A Stratigraphic Test Well, 

Martha's Vineyard, 

Massachusetts 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1488 

A Stratigraphic Test Well, 

Martha's Vineyard, 

Massachusetts 

By RAYMOND E. HALL, LAWRENCE]. POPPE, and WAYNE M. FERREBEE 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1488 

Description of Pleistocene to 

Upper Cretaceous sediments 

recovered from 262 meters 

of test coring 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1980 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

H. William Menard Director 

Library of Congress Catalog-card No. 80-600115 

For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 

Introduction -------------------------------------------------------- 1 

Setting --------------------------------------------------------- 1 Previousstudies__________________________________________________ 2 

Acknowledgments --------------------------------------------------- 3 

Stratigraphy -------------------------------------------------------- 3 

Lithostratigraphy ------------------------------------------------ 3 

Biostratigraphy -------------------------------------------------- 6 

~inerruogy ------------------------------------------------------ 10 

~ethods ----------------------------------------------------- 10 

Quaternary -------------------------------------------------- 11 

Tertiary ----------------------------------------------------- 12 

Cretaceous___________________________________________________ 12 

Regionru correlation -------------------------------------------------- 14 

Summary and conclusions --------------------------------------------- 17 

Selected references -------------------------------------------------- 18 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

FIGURE 1. ~ap of ~artha's Vineyard, ~ass., and vicinity------------------- 2 

2. Stratigraphic section penetrated by well ENW-50, on ~artha's 

Vineyard________________________________________________ 4 

3. Graph showing mean particle size at various depths in well ENW -50 _ 5 

4, 5. Charts showing: 

4. Tertiary section in well ENW -50 ------------------------ 7 

5. Correlation among sections penetrated by the Nantucket, 

~artha's Vineyard, and Fire Island wells---------------- 15 

TABLES 

Page 

TABLE 1. Estimated minerru modes determined from X-ray diffraction for rocks 

penetrated by well ENW -50 --------------------------------- 11 

2. Nonmicaceous heavy-minerals contained in samples from various 

depths in well ENW-50 ------------------------------------- 13 

III 
Metric unit 

millimeter (mm) meter (m) 

kilometer (km) 

square meter (m2) 

square kilometer (km2 ) 

hectare ( ha) 

cubic centimeter (cma) 

liter (L) 

cubic meter (m3) 

cubic meter cubic hectometer (hm3) 

liter 

liter 

liter 

cubic meter 

cubic meter 

gram (g) 

gram 

metric tons (t) 

metric tons 

kilogram per square centimeter (kg/cm2) kilogram per square centimeter 

cubic meter per second 

(ma;s) 

CONVERSION FACTORS 

Inch-Pound equivalent Metric unit Inch-Pound equivalent 

Length Specific combinations-Continued 

0.03937 inch (in) 

3.28 feet (ft) 

.62 mile (mi) 

Area 

10.76 

.386 

2.47 

Volume 

0.061 

611.03 

35.31 

.00081 

=810.7 

= 2.113 

1.06 

.26 

.00026 

6.290 

Weight 

0.035 

.0022 

1.102 

0.9842 

square feet (ft2) 

square mile (mi2) acres 

cubic inch (ina) 

cubic inches 

cubic feet (ft3) 

acre-foot (acre-ft) 

acre-feet 

pints (pt) 

quarts (qt) gallon (gal) 

million gallons (Mgal or 106 gal) barrels (bbl) (1 bbl=42 gal) 

ounce, avoirdupois (oz avdp) pound, avoirdupois (lb avdp) 

tons, short (2,000 lb) 

ton, long (2,i40 lb) 

Specific combinations 

0.96 atmosphere (atm) 

.98 bar (0.9869 atm) 

