In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-15-00104-CR

KENNEDY RILEY, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 202nd District Court

Bowie County, Texas

Trial Court No. 13F0131-202

Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Carter,* JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss 

_______________________________

*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

According to testimony of Alicia Green, she and her boyfriend, Kennedy Riley, planned to 

relieve Troydricus Robinson of his “stash” of both drugs and money using the cover story of Green 

promising to exchange sex with Robinson for some of his “weed.” As her version went, when 

Green expressed doubts about the plan, Riley said he “would have to shoot him then.” Robinson 

was ultimately shot dead, and Riley was tried and convicted by a Bowie County jury for his capital 

murder, with trial testimony from Green, Riley’s acknowledged accomplice. From a sentence of 

life imprisonment, Riley appeals, claiming insufficient corroboration of accomplice testimony, 

error in the denial of his motion for directed verdict, improper limitation of his cross- examinations 

of Green and Kennial Jacobs, improper admission of an audio recording of an alleged telephone 

call between Riley and Green, and jury-charge error in failing to properly apply the accomplicewitness instruction to the facts of the case.

We affirm the trial court’s judgment because: (1) non-accomplice evidence sufficiently 

corroborates Green’s testimony; (2) denying Riley’s motion for directed verdict was proper; 

(3) limiting Riley’s cross-examination of Green was not an abuse of discretion; (4) excluding 

evidence of Jacobs’ criminal charge was within the trial court’s discretion; (5) no error was 

preserved regarding the admission of the audio recording; and (6) the charge sufficiently applied

the accomplice-witness instruction to the facts of the case.

(1) Non-Accomplice Evidence Sufficiently Corroborates Green’s Testimony

Pursuant to the robbery plan described by Green, Green went to Robinson’s location, 

smoked part of a marihuana cigarette, and was getting nervous. Riley, wearing “a white wife-
3

beater with some black shorts,” came in through the back door and pointed a gun at Robinson. 

Riley ordered Robinson to lie on the floor and demanded money. Robinson said he only had 

$40.00 in his pockets, and Riley said, “You think I’m playing, you think this is a joke, you don’t 

think I would shoot you.” Green confirmed that when she and Riley were “talking back and forth,”

Robinson took the opportunity to try to escape through the front door. Riley shot him as he reached 

the door, and Robinson staggered against the wall. Green and Riley then fled out the back door. 

Other testimony established that Robinson, shot through the upper torso, made his way to 

Joseph Frost’s house across the street and loudly banged on the door. Not granted entrance 

immediately, he moved to the end of the driveway of that house and collapsed. Robinson remained 

alive long enough to make short statements to several first responders. Frost testified that he asked 

Robinson who had shot him and quoted Robinson as saying a lady came to his door and that a man 

with a do-rag followed her into his house. When Officer Rusty McDuffie arrived, he saw that 

Robinson had blood on his arms, face, and shirt and that he was having trouble breathing. He 

quoted Robinson as reporting that he had been shot and robbed and that “old boy, old girl set him 

up.” Officer Jacob Foster also spoke with Robinson and quoted him as reporting that a black 

woman wearing a purple shirt and stockings set him up and a black man wearing a white tank top, 

black shorts, and a black bandana or do-rag shot him. Wake Village Fire Chief James Guyton, 

who was assisting the emergency medical personnel, quoted Robinson as reporting that the “bitch,”

who had a name sounding something like Tisha, “set me up” and that a guy with her “had on a 
4

bandana and a beater.”

1

 However, Guyton admitted that Robinson never told him whether the 

people he was talking about were black or white.

Shameetrice Gomer testified that, about an hour before the shooting, Riley and Green came 

to her residence and stayed for about forty-five minutes. Gomer remembered that they arrived in 

Riley’s car, a gray Chevrolet Caprice; that Riley was wearing a white “wife-beater” tank-top with 

dark-colored blue jean shorts; and that Green was wearing “leg tights.” Gary Stringer, a neighbor 

and retired police officer who lived just down the street from the location of the shooting, testified 

(1) that at around 10:00 p.m. that evening, he saw a “grayish Caprice” with an out-of-state license 

plate, which was identified by other, non-accomplice witnesses as Riley’s car, acting suspiciously 

with its lights off, being parked just down the street from the shooting location; (2) that, shortly 

after the car was parked, a black man2 wearing a white tank top and black shorts, who could have 

been Riley, was seen standing at the rear of the vehicle and then walking in the direction of the 

shooting location; (3) that the car had New Mexico license plates part of which looked like 

“Z67”—Riley’s plates, instead, partially read “267”—and (4) that, as of 11:00 p.m. that night, the 

car had been moved away, but Stringer did not see who moved it. Wake Village Police Chief 

Ronny Sharp testified that the investigation revealed a large number of contacts between Green’s 

cell phone and Robinson’s cell phone in the hours before the shooting. 

