Extensive use is made of the many routines available in the system ROM

of the CBM 4032 computer resulting in a very dense program code. Multi

tasking is provided and can be used for instance to control the ion source in

the hold mode, when not much CPU time is necessary.

Attention has been given to make the program self documenting and to

give clues to the user which steps to take. A consistent layout of the screen

eases the dialog between man and machine. Many comment lines in the program facilitate the understanding and help in the case of desired alterations.

6. Ion source simulation with a second computer

As the operation of the ion source needs large preparation and is restricted

by the scheduled time with the cyclotron, it was advantageous to simulate

approximtely the behaviour of the polarized ion source with a second CBM

4032 computer. Thus it was possible to control and correct the software in a

convenient way.

The two computers were connected via their user ports. The actual parameter set was transferred to the second-romputer, which used those values to

compute an ion current. A program was made to simulate ah optimum, random

fluctuations, and hysteresis. The handler routine of the controlling computer

for reading the ion current was modified to read a current value calculated

by the second computer.

Table 1 shows the result of such a simulation for parameter 1 and 2. The

random current fluctuation was set to 10%. The figure of merit was taken

101
with (IC)V(flr *)°, thus only the ion current IC was weighed. Six measurement cycles were used. As can be seen the computer reaches the optimum which was set to SOO for both parameters with high precission.

ADR. : 1 WERT: 4ÖÖ OAC-GELESEN 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46029 STROH GELESEN

ADR. : 1 WERT: 272 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46407 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: 400 DAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46054 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : t WERT: 272 OAC-QESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46392 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: 400 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46049 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: 272 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46414 STROM BELESEN

ACR. : 1 WERT: 40» OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46033 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: 272 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR. 9 WERT: 46426 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : t WERT: 400 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46028 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: ijn DAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46405 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : I WERT: 400 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46045 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: '272 DAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR. 9 WER T.- 46402 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: 272 OAC-GELESEN 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 46399 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: 144 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 45517 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : I WERT: 272 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 4ö403 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: 144 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 WERT: 45519 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : 1 WERT: Im/ *m OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. 9 „WERT: 4-6385 STROM GELESEN

AOR. • ! WERT: 144 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR. . 9 WERT: 43240 STROM GELESEN

AOR; : 1 WERT: 272 DAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.- 9 WERT: 46385 STROM GELESEN

AOR. 1 WERT: 144 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WER T.- 45335 STROM GELESEN

AOR. • l WERT: ?7t* DAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.. 9 WERT: 46401 STROM GELESEN

AOR. 1 WERT: 144 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 45528 STROM GELESEN

AOR. : I WERT: 272 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46427 STROM GELESEN

AOR. l WERT: 144 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 45523 STROM GELESEN

AOR. . 1 WERT: 2?8 OAC-GESCHR. 0

AOR. ~t WERT: :c'o OAC-GELESEN 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 46431 STROM GELESEN

AOR. ^ WERT: 329 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46799 STROM GELESEN

AOR. ~> WERT: 200 DAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 46417 STROM GELESEN

AOR. •*. WERT: 323 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 46806 STROM GELESEN

AOR. •s WERT: 200 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46415 STROM GELESEN

AOR. ^

WERT: "323 DAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT": 46783 STROM GELESEN

AOR. 2 WERT: 200 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46428 STROM GELESEN'

AOR. 2 WERT: '28 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.; 9 WERT: 46797 STROM GELESEN

AOR. 2 WERT: 200 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 46420 STROM GELESEN

AOR. -» WERT: ::8 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46797 STROM GELESEN

AOR. . -» WERT: 200 DAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46446 STROM GELESEN

AOR; ^ WERT: :23 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.': ? WERT: 46810 STROM GELESEN

AOR. i WERT: :2a OAC-GELESEN 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 468 tl STROM GELESEN

AOR. * WERT: 456 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 45902 STROM GELESEN

AOR.. .. WERT: 323 DAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 46783 STROM GELESEN

AOR.- ^ WERT: 416 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 45902 STROM GELESEN

ACR.: ^ WERT: 323 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WER T.- 46803 STROM GELESEN

AOR. »* WERT: 456 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 45941 STROM GELESEN

AOR.: 2 WERT: 323 OAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46798 STROM GELESEN

AOR.: —, WERT: 416 DAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR. : 9 WERT: 43933 STROM GELESEN

AOR.: t» WERT: 329 DAC-GESCHR. 0 AOR.: 9 WERT: 46777 STROM GELESEM

-OR.: 2 WERT: 436 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 45940 STROM GELESEN

AOR.: i w£RT: 323 OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 46799 STROM GELESEN

AOR.: -i WgRT: 45a OAC-GESCHR. 0 ADR.: 9 WERT: 45898 STROM GELESEN

AOR.: j; WERT: :o2 DAC-GESChR. .)

Table li Output of a computer simulation.

ADR i is parameter i, ADR 2 parameter 2.

The computed values are 298 and 302, marked with

an arrow,

102
7. Practical tests of the optimizing softwarfrV

As stated before no exact knowledge of the dependence on the figure of

merit (FGM) of the eight parameter exists. Therefore, it was important to

experience whether in this digital closed loop control system the stability

criteria would be fulfilled. Fig. 7 shows copies of a chart recorder plot with

the total ion current (Y-axis) versus time (X-axis).

• The charts show the ionizer under computer control on the left side.

Only the ion current was taken as FGM. No oscillation or runaway situation

is seen in the plot which demonstrates the stability of the control. Beginning

at the time marked with an arrow it was tried manually by different operators of the source to improve the current. As can be seen the manual attempt

lead to a poorer performance in both cases.

Fig. 8 shows a study with different definitions of the FGM. One sees

clearly how the output of the source is affected by the various definitions of

the FGM. On the far left only the current signal I is optimized. As soon as

the figure of merit (FGM) is changed to I</(ff2)

-s

the settings of the ionizer

are altered by the computer to give a lower but more steady current. Weighing

the current stronger (FGM = I

8

/( a

2

) *

25

) leads to an improvement in current

until with the definition I

8

/(<r

2

)"

12!

nearly the old current value is reached.

Another example that demonstrates the behaviour of the control loop is

show in Fig. 9. The ion source, after having been optimized by hand, is

deliberatly detuned and control is rendered to the computer. The numbers on

the X-axis show the iteration cycles. Already after one iteration cycle of all

I

Computer

4

manual

f V^^S^y*"**«^^

i^e

Imin

manuol '£

»t

Fig. 7t Ion current with different tuning procedures

103
parameters a current value is obtained that exceeds the old maximum. The

next cycle ogives an additional improvement of the current and reaches nearly

the steady state.

1C

Imin

FGM4- 5*35

Fig. 81 Ion current under different Figure of Merit

Fig. 9i Ion current versus iteration cycle

The time characteristic is given mostly by the measuring time. To ensure

enough accuracy the current is measured for 60 ms. For two values of a

parameter and 5 measurements each this adds up to 600 ms. Furthermore, a

60.;, ms delay is needed for the high voltage power supply to settle to a

new value, thus 600 ms have to be added to a total of approximately 1.3 s.

Assuming that it takes in the average adout 5 steps to determine a maximum

it takes 6.5 sec per parameter or a total time of 52 sec for one full 8 parameter cycle. This characteristic time constant is roughly seen in Fig. 8 after

each change of the FGM. This time will be of course much less if fewer

steps are needed to reach the maximum. Further improvement in speed, if

necessary, could be obtained through the use of shorter current measurements

and faster responding high voltage power supplies.

8. Conclusion

This work has shown that by means of a low cost desktop computer system

it is possible to optimize even such a complex apparatus like a polarized ion

source. The difficulties result not that much from the hardware and the inter104
faces but from the establishment of a reliable program code which incorporates

the operation experience thus far obtained in manual tuning.

The algorithm used has proven to be a potent means for finding an optimum under various conditions of the ion source. A strongly structured

program architecture was applied to allow easy expansion and alteration in

hard and software. The successful test showed clearly the superiority of the

computer tuning versus manual tuning procedures.

