Chapter 4 

References and Lists
 Chapter 4 

Table of Contents 

Glossary ...........................................................1 

List of Preparers................................................28 

List of Recipients...............................................30 

References ......................................................34 

Index .............................................................44 
Glossary 

Access 

The opportunity to approach, enter, and make use of public lands.

Access Management 

Acquiring rights and developing and maintaining facilities needed 

by people to get to and move through public lands (physical 

attributes). 

Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) 

Passed by Congress in 1980, this legislation designated 14 

National Forest Wilderness areas in Southeast Alaska. The Alaska 

National Interest Lands Conservation Act of December 2, 

1980,Public Law 96-487, 96th Congress, 94 Stat. 2371-2551, 

Section 810 requires evaluations of subsistence impacts before 

changing the use of these lands. 

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) 

Public Law 92-203, 92nd Congress, 85 Stat. 2371-2551. Approved 

December 18, 1971, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 

(ANCSA) provides for the settlement of certain land claims of 

Alaska Natives and for other purposes. 

Alluvial Fan 

A cone-shaped deposit of organic and mineral material made by a 

stream where it runs out onto a level plain or meets a slower 

stream. 

Alternative 

One of several plans or projects proposed for decision making. 

Anadromous Fish 

Anadromous fish (such as salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat 

trout) spend part of their lives in freshwater and part of their lives 

in saltwater. 

Annualized Job 

An annualized job is a full–time job lasting one year, or its 

equivalent. 

Background 

The distant part of a landscape. The seen or viewed area located 

from 3 or 5 miles to infinity from the viewer. (See "Foreground" 

and "Middleground".) 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 1
Basal Area 

Total cross-sectional area of a tree or stand of trees. This is 

measured in diameter at breast height (DBH) and can be expressed 

in either square feet per acre or square meters per hectare. 

Beach Fringe 

The area inland from saltwater shorelines, which is typically 

forested. 

Best Management Practice (BMP) 

Practices used for the protection of water quality. BMPs are 

designed to prevent or reduce the amount of pollution from 

nonpoint sources or other adverse water quality impacts while 

meeting other goals and objectives. BMPs are standards to be 

achieved, not detailed or site- specific prescriptions or solutions. 

BMPs as defined in the USDA Forest Service Soil & Water 

Conservation Handbook are mandated for use in Region 10 under 

the Tongass Timber Reform Act. 

Biogeographic Province 

Twenty-one ecological subdivisions of Southeast Alaska that are 

identified by generally distinct ecological, physiographic, and 

biogeographic features. Plant and animal species composition, 

climate, and geology within each province are generally more 

similar within than among adjacent provinces. Historical events 

(such as glaciers and uplifting) are important to the nature of the 

province and to the barriers that distinguish each province. 

Biological Diversity (Biodiversity) 

The variety of life in all its forms and at all levels. This includes 

the various kinds and combinations of: genes; species of plants, 

animals, and microorganisms; populations; communities; and 

ecosystems. It also includes the physical and ecological processes 

that allow all levels to interact and survive. The most familiar level 

of biological diversity is the species level, which is the number and 

abundance of plants, animals, and microorganisms. 

Blowdown 

See Windthrow. 

Board Foot (BF) 

A unit of wood 12" x 12" x 1". One acre of commercial timber in 

Southeast Alaska on the average yields 28,000-34,000 board feet 

per acre (ranging from 8,000-90,000 board feet per acre). One 

million board feet (MMBF) would be the volume of wood 

covering 1 acre 2 feet thick. One million board feet yields 

2 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
approximately enough timber to build 120 houses or 75,555 

pounds of dissolving pulp. 

Buffer 

An area of vegetation of varying size, shape, and character 

managed to mitigate effects on a particular resource.

Capability 

An evaluation of a resource's inherent potential for use. 

Clearcut 

Harvesting method in which all trees are cleared in one cut. It 

prepares the area for a new, evenaged stand. The area harvested 

may be a patch, stand, or strip large enough to be mapped or 

recorded as a separate age class in planning. 

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 

A codification of the general and permanent rules published in the 

Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the 

Federal Government. 

Connectivity 

A measure of the extent that forest areas between or outside 

reserves provide habitat for breeding, feeding, dispersal, and 

movement. 

Corridor 

Connective links of certain types of vegetation between patches of 

suitable habitat which are necessary for certain species to facilitate 

movement of individuals between patches of suitable habitat. Also 

refers to transportation, utility rights-of-way, or yarding. 

Cover 

Refers to trees, shrubs, or other landscape features that allow an 

animal to partly or fully conceal itself. 

Cruise 

Refers to the general activity of determining timber volumes and 

quality as opposed to a specific method. 

Cubic Foot (CF) 

Equivalent to a cube of wood with 1-foot sides. The cubic foot 

volume is a measure of the total sound wood in a tree and is a more 

accurate depiction of wood volume than the board foot measure. 

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References and Lists 4
Cultural Resources 

The fragile and nonrenewable remains of human activity that are 

found in historic districts, sites, and buildings, and artifacts, and 

that are important in past and present human events. 

Culturally Modified Tree 

A tree that has been altered by human use as part of their 

traditional use of the forest, usually for the exploitation of bark and 

wood products. 

Cumulative Effects 

The impacts on the environment resulting from additional 

incremental impacts of past, present, and reasonably foreseeable 

future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) 

or person undertakes such actions. Cumulative impacts can result 

from individually minor but collectively significant actions 

occurring over time. 

Decommission 

For NFS roads, decommissioning removes the road from the longterm forest road transportation system. Otherwise, the act of 

decommissioning is the same for all roads. Action on the ground 

for decommissioning ranges from blocking the entrance and 

removing drainage structures to obliterating the road, returning the 

natural contours, and replanting vegetation. The end result is the 

stabilization and restoration of unneeded roads to a more natural 

state (36 CFR 212.1). See also Road Decommissioning. 

Degradation 

The general lowering of the surface of the land by erosive 

processes, especially by the removal of material through erosion 

and transportation by flowing water. 

Detrimental Soil Disturbance 

The condition where established threshold values of soil properties 

are exceeded and result in significant change or impairment to 

long-term soil productivity. (Also see the definitions for 

significant change and significant impairment.) 

Developed Recreation 

Recreation that requires facilities that, in turn, result in 

concentrated use of an area. Facilities in these areas might include 

roads, parking lots, picnic tables, toilets, drinking water, and 

buildings. 

Diameter Breast Height (DBH) 

The diameter of a tree measured 4 feet 6 inches from the ground. 

4 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Direct Employment 

The jobs that are immediately associated with the timber sale, 

including, for example, logging, sawmills, and pulp mills. 

Direct Income 

Direct income is calculated from total payments an individual 

receives from his or her employment in a particular job category, 

over a defined time period. 

Draft Environmental Impact Statement (Draft EIS) 

A statement of environmental effects for a major Federal action 

which is released to the public and other agencies for comment and 

review prior to a final management decision. Required by Section 

102 of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). 

Ecosystem 

A community of organisms and its physical setting. An ecosystem, 

whether a fallen log or an entire watershed, includes resident 

organisms, non-living components such as soil nutrients, inputs 

such as rainfall, and outputs such as organisms that disperse to 

other ecosystems. 

Effects 

Effects, impacts, and consequences as used in this environmental 

impact statement are synonymous. Effects may be ecological (such 

as the effects on natural resources and on the components, 

structures, and functioning of affected ecosystems), aesthetic, 

historical, cultural, economic, or social, and may be direct, 

indirect, or cumulative. 

Direct Effects- Results of an action occurring when and where the 

action takes place. 

Indirect Effects- Results of an action occurring at a location other 

than where the action takes place and/or later in time, but in the 

reasonably foreseeable future. 

Cumulative Effects- See Cumulative Effects (above). 

Endangered Species 

Any species of animal or plant that is in danger of extinction 

throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Plant or animal 

species identified by the Secretary of the Interior as Endangered in 

accordance with the 1973 Endangered Species Act. See also 

Threatened Species, Sensitive Species.

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 5

References and Lists 4
Erosion 

The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, 

gravity, or other geological activities. 

Estimated Mill Capacity 

An estimate of the processing capability of the mill based on the 

amount of net sawlog volume that could be utilized by the mill, as 

currently configured, during a standard 250-day year, two shifts 

per day, annual operating schedule, not limited by the availability 

of employment, raw materials or market. 

Estuary 

For the purpose of this EIS process, estuary refers to the relatively 

flat, intertidal, and upland areas generally found at the heads of 

bays and mouths of streams. They are predominately mud and 

grass flats and are unforested except for scattered spruce or 

cottonwood. 

Even-aged Management 

The application of a combination of actions that result in the 

creation of stands in which trees of essentially the same age grow 

together. The difference in age between trees forming the main 

canopy level of a stand usually does not exceed 20 percent of that 

age of the stand at harvest rotation age. Clearcut, shelterwood, or 

seed tree cutting methods produce even-aged stands. 

Executive Order 

An order or regulation issued by the President or some 

administrative authority under his or her direction. 

