U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

Bureau of Justice Statistics

YEARS OF STATISTICS

TECHNICAL REPORT July 2020, NCJ 254789 

Tribal Crime Data-Collection 

Activities, 2020 

T

he Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA) of 2010 

requires the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) to 

(1) establish and implement a tribal crime datacollection system, (2) consult with Indian tribes to 

establish and implement this data-collection system, 

and (3) report annually to Congress on the data 

collected and analyzed in accordance with the act.1 

Te act specifes data collection and analysis of crimes 

committed on federally recognized reservations, in 

tribal communities, and on identifed trust lands, 

which in combination are commonly referred to as 

Indian country. Tere are approximately 326 federally 

recognized tribal lands in the continental United 

States, with an estimated population of 4.6 million 

persons, of which 23% are American Indian or 

Alaska Native (AIAN).2,3 

1See Public Law 111-211, 124 Stat. 2258 § 251(b). 

2For more information about federally recognized tribal lands, 

see https://www.bia.gov/frequently-asked-questions. 

3For more information about populations on tribal lands, 

see https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf. 

Jurisdiction over crimes committed in Indian country 

varies by the type and seriousness of the crime, 

whether the ofender or victim is a tribal member, 

and the location of the ofense. Crimes committed 

in Indian country among AIANs may be subject to 

concurrent jurisdiction by tribal, federal, state, or local 

criminal-justice agencies. Tis is due to the sovereign 

status of federally recognized tribes and to Public Law 

83-280 (commonly referred to as P.L. 280). 

In the 16 states where P.L. 280 applies, the law 

permits the federal government to transfer mandatory 

jurisdiction over major crimes in Indian country 

to these states, and it permits the states to acquire 

optional jurisdiction, in whole or in part, over Indian 

country within their boundaries.4 Six states have 

established mandatory jurisdiction over crimes in 

Indian country, and 10 states have established optional 

jurisdictions. In the 19 states with federally recognized 

tribes where P.L. 280 does not apply, the federal 

government retains criminal jurisdiction for major 

crimes committed in Indian country.5 More than 

300 tribes are under P.L. 280 jurisdictions. 

4See P.L. 83-280, August 15, 1953, codifed as 18 U.S.C. § 1162, 

28 U.S.C. § 1360, and 25 U.S.C. §§ 1321-1326. 

5Federal jurisdiction in Indian country is established under the 

Indian Country Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. § 1152), the Indian Country 

Major Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. § 1153), and the Assimilative Crimes 

Act (18 U.S.C. § 13). 

HIGHLIGHTS 

 During fscal year (FY) 2020, the Bureau of Justice 

Statistics (BJS) completed data collection for the 2019 

Census of Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies, with a 

response rate of 92%. 

 From FY 2016 to FY 2019, BJS awarded four grants 

totaling $755,867 to tribes to improve and automate 

their criminal-history records and databases. 

 In 2018, the local jail incarceration rate for American 

Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) was nearly double 

the national rate. 

 Among AIAN state prisoners released across 30 states 

in 2005, about 44% were arrested within one year of 

release, 69% within 3 years, and 85% within 9 years. 
Tis report meets the requirement under TLOA to report 

annually to Congress on tribal data-collection activities 

and statistical fndings. It summarizes— 

 tribal data-collection activities during FY 2020, 

including the Census of Tribal Law Enforcement 

Agencies (CTLEA) and the Survey of Jails in Indian 

Country (SJIC) 

 fndings on AIAN inmates in local jails from 2010 

through 2018 and recidivism rates from 2005 through 

2014 among AIANs released from prisons across 

30 states 

 statistical fndings on the AIAN population in the 

federal justice system 

 funding to enhance tribal participation in national 

records and information systems, including the 

National Criminal History Improvement Program 

(NCHIP) and the National Instant Criminal 

Background Check System (NICS) Act Record 

Improvement Program (NARIP) 

 information on the BJS Indian Country webpage. 

Tribal data collections during fiscal year 2020 

Census of Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies 

During FY 2020, BJS completed data collection for 

the 2019 Census of Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies 

(CTLEA), the frst BJS data collection targeted solely at 

tribal law enforcement agencies. Te CTLEA collected 

data from all known tribally operated law enforcement 

agencies, from police agencies operated by the Bureau of 

Indian Afairs (BIA), and from the Alaska State Police, 

which reported for the Village Public Safety Ofcer 

(VPSO) program. Te VPSO program provides services 

to Alaska Native villages that are under the jurisdiction 

of the Alaska State Police. 

