Executive Summary

A new information source, the Local

Employment Dynamics (LED) program for

Virginia, shows:

• The workforce is aging. From 1998

through 2002, an increasing percentage of the workforce was 45 years and

older. The proportion of people 65

years and older who continue working

has also increased, but slightly.

• Industries in which more than 1-in-5

workers were 55 years and older in

2002 include: museums, galleries, and

gardens; apparel from fabrics; and

local/suburban transit. These three

industries had many older workers,

employing more than 1,200 older

workers.

• An example of an industry with a high

turnover rate for workers 55 years and

older is the agricultural services industry.

• An example of an industry with a low

turnover rate for older workers is the

legal services industry.

• Industries where workers 65 years and

over are most likely to be employed

include the industries of business services, health services, and eating and

drinking places. Construction—special

trade is also an important source of

work for the oldest workers.

• On average, in 2002, for workers 65

years and over, 6,104 jobs were gained

and 9,544 jobs were lost. 

• Of the industries that employed more

than 500 workers 65 years and older,

the highest paying was engineering,

accounting, and research ($4,820 a

month). The industry with the highest

average monthly earnings in 2002 for

workers 65 years and older was security/commodity brokers ($8,666), but

the number of such workers was only

282. 

Introduction

A large wave of workers born during the

Baby Boom of 1946 to 1964 will be leaving the workforce over the next few

decades. A larger share than in past generations may "retire" to collect the pensions they earned over their work life and

then continue working part-time or in

more flexible working arrangements.1

Decision makers are looking at the economic and policy implications for a wide

range of programs and institutions,

including Social Security and Medicare;

financial markets; the housing market;

and recreation, transportation, and healthcare systems.

What the workforce of the future looks

like will depend on many factors. This

report focuses on one possible scenario

that some scholars consider to be reasonable. It assumes that Baby Boomers repliU.S.Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Issued July 2004

LED/OW-VA

A Profile Of Older Workers In 

Virginia

By 

Nick Carroll 

and 

Cynthia Taeuber

Sponsored by the 

National Institute on Aging

National Institutes of Health

Department of Health and 

Human Services

Local Employment Dynamics

1 The term "retirees" refers to workers who collect

pensions—who may have varied labor market experiences. Some may completely leave the labor force and

others may continue to work. Of those who continue to

work while they receive pensions, some may work fewer

than 35 hours a week, some may work only part of the

year, and others may continue in the labor force yearround and full-time. 

U S C E N S U S B U R E A U

Helping You Make Informed Decisions
cate the retirement behavior of

previous generations and that

immigrant workers do not fill all of

the jobs left vacant by these retirements. If these assumptions prove

accurate:

The United States will lose the

services of millions of highly

skilled, experienced workers.

Because of the baby dearth that

followed the Baby Boom, there

will not be many new workers to

replace them, even as the senior

adult population grows significantly. Labor force growth is

expected to fall from 1.1 percent per year in the 1990s to

0.36 percent per year in the

period 2010 to 2020.2

Regardless of how the future

unfolds, information about the

workforce decisions made by the

Baby Boomers can be useful to a

number of groups. Decision makers in Virginia need to know which

industries and regions of the state

are likely to be most affected by

changes in the size and composition of the labor force in coming

decades. Similarly, businesses

need such information both to

make more informed plans for

transitions and to pinpoint potential problem areas and new opportunities. Older workers who want

to continue working need to know

in what industries and in what

areas of Virginia jobs are available,

how flexible businesses are about

their working arrangements, and

the level of earnings they can

expect.

The Census Bureau, together with

state partners, is developing several new sources of information to

support these needs. The Local

Employment Dynamics (LED) program, one of the newest resources,

produces workforce indicators that

are updated every quarter for each

partner state and its metropolitan

areas, counties, and Workforce

Investment Areas.3 Statistics are

available without cost on the program's Web site

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov/> and

additional indicators are available

from partner states. The statistics

are historical and come from multiple, high-quality information

sources that include most of the

working population (see "Sources

and Accuracy of the Data" at the

end of this report for additional

information about coverage). 

The LED program is a partnership

between the Census Bureau and

participating states. As of February

2004, 29 states are partners with

the Census Bureau in creating this

information.4 Those 29 states cover

about 65 percent of America's

workers. Additional states are planning to join the partnership.

This report uses Quarterly

Workforce Indicators (QWIs) from

the LED program for the state of

Virginia to focus on two groups of

older workers: those who are likely to be receiving pension income

(65 and older), and the preretirement group (55–64 years old).

People in the preretirement group

may collect pensions within the

next ten years, but may or may

not continue to participate in the

labor force. 

With the LED, we can respond to

questions such as:

What changes are occurring in

the age composition of the workforce in a geographic area?

Which industries will be most

affected by the departure of

older workers from the workforce?

In what industries do older people tend to continue working

and under what circumstances?

Which industries create jobs for

older workers? Suffer the most

job losses? 

Which industries have the lowest

job turnover rates for older

workers?

How much do older workers

earn in various industry groups

and geographic areas?

As the LED statistics in this report

show, older workers in Virginia

have been an increasing proportion

of the labor force. We learn from

the LED information that older

workers tend to be employed in the

same industries that employ large

numbers of younger workers, but

the best-paid are those who work in

financial firms with relatively few

older workers. We do not know yet

whether Virginia will undergo rapid

and massive changes, or gradual

changes due to the retirement of

experienced workers of the Baby

Boom generation along with the

movement of workers into and out

of Virginia. We do know that both

have the potential to affect the age

2 U.S. Census Bureau

2 Penner, Rudolph, Pamela Perun, and

Eugene Steuerle. "Legal and Institutional

Impediments to Partial Retirement and PartTime Work by Older Workers," The Urban

Institute, 2002. 

3 Other related information sources from the

Census Bureau include the American

Community Survey <http://www.census.gov

/acs/www > and the economic census

<http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/econ2002

.html>.

4 As of February 2004, the partner states

whose data were being processed were: CA,

CO, FL, IA, ID, IL, KS, MD, MN, MO, MT, NC, NJ,

NM, OK, OR, PA, TX, VA, WA, WI, and WV.

Additional partner states include: AR, DE, GA,

KY, ME, MI, and ND. This is an ongoing project

and additional states are expected to join.

Quarterly Workforce

Indicators for partner states

and detailed information

about the LED program are

available at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>. 
distribution of the workforce significantly. Planners in Virginia will be

able to keep an eye on the impact

of such factors and emerging trends

by using the LED statistics.

How is the age composition of

the workforce in Virginia

changing?

The aging of Baby Boom workers

led to an increase in the proportion

of the workforce 45 years and

older from 1998 to 2002 in

Virginia. Many planners anticipate

this proportion will grow even

more rapidly over the next two

decades unless a large influx of

younger workers comes into

Virginia. In 1998, about 70 percent of Virginia workers were 14-

to-44 years old (Figure 1). By

2002, that figure had dropped to

about 66 percent of workers.

Nineteen percent of Virginia workers were 45-to-54 years old in

1998 and 21 percent were in that

age group in 2002.

The falling share of younger workers occurred across the economy

of Virginia. The share of workers

in Virginia who are 65 and older,

the traditional age when most

workers leave the labor force permanently, increased slightly, from

about 2.5 percent to 2.9 percent,

from 1998 to 2002.

Which industries will be most

affected by the aging

workforce? 

