RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 13, 2024; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2024-CA-0229-ME

J.S.T. APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM ALLEN CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE ASHLEY DOUGLAS, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 23-AD-00013

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY,

CABINET FOR HEALTH AND FAMILY 

SERVICES; J.C.A.; AND C.G.T., A CHILD APPELLEES

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; EASTON AND KAREM, JUDGES. 

EASTON, JUDGE: The Appellant, J.S.T. (“Mother”), appeals from the Allen 

Circuit Court’s Order terminating her parental rights to her minor child, C.G.T. 

(hereafter “Child”). In accordance with A.C. v. Cabinet for Health and Family 
-2-

Services, 362 S.W.3d 361 (Ky. App. 2012), counsel for Mother filed an Anders1

brief alleging there are no non-frivolous grounds for relief, along with a motion to 

withdraw as Mother’s counsel. Mother did not file a supplemental brief. After a 

thorough review, we affirm the Order of the Allen Circuit Court. We also grant 

counsel’s motion to withdraw via separate order. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

J.S.T. is the biological mother of Child, who was fifteen years old on 

the date of the termination hearing. While there was a previous brief removal and 

return of the Child in 2009, the current action began in March 2020 when the 

family was referred to the Cabinet for Health and Family Services (“Cabinet”) due 

to Child’s habitual truancy. Child was removed from Mother’s care on January 25, 

2022. Child has remained in the Cabinet’s custody since that time. The father of 

the Child did not participate in the underlying termination action, and he has not 

appealed the termination of his parental rights. 

 The Cabinet filed the termination of parental rights (“TPR”) petition 

on July 27, 2023. The final hearing was held on December 14, 2023. 

The Cabinet called several witnesses at the hearing, including the 

ongoing case worker from the Cabinet, two guidance counselors from the Allen 

1 Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967). 
-3-

County school system, Child’s counselor, and Child’s foster mother. Mother 

testified on her own behalf, but she did not call any additional witnesses. 

At the termination hearing, the Cabinet case worker testified the 

petition for Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse (“DNA”) was filed in March 2020 by 

the Allen County school system, alleging educational neglect. Child had an 

unusually high number of unexcused absences and tardies. Child was also failing 

several classes. The case was initially a non-removal, and Child remained in the 

home with Mother. Mother signed a case plan, which included tasks such as 

completing substance abuse and parenting assessments, maintaining stable housing 

and employment, establishing a routine surrounding Child’s school and education, 

and having weekly contact with the school guidance counselors to stay updated on 

Child’s educational progress. 

After almost two years of no improvement, Mother was requested to 

submit to a drug screen. After a few “no-shows” for tests, Mother submitted to a 

hair follicle screen which was positive for methamphetamine. Child was removed 

from Mother and placed into the custody of the Cabinet on January 25, 2022. She 

has remained in the same foster home placement since that time. Thereafter, 

Mother was ordered to submit to random drug screens. While she did have some 

negative screens, she also had several that were positive for methamphetamine. 

Mother’s most recent positive drug screen was in September 2023. 
-4-

Testimony was consistent that Child’s attendance, grades, and 

participation in school all improved immensely after entering foster care. There 

was also testimony that Child is more engaged and social since being removed 

from Mother’s custody. At the time of the hearing, Child was halfway through her 

sophomore year of high school and was passing all her classes. By all 

appearances, Child is thriving in her placement. Her foster mother stated Child has 

expressed a desire to go to college. 

Mother testified the pandemic is to blame for Child’s low attendance. 

She stated the internet at their home did not work consistently, so they often were 

unable to log in for virtual classes. Child struggled with some of her classes, but 

there was no tutoring available during the pandemic. Mother completed parenting 

classes, and she claims to have completed the virtual rehabilitation program ARC 

Anywhere, which she participated in via an app on her phone. Mother testified she 

is employed, and she is current on her child support obligation.