35.3 cubic feet per second (fta;s) 

liter per second (L/s) 

cubic meter per second 

per square kilometer 

[(ma;s)/km2] meter per day (m/d) 

meter per kilometer 

(m/km) 

kilometer per hour 

(km/h) 

meter per second (m/s) 

meter squared per day 

(m2/d) 

cubic meter per second 

(ma;s) 

cubic meter per minute 

(m3/min) 

liter per second (L/s) 

1iter per second per meter [ (L/s) /m] 

kilometer per hour 

(km/h) 

meter per second (m/s) 

gram per cubic 

centimeter (g/cm3) 

gram per square centimeter (g/cm2) 

gram per square 

centimeter 

degree Celsius (°C) 

degrees Celsius 

(temperature) 

.0353 

91.47 

3.28 

5.28 

.9113 

= 3.28 

10.764 

22.826 

=264.2 

15.85 

= 4.83 

.62 

2.237 

612.43 

2.048 

.0142 

cubic foot per second 

cubic feet per second per 

square mile [ (fta;s) /mi2] 

feet per day (hydraulic conductivity) (ft/d) 

feet per mile (ft/mi) 

foot per second (ft/s) 

feet per second 

feet squared per day (ft2/d) 

(transmissivity) 

million gallons per day 

(Mgal/d) 

gallons per minute (gal/min) 

gallons per minute 

gallons per minute per foot 

[(gal/min) /ft] 

mile per hour ( mi/h) 

miles per hour 

pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) 

pounds per square foot (lb/ft2) 

pound per square inch (lb/in2) 

Temperature 

1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) 

= [ (1.8 X •c) +32] degrees Fahrenheit 
A STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, 

MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASSACHUSETTS 

By RAYMOND E. HALL, LAWRENCE]. POPPE, 

and WAYNE M. FERREBEE 

ABSTRACT 

A 262-m stratigraphic test well, ENW-50, was drilled for the U.S. Geological Survey on 

Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in the fall of 1976. Split-spoon samples were obtained every 3 

m. The well penetrates sedimentary strata of Quaternary, Tertiary, and Cretaceous age, 

and it bottoms in Cenomanian strata. Kaolinite and micalillite are the dominant clay 

minerals in the Cretaceous section; the Tertiary section contains an assemblage of 

micalillite, mixed-layered illite-smectite, kaolinite, and chlorite. Nine lithostratigraphic 

and two biostratigraphic units correlate between well ENW-50 and USGS well 6001 

drilled in 1975-76 by the U.S. Geological Survey on Nantucket Island. 

INTRODUCTION 

In the fall of 1976, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) drilled a 

262-m well, ENW -50, on Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in order to identify 

production aquifers, to study the quality of ground water, and to collect 

sediment samples. The drillers attempted to take a core of 0.6 m maximum length every 3 m by means of a split-spoon coring device (length, 

0.6 m; inside diameter, 36 mm). Core recovery was poor in the upper 55 

m, but below 55 m, recovery was approximately 70 percent successful. 

In addition, we collected rotary cuttings from the 3-m drilled materials 

where possible. The ground-water studies are presently being made by 

D. F. Delaney and F. A. Kohout. On the basis of lithostratigraphy, 

paleontology, and mineralogy, we have correlated ENW-50 with two 

other stratigraphic wells (Nantucket USGS well 6001 and Fire-Island 

well). 

SETTING 

Martha's Vineyard, 5 km south of Woods Hole, Mass., is 32 km long 

and 14.5 km wide (area 250 km2 ; fig. 1). Well ENW-50 is at lat 41 °24' 

N., long 70°35' W., 2 km east of Martha's Vineyard Airport, in the Martha's Vineyard State Forest. The well head rests in a channel cut into 

the glacial-outwash plain, at an altitude of approximately 10m above 

mean sea level. Tertiary and Cretaceous clay and sand are exposed 

nearby at Gay Head Cliffs (fig. 1); however, these exposed strata are 

complexly folded and faulted, and stratigraphic interpretation is difficult. 