Unless there is an infusion of new

workers from outside Virginia, or

from other Virginia industries, the

industries identified in Figure 25

are those likely to be most affected

by the aging of the workforce.6 If

older workers seek either more

flexibility in hours or leave these

U.S. Census Bureau 3

Beginning-of-Quarter

Employment

Total number of workers 

who were employed by the

same employer in the 

reference and previous

quarters

Skill Level

Quarters of work experience

5 Workers in private households are not

shown in the text because the coverage of private households is low relative to other industries. 

6 Because the QWIs come from a mixture of

sources, they are not directly comparable with

statistics from worker-based surveys such as

the decennial census, the American Community

Survey, and the Current Population Survey.

Industries are based on the Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) system. The LED program

will convert from the SIC system to the North

American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

in early 2004. Some classification titles appear

to be similar but the detailed industry groups

that compose the categories may differ

between the SIC and NAICS systems. In addition, since the QWIs are updated quarterly, the

numbers in this report may differ slightly from

those on the current Web site. 

Figure 1.

Virginia Workforce by Age Group: 1998 to 2002

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program's Web site at 

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

[Percent of beginning-of-quarter employment]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Apr-98 Apr-99 Apr-00 Apr-01 Apr-02

65+

14-44

45-54

55-64 
industries completely, companies

may suffer a considerable loss of

skills and knowledge. Thus, industries with a high proportion of

workers near retirement might

need, for example, to plan for

increased training to respond to

the loss of older workers and their

institutional knowledge. 

Figure 2 shows that the museums,

galleries, and gardens industry in

Virginia had a high proportion of

older workers—about 19 percent

were 55–64 years old and about

10 percent were 65 years and

older. Other industries with a relatively high proportion of workers

55 years and older included textile

mill products (19 percent), apparel

from fabrics (21 percent), and

paper/allied products (17 percent).

These three industries have a large

number of older workers

(Appendix Table A1).

The demand for older workers

and job stability

An indicator of the degree to which

businesses need older workers is

the turnover rate of older workers

within an industry. Industries with

a history of relatively high

turnover rates may have little need

for specific skills and may find it

easy to replace employees. As a

result, firms in such industries may

be likely to pay relatively low

wages. A relatively low turnover

rate for a specific age group, such

as older workers, may indicate that

workers in that age group are relatively skilled or not readily

replaced. The LED data enable us,

for the first time, to identify the

nature of demand for older workers in particular industries. 

The job turnover rate is also a

measure of job stability. Older

workers who work in low turnover

industries may spend less time

looking for work and retraining for

new jobs. The average quarterly

turnover rate for all workers in

Virginia was 13.2 percent in 2002

(although this includes the relatively high turnover rates of teenagers

and young adults).7 For workers

65 years and older, it was 10.4

percent; for those 55 years and

older, 9.8 percent. 

Of the top ten industries in Virginia

employing workers 65 years and

older in 2002 (Table 1 and Figure

3), the eating and drinking places

(15.2 percent) and business services (14.9 percent) industries had

the highest average quarterly

4 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 2.

Selected Industries With a High Proportion of 

Older Workers by Age, for Virginia: 2002

Note: Details do not cover the total workforce in these age categories.

Source: Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, 

Local Employment Dynamics program's Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Total, all industries

Furniture/fixtures

Measuring/

analyzing instruments

Primary metal industries

Chemicals

Educational services

Fabricated metal products

Paper/allied products

Apparel from fabrics

Textile mill products

Museums, galleries, gardens

55-64

65+

[Percent of industry's workers. Includes only industries that employed 100 

or more workers in each age category in Virginia]

18.8

10.0

16.7

2.4

16.3

4.7

15.8 

1.1

15.7

2.2

15.5

3.8

15.3

1.0

14.8

1.1

14.7

2.2

14.7 

2.9

10.1

2.9

7 This is a simple average of four quarters in

a calendar year.
turnover rates; the lowest was the

wholesale trade—durables (7.0

percent) industry. 

Where do older workers work?

This section asks where older

workers are most concentrated

because the types of work performed by today's older workers

may indicate the work that older

people will perform in the future.

Planners might also examine the

type of work done by younger age

groups, such as those 35–44 years

old, for the changes they might

expect among older workers, given

differences in the type of education different age groups received

and changes in the needs of industries.

As shown in Figure 3, the industries where workers 65 years and

over were most likely to be

employed in Virginia in 2002 were

business services, health services,

and eating and drinking places

(employing 5 percent to 9 percent

of the workforce 65 years and

older, over 4,000 workers each),

and construction—special trade

(4.6 percent). Almost half of workers 65 years and older in Virginia

were employed in the ten industries shown in Figure 3, compared

with 50.9 percent of all workers.

Older and younger workers may be

employed in distinctly different

types of firms within these industries, however, and may be

assigned different tasks. 

Between 1998 and 2002, there were

few changes in the top ten industries

that employed the largest number of

workers 65 and older (Table 2).8

Despite the shuffling in rank, service

industries have long been the major

employers of the oldest workers in

Virginia.

Employment dynamics and

older workers

The employment numbers in the

preceding section show only one

part of the employment picture.

Even when levels of employment in

an industry change little, enormous

change can occur in the underlying

numbers. Economists refer to the

underlying changes as "job gain"

and "job loss." Even if employment

levels in an industry stay the same,

some firms add jobs and others

eliminate jobs. So, while Figure 3

identifies the industries that

employed a high proportion of workers 65 years and older in Virginia in

2002, LED program data reveal more

detail. LED indicators also tally the

number of jobs gained and lost by

older workers in the Virginia economy.9

The LED statistics reveal that, on

average in Virginia in 2002, for

workers 65 years and older, 6,104

jobs were created a quarter

(Appendix Table A4) and 9,544 were

lost (Appendix Table A5)—on

U.S. Census Bureau 5

8 Historical statistics are consistent in the

LED program, so it is possible to make comparisons of statistics over time.

Table 1.

Job Stability in Virginia by Industry: 2002

[Top 10 industries statewide employing workers 65 and older]

Industry Workers 65

and older

(number)

Average quarterly

turnover rate

for workers

65 and older

(percent)

Average quarterly

turnover rate

for workers

14 and older

(percent)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Business services ........................... 7,396 14.9 16.6 304,909

Health services .............................. 6,305 9.4 11.2 236,316

Eating and drinking places .................... 4,655 15.2 20.6 211,625

Construction–special trade .................... 3,741 14.1 15.0 131,337

Engineering, accounting, and research ......... 3,723 8.8 11.3 144,856

Miscellaneous retail .......................... 3,430 8.4 14.3 82,385

Food stores . ................................ 3,207 7.4 13.1 93,350

Wholesale trade–durables .................... 2,834 7.0 9.7 87,775

Social services .............................. 2,701 9.9 14.1 61,143

Car dealers and gas stations .................. 2,664 9.7 14.0 64,679

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Tables

A1 and A2. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Turnover Rate — A measure

of workforce stability, the

turnover rate reflects the

movement of workers into

and out of jobs.

Turnover rate = 

(A worker who retires is

included in the turnover rate.)

* ( ) 2

1

, -1

+

t t

t t

average employment

accessions separations

9 Job losses for older workers can happen in

two ways—a firm can actually reduce employment, or it can substitute a younger worker for

an older worker who may have taken another

job, retired, or left involuntarily.
average, a net decrease of 3,439

such workers employed a quarter.

