# Patent

## Title
Discotic liquid crystal device and alignment method therefor

## Abstract

This application claims the priority benefits of German Patent Application No. 196 52 252.8, filed on Dec. 16, 1996.

## Background
1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the synthesis of 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivatives for making ferroeletric liquid crystal mixtures and their uses in ferroelectric switching and display device.

2. Description of the Related Art

In addition to nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals, recent times have also seen the use of optically active tilted smectic (ferroelectric) liquid crystals in commercial display devices.

Clark and Lagerwall showed that the use of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) in very thin cells leads to optoelectric switching or display elements having response times faster by a factor of up to 1000 than those of the conventional TN (twisted nematic) cells (see, for example, EP-A 0 032 362). On the basis of these and other favorable properties, for example the possibility of bistable switching and the contrast, which is virtually independent of viewing angle, FLCs are in principle highly suited to applications such as computer displays.

For the use of FLCs in electrooptical or completely optical assemblies there is a need either for compounds which form tilted or orthogonal smectic phases and which are themselves optically active, or else for compounds which, although forming such smectic phases are not themselves optically active, can be doped with optically active compounds to induce ferroelectric smectic phases. The desired phase should at the same time be stable over as wide as possible a temperature range.

Obtaining a good contrast ratio in electrooptical assemblies necessitates a uniform planar orientation of the liquid crystals. Good orientation in the S.sub.A and S*.sub.C phase can be achieved, for example, when the phase sequence of the liquid-crystal mixture with decreasing temperature is as follows:

A precondition is that the pitch of the helix in the N* phase is very large (greater than 10 .mu.m) or, even better, is fully compensated (see, for example, T. Matsumoto et al., Proc. of the 6th Int. Display Research Conf., Japan Display, Sep. 30-Oct. 2, 1986, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 468-470; M. Murakami et al., ibid. pp. 344-pp. 347). This is done, for example, by adding one or more optically active dopes which induce, say, a right-handed helix to the chiral liquid-crystal mixture which in the N* phase has a left-handed helix, in amounts such that the helix is compensated.

For the use of the SSFLCD effect (Surface Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display) of Clark and Lagerwall for uniform planar orientation a further precondition is that the pitch in the smectic C* phase is substantially greater than the thickness of the display element (Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1983, 94, 213 and 1984, 114, 151).

The optical response time T [.mu.s] of ferroelectric liquid-crystal systems, which should be as short as possible, depends on the rotational viscosity of the system .gamma. [mPas], on the spontaneous polarization P.sub.S [nC/cm.sup.2 ] and on the electric field strength E [V/m] in accordance with the relationship ##EQU1##

Since the field strength E is determined by the electrode separation in the electrooptical component and by the applied voltage, the ferroelectric display medium must be of low viscosity and must have a high spontaneous polarization in order for a short response time to be obtained.

Finally, requirements in addition to thermal, chemical and photochemical stability are for a small optical anisotropy .DELTA.n and a small positive or, preferably, negative dielectric anisotropy .DELTA..epsilon. (see, for example, S. T. Lagerwall et al., "Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals for Displays", SID Symposium, Oct. Meeting 1985, San Diego, Calif., U.S.A.).

The entirety of these requirements can only be met with mixtures of two or more components. The basis of these mixtures (or matrix) is preferably formed by compounds which as far as possible themselves already have the desired phase sequence I.fwdarw.N.fwdarw.S.sub.A .fwdarw.S.sub.C. Further components are often added to the mixture in order to lower the melting point and to broaden the S.sub.C phase and usually the N phase as well, for inducing the optical activity, for pitch compensation and for adapting the optical and dielectric anisotropy, as far as possible without increasing the rotational viscosity, for example.

Ferroelectric liquid-crystal displays can also be operated by utilizing the DHF (Distorted Helix Formation) effect or the PSFLCD (Pitch Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display, also called SBF=Short Pitch Bistable Ferroelectric) effect. The DHF effect was described by B. I. Ostrovski in Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications, Oxford/Budapest, 1980, 469 ff. and the PSFLCD effect is described in DE-A 39 20 625 and EP-A 0 405 346. In contrast to the SSFLCD effect, utilizing these effects requires a liquid-crystalline material with a short S.sub.C pitch.