1 
2 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

A. Martha's Vineyard ENW- 50 we II 

8. USGS 6001 

C. Coskata well 

No. B-2 well 

0 

0 50 100 

KILOMETERS 

70°00' 

~~==;!i;-.IIJI!I;;IO==:;::!I!i~ .. 2o NAU Tl CAL MILES 

10 20 30 40 KILOMETERS 

FIGURE 1.-Martha's Vineyard, Mass., and vicinity. Inset shows location of wells 

discussed in text. 

PREVIOUS STUDIES 

John Finch (1823) made the first sedimentological studies o.fMartha's 

Vineyard. Finch and later authors (Lyell, 1843; Desor and Cabot, 1849; 

Shaler, 1888) concluded that the strata exposed below the glacial drift 

at Gay Head Cliffs were part of the Tertiary System. Subsequent 

studies (White, 1890; Shaler, 1890; Woodworth, 1897; and Hollick, 

1906) recognized Cretaceous rocks also at Gay Head Cliffs. The areal 

distribution of Tertiary sediments in the cliffs was mapped at about the 

same time (Dall, 1894). Bibbins (1910) and Berry (1915) dated the 

Cretaceous of Martha's Vineyard and assigned the leaf-bearing 

deposits to the Magothy Formation. The Pleistocene glacial deposits of 

Martha's Vineyard have been studied more extensively (Hitchcock, 

1824; Hollick, 1894; Woodworth, 1898; Upham, 1899; Wilson, 1906; 
STRATIGRAPHY 3 

Woodworth and Wigglesworth, 1934; and Kaye, 1964a, b). (See Folger 

and others, 1978, for additional references to geological and geophysical interpretations of the study area.) 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The authors thank Raymond Christopher, Page C. Valentine, C. 

Wylie Poag, and Norman Frederiksen for paleontological age dating 

and for helpful discussions of the biostratigraphy and paleoecology; and 

John C. Hathaway, Clifford Kaye, Charles J. O'Hara, Robert N. Oldale, 

Francis A. Kohout, David W. Folger, and C. C. Woo for discussions 

concerning environmental interpretations of regional geology. Judith 

A. Commeau was responsible for geochemical analyses, and Carol 

Bloom, for laboratory preparation. 

STRATIGRAPHY 

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY 

Well ENW -50 penetrates a sequence of clastic sedimentary strata 

whose constituent grains range in size from clay ( < 0.004 mm) to cobbles (64-128 mm). Grain size was determined by means of a rapid sediment analyzer (Schlee, 1966) and a Coulter Counter Model TA IP. The 

sequence can be divided into three lithologic units (fig. 2). The upper 

unit, 0-128 m below the surface, is predominantly medium to coarse 

sand containing several beds (3-10 m thick) of silty clay (fig. 3). From 

86 to 128m, sorting is poorer than in the beds above, and silt and clay 

are more abundant. The middle unit, 128-220 m, is predominantly silty 

clay. This middle unit contains a 6-m bed of lignite between 174m and 

180 m. This lignite is similar to lignite/subbituminous coal found on 

Nantucket Island (Folger and others, 1978). The lower unit, 220-262 

m, is predominantly sand. 

Upper unit (0-128 m). -The upper 38m of the upper unit is composed 

largely of medium-to-coarse white sand containing scattered pebbles 

and is similar to Pleistocene strata that crop out on Martha's Vineyard. 

A 3-m bed of micaceous sandy silt is present between 34 and 37 m. 