The system is configurated in a way that allows its application for optimizing other processes too. For instance in the case of the Isochronous Cyclotron, the inclusion of the axial injection line in the control system would be

of great value.

9. Appendix

Flow charts for the program to search the

optimum of ion source.

STPO.SIPBWtOlvtl

tue siw i«

»OWLSTWWDtN

105
RMQW

NVLB.VIMP | "HO

uniTt vunmll

SOURCE ||

•

1 rm. I

HUN« 2>«HT

INUM*ll»li NHT

Tisr

mm nucjsTRflnI mi \

1 otiAT ;oc«i \

1 »t»o i» I

(IMP RBWO

Reproduced from

best available copy.

106
CCFM

>

(AFIG« Aflr (FIG»

|AVRR>*arlM«J)IAI01

VARP

| SIC P.

|»WH-«.!.IIHt

J LOPP

[HJlO.AtlMSAVll j

3:

MWH.HH1

ANHT.NHT

(WITH NWH »11

IC .»FAEI

INTEC*Ai.-*ltAL:

| SAV.FAClTi7

HU». HI10.5

|FACI.C SAVA.O

31

| MILO « Air IJAVI||

FAC I . SAV

FAChFACWACKl»

| Miu.mto-5

SHHT< O

FACJ.FACI.SUM

ANHT *»» FAC*

KCOK BEAl NUH8E»

FACI.FACJIFACI

i MEAN

SAVH.FACliNEAN

l&NMT.ANHT I

I MIU.AilHSAVII I

-*« TNE1

FAC 2»SAV

FAC1.FAC2-FAC1

.1, J

FACI.FAC2.rACl

= 11, -ll'

FAC 2* SAV»

FA£lrfAC2-FACLCÜ,-!r

SAVA.FACWlil, -!r

iFACIiMAHISAvnl |

CHANGE »»FtT-1

III SEAL «unten

MTH TOJ

FAC2.111,-112

FACI.FAC2IFAC1

|vA«t.FAtMIA«t»10J

iFACkSUIVAIM I

FAC2•ICOL

FAC1.FACJ.FAn

| SQVArfAtWCDl.»|

3=

|AUO . c I

LOAD LAST IC

Mr WTO »1.»

l^p

FAC2.lilMTH«l«I

FAC. I,-I

z

TOCL

7B«WT5ri7sT

liWTO THCS SAV

(WITH AWMTI ^

|SAVH.FACli lll*|

|FAC i i VA« I

FACI.8 rf

FACkFAC2IFACkS*r

3?«Al,

|FACtorVA»fV |

1 CTFT

FAC2.SAVFI.II1» A

FACWFACJ;FAC1»Ä

| AFIG.FAC'.F.tH |

iOCUTETOTW^

|iFH^.-imte |

limmXTHwl .,.-,, <• IFMU" IFF»,

^^ FMZN ,VU (»l; IFMI,

FM7M 1"' 00"'T"

MC inH"M

> rniB*'.FF.TM«Ct TIF» IFXI.IFHI

>• VML>VAt

ST0v.0LPVOlTAGC| I FHZM.O[ I FMI». 0 |

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T 1 ' ' I ' '

»WRITE OPOKAl * '

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pfrl

Reproduced from

best available copy.

107
INTPL

^)Xf.<M»AOO0f IFIG»SI

AUXF^J.AOO OFIFIWOI

I

AUXF-4..StA00 0FIFHWS1

—izz

FAC1» FMj

*

fAC2»ANOTWRFM2

FAC1«FAC2»FAC1

FIG«2«FMj

*

FAC1=A« (STEP WH3TH)

*

AUXF4.»5i 4»

FAC1»FM3(AUXF.»..tl

FAC2=AUXF«2.*3 (FM,i

FAC'»fM1.FM3

FAC2*2«FM2

FAC1«2«FM,-(FWi »FMj)

FAC2 = a«

FAC1»4«/(2»FM,-FMrFfS

-^-i.

FAC1 = FM3

FAC2 = FH!

FAC1 = FM, -FM3

FAC2>A»/I2FM2-FM1-FM3)

.,_ 1 AX»(FM1-FM3)

T^ 2l'M2-FH,-F¥, GEfP

IN LOCATION t«t$«

WR^f,^

INTO SOURCE

RTS

108
10. Reference

[1] R. Busch, Diplomarbeit, Institut für Strahlen-und Kernphysik der

Universität Bonn, 1983.

L2] H.G. Mathews, Dissertation, Institut für Angewandte Physik Bonn,

1979.

[ 3 ] P.R. Bevington, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the physical

Sciences, New York, 1969.

[4] D. Lancaster, Das C-MOS-Kochbuch, IWT-Verlag, 1980.

C 5 ] CBM 4032 Commodore-Computer Bedienungshandbuch

[ 6 ] CBM 8050 Commodore-Computer Bedienungshandbuch

[7] Lorenz, Programmierhandbuch für PET, München 1979.

[8] A. Osborne, Einführung in die Mikrocomputer-Technik, München

1978.

[9] A. Osborne, S. Donahue, CBM-Computerhandbuch McGraw-Hill

1981

[10] J. Scanion, 6502 Software-Design,Indianapolis 1980.

(Paper received on 30 December 1983)

CSO: 4010/1012

109
JPRS-CST>85-032

19 September 1985

APPLIED SCIENCES

CUTAWAY VIEW OF CHINESE-MADE SUPERSONIC FIGHTER PUBLISHED

Beijing HANGKONG ZHISHI [AEROSPACE KNOWLEDGE] in Chinese No 8, Aug 85, insert

[Text] [Illustration]

[See illustration on following page]

110

Key to illustration on preceding page:

1. Pilot tube

2. Air intake

3. Gun camera

4. UHF receiver

5. Storage battery

6. Radio altimeter transmitter/receiver

7. Ram intake

8. Cockpit forward windscreen

9. Gunsight

10. Starboard control console

11. Control stick

12. Control pedals

13. Oxygen bottle

14. Starboard control console throttle

15. Ejection seat

16. Rearward-sliding canopy

17. Cockpit pressure system

18. No. 1 and No. 2 fuel tanks

19. Dorsal fin

20. Ram air intake

21. Turbojet engine

22. Open cooling vent

23. Air intake

24. Connection for fore and aft

fuselage sections

25. Fuel tank

26. Rudder control linkage

27. Refueling port for No. 3 and

No. 4 fuel tanks

28. No. 4 fuel tank

29. Horizontal stabilizer booster

30. Tailfin forward spar

31. Tailfin rear spar

32. Radio compass

33. Tail warning unit

34. Warning antenna fairing

35. Tail light (white)

36. Rudder

37. Rudder trim tab

38. Drogue chute housing

39. Horizontal stabilizer booster

fairing

40. Tail plane pivot

41. Movable tail plane

42. Anti-vibration trim

43. Hydraulic-operated jet nozzle

44. Cool air intakes

45. Tail guard assembly

46. Ventral fin

47. Speed brake housing

48. Speed brake

49. Wingroot fairing

50. Wing flap hinge fairing

51. Aft wing spar

52. Aileron control assembly

53. Flap

54. Aileron trim tab

55. Aileron

56. Static electricity brushes

57. Wingtip navigation light (red

on port, green on starboard)

58. Radio altimeter antenna

59. Wingtip ordnance attachment point

60. Wing fence

61. Attachment point

62. Main gear cover

63. Main gear

64. Main wing spar

65. Main gear housing

66. Cannon ammunition magazine and

belt

67. 30mm cannon

68. Compressed air bottles

69. Ventral fuselage speed brake

70. Cannon fairing

71. Landing light

72. Nose wheel landing gear cover

73. Nose wheel gear

74. Nose gear housing

75. Taxiing light

76. Rangefinder antenna

77. Inspection hatch

78. Main gear door

79. Bomb

80. Rocket

81. Rocket launcher

82. Bomb

83. Auxiliary fuel tank [drop tank]

84. Air-to-air missile [AAM]

85. Rocket launcher

86. Bomb

87. Ordnance attachment point

CSO: 4008/411

112
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

APPLIED SCIENCES

CAD PROGRAM FOR HIGH-POWER ELECTRON GUN WITH ANNULAR CATHODE DESCRIBED

pp

i

95-97DIMZI XDEBA°

tACTA ELECTR0NICA SINICA] in Chinese No 4, Nov 1984

S

A

^a

C*e

"ny TU YUS^

[Jf8 5124 0810J. Institute of Electronics, Academia

Cathode"] 18n APPlication o£ aHigh-power Electron Gun with Annular

[Text] This paper describes the characteristics of an electron gun with

Z?^r4 *

In °rdft0 COmpare desi8n optitni^ations for different

typlc^fe^ples^eT ^ ^'^* ^« (CAD) has been compiled and

The high-power electron gun with annular cathode can achieve higher compression

with a large power density, its beam is adjustable, its static electricity

fnTbomb 1/r

tUr?1S Simple'ifc Can aV°id mutual ^ntamination of cathodes

in x-rav nhotoe^MT' w

Thfefore' "^spared application is possible in x ray photoetching, electron-beam smelting and evaporation installation.