Naphthalene derivatives for use in liquid-crystal mixtures are known, for example, from WO-A 92/16 500. 1,2-Difluoronaphthalene derivatives are known from DE-A 195 22 167.

However, since the development--of ferroelectric liquid-crystal mixtures in particular--can in no way be regarded as complete, the manufacturers of displays are interested in a very wide variety of components for mixtures. One of the reasons for this is that only the interaction of the liquid-crystalline mixtures with the individual components of the display device or of the cells (for example the alignment layer) allows conclusions to be drawn about the quality of the liquid-crystalline mixtures too.

The object of the present invention was therefore to provide novel compounds which are suitable in liquid-crystalline mixtures for improving the profile of properties of these mixtures.

It has now been found, surprisingly, that 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivatives of the formula (I) are particularly suitable for use in liquid-crystal mixtures.

The invention therefore provides 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivatives of the formula (I) --B(--M.sup.3 --A.sup.3).sub.c (--M.sup.4 --A.sup.4).sub.d --R.sup.2 (I)

in which the symbols and indices have the following meanings: ##STR2## R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are a) hydrogen, --F, --Cl, --CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3 or --CN, asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, where by --O--, --S--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --O--CO--O-- or --Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --, and/or --C.tbd.C--, cyclopropane-1,2-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,3-cyclopentylene, and/or chiral groups (optically active or racemic): ##STR3## with the proviso that at most one of the radicals R.sup.1, R.sup.2 is hydrogen, --F, --Cl, --CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3 or --CN; and are asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, where by --O--, and/or --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --, if they are attached to an oxirane, dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, butyrolactone or valerolactone system; --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CO--S--, --S--CO--, --CS--O--, --O--CS--, --CH.sub.2 --O--, --O--CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 --S--, --S--CH.sub.2 --, --CH.dbd.CH--, --C.tbd.C--, --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --CO--O--, --O--CO--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- or a single bond; 1,4-phenylene in which one or more H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, pyrazine-2,5-diyl, in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, pyridazine-3,6-diyl in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, pyridine-2,5-diyl in which one or more H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, 1,4-cyclohexylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by CN and/or CH.sub.3 and/or F, 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dithiane-2,5-diyl, 1,3-thiazole-2,4-diyl, in which one H atom can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, 1,3-thiazole-2,5-diyl in which one H atom can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, thiophene-2,4-diyl, in which one H atom can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, thiophene-2,5-diyl in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which one or more H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, or 1-(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)alkyl-1-silacyclohexylene-1,4-diyl; (I) contains no more than four ring systems having five or more members.

The provision of compounds of the formula (I) considerably broadens, in general terms, the palette of liquid-crystalline substances which from a variety of applications-related standpoints are suitable for the preparation of liquid-crystalline mixtures.

In this connection the compounds of the formula (I) possess a broad scope of application. Depending on the selection of the substituents they can be used as base materials forming the predominant part of liquid-crystalline phase compositions; or alternatively, compounds of the formula (I) can also be added to liquid-crystalline base materials from other classes of compounds, in order for example to influence the dielectric and/or optical anisotropy of such a dielectric material and/or to optimize its threshold voltage and/or its viscosity.

The compounds of the formula (I) are particularly suitable for addition even in small amounts for influencing the dielectric anisotropy (.DELTA..epsilon.) toward higher negative values.

The novel compounds of the formula (I) are particularly suitable for use in FLC mixtures for ferroelectric switching and/or display devices, which are operated in inverse mode.

The symbols and indices in the formula (I) preferably have the following meanings: asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, where by --O--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --O--CO--O or --Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --, and/or 1,4-phenylene or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, and/or chiral groups (optically active or racemic): ##STR4## with the proviso that at most one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is hydrogen. and are asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, where by --O--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --O--CO--O-- or --Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --, and/or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, and/or chiral groups (optically active or racemic): ##STR5## with the proviso that at most one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is hydrogen. or different and are asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, where by --O--, and/or --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --, if they are attached to an oxirane, dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, butyrolactone or valerolactone system. preference, identical or different and are asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, where --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --, if they are attached to an oxirane, dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, butyrolactone or valerolactone system.