The industries that created the most

jobs for workers 65 years and older

(Table 3) were business services,

with 642 jobs created on average a

quarter, followed by eating and

drinking places (504 jobs). The

industries that lost the most jobs for

the oldest workers were business

services (1,028 jobs a quarter lost

on average), eating and drinking

places (677 jobs), and health services (650 jobs). These changes represented, in Virginia in 2002, an average net loss of 386 jobs in business

services, 173 jobs in eating and

drinking places, and 261 jobs in

health services.

What do older workers earn?

On average, full-quarter workers

65 years and older in 2002 earned

$2,196 a month in Virginia, and

workers of all ages averaged

$3,217 a month (Table 4 and

Appendix Table A6).

As is the case for all workers, the

average earnings levels of older

workers vary greatly among industries. For example, in the business

services industry, which employed

9.0 percent of all workers 65 years

and older in Virginia in 2002, the

average monthly earnings were

$2,591. Workers 14 and older in

that industry had average monthly

earnings of $4,303. About 8 percent of the oldest workers in

Virginia were employed by the

health services industry, and they

had average monthly earnings of

$2,598. Of the top ten industries

of older workers in Virginia in

2002, the industry with the highest average monthly earnings was

engineering, accounting, and

research, with an average of

$4,820 a month; the lowest was

car dealers and gas stations, with

an average of $1,031 a month.

Among all industry groups, security/commodity brokers had the highest average monthly earnings in

2002 for workers 65 years and

older—$8,666—compared with

$8,130 for all workers in this industry (Table 5). The number of workers 65 years and older in this industry is relatively small—282 workers.

Other high paying industries

include holding/other investment

offices, nondepository institutions,

and engineering, accounting, and

research. Three industries that

employed 500 or more workers 65

years and older—engineering,

accounting and research, legal services, and transportation equipment

—were relatively high paying, with

earnings of $4,820, $4,309 and

$4,181 a month, respectively.

6 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 3.

Workers 65 Years and Older in Selected Industries 

for Virginia: 2002

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local 

Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Table A3. See Web site at 

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

[Percent of workers aged 65+ years]

Car dealers/gas stations

Social services

Wholesale trade—durables

Food stores

Miscellaneous retail

Engineering, accounting, 

and research

Construction—special trade

Eating and drinking places

Health services

Business services 9.0

7.7

4.6

4.5

4.2

3.9

3.5

3.3

3.2

5.7

Job Gain — New jobs created

either by new businesses

opening or by existing firms

adding new jobs

Job Loss — Jobs lost to the

economy when businesses

close or reduce employment

Net Job Flow — The difference

between current and previous

beginning-of-quarter employment across all businesses
Summary

This report provides answers to

several key questions related to

the aging of Virginia's workforce:

• What is the age composition of

the workforce and what are the

changes over time?

• Which industries are likely to be

affected by the aging of the

workforce?

• Which industries have the lowest turnover rates of older workers?

• In which industries are older

workers most likely to be

employed?

• How much do older workers

earn?

In Virginia in 2002, the industries

that employed the highest proportions of workers 55–64 years old,

and hence were likely to be affected by retirements in the coming

decade were museums, galleries,

U.S. Census Bureau 7

Table 2.

Top Ten Employers in Virginia Employing Workers 65 and Older by Rank:

1998 and 2002

1998

rank

2002

rank Industry

Number of workers 65 and older

Percent change,

1998-2002

Number of workers 14 and older,

1998 2002 2002

1 1 Business services ...................... 5,974 7,396 23.8 304,909

2 2 Health services ........................ 4,697 6,305 34.2 236,316

3 3 Eating and drinking places .............. 3,107 4,655 49.8 211,625

7 4 Construction–special trade . . ............ 2,555 3,741 46.4 131,337

5 5 Engineering, accounting, and research . . . 2,757 3,723 35.0 144,856

4 6 Miscellaneous retail . ................... 2,764 3,430 24.1 82,385

6 7 Food stores . . ......................... 2,599 3,207 23.4 93,350

8 8 Wholesale trade–durables ............... 2,413 2,834 17.4 87,775

13 9 Social services . ........................ 2,072 2,701 30.3 61,143

10 10 Car dealers and gas stations . ........... 2,309 2,664 15.4 64,679

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 1998 and 2002,

Appendix Tables A1 and A3. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Table 3.

Job Gains and Losses Among Industry Groups in Virginia by Industry: 2002

[Average number of jobs per quarter]

Top ten industries that created jobs

for workers 65 and over Jobs created1 Jobs lost1 Net change2

Total employment

65 and older 14 and older

Business services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 1,028 –386 7,396 304,909

Eating and drinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 677 –173 4,655 211,625

Construction–special trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 604 –134 3,741 131,337

Health services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 650 –261 6,305 236,316

Personal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 322 –48 2,600 38,406

Engineering, accounting, and research . . . . . . . . . . . 261 391 –130 3,723 144,856

Car dealers and gas stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 310 –95 2,664 64,679

Miscellaneous retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 362 –150 3,430 82,385

Food stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 299 –106 3,207 93,350

Amusement/recreation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 245 –66 1,681 41,177

1 Averages are rounded to whole numbers. 2 Computed from actual averages, not from the rounded whole numbers as shown in this

table.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Tables

A1, A4, and A5. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Full-Quarter Employment

Total number of workers who were employed by the same employer

in the reference, previous, and subsequent quarters

Average Earnings for Full-Quarter Employees

Total earnings of all workers employed the full quarter divided by the

number of such workers 
and gardens; textile mill products;

and apparel from fabrics.

Museums, galleries, and gardens

and apparel from fabrics had high

proportions of workers 65 years

and older. In terms of pay, older

workers tended to fare best in

industries with relatively few older

workers and, as for all workers, in

industries with many highly

trained, professional employees,

such as in financial firms.

SOURCES AND ACCURACY

OF THE DATA

Background

The U.S. Census Bureau and partner states produce Quarterly

Workforce Indicators (QWIs) for

each state, metropolitan area,

county, and Workforce Investment

Board area. QWIs for other geographic areas are available through

the state partners. 

The QWIs are updated each quarter

and annual averages are available

at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Overview

The QWIs are key economic indicators selected jointly by the Census

Bureau and its partner states. Each

QWI provides a critical measure of

an area's economy and is a tool to

understand changes in the core

performance of local economies. 

The QWIs are updated 7 months

after the end of a quarter, which

makes them a current and a historical time series to monitor economic change. They serve as early

indicators to states and local areas

of emerging trends and help to

identify turning points in the

8 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 4.

Average Monthly Earnings Among Top Ten Industries in Virginia by Age: 2002

[Full-quarter earnings]

Industry

Average monthly

earnings for workers

65 and older

(dollars)

Average monthly

earnings for workers

14 and older

(dollars)

Workers 65

and older

(number)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Total ..................................... 2,196 3,217 81,995 2,788,457

Business services ........................... 2,591 4,303 7,396 304,909

Health services .............................. 2,598 3,323 6,305 236,316

Eating and drinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,112 1,189 4,655 211,625

Construction–special trade .................... 2,450 2,933 3,741 131,337

Engineering, accounting, and research ......... 4,820 5,393 3,723 144,856

Miscellaneous retail .......................... 1,300 1,799 3,430 82,385

Food stores ................................. 1,123 1,574 3,207 93,350

Wholesale trade–durables .................... 2,593 4,508 2,834 87,775

Social services .............................. 1,286 1,855 2,701 61,143

Car dealers and gas stations .................. 1,031 3,010 2,664 64,679

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Table A6.

