412 [79 Op. Att’y

These sections are part of Division II, “Pensions,” of the State 1

Personnel and Pensions Article, which will become effective on October

1, 1994. See Chapter 6 of the Laws of Maryland 1994, Section 18. For

ease of reference in the future, we shall refer to the provisions as they will

appear in SPP Division II.

 Among other prerequisites, the employee must have at least 16 2

years of service ) hence the moniker “16-year rule.”

RETIREMENT SYSTEMS

APPLICABILITY OF “16-YEAR RULE” TO EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE

TRANSFERRED TO INDEPENDENT PERSONNEL SYSTEM

July 27, 1994

Mr. Peter Vaughn 

Executive Director

Maryland State Retirement Agency

Your predecessor as Acting Executive Director requested our

opinion whether an employee who transfers from the unclassified

service into an independent personnel system remains eligible for

early retirement under the “16-year rule,” currently codified at

Article 73B, §§2-408 and 4-410 of the Maryland Code, soon to be

recodified at §§22-404 and 23-404 of the State Personnel and

Pensions (“SPP”) Article, Maryland Code. The request cites as 1

examples those employees who have transferred into the personnel

systems that the Maryland Department of Transportation and the

Maryland Environmental Service each have established. 

These provisions contain identical criteria that an employee

must satisfy in order to qualify for early retirement ) among them,

and most pertinent to this opinion, that the employee “[h]as been in

the unclassified service of the State continuously from June 30, 1982

....” Concern has been expressed that an employee who transfers

into an independent personnel system might not satisfy this

particular criterion and thus would be ineligible to receive the

benefit of the early retirement even if the employee met the other

criteria. 

2

For reasons explained below, we conclude as follows: An

employee who, as a result of a transfer from an unclassified position
Gen. 412] 413

into an independent personnel system, holds a position that subjects

the employee to the risk of termination without cause is eligible for

early retirement under SPP §§22-404 or 23-404 (assuming, of

course, that all of the other statutory prerequisites are met).

I

Early Retirement Under The 16-Year Rule

Apart from the fact that SPP §22-404 refers to the Retirement

System and that SPP §23-404 refers to the Pension System, the

language of these two sections is identical. Both sections provide,

in pertinent part, as follows: 

(b) The Board of Trustees shall pay a

member ... who qualifies under subsection (c)

of this section ... regardless of age, if the

member:

(1) Has at least 16 years of creditable

service; and 

(2) Elects to have the member’s

accumulated contributions paid as an annuity

of equivalent actuarial value instead of

withdrawing the accumulated contributions.

(c) A member qualifies ... under

subsection (b) of this section if the member:

. . .

(3)(i) Was promoted to an

unclassified position on or before June 30,

1982;

 (ii) Has been in the unclassified

service of the State continuously from June

30, 1982, until separating from employment;

and 

 (iii) Separated from employment

involuntarily, as certified by the Secretary of

Personnel. 
414 [79 Op. Att’y

The benefit provided by this section was discussed in an earlier

opinion of the Attorney General: 

The basic purpose ... appears

straightforward: to provide a special benefit

to those who, while members of the

Retirement System, have chosen to continue

their service to the State in an untenured, or, at

best, a limited-tenured position, with little if

any job security. The tenure of an unclassified

employee ..., unlike that of a classified

employee with merit system protection, is

uniquely “at risk.” That is, the employee’s ...

tenure is particularly susceptible to “early,”

even if undesired termination ... ) a

termination that might well occur before the

individual has been able to meet the usual

retirement requirements .... Section [22-404]

thus provides a “trade-off” against this “risk”:

the ability, under specified circumstances, for

one who has been subjected to an “early”

termination to obtain the benefits of an “early”

retirement. 

66 Opinions of the Attorney General 211, 214 (1981).

II

Scope of Recodified Early Retirement Provision

“The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and

carry out the intent of the legislature.” Montgomery County v.