The annular cathode electron gun (Figure 1), used as the electron source in

an x-ray photoetching installation, is a key technology in the manufacture of

sub-micro large-scale integrated circuits. 1 This typfof fixed-target annular

cathode electron gun has a number of advantages: (1) The x-rays' parallel

Hi8r

e

w f°

d

^

Velthe 6ntire Phot^tching surface and luminous fl« is well

highlTs atie^nd'reliabr.11?^?^'"1 reVOlVin8 Part8'

S0 the ^P-t L atilLf T reliable; (3) it is possible to avoid the buildup on the tarItLlT and res"

ltant contamination, so that electron emission is maintained over a pure frequency spectrum, and, moreover, it is possible to avoid

time (4Ti^is\roLeiblf,

th6 "^ ?»*» Prol°^ the cathode's Up- time, (4) it is possible to use a cathode which has been impregnated with

Ala ilT '/ tyPe °f Cath°

de WhlCh Wil1 n0t easil

y beScJ deforced. Also, lt has a strong toxin-resistance capability and is reliable.

The distributions of electric potential, current emission and electron

Z hods^^order11?: *** ^

b

* ^^ d±MCtl* * ^retical analytical

truest3Zllet%

CAD W*-«£r£ ^Lulftfthe S£» ILc^

trodes of arbitary forms (including electrodes of either arc or straight^

113
formation and can also calculate the electron optical characteristics of an

electrode voltage annular cathode electron gun (including current emission,

cathode current density distribution, electron orbit, the distribution of

density of current bombarding the target surface, etc.). The results derived

from calculations using this program are basically consistent with those which

have been reported in the literature.2

^*Hi^4*** (i)

(5)WM

Z3S5_10)

M»(ll)

(12)

«fr (13)

Figure 1. Structural Design of the Annular Cathode Electron Gun

Key:

(1) Cooling system

(2) Water input

(3) Water output

(4) Vacuum chamber

(5) Filament

(6) Target chamber

(7) X-rays

(8) Electron orbit

(9) Annular cathode

(10) Control gun

(11) First shielded electrode

(12) Second shielded electrode

(13) Beryllium window

In the Chinese-produced DJS-6 digital computer, we used this program to carry

out calculations on about 4,500 potentials and 20 orbits. In 40 minutes we

were able to obtain a set of calculation results. The specific calculation

methods used in the program are omitted here, and only those pertaining to the

concerned space charge are related briefly as follows: due to the considerable

meandering by the orbit of electrons emitted by the annular cathode, electrons

were at the outset moving in the opposite direction, so it seemed more logical

to use a grid method to distribute these. Figure 2 is a schematic drawing of

the grid method of distribution.

114
'(axis)

Figure 2. Schematic Drawing of Grid Method of Space Charge

Distribution

The weakness of this kind of method ie that the calculations done near to the

axis are fairly imprecise; fortunately in this type of electron gun when

electrons are near to the axis they have already attained a high speed, so the

spacecharge has less influence. For this kind of method, the electric charge

distribution formulae for orbit of electrons near to the four grid points are:

&Pi»l,At

Aps — hAt

APt-hAt <

: a • b

e • b

a • d

c • d

' I ?V ,7 /

S

f

a0h electron orbit's distribution step in Figure 2, and

each point 1-4 is the space charge; At is when each electron orbit goes a

step; i, is the current carried in the . i_, orbit; a-A»/A„ *-u-4r/

Ar)(l -Ar/2r), c- l-{Az/kt),

d-br/kr [1- (4r/2D+ (Ar

/2r)l

From this, the space charge density at each point can be found.

P-2 2AP/AV,

In this formula, 2 is the sum of the orbit as it passes through a point; ?

is the sum of the 'orbit's remaining number of steps at that point.

Figure 3 is a typical design result of a high-power annular cathode electron

ftr^iUT^-^ T

Siderable calculati°* *»d analysis, it was con- firmed that this kind of electron gun features an adjustable current (i e

control ^%?ontr?«- After deciding on the form of the electron g£'

controlling the flow along with controlling voltage will double the chfnees

while there will be little change in the form of the orbit ch^s»

115
(1) (2) (3)

80 0(mm)

Figure 3. Electrode Structure Design and Electron Orbit Series

for a Typical High-Power Annular Cathode Electron Gun X-ray Source.

Key:

(1) Second shielded electrode

(2) Cathode

(3) First shielded electrode

(4) Control electrode

(5) Beam current

(6) Target voltage

(7) Electron orbit

In view of the annular cathode electron gun's advantages related above, we

expanded its use in electronic evaporation and smelting installations. Figure

4 is a typical application example. Smelted materials are put at the center,

and evaporated or smelted deposits on the target surface. Due to selection

of an annular cathode, the work to be smelted (or evaporated) receives equal

electron bombardment (heating); therefore, the material input system requires

only axial input and no rotating parts. Because of the annular cathode electron gun's high compression ratio (approximately 200), it needs only a low

cathode current density, making it easy to carry out adjustment and control at

different powers and power densities.

This program is convenient for carrying out CAD operations: one can choose

various different dimensions and can also choose the design beam, power density

and the shape of the orbit. Through calculation and comparative analysis, we

discovered that a shielded electrode positioned near to the cathode was

especially sensitive to the current's influence. The control electrode's

position, besides influencing the beam, also has a great influence on the orbiting target position. It should be noted in particular that the position and

length of the second shielded electrode near to the axis (for electric potential on the cathode, etc., see Figure 1) has a very great influence on the

orbiting target and less influence on the beam. Therefore, if after adjustment of the other electron gun to the desired beam the orbiting target position

is still not right, then the target can be corrected through adjustment of the

orbiting target position.

116
U) (2), (3)

(mm)

50

ÄjB-ÄovÄ« -g*& (A)

-250OOV -25000V ^ '

(A'cm:)

—ism*»»—

(7)

(10)

... -^

-y~7~

ov

80 0(mm)

Figure 4. Annular Cathode Electron Gun for Use in Smelting and

Evaporation, with Its Electron Orbit.

Key:

(1) Second shielded electrode

(2) Cathode

(3) First shielded electrode

(4) Control electrode

(5) Beam current

(6) Electron orbit

FOOTNOTES

1. M. P. Lepselter, IEEE SPECTRUM, vol 5, pp 26-29, 1081.

2. J. R. Maldonado, et al., J. VAC. SCI. TECHNOL., vol 16, No. 6, 1979.

12625

CSO: 4008/242

117
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

LIFE SCIENCES

PROPOSALS FOR BIOENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT DISCUSSED

Beijing GUANGMING RIBAO in Chinese 14 Jun 85 p 3

[Article by Ju Naihu [1446 0035 3822]: "Some Proposals for Bioengineering

Development"]

[Text] Bioengineering is both a new synthetic technology and an intellectually

concentrated new industry. It requires a large contingent of specialized

personnel well versed in advanced science and technology, as well as precision

instruments and equipment. In order to accelerate China's bioengineering

development we must give full play to our advantages-the Academy of Sciences,

a wide range of disciplines in institutions of higher learning, abundant

scientific and technological resources and convenient cooperation to tackle key

problems—to form a Chinese institute of bioengineering as quickly as possible.