Olive-green glauconitic sand, cored between 42 and 68 m, and olivegreen silty clay grading downward into poorly sorted silty gravel 

recovered from 60-61 min the core are the only greensands found in 

the upper unit. The upper part of the gravel bed contains some shell 

fragments. Poorly sorted sand containing some gravel, silt, and clay 

dominates the cored interval between 73 and 128 m. Lignite recovered 

from cuttings between 73 and 7 4 m was not cored. The cores between 

1 Any trade names in this publication are used for descriptive purposes only and do not constitute endorsement by 

the U.S. Geological Survey. 
4 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

LITHOI.DGIC GAMMA RAY ENW- 50 WELL 

AGES UNITS ~PI U~ LITHOLOGY 

0 .• ......... ....... } 0 

(f}{;( - • y~- SILT I -GLAUCONITE 

50 SAND 

1-

z 

:I fSANO, SILT, CLAY a: 

LtJ 

~ ~ SAND, POORLY SORTED 

• SILTY CLAY 

0 

0 }SAHO, MEDIUM TO FINE 100 0 

0 MOTTLED SILTY CLAY Cl) cno CLAYEY SAND a: }SANOY O..AY, SOME PEI!BLES LtJ ::!:0 1- l;:O LtJ SAND, WITH SILT, CLAY, PEBBLES 2 ~ z LtJ £ }CLAYEY SILT, SOME MOTTLING .J 

1- ~0 ll. 

Cl) ~0 ~ -SAND 

:I 150 0 

}SILTY CLAY, MOTTLING 

0 

LtJ 0 (.) 

"' 1- 1-

LtJ z • a: :I (.) 

LtJ 

ILl i <t 

1- 8 

j 

0 FI~ITE .J • 

I SILTY CLAY 

200 • • 

0 }SILT, SAND, CLAY 

}MOTTLEO CLAY 

SAND 

-SANDSTONE SAND 

0 

J-~20 BROWN, DENSE CLAY 

250 • }-sAND, INDURATED 

0 BARREN SAMPLE 

e FOSSILIFEROUS SAMPLE 

FIGURE 2.-Stratigraphic section penetrated by well ENW-50, on Martha's Vineyard, 

showing ages and lithologies. (API, American Petroleum Institute.) 

105 and 112m contain several beds, 1-3m thick, of reddish~brown and 

gray~mottled silty clay. 

Middle unit (128-220 m).-The middle unit consists mostly of.mottled 

micaceous silty clay; silt is conspicuous in the lower 30 m of the zone. 

The clay and silty clay are gray, brown, red, yellow, olive, and black. A 
(f) 

a: 

w 

50 

~100 

~ 

z 

I ... 

1--

Q_ 

w 

0 150 

200 

STRATIGRAPHY 5 

2 .125 .032 .008 .002 MILLIMETERS 

-I 

.5 

I 3 5 7 9 PHI SCALE UNIT 

--~. 

:.:.:.=:..=.:c:::::-;:::::-="'1-- - ~ 

---MEAN PARTICLE SIZE 

------STANDARD DEVIATION 

FIGURE 3.-Mean particle size, ± one standard deviation, at various depths in well 

ENW-50. 

core recovered from 129 m consists of poorly sorted white micaceous 

sand, containing silt and clay. Lignite is present between 17 4 and 180 

m. Approximately half the sediments recovered from the middle unit 

are semi-indurated. 
6 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

Lower unit (220-262 m). -The lower unit is composed mainly of sand 

and sandstone, which lie on red arkosic sandstone at total depth. A 

dense red-brown clay was penetrated between 239 and 242 m. 

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 

Of the 41 core samples from well ENW -50 examined for 

foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils, and sporomorphs (spores and 

pollen), fossils were found in 19. Some samples were examined for only 

one of the three fossil groups. 

The upper lithologic unit between 43 and 77 m (fig. 4) contained eight 

fossiliferous core samples. A few sporomorphs were found between 43 

and 46 m; because they are structurally similar to modern Betula, they 

have tentatively been assigned a Neogene age (Norman Frederiksen, 

written commun., 1977). Small gray unidentified barnacle shells were 

found between 45 and 48 m. According to C. W. Kaye (written commun., 1977), the mineralogy between 45 and 53 m is similar to that of 

the "shelly sand" of Gay Head Cliffs, which Druid Wilson (oral 

commun., 1977) correlates with the Yorktown Formation (lower 

Pliocene). 