M.sup.1, M.sup.2, M.sup.3 and M.sup.4 are, preferably, identical or different and are --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 --O--, --O--CH.sub.2 --, --CH.dbd.CH--, --C.tbd.C--, --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --CO--O, --O--CO--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- or a single bond.

M.sup.1, M.sup.2, M.sup.3 and M.sup.4 are, with particular preference, identical or different and are --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 --O--, --O--CH.sub.2 -- or a single bond.

A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 are, preferably, identical or different and are 1,4-phenylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F and/or CN, pyridine-2,5-diyl, in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F and/or CN, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, trans-1,4-cyclohexylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by CN and/or CH.sub.3 and/or F, 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, 1,3-thiazole-2,4-diyl, in which one H atom can be replaced by F and/or CN, 1,3-thiazole-2,5-diyl in which one H atom can be replaced by F and/or CN, or thiophene-2,5-diyl in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F and/or CN.

A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 are, with particular preference, identical or different and are 1,4-phenylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, pyridine-2,5-diyl in which one H atom can be replaced by F, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, trans-1,4-cyclohexylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by CN and/or CH.sub.3 and/or F.

Very particular preference is given to the following compounds of the formula (Ia) to (Ii): ##STR6## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the meanings stated above.

The compounds according to the invention are prepared by methods known per se from the literature, as are described in standard works on organic synthesis, for example Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart.

The preparation is carried out under reaction conditions which are known and suitable for said reactions. Use may also be made here of variants which are known per se but which are not mentioned here in any more detail.

If desired, the starting materials can also be formed in situ, by not isolating them from the reaction mixture but instead immediately converting them further into the compounds of the formula (I).

By way of example, a synthesis route for the synthesis of 1,3-difluoronaphthalene and to compounds of the formula (I) is indicated in scheme 1, although other methods are also conceivable and possible. ##STR7##

In Scheme 2, the synthesis of compounds of the formula I with an aryl substitution in position 2 of the naphthalene system is stated by way of example. ##STR8##

The group R.sup.y is equivalent to the group R.sup.1 (--A.sup.1 --M.sup.1).sub.a (--A.sup.2 --M.sup.2).sub.b -- or an appropriate unprotected or protected precursor thereof which in later steps can be converted into this group by methods which are known per se and are familiar to the skilled worker. The group R.sup.x is equivalent to the group (--M.sup.3 --A.sup.3).sub.c (--M.sup.4 --A.sup.4).sub.d --R.sup.2 or an appropriate unprotected or protected precursor thereof which in later steps can be converted into this group by methods which are known per se and are familiar to the skilled worker. Its preparation takes place under reaction conditions which are known and suitable for said reactions. In this context it is also possible to make use of variants which are known per se and are not mentioned in any more detail here.

Reference may be made, for example, to DE-A 23 44 732, 24 50 088, 24 29 093, 25 02 94, 26 36 684, 27 01 591 and 27 52 975 for compounds with 1,4-cyclohexylene and 1,4-phenylene groups; to DE-A 26 41 724 for compounds with pyrimidine-2,5-diyl groups; to DE-A 40 26 223 and EP-A 03 91 203 for compounds with pyridine-2,5-diyl groups; to DE-A 32 31 462 for compounds with pyridazine-3,6-diyl groups; and to EP-A 309 514 for compounds with 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diyl groups; WO-A 92/16500 for naphthalene-2,6-diyl groups; and EP-A 0 630 903 for compounds having 1-sila-1,4-cyclohexylene groups.

The preparation of disubstituted pyridines, disubstituted pyrazines, disubstituted pyrimidines and disubstituted pyradazines is also given, for example, in the corresponding volumes of the series "The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds" by A. Weissberger and E. C. Taylor (editors).

Dioxane derivatives are judiciously prepared by reaction of a corresponding aldehyde (or a reactive derivative thereof) with a corresponding 1,3-diol (or a reactive derivative thereof), preferably in the presence of an inert solvent, such as benzene or toluene, and/or in the presence of a catalyst, for example strong acid such as sulfuric acid, benzene- or p-toluenesulfonic acid, at temperatures between about 20.degree. C. and about 150.degree. C., preferably between 80.degree. C. and 120.degree. C. Primarily suitable as reactive derivatives of the starting materials are acetals.