Existing Scenic Integrity (ESI) 

Current state of the landscape, considering previous human 

alterations. ESI levels are as follows: 

Very High- Landscapes where the landscape character is intact 

with only minute, if any, deviations. The existing landscape 

character and sense of place is expressed at the highest possible 

level. 

High- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears” intact. 

Deviations may be present but repeat form, line, color, texture, and 

pattern common to the landscape character so completely and at 

such scale that they are not evident. 

Moderate- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears 

slightly altered.” Noticeable deviations remain visually 

subordinate to the landscape being viewed. 

6 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Low- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears 

moderately altered.” Deviations begin to dominate the landscape 

character being viewed, but borrow attributes such as size, shape, 

edge effect, and pattern of natural openings, vegetative type 

changes, or architectural styles outside the landscape being viewed. 

Very Low- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears 

heavily altered.” Deviations may strongly dominate the landscape 

character. They do not borrow from attributes such as size, shape, 

edge effect, and pattern of natural openings, vegetative type 

changes, or architectural styles within or outside the landscape 

being viewed. 

Unacceptable Low- Landscapes where the landscape character 

being viewed appears extremely altered. Deviations are extremely 

dominant and borrow little, if any, form, line, color, texture, 

pattern, or scale from the landscape character. 

Floodplain 

That portion of a river valley, adjacent to the river channel, which 

is covered with water when the river overflows its banks at flood 

stages. 

Foreground 

The stand of trees immediately adjacent to a scenic area, recreation 

facility, or forest highway; area located less than 1/4 mile from the 

viewer. See also Background and Middleground. 

Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1976 

(RPA) 

Amended in 1976 by the National Forest Management Act. See 

RPA Assessment and Program. 

Forest or Forested Land 

Land at least 10 percent occupied by forest trees of any size or 

formerly having had such tree cover and not currently developed 

for non-forest use. 

Forested Wetland 

A wetland whose vegetation is characterized by an overstory of 

trees that are 20 feet or taller. 

Forest Plan 

Source of management direction for an individual forest, 

specifying activity and output levels for a period of 10 to 15 years. 

Management direction in the Forest Plan is based on the issues 

identified at the time of the plan’s development. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 7

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Forest Transportation Atlas 

A display of the system of roads, trails, and airfields of an 

administrative unit. 

Forest Transportation Facility 

A forest road or trail or an airfield that is displayed in a forest 

transportation atlas, including bridges, culverts, parking lots, 

marine access facilities, safety devices, and other improvements 

appurtenant to the forest transportation system. 

Forest Transportation System 

The system of National Forest System roads, National Forest 

System trails, and airfields on National Forest System lands. 

Geographic Information System (GIS) 

An information processing technology to input, store, manipulate, 

analyze, and display spatial and attribute data to support the 

decision-making process. It is a system of computer maps with 

corresponding site-specific information that can be electronically 

combined to provide reports and maps. 

Geomorphology 

The study of the forms of the land surface and the processes 

producing them. Also the study of the underlying rocks or parent 

materials and the landforms present which were formed in 

geological time. 

Guideline 

A preferred or advisable course of action or level of attainment 

designed to promote achievement of goals and objectives. 

Habitat 

The sum total of environmental conditions of a specific place 

occupied by an organism, population, or community of plants and 

animals. 

Habitat Capability 

The number of healthy animals that a habitat can sustain. Could be 

used in wildlife models to calculate rough population estimates for 

management indicator species. 

Heritage Resources 

See Cultural Resources. 

Historic Property 

Any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or 

object included in or eligible for inclusion on the National 

8 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Register, including artifacts, records, and material remains related 

to such a property or resource. 

Hydric Soils 

Soils that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or 

ponding long enough during the growing season to develop 

anaerobic conditions in the upper part. 

Indirect Employment 

The jobs in service industries that are associated with the timber 

sale including, for example, suppliers of logging and milling 

equipment. 

Invasive Species 

A species that is non-native (or alien) to the habitat under 

consideration, and whose purposeful or accidental introduction 

causes, or is likely to cause, economic or environmental harm or 

harm to human health. 

Inventoried Roadless Area (IRA) 

See Roadless Area. 

Interdisciplinary Team (IDT) 

A group of people with different backgrounds assembled to 

research, analyze, and write a project Environmental Impact 

Statement. The team is assembled out of recognition that no one 

scientific discipline is sufficiently broad enough to adequately 

analyze a proposed action and its alternatives. 

Issue 

A point, matter, or section of public discussion or interest to be 

addressed or decided. 

Karst 

A type of topography that develops in areas underlain by soluble 

rocks, primarily limestone. Dissolution of the subsurface strata 

results in areas of well-developed, surface drainage that are 

sinkholes, collapsed channels, or caves. 

Land Allocation 

The decision to use land for various resource management 

objectives to best satisfy the issues, concerns and opportunities and 

meet assigned Forest output targets. 

Land Classification 

Forested land is classified under each of the land management 

alternatives according to how it relates to be management of the 

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References and Lists 4
timber resource. The following are definitions of timber 

classifications used for this purpose. 

Land Use Designation (LUD) 

In the Forest Plan Amendment, a defined area of land specific to 

which management direction is applied. 

Landslides 

The moderately rapid to rapid downslope movement of soil and 

rock materials that may or may not be water-saturated. 

Large Woody Debris (LWD) 

A term used to describe logs, tree boles, rootwads, and limbs that 

are in or near the stream channel. Current usage of the term defines 

LWD as wood material equal to or greater than 0.1 meter in 

diameter and equal to or greater than 1 meter in length. 

Logging Systems 

Ground Based- A system of log transportation in which logs are 

pulled from the woods to a landing by means of a crawler tractor, 

skidder, or similar ground-based equipment. 

High Lead- A system of cable logging in which the working lines 

are elevated at the landing area by a rigged wooden tree of portable 

steel spar. 

Skyline- Asystem of cable logging in which all or part of the 

weight of the logs is supported during yarding by a suspended 

cable. 

Helicopter- A system of transporting logs from the woods to a 

landing as an external load on a helicopter. 

Log Transfer Facility 

The site and structures which are used for moving logs and timber 

products from land-based transportation forms to water-based 

transportation forms. 

MBF 

A thousand board feet net sawlog and utility volume. 

MMBF 

A million board feet net sawlog and utility volume. 

Management Indicator Species (MIS) 

Species selected in a planning process that are used to monitor the 

effects of planned management activities on viable populations of 

10 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
wildlife and fish, including those that are socially or economically 

important. 

Management Prescriptions 

Management practices and intensity selected and scheduled for 

application on a specific area (e.g., a land use designation) to attain 

multiple use and other goals and objectives. 

Management Requirement 

Standards for resource protection, vegetation manipulation, 

silvicultural practices, even-aged management, riparian areas, and 

soil and water and diversity, to be met in accomplishing National 

Forest System goals and objectives (36 CFR 219.17). 

Maritime Climate 

Weather conditions controlled by an oceanic environment 

characterized by small annual temperature ranges and high 

precipitation. 

Microsale 

A microsale is a timber sale consisting of dead or down timber, 

which has been proposed by a prospective purchaser, and the 

District ranger agrees to offer for bidding using an informal 

advertisement, and short Bid Form. 

Middleground 

The visible terrain beyond the foreground where individual trees 

are still visible but do not stand out distinctly from the landscape; 

area located 1/4 to 5 miles from the viewer. See also “Foreground” 

and “Background”. 

Mineral Soils 

Soils consisting predominately of, and having its properties 

determined by, mineral material. 

Mitigation 

Measures designed to counteract environmental impacts or to make 

impacts less severe. These may include: avoiding an impact by not 

taking a certain action or part of an action; minimizing an impact 

by limiting the degree or magnitude of an action and its 

implementation; rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, 

or restoring the affected environment; reducing or eliminating the 

impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations 

during the life of the action; or compensating for the impact by 

replacing or providing substitute resources or environments. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 11 References and Lists 4
Mixed Conifer 

In Southeast Alaska, mixed conifer stands usually consist of 

western hemlock, mountain hemlock, Alaska yellow-cedar, 

Western redcedar, and Sitka spruce species. Shore pine may 

occasionally be present depending on individual sites. 

Model 

A representation of reality used to describe, analyze, or understand 

a particular concept. A model may be a relatively simple 

qualitative description of a system or organization, or a highly 

abstract set of mathematical equations. A model has limits to its 

effectiveness, and is used as one of several tools to analyze a 

problem. 

Monitoring 

A process of collecting information to evaluate whether or not 

objectives of a project and its mitigation plan are being realized. 

Monitoring can occur at different levels: to confirm whether 

mitigation measures were carried out in the manner called for, to 

determine whether the mitigation measures were effective, or to 

validate whether overall goals and objectives were appropriate. 

Different levels call for different methods of monitoring. 