Kaye also considered the mineralogy of the sediments between 53 

and 60 m to be indicative of a Pleistocene age: "The inversion of normal 

stratigraphic position indicated here is a common occurrence in the 

large Gay Head moraine ['late Illinoian' in Kaye, 1964a], where the 

essential structure is an imbricated pile of thrust plates" (C. A. Kaye, 

written commun., 1977). Therefore, Kaye contended that the Gay Head 

moraine probably extends southeast as far as the well site. Sediments 

from 61 m, 64; m, and 70 m contain mixed sporomorph assemblages of 

Quaternary or Neogene age (younger forms) and of Paleogene (possibly 

early Eocene) age (older forms). 

The younger forms are Alnus, Betula, Carya (large), Castanea 

(reworked?), Celtis, Fagus, !lex, Nyssa, Ostrya-Carpinus, Picea, Pinus, 

Quercus, Tilia, Tsuga, Ulmus, Cyrilla-Cliftonia (reworked?), 

Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Pterocarya, cf Betula, Compositae, Gramineae, Myrica, Umbelliferae, Nuphar, Lycopodium, 

Osmunda, and Sphagnum. 

The older forms are Carya (small), Casuarinidites spp., 

Cicatricosisporites dorogensis Potonie and Gelletich, Momipites 

microfoveolatus group, Nudopollis terminalis (Pflug and Thomson) 

Pflug, Plicatopollis lunata and P. plicata types, Triatriopollenites 

platycaryoides Roche, Pseudoplicapollis sp. A of Tschudy 1975, 

Pseudoplicapollis serena Tschudy, Thomsonipollis magnifica (Pflug) 

Krutzsch, Porocolpopollenites sp., Tricolpites n. sp., Micrhystridium 

sp., Kyandopollenites anneratus Stover, Plicapollis retusus Tschudy, 

and Platycarya cf. P. swasticoida Elsik (Norman Frederiksen, written 

commun., 1977). 
Cf) 

0:::: 

w 

rw 

~ 

z 

::::c 

ra_ 

w 

0 

STRATIGRAPHY 

~ ~ f.::: ~ 

~ ~ '<:{ ~ ::.... 

~ ~ ~ ct ~ 

~ ~ ~ cs i::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

" (I) ~ ~ ~ ~ 43 N 

-

- NEOGENE 45 

N - -----

-

- X -

50 -

-

- X - BARREN 

- X 

55 -

-

-

- .--- X 

-

60 - _J 

~ 

---- -~ N,E w 

- EOCENE 1-

- ~ 

---- -~ N,E E E 

- ,j ~ E E,P 

- I g -

'lj E E,P 

- I e> 

I - IJ.J/~ - $tt;e- N,E 

65 

70 - CJfO 

- &,!:1 

I~ - I 

- I 

I 75 - I E 

-I 

N=NEOGENE, E= EOCENE, P= PALEOCENE 

X= UNFOSSILIFEROUS 

FIGURE 4.-Tertiary section in well ENW-50, showing paleontological sample depths and ages. 

7 
8 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

These listed assemblages of mixed Neogene and Paleogene 

sporomorphs are similar to those found in the Gay Head Cliffs within a 

Miocene greensand unit that is highly glauconitic and rich in phosphate 

nodules, fossil bone, quartz pebbles, Miocene megafossils, and, to a 

lesser extent, chert pebbles. A younger Cenozoic greensand unit crops 

out above the Miocene greensand. These two greensand units are also 

present at many other localities on Martha's Vineyard. The youngest 

greensand is sparsely glauconitic and overlies a till. Crystalline rock 

fragments within this greensand unit were glacially transported; thus, 

the unit is assigned a Pleistocene age. A till that separates the two 

greensand units contains Miocene and Cretaceous fossils, which were 

probably mixed by ice riding over Coastal Plain sediments (C. A. Kaye, 

written commun., 1977). 