Some of said aldehydes and 1,3-diols and their reactive derivatives are known while some can be prepared without difficulty by standard methods of organic chemistry from compounds known from the literature. For example, the aldehydes are obtainable by oxidation of corresponding alcohols or by reduction of nitrites or corresponding carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, and the diols by reduction of corresponding diesters.

Compounds in which an aromatic ring is substituted by at least one F atom can also be obtained from the corresponding diazonium salts by replacement of the diazonium group with a fluorine atom, for example by the methods of Balz and Schiemann.

As far as the linking of ring systems to one another is concerned, reference may be made, for example, to:

N. Miyaura, T. Yanagai and A. Suzuki in Synthetic Communications 11 (1981), 513-519, DE-C 39 30 663, M. J. Sharp, W. Cheng, V. Snieckus in Tetrahedron Letters 28 (1987) 5093; G. W. Gray in J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans II 1989, 2041 and Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 172 (1989) 165, 204 (1991) 43 and 91; EP-A 0 449 015; WO-A 89/12039; WO-A 89/03821; EP-A 0 354 434 and EP-A 0 694 530 for the direct linking of aromatics and heteroaromatics; DE-A 32 01 721 for compounds with --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- bridges, and Koji Seto et al. in Liquid Crystals 8 (1990) 861-870 for compounds containing --C.tbd.C-- bridges.

Esters of the formula (I) can also be obtained by esterification of corresponding carboxylic acids (or reactive derivatives thereof) using alcohols or phenols (or reactive derivatives thereof), in accordance with the DCC method (DCC=dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) or analogously to DE-A 44 27 198.

The corresponding carboxylic acids and alcohols and phenols are known or can be prepared analogously to known processes.

Particularly suitable reactive derivatives of said carboxylic acids are the acid halides, especially the chlorides and bromides, and also the anhydrides, including mixed anhydrides, for example, azides or esters, especially alkyl esters having 1-4 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.

Particularly suitable reactive derivatives of said alcohols and phenols are the corresponding metal alcoholates or phenolates, preferably of an alkali metal such as sodium or potassium.

The esterification is advantageously carried out in the presence of an inert solvent. Particularly suitable solvents are ethers, such as diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, THF, dioxane or anisole, ketones, such as acetone, butanone or cyclohexanone, amides, such as DMF or hexamethylphosphoramide, hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene or xylene, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloromethane, dichloromethane or tetrachloroethylene, and sulfoxides, such as dimethyl sulfoxide or sulfolane.

Ethers of the formula (I) are obtainable by etherification of corresponding hydroxy compounds, preferably corresponding phenols, where the hydroxy compound is judiciously first of all converted into a corresponding metal derivative, for example into the corresponding alkali metal alcoholate or alkali metal phenolate by treatment with NaH, NaNH.sub.2, NaOH, KOH, Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 or K.sub.2 CO.sub.3. This product can then be reacted with the corresponding alkyl halide, alkylsulfonate or dialkyl sulfate, judiciously in an inert solvent such as acetone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, DMF or dimethyl sulfoxide, or else with an excess of aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic NaOH or KOH at temperatures of between about 20.degree. and 100.degree. C.

Regarding the synthesis of specific radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, reference may additionally be made, for example, to 2,3-difluoroalkyloxy unit, 2-fluoroalkyloxy unit, .alpha.-chlorocarboxylic acid unit,

The compounds according to formula (I) are especially useful for operating in smectic and nematic liquid crystal mixtures, in the case of nematic mixtures preferably for active matrix displays (AM-LCD) (e.g. C. Prince, Seminar Lecture Notes, Volume I, p. M-3/3-M-22, SID International Symposium 1997, B. B. Bahadur, Liquid Crystal Applications and Uses, Vol 1, p. 410, World Scientific Publishing, 1990, E. Luder, Recent Progress of AM LCD's, Proceedings of the 15.sup.th International Displays Research Conference, 1995, p. 9-12) and "in-plane-switching displays" (IPS-LCD), in the case of smectic liquid crystal mixtures preferably for chirally inclined smectic (ferroelectric or antiferroelectric) displays, for ECB displays (electrically controlled birefringence) and for electroclinic displays.

The invention also provides for the use of compounds of the formula (I) in liquid-crystal mixtures, preferably smectic and nematic mixtures, especially ferroelectric mixtures.