Green’s mother, Kennial Jacobs, testified that, after Green called her at 9:00 or 10:00 p.m. 

the night of the shooting, the mother drove to Guam Street and picked up Riley and Green near 

 

1Guyton testified that “beater” is a nickname for a white, tank-top-style t-shirt. 

2Kennedy Riley was identified as being African American.
5

some apartments located a few blocks from Robinson’s house. She testified that Green was 

wearing black tights and a light-colored top and Riley was wearing “dark blue jean shorts and a 

white wife-beater.” She noticed that Green had been crying and that “she was scared.” Riley took 

off his shirt and put on a different one. The mother took them to Riley’s car, which was parked 

less than two blocks from the victim’s house. In addition, the jury heard a recording of a telephone 

conversation between Green and Riley, made while she was in custody, that could be interpreted 

as confirming they were trying to cover up their involvement in the shooting.

Although Riley did not testify at trial, his attorney aggressively cross-examined every 

witness in an attempt to impeach their credibility and to contest Riley’s involvement in the case. 

For instance, in cross-examination of Green, he focused on her plea agreement with the State and 

the multiple, contradictory statements that Green had given the police that, at first, denied 

involvement and, finally, implicated Riley as the one who pulled the trigger. Riley pointed out 

that Jacobs had labeled Green a “habitual liar,” that Jacobs did not like Riley, and that she would 

do whatever it took to keep Green away from him. In addition, the jury heard the recorded 

statement of Riley in which he repeatedly denied any involvement, as he did in the telephone 

conversation with Green.

Riley argues that Green’s testimony was not sufficiently corroborated to satisfy the 

accomplice-witness rule: “A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless 

corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed; and 

the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense.” TEX. CODE 

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (West 2005). When evaluating the sufficiency of corroborating 
6

evidence under Article 38.14, we “eliminate the accomplice testimony from consideration and then 

examine the remaining portions of the record to see if there is any evidence that tends to connect 

the accused with the commission of the crime.” Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 361 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2001). The tends-to-connect standard does not present a high threshold as the “evidence 

need not prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt by itself.” Id.; see Cantelon v. 

State, 85 S.W.3d 457, 461 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). “Rather, the evidence must simply 

link the accused in some way to the commission of the crime.” Malone v. State, 253 S.W.3d 253, 

257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

No precise rule can be formulated as to the amount of evidence required to 

corroborate. The non-accomplice evidence does not need to be in itself sufficient 

to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Nor must the non-accomplice 

evidence directly link the accused to the commission of the offense. While the 

accused’s mere presence in the company of the accomplice before, during, and after 

the commission of the offense is insufficient by itself to corroborate accomplice 

testimony, evidence of such presence, coupled with other suspicious circumstances, 

may tend to connect the accused to the offense. Even apparently insignificant 

incriminating circumstances may sometimes afford satisfactory evidence of 

corroboration.

Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citations omitted).

Here, there is evidence tending to connect Riley with Robinson’s murder. Stringer saw a 

car, later identified as Riley’s car, being driven suspiciously and parked two blocks away from 

Robinson’s house. He saw a black man wearing a white tank top and black shorts walk toward 

Robinson’s house. In his dying declarations, Robinson told Frost and various first responders that 

a girl wearing stockings had set him up and that a black man wearing a white tank top, black shorts, 

and a black bandana had shot him. When Gomer saw Riley and Green earlier that night, she 

remembered Green and Riley wearing clothes consistent with Robinson’s description of the pair 
7

involved in his shooting. Green’s testimony was sufficiently corroborated. Accordingly, we 

overrule this point of error.