The glauconitic sediments in well ENW -50 resemble more closely the 

lowermost Pleistocene unit, a till, that crops out in the W equobsque 

Cliffs, just east of the Gay Head Cliffs (C. A. Kaye, written commun., 

1977). The lack of mineralogic similarity between Gay Head Cliffs and 

the samples from well ENW -50 may indicate that the Miocene greensand at Gay Head Cliffs does not extend to the area of the well. The 

maximum thickness of the greensand at Gay Head is approximately 6 

m; however, exposures are generally less than 3m thick. On the basis 

of a coring interval of 3 m for well ENW -50, the Miocene greensand at 

Gay Head Cliffs probably is missing in this area. 

In four samples within the greensand interval in well ENW -50, 64 m 

(one from upper part and one from lower part), 67 m, and 77 m, 

calcareous nannofossils are rare and are only moderately well preserved in highly quartzose sediments. The 17 identified species are 

Cepekiella lumina (Sullivan), Chiasmolithus expansus (Bramlette and 

Sullivan), C. solitus (Bramlette and Sullivan), Coccolithus pelagicus 

(W allich), Cyclicargolithus florida nus (Roth and Hay), Cycloccolithina 

formosa (Kamptner), Discolithina sp., Reticulofenestra coenura 

(Reinhardt), R. reticulata (Gartner and Smith), R. umbilica (Levein), 

Transversopontis exilis (Bramlette and Sullivan), T. fimbriatus 

(Bramlette and Sullivan), T. obliquipons (Deflandre), Coccolithus 

eopelogicus (Bramlette and Riedel), C. petrinus (Stradner), 

Zygrhablithus bijugatus (Deflandre), and ?Dictyococites scrippsae 

(Bukry and Percival). The calcareous nannofossils from the upper three 

samples are of middle Eocene age; the sample from 77 m is possibly 

middle Eocene in age (P. C. Valentine, written commun., 1977). 

Foraminifers examined from 64 m and 67 m contain Eocene and 

Eocene-Paleocene assemblages. The sample from 64 m contains an 

Eocene assemblage consisting of the following listed shallow-water 

marine species (C. W. Poag, written commun., 1977): Pseudohastigerina sharkriverensis (Berggren and Olsson), Cibicidina blan-
STRATIGRAPHY 9 

piedi (Toulmin), Gyro,idinoides octocameratus (Cushman and Hanna), 

Guttulina irregularis (Cushman), Eponides jacksonensis (Cushman and 

Applin), Alabamina W'ilcoxensis (Toulmin), Acarinina sp., Cibicidoides 

pippini (Cushman and Garrett), Cibicidoides mexicanus (Nuttall), 

Cibicidoides cocaensis (Cushman), and Cibicidina cf. cooperensis 

(Cushman). 

Samples from the base of 64 m and of 67 m contain Eocene-Paleocene 

assemblages composed of the following species: Turrilina robertsi 

(Howe and Roberts), Alabamina wilcoxensis (Toulmin), 

Pseudohastigerina sharkriverensis (Olsson and Berggren), 

Gyroidinoides octocameratus (Cushman and Hanna), G. Danvillensis 

(Bandy), Textularia sp., Cibicidina cf. mississippiensis (sharp keel), 

Cribrononion mauricensis (Howe and Ellis), Acarinina pentacamerata 

(Subbotina), A. tribulosa (Loeblich and Tappan), A. aquiensis (Loeblich 

and Tappan), A. irrorata (Loeblich and Tappan), Cibicidoides mexicanus (Nuttall), Cibicidoides lisbonensis (Bandy), Buccella inusitata, 

Elphidium clavatum (Cushman), Cibicidina cf. cooperensis, 

Cibicidoides sp., Lenticulina spp., Nodosaria sp., Eponides sp., and 

Rosalina cf. tallahatensis (Bandy). 