Those large and medium cities that possess the conditions to do so may as

appropriate establish the relevant research organizations, though they must pay

attention to rational distribution and guaranteed priorities and not rush

headlong into action.

Bioengineering is a burgeoning discipline with extremely broad applications.

We must encourage scientists and technologists to have the drive to blaze new

trails, and we should not artificially limit the scope of their research or

hamper their initiative. In the author's opinion, it is inadvisable to confine

the scope of bioengineering research to the four areas of genetic engineering,

enzyme engineering, cytoengineering and fermentation engineering alone. That

way we would exclude from the scope of bioengineering certain fields such as

bioelectronics, that are internationally being actively explored, making rapid

progress and have promising futures.

In order to develop bioengineering we must select the proper breakthroughs,

emphasize development and spur the rest onward. Abroad, medical engineering is

always the branch of bioengineering that receives the most attention with the

fermentation industry also occupying a fairly important position. China s

fermentation industry is rather backward, with the result that large quantities

of farm and sideline products fail to be promptly and effectively processed for

multipurpose use and huge losses are incurred. I feel that we must now make

every effort to develop the fermentation industry and fully exploit and utilize

microbial resources. We must adopt advanced fermentation techniques and

achieve multilevel intensive processing of all kinds of products and waste

118
products, inclusive of the agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline

and fishery industries. Thus we can make the best use of things and turn

wastes into treasures. China is a huge nation of one billion people, and

agriculture is the basis of the national economy. Consequently we must enhance

our research into the applications of bioengineering in agriculture. This

includes the development of recombinant DNA techniques and cytomixis techniques

to improve animal and plant varieties and establish an agricultural, forestry

and aquatic product gene pool. This approach will not only bring about a maior

transformation in China's agriculture, it will also give great impetus to

development in the entire national economy.

In addition, we must also strengthen our research work on the weak leaks within

the field of bioengineering. As far as the situation in other countries is

concerned, right now the field in which investment is greatest and research

progresses fastest is the area of genetic engineering. However, the majority

of research achievements are still in the laboratory phase. If we really want

to provide large quantities of products for society we must adopt biochemical

engineering techniques. Comparatively speaking, biochemical engineering is a

rather weak link, particularly in our domestic situation. Now biochemical

engineering research is beginning to receive attention on the international

scene: various types of computer-controlled fermentation tanks have been

brought out one after another and ultrafiltration membranes, reverse osmosis,

liquid-liquid extraction and high pressure liquid chromatic spectrums and other

separation techniques are already in widespread application. China should

adopt feasible measures to enhance research work in this area correspondingly.

Right now the instruments and equipment used in experimental research and

industrial production in China are very backward. We should establish step by

step a national industrial system to produce bioengineering instruments and

equipment. In the short run it is essential that we import some of our

instruments and equipment from abroad, but in the long run we must gain a

foothold on the problem domestically. We must enhance the development and

production of instruments and equipment and as quickly as possible form an

industrial system on an advanced level.

As for training talented personnel, we should concentrate on training

scientists and technologists at various levels, from high level down through

middle and elementary levels. At the same time we must preserve the

appropriate proportion of scientists and technologists in the various research

orientations within the field of bioengineering, so as not to favor one at the

expense of another. In addition we must promote academic exchange at home and

abroad and augment scientific and technological information collection and

research work.

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119
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

LIFE SCIENCES

DEVELOPMENTS IN NEUROSURGERY DISCUSSED

Beijing JIANKANG BAO in Chinese 14 May 85 p 2

[Article by Jia Zengfu [6328 1073 4395]: "The State of Neurosurgery

Developments in China"]

[Text] In the wake of rapid growth in medical and health facilities

nationwide, China's neurosurgical facilities have garnered great achievements.

Nervous system epidemiology is a new field in China. In 1983 the Beijing

Institute of Neurosurgery cooperated with its various fraternal units

nationwide to conduct an epidemiological survey of nervous system diseases^

among the 940,000 residents of 6 Chinese cities. The data showed the incidence

of cerebrovascular disease to be much higher in China than abroad and indicated

that it has become foremost among the three major causes of death. This

thereby provides a strong basis for enhancing prevention and treatment of, as

well as research on, cerebrovascular disease.

In the area of clinical treatment, in the past few years we have developed

operative treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. As of the end of 1982

there had been approximately 1,500 cases of intracranial and extracranial

arterial anastomosis performed nationwide. Zhou Dai [0719 1486] and others at

Suzhou Medical College First Teaching Hospital employed gradual clamping and

obstruction of the arteria carotis interna and simultaneous engagement of the

arteria termporalis superficialis—anastomosis of the arteria cerebn media to

treat three cases of tumors in the sinus cavernosis section of the arteria

carotis interna and giant tumors in the arteria carotis interna achieved

satisfactory results. Professor Yu Shiying [0060 0013 5391] and others at

Guiyang Medical College conducted intracranial and extracranial arterial

anastomosis on 105 cases of paralysis, with a long term effectiveness of 96.4

percent. Now intracranial and extracranial arterial anastomosis has become one

effective method of treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular disease. In

addition to this, intracranial grafting of the omentum majus has also developed

in the past few years as an operative method of treatment for the above

disease. As of March 1981 a total of 205 cases had been performed nationwide.

The long-term result is 92.16 percent effectiveness for the pedicle omentum

majus graft and 5.33 percent for the free omentum majus graft.

120
Simultaneous with the above, intracranial operations have also achieved great

Ittlll8,V?f<PT £r yearS*

Professor Wan§ Zhongcheng [3769 1813 6134] and

others at Beijing's Tiantan Hospital successfully performed at one time tumor

pedicle clamping and obstruction of four arterial tumors in intracranial

arteries and on the trunk of the arteria cerebri media. After the procedure

arteriography showed that the arteria cerebri media and its branches were

unobstructed: the arterial tumors had completely vanished. Thus they have

gained excellent experience for China in handling several arterial neoplasms at

once. Professor Chen Bingheng [7115 3521 1854] of Beijing Institute of

Neurosurgery successfully achieved complete excision with a single cranial

opening in four successive cases of bilateral acoustic nerve neoplasm, while

Km9rnmwofofUll

J

neUral functlonlnS- The results achieved by Luo Shiqi

[5012 0013 4388] and others at Beijing's Tiantan Hospital using a highly

difficult operation on post-ventricular tertius cerebri neoplasms has reached

the advanced international level. The results of an analysis of the 150

open-cranium operations and 112 cases of microsurgery through the bucco-nasal

sinus that were performed by Professor Wang Weijun [3769 4850 6874] and others

at Beijing's Xiehe Hospital indicate that, due to the development of

microsurgery, in the last 5 years the number of open-cranium operations on

patients has increased by 6.7 times over the previous 20 years. The data also

show that 85 percent of all microscopic adenomas of the an nei [7254 0355]

pituitary gland can be totally or subtotally excised (53 percent and 32

percent, respectively). In addition there was a reduction in post-operative

relapse and in the rate of recurrence, and there was an increase in the level

of pituitary function restoration.

As far as treatment is concerned, intractable epilepsy has always been a thorny

problem. The corpus callosum section developed in the past few years has

opened up a new route to treatment of this disease. Tan Qifu [6223 0796 1381]

and others at Nanjing Armed Forces General Hospital used microsurgery to treat

seven cases of refractory epilepsy, all of which achieved satisfactory results.

Li Wugao [2621 0839 2640] and Chen Jiurong [7115 0036 2837] and others at

Shenyang's Chinese Medical College performed corpus callosum amputations to

treat two cases of intractable epilepsy, with good results.