(2) Denying Riley’s Motion for Directed Verdict Was Proper

Riley also argues that, because Green’s testimony was not sufficiently corroborated, the 

trial court erred in denying his motion for directed verdict. Because Green’s testimony was 

sufficiently corroborated, a directed verdict was not in order. We overrule this point of error.

(3) Limiting Riley’s Cross-Examination of Green Was Not an Abuse of Discretion

Riley also urges that the trial court improperly limited his cross examination of Green. At 

trial, the State asked Green about the plea agreement she reached with the State:

Q. Did you, on having the support and advice of counsel, and I believe it was 

Jason Horton, did you make the decision to change your plea from not guilty to 

guilty to the charge of murder and serve a twenty year sentence in the state 

penitentiary? 

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And was that decision made by you and your attorney before any discussion 

with me or any member from the Bowie County District Attorney’s Office? . . . 

Did you tell me your story before or after you entered your plea of guilty?

A. After I entered my plea of guilty.

Q. All right. I want to make sure the jury understands that you and I had no 

conversation --

A. Right.

Q. -- until you and your lawyer decided to change your plea. Is that correct?

A. Yes, sir, that’s correct.

Q. And at no point in time did I try to influence you before your agreement that 

you made to change your plea?
8

A. No, sir.

Q. As it relates to the information that you gave after you entered your plea, 

what was the only demand I made to you when we talked?

A. You told me to just tell the truth.

Q. And is that what you’re here to do today?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And when we spoke after you entered your plea, was your attorney, Jason 

Horton, present at that time?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And in fact, we spoke I believe on several occasions that we made sure he 

was present. Is that correct?

A. Right. Yes, sir.

Q. Your rights have been protected throughout this process. Is that correct?

A. Yes, sir.

On cross-examination, the following colloquy occurred:

Q. Okay. Mr. Shepherd just asked you did you ever talk to him before you 

pled guilty and you said no.

A. Right

Q. Did you ever authorize your attorney to advise the DA --?

[THE STATE]: Your Honor, the State is going to object to any 

conversation regarding -- I believe we need to approach on this matter, Judge. I 

don’t want to put this in front of the jury.

The State objected, arguing that Riley could not inquire as to plea negotiations among Green, 

Green’s counsel, and the State. Riley argued that Green’s testimony on direct examination gave 
9

the jury the false impression that she pled guilty and testified without first agreeing to a twentyyear sentence. To counter the alleged false impression, Riley argued, he was “entitled to ask her 

did she ever authorize anybody to tell [the State] she would testify in return for a twenty year 

sentence. That is part of the plea bargain.” The trial court held that Riley could ask about the plea 

agreement and establish that “she’s got an agreement with [the State],” but the court prevented 

Riley from inquiring as to “the process” of reaching the plea agreement. 

The State contends that Riley failed to preserve this issue because he failed to make an 

offer of proof. See TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(2); Mays v. State, 285 S.W.3d 884, 889–90 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2009); Love v. State, 861 S.W.2d 899, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Duke v. State, 365 S.W.3d 

722, 725–26 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, pet. ref’d). However, because the presence and terms 

of a plea agreement could affect Green’s credibility as a witness and Riley informed the trial court 

of the “general subject matter he desired to examine the witness about during his crossexamination,” he preserved this issue for our review.3

 See Holmes, 323 S.W.3d at 169.

“A primary interest secured by the Confrontation Clause is the right of cross-examination.” 

Lopez v. State, 18 S.W.3d 220, 222 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Carroll v. State, 916 S.W.2d 494, 

497 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The scope of cross-examination is necessarily broad and includes 

 

3

In cases where a defendant is not permitted to cross-examine a State’s witness about matters relating to the credibility 

of the witness’ substantive testimony, the defendant must make the trial court aware of what his cross-examination of 

the witness would have established in order to preserve the issue for appellate review. Holmes v. State, 323 S.W.3d 

163, 168–70 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). However, in order to preserve error in cases where the defendant is not permitted 

to cross-examine a State’s witness about matters that might affect the witness’ overall credibility—“that is, matters 

which might show malice, ill feeling, ill will, bias, prejudice, or animus”—the defendant need not make a formal offer 

of proof, but “must merely establish what general subject matter he desired to examine the witness about during his 

cross-examination and, if challenged, show on the record why such should be admitted into evidence.” Id. at 169 

(quoting Virts v. State, 739 S.W.2d 25, 29 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)).
10

the right to show possible bias, self-interest, inconsistent statements, motives in testifying, as well 

as evidence that might go to any character traits, impairment, or disability affecting the witness’s 

credibility. Carroll, 916 S.W.2d at 497; Hammer v. State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 561 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2009); Virts v. State, 739 S.W.2d 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). Riley contends that his right to 

confront Green was infringed when the trial court limited the scope of his cross-examination.