Especially preferred is the use in ferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures, which are operated in inverse mode.

The invention additionally provides liquid-crystal mixtures, preferably ferroelectric and nematic mixtures, especially preferred ferroelectric and antiferroelectric, especially ferroelectric mixtures, comprising one or more compounds of the formula (I).

The smectic and nematic liquid crystal mixtures are preferable applicable for electrooptic displays, in the case of nematic mixtures especially for active matrix displays and in-plane-switching displays (IPS-LCD), in the case of smectic liquid crystal mixtures for ECB displays, for electroclinic displays and chirally inclined smectic (ferroelectric or antiferroelectric) displays.

The novel liquid-crystal mixtures generally contain from 2 to 35, preferably from 2 to 25 and, with particular preference, from 2 to 20 components.

They generally contain from 0.01 to 80% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 60% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 30% by weight, of one or more, preferably from 1 to 10, particularly preferably from 1 to 5, very particularly preferably from 1 to 3, of the novel compounds of the formula (I).

Further components of liquid-crystal mixtures comprising novel compounds of the formula (I) are preferably selected from known compounds having smectic and/or nematic and/or cholesteric phases. These include, for example: and U.S. Pat. No. 4 874 542, described, for example, in EP-A 0 578 054, in EP-A 0 541 081, 1984, 58, 3 and J. W. Goodby et al., Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids, Vol. 4, New York, 1984, and

Examples of suitable chiral, nonracemic dopes are: Ferroelectrics 1984, 58, 3 and J. W. Goodby et al., Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids, Vol. 4, New York, 1984, 437 and WO-A 93/13093, 954, 746, 272, example, in EP-A 0 355 561, and 237 007 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,506.

Suitable additional components of mixtures are set out in particular in the international patent application PCT/EP 96/03154, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Preferred additional components of FLC mixtures used in the inverse mode are: ##STR9## fluoropyridines of the formula (IV), ##STR10## difluorophenylene derivatives of the formula (V), ##STR11## meta-substituted aromatic compounds of the formula (VI), ##STR12## 4-cyanocyclohexyls of the formula (VII), ##STR13## where the symbols and indices have the following meanings: X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are identical or different and independently of one another are CH, CF or N, are as defined for R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 in formula (I), defined as in formula (I), and or 1, with the proviso that the compounds may contain no more than four ring systems and must, with the exception of the formula (III), contain at least two ring systems.

The mixtures can in turn be employed in electrooptical or fully optical elements, for example display elements, switching elements, light modulators, elements for image processing and/or signal processing or, generally, in the area of nonlinear optics.

In addition the mixtures are suitable for field treatment, i.e. for operation in the quasi-bookshelf geometry (QBG) (see, for example, H. Rieger et al., SID 91 Digest (Anaheim) 1991, 396).

The novel ferroelectric liquid-crystal mixtures are particularly suitable for operation in the so-called inverse mode or tV.sub.(min) mode (see for example: J. C. Jones, M. J. Towler, J. R. Hughes, Displays 1993, 14, No. 2, 86-93; M. Koden, Ferroelectrics 1996, 179, 121-129).

Liquid-crystalline mixtures comprising compounds of the formula (I) are particularly suitable for use in electrooptical switching and display devices (displays). These displays are usually constructed in such a way that a liquid-crystal layer is enclosed on both sides by layers which are usually, in this sequence starting from the LC layer, at least one alignment layer, electrodes and a limiting sheet (for example of glass). In addition, they comprise spacers, adhesive frames, polarizers and--for color displays--thin color-filter layers. Other possible components are antireflection, passivation, compensation and barrier layers and electric nonlinear elements, such as thin-film transistors (TFTs) and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) elements. The structure of liquid-crystal displays has already been described in detail in relevant monographs (see, for example, E. Kaneko, "Liquid Crystal TV Displays: Principles and Applications of Liquid Crystal Displays", KTK Scientific Publishers, 1987).

The invention therefore additionally provides a switching and/or display device, preferably a smectic or nematic, especially a ferroelectric device, comprising a liquid-crystal mixture which comprises one or more compounds of the formula (I).

In devices, which contain nematic liquid crystal mixtures, active matrix displays and in-plane-switching displays (IPS-LCD) are preferred.