See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

Table 5.

Average Monthly Earnings of Workers in Virginia by Age: 2002

[Full-quarter earnings. Includes only industries that employed 100 or more workers 65 and older in Virginia]

Industry

Average monthly

earnings of workers

65 and older

(dollars)

Average monthly

earnings of workers

14 and older

(dollars)

Workers 65

and older

(number)

Workers 14

and older

(number)

Security/commodity brokers ................... 8,666 8,130 282 11,199

Holding/other investment offices . . . ............ 8,346 7,344 167 4,314

Nondepository institutions ..................... 5,731 6,597 250 37,820

Engineering, accounting, and research ......... 4,820 5,393 3,723 144,856

Primary metal industries ...................... 4,793 3,504 106 9,280

Legal services ............................... 4,309 5,114 702 24,028

Transportation equipment ..................... 4,181 4,189 595 40,765

Rubber and plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,113 3,262 247 23,686

Chemicals . . . ............................... 3,984 4,451 191 18,544

Electronic/electrical equipment . ............... 3,826 3,818 311 21,326

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002, Appendix Tables

A1 and A6. See Web site at <http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
dynamics of the workforce and

specific industries. 

The database covers about 98 percent of the labor force.10 The QWIs

are derived from state administrative records and basic demographic information from other existing

sources. Some information about

the workforce is not now available

in this database, including hours

and weeks worked, educational

attainment, occupation, and

whether workers worked for an

entire quarter or a part of the quarter. The Census Bureau is working

on long-term plans to include

information of this type, particularly educational and occupational

information. There are other types

of errors in administrative data,

including coding errors in personal

identifiers, coding errors in business identifiers, and errors in wage

records (see the technical documentation on 

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>). 

Because the QWIs come from a

mixture of sources, they are not

directly comparable with statistics

from worker-based surveys, such

as the decennial census, the

American Community Survey, and

the Current Population Survey.

Industries are based on the

Standard Industrial Classification

(SIC) system. The LED program

will convert from the SIC system to

the North American Industry

Classification System (NAICS) in

early 2004. Some classification

titles appear to be similar but the

detailed industry groups that compose the categories may differ

between the SIC and NAICS systems.

Enhanced Unemployment

Insurance (UI) wage records are the

basic data source for the QWIs.

Administrative records and the surveys differ in coverage, the timing

of data collection, and concept definitions. The QWIs are not exactly

comparable with establishment

surveys either, such as those from

the Bureau of Labor Statistics'

Quarterly Census of Employment

and Wages (QCEW) program, which

capture employment at an establishment on the 12th of the month.

The LED database can respond to a

wide variety of questions about

the workforce because it allows

multiple definitions of "employment." That is because the QWIs

are job-based statistics and different from the worker-based statistics familiar to many researchers.11

The LED database includes all jobs

held:

1. In a quarter, regardless of length

of time the job is held

2. At the beginning of a quarter (the measure used in this

report)

3. At the end of a quarter

4. For a full quarter

The measure that is closest to the

QCEW definition of employment is

the second one, jobs held at the

beginning of a quarter. This second measure has the additional

advantage that the trends are similar to those shown by worker-based

surveys such as the decennial census, although the levels differ. 

Another difference among datasets

is measurement of earnings.

According to the BLS Handbook of

Methods (1997), UI wage records

measure "gross wages and salaries,

bonuses, stock options, tips, and

other gratuities, and the value of

meals and lodging, where supplied." They do not include Old Age

Survivor and Disability Insurance

(OASDI), health insurance, workers'

compensation, unemployment

insurance, private pensions, and

welfare funds. The LED database

does not include the number of

hours or weeks an employee

worked. Thus, what appears for an

industry such as retail trade to be

low average earnings in a given

year or quarter may be the result of

relatively low hourly wages, not

working many hours in the time

period, or both. In retail trade,

much of the work is part-time and

this affects the LED measure of

average earnings. 

The confidentiality of the

statistics is protected.

The Census Bureau and the state

partners are committed to protecting the confidentiality of the data in

the LED files. Technically, the

approach to avoid disclosure of individual information is to combine cell

suppression methodology with the

addition of statistical noise, controlling key measures to county

employment levels as reported by

the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In

plainer English, the statistical techniques the Census Bureau uses

mean that the actual statistics are

not shown if the numbers in a cell

are small. Rather, the statistics that

are shown are "fuzzy," that is, close

to the actual information but not

exact.

Only Census Bureau employees or

individuals who have Special Sworn

Status are permitted to work with

the data. Everyone who has access

to Title 13 data must have an official

security clearance based on a background check, including fingerprinting. Additionally, they are subject to

U.S. Census Bureau 9

11 For the QWIs, a "job" is defined as equivalent records for an employer and employee.

10 The database for each state covers about

98 percent of nonagricultural, private wage and

salaried employment. Most state and local government employees are included, but many federal workers are not (depending on the state).

The remaining 2 percent are railroad workers

and workers for some non-profit organizations.

Self-employed workers and independent contractors are not in the covered universe. See:

U.S. Census Bureau, David W. Stevens and Julia

Lane, "Employment That Is Not Covered By

State Unemployment," Technical Paper No. TP2002-16, January 2002, available on

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
a fine of up to $250,000, up to five

years in jail, or both, if confidential

information is disclosed. The

Census Bureau and state data custodians review all projects before

release to avoid disclosure of confidential information. 

More detailed information about the

confidentiality protection system is

available under the "Confidentiality"

menu at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>. 

Why the Census Bureau

produces the LED statistics

The Census Bureau and the state

partners are committed to protecting the integrity of information and

producing the highest quality statistics. We accomplish this by

ensuring that the LED program is

consistent with the Census

Bureau's legal authority and mission, that the methodologies used

are the best alternatives, and that

the LED program produces demonstrated benefits. 

The state partners and the Census

Bureau both benefit from the LED

program. The state partners fulfill

their mandate to provide high

quality regional labor market information and the Census Bureau

improves the economic and demographic survey estimates and intercensal population estimates.

Specifically, the LED program supports Census Bureau research on

improving the quality, use, and

analysis of its census, survey, and

estimation-based data products.

Estimates of the employed population by demographic, geographic,

and industrial detail enhance the

Census Bureau's existing agencywide programs. In particular, estimates of workers in each county

and industry, in conjunction with

statistical information about

employers, will provide longneeded and critical but previously

unavailable information for key

programs such as the demographic

survey estimates and the intercensal population estimates program. Census Bureau programs

will benefit from new information

on turnover, job gain, and job loss

by age and sex, and information

on the employment of individuals

in each county. 

More information about the benefits of the LED program may be

found on the LED Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research for and production of this

report were supported under an

interagency agreement with the

Behavioral and Social Research

Program, National Institute on Aging,

Agreement No. Y1-AG-9415-01.

10 U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau 11

Table A1.