Motor Vehicle 

Any vehicle which is self-propelled, other than: 

(1) A vehicle operated on rails; and 

(2) Any wheelchair or mobility device, including one that is 

battery-powered, that is designed solely for use by a mobilityimpaired person for locomotion, and that is suitable for use in an 

indoor pedestrian area. 

Multiple Use 

The management of all the various renewable surface resources of 

the National Forest System so that they are used in the 

combination that will best meet the needs of the American people; 

harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources, 

each with the other, without impairment of the productivity of the 

land, with consideration being given to the relative values of the 

various resources. 

Muskeg 

In Southeast Alaska, a type of bog that has developed over 

thousands of years in depressions or flat areas on gentle to steep 

slopes. Also called peatlands. 

12 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 

An Act to declare a national policy which will encourage 

productive and enjoyable harmony between humankind and the 

environment, to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate 

damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health 

and welfare of humanity, to enrich the understanding of the 

ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation, 

and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality (The 

Principal Laws Relating to Forest Service Activities, Agricultural 

Handbook 453. USDA Forest Service, 359 pp.). 

National Forest Management Act (NFMA) 

A law passed in 1976 as an amendment to the Forest and 

Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act requiring the 

preparation of Regional Guides and Forest Plans and the 

preparation of regulations to guide that development. 

National Forest System Trail 

A forest trail other than a trail which has been authorized by a 

legally documented right-of-way held by a State, county, or other 

local public road authority. 

Native Selection 

Application by Alaska Native corporations and individuals to a 

portion of the USDI Bureau of Land Management for conveyance 

of lands withdrawn in fulfillment of Native entitlements 

established under Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA). 

Net Sawlog Volume 

Tree or log volume suitable in size and quality to be processed into 

lumber. 

No-action Alternative 

The most likely condition expected to exist in the future if current 

management direction were to continue unchanged. 

Non-forest Land 

See Timber Classification 

Notice of Intent (NOI) 

A notice printed in the Federal Register announcing that an 

environmental impact statement will be prepared. The NOI must 

describe the proposed action and possible alternatives, describe the 

agency's proposed scoping process, and provide a contact person 

for further information. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 13 References and Lists 4
Off-highway Vehicle 

Any motor vehicle designed for or capable of cross-country travel 

on or immediately over land, water, sand, snow, ice, marsh, 

swampland, or other natural terrain. 

Old Growth Forest 

Ecosystems distinguished by old trees and related structural 

attributes. Old growth encompasses the later stages of forest stand 

development that typically differ from earlier stages in a variety of 

characteristics which may include larger tree size, higher 

composition, and different ecosystem function. The structure and 

function of an old-growth ecosystem will be influenced by its stand 

size and landscape position and context. 

Organic Soils 

Soils that contain a high percentage (generally greater than 20 to 

30 percent) of organic matter throughout the soil depth. 

Parent Material 

The unconsolidated and partially weathered material from which 

upper layers of soil developed. 

Peak Flow 

The highest discharge of water recorded over a specified period of 

time at a given stream location. Often thought of in terms of spring 

snowmelt, summer, fall, or winter rainy season flows. Also called 

maximum flow. 

Precommercial Thinning 

The practice of removing some of the trees of less than marketable 

size from a stand in order to achieve various management 

objectives. See also Thinning. 

Process Group 

A combination of similar stream channel types based on major 

differences in landform, gradient, and channel shapes. 

Productive Old Growth (POG) 

Old-growth forest capable of producing at least 20 cubic feet of 

wood fiber per acre per year, or having greater than 8,000 board 

feet per acre. 

Project Record 

A system that records decisions and activities that result from the 

process of developing a forest plan, revision, or significant 

amendment. 

14 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Pruning 

 The removal, close to the branch collar or flush with the stem, of 

side branches (live or dead) and multiple leaders from a standing 

tree. 

Public Participation 

Meetings, conferences, seminars, workshops, tours, written 

comments, responses to survey questionnaires, and similar 

activities designed and held to obtain comments from the public 

about Forest Service activities. 

Rare Plants 

Rare plants are defined as those plants included on the Alaska 

Natural Heritage Program (ANHP) Vascular Plant Tracking List 

(ANHP, 2006) with a ranking of S1 or S2. 

Record of Decision 

A document separate from but associated with an environmental 

impact statement which states the decision, identifies all 

alternatives, specifying which were environmentally preferable, 

and states whether all practicable means to avoid environmental 

harm from the alternative have been adopted, and if not, why not. 

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) 

A system for planning and managing recreation resources that 

categorizes recreation opportunities into six classes. Each class is 

defined in terms of the degree to which it satisfies certain 

recreation experience needs based on the extent to which the 

natural environment has been modified, the type of facilities 

provided, the degree of outdoor skills needed to enjoy the are and 

the relative density of recreation use. The Central Kupreanof 

project area contains five of the seven categories. 

Primitive- An unmodified environment generally greater than 

5,000 acres in size and located generally at least 3 miles from all 

roads and other motorized travel routes. A very low interaction 

between users (generally less than 3 group encounter per day) 

results in a very high probability of experiencing solitude, 

freedom, closeness to nature, tranquility, self-reliance, challenge, 

and risk. Evidence of other users is low. Restrictions and controls 

are not evident after entering the land unit. Motorized use is rare. 

Semi-primitive Non-motorized – A natural or natural-appearing 

environment generally greater than 2,500 acres in size and 

generally located at least 0.5 mile (greater or less depending on 

terrain and vegetation, but no less than o.25 mile) but not further 

than 3 miles from all roads and other motorized travel routes. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 15 References and Lists 4
Concentration of users is low (generally less than 10 group 

encounter per day), but there is often evidence of other users. 

There is a high probability of experiencing solitude, freedom, 

closeness of nature, tranquility, self-reliance, challenge, and risk. 

There is a minimum of subtle on-site controls. No roads are 

present in the area. 

Semi-primitive Motorized – A natural or natural-appearing 

environment generally greater than 2,500 acres in size and 

generally located within 0.5 mile of primitive roads and other 

motorized travel routes used by motor vehicles; but not closer than 

0.5 mile (greater or less depending on terrain and vegetation, but 

no less than o.25 miles) from better-than-primitive roads and other 

motored travel routes. Concentration of users is low (generally 

less than 10 group encounters per day), but there is often evidence 

of other users. There is a moderated probability of experiencing 

solitude, closeness to nature, and tranquility along with a high 

degree of self-reliance, challenge, and risk in using motorized 

equipment. Local roads may be present, or along saltwater 

shorelines there may be extensive boat traffic. 

Roaded Modified – Vegetative and landform alterations typically 

dominate the landscape. There is little on-site control of users 

except for gated roads. There is moderate evidence of other users 

on roads ( generally less than 20 group encounters per day), and 

little evidence of others or interactions at campsites. There is 

opportunity to get away from others but with easy access. Some 

self-feeling of independence and freedom exists with little 

challenge and risk. Recreation users will likely encounter timber 

management activities. 

Roaded Natural- Resource modification and utilization are 

evident, in a predominantly naturally-appearing environment 

generally occurring with 0.5 mile (great or less depending on 

terrain and vegetation, but no less than 0.25 mile) from better-thanprimitive roads and other motorized travel routes. Interactions 

between users may be moderate to high (generally less than 20 

group encounters per day), with evidence of there users prevalent. 

There is an opportunity to affiliate with other users in developed 

sites but with some chance for privacy. Self-reliance on outdoor 

skills is only of moderate importance with little opportunity for 

challenge and risk. Motorized use is allowed. 

Reforestation 

The natural or artificial restocking of an area with trees. 

16 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Regeneration 

The process of establishing a new crop of trees on previously 

harvested land. 

Reserve Trees 

Merchantable or submerchantable trees and snags that are left 

within the harvest unit to provide biological habitat components 

over the rotation. 

Resident Fish 

Fish that are not anadromous and that reside in freshwater on a 

permanent basis. Resident fish include non-anadromous Dolly 

Varden char and cutthroat trout. 

Responsible Official 

The Forest Service employee who has the delegated authority to 

make a specific decision. 

Restoration 

The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been 

degraded, damaged, or destroyed. The concept of ecological 

restoration is forward-looking. Restoration focuses on 

reestablishing composition, structure and ecological processes to 

maintain or increase resilience of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems 

in a dynamic, continually evolving world (ecology definition). 

Revegetation 

The re-establishment and development of a plant cover. This may 

take place naturally through the reproductive processes of the 

existing flora or artificially through the direct action of 

reforestation or reseeding. 

Riparian Area 

Area with distinctive resource values and characteristics that 

contain elements of aquatic and riparian ecosystems, which can be 

geographically delineated. 

Riparian Management Area (RMA) 

The area including water, land and plants adjacent to perennial 

streams, lakes, and other bodies of water that is managed for the 

inherent qualities of the riparian ecosystem. 

Road 

A motor vehicle route over 50 inches wide, unless identified and 

managed as a trail. Designated Road, Trail, or Area: A National 

Forest System road, a National Forest System trail, or an area on 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 17 References and Lists 4
National Forest System lands that is designated for motor vehicle 

use pursuant to Sec. 212.51 on a motor vehicle use map. 