As for her drug use, Mother stated she has not used methamphetamine 

since June 2022. She claims the positive results since then were false positives, 

and she alleges she made a complaint about the drug testing facilities to the 

Attorney General’s Office. While she was using, Mother testified she never used 

while Child was in the home. 
-5-

The circuit court entered its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, 

and Order Terminating Parental Rights on January 24, 2024. The circuit court 

found the requirements of KRS2 625.090 had been met in order to terminate 

Mother’s parental rights. Mother now appeals these orders. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court’s standard of review of a termination of parental rights 

case is the clearly erroneous standard in CR3 52.01. The factual findings must be 

supported by clear and convincing evidence. M.E.C. v. Commonwealth, Cabinet 

for Health and Family Services, 254 S.W.3d 846, 850 (Ky. App. 2008). The 

findings of the trial court should not be disturbed unless there exists no substantial 

evidence in the record to support its findings. V.S. v. Commonwealth, Cabinet for 

Human Services, 706 S.W.2d 420, 424 (Ky. App. 1986). “The test for abuse of 

discretion is whether the trial judge’s decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair 

or unsupported by sound legal principles.” Woodard v. Commonwealth, 147 

S.W.3d 63, 67 (Ky. 2004). 

ANALYSIS

Pursuant to the guidance provided in A.C. v. Cabinet for Health &

2 Kentucky Revised Statutes.

3

 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
-6-

Family Services, supra at 371, “this Court will fully examine the record and decide 

whether the appeal is wholly frivolous pursuant to Anders . . . .” 

KRS 625.090 is the controlling statute regarding the involuntary 

termination of parental rights. This statute allows parental rights to be involuntarily 

terminated only upon findings, based on clear and convincing evidence, that (1) the 

child has been found to be an abused or neglected child as defined in KRS 

600.020(1) by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) that the Cabinet has filed a 

petition seeking the termination of parental rights pursuant to KRS 620.180 or 

KRS 625.050; (3) that termination is in the child’s best interests; and (4) at least 

one of the grounds set out in KRS 625.090(2)(a)-(k) is present. 

KRS 600.020 outlines what constitutes an “abused or neglected 

child.” Child was adjudged to be an abused or neglected child at the adjudication 

hearing that took place on January 26, 2021. The disposition order was 

subsequently entered on February 25, 2021. The time to appeal the finding of 

abuse or neglect was immediately after the entry of the disposition order. Any 

appeal to this finding is untimely. 

Furthermore, we determine there was substantial evidence to support a 

finding of abuse or neglect from the evidence presented at the TPR hearing. 

Specifically, under KRS 600.020(1), “an ‘abused or neglected child’ means a child 

whose health or welfare is harmed or threatened with harm when: (a) his or her 
-7-

parent . . . (3) engages in a pattern of conduct that renders the parent incapable of 

caring for the immediate and ongoing needs of the child, including but not limited 

to parental incapacity due to a substance use disorder . . . ; (8) does not provide the 

child with adequate care, supervision, food, clothing, shelter, and education or 

medical care necessary for the child’s well-being . . . .” 

Next, the court must find that at least one of the grounds outlined in 

KRS 625.090(2) is present. The grounds relevant to this action include:

(e) That the parent, for a period of not less than six (6) 

months, has continuously or repeatedly failed or 

refused to provide or has been substantially incapable 

of providing essential parental care and protection for 

the child and that there is no reasonable expectation of 

improvement in parental care and protection, 

considering the age of the child;

(g) That the parent, for reasons other than poverty alone, 

has continuously or repeatedly failed to provide or is 

incapable of providing essential food, clothing, 

shelter, medical care, or education reasonably 

necessary and available for the child’s well-being and 

that there is no reasonable expectation of significant 

improvement in the parent’s conduct in the 

immediately foreseeable future, considering the age of 

the child;

(j) That the child has been in foster care under the 

responsibility of the cabinet for fifteen (15) 

cumulative months out of forty-eight (48) months 

preceding the filing of the petition to terminate 

parental rights.

The family court found these factors applied in this case. Factor (j) is 
-8-

undisputed. Only one finding is required under KRS 625.090(2), so it is 

unnecessary for any further analysis. However, for the sake of being thorough, we 

do agree with the circuit court that there existed substantial evidence for a finding 

under factors (e) and (g). Specifically, under subsection (g), Mother continuously 

failed to provide the necessary education to Child. Mother was given almost two 

years to improve Child’s school attendance and to monitor Child’s progress. 