Te CTLEA captured information on— 

 criminal jurisdiction 

 stafng, ofcer training, and sources of funding 

 workloads and arrests 

 access to and participation in regional and national 

justice database systems 

 special topics, such as human trafcking, domestic 

violence, and juvenile delinquency 

 access to domestic-violence and 

protection-order registries 

 monitoring of sex ofenders on tribal lands 

 reporting of crime data to systems operated by the 

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 

 special jurisdiction over non-Indian ofenders for 

selected domestic-violence cases. 

Following the cognitive testing and revisions to the 

data-collection instruments in FY 2019, BJS submitted 

the proposed CTLEA data collection to the Federal 

Register for public comment. BJS received no comments 

during the 30-day and 60-day comment periods. On July 

15, 2019, BJS received fnal Ofce of Management and 

Budget approval to conduct the census. 

BJS fnalized two customized survey forms: one for tribally 

operated law enforcement agencies (CTLEA-TLE) and 

one for agencies operated by the Bureau of Indian Afairs 

(CTLEA-BIA). Both survey forms contain a core set of 

survey items, along with individualized survey questions 

on attributes unique to the two types of agencies. Te 

CTLEA-TLE universe included tribal police departments, 

conservation and wildlife enforcement ofces, the Alaska 

State Police, and tribal university and college police. Law 

enforcement agencies operating under BIA received the 

CTLEA-BIA form. 

Several duplicate or subordinate agencies were 

determined to be ineligible or out-of-scope afer data 

collection. Te fnal universe for the CTLEA consisted 

of 258 tribal law enforcement agencies, which included 

234 tribally operated agencies and 24 federal and state 

TabLe 1 

Universe and response rates for the Census of Tribal 

Law enforcement agencies, by type of agency, 2019 

Unweighted Unweighted Universe* completed response Type of agency Count Percent responses rate 

CTLEA universe 258 100% 238 92% 

Total tribal-operated 

agencies 234 91% 214 92% 

Tribal law enforcement 203 79 185 93 

Conservation/

wildlife enforcement 30 12 28 82 

Tribal university/

college police 1 <1 1 100 

Total federal/state- operated agencies 24 9% 24 100% 

Bureau of Indian Afairs 

police agencies 23 9 23 100 

Alaska State Troopers 1 <1 1 100 

Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. The Census of Tribal 

Law Enforcement Agencies (CTLEA) includes tribal agencies that employed 

at least one full-time sworn law enforcement ofcer with general arrest 

powers or the authority to issue citations. Final CTLEA sample uses weights 

to adjust for non-response. 

*Excludes duplicate, subordinate, ineligible, and other out-of-scope 

agencies identifed in the CTLEA. 

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Tribal Law Enforcement 

Agencies, 2019. 

TRIBAL CRIME DATA-COLLECTION ACTIVITIES , 2020 | JULY 2020 2 
agencies (table 1). Tese agencies had at least one 

full-time sworn ofcer with arrest authority or authority 

to issue citations in Indian country. 

Te reference year for the 2019 CTLEA was 2018. 

Data collection began in August of 2019 and ended on 

December 31, 2019 with a 92% response rate among all 

tribal law enforcement agencies and a 100% response 

rate among federal and state police programs. Tere were 

238 completed responses and 20 non-respondents. 

Survey of Jails in Indian Country 

Indian country jails are administered by tribal authorities 

or the Bureau of Indian Afairs (BIA). Te Survey of 

Jails in Indian Country (SJIC) is BJS’s annual national 

data collection on jails and detention facilities in Indian 

country. BJS initiated the SJIC in 1998 as a component 

of the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ). Te SJIC includes 

Indian country facilities operated by tribal authorities or 

the BIA. Te survey collects facility-level data on the— 

 number of inmates

 conviction status of inmates

 capacity occupied, based on the average

daily population 

 midyear population

 peak population

 stafng

 ofense types.

BJS will release updated fndings from the survey in the 

summer of 2020. 