Employment in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total, age group. . . ..................................... 1,847,671 576,728 282,064 81,995 2,788,457

Agriculture

Agricultural production–crops ................................. 3,398 1,140 649 504 5,690

Agricultural production–livestock .............................. 2,089 805 422 252 3,568

Agricultural services . ........................................ 21,869 4,285 1,568 821 28,542

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 109 46 16 453

Fishing, hunting, and trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 32 *21 *7 171

Mining

Metal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 *28 4 - 127

Coal mining . . . ............................................. 2,511 2,400 609 33 5,554

Oil and gas extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 140 36 4 666

Mining/quarrying–nonmetallic ................................. 2,018 931 480 100 3,529

Construction

Building construction–general contractors ...................... 28,689 10,515 4,581 1,220 45,004

Construction other than building . ............................. 18,826 6,186 3,345 1,048 29,404

Construction–special trade ................................... 92,686 24,477 10,433 3,741 131,337

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products .................................. 24,694 8,908 3,841 813 38,255

Tobacco products ........................................... *2,362 *2,749 *674 *125 *5,910

Textile mill products ......................................... 11,959 6,060 3,716 534 22,269

Apparel from fabrics ........................................ 4,563 2,128 1,385 395 8,471

Lumber and wood products .................................. 16,639 6,241 3,179 985 27,043

Furniture and fixtures ....................................... 9,760 4,325 2,510 490 17,084

Paper and allied products .................................... 8,531 4,348 2,451 171 15,500

Printing and publishing ...................................... 22,030 8,263 3,901 939 35,131

Chemicals . . . .............................................. 9,385 6,141 2,828 191 18,544

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 226 76 *16 657

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 14,551 6,039 2,850 247 23,686

Leather and leather products ................................. *192 *111 *58 *10 *370

Stone, clay, and glass ....................................... 6,882 2,820 1,393 396 11,492

Primary metal industries ..................................... 4,933 2,867 1,373 106 9,280

Fabricated metal products ................................... 9,285 4,711 2,668 378 17,042

Industrial and commercial machinery .......................... 15,663 6,543 3,161 462 25,828

Electronic and electrical equipment ........................... 12,465 5,728 2,823 311 21,326

Transportation equipment .................................... 22,465 11,867 5,838 595 40,765

Measuring and analyzing instruments ......................... 6,239 *3,224 *1,680 255 11,398

Miscellaneous manufacturing ................................. 2,690 1,067 536 162 4,454

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . .................................... ---- -

Local/suburban transit ....................................... 4,624 2,062 1,219 498 8,402

Motor freight transportation .................................. 24,866 10,142 5,191 1,419 41,617

Water transportation ........................................ 3,763 1,720 786 119 6,388

Transportation by air ........................................ 21,330 7,511 2,943 272 32,055

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 *29 *8 - 69

Transportation services ...................................... 6,561 1,985 1,043 305 9,894

Communications . ........................................... 36,715 10,903 3,774 430 51,822

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . ....................... 10,310 6,608 1,889 156 18,963

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade–durables . . . ................................ 54,529 20,548 9,865 2,834 87,775

Wholesale trade–nondurables ................................ 34,823 12,400 5,843 1,724 54,789

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware ................................. 16,537 4,944 2,842 1,069 25,391

General merchandise stores ................................. 60,982 15,784 8,568 3,394 88,728

Food stores . ............................................... 66,527 15,520 8,097 3,207 93,350

Car dealers, gas stations .................................... 42,640 12,583 6,793 2,664 64,679

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 23,236 2,921 1,658 736 28,551

Home furniture stores ....................................... 25,937 5,872 3,005 1,000 35,814

Eating and drinking places . . ................................. 176,420 21,782 8,768 4,655 211,625

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 55,626 14,926 8,404 3,430 82,385

APPENDIX TABLES
12 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A1.

Employment in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 34,243 11,032 5,087 889 51,251

Nondepository institutions .................................... 29,207 6,161 2,202 250 37,820

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 7,412 2,326 1,179 282 11,199

Insurance carriers . . ........................................ 23,605 8,539 3,165 361 35,669

Insurance agents and brokers ................................ 8,382 3,443 1,957 558 14,338

Real estate ................................................ 27,252 9,982 5,910 2,573 45,717

Holding/other investment offices . . . ........................... 2,556 1,021 570 167 4,314

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ................................... 31,305 8,852 4,417 1,732 46,306

Personal services . . ......................................... 23,498 7,455 4,853 2,600 38,406

Business services .......................................... 213,448 57,132 26,933 7,396 304,909

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 21,490 5,464 2,848 1,348 31,150

Miscellaneous repair services ................................ 5,901 2,182 1,172 400 9,654

Motion pictures ............................................. 8,562 1,021 394 139 10,116

Amusement and recreation . . . ............................... 31,336 5,320 2,841 1,681 41,177

Health services ............................................. 141,974 60,560 27,477 6,305 236,316

Legal services .............................................. 14,996 5,593 2,738 702 24,028

Educational services ........................................ 20,072 9,710 5,735 1,421 36,937

Social services ............................................. 38,855 12,795 6,793 2,701 61,143

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,119 1,083 846 449 4,498

Membership organizations . . ................................. 21,135 8,020 4,835 1,453 35,444

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 91,051 32,312 17,771 3,723 144,856

Private households ......................................... 4,572 2,866 2,413 1,616 11,465

Services, not classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 206 105 16 887

- Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 13

Table A2.

Average Quarterly Turnover Rates in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002

[In percent]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total, age group . . . .................................... 21.8 9.9 9.1 10.4 13.2

Agriculture

Agricultural production–crops ................................. 22.9 13.0 12.3 *15.9 16.2

Agricultural production–livestock .............................. 17.4 7.0 7.3 7.6 9.8

Agricultural services . ........................................ 20.3 11.4 11.4 16.8 15.7

Forestry ................................................... 15.8 *9.1 *13.3 - 12.2

Fishing, hunting, and trapping ................................ 25.8 *9.5 12.8 - 15.4

Mining

Metal mining ............................................... 21.5 - - - 673.0

Coal mining ................................................ 17.6 8.3 10.1 12.4 10.3

Oil/gas extraction ........................................... 17.9 *11.5 *13.5 - 13.9

Mining/quarrying–nonmetallic ................................. 15.0 4.2 *4.2 *8.8 6.4

Construction

Building construction–general contractors ...................... 22.0 10.9 10.5 12.9 13.7

Construction other than building . ............................. 24.9 14.4 12.1 14.2 16.7

Construction–special trade ................................... 21.6 11.6 10.7 14.1 15.0

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products .................................. 21.3 *8.5 *8.6 *11.3 11.9

Tobacco products ........................................... *70.9 *118.1 *48.4 *25.3 *77.1

Textile mill products ......................................... 22.3 10.3 10.4 10.6 11.6

Apparel from fabrics ........................................ 19.0 9.1 8.0 *11.6 11.1

Lumber and wood products .................................. 20.5 7.9 6.7 10.2 10.1

Furniture and fixtures ....................................... 20.1 *6.6 *6.5 8.7 8.4

Paper and allied products .................................... 15.1 *7.5 *7.2 12.3 8.1

Printing and publishing ...................................... 18.9 6.3 6.4 8.2 8.1

Chemicals . . . .............................................. 18.3 *7.4 8.8 *7.9 7.8

Petroleum refining .......................................... 16.4 *15.5 *10.2 *13.4 15.4

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 17.8 *7.7 *8.3 *8.6 8.8

Leather and leather products ................................. 18.2 *11.4 *13.7 - 13.2

Stone, clay, and glass ....................................... 23.0 11.4 10.5 11.0 13.1

Primary metal industries ..................................... 15.1 *4.0 *4.7 *9.2 6.2

Fabricated metal products ................................... 20.2 4.8 4.4 8.5 6.9

Industrial and commercial machinery .......................... 16.5 6.5 *6.3 8.9 7.6