National Forest System Road- A forest road other than a road 

which has been authorized by a legally documented right-of-way 

held by a State, county, or other local public road authority. 

Temporary Road- A road necessary for emergency operations or 

authorized by contract, permit, lease, or other written authorization 

that is not a forest road that is not included in a forest 

transportation atlas. For National Forest System timber sales, 

temporary roads are constructed to harvest timber on a one-time 

basis, and are decommissioned after harvest operations are 

complete. 

Unauthorized Road or Trail- A road or trail that is not a forest 

road or trail or a temporary road or trail and that is not included in 

a forest transportation atlas. Non-system roads include roads that 

have been decommissioned as well as roads now called 

unauthorized roads. Thus, unauthorized roads in this EIS include 

some decommissioned roads. 

Road Closure 

See Road Storage. 

Road Construction 

Supervising, inspecting, actual building, and incurrence of all costs 

incidental to the construction of a road. 

Road Decommissioning 

Activities that result in the stabilization and restoration of 

unneeded roads to a more natural state. The term generally refers 

to temporary roads constructed for timber harvests that have had 

stream courses restored, culverts removed, waterbars added where 

needed, and cut and fill slopes revegitated. 

Road Maintenance 

Periodic repairs to an existing road surface, brushing, and cleaning 

and repairing drainage features. These tasks are performed to keep 

the roads in the safe and useful condition for which they were 

designed. Repairs may be done as annual maintenance. 

Road Maintenance Levels 

Maintenance Level numbers 1 through 5 indicate the level of 

service and required maintenance for specific NFS roads, 

consistent with road management objectives and maintenance 

criteria, as shown in FSH 7709.58, Section 12.3 – Transportation 

System Maintenance Handbook. For instance, Maintenance Level 

18 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
1 is assigned to intermittent service roads and indicates basic 

custodial maintenance while the roads are closed to vehicular 

traffic. Maintenance Level 2 is assigned to roads for use by highclearance vehicles such as log haul trucks and or administrative 

use, but not appropriate for passenger car traffic. These 

maintenance levels apply to Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest. 

Maintenance Levels 3, 4, and 5 indicate higher service level roads, 

surfaced or paved to accommodate passenger cars. 

Road Storage 

Storage is a term used only for NFS roads. The physical on-theground changes are similar to a decommissioned road; however, 

roads in storage are considered part of the long-term forest road 

transportation system and may be opened to vehicular traffic in the 

future. The process/action of storage involves closing a road to 

vehicle traffic and placing it in a condition that requires minimum 

maintenance to protect the environment and preserve the facility 

for future use. Drainage structures in live drains are completely 

removed to restore natural drainage patterns. Ditch relief culverts 

may be left in place and supplemented with deep water bars in 

order to minimize the cost of reusing the roads in the future. 

Roadless Area 

An area of undeveloped public land within which there are no 

improved roads maintained for travel by means of motorized 

vehicles intended for highway use. Inventoried roadless areas 

(IRAs) are undeveloped areas typically exceeding 5,000 acres that 

meet the minimum criteria for wilderness consideration under the 

Wilderness Act. 

Rotation 

The planned number of years (100-200 years in Alaska) between 

the time that a forest stand is regenerated and its next cutting at a 

specified stage of maturity. 

Sacred Site 

Any specific, discrete, narrowly delineated location on Federal 

land that is identified by an Indian tribe, or Indian individual 

determined to be an appropriately authoritative representative of an 

Indian religion, as sacred by virtue of its established religious 

significance to, or ceremonial use by, an Indian religion; provided 

that the tribe or appropriately authoritative representative of an 

Indian religion has informed the agency of the existence of such a 

site. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 19 References and Lists 4
Sawlog 

That portion of a tree that is suitable in size and quality for the 

production of dimension lumber collectively known as sawtimber. 

Scenic Integrity Objective (SIO) 

A desired level of scenic quality and diversity of natural features 

based on physical and sociological characteristics of an area. 

Refers to the degree of acceptable alterations of the characteristic 

landscape. The adopted SIO is the SIO to be achieved as a result 

of management direction identified in the approved Forest Plan. 

SIOs are described below: 

Very High- Landscapes where the landscape character is intact 

with only minute, if any, deviations. The existing landscape 

character and sense of place is expressed at the highest possible 

level. 

High- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears” intact. 

Deviations may be present but repeat form, line, color, texture, and 

pattern common to the landscape character so completely and at 

such scale that they are not evident. 

Moderate- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears 

slightly altered.” Noticeable deviations remain visually 

subordinate to the landscape being viewed. 

Low- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears 

moderately altered.” Deviations begin to dominate the landscape 

character being viewed, but borrow attributes such as size, shape, 

edge effect, and pattern of natural openings, vegetative type 

changes, or architectural styles outside the landscape being viewed. 

They should not only appear as valued character outside the 

landscape being viewed but compatible or complimentary to the 

character within. 

Very Low- Landscapes where the landscape character “appears 

heavily altered.” Deviations may strongly dominate the landscape 

character. They may not borrow from attributes such as size, 

shape, edge effect, and pattern of natural openings, vegetative type 

changes, or architectural styles within or outside the landscape 

being viewed. However, deviations must be shaped and blended 

with the natural terrain so that elements such as unnatural edges, 

roads, landings, and structures do not dominate the composition. 

Scheduled Lands 

Land suitable and scheduled for timber production and which are 

in the land base for the calculation of the allowable sale quantity 

and long-term sustained yield timber capacity. 

20 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Scoping Process 

Early and open activities used to determine the scope and 

significance of a proposed action, what level of analysis is 

required, what data is needed, and what level of public 

participation is appropriate. Scoping focuses on the issues 

surrounding the proposed action, and the range of actions, 

alternatives, and impacts to considered in an EA or an EIS. 

Sediment 

Solid material, both mineral and organic, that is in suspension, is 

being transported, or has been moved from its site of origin by air, 

water, gravity, or ice and has come to rest on the earth's surface. 

Sensitive Species 

Plant and animal species which are susceptible or vulnerable to 

activity impacts or habitat alterations. Those species that have 

appeared in the Federal Register as proposed for classification or 

are under consideration for official listing as endangered or 

threatened species, that are on a non-official State list, or that are 

recognized by the Regional Forester as needing special 

management to prevent placement on Federal or State lists. 

Silviculture 

The science of controlling the establishment, composition, and 

growth of forests. 

Soil Productivity 

The capacity of a soil, in its normal environment, to produce a 

specific plant or sequence of plants under a specific system of 

management. 

Sortyard 

A location used to sort grades, types, and size of logs. 

Spawning Area 

The available area in a streamcourse which is suitable for the 

deposition and incubation of salmon or trout eggs. 

Stand (Tree Stand) 

An aggregation of trees occupying a specific area and sufficiently 

uniform in composition, age arrangement, and condition as to be 

distinguishable from the forest in adjoining areas. 

Standard 

A course of action or level of attainment required by the 2008 

Forest Plan to promote achievement of goals and objectives. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 21 References and Lists 4
State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) 

State-appointed official who administers Federal and State 

programs for cultural resources. 

Stocking 

The degree of occupancy of land by trees as measured by basal 

area or number of trees and as compared to a stocking standard; 

that is, the basal area or number of trees required to fully use the 

growth potential of the land. 

Stream Classes 

Class I- Streams and lakes with anadromous (migrating from the 

ocean) or adfluvial (migrating from lakes) fish or fish habitat; or, 

high quality resident fish waters, or habitat above fish migration 

barriers known to provide reasonable enhancement opportunities 

for anadromous fish. 

Class II- Streams and lakes with resident fish or fish habitat and 

generally steep (6 to 25 percent or higher) gradients where no 

anadromous fish occur, and otherwise not meeting class I criteria. 

Class III- Streams are perennial and intermittent streams that have 

no fish populations or fish habitat, but have sufficient flow or 

sediment and debris transport to directly influence downstream 

water quality or fish habitat capability. 

Class IV- Other intermittent, ephemeral, and small perennial 

channels with insufficient flow or sediment transport capabilities to 

directly influence downstream water quality or fish habitat 

capability. Class IV streams are too small to be mapped on aerial 

photographs, thus they appear only where field mapping has taken 

place. 

Stream Order 

First-order streams are the smallest unbranched tributaries; secondorder streams are initiated by the point where two first-order 

streams meet; third-order streams are initiated by the point where 

two second-order streams meet, and so on. 

Structural Diversity 

The diversity of forest structure, both vertically and horizontally, 

which provides for a variety of forest habitats such as logs and 

multi-layered forest canopy for plants and animals. 

Stumpage 

The value of timber as it stands uncut in terms of dollar value per 

thousand board feet. 

22 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Subsistence 

Section 803 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation 

Act defines subsistence use as "the customary and traditional uses 

by rural Alaska residents of wild renewable resources for direct, 

personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, 

tools, or transportation; for the making and selling of handicraft 

articles out of nonedible by-products of fish and wildlife resources 

taken for personal or family consumption; for barter, or sharing for 

personal or family consumption; and for customary trade." 