Buckman, 333 Md. 516, 523, 636 A.2d 448 (1994). This analysis

begins with the language of the statute itself. Gargliano v. State,

334 Md. 428, 435 639 A.2d 675 (1994). The words of the statute

“must not be read in a vacuum,” however, “but should be considered

in light of other manifestations of legislative intent.” In re Douglas

P., 333 Md. 387, 393, 635 A.2d 427 (1994). These include the

history of the enactment, its relationship to other statutes, and other

indicia of the purpose, aim, or policies of the Legislature. Fikar v.

Montgomery County, 333 Md. 430, 434, 635 A.2d 977 (1994).

The early retirement provisions require the would-be retiree to

“ha[ve] been in the unclassified service of the State continuously
Gen. 412] 415

from June 30, 1982, until separating from employment.” The term

“unclassified service” is not defined for purposes of the early

retirement sections, the titles in which they are included, or indeed

the entire Division II, “Pensions,” of the State Personnel and

Pensions Article.

For purposes of SPP Division I, “State Personnel,” the term

“unclassified service” means “all of those positions in the State

Personnel Management System that are excluded from the classified

service by law.” SPP §1-101(o). Thus, an employee holds a

position in the “unclassified service” only if the position is “in the

State Personnel Management System.” This system is defined in

SPP §1-101(n) as “the personnel system established under §1-201 of

this title.” SPP §1-201, in turn, states that the State Personnel

Management System is “under the authority of the Secretary of

Personnel.” The hallmark of an independent personnel system, by

contrast, is that it is not under the authority of the Secretary of

Personnel. That is what “independent” means. See 77 Opinions of

the Attorney General 147, 150 (1992); 73 Opinions of the Attorney

General 285, 286 (1988). To make this point all the more explicit,

SPP §1-203(b) provides that “any position in a unit in the Executive

Branch of State Government with an independent personnel system

is excluded from the State Personnel Management System.” 

Hence, if we were to construe the term “unclassified service”

in the early retirement provisions in light of the definition of this

term in SPP §1-101(o) and the other provisions from Division I that

are linked to it, we would be compelled to conclude that employees

in independent personnel systems are excluded from the benefits of

the early retirement provisions, because they are not in the

“unclassified service” as thus defined. Therefore, they could not

meet the requirement in SPP §§22-404(c)(3)(ii) and 23-404(c)(3)(ii)

that the employee have been in the unclassified service

“continuously” until separation.

That is not our conclusion, however. Rather, we find in the

legislative history of the early retirement provisions unmistakable

evidence of a legislative purpose to preserve the benefits of the 16-

year rule for all employees who would otherwise be eligible for that

benefit, including those in independent personnel systems. 

Prior to 1989, former Article 73B, §11(12) defined one of the

criteria for eligibility for the early retirement benefit to be whether

an employee “has been ... promoted ... to any position within the

State government which is not a part of the classified service and
416 [79 Op. Att’y

The only appellate case construing this statute is an unreported 3

decision of the Court of Special Appeals. Maryland State Retirement &

Pension Systems v. Howard, No. 1704, Sep’t. Term, 1987 (filed July 18,

1988) (holding that §11(12) applied to an employee who had never served

in a classified position).

which is not covered by the provisions of Article 64A (Merit

System) ....”3

The law was relatively clear. This criterion for eligibility for

the 16-year benefit was whether the person had been promoted to a

position which was not part of the classified service and not covered

by former Article 64A. The language “any position ... not covered

by the provisions of [the] Merit System [Law] ...” presumably meant

positions from which the employee could be terminated without

cause at any time. See 66 Opinions of the Attorney General at 214.

If an “at risk” position was part of an independent personnel system,

the employee satisfied this criterion for eligibility. 

The law was changed by Chapter 570 (Senate Bill 346) of the

Laws of Maryland 1989. As discussed above, prior to 1989, the test

for eligibility was whether the member was promoted to a position

which “is not a part of the classified service.” In 1989, however, the

test for eligibility became whether the member was promoted “to an

unclassified position.” 