Simultaneous with our attainment of good success in clinical treatment, basic

neurosurgical research has also yielded excellent results. Beijing Institute

of Neurosurgery conducted an analysis of 9,063 cases of intracranial neoplasms

that have been verified pathologically in the past 30 years. Every form of

intracranial neoplasm, every kind of colloma and the incidence of congenital

neoplasms were included in the analysis. The data represents the nation's most

populous group and the patients hail from all over the country, therefore this

survey has a certain guiding significance for the diagnosis of all types of

intracranial neoplasm. Through cell fusion staining and immunochemical

analysis, this institute in 1984 also successfully established a hybrid tumor

system for human somatotropin. This is China's first domestic manufacture of a

pituitary hormone monoclonal antibody, and it provides the conditions necessary

for development of pituitary hormone (GH) research and somatotropin genetic

engineering. In addition, the external culture and hormone assay of a human

hypophysoma is another of this institute's most recent achievements. The

culture method is more accurate than other methods, and the various kinds of

121
pituitary hormones that are difficult to distinguish in serologic assay or

under the electron microscope can be detected using this method. This method

is not disturbed by internal factors and can assist other methods in diagnosing

hypophysoma where it is even more difficult to verify. With respect to

arteriovenous vasotransplantation, Shen Jiankang [3088 1696 1660] and others at

Nanjing Armed Forces General Hospital conducted comparative studies of

arteriole and venule transplantation on the arteriae femoralis of white rats

and rabbits, providing an ideal foundation for related clinical work.

In the past few years there has been initial success with the use of laser

technology in the field of neurosurgery. Shanghai's Huashan Hospital, Xi an

Medical College First Teaching Hospital and Wuhan Medical College Second

Teaching Hospital in succession launched C02 laser vaporization and cerebroma

removal operations. Wang Wenzhang [3769 2429 0112] and others at the Second

Military Medical College utilized a new type of photosensitive agent plus argon

laser irradiation to treat cerebral tumors, and initial reports of results are

good. Xu Qiwu [1776 0796 2976] and others at the Institute of Neurological

Disorders at Shanghai First Medical College used a laser composed of YAG-C02 to

combine irradiation of the brain with experimental vascular research, with good

hemostyptic results.

Neuroelectric topographic mapping is a new technique launched in the past few

years at Beijing Institute of Neurosurgery. It is capable not only of

diagnosing intracranial morphological illnesses, it also can diagnose cerebral

functional affections that cannot be discovered through CT, and it can make up

for the inadequacies of CT and electroencephalograms. Analysis and comparison

reveal that the diagnostic rate of this method is higher than that of the

electroencephalogram, and its accuracy in conformance with CT and operative

means is 96.6 percent. It has become a major neurosurgical inspection method.

12510

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122
Aerodynamics

JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

AUTHOR: FANG Dingyou [2455 0002 6788]

ORG: National University of Defense Technology

TITLE: "The Computation of Transonic Nozzle Flow Field by a Time-Dependent

Method"

SOURCE: Mianyang KONGQIDONGLIXUE XUEBAO [ACTA AERODYNAMICA SINICA] in Chinese

No 2, 1985 pp 10-18

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The steady inviscid transonic nozzle flow is

computed based on the time-dependent method. The Boundary-Fitted-Coordinates

(BFC) system is adopted for generating a natural grid. The second-order

MacCormack finite difference scheme is adopted for solving the governing

equations. The wall boundary condition is computed from characteristic

formulation. The reflection boundary condition is used to evaluate the

physical flow variables at the center line. The results from this study

agree very well with the test data.

123
AUTHOR: ZHANG Yaoke [1728 5069 4430]

SHEN Mengyu [3088 1322 5148]

ORG: ZHANG of the Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences; SHEN of

Qinghua University

TITLE: "Numerical Simulation of Three-dimensional Transonic Flow in

Turbomachinery"

SOURCE: Mianyang KONGQIDONGLIXUE XUEBAO [ACTA AERODYNAMICA SINICA] in Chinese

No 2, 1985 pp 29-36

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this paper our purpose is to improve a former

study. According to previous work, we make use of the correct radial

momentum equation in integral form. Also, instead of conservation of

enthalpy used previously, we use the unsteady adiabatic energy equation for

the inviscid perfect gas. As an actual example, comparison of numerical

results between Denton's computing scheme and our correction scheme has been

made. Computational results show that numerical solutions of threedimensional transonic flow attained by our program have the correct trend

and convergence is good. For the computational region of the transonic

turbine blade mentioned above, we use 44 x 7 x 7 = 2156 gridpoints. Computing

time is about 60 minutes CPU on an IBM 4341.

124
AUTHOR: XIANG Yansun [0686 5888 5549]

ORG: Chinese Aerodynamic Research and Development Center

TITLE: "The Numerical Calculation of. the Pressure Distribution of Sharp

Edge Slender Wings with Leading or Side Edge Vortex Separation"

SOURCE: Mianyang KONGQIDONGLIXUE XUEBAO [ACTA AERODYNAMICA SINICA] in Chinese

No 2, 1985 pp 37-43

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this paper, a convenient method is developed to

calculate the aerodynamic characteristics and pressure distribution of slender

wings with leading or side edge vortex separation in the incompressible flow.

By use of a vortex lattice method, the leading edge Kutta condition is employed

to determine the strength of the vortex sheet, and an equivalent concentrated

vortex line is adopted to simulate the leading edge vortex. Various kinds of

slender wings are calculated using the method, and results show good agreement

with other methods and tests until the vortex breakdown.

125
AUTHOR: LIN Baozhen [2651 0202 4176]

SHEN Mengyu [3088 1322 5148]

ZHOU Sheng [0719 4141]

ORG: LIN of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology; SHEN of the Department

of Engineering Mechanics, Qinghua University; ZHOU of the Department of Jet

Propulsion, Beijing Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

TITLE: "The Characteristic Compatability Conditions on Boundary Points

Applied to Time-Marching Methods for Transonic Flow Past Plane Cascades"

SOURCE: Mianyang KONGQIDONGLIXUE XUEBAO [ACTA AERODYNAMICA SINICA] in Chinese

No 2, 1985 pp 44-50

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this paper the characteristic compatability

system that is applied to the boundary points is derived under universal form.

The methods giving the boundary conditions for flow past plane cascades are

discussed by characteristic theory. The numerical tests of the boundary

conditions are done according to different approaches and comparisons of

their numerical results are presented.

126
AUTHOR: XIA Shengjie [1115 3932 2638]

WU Baogen [0702 1405 2704]

XIE Bangli [6200 6721 0500]

ORG: Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

TITLE: "Double Mirror Laser Interferometer for Visualization of Flow Field"

SOURCE: Mianyang KONGQIDONGLIXUE XUEBAO [ACTA AERODYNAMICA SINICA] in Chinese

No 2, 1985 pp.74-82

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A double mirror laser interferometer has been

designed and constructed. Compared with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI),

it has such merits as higher intensity of interference information, better

shock proofing, simpler structure and lower cost, and its interferograms can

be evaluated quantitatively in the same way as those of MZI. In addition, its

sensitivity in a large field of view is about twice that of MZI. The width

and direction of the interference fringes can be adjusted easily and no harsh

terms or complex adjustment is needed. This interferometer is suitable for

interference visualization and quantitative analysis of most flow-fields.

In this paper the principles and characteristics of this instrument are

discussed and some results of applications in practice are given.

127
AUTHOR: LIU Dehua [0491 1795 5478]

ORG: Chinese Aerodynamic Research and Development Center

TITLE: "Discussions of the Regular Behavior of the Longitudinal Dynamic

Response of Aircraft During Variable Sweep Flights"

SOURCE: Mianyang KONGQIDONGLIXUE XUEBAO [ACTA AERODYNAMIC SINICA] in Chinese

No 2, 1985 pp 93-96

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The regular behavior of the aircraft dynamic

response and its relationship to the aerodynamics of the aircraft during

variable sweep and accelerated flights are idseussed in this paper, and the

mechanism for the regular behavior of the aircraft response is also analyzed.

It is pointed out that the decrease in incidence, flight-path angle and flight

altitude at the initial time during the variable sweep and accelerated flight

is the fundamental characteristic of the aircraft response, which is caused by

the aerodynamic center moving backward and thus an increase in static stability.