American Indian and Alaska Native inmates in 

local jails operated by city and county authorities 

Based on data from the ASJ, in 2018 the local jail 

incarceration rate for AIANs (401 per 100,000) was 

nearly double the local jail incarceration rate for all 

persons nationally (226 per 100,000) (fgure 1). About 

9,700 (1.3%) of the 738,400 inmates confned in local 

jails across the U.S. at midyear 2018 were AIANs.6 

6See Zeng, Z. (2020). Jail Inmates in 2018 (NCJ 253044). Bureau of 

Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ji18.pdf 

FIGUre 1 

Jail incarceration rates, by race or ethnicity,

2010-2018 

Rate per 100,000 

800 

700 

600 

500 American Indian/Alaska Nativea 

400 

300 

200 

100 Asiana Whitea 

0 

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015b 2016b 2017 2018 

- ~-----..... ......._ --..... 

Blacka

All Hispanic

Note: Rates are based on the number of confned inmates at midyear in local 

jails per 100,000 persons (for all races) or per 100,000 persons of a given race 

or ethnicity. Data are based on the inmate population confned on the last 

weekday in June and include both adults and juveniles, unless otherwise 

specifed. Data for other races (Native Hawaiians, Other Pacifc Islanders, 

and persons of two or more races) are not shown. See table 2 for rates and 

appendix table 1 for standard errors. 

aExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., excludes American Indians and 

Alaska Natives of Hispanic origin). 

bIn 2015 and 2016, the Annual Survey of Jails collected demographic 

data on inmate population at year-end instead of midyear. Because jails 

typically hold fewer inmates at year-end than at midyear, the 2015 and 

2016 inmate populations were adjusted for seasonal variation. 

Source: Zeng, Z. (2020). Jail Inmates in 2018 (NCJ 253044). Bureau of Justice 

Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ji18.pdf 

TRIBAL CRIME DATA-COLLECTION ACTIVITIES , 2020 | JULY 2020 3 
From 2010 through 2018, the jail incarceration rate for 

AIANs was about double the rate for whites or Hispanics. 

Blacks were the only racial group to have higher jail 

incarceration rates than AIANs from 2010 through 2018 

(table 2). 

TabLe 2 

Jail incarceration rates by race or ethnicity 2010-2018 , ,

Race or ethnicity 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015a 2016a 2017 2018* 

All 242 † 236 † 237 † 231 233 † 226 229 229 226 

Whiteb 167 † 167 † 173 † 174 † 178 † 178 † 180 † 187 187 

Blackb 745 † 721 † 709 † 668 † 667 † 640 † 633 † 616 592 

Hispanic 

American Indian/Alaska Nativeb 

Asianb 

235 † 

426 

31 † 

219 † 

410 

32 † 

212 † 

401 

30 † 

199 † 

437 

28 

200 † 

443 

32 † 

184 

378 

30 † 

196 † 

379 

30 † 

185 

366 

26 

182 

401 

26 

Otherb,c 26 † 26 † 34 33 24 † 36 40 39 50 

Note: Rates are based on the number of confned inmates at midyear in local jails per 100,000 persons (for all races) or per 100,000 persons of a given 

race or ethnicity. Data are based on the inmate population confned on the last weekday in June and include both adults and juveniles, unless otherwise 

specifed. See appendix table 1 for standard errors. 

*Comparison year. 

†Diference with comparison year is signifcant at the 95% confdence level. 

aIn 2015 and 2016, the Annual Survey of Jails collected demographic data on inmate population at year-end instead of midyear. Because jails typically hold 

fewer inmates at year-end than at midyear, the 2015 and 2016 inmate populations were adjusted for seasonal variation. 

bExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., excludes American Indians and Alaska Natives of Hispanic origin). 

cIncludes Native Hawaiians, Other Pacifc Islanders, and persons of two or more races. 

Source: Zeng, Z. (2020). Jail Inmates in 2018 (NCJ 253044). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ji18.pdf 

Findings in the Jail Inmates in 2018 report are based on 

the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ), a national survey of 

county, city, and regional jails administered by local 

law enforcement authorities, such as a sherif or jail 

administrator. Since 1982, the Bureau of Justice Statistics 

has conducted the ASJ to provide nationwide statistics 

on the number and characteristics of local jail inmates, 

inmate turnover, jail capacity, and the usage of jail space. 