A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed only for abuse of 

discretion. Cameron v. State, 241 S.W.3d 15, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); McDonald v. State, 179 

S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2002). A trial court does not abuse its discretion if the decision to exclude evidence is within the 

“zone of reasonable disagreement.” Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1990) (op. on reh’g); Marsh v. State, 343 S.W.3d 475, 478 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. 

ref’d). So long as a decision falls within that zone, we may not substitute our own decision for 

that of the trial court. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If the trial 

court’s decision on the exclusion of evidence is supported by the record, there is no abuse of 

discretion, and the trial court will not be reversed. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2002); Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 379.

“The constitutionally-protected rights to confrontation and cross-examination are not 

absolute.” Lempar v. State, 191 S.W.3d 230, 237 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, pet. ref’d). A 

defendant does not have a right to “cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to

whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Irby v. State, 327 S.W.3d 138, 145 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2010) (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)). While a defendant has a 
11

constitutional right to cross-examine a witness, “trial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the 

Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable limits on such cross-examination based 

on concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’

safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 

679; see Lopez, 18 S.W.3d at 222.

In support of his argument, Riley cites Parker v. State, where the Texas Court of Criminal 

Appeals held that the trial court committed reversible error in limiting Parker’s cross-examination 

of an alleged accomplice witness by preventing Parker from showing that robbery charges against 

the witness had been dismissed or retired and that he reached a plea agreement with the State on 

other charges shortly before trial. Parker v. State, 657 S.W.2d 137, 138–39, 141 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1983) (en banc). However, the court did not hold that Parker should have been allowed to inquire 

as to the plea negotiations themselves, and therefore, the facts and holding of Parker are 

distinguishable. Id. at 141.

Here, the trial court properly allowed Riley to establish that Green had a plea agreement 

with the State and did not prevent him from inquiring as to the plea agreement and its terms or 

conditions. See id. The trial court prevented Riley from cross-examining Green only regarding 

the negotiations leading to her agreement with the State. Riley has failed to cite any authority 

entitling him to inquire as to the plea negotiations under these circumstances, and we are aware of 

none. Based on the foregoing, we are unable to say that the trial court abused its discretion.

We overrule this point of error
12

(4) Excluding Evidence of Jacobs’ Criminal Charge Was within the Trial Court’s Discretion

Similarly, Riley contends that the trial court improperly limited his cross-examination of 

Green’s mother, Kennial Jacobs, by preventing him from inquiring as to the criminal charge 

pending against her at the time of her testimony.

As detailed above, a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed only 

for an abuse of discretion. Cameron, 241 S.W.3d at 19; McDonald, 179 S.W.3d at 576; Willover, 

70 S.W.3d at 845.

On Riley’s cross-examination of Jacobs, the following colloquy occurred during a bench 

conference:

[Defense Counsel]: Judge, this witness [Kennial Jacobs] has an 

unauthorized use of a motor vehicle charge pending against her in this Court that 

was referred to the grand jury in August of 2014. Nothing has been done on that

charge. It’s my position that I think I can ask this witness about that because that 

could be bias to testify for the State. They’re holding a charge over her that could 

put her in the penitentiary, and there’s been absolutely nothing done on that charge 

for about a year.

THE COURT: Response?

[State’s Attorney]: Your Honor, obviously, this is not a conviction to be 

used for impeachment. Our position is that her testimony today is consistent with 

what it was previously. This incident he’s talking about has happened in the 

interim, and any prejudicial effect outweighs any probative value.

THE COURT: All right. The Court is going to overrule the Defendant’s 

objections on the basis of, one, the Court followed her testimony and it’s the exact 

testimony she gave when she previously testified. Before this trial, she testified 

consistently with it. She testified voluntarily at that trial. Her position has not 

changed any since the first trial, so any probative value would be outweighed by 

the prejudicial effect.