Electronic and electrical equipment ........................... *18.4 *6.3 *7.0 *9.6 *7.9

Transportation equipment .................................... *32.1 *15.5 *17.0 *10.7 *17.1

Measuring and analyzing instruments ......................... 32.3 *16.4 *17.2 *14.8 17.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing ................................. 20.3 7.4 *7.5 *10.0 9.8

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . .................................... ---- -

Local/suburban transit ....................................... 27.2 13.0 13.2 12.9 15.5

Motor freight transportation .................................. 22.6 10.4 9.1 10.8 12.8

Water transportation ........................................ 28.6 *17.4 *19.0 *15.9 20.0

Transportation by air ........................................ *20.9 *8.1 *9.2 *11.4 *10.4

Pipelines, except natural gas ................................. 20.1 *9.7 - - 11.1

Transportation services ...................................... 19.8 8.2 7.5 *8.8 10.6

Communications . ........................................... 23.5 16.7 14.6 *10.7 16.8

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . ......................... 18.0 2.8 *4.6 *10.2 4.6

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade–durables . . . ................................ 18.4 7.6 7.2 7.0 9.7

Wholesale trade–nondurables ................................ 19.6 9.3 8.5 8.4 11.1

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware ................................. 21.2 *10.6 *9.1 8.0 13.6

General merchandise stores ................................. 20.9 *8.6 7.2 *7.4 13.0

Food stores . ............................................... 19.0 7.8 6.9 7.4 13.1

Car dealers and gas stations ................................. 21.4 10.8 9.6 9.7 14.0

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 24.4 10.7 8.4 8.4 19.8

Home furniture stores ....................................... 19.7 8.6 7.5 6.5 12.7

Eating and drinking places ................................... 24.5 13.3 12.0 15.2 20.6

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 21.4 9.7 8.3 8.4 14.3
14 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A2.

Average Quarterly Turnover Rates in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

[In percent]

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 17.5 6.7 6.9 8.3 9.0

Nondepository institutions .................................... 21.6 6.3 6.2 *7.4 7.3

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 21.0 7.1 6.9 *7.0 8.8

Insurance carriers .......................................... 16.9 7.7 8.0 9.4 9.1

Insurance agents and brokers ................................ 17.4 6.9 6.4 6.7 9.1

Real estate ................................................ 22.6 9.5 8.1 7.7 12.2

Holding/other investment offices . . . ........................... 23.4 8.1 *6.3 6.8 9.6

Services

Hotels/other lodging places .................................. 24.1 12.5 11.0 13.1 16.1

Personal services . . ......................................... 22.3 12.2 11.3 10.7 14.9

Business services .......................................... 27.6 13.9 12.5 14.9 16.6

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 22.2 9.7 9.1 10.4 13.5

Miscellaneous repair services ................................ 18.3 8.7 8.2 8.4 11.1

Motion pictures ............................................. 29.4 13.9 11.2 16.8 23.3

Amusement and recreation . ................................. 25.5 12.4 11.9 12.5 19.0

Health services ............................................. 19.4 8.7 8.1 9.4 11.2

Legal services .............................................. 19.8 6.0 5.5 6.2 8.5

Educational services ........................................ 25.3 10.8 9.9 13.2 13.4

Social services ............................................. 22.3 10.7 10.1 9.9 14.1

Museums, galleries, and gardens ............................. 15.6 4.8 *5.3 *8.4 7.7

Membership organizations . . ................................. 21.0 8.0 7.2 9.1 10.4

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 22.3 9.1 8.3 8.8 11.3

Private households ......................................... 22.3 10.4 10.2 9.5 11.9

Services, not classified ...................................... 17.9 11.0 *8.8 *17.7 12.3

- Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 15

Table A3.

Virginia Employment by Industry and Age: 1998 and 2002

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry

Under 65 65 and older

1998 2002 1998 2002

Total . . ......................................................... 2,619,621 2,706,463 65,926 81,995

Agriculture

Agricultural production–crops .......................................... 5,736 5,186 499 504

Agricultural production–livestock ....................................... 3,227 3,316 176 252

Agricultural services . ................................................. 22,472 27,722 593 821

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 436 17 16

Fishing, hunting, and trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 164 *6 *7

Mining

Metal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 128 - -

Coal mining . . . ...................................................... 6,333 5,520 32 33

Oil/gas extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 664 - 4

Mining/quarrying–nonmetallic .......................................... 3,301 3,429 105 100

Construction

Building construction–general contractors ............................... 40,269 43,784 1,000 1,220

Construction other than building ....................................... 29,754 28,357 775 1,048

Construction–special trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,438 127,596 2,555 3,741

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products ........................................... 42,082 37,443 777 813

Tobacco products .................................................... *10,356 *5,785 *136 *125

Textile mill products .................................................. 36,243 21,735 512 534

Apparel from fabrics ................................................. 15,313 8,076 470 395

Lumber and wood products ........................................... 27,194 26,058 849 985

Furniture and fixtures ................................................ 22,459 16,594 621 490

Paper and allied products ............................................. 18,377 15,330 150 171

Printing and publishing ............................................... 37,717 34,193 816 939

Chemicals . . . ....................................................... 21,175 18,354 158 191

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 640 *8 *16

Rubber and plastics .................................................. 22,317 23,440 163 247

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 *360 17 *10

Stone, clay, and glass ................................................ 11,975 11,096 295 396

Primary metal industries .............................................. 9,714 9,174 88 106

Fabricated metal products ............................................ 19,861 16,664 265 378

Industrial and commercial machinery ................................... 31,148 25,366 420 462

Electronic and electrical equipment .................................... 31,720 21,015 361 311

Transportation equipment ............................................. 43,178 40,170 308 595

Measuring and analyzing instruments .................................. 12,169 11,143 204 255

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,116 4,292 110 162

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . ............................................. - - - -

Local/suburban transit ................................................ 7,672 7,904 403 498

Motor freight transportation ........................................... 41,175 40,198 1,130 1,419

Water transportation ................................................. 6,990 6,269 129 119

Transportation by air ................................................. 32,647 31,783 275 272

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 68 - -

Transportation services ............................................... 9,977 9,589 262 305

Communications . .................................................... 52,023 51,392 411 430

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . .................................. 20,809 18,806 170 156

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade–durables ............................................ 88,501 84,942 2,413 2,834

Wholesale trade–nondurables ......................................... 57,120 53,066 1,637 1,724

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware .......................................... 24,265 24,323 981 1,069

General merchandise stores .......................................... 75,839 85,334 2,373 3,394

Food stores ......................................................... 93,454 90,144 2,599 3,207

Car dealers and gas stations .......................................... 63,258 62,015 2,309 2,664

Apparel and accessory stores ......................................... 26,456 27,815 741 736

Home furniture stores ................................................ 33,228 34,814 823 1,000

Eating and drinking places ............................................ 182,455 206,970 3,107 4,655

Miscellaneous retail .................................................. 71,870 78,955 2,764 3,430
16 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A3.

Virginia Employment by Industry and Age: 1998 and 2002 — Con.