Recidivism of American Indian and Alaska Native 

State Prisoners Released in 2005 

Among state prisoners released across 30 states in 2005, 

the overall cumulative arrest percentage for AIANs 

was similar to the overall percentage for all races or 

ethnicities (fgure 2). Te most recent data collection 

on recidivism was based on 67,966 prisoners who 

were randomly sampled to represent the 401,288 state 

prisoners released in 2005 across 30 states.7 Tese 30 

states were responsible for 77% of all persons released 

from state prisons that year nationwide. Tis was the 

frst BJS recidivism study on state prisoners to use a 

9-year follow-up period. More information about this

study is available in 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism:

A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014) (NCJ 250975, BJS,

May 2018).

7See Alper, M., Durose, M. R., & Markman, J. (2018). 2018 Update

on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014) 

(NCJ 250975). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/

content/pub/pdf/18upr9yfup0514.pdf 

FIGUre 2 

Cumulative percent of prisoners released across 30 

states in 2005 who were arrested following release,

by year after release, 2005-2014 

■ 

Percent 

All American Indian/Alaska Native* 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 

Note: Data on race or ethnicity were known for 99.86% of released 

prisoners. See appendix table 2 for estimates and appendix table 3 for 

standard errors. 

*Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., excludes American Indians and 

Alaska Natives of Hispanic origin). 

Source: Alper, M., Durose, M. R., & Markman, J. (2018). 2018 Update on 

Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014) (NCJ 250975). 

Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/ 

pdf/18upr9yfup0514.pdf 

TRIBAL CRIME DATA-COLLECTION ACTIVITIES , 2020 | JULY 2020 4 
BJS examined prisoner records and criminal-history data 

to assess (1) whether the recidivism rate among AIANs 

released across 30 states in 2005 difered from that of 

all prisoners released and (2) whether the percentage or 

rate of rearrests among AIANs released in 2005 changed 

during the 9-year follow-up period. About 1% (or 4,945) 

of the 401,288 state prisoners released in 2005 across the 

study’s 30 states were AIANs, and 69% of these released 

AIANs were arrested at least once during the frst 3 

years following release, compared to 68% of all released 

prisoners. At the end of the 9-year follow-up period, 85% 

had been arrested since release, compared to 83% of all 

released prisoners. 

Te annual arrest percentage among AIANs declined 

during the follow-up period. Forty-four percent of 

AIANs released from state prison in 2005 were arrested 

during the frst year afer release, 30% during the ffh 

year afer release, and 26% during the ninth year afer 

release (table 3). 

TabLe 3 

annual percent of prisoners released across 30 states in 2005 who were arrested following release, by race 

or ethnicity and year after release, 2005-2014 

Percent of 

released 

Race or ethnicity prisoners Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 

Alla 100% 44% 38% 34% 32% 30% 28% 27% 26% 24% 

Whiteb 40 40 35 32 30 29 27 26 25 23 

Blackb 40 46 41 36 34 32 30 29 27 25 

Hispanic 18 47 37 34 31 29 27 26 24 23 

American Indian/

Alaska Nativeb 1 44 38 39 32 30 31 35 31 26 

Asian/Native Hawaiian/

Other Pacifc Islanderb 1 45 39 30 31 25 25 26 28 21 

Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Data on race or ethnicity were known for 99.86% of released prisoners. See appendix table 4 for 

standard errors. 

aAll released prisoners includes persons of other unspecifed races (about 0.4% of the total), not shown separately. 

bExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., excludes American Indians and Alaska Natives of Hispanic origin). 

Source: Alper, M., Durose, M. R., & Markman, J. (2018). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014) (NCJ 250975). Bureau of Justice 

Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/18upr9yfup0514.pdf 

Federal justice statistics 

Te Federal Justice Statistics Program (FJSP) provides 

annual data on workload, activities, and outcomes 

associated with federal criminal cases. It acquires 

information on all aspects of processing in the federal 

justice system, including arrests, initial prosecutorial 

decisions, referrals to courts or magistrates, court 

dispositions, sentencing outcomes, sentence length, 

and time served. Te FJSP collects data from the 

U.S. Marshals Service, the Executive Ofce for 

U.S. Attorneys, the U.S. Ofce of Probation and Pretrial 

Services in the Administrative Ofce of the U.S. Courts, 

the U.S. Sentencing Commission, and the Federal 

Bureau of Prisons. Te FJSP captures information on an 

ofender’s race or ethnicity but not on tribal membership. 