Subsistence Use Area 

Important subsistence use areas include the "most reliable" and 

"most often hunted" categories from the Tongass Resource Use 

Cooperative Survey (TRUCS) and from subsistence survey data 

from ADF&G, the University of Alaska, and the Forest Service, 

Region 10. Important use areas include both intensive and 

extensive use areas for subsistence harvest of deer, furbearers, and 

salmon. 

Substrate 

The type of material in the bed (bottom) of rivers and streams. 

Succession 

The ecological progression of community change over time, 

characterized by displacements of species leading towards a stable 

climax community. 

Suitable 

Commercial forest land identified as having both the biological 

capability and availability to produce industrial wood products. 

Suspended Sediment 

The very fine soil particles which remain in suspension in water 

for a considerable period of time without contact with the stream 

or river channel bottom. 

Sustained Yield 

The amount of renewable resources that can be produced 

continuously at a given intensity of management. 

Thinning 

The practice of removing some of the trees in a stand so that the 

remaining trees will grow faster due to reduced competition for 

nutrients, water, and sunlight. Thinning may also be done to 

change the characteristics of a stand for wildlife or other purposes. 

Thinning may be done at two different stages – Precommercial 

Thinning or Commercial Thinning (see definitions in this section). 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 23 References and Lists 4
Threatened Species 

Plant or animal species which is likely to become endangered 

throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the 

foreseeable future, as defined in the Endangered Species Act of 

1973, and which has been designated in the Federal Register by the 

Secretary of the Interior as a Threatened Species. See also 

Endangered Species, Sensitive Species. 

Threshold 

The point or level of activity beyond which an undesirable set of 

responses begins to take place within a given resource system. 

Tiering 

Eliminating repetitive discussions of the same issue by 

incorporating by reference. The general discussion in an 

environmental impact statement of broader scope; e.g., this 

document is tiered to the Tongass Land and Resource Management 

Plan FEIS. 

Timber Appraisal 

Establishing the fair market value of timber by taking the selling 

value minus manufacturing costs, the cost of getting logs from the 

stump to the manufacturer, and an allowance for profit and risk. 

Commercial Forest: Forest land tentatively suitable for the 

production of continuous crops of timber and that has not been 

withdrawn. 

Nonforest: Land that has never supported forests and land 

formerly forested where use for timber production is precluded by 

development or other uses. 

Forest: Land at least 10 percent stocked (based on crown cover) 

by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover 

and not currently developed for nonforest use. 

Suitable or Suitable Available: Land to be managed for timber 

production on a regulated basis. 

Unsuitable: Forest land withdrawn from timber utilization by 

statute or administrative regulation (for example, wilderness), or 

identified as inappropriate for timber production in the Forest 

planning process. 

Timber Harvest Unit 

A timber harvest unit (or simply, "unit") is a portion of a timber 

sale within which Forest Service specifies for harvest all or part of 

the timber to meet the requirements of a timber sale contract. 

24 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Tongass Timber Reform Act (TTRA) 

This Act (1990) requires annual appropriations for timber 

management on the Tongass National Forest, with a provision 

providing for the multiple use and sustained yield of all renewable 

forest resources. 

Trail 

A route 50 inches or less in width or a route over 50 inches wide 

that is identified and managed as a trail. 

Turbidity 

An expression of the optical quality that causes light to be 

scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in a straight line 

through the water sample. Turbidity is caused by the presence of 

suspended sediment. 

Two-aged Management 

A silvicultural method in which the majority of the trees in a 

harvest unit are cut in one entry, and the rest are left as residual 

tree, either singly or in patches. The residual trees remain 

unharvested to provide structural diversity and older-aged trees 

within the second-growth stand. 

Understory 

The trees and shrubs in a forest growing under the canopy or 

overstory. 

Uneven-aged Management 

Forest management techniques which simultaneously maintain 

continuous high-forest cover, recurring regeneration of desirable 

species, and the orderly growth and development of trees through a 

range of diameter or age classes. Cutting is usually regulated by 

specifying the number or proportion of trees of particular sizes to 

retain within each area, thereby maintaining a planned distribution 

of size classes. Single tree selection and group selection harvest 

methods create or maintain uneven-aged stands. See also “Partial 

Cut”. 

Unsuitable 

See Timber Classification. 

Utility Logs 

Those logs that do not meet sawlog grade but are suitable for 

production of firm usable pulp chips. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 25 References and Lists 4
Value Comparison Unit (VCU) 

Areas which generally encompass a drainage basin containing one 

or more large stream systems; boundaries usually follow easily 

recognizable watershed divides. Established to provide a common 

set of areas where resource inventories could be conducted and 

resource interpretations made. 

Viable Population 

The number of individuals of a species required to ensure the longterm existence of the species in natural, self-sustaining populations 

adequately distributed throughout their region. 

Viewshed 

An expansive landscape or panoramic vista seen from a road, 

marine waterway, or specific viewpoint. 

V-Notches 

A deeply incised valley along some waterways that would look 

like a "V" from a cross-section. These abrupt changes in terrain 

features are often used as harvest unit or yarding boundaries. 

Volume 

Stand volume based on standing net board feet per acre by 

Scribner Rule. 

Volume Strata 

Categories of timber volume derived from the timber type data 

layer (TIMTYP) and the common land unit data layer (CLU). 

Three volume strata (low, medium, and high) are recognized in the 

Forest Plan. 

Watershed 

The area that contributes water to a drainage or stream. Portion of 

the forest in which all surface water drains to a common point. 

Watersheds can range from a few tens of acres that drain a single 

small intermittent stream to many thousands of acres for a stream 

that drains hundreds of connected intermittent and perennial 

streams. 

Wetlands 

Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at 

a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under 

normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation 

typically adapted to life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands 

generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. 

26 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Wildlife Analysis Area (WAA) 

A division of land used by the Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game for wildlife analysis. 

Windfirm 

Trees that have been exposed to the wind throughout their life and 

have developed a strong root system or trees that are protected 

from the wind by terrain features. 

Windthrow 

The act of trees being uprooted by the wind. In Southeast Alaska, 

Sitka spruce and hemlock trees are shallow rooted and susceptible 

to windthrow. There are generally are three types of windthrow: 

Endemic: where individual trees are blown over; 

Catastrophic: where a major windstorm can blow down hundreds 

of acres; and 

Management Related: where the clearing of trees in an area make 

the adjacent standing trees vulnerable to windthrow. 

Yarding 

The process of conveying logs from the stump to a landing 

location. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 27 References and Lists 4
List of Preparers 

Tiffany Benna 

Position: Interdisciplinary Planning Team Leader (from April 

2007) 

Experience: 81⁄2 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BA English/Creative Writing and Poetry 

Ben Case 

Position: Forester (May 2007) 

Experience: 15 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BS Forest Management 

Carey Case 

Position: Writer/Editor (May 2007) 

Experience: 10 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BA Political Science 

Mary Clemens 

Position: Recreation Planner 

Experience: 25 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BS Forest Management 

Gina Esposito 

Position: Archaeologist 

Experience: 10 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BA Anthropology 

Crystal Harlan 

Position: Fish Biologist 

Experience: 51⁄2 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BS Biology with a Concentration in Marine Science 

Alan Murph 

Position: Transportation Planner 

Experience: 28 years professional experience (9 years with the 

Forest Service) 

Education: BS Civil Engineering 

28 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Madonna Parks 

Position: Geographic Information Systems Technician 

Experience: 17 years with the Forest Service 

R.D. Parks 

Position: Silviculturist 

Experience: 27 years professional experience, 18 years with the 

Forest Service 

Education: BS Forestry 

Charles Parsley 

Position: Wildlife Biologist 

Experience: 20 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BS Wildlife Science, MS Fisheries 

Gene Primaky 

Position: Geographic Information Systems Technician 

Experience: 16 years with the Forest Service 

Education: Certificate of Forestry, AV Tech 

Jane Smith 

Position: Archaeologist 

Experience: 23 years professional experience (16 years with the 

Forest Service) 

Education: BS Anthropology 

Jim Steward 

Position: Landscape Architect 

Experience: 24 years with the Forest Service 

Heath Whitacre 

Position: Hydrologist (Dec 2006 - present) 

Experience: 7 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BA Environmental Biology, MS Watershed Science 

Marina Whitacre 

Position: Writer/Editor (April 2007 - present) 

Experience: 4 years with the Forest Service 

Education: BA Biology, MS Range Science 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 29 References and Lists 4
List of DEIS Recipients 

The following agencies, organizations, and individuals were provided 

with a copy of the Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest Draft 

Environmental Impact Statement. 