It is also pointed out that the dynamic response at the initial time can be

predicted using the varying rate, at the time when the sweep angle begins to

vary, of the static stability to the sweep'angle, i.e., 3m|y/3x9717

CSO: 4009/272

128
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

Chemistry

AUTHORS: LIU Hengchuan [0491 1854 2796]

LIN Tunmi [2651 8675 1348]

ORG: Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University

TITLE: "Synthesis of a New Reagent—Nitrophosphonazo-mN and Its Application in the Speatrophotometric Determination of Rare Earth Elements1

SOURCE: Beijing HUAXUE SHIJI [CHEMICAL REAGENTS] in Chinese Vol 7 No 1,

28 Feb 85 pp 1-5

ABSTRACT: Nitrophosphonazo-mN (2-(4-nitro-2-phosphonophenylazo)-7-(3-nitrophenylazo)-l,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonic acid, NPA-mN) was obtained

by coupling nitrophosphonazo-I and m-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride in basic

medium at low temperature.

This reagent forms a stable blue complex with rare earth elements in strong

acidic medium. The color reaction takes place rapidly. It has a large contrast and high sensitivity. The value of molar absorptivity is found to be

8.1 x 10" £ • mol-1• cm

-1

. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0-12.5 ug Ce

per 25 ml. Ten parallel determinations of 10 yg of Ce give a standard deviation of 3.76 x 10-3

and the coefficient of variation is 0.87 percent.

The reagent may be used for the spectrophotometric determination of Ce subgroup elements in the presence of Y subgroup elements which can be masked by

oxalic acid. (Paper received on 13 September 1983.)

CSO: 4009/1111

129
Chemistry

AUTHORS: MA Zicheng [7456 5261 6134]

RONG Qingxin [1369 1987 2450]

PAN Qinghong [3382 1987 3163]

ORG: Ma of the Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resorces,

Ministry of Geology; Rong and Pan of the Department of Chemistry,

Zhongshan University

TITLE: "Spectrophotometric Determination of Micro Amount of Palladium

With 5-(5-bromo-pyridylazo)-2,4-diaminotoluene (5-Br-PADAT)"

SOURCE: Beijing HUAXUE SHIJI [CHEMICAL REAGENTS] in Chinese Vol 7 No 1,

28 Feb 85 pp 17-19

ABSTRACT: A sensitive and highly selective spectrophotometric method for the

determination of palladium is based on the reaction of palladium with the cited

reagent to form a water soluble complex which is stable in a medium of 0.5-2.5M

HC1.

Its molar absorptivity is 1.5 x 105'1 mol~1'cm~

1

at 580nm. The molar ratio of

palladium to 5-Br-PADAT is 1:1. Beer's law is obeyed for 0.01-0.6 ppm of

palladium(II).

The method has been used in the determination of palladium in ores with satisfactory accuracy and precision. (Paper received 12 August 1983.)

CSO: 4009/1111

130
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

Computers

AUTHOR: LI Yimin [2621 0001 3046]

ORG: None

TITLE: "The Numerical Methods of Calculation the Flow About Wings at

Three-Dimensional Steady and Nonsteady Transonic Speeds"

SOURCE: Tianjin TIANJIN DAXUE XUEBAO (ZHENG KAN) [JOURNAL OF TIANJIN

UNIVERSITY (SUPPLEMENT)] in Chinese No 2 (Mechanics) Dec 84

pp 16-24

ABSTRACT: Based on the finite difference equations obtained from small

perturbation theory and through a hyperbolic tangent transformation which

maps the physical space into a cube, the three-dimensional steady and nonsteady transonic flows about wings had been computed. The use of relaxation

method can reduce the demand on computer memory, and experience have been

obtained through test runs. Calculated results are generally in good agreement with wind tunnel tests. (Paper received on 17 April 1984.)

REFERENCES:

1. Emmons, E.W., NACA TN 932 (1944).

2. Murman, E.M. and Cole, J.D., AIAAJ, 9, 1 (1971).

3. Weatherill, W.H., Ehlers, F.E. and Sebatian, J.D., NASA CR-2599 (1975).

4. Newman, P.A. and Kunker, E.B., AIAAJ, 10, 7 (1972).

5. Knechtel, E.C., NASATND-15 (1959).

6. Bailey, F.R. and Steger, J.L., AIAA paper 72-189.

7. Lomax, H., Bailey, F.R. and Ballhaus, W.F., NASA TND-6933 (1673).

8. Lassing, H., Troutman, J. and Menees, G., NASA TND-344 (1960).

9. Ehlers, F.E. , NASA CR-2599 (1976).

CSO: 4009/1109

131
Engineering

JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

AUTHOR: YUAN Xianglin [5913 4382 2651]

HUANG Naizhang [7806 6621 4545]

LIN Maocai [2651 5399 2088]

et al.

ORG: Beijing Nuclear Instrument Factory

TITLE: "High Resolution Si(Li) X-Ray Detector"

SOURCE: Beijing HEDIANZIXUE YU TANCE JISHU [NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS AND

DETECTION TECHNOLOGY] in Chinese Vol 5 No 3, May 85 pp 139-142

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper describes the fabrication technology

of the GL1221 type Si(Li) X-ray detector core and the pulse light feedback

coded preamplifier which is fitted on the detector. The energy resolution

of the detector system is 165 eV (at 5.89 keV Mn-Ka X-ray), the counting rate

is 1020 cps and the electronic noise is 104 eV. Its specifications have

attained the business level of foreign products of the same kind.

132
AUTHOR: SHAO Peng [6730 7720]

ORG: Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research

TITLE: "Display Terminal Interface for Nuclear Data Analysis System"

SOURCE: Beijing HEDIANZIXUE YU TANCE JISHU [NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS AND

DETECTION TECHNOLOGY] in Chinese Vol 5 No 3, May 85 pp 143-147

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: We have designed a display terminal with a

resolution matrix of 512 x 256. The display interface consists of a

synchronous generator, multiplexer, display RAM, data buffer register,

character generator, shift register and video mixer. Model MIC-80 microcomputer controls the display interface with address bus, data bus and control

bus. The display interface can apply to the computer's character terminal

or to the display terminal of multichannel data acquisition and process

system based on the microcomputer.

133
AUTHOR: ZHAO Yamin [6392 0068 3046]

ZHOU Hongjie [0719 3163 2638]

ORG: Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of

Agricultural Sciences

TITLE: "Development of a Method for Sampling Tritiated Water Vapor in Air

by Silicon"

SOURCE: Beijing HEDIANZIXUE YU TANCE JISHU [NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS AND

DETECTION TECHNOLOGY] in Chinese Vol 5 No 3, May 85 pp 148-153

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A simple method for sampling tritiated water

vapor in air with silicon get has been developed. Two formulas for estimating

the tritium average concentration in the air sample have been established.

One does not involve the term of the silicon gel sampling efficiency, and

is suitable for rapid sampling or sampling in which the silicon gel is

directly exposed to the sampling air. The other does not involve the relative

humidity of the sampling air and is suitable when more accurate results are

desired.

134
AUTHOR: SUO Changhou [1372 2490 0624]

ORG: Beijing Nuclear Instrument Factory

TITLE: "Influence of Frequency on CV Characteristics of Semiconductor

Surface Barrier Detectors"

SOURCE: Beijing HEDIANZIXUE YU TANCE JISHU [NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS AND

DETECTION TECHNOLOGY] in Chinese Vol 5 No 3, May 85 pp 158-161

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Under reverse bias if the frequency of a small AC

signal exceeds a particular value, the junction capacitance of the Au-Si

surface barrier detector will decrease. In this paper the experimental

results of the frequency influence on CV characteristics are discussed and

analyzed. The highest available threshold frequency, fth, depends on the

electrical field E in the semiconductor depletion zone. The experimental

relationships among fth, E, resistivity and voltage are given. At room

temperature fth can be 1-4 MHz.