Te most recent FJSP data are available in Federal Justice 

Statistics, 2015-2016 (NCJ 251770, BJS, January 2019). 

Among the more than 67,700 ofenders convicted in 

U.S. federal courts in 2016, a total of 1,357 were AIANs 

(table 4). 

TabLe 4 

Ofenders sentenced in U.S. district courts, by race,

FY 2012-2016 

Race 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 

Total 84,173 80,035 75,836 71,003 67,742 

White 55,508 52,384 53,632 51,638 49,106 

Black 16,506 15,922 15,940 14,814 14,673 

American Indian/

Alaska Native 1,355 1,429 1,417 1,367 1,357 

Asian/Pacifc 

Islander 1,358 1,367 1,494 1,322 1,189 

Other* 9,446 8,933 3,353 1,862 1,417 

Note: Race categories include persons of Hispanic origin. 

*Includes persons of other races, of two or more races, or for whom race 

was missing or unknown. 

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Criminal Case Processing 

Statistics, fscal years 2012-2016. 

TRIBAL CRIME DATA-COLLECTION ACTIVITIES , 2020 | JULY 2020 5 
Funding to enhance tribal participation in 

national records and information systems 

Since 2009, BJS has focused on improving tribal 

participation in national record and information systems 

by expanding tribal eligibility for funding under the 

National Criminal History Improvement Program 

(NCHIP) and the National Instant Criminal Background 

Check System (NICS) Act Record Improvement Program 

(NARIP). Initiated in 1995, the NCHIP provides grants 

to states, territories, and federally recognized tribes 

to improve the quality, timeliness, and accessibility of 

criminal-history records and related information. Te 

NARIP, enacted afer the April 2007 shooting at Virginia 

Tech University, provides grants to states and tribes to 

help them automate and submit complete records to the 

National Instant Criminal Background Check System 

(NICS) on persons who are prohibited from purchasing 

or possessing a frearm under federal or state law. 

From FY 2016 to FY 2019, BJS awarded four grants 

totaling $755,867 to tribes to improve and automate 

criminal-history records and databases. In FY 2019, 

BJS made an award under the FY 2019 NARIP to the 

Swinomish Indian tribe to automate the submission 

of new disposition records and submit 10 years of 

criminal-history information to the National Crime 

Information Center (NCIC). Te Tulalip Tribes of 

Washington received NARIP funds in FY 2016 and 

FY 2018 to automate tribal law enforcement and 

court records and improve the NICS and federal 

criminal-history record reporting. In FY 2016, the 

Miami Tribe of Oklahoma used NCHIP funds to acquire 

an NCIC terminal for submission of records and an 

automated live-scan fngerprint system to conduct 

background checks. 

Under the NCHIP, tribes may submit applications 

individually or as part of a multi-tribe consortium. BJS 

encourages states and tribes to strive for integrated 

records improvements, regardless of the funding source. 

Despite improvements among the states, challenges 

remain among tribal justice agencies. For example, many 

tribes do not have the technology to transmit records to 

national systems, either through their own infrastructure 

or the state’s. Some tribes have not yet converted their 

manual records to electronic versions. Many tribes 

are unable to submit qualifying records to the NCIC 

Protection Order File, and the FBI reports continued 

problems with the appropriate fagging of protection 

orders regarding the prohibition of frearm purchases. 

While federally recognized tribes are eligible to apply 

for NARIP funding, such funding can be used only 

to attain complete records directly related to NICS 

checks. Te NARIP addresses information gaps in 

NICS, including gaps in records of a person’s criminal 

history, felony convictions, warrants, protective orders, 

convictions for misdemeanors involving domestic 

violence and stalking, drug arrests and convictions, and 

mental-health adjudications. 

Indian Country Justice Statistics webpage 

BJS’s Indian Country Justice Statistics webpage 

presents information on and updates to BJS’s tribal data 

collections.8 It provides links to the latest information 

on victimization, law enforcement, courts, corrections, 

and criminal justice data-improvement funding. Tis 

page includes tables on violent and property ofenses 

known to tribal law enforcement by state from 2008 

to 2018, based on data from the FBI’s Uniform Crime 

Reporting program. 

8See https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=200000. 

Previously released reports 

Visit the BJS website for previously published reports in 

the following series: 

Tribal Crime Data-Collection Activities 

Jails in Indian Country 

Tribal Law Enforcement 

American Indians and Crime. 