Agencies 

Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game, Division of Wildlife 

Conservation 

Alaska Department of Natural 

Resources 

Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game 

Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game, Area Wildlife Biologist 

Admiralty National Monument 

Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game, Division of Subsistence 

Alaska Division of Forestry, 

Regional Forester 

Bureau of Land Management 

(USDI) 

Chugach National Forest 

Craig Ranger District, Tongass 

National Forest 

Division of Coastal and Ocean 

Management (DCOM) 

Environmental Protection 

Agency, Region 10, EIS 

Review Coordinator 

Federal Aviation 

Administration (USDOT), 

Alaska Region Headquarters 

Federal Highway 

Administration (USDOT) 

 Hoonah Ranger District, 

Tongass National Forest 

Juneau Ranger District, 

Tongass National Forest 

Ketchikan-Misty Ranger 

District, Tongass National 

Forest 

National Marine Fisheries 

Service (USDOC), Protected 

Resources Management 

Division 

National Park Service (USDI) 

Thorne Bay Ranger District, 

Tongass National Forest 

National Marine Fisheries 

Service 

NOAA Office of Policy and 

Strategic Planning 

Office of the Secretary, Senior 

Advisor 

Petersburg Ranger District, 

Tongass National Forest 

Sitka Ranger District, Tongass 

National Forest 

State of Alaska Department of 

Natural Resources, Office of 

Habitat Management and 

Permitting 

State of Alaska, Department of 

Environmental Conservation 

University of Alaska Land 

Management 

30 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
US Advisory Council on 

Historic Preservation 

US Army Corps of Engineers, 

Juneau Regulatory Field Office 

US Army Engineer District, 

Regulatory Branch, E Section 

US Army Engineers, Pacific 

Ocean Division (CEPOD) 

US Coast Guard, 

Environmental Management 

US Department of Energy 

US Environmental Protection 

Agency 

 US Environmental Protection 

Agency, Alaska Operations 

Office 

 US Fish and Wildlife Service 

US House of Representatives 

US Navy 

USDA APHIS PPD/EAD 

USDA Forest Service, Director 

of Ecosystem Management 

Coordinator 

USDA Natural Resources 

Conservation Service 

USDA Forest Service, Alaska 

Region 

USDA Forest Service, Alaska 

Region, Ecosystem Planning 

USDA Forest Service, 

Environmental Coordinator 

USDA Forest Service, 

Ketchikan Supervisor’s Office 

USDA Forest Service, 

Petersburg Supervisor’s Office 

USDA Forest Service, 

Publications and Printing 

Program Manager 

USDA Forest Service, 

Regional Forester 

USDI Office of Environmental 

Policy and Compliance 

Wrangell Ranger District, 

Tongass National Forest 

Tribes and Tribal Corporations 

Kake Tribal Corporation 

Organized Village of Kake 

Petersburg Indian Association 

Sealaska Corporation 

 Tlingit/Haida Central Council 

Wrangell Cooperative 

Association 

Libraries 

Craig Public Library 

Haines Public Library 

Hollis Public Library 

Hyder Public Library 

Kake Public Library 

Kasaan Community Library 

Ketchikan Public Library 

Kettleson Memorial Library 

Pelican Public Library 

Petersburg Public Library 

Quinney Library 

Tenakee Springs Public Library 

Thorne Bay Community 

Library 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 31 References and Lists 4
University of Minnesota 

Forestry Library 

USDA National Agricultural 

Library 

Wrangell Public Library 

Organizations and 

Buisnesses 

Alaska Forest Association 

Bluewater Adventures, Ltd. 

Cascadia Wildlands Project 

Earthjustice Legal Defense 

Forest Dwellers 

Forest Industry Consulting 

Glacier Guides, Inc. 

Green Peace 

Juneau Group of the Sierra 

Club 

Narrows Conservation 

Coalition 

Paden Timber Services 

Parker Guide Service, Inc. 

SEACC 

Sitka Conservation Society 

Thuja Plicata Lumber 

Company 

Tongass Kayak Adventures 

The Wilderness Society 

Public Officials and 

Offices 

City of Kupreanof 

City of Petersburg 

City of Port Alexander 

United States Senator Lisa 

Murkowski 

United States Senator Don 

Young 

Individuals 

Dick Artley 

Dave Beebe 

Anissa Berry 

Mary Ellen Clark 

Dick Coose 

Nicholas Davis 

Lou Anna Denison 

Ken Dorman 

Susan Erickson 

Barney Freedman 

John Geddie 

Eric Grundberg 

Eric Hanson 

Kim Hastings 

Karen R. Hegyi 

Molly Hogan 

R.W. Holsinger 

Deb Hurley 

David Kensinger 

Becky Knight 

Dan LaCrosse 

Jay and Carolyn Pritchett 

Sigurd Mathisen 

Harold Medalen 

Gerry Merrigan 

Karin McCullough 

Tim Moore 

Jean Norheim 

32 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Dave Ohmer 

Craig Olson 

Helmer Olson 

Brian Paust 

William B. Privett 

Steve Seley 

Ronald Simpson 

Martha Smith 

Allen Smith 

Mike Stainbrook 

John R. Swanson 

John Wigren 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 33 References and Lists 4
References 

Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic 

Development, State of Alaska ( ADCCED). 2004. ADCCED 

Community Profile website. 

www.dced.state.ak.us/oed/toubus/home.cfm (accessed 

11/20/2008) 

Alaska Community Database, DCCED 2007, Community Information 

Summaries (CIS), 

http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm 

Alaska Natural Heritage Program 2008. Rare Vascular Plant Tracking 

List. 

http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/botany/Botany_tracking_page.htm 

(Accessed June 2008) 

Alexander, Susan J. 2006. Employment Coefficients and Indirect 

Effects for NEAT-R. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. 2p. 

Unpublished document. 

Beers, Russell. 2006. Central Kupreanof Timber Sale Special Uses, 

Lands, and Minderals Resource Report. Peterburg Ranger 

District, Tongass National Forest. December 2006. 

Benda, L., N.L. Poff, D. Miller, T. Dunne, G. Reeves, G. Pess, and M. 

Pollock. 2004. The Network Dynamics Hypothesis: How channel 

Networks Structure Riverine Habitats. Bioscience 54(5): 413-

427. 

Beschta, R.L., Pyles, M.R., Skaugset, A.E., Surfleet, C.G. 2000. 

Peakflow Responses to Forest Practices in the Western Cascades 

of Oregon, USA. Journal of Hydrology. 233: 102-120. 

Brackley, A.M.; Parrent, D.J.; Rojas, R.W.; 2006. Estimating Sawmill 

Processing Capacity for Tongass Timber: 2003 and 2004 

Update. USDA Forest Service Research Note PNW-RN-553. 

Brackley, A.M.; T.D.; Haynes, R.W. 2008. An Addendum: Timber 

Products Output and Timber Harvests in Alaska: Projections for 

2005-25. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNWGTR-677. 

34 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Brainard, J. T. 2008. Deer Population Fluctuations in SE Alaska. 

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Petersburg Alaska. 

Brardinoni, F., M.A. Hassan and H.O. Slaymaker. 2002. Complex 

Mass Wasting Response of Drainage Basins to Forest 

Management in Coastal British Columbia. Geomorphology 49: 

109-124. 

Bryant, M.D., Caouette, J.P., and B.E. Wright 2004. Evaluating 

Stream Habitat Survey Data and Statistical Power Using an 

Example From Southeast Alaska. North American Journal of 

Fishery Management. 24: 1353-1362. 

Bschor, Dennis, E. Regional Forester Memo. March 14, 2007. 

Limited Interstate Shipments of Unprocessed Sitka spruce and 

Western Hemlock Timber. U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Alaska Region. 

Cederholm, C.J., Reid, L.M., and E.O. Salo. 1980. Cumulative Effects 

of Logging Road Sediment on Salmonid Populations in the 

Clearwater River, Jefferson County, Washington. Conference 

Proceedings: Salmon-Spawning Gravel: A Renewable Resource 

in the Pacific Northwest? Seattle, Washington. October 6-7, 

1980. 

Clemens, M. 2008a. Biological Evaluation for Plants for the Central 

Kupreanof Timber Sale. Petersburg Ranger District, Tongass 

National Forest. Sept. 2008. 

Clemens, M. 2008b. Risk Assessment for Invasive Plants for the 

Central Kupreanof Timber Sale EIS. Petersburg Ranger District, 

Tongass National Forest. Sept. 2008. 

Clemens, M. 2008c. The Botany Resource Report for the Central 

Kupreanof Timber Harvest EIS. Petersburg Ranger District, 

Tongass National Forest. Sept 2008. 

Cole, F. 2005. Timber Harvest Project Environmental Analysis. File 

Code: 1920/2430. May 25, 2005, 5pp. 

Cook, J. et al. 2001. A Phylogeographic perspective on Endemism in 

the Alexander Archipelago of Southeast Alaska. Biological 

Conservation 97(2001) 215-227. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 35 References and Lists 4
Cook, J. Dawson, N. Macdonald, S. 2006. Conservation of Highly 

Fragmented Systems: The North Temperate Alexander 

Archipelago. Biological Conservation Volume 133, Issue 1, 

(November 2006) 1-15. 

Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. 1979 

(Reprinted 1992). Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater 

Habitats of the United States. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services 

FWS/OBS-79-31. 