[Defense Counsel]: So you’re saying I cannot get into it? Is that correct?
13

THE COURT: Well, because it’s not a final conviction under 609.

On appeal, Riley relies on his trial argument that the trial court erred in excluding the 

evidence because it was evidence of bias. However, the trial court’s ruling was that the charge 

pending against Jacobs was not a final conviction under Rule 609 and that under Rule 403, any 

probative value of the evidence would be substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. See

TEX. R. EVID. 403, 609(a)(2). Even if the evidence were relevant to show bias, Riley’s argument 

on appeal fails to address or challenge the trial court’s discretionary ruling that the evidence is 

inadmissible under Rules 403 and 609. See McDonald, 179 S.W.3d at 576 (trial court’s decision 

to admit or exclude evidence reviewed only for abuse of discretion);

4 Willover, 70 S.W.3d at 845.

If the trial court’s adverse ruling can be sustained on more than one basis, an appellant 

must address and attack each independent basis for the ruling on appeal. Marsh, 343 S.W.3d at

479 (citing Moore v. State, 605 S.W.2d 924, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980) (defendant 

must challenge each ground supporting trial court’s ruling against defendant, as any sufficient 

ground supports trial court’s order)). We will not make the appellant’s arguments for him. See

Marsh, 343 S.W.3d at 479. If an appellant does not assign error on an independent ground that 

supports the complained-of ruling or judgment, it stands accepted, and thus any error in the ground 

urged on appeal is harmless. See Moore v. State, 605 S.W.2d 924, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel 

Op.] 1980); Marsh, 343 S.W.3d at 479; State v. Sandoval, 842 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. App.—

 

4We will uphold the trial court’s ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence if the ruling was proper under any 

legal theory or basis applicable to the case. See Martinez v. State, 91 S.W.3d 331, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
14

Corpus Christi 1992, pet. ref’d). Because Riley failed to challenge the trial court’s Rule 403 and 

609 rulings, we overrule this issue as harmless.

(5) No Error Was Preserved Regarding the Admission of the Audio Recording

The jury heard a recording of a telephone conversation between Green and Riley made 

while she was in custody. Riley argues that the trial court erred in admitting the recording because 

the State failed to lay a proper foundation to establish its accuracy, authenticity, and admissibility. 

During examination by the State, Green testified that, after she was arrested, she made a 

telephone call to Riley and was aware that the call was being recorded. After reviewing the 

recording, she confirmed that the two voices heard in the recording were hers and Riley’s; that

during the call, she “basically [told] him to leave town”; and that the recording had not been 

tampered with in any way. The State then offered the recording into evidence as State’s Exhibit 

54. Riley’s objection and the court’s ruling were as follows:

[Defense Counsel]: Judge, we would object to the hearsay statements. We 

would also say this witness is here and she can testify as to what would be the 

contents of the telephone call.

THE COURT: Well, first off, as it relates to hearsay, she’s here to testify. 

I mean, she testified to it. It’s not hearsay as it relates to her. Two, based on the 

contents, and there are certain statements in there that are potentially statements 

against penal interest, which falls within the hearsay exception. So the Court, 

taking that and the arguments as previously discussed, would overrule that 

objection and admit 54.

In order to preserve a complaint for appellate review, a defendant must present to the trial 

court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds for the desired ruling 

if they are not apparent from the context of the request, objection, or motion. TEX. R. APP.

P. 33.1(a)(1); Morales v. State, 951 S.W.2d 59, 62 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1997, no pet.). 
15

“[A] party’s objection must inform the trial court why or on what basis the otherwise admissible 

evidence should be excluded.” Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 533 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The 

complaining party must obtain an adverse ruling from the trial court. DeRusse v. State, 579 S.W.2d 

224, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979).

Points of error on appeal must correspond or comport with objections and arguments made 

at trial. Wright v. State, 154 S.W.3d 235, 241 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d) (citing

Dixon v. State, 2 S.W.3d 263, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). “Where a trial objection does not 

comport with the issue raised on appeal, the appellant has preserved nothing for review.” Id.; see

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

Here, Riley contends that the recording was inadmissible because the State failed to 

establish a proper foundation for the evidence. His trial objection was based on hearsay. Because 

the two grounds do not correspond, this point of error was not preserved for our review.5

(6) The Charge Sufficiently Applied the Accomplice-Witness Instruction to the Facts of the 

Case

In his final point of error, Riley argues that the jury charge “failed to properly apply the 

accomplice witness instruction in the abstract portion of the charge to the facts of the case in the 

application portion of the charge.” 