TRIBAL CRIME DATA-COLLECTION ACTIVITIES, 2020 | JULY 2020 6 
aPPeNDIX TabLe 1 

Standard errors for table 2: Jail incarceration rates, by race or ethnicity, 2010-2018 

Race or ethnicity 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 

All 1.8 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.2 

White 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.6 

Black 8.4 8.9 11.9 12.4 11.9 8.9 9.1 9.8 10.3 

Hispanic 4.2 5.0 5.6 4.8 4.9 5.8 3.4 3.7 3.8 

American Indian/

Alaska Native 44.3 40.7 37.5 40.0 39.4 38.2 35.7 33.2 37.9 

Asian 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 

Other 2.8 2.4 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.3 4.8 3.5 10.1 

Source: Zeng, Z. (2020). Jail Inmates in 2018 (NCJ 253044). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ji18.pdf 

aPPeNDIX TabLe 2 

estimates for fgure 2: Cumulative percent of prisoners released across 30 states in 2005 who were arrested 

following release, by year after release, 2005-2014 

Percent of 

released 

Race or ethnicity prisoners Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 

Alla 100% 44% 60% 68% 74% 77% 79% 81% 82% 83% 

Whiteb 40 40 56 64 70 73 76 78 80 81 

Blackb 40 46 63 72 78 81 83 85 86 87 

Hispanic 18 47 62 69 73 76 78 79 81 81 

American Indian/

Alaska Nativeb 1 44 60 69 74 78 79 82 84 85 

Asian/Native Hawaiian/

Other Pacific Islander 1 45 61 69 73 75 76 77 78 79 b

Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Data on race or ethnicity were known for 99.86% of released prisoners. See appendix table 3 for 

standard errors.

aAll released prisoners includes persons of other unspecified races (about 0.4% of the total), not shown separately.

bExcludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., excludes American Indians and Alaska Natives of Hispanic origin).

Source: Alper, M., Durose, M. R., & Markman, J. (2018). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014) (NCJ 250975). Bureau of Justice 

Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/18upr9yfup0514.pdf

aPPeNDIX TabLe 3 

Standard errors for fgure 2: Cumulative percent of prisoners released across 30 states in 2005 who were 

arrested following release, by year after release, 2005-2014 

Percent of 

released 

Race or ethnicity prisoners Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 

All ~ 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

White 0.3% 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 

Black 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 

Hispanic 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 

American Indian/

Alaska Native 0.1 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 

0.1 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 

TRIBAL CRIME DATA-COLLECTION ACTIVITIES , 2020 | JULY 2020 7 

Asian/Native Hawaiian/

Other Pacific Islander

~Not applicable.

Source: Alper, M., Durose, M. R., & Markman, J. (2018). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014) (NCJ 250975). Bureau of Justice 

Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/18upr9yfup0514.pdf
aPPeNDIX TabLe 4 

Standard errors for table 3: annual percent of prisoners released across 30 states in 2005 who were arrested 

following release, by race or ethnicity and year after release, 2005-2014 

Percent of 

released 

Race or ethnicity prisoners Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 

All ~ 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 

White 0.3% 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 

Black 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 

Hispanic 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 

American Indian/

Alaska Native 0.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 

0.1 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.1 

TRIBAL CRIME DATA-COLLECTION ACTIVITIES , 2020 | JULY 2020 8 

~Not applicable.

Source: Alper, M., Durose, M. R., & Markman, J. (2018). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014) (NCJ 250975). Bureau of Justice 

Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/18upr9yfup0514.pdf

Asian/Native Hawaiian/

Other Pacific Islander
II I II II I IIII II I llll 111111111111111 

NCJ 254789 

YEARS OF sTJ\TISTICS 

Te Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the 

principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal 

victimization, criminal ofenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, 

and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, 

tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable 

statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports 

improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and 

participates with national and international organizations to develop and 

recommend national standards for justice statistics. Jefrey H. Anderson is 

the director. 

Tis report was written by Steven W. Perry. Matthew Durose and Leonardo 

Antenangeli verifed the report. 

Eric Hendrixson edited the report. Carrie Epps-Carey produced the report. 

July 2020, NCJ 254789 

Ofce of Justice Programs 

Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice 

www.ojp.gov