[Beginning-of-quarter employment]

Industry

Under 65 65 and older

1998 2002 1998 2002

Finance, Insurance and Real Estate

Depository institutions ................................................ 46,823 50,362 739 889

Nondepository institutions ............................................. 28,395 37,570 170 250

Security and commodity brokers ....................................... 9,230 10,916 230 282

Insurance carriers ................................................... 32,316 35,308 242 361

Insurance agents and brokers ......................................... 12,586 13,781 466 558

Real estate ......................................................... 39,934 43,144 2,147 2,573

Holding/other investment offices . . . .................................... 3,313 4,147 141 167

Services

Hotels/other lodging places ........................................... 46,080 44,575 1,416 1,732

Personal services . . .................................................. 33,772 35,806 2,207 2,600

Business services ................................................... 268,619 297,513 5,974 7,396

Car repair, services, and parking ...................................... 26,643 29,802 1,000 1,348

Miscellaneous repair services ......................................... 8,785 9,254 264 400

Motion pictures ...................................................... 10,505 9,978 107 139

Amusement and recreation . . . ........................................ 37,012 39,496 1,311 1,681

Health services ...................................................... 212,159 230,011 4,697 6,305

Legal services ....................................................... 21,062 23,326 550 702

Educational services ................................................. 32,219 35,517 1,196 1,421

Social services ...................................................... 51,336 58,442 2,072 2,701

Museums, galleries, and gardens ...................................... 3,764 4,049 352 449

Membership organizations . . .......................................... 31,560 33,990 1,184 1,453

Engineering, accounting, and research ................................. 122,154 141,133 2,757 3,723

Private households .................................................. 10,509 9,850 1,658 1,616

Services, not classified ............................................... 1,165 872 27 16

- Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 17

Table A4.

Composition of Job Gain in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Total . . ................................................ 186,458 37,538 16,934 6,104

Agriculture

Agricultural production–crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906 209 121 142

Agricultural production–livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 58 35 19

Agricultural services . ........................................ 3,185 426 176 113

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 8 4 2

Fishing, hunting, and trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5 *2 *1

Mining

Metal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *10 *2 1 -

Coal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 70 15 2

Oil and gas extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6 2 -

Mining/quarrying–nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 25 14 6

Construction

Building construction–general contractors ...................... 4,027 859 382 134

Construction other than building . . . ........................... 2,446 620 293 120

Construction–special trade ................................... 12,876 2,344 904 471

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products .................................. 2,520 596 255 73

Tobacco products ........................................... *1,013 *1,533 *281 *15

Textile mill products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 240 147 20

Apparel from fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 66 35 10

Lumber and wood products .................................. 1,187 251 111 68

Furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 89 29 8

Paper and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 183 74 9

Printing and publishing ...................................... 1,431 393 199 53

Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 67 23 5

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7 6 1

Rubber and plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 138 54 10

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 *14 *3 -

Stone, clay, and glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 202 91 28

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 71 20 5

Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 177 76 20

Industrial and commercial machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 234 95 22

Electronic and electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 159 83 16

Transportation equipment .................................... 1,018 252 100 22

Measuring and analyzing instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 *107 *36 9

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 47 29 8

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . .................................... - - - -

Local/suburban transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 183 113 41

Motor freight transportation .................................. 2,704 718 325 110

Water transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757 269 91 15

Transportation by air ........................................ 1,044 253 79 10

Pipelines, except natural gas ................................. 1 - - -

Transportation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 113 57 20

Communications . ........................................... 2,293 742 221 22

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 118 37 7

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade–durables ................................... 4,764 1,132 518 140

Wholesale trade–nondurables ................................ 2,621 584 256 81

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware dealers . . ........................ 2,710 523 252 78

General merchandise stores ................................. 4,052 665 310 112

Food stores . ............................................... 6,191 1,214 546 194

Car dealers, gas stations .................................... 5,219 1,112 527 215

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 3,504 253 129 54

Home furniture stores ....................................... 2,601 352 168 55

Eating and drinking places ................................... 22,380 2,047 797 504

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 6,338 979 518 212
18 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A4.

Composition of Job Gain in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 2,220 467 236 52

Nondepository institutions .................................... 1,483 278 108 21

Security and commodity brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 92 48 11

Insurance carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939 198 78 13

Insurance agents/brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 222 102 29

Real estate ................................................ 2,903 651 356 148

Holding/other investment offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 61 28 9

Services

Hotels/other lodging places .................................. 3,829 629 311 169

Personal services . . ......................................... 3,628 819 541 275

Business services .......................................... 21,072 4,130 1,917 642

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 2,629 406 195 75

Miscellaneous repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 150 70 27

Motion pictures ............................................. 1,189 101 38 18

Amusement and recreation . ................................. 6,619 546 291 179

Health services ............................................. 12,664 3,562 1,535 390

Legal services .............................................. 1,309 254 113 35

Educational services ........................................ 2,232 480 268 85

Social services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,116 886 462 167

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 23 26 24

Membership organizations ................................... 2,154 459 257 84

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 8,370 2,152 1,088 261

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 284 211 112

Services, not classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 17 10 2

- Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 19

Table A5.

Composition of Job Loss in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Total . . ................................................ 197,370 48,600 25,480 9,544

Agriculture

Agricultural production–crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 213 132 142

Agricultural production–livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 52 29 21

Agricultural services . ........................................ 3,097 450 187 147

Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 12 5 3

Fishing, hunting, and trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 1 *1

Mining

Metal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 *9 1 -

Coal mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 196 69 4

Oil/gas extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 9 4 -

Mining/quarrying–nonmetallic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 24 19 8

Construction

Building construction–general contractors ...................... 4,093 1,126 526 189

Construction other than building . . . ........................... 2,987 819 429 161

Construction–special trade ................................... 13,507 2,807 1,245 604

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products .................................. 1,508 468 264 81

Tobacco products ........................................... *878 *1,133 *220 *36

Textile mill products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 423 293 53

Apparel from fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 234 143 60

Lumber and wood products .................................. 1,457 385 213 109

Furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 290 217 59

Paper and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 211 169 26

Printing and publishing ...................................... 1,414 406 237 89

Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 596 357 22

Petroleum refining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 16 6 2

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 1,008 447 268 24

Leather and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 *6 *3 *1

Stone, clay, and glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 291 146 49

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 102 72 11

Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 204 133 38

Industrial and commercial machinery .......................... 1,142 384 207 51

Electronic and electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 353 260 34

Transportation equipment .................................... 3,277 1,674 951 77

Measuring and analyzing instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 *247 *145 22

Miscellaneous manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 84 49 21

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . .................................... - - - -

Local/suburban transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 205 130 76

Motor freight transportation .................................. 2,799 886 466 183

Water transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 245 136 21

Transportation by air ........................................ 1,255 274 185 31

Pipelines, except natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 *3 2 -

Transportation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 137 82 31

Communications . ........................................... 4,896 1,643 573 54

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 165 106 18

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade–durables ................................... 4,705 1,369 737 238

Wholesale trade–nondurables ................................ 3,463 1,184 597 182

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware ................................. 1,332 285 178 84

General merchandise stores ................................. 3,810 713 389 212

Food stores . ............................................... 6,378 1,263 662 299

Car dealers, gas stations .................................... 5,052 1,216 672 310

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 2,787 245 137 77

Home furniture stores ....................................... 2,252 401 207 76

Eating and drinking places ................................... 22,915 2,373 1,021 677

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 7,109 1,321 730 362
20 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A5.