Rather than improving during that period, Child’s situation instead worsened. Part 

of Mother’s case plan was to obtain weekly updates on Child’s progress. The 

school counselor testified Mother sent about four or five emails requesting 

information, while a school semester has approximately eighteen weeks.

Additionally, despite Mother’s protests to the contrary, Mother tested 

positive for methamphetamine throughout the course of her case plan, and she 

refused to go to in-patient treatment. Mother has shown no evidence that there is 

any hope for improvement in the future. 

The final consideration is the “best interest” standard. In determining 

the best interest of a child and the existence of a ground for termination, the family 

court must consider the factors in KRS 625.090(3), which are:

(a) Mental illness as defined by KRS 202A.011(9), or an 

intellectual disability as defined by KRS 202B.010(9) 

of the parent as certified by a qualified mental health 

professional, which renders the parent consistently 

unable to care for the immediate and ongoing physical 
-9-

or psychological needs of the child for extended 

periods of time;

(b)Acts of abuse or neglect as defined in KRS 

600.020(1) toward any child in the family;

(c) If the child has been placed with the cabinet, whether 

the cabinet has, prior to the filing of the petition made 

reasonable efforts as defined in KRS 620.020 to 

reunite the child with the parents unless one or more 

of the circumstances enumerated in KRS 610.127 for 

not requiring reasonable efforts have been 

substantiated in a written finding by the District 

Court;

(d)The efforts and adjustments the parent has made in his 

circumstances, conduct, or conditions to make it in the 

child’s best interest to return him to his home within a 

reasonable period of time, considering the age of the 

child;

(e) The physical, emotional, and mental health of the 

child and the prospects for the improvement of the 

child’s welfare if termination is ordered; and

(f) The payment or the failure to pay a reasonable portion 

of substitute physical care and maintenance if 

financially able to do so. 

The circuit court found it was in the best interests of Child to

terminate Mother’s rights. We do not believe the court’s conclusion was clearly 

erroneous. The court determined the Cabinet had rendered or attempted to render 

all reasonable services to Mother, but those services were not utilized. Mother did 

pay child support, visit with Child regularly, and did complete parenting classes. 
-10-

However, the circuit court ruled this did not outweigh her substance abuse disorder 

and refusal to seek meaningful treatment for it. 

While the case began due to educational neglect, Mother’s drug abuse 

was the main factor preventing Child from being returned to her custody. It is 

extremely likely that Mother’s drug abuse was the cause of Child’s truancy, or at 

least a primary cause. At the hearing, Mother refused to take any responsibility for 

Child missing school, instead blaming the pandemic. However, Mother was 

unable to explain the timing discrepancy of that story. The DNA petition was filed 

on March 9, 2020. The Kentucky Governor declared a state of emergency on 

March 6, 2020,4 which occurred prior to schools being closed. As of the filing of 

the DNA petition, Child had 16 unexcused absences for that school year. Mother 

had almost two years to improve Child’s school attendance, yet she did not do so. 

All testimony indicates Child is thriving in her current foster home. 

She is consistent with school attendance and tutoring, and she is passing all her 

classes. Child’s counselor and foster mother testified Child does not wish to be 

returned to Mother’s custody, although she does wish to maintain a relationship 

with her. 

4

 Kentucky’s Response to COVID-19: https://governor.ky.gov/Documents/20201020_COVID19_page-archive.pdf.
-11-

 “[An] appellate court is obligated to give a great deal of deference to 

the [circuit] court’s findings and should not interfere with those findings unless the 

record is devoid of substantial evidence to support them.” Cabinet for Health & 

Fam. Servs. v. K.H., 423 S.W.3d 204, 211 (Ky. 2014). The circuit court did not 

abuse its discretion, as all statutory requirements for termination had been met. 

CONCLUSION

 The findings of the circuit court pursuant to KRS 625.090 are not clearly 

erroneous, and it did not abuse its discretion. For the foregoing reasons, the order 

of the Allen Circuit Court terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child is 

AFFIRMED.

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:

Bruce B. Brown

Glasgow, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE CABINET 

FOR HEALTH AND FAMILY 

SERVICES:

Dilissa G. Milburn

Mayfield, Kentucky