135
AUTHOR: LIU Yongyue [0491 3057 6885]

ORG: Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

TITLE: "The Peak Pressure Formula for the Acoustic Effect of Energy Charged

Particles"

SOURCE: Beijing HEDIANZIXUE YU TANCE JISHU [MUCLEAR ELECTRONICS AND

DETECTION TECHNOLOGY] in Chinese Vol 5 No 3, May 85 pp 166-169

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The dependence of the time structure and amplitude

of the acoustic pulse on the heating time and response time of hydropyone

are analyzed. The form of the time dependent term of the acoustic pressure

is established. The peak pressure formula which agrees well with the experimental data in both the near- and far-fields is obtained.

9717

CSO: 4009/271

136
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

Mathematics

AUTHORS: HU Shunju [5170 7311 5468]

YU Wenhuan [0827 2429 3562]

ORG: Department of Computer and System Science, Nankai University,

Tianjin

TITLE: "Identifying the Unknown Boundary Condition—Estimation of Float

Surface Temperature in a Floated Gyroscope"

SOURCE: Beijing XITONG KEXUE YU SHUXUE [JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES] in Chinese Vol 4 No 3, Jul 84 p 182

ABSTRACT: The stationary temperature field in a floated gyroscope is

described by a second order elliptic system, where the float surface temperature is unknown. Making use of Lions function space optimization method, we

give a set of formulae to identify the unknown boundary condition of the

elliptic system. Furthermore, we prove that the identified boundary condition

is unique in some admissible set by means.of measuring the temperature on the

part of the gyroscope hull. (Paper received on 7 December 1983.)

CSO: 4009/1088

137
Mathematics

AUTHORS: FENG Yuyu [7458 3768 3842]

CHANG Gengzhe [1603 1649 0772]

ORG: University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei

TITLE: "A Simple Proof of Iterated Limit for Variation Diminishing

Operator of Spline Functions"

SOURCE: Beijing XITONG KEXUE YU SHUXUE [JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES] in Chinese Vol 4 No 3, Jul 84 p 172

ABSTRACT: The iterated limit for the variation diminishing operator of

spline functions was determined by Hu and Xu by using the related results

of Markov chain. In this paper, by the method used in Ref 3, not only the

proofs in Refs 1 and 2 are considerably simplified, but also the convergence

rate of the iterated limit is given. Furthermore, the error estimate given

here for the cubic spline on a uniform partition in a certain sense is the

best. (Paper received on 15 November 1983.)

REFERENCES:

1. YINGYONG SHUXUE XUEBAO [ACTA MATHEMATICAE APPLICATAE SINICA] I: 3(1978),

pp 240-249.

2. SHUXUE XUEBAO [ACTA MATHEMATICA SINICA], 22: 3(1979), pp 375-388.

3. KEXUE TONGBAO [SCIENCE BULLETIN] (in press).

4. Schumaker, L.L., "Spline Functions: Basic Theory," New York, 1981.

5. De Boor, C., "A Practical Guide to Splines," Springer-Verlag, New York,

1978.

6. Marsden, M., "An Identity for Spline Functions With Application to

Variation-Diminishing Spline Approximation," J. OF APPROX THEORY, Vol 3,

1970, pp 7-49.

7. Shoenherg, I.J., "On Spline Function. In Inequalities," 0. Shisa ed.,

Academic Press, New York, 1967, pp 255-291.

CSO: 4009/1088

138
Nuclear Physics

JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

AUTHOR: LI Ze [2621 3219]

ZHANG Chunhua [1728 2504 5478]

WANG Xiuzhi [3769 4423 5347]

LIU Darning [0491 1129 2494]

TANG Peijia [0781 1014 1367]

et al.

ORG: Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing

TITLE: "Mass Distribution in 8.3 MeV Neutron-Induced Fission of 238U"

SOURCE: Beijing YUANZIHE WULI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS] in Chinese

Vol 7 No 2, May 85 pp 97-105

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Forty-six mass chain yields and two cumulative

yields from 83Br to 161Tb are obtained for fission of 238U induced by 8.3 MeV

neutrons. Of these, 41 are determined absolutely. Fission product activities

are measured by Ge(Li) y

-ra

y spectrometry of irradiated 238U foils and by

chemical separation of the fission product elements followed by y or ß

counting. The 238U targets are attached to a double-fission chamber containing two thin, standardized deposits of 238U to monitor the fission rate

absolutely. * *

3Ag is measured for the first time. A mass distribution curve

is given. The present yields are compared with values given in the literature.

139
AUTHOR: HAN Hongyin [7281 3163 6892]

HUANG Shengnian [7806 0524 1628]

MENG Jiangchen [1322 3068 6591]

et al.

ORG: Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing

TITLE: "Detailed Investigation of Correlation Properties in Long Range

Alpha Particle Accompanied Fission of 252Cf"

SOURCE: Beijing YUANZIHE WULI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS] in Chinese

Vol 7 No 2, May 85 pp 112-116

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This experiment investigates the variation of the

correlation between the average energy of long range orparticles (LRA particle)

and the fragment mass ratio with the total kinetic energy of the fragments,

and the dependence of the correlation between the average energy of the LRA

particles and the total kinetic energy of the fragments on the fragment mass

ratio. In addition, other correlations in LRA accompanied fission are also

given.

140
AUTHOR: ZHANG Zhenqiu [1728 2182 3808]

KONG Lingjiang [13130109 3068]

LIU Xianhui [0491 2009 6540]

ORG: ZHANG and KONG of Guangxi Normal University; Guilin; LIU of the

Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

TITLE: "Elastic Scattering of the Intermediate Energy Kaon Mesons on the

Nuclei and Coulomb's Effects"

SOURCE: Beijing YUANZIHE WULI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS] in Chinese

Vol 7 No 2, May 85 pp 124-132

TEXT OF,ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the frame of the eikonal multiple scattering

theory, using the basic parameters given by the authors, the elastic

scattering of the intermediate energy kaon mesons on

12C and 1,0Ca are

studied.; The Coulomb effect is calculated, too. The results are in agreement

with the experimental data., The Coulomb effect does not only enhance the

small angle differential cross section, but it also fills up the dip of the

differential cross section.

141
AUTHOR: HE Hanxin [0149 3352 2450]

ZHENG Yuming [6774 3768 2494]

CHEN Yongshou [7115 3057 1108]

et al.

ORG: Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing

TITLE: "The Nucleon-Meson Vertex Structure on the Basis of Nonrelativistic

Quark Model. II. The Nueleon-Meson Coupling Constants and the Form Factors"

SOURCE: Beijing YUANZIHE WULI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS] in Chinese

Vol 7 No 2, May 85 pp 133-139

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Based on the nonrelativistic quark model, the

nucleon-meson vertex coupling constants and the form factors are discussed

by using the transition potential of one-gluon exchange with the production

of a quark-antiquark pair which is formed from quark-gluon interaction. The

nucleon-meson coupling constants, obtained by using the generator coordinate

method, can fit the experiment data quite well. The contribution of the

quark momentum-dependent term in the transition potential to coupling constants

is important. The nucleon-meson vertex form factors are also given and

discussed.

142
AUTHOR: TIAN Ye [3944 6851]

HAN Yinlu [7281 6892 6922

SHEN Qingbiao [3947 1987

LIU Wei [0491 3555]

et al.

ORG: TIAN, HAN, SHEN, et al.,

LIU, et al., of Northwest Üniversi

TITLE: "A Global Analysis of Int.

Microscopic Optical Potential"

SOURCE: r Beijing YUANZIHE WULI [CH

Vol 7 No 2, May 85 pp 154-160

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this :.

derived from Skyrme interactions (

of the integral cross section for net

target nuclei. The neutron total,

cross sections calculated with 'S-M

and independent experimental data

phenomenological potential. The g.

forces, such as GS2 and-SKa, can f

sections in the neutron energy rec

parameters, for nuclei ranging fro

deviation of the calculated result

no more than 20 percent, which is .

global phenomenological potential ,

for light nuclei. Thus, it is sho^

predicting the integral cross sect

cases.

e Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing;

Xian • , . .