If the General Assembly intended the term “unclassified

position,” as used in Chapter 570, to have the meaning now found

for the parallel term “unclassified service” in SPP §1-101(i),

positions in independent personnel systems would have been

excluded by the 1989 enactment. Accordingly, its effect would have

been to make substantive changes to the 16-year rule. The

legislative history suggests just the opposite, however. 

First, the General Assembly did not intend the 1989 changes to

the 16-year rule to have any fiscal impact. The Fiscal Note for

Senate Bill 346 described the effect of the bill as follows: “Since

this bill merely clarifies existing law and thus will neither increase

nor decrease the number of members who currently qualify for the

‘16 year’ benefit, it does not affect State expenditures.” In addition,

the Senate Budget and Taxation Floor Report on the bill stated that

it had no fiscal impact. See also Joint Committee on Pensions,

Report of the 1988 Interim to the Maryland General Assembly 207.

If a narrow definition of the term “unclassified position” had been
Gen. 412] 417

intended, the bill would have had a fiscal impact, since the class of

members eligible for the benefit would have been reduced by the

exclusion of employees in independent personnel systems.

Second, when the General Assembly used the term

“unclassified position,” it probably had in mind the definition of

“unclassified service” added to the law by Chapter 543 of the Laws

of Maryland 1988: “all positions specifically excluded from the

classified service by the Annotated Code of Maryland.” Former

Article 64A, §1(20). Although terms like “unclassified service”

were not used with precision in the prior law, 77 Opinions of the

Attorney General 147, 149-50, nevertheless it is reasonable to

conclude that the General Assembly intended to use the term

“unclassified position” in Senate Bill 346 to mean any position that

was not part of the classified service and that carried with it the risk

of early termination described by the Attorney General in his 1981

opinion.

Finally, while the 1989 changes were not formally part of Code

Revision, the Retirement Agency had formed a committee with

members of the Department of Legislative Reference and others to

begin the work of reorganizing and clarifying the provisions of the

Pension Article. That committee was guided by the same principles

applicable in other efforts to revise the Maryland Code. “As a

general rule, statutes enacted as mere code revision are presumed not

to contain substantive changes unless the intent to make such

changes is clear.” Department of General Services v. Harmans

Assoc., 98 Md. App. 535, 545, 633 A.2d 939 (1993). Particularly in

light of the bill title’s assertion that the bill was simply “clarifying”

the eligibility criteria, we view Chapter 570 as an effort to revise the

16-year rule without substantive change. 

Nor did subsequent recodifications change the scope of the 16-

year rule. The 1992 revision of the pension laws, Chapter 131 of the

Laws of Maryland 1992, recodified former §§11(12) and 117(13) as

§§2-408 and 4-410, respectively. The Committee Notes

accompanying these sections stated that the changes were “stylistic

or technical.” The 1994 Code Revision bill adding SPP Division II,

Chapter 6 of the Laws of Maryland 1994, expressly denies any effort

at substantive change. According to the Revisor’s Notes, SPP §§22-

404 and 23-404 reflect “new language derived without substantive

change” from the prior provisions. 
418 [79 Op. Att’y

 In light of our conclusion, we need not consider whether any of 4

the statutes creating independent personnel systems themselves preserved

the benefit of the 16-year rule for employees who transferred to a new

system. See, e.g., §2-103.4(c) and (f)(2) of the Transportation Article.

In short, employees in independent personnel systems who

lacked job security were within the scope of the 16-year rule as of

1989. Neither the 1989 amendments nor subsequent revisions of the

16-year rule diminished that scope. Hence, these employees remain

eligible. 

III

Conclusion

In summary, it is our opinion that an otherwise eligible

employee who has transferred to an independent personnel system

may seek early retirement under SPP §§22-404 or 23-404 if the

employee has served continuously in a position that subjects the

employee to the risk of early termination. Because this construction 4

departs from the literal application of the statutory text, we

recommend clarifying legislation. 

J. Joseph Curran, Jr.

Attorney General

Jack Schwartz

Chief Counsel

 Opinions & Advice

Thomas F. Filbert

Assistant Attorney General