In devices, which contain smectic liquid crystal mixtures, ECB displays (electrically controlled birefringence), electroclinic displays and chirally inclined smectic (ferroelectric or antiferroelectric) displays are preferred.

Such devices are e.g. applicable for computer displays or in chip-cards.

The novel switching and/or display device is preferably operated in normal mode or inverse mode.

Ferroelectric switching and/or display devices operated by multiplex addressing can inter alia be operated in two different ways, the normal mode or the inverse mode (or tV.sub.(min) mode). The difference between the two is in the addressing scheme and in the various requirements regarding the dielectric tensor of the FLC material, i.e. the FLC mixture. An overview is given, for example, by J. C. Jones et al. in Displays 1993, 14, No. 2, 86-93, referred to below as Jones, and M. Koden in Ferroelectrics 1996, 179, 121-129, and the literature set out therein.

The response characteristics of an FLC device can be generally represented in a diagram in which the driver voltage (V) is plotted horizontally and the width of the driving pulse (t, time) is plotted vertically (see for example Jones, FIGS. 4, 8, 10 and 11).

A response curve is determined experimentally and divides the V,t area into a switching region and a nonswitching region. Normally, the pulse width becomes shorter when the voltage is increased. It is this behavior which characterizes the mode known as normal (see for example Jones, FIG. 4).

With appropriate materials, however, the Vt curve has a minimum (at the voltage V.sub.(min)), as can be seen in Jones, for example, in FIGS. 8, 10 and 11. This minimum comes about as the result of the superimposition of dielectric and ferroelectric twisting. FLC devices are operated in the inverse mode if the sum of the row driver voltage and column driver voltage in the operating temperature range is higher than the minimum on the Vt curve, i.e. V.sub.(row) +V.sub.(column) >V.sub.(min).

In the present application are cited various documents, e.g. to illustrate the technological surrounding of the invention. All these documents are specially related to this invention, they are part of the application by reference.

Also related to the invention is the content of german application no. 196 52 252.8, the priority thereof is claimed in this application, and the abstract of this application; all are part of the application by reference:

The invention is illustrated in more detail by means of the following examples, although this is not intended to represent a limitation.

1,3-Difluoro-2-(4-hexyloxyphenyl)-6-octylnaphthalene ##STR14##

From 1,3-difluoro-6-octyinaphthalene-2-boronic acid and 4-hexyloxybromobenzene by Suzuki coupling.

1,3-Difluoro-6-hexyl-2-(4-octylphenyl)naphthalene ##STR15##

From 1,3-difluoro-6-hexylnaphthalene-2 -boronic acid and 4-octylbromobenzene by Suzuki coupling.

5-(1,3-Difluoro-6-octylnaphthalen-2-yl)-2-hexyloxypyridine ##STR16##

From 1,3-difluoro-6-octyinaphthalene-2- boronic acid and 5-bromo-2-hexyloxypyridine by Suzuki coupling.

1,3-Difluoro-2-(2-fluorooctyloxy)-6-(4-hexylphenyl)naphthalene ##STR17##

From 1,3-difluoro-6-(4-hexylphenyl)naphth-2-ol and 2-(S)-fluorooctan-1-ol by Mitsunobu reaction.

2-Butyl-3-[6-(2,3-difluoro-4-hexylphenyl)-1 ,3-difluoronaphth-2-yloxymethyl]-oxirane ##STR18##

From 6-(2,3-difluoro-4-hexylphenyl)-1,3-difluoronaphth-2-ol and (3-butyloxiranyl)methanol by Mitsunobu reaction.

2-{6-[4-(Butyidimethylsilanyl)butyl]-1,3-difluoronaphth-2-yl}-5-octyloxypyr imidine ##STR19##

From 2-{6-[4-(butyldimethylsilanyl)butyl]-1,3-difluoronaphth-2-yl}-pyrimidin-5- ol and octylbromide by Williamson ether synthesis.

1,3-Difluoro-6-(4-hexyloxyphenyl)naphth-2-yl octanoate ##STR20##

From 1,3-difluoro-6-(4-hexyloxyphenyl)naphth-2-ol and octanoic acid by esterification with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.