-I Cross Section Calculations with the

E JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS] in Chinese

per the microscopic optical potential

is applied to the global calculations

tron reactions of various even-even

^ic scattering and non-elastic

nalyzed and compared with available

as that calculated with Greenlees'

analysis shows that original Skyrme

experiments of the total cross

2-100 MeV, without adjusting any

to 21*

2

Pu quite well. The theoretical

• :. the experimental fitting curves is

;ble to the results based on Greenlees1

: even better than Greenlees' results

t S-MOP has a capability for

• ;i a wide range of energy and nuclei

143
AUTHOR: YAO Chongguo [1202 0339 0948]

LAI Qiji [6351 0796 1015]

CHEN Yimei [7115 4135 2734]

ORG: Physics Department, Nanjing University

TITLE: "The Application of a Bridge with Variable Ratio to:Feedback Electron

Linac"

SOURCE: Beijing YUANZIHE WULI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS] in Chinese

Vol 7 No 2, May 85 pp 175-181 :! -■■/;

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper describes the performances of a 20MeV

feedback electron linac with a magnetron of 4.8 MW output power as a source.

The accelerating structure is the same as one completed for therapy, but the

feedback bridge of fixed ratio n=l is replaced by one of variable ratio so

that optimum efficiency can be reached at different beam loadings. When the

accelerating current is 500 mA the pulse beam power is over 3 MW, the

efficiency is more than 75 percent and the energy spread is;le^Sithan

10 percent. Thus it can satisfy the wide-ranging demands in applications to

physics research, material science and industry.

9717

CSO: 4009/279

144
JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

Physical Chemistry

AUTHORS: MIAO Jingwei

YANG Baifan

N. Cue

[4924 4544 1218]

[2799 4102 2455]

ORG: Supported by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;

N. Cue, honorary professor of Sichuan University, on leave from

SUNY/Albany, N.Y. 12222, U.S.A.

TITLE: "Experimental Determination of Stereochemical Structures of D*

and H+"

SOURCE: Chengdu SICHUAN DAXUE XUEBAO (ZIRAN KEXUE BAN) [JOURNAL OF SICHUAN

UNIVERSITY (NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION)] in Chinese No 2, 1985 pp

98-100

ABSTRACT: The measurements on the stereochemical structures of D"£ and Ef

molecular ions are reported. It makes use of the Coulomb explosion of fast

molecular ions. It is shown that the structures of D"t and Hj are equilaterally

triangular in shape. The mean value of most probable intemuclear separations

of Ht and Df are determined to be 0.98+0.03^ and 0.93^ respectively. (Paper

was received on 5 September 1985.)

CSO: 4009/1103

145
Physics

JPRS-CST-85-032

19 September 1985

AUTHOR: DING Houchang [0002 0624 2490]

ZHU Yongkang [2612 0357 1660]

ORG: Southwestern Institute of Physics, Leshan, Sichuan

TITLE: "Kinetic Theory of Tearing Mode in a Plasma Torus with Elliptical

Cross Section"

SOURCE: Chongqing HEJUBIAN YU DENGLIZITI WULI [NUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA

PHYSICS] in Chinese Vol 5 No 2, 15 Jun 85 pp 65-76

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Catto et al.'s work, kinetic modification to

the tearing mode in the banana regime was considered and the contribution of

the electrons from the trapped and untrapped velocity-space boundary layef to

the current was obtained. In light of their idea, we study the effect ofelliptical geometry on the tearing mode. Starting from the Fokker-Planck

equation with a Lorentz collision operator, we have calculated the growth

rate of tearing mode instability by using both the ¥ and E„ constant

approximations.

146
AUTHOR: HU Min [5170 2404]

HE Zuoxiu [0149 4373 1652]

WU Lijin [0702 4409 6855]

ORG: HU of the Department of Physics, Qinghua University, Beijing;

HE of the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Beijing; WU of Wuhan Institute of Physics

TITLE: "Stripping H

-

-Ion by Using Strong Magnetic Field to Obtain Neutral

Beam"

SOURCE: Chongqing HEJUBIAN YU DENGLIZITI WULI [NUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA

PHYSICS] in Chinese Vol 5 No 2, 15 Jun 85 pp 77-83

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ionized lifetime of travelling hydrogen negative

ions with high velocity in a uniform magnetic field is calculated by using an

improved perturbation theory. The choice of the H~-ion wave function and the

normalization of the wave function in a continuous state are discussed. By

using the Rotenberg-Stein wave function with five parameters a numerical

calculation is performed, the results of which are compared with those from

experiments by G.M. Stinson, et al.

147
AUTHOR: DING Xiaojia [0002 2556 0502]

WANG Jinhe [3769 6855 3109]

ORG: Southwestern Institute of Physics, Leshan, Sichuan

TITLE: "Radiation Patterns of Open Waveguide in Electron Cyclotron

Resonance Heating"

SOURCE: Chongqing HEJUBIAN YU DENGLIZITI WULI [NUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA

PHYSICS] in Chinese Vol 5 No 2, 15 Jun 85 pp 84-91

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper describes the computation of directional

microwave patterns radiated from open waveguides to plasma in electron cyclotron

resonance heating by gyrotrons. The theoretical derivation is presented

briefly. The E- and H-plane direction patterns of an open circular waveguide

for the Hgi-mode at wavelength A=2 cm and for the H§2-mode at wavelength

X=8 mm are given, as well as the same patterns of an open rectangular guide

for the H?0-mode at wavelengths of X=2 cm and 8 mm.

148
AUTHOR: HONG Mingyuan [3163 2494 5373]

HU Jianfang [5170 1696 5364]

ZHENG Shaobai [6774 1421 4101]

ORG: Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

TITLE: "The Influence of Rate Coefficients and Metastable States on

Ionizatio'n Equilibrium and Radiation Losses from Oxygen"

SOURCE: Chongqing HEJUBIAN YU DENGLIZITI WULI [NUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA

PHYSICS] in Chinese Vol 5 No 2, 15 Jun 85 pp 92-97

TEXT OE; ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Calculated results of ioriization equilibrium and

radiation losses for oxygen are presented as functions of electron temperature,

These calculations are based on the corona model. In order to study the

influence of rate coefficients on ionization equilibrium and radiation

losses, we used several different formulae for rate coefficients and included

metastable states: He-like 0VIIlS,s

3

S, Be-like 0VlS2„c„P

3

P, B-like

0VlS22s2p^P. 2 2

149
AUTHOR: XU Yin [1776 5419]

LI Shuzong [2621 2885 1350]

LU Man [4151 2581]

ORG: XU of Southwestern Institute c

of the University of California, Los A;

TITLE: "FIR-Laser Scattering from Ct,

SOURCE; Chongqing HEJUBIAN YU DENGLX/

PHYSICS] in Chinese Vol 5 No 2, 15 Jui,

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this p.

collective, electron density fluctuate,

frequencies (ICRF) on UCLA's Microtor

scattering is presented and the result;

agree with the fast wave mode conversi»

The FIR-scattering system used in the

work to be studied in the future is b:

ics, Leshan, Sichuan; LI and LU

California

e Electron Density Fluctuation"

,1 [NUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA ,

98-102

measurement of the driven

e ion cyclotron range of

ar infrared (FIR) laser

nalyzed. The experimental results

ry in a two-ion species plasma,

ants is also described. Finally,

iscussed.

151
AUTHOR: TIAN Zhongyu [3944 1813 3768]

ORG: Southwestern Institute of Physics, Leshan Sichuan

TITLE: "Design of Electromagnetic Trap"

SOURCE: Chongqing HEJUBIAN YU DENGLIZITI WULI [NUCLEAR FUSION AND PLASMA

PHYSICS] in Chinese Vol 5 No 2, 15 Jun 85 pp 108-113

TEXT OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The design of an electrostatically plugged cusp

plasma confinement system is presented. The basic design parameters include

a magnetic field at the electrode of 10 kG, 10 kV for the plug voltage, a

plasma density of about 1012cm

-3

, 0.5 keV ion temperature and a confinement

time of longer than 5 ms.

This system can be used to study the plasma accumulation and heating, potential

shielding and the electrostatical end plug of axial symmetric tandem mirrors.

9717

CSO: 4009/281 - END -

151