 

5Earlier in the trial, Riley questioned Sharp on voir dire regarding the particulars of how the telephone call was 

recorded. After the conclusion of Sharp’s voir dire testimony, Riley argued that Sharp had failed to properly 

authenticate the recording. The trial court said, “I’m not going to admit it at this point in time anyhow until it’s been 

proved up, and like I say, that’s not the issue that’s before the Court at this time. It’s only been marked for 

identification.” Riley failed to obtain a ruling on his objection, and because he also failed to renew this objection at 

the time the recording was admitted into evidence, this objection was not preserved for our review. See DeRusse, 579 

S.W.2d at 235 (complaining party must obtain ruling on objection); Clay v. State, 361 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2012, no pet.) (citing Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 858 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)) (defendant must 

object each time inadmissible evidence is offered); Long v. State, 10 S.W.3d 389, 399 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, 

pet. ref’d).
16

We employ a two-step process in our review of alleged jury charge error. See Abdnor v. 

State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). “Initially, we determine whether error 

occurred and then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.” 

Wilson v. State, 391 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.) (citing Abdnor, 871 

S.W.2d at 731–32).

“[T]he jury is the exclusive judge of the facts, but it is bound to receive the law from the 

court and be governed thereby.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.13 (West 2007). “A trial 

court must submit a charge setting forth the ‘law applicable to the case.’” Lee v. State, 415 S.W.3d

915, 917 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d) (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 

36.14 (West 2007)). “The purpose of the jury charge . . . is to inform the jury of the applicable law 

and guide them in its application. It is not the function of the charge merely to avoid misleading 

or confusing the jury: it is the function of the charge to lead and prevent confusion.” Id. (quoting 

Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).

The application paragraph of a jury charge specifies “the factual circumstances under 

which the jury should convict or acquit[, and it is] the ‘heart and soul’ of the jury charge.” Vasquez 

v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “A charge that does not apply the law to 

the facts fails to lead the jury to the threshold of its duty: to decide those fact issues.” Williams 

v. State, 547 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).

The pertinent portion of the charge in this case read:

You are instructed that an “accomplice,” as the term is hereinafter used, 

means any person connected with the crime charged, as a party thereto, and includes 

all persons who are connected with the crime, as such parties, by unlawful act or 
17

omission on their part transpiring either before or during the time of the commission 

of the offense.

The witness[,] Alicia Green, is an accomplice as a matter of law, if an 

offense was committed. You cannot convict the defendant on her testimony unless 

you first believe that her testimony is true and shows that the defendant is guilty as 

charged, and then you cannot convict the defendant on said testimony unless you 

further believe that there is other testimony in the case, outside the evidence of 

Alicia Green, which tends to connect the defendant with the offense committed, if 

you find that an offense was committed. The corroboration is not sufficient if it 

merely shows the commission of the offense; it must also tend to connect the 

defendant with its commission, and then from all of the evidence you must believe 

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of the offense charged 

against him.

Here the charge gives the definition of accomplice, states that Green is an accomplice as a 

matter of law, and applies the accomplice-witness instruction to the facts of the case by explaining 

to the jury the limited factual determinations that allow them to convict Riley.6 It sufficiently 

covers Riley’s request. Therefore, no jury charge error occurred. See Wilson, 391 S.W.3d at 138. 

We overrule this point of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

Date Submitted: April 5, 2016

Date Decided: May 25, 2016

Do Not Publish

 

6Riley argues that the application paragraph should have applied the accomplice witness instruction to the facts of the 

case by instructing the jury that it:

must acquit Appellant if it: 1) believed Alicia Green’s testimony, and that her testimony established 

Appellant’s guilt as charged in the indictment, but it did not believe her testimony was sufficiently 

corroborated; or 2) if it did not believe Alicia Green’s testimony, and her testimony did not show 

Appellant’s guilt as charged in the indictment, and her testimony was corroborated and tended to 

connect Appellant with the offense charged.

However, Riley cites no authority for requiring such an acquittal-specific instruction, and we are aware of none.