6-[5,7-Difluoro-6-(8-methyldecyloxy)naphth-2-yl]-2-fluoro-3-hexylpyridine ##STR21##

From 1,3-difluoro-6-(6-fluoro-5-hexylpyridin-2-yl)naphth-2-ol and 8-methyidecan-1-ol by Mitsunobu reaction.

1,3-Difluoro-6-hexylnaphth-2-yl 4-pentylcyclohexanecarboxylate ##STR22##

From 4-trans-pentylcyclohexancarboxylic acid and 1,3-difluoro-6-hexylnaphth-2-ol.

## Claims

1. A 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivative of the formula (I) --B(--M.sup.3 --A.sup.3).sub.c (--M.sup.4 --A.sup.4).sub.d --R.sup.2 (I) in which the symbols and indices have the following meanings: group B is ##STR23## R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are a) hydrogen, --F, --Cl, --CF.sub.3 --OCF.sub.3 or --CN, or asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, where replaced by --O--, --CO--O, --O--CO-- or --Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --, and/or --C.dbd.--C--, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene and/or following chiral groups (optically active or racemic): ##STR24## with the proviso that at most one of the radicals R.sup.1, R.sub.2 can be hydrogen, --F, --Cl, --CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3 or --CN; asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, where by --O--, and/or --CO--O--, O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 --O--, --O--CH.sub.2 -- --C.tbd.C--, or a single bond; 1,4-phenylene in which one or more H atoms can be replaced by F, pyridine-2,5-diyl in which one or more H atoms can be replaced by F, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl in which one H atom can be replaced by F, 1,4-cyclohexylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by CN and/or CH.sub.3 and/or F, 1 ,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, Cl and/or CN, or 1-(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)alkyl-1-silacyclohexylene-1,4-diyl; formula (I) contains no more than four ring systems having five or more members, with the exception of compounds having not more than 3 five- or more member ring systems, and -groups can be replaced by --O--, wherein the CH.sub.2 -group directly bound to A.sup.1, A.sup.2 or B is replaced by --CH.dbd.CH--, and M.sup.1 =M.sup.2 =M.sup.3 =M.sup.4 =single bond, or -groups can be replaced by --O--, wherein the CH.sub.2 -group directly bound to A.sup.4, A.sup.3 or B is replaced by --CH.dbd.CH--, and M.sup.1 =M.sup.2 =M.sup.3 =M.sup.4 =single bond.

2. A 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivative as claimed in claim 1, wherein the symbols and indices in the formula (I) have the following meanings: asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, where replaced by --O--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, or --Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --, and/or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene and/or following chiral groups (optically active or racemic): ##STR25## with the proviso that at most one of the two radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can be hydrogen; asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, where one or more nonadjacent and nonterminal CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by --O--; --CO--O--, O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 --O--, --O--CH.sub.2 --, or a single bond; 1,4-phenylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, pyridine-2,5-diyl in which one H atom can be replaced by F, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl in which one H atom can be replaced by F, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene; formula (I) contains no more than four ring systems having five or more members.

3. A 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivative as claimed in claim 1, wherein the symbols and indices in the formula (I) have the following meanings: asymmetric carbon atom) having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, where one or more nonadjacent and nonterminal CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by --O--; with the proviso that only one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can be hydrogen; --CH.sub.2 --O--, --O--CH.sub.2 -- or a single bond; 1,4-phenylene in which one or two H atoms can be replaced by F, pyridine-2,5-diyl in which one H atom can be replaced by F, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene; formula (I) contains no more than four ring systems having five or more members.

4. A 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivative as claimed in claim 1, which is selected from the group consisting of (Ia)-(Ii): ##STR26## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the meanings stated in formula (I) in claim 1, with the proviso that at most one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can be hydrogen.

5. A liquid-crystal mixture comprising one or more 1,3-difluoro-naphthalene derivatives as claimed in claim 1.

6. A liquid-crystal mixture as claimed in claim 5, which is ferroelectric.

7. A liquid-crystal mixture as claimed in claim 5, which contains from 0.01 to 80% by weight of one or more 1,3-difluoronaphthalene derivatives of the formula (I).

8. A ferroelectric switching and/or display device comprising a ferroelectric liquid-crystal mixture as claimed in claim 6.

9. A ferroelectric switching and/or display device as claimed in claim 8, which is operated in the .sub.T V.sub.min mode.