Croke, J., S. Mockler, P. Fogarty and I. Takken, 2005. Sediment 

Concentration Changes In Runoff Pathways From A Forest Road 

Network And The Resultant Spatial Pattern of Catchment 

Connectivity. Geomorphology 68: 257-268. 

Esposito, G. S. 2006. Cultural Resource Survey of the Central 

Kupreanof Timber Sale, Kupreanof Island, Alaska. Project No. 

R2006100521024. Manuscript on file, USDA Forest Service, 

Tongass National Forest, Petersburg Ranger District, Petersburg, 

Alaska. 

Glaser, P.H. 2000. Impact of Forestry Roads on Peatlands within the 

Tongass National Forest, Southeast Alaska. Unpublished report. 

USDA Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska. 

Grant, G.E., Lewis, S.L., Swanson, F.J., Cissel, J.H. and McDonnell, 

J.J. 2008. Effects of Forest Practices on Peak Flows and 

Consequent Channel Response: A State-of-Science Report for 

Western Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service, Pacific 

Northwest Research Station. PNW-GTR-760: 76pp. 

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36 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
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38 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
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Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 39 References and Lists 4
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40 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
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Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 41 References and Lists 4
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42 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
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Effectiveness Monitoring of Floodplain Channel Aquatic 

Habitat: Channel Condition Assessment. Landscape and Urban 

Planning 72: 177-204. 

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Forested Slopes. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 

Forest and Range Experiment Station. Division I. XVII 

International Union of Forest Research Organizations World 

Congress Proceedings-Referate-Exposes. Japan. 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 43 References and Lists 4
Index 

Chapter 1 

A

Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) · 14 

Alaska Department of Natural Resources · 14, 22 

Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) · 20 

Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) · 14, 19 

B

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act · 20 

C

Clean Air Act · 20 

Clean Water Act · 19, 20 

clearcutting · 13 

Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) · 20, 21 

coho · 6 

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) · 13 

cultural resources · 20 

cumulative effects · 13, 18 

D

deer · 18 

desired condition · 2, 3, 6, 7 

diversity · 2, 16 

E

economics · 15, 16 

employment · 16 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) · 1, 14, 21 

F

Forest Plan · 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 

H

helicopter · 20 

hunting · 20 

44 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
hydrology · 4, 18 

I

income · 16 

J

job · 16 

K

karst · 10 

L

Land Use Designation (LUD) · 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18 

log transfer facility (LTF) · 22 

logging camp · 22 

logging system · 16 

M

Marine Mammal Protection Act · 21 

market demand · 2, 16 

mitigation measure · 1, 3, 15 

Modified Landscape · 7, 9 

monitoring · 3, 15 

multiple use · 6 

N

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) · 1, 17, 19, 21, 22 

National Forest Management Act (NFMA) · 21 

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) · 21 

Notice of Intent (NOI) · 13 

O

old-growth · 7, 9, 10, 18 

overstory removal · 19 

P

permit · 9, 19 

precommercial thinning · 19 

proposed action · 1, 2, 3, 13, 15, 18 

public involvement · 13 

purpose and need · 1, 2 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 45 References and Lists 4
R

Record of Decision (ROD) · 2, 6 

regeneration · 19 

Rivers and Harbors Act · 21 

road construction · 3, 6, 9, 13, 17 

Road Management Objective (RMO) · 3, 17 

roads · 3, 10, 16, 17, 19, 22 

S

salmon · 6 

sawtimber · 2 

scoping · 13, 15, 17 

selection · 19 

sensitive species · 19 

silviculture · 19 

small timber sale · 6 

Special Interest Area · 7, 8, 9, 10 

species composition · 19 

standards and guidelines · 7 

steelhead trout · 4 

stewardship · 4, 14 

structure · 1, 4, 22 

subsistence · 3, 13, 17, 19 

suitable land · 2, 9, 10 

sustained yield · 2 

T

thinning · 4, 19 

timber harvest · 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 

timber production · 9 

Timber Production · 7, 9, 18 

timber sales · 6, 10, 15, 16, 17, 22 

timber supply · 2, 16 

Tlingit · 14 

Tongass Land and Resource Management Plan (TLRMP) (see Forest Plan) · 1, 2, 16 

Tongass National Forest · 1, 2, 4, 7, 21 

Tongass Timber Reform Act (TTRA) · 21, 22 

transportation · 21 

tribal government · 13, 14 

trout · 4 

U

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) · 10, 14 

W

water quality · 17 

wetlands · 19, 20 

wilderness · 7, 8, 9, 16 

46 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
Chapter 2 

A

Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) · 7 

B

Best Management Practices (BMP) · 2, 5, 6, 7, 12 

biological diversity · 5 

C

cabin · 8 

Clean Water Act · 7 

clearcutting · 3, 17 

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) · 3 

D

deer · 2, 3, 9, 10 

E

economics · 3, 4, 10, 12, 15 

erosion · 6 

estuary · 5 

F

fish habitat · 6 

floating camp · 7 

Forest Plan · 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14 

G

goshawk · 7 

H

helicopter · 3, 7, 12, 15 

heritage resource · 5 

hydrology · 8, 17 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 47 References and Lists 4
I

income · 12, 13 

K

karst · 6 

L

log transfer facility (LTF) · 5, 7 

M

market demand · 4 

mitigation measure · 8, 11 

monitoring · 2, 1, 9, 11 

N

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) · 14 

National Forest Management Act (NFMA) · 1, 11 

O

old-growth · 2, 5, 7 

old-growth habitat · 7 

P

permit · 5 

precommercial thinning · 9 

preferred alternative · 2, 4 

productive old growth (POG) · 16, 17 

Projects Common to all Action Alternatives · 2, 8, 27 

proposed action · 2, 10 

public involvement · 2 

purpose and need · 10, 14 

R

riparian · 5 

riparian area · 5 

road construction · 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14 

Road Management Objective (RMO) · 8, 11, 14 

roadless · 13 

roads · 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 

48 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
S

scoping · 1, 2 

selection · 17 

silviculture · 9, 17 

soil · 17 

standards and guidelines · 2, 3, 7, 12 

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) · 5 

stewardship · 8, 9 

stream buffer · 7 

structure · 8 

subsistence · 7, 9, 14, 18 

T

thinning · 9 

timber harvest · 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14 

timber management · 10 

timber sales · 12 

timber supply · 10 

Tongass Land and Resource Management Plan (TLRMP) (see Forest Plan) · 4 

Tongass National Forest · 6, 11, 13 

trails · 8 

transportation · 1, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 

U

uneven-aged management · 3 

V

vegetation · 7, 17 

viewshed · 6, 17 

W

water quality · 5 

wetlands · 6, 17 

wilderness · 13 

winter range · 10 

Chapter 3 

A

Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) · 2, 66, 87, 88, 102, 110 

Alaska Department of Labor · 11 

Alaska Department of Natural Resources · 188 

Alaska Marine Highway · 39, 170 

Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) · 8, 11, 92, 186 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 49 References and Lists 4
Alaska Water Quality Standards · 186 

anadromous fish · 102, 117 

B

bald eagle · 68, 69 

beach fringe · 70, 73, 89, 97 

Best Management Practices (BMP) · 3, 43, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 62, 64, 105, 106, 109, 120, 138, 

142, 146, 147, 153, 155, 186, 187, 188, 189 

Biogeographic province · 75 

biological diversity · 4, 24, 80, 128 

brown bear · 69 

brown creeper · 68, 69 

Bureau of Land Management · 137 

C

cabin · 18, 53, 157, 166, 170, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180 

chinook · 117, 120 

Clean Air Act · 187 

Clean Water Act · 51, 147, 155, 186 

clearcutting · 4, 9, 12, 13, 14, 28, 30, 83, 84, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 126, 129, 130, 131, 

132, 133, 163, 164 

Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) · 8, 187 

coho · 103, 107, 119, 120 

commercial fishing · 6, 11, 19, 20 

competition · 56, 79, 91, 92, 132, 186 

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) · 3, 7 

crab · 103, 117 

cultural resources · 4, 183, 184, 185, 189 

cumulative effects · 1, 3, 33, 34, 42, 43, 46, 50, 54, 57, 59, 63, 69, 83, 84, 89, 94, 108, 111, 

113, 115, 117, 119, 141, 144, 152, 154, 155, 160, 162, 166, 167, 178, 179, 183 

D

deer · 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 132, 170, 173, 186 

desired condition · 41, 160, 162, 168, 184 

distance zone · 158, 165 

diversity · 10, 23, 26, 28, 79, 80, 130, 148 

Dolly Varden · 103, 117, 119 

E

economics · 1, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 45, 81, 87, 128, 129, 130 

employment · 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20 

endangered species · 185, 190 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) · 3, 186 

erosion · 37, 52, 62, 64, 100, 111, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 155, 183 

estuary · 27, 69, 123, 150 

even-aged management · 13, 128, 133, 134 

existing visual condition · 160 

50 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
 

F

Federal Cave Resource Protection Act · 185 

finfish · 88, 89 

firewood · 43, 90 

fish habitat · 37, 46, 47, 93, 102, 103, 105, 117, 138, 139 

fishing · 6, 7, 11, 19, 20, 87, 158, 170, 171, 172, 173, 189 

floating camp · 41, 165 

forest health · 133, 134 

Forest Plan · 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 33, 34, 37, 41, 43, 44, 46, 50, 

51, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 104, 105, 106, 119, 120, 123, 

128, 137, 139, 142, 146, 149, 152, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 

171, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190 

Forest Practices Act · 8, 92 

G

Game Management Unit (GMU) · 66, 87, 88 

geology · 1, 2, 23, 51, 79, 137, 155 

goshawk · 40, 68

H

habitat capability · 79, 89 

hairy woodpecker · 68, 69 

helicopter · 4, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 112, 113, 130, 138, 143, 144, 163, 

164 

heritage resource · 181, 182, 183, 184 

heritage site · 184 

humpback whale · 68 

hunting · 70, 73, 87, 89, 90, 93, 158, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 183 

hydrology · 1, 46, 53, 56, 59, 94, 99, 107, 108, 109, 111, 116, 119, 146, 153, 155, 180 

I

income · 6, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 189 

independent timber sale · 127 

intertidal · 147 

J

job · 19, 20 

Juneau · 11 

K

karst · 26, 137, 138, 185 

L

Land Use Designation (LUD) · 2, 24, 25, 44, 64, 93, 123, 133, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 51 References and Lists 4
169 

landslide · 37, 98, 99, 106, 109, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146 

log transfer facility (LTF) · 12, 14, 17, 32, 39, 40, 46, 47, 48, 101, 104, 107, 114, 116, 119, 

120, 165, 183, 187, 188 

logging camp · 41, 187 

logging system · 10, 12, 17, 18, 20, 44, 62, 113, 129, 130, 142 

long-term productivity · 4, 137 

M

Management Indicator Species (MIS) · 67, 68

marine resource · 88, 189 

market demand · 24, 133, 185 

marten · 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 88 

mass wasting · 122, 138 

microsale · 18, 46 

minerals · 4, 51, 137 

mining · 11, 51, 137, 182 

mitigation measure · 3, 42, 52, 60, 65, 104, 106, 109, 166, 184 

Modified Landscape · 161, 163, 167 

monitoring · 3, 7, 52, 64, 125, 141, 184, 186 

multiple use · 93 

muskeg · 25, 75, 123, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 169 

N

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) · 3, 7, 10, 33, 41, 45, 46, 50, 63, 66, 91, 108, 117, 

118, 127, 146, 

155, 184 

National Forest Management Act (NFMA) · 4, 92, 129, 185 

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) · 181, 185, 188 

National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) · 181, 184 

O

old-growth · 30, 31, 40, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 82, 84, 85, 89, 93, 126, 131, 133, 

134, 135, 161, 173 

old-growth habitat · 40, 69, 93 

Old-Growth Reserves (OGR) · 50, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 

otter · 69, 74, 148 

outfitters and guides · 19 

P

past timber harvest · 166 

patch · 71 

peregrine falcon · 68, 69 

permit · 38, 41, 70, 120, 174 

precommercial thinning · 126, 136 

preferred alternative · 147, 151 

productive forest · 75, 122, 123 

productive old growth (POG) · 4, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89 

Projects Common to all Action Alternatives · 18, 34, 46, 62, 64, 91, 136, 146, 155, 166, 183, 

188 

proposed action · 1, 7, 43, 67, 73, 104, 106, 118, 119, 144, 183, 189 

52 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
 

public involvement · 1 

R

Record of Decision (ROD) · 12, 24, 33, 41, 185 

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) · 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177 

red-breasted sapsucker · 68, 69 

reforestation · 131 

regeneration · 43, 90, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 149 

renewable resource · 4 

riparian · 57, 61, 69, 70, 93, 97, 99, 105, 120, 123, 125, 185, 188, 189 

riparian area · 61, 71, 188, 189 

riparian management area (RMA) · 105 

road construction · 4, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 

46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 91, 112, 114, 116, 121, 127, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144, 

145, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 165, 169, 176, 177, 178, 181, 183, 188, 189 

Road Management Objective (RMO) · 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 91, 93, 180 

roadless · 31, 32

roads · 3, 4, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 

43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 75, 81, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 

98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 116, 119, 135, 140, 141, 142, 

144, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 162, 166, 169, 170, 171, 174, 176, 177, 178, 

179, 180, 183, 187, 188, 190 

S

salmon · 6, 70, 71, 88, 89, 103, 107, 117, 118, 119, 120, 148, 172 

scenic quality · 130, 157, 161, 162, 164, 165 

scoping · 9, 67 

second-growth · 54, 74, 82, 84, 85, 131, 133, 135, 153, 173, 180 

sediment · 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 114, 119, 121, 147, 148 

selection · 7, 13, 14, 29, 30, 72, 94, 106, 111, 126, 130, 131, 162, 163, 164, 171 

sensitive species · 23, 29, 55, 57, 59, 67, 190 

shellfish · 87, 103 

significant restriction · 89, 92, 186 

silviculture · 13, 18, 54, 55, 119, 122, 126, 129, 131, 136, 146, 156, 180, 187 

Sitka · 15, 19, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 89, 123, 148 

sockeye salmon · 117, 119 

soil · 4, 28, 52, 56, 61, 62, 64, 75, 80, 99, 100, 122, 125, 129, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 

143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 186, 187 

Special Interest Area · 161 

species composition · 2, 15, 126, 128, 131 

standards and guidelines · 13, 18, 43, 51, 67, 69, 73, 86, 93, 188, 190 

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) · 181, 185 

stewardship · 18, 53, 54, 64, 103, 119, 136, 184 

strata · 16, 79, 81, 82, 125, 127, 128 

stream · 101 

stream buffer · 40, 125 

stream class · 96, 101, 105 

stream crossing · 47, 48, 53, 81, 91, 99, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 116, 146 

stream habitat · 103 

structure · 47, 48, 69, 79, 80, 100, 101, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 187 

subsistence · 1, 5, 8, 11, 23, 37, 46, 57, 59, 84, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 158, 183, 186, 189 

suitable land · 24 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 53 References and Lists 4
T

temporary road · 31, 32

tentatively suitable · 139 

thinning · 54, 89, 107, 109, 111, 119, 125, 126, 128, 129, 132, 135, 136, 146, 156, 166, 167, 

180 

timber 

harvest · 11 

harvest volume · 17 

timber harvest · 4, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, 46, 

47, 48, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 70, 71, 74, 79, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 105, 106, 107, 108, 

109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 

138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 152, 153, 155, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 

167, 168, 169, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189 

timber management · 9, 12, 27, 66, 123 

timber production · 4, 44, 92, 122, 123, 132, 149, 157, 161 

Timber Production · 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169 

timber sales · 3, 9, 83, 85, 127, 182, 188 

timber supply · 11, 12, 17, 135 

Tlingit · 5, 7, 182, 183 

Tongass Land and Resource Management Plan (TLRMP) (see Forest Plan) · 80, 92, 147, 148, 

152, 184, 187 

Tongass National Forest · 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 24, 33, 54, 57, 58, 59, 66, 69, 80, 92, 93, 

99, 101, 125, 128, 171, 187 

Tongass Timber Reform Act (TTRA) · 92, 185 

tourism · 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 20, 24 

trails · 53, 81, 91, 146, 155, 158, 166, 170, 176, 177, 179, 180 

transportation · 13, 20, 21, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 51, 52, 54, 89, 105, 107, 108, 112, 122, 

146, 152, 156, 180, 190 

tribal government · 86 

trout · 117, 119, 172 

turbidity · 107 

U

uneven-aged management · 128, 130, 135 

V

Value Comparison Unit (VCU) · 2, 162, 167 

vegetation · 1, 13, 39, 42, 44, 55, 70, 71, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 91, 97, 99, 105, 107, 108, 111, 

122, 127, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 152, 153, 154, 

158, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169 

viable population · 73 

viewshed · 162, 167 

volume class · 80, 125, 127 

volume strata · 16, 79, 81, 127 

W

water quality · 4, 37, 97, 104, 107, 109, 111, 120 

waterfowl · 71, 87, 148, 172 

western hemlock · 19, 75, 123, 125, 148 

wetlands · 1, 4, 23, 45, 51, 55, 118, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 187, 

188, 189 

whales · 67, 68 

54 ▪ Chapter 4 Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS 4 References and Lists 
 

wilderness · 2, 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 75, 161, 169 

wildlife habitat · 66, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 107, 109, 111, 126, 128, 129, 130, 148 

wind disturbance · 125, 126 

winter habitat · 70, 72 

winter range · 72 

Y

yellow-cedar (Alaska yellow-cedar) · 19, 75, 123, 125, 133, 183 

Central Kupreanof Timber Harvest DEIS Chapter 4 ▪ 55 References and Lists 4