Composition of Job Loss in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

Industry 14-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 1,584 413 266 83

Nondepository institutions .................................... 1,208 270 126 20

Security and commodity brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 119 74 24

Insurance carriers . ......................................... 1,591 600 275 43

Insurance agents and brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 219 134 46

Real estate ................................................ 2,912 738 436 214

Holding/other investment offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 59 37 17

Services

Hotels/other lodging places .................................. 4,120 912 487 256

Personal services . . ......................................... 3,494 908 593 322

Business services .......................................... 24,475 5,723 2,809 1,028

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 2,801 534 280 153

Miscellaneous repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 188 97 39

Motion pictures ............................................. 1,529 161 61 27

Amusement and recreation . ................................. 6,947 675 369 245

Health services ............................................. 11,522 3,997 2,056 650

Legal services .............................................. 1,231 320 170 60

Educational services ........................................ 2,226 817 519 185

Social services ............................................. 4,255 1,071 644 278

Museums, galleries, and gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 32 33 39

Membership organizations ................................... 2,185 584 373 153

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 8,291 2,347 1,358 391

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 338 286 199

Services, not classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 22 9 2

- Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Commission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau 21

Table A6.

Average Monthly Earnings in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002

[Full-quarter earnings, in dollars]

Industry 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Total . . ................................................ 3,959 3,858 2,196 3,217

Agriculture

Agricultural production–crops ................................. 2,035 1,960 1,338 1,775

Agricultural production–livestock .............................. 2,473 2,316 1,644 2,076

Agricultural services . ........................................ 2,750 2,623 1,568 2,143

Forestry ................................................... 2,940 *4,373 1,219 2,753

Fishing, hunting, and trapping ................................ 2,720 *1,842 *553 2,029

Mining

Metal mining ............................................... *7,726 *3,053 - 4,784

Coal mining . . . ............................................. 4,474 4,594 *7,433 4,134

Oil/gas extraction ........................................... 5,145 *4,193 *27,579 4,003

Mining/quarrying–nonmetallic ................................. 4,065 3,767 2,766 3,613

Construction

Building construction–general contractors ...................... 4,365 4,139 3,008 3,585

Construction other than building . ............................. 3,566 3,604 3,062 3,108

Construction–special trade ................................... 3,462 3,475 2,450 2,933

Manufacturing

Food and kindred products .................................. 3,192 3,330 1,900 2,664

Tobacco products ........................................... *4,845 *4,013 *2,445 *4,104

Textile mill products ......................................... 2,510 2,557 *2,344 2,361

Apparel from fabrics ........................................ 2,002 1,873 1,422 1,876

Lumber and wood products .................................. 2,906 2,851 2,281 2,541

Furniture and fixtures ....................................... 2,532 2,408 2,019 2,278

Paper and allied products .................................... 4,517 4,618 2,968 4,047

Printing and publishing ...................................... 3,813 4,141 2,174 3,418

Chemicals . . . .............................................. 4,810 4,982 3,984 4,451

Petroleum refining .......................................... 4,642 4,347 *4,435 4,121

Rubber and plastics ......................................... 3,599 3,640 4,113 3,262

Leather and leather products ................................. *1,782 *1,643 *1,098 *1,805

Stone, clay, and glass ....................................... 3,638 3,705 2,402 3,190

Primary metal industries ..................................... 3,713 3,916 4,793 3,504

Fabricated metal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,110 4,473 3,169 3,659

Industrial and commercial machinery .......................... 3,699 3,921 3,280 3,357

Electronic and electrical equipment ........................... 4,066 4,095 3,826 3,818

Transportation equipment .................................... 4,517 4,931 4,181 4,189

Measuring and analyzing instruments ......................... *5,415 *5,693 *4,403 4,943

Miscellaneous manufacturing ................................. 3,059 3,158 2,532 2,701

Transportation, Communication, and Utilities

Railroad transportation . . .................................... - - - -

Local/suburban transit ....................................... 2,243 2,005 1,392 1,998

Motor freight transportation .................................. 3,073 3,037 2,012 2,798

Water transportation ........................................ 3,524 3,971 2,326 3,044

Transportation by air ........................................ *5,283 *5,692 2,903 4,219

Pipelines, except natural gas ................................. *5,585 *5,589 *8,130 5,227

Transportation services ...................................... 3,372 3,046 2,302 2,829

Communications . ........................................... 5,851 5,423 3,242 4,926

Electrical, gas, and sanitary services . . . ....................... *5,854 5,248 2,845 5,226

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade–durables . . . ................................ 5,288 4,770 2,593 4,508

Wholesale trade–nondurables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,118 3,898 1,996 3,504

Retail Trade

Building materials, hardware.................................. 2,480 2,213 1,530 2,155

General merchandise stores ................................. 1,940 1,705 1,155 1,661

Food stores . ............................................... 2,032 1,837 1,123 1,574

Car dealers and gas stations ................................. 3,624 3,196 2,031 3,010

Apparel and accessory stores ................................ 1,920 1,747 1,085 1,280

Home furniture stores ....................................... 3,548 3,025 1,848 2,619

Eating and drinking places ................................... 1,645 1,525 1,112 1,189

Miscellaneous retail ......................................... 2,201 1,986 1,300 1,799
22 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A6.

Average Monthly Earnings in Virginia by Industry and Age: 2002 — Con.

[Full-quarter earnings, in dollars]

Industry 45-54 years 55-64 years

65 years

and older

14 years

and older

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

Depository institutions ....................................... 3,901 3,818 2,174 3,126

Nondepository institutions .................................... 8,774 7,475 5,731 6,597

Security and commodity brokers .............................. 9,683 10,182 8,666 8,130

Insurance carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,118 5,408 3,142 4,102

Insurance agents/brokers .................................... 5,006 4,338 2,618 3,867

Real estate ................................................ 3,981 3,848 2,490 3,340

Holding/other investment offices . . . ........................... 8,871 10,265 8,346 7,344

Services

Hotels/other lodging places .................................. 1,782 1,613 1,260 1,627

Personal services . . ......................................... 1,948 1,897 1,122 1,732

Business services .......................................... 5,011 5,232 2,591 4,303

Car repair, services, and parking ............................. 2,957 2,564 1,406 2,550

Miscellaneous repair services ................................ 3,356 3,056 1,866 2,967

Motion pictures ............................................. 3,485 3,249 2,452 1,897

Amusement and recreation . ................................. 2,021 2,016 1,087 1,581

Health services ............................................. 4,049 4,028 2,598 3,323

Legal services .............................................. 5,929 6,365 4,309 5,114

Educational services ........................................ 2,869 3,200 2,332 2,561

Social services ............................................. 2,241 2,158 1,286 1,855

Museums, galleries, and gardens ............................. *2,416 *2,186 1,102 1,937

Membership organizations . . ................................. 3,991 4,353 2,249 3,299

Engineering, accounting, and research ........................ 6,505 6,788 4,820 5,393

Private households ......................................... 1,414 1,244 956 1,298

Services, not classified ...................................... 6,146 4,840 5,611 4,375

- Represents zero.

* The value has been significantly distorted to protect confidentiality. A description of the confidentiality protection system is available at

<http://lehd-test.net/factsheets/index.php>.

Note: Earnings for workers 65 and older may reflect lump sum distributions.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Virginia Employment Comission, Local Employment Dynamics program, 2002. See Web site at

<http://lehd.dsd.census.gov>.
U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Washington, DC 20233

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use $300

FIRST-CLASS MAIL

POSTAGE & FEES PAID

U.S. Census Bureau

Permit No. G-58