Thus, the interval from 61 to 64 m contains Eocene foraminifers, 

nannoplankton, and Neogene sporomorphs. The base of the interval 

from 64 to 77 m contains Eocene and (or) Paleocene calcareous nannoplankton, benthic and planktic foraminifers, and mixed though 

predominantly Neogene sporomorph assemblage (fig. 4). 

Glauconitization has apparently destroyed most of the calcareous 

assemblages from the Tertiary section and left only small amounts of 

calcareous material. The Neogene sporomorphs found between 61 and 

70 mare contaminants from the 43- to 46-m interval. However, we conclude that the Tertiary greensand interval in well ENW -50 is in place 

and contains two, possibly three, biostratigraphic units (fig. 4). The interval between 43 and 46 m is Neogene in age, whereas the intervals 

from 61 to 64 m and from the base of 64 to 77 m are respectively 

Eocene and Eocene-Paleocene in age. 

A sample from 85 m contains a sparse, mixed assemblage of 

sporomorphs. The young forms are the same Quaternary or Neogene 

species found above, but Late Cretaceous species also are present. 

The Tertiary-Cretaceous contact, regarded as a diastem in the Nantucket USGS well6001, is placed between a black clay zone (containing 

lignite) and a sand and gravel unit (Folger and others, 1978). The 

Tertiary-Cretaceous contact, also a diastem in the Martha's Vineyard 

well ENW -50, is placed approximately 5 m above the first identified 

Cretaceous fossils (sporomorphs), at approximately 80 m. We placed 

the contact between a poorly sorted sand, containing traces of 

glauconite, and a grayish-white silty clay. 
10 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

Three pollen samples were examined from a dark-gray to black silty 

clay collected at a depth of 168m, a poorly sorted dark-brown sand, at 

183m, and a feldspar-rich sand, at 255m. The upper sample came from 

the middle lithostratigraphic unit, and the lower two came from the 

lower lithostratigraphic unit (fig. 2). All three samples contain similar 

pollen assemblages, comprising the following named species: 

Ajatipollis tetraedralis (Bolchovitina) Krutzsch, Atlantopollis verrucosus (Groot and Groot) Krutzsch, Tricolporopollenites aliquantulus 

Hedlund, T. triangulus (Groot, Penny, and Groot), "Retitricolpites" 

vulgaris (Pierce), Gleicheniidites confossus (Hedlund), and Complexiopollis sp. On the basis of the concurrent ranges of the species, these 

samples belong to Cenomanian Pollen Zone IV, which is present in the 

Woodbridge Clay and Sayreville Sand Members of the Raritan Formation of New Jersey (Raymond Christopher, written commun., 1977). 

Single specimens of the middle to late Tertiary foraminifers 

Globigerinoides sp. and Cassigerinella chipolensis recovered from 17 4 

and 177m, respectively, are contaminants. An assemblage of marginalmarine agglutinated foraminifers (A mmobaculites and 

Haplaphragmoides) is present in an olive-green to olive-gray silty clay 

between 189 and 199 m. This assemblage is similar in species composition, paleoenvironment, and stratigraphic position to a Cenomanian 

assemblage identified in the Nantucket USGS well 6001 (Folger and 

others, 1978). This unit may be correlative with the subsurface Bass 

River Formation of Petters (1976) of New Jersey; the formation was 

deposited in a continental-shelf environment during the major Cenomanian transgression. 

MINERALOGY 

METHODS 

A split from each sample was mounted as a randomly oriented 

powder and X-rayed (table 1). The clay fraction from each sample was 

separated by centrifuge and mounted as an oriented aggregate on a 

silver filter. Four treatments were performed on the oriented silverfilter mounts: air drying, glycolation with ethelene glycol, heating to 

400° C, and heating to 550° C. Mter each treatment, the samples were 

X-rayed between the angles of 2° and 40° two theta on a Philips X-ray 

diffractometer fitted with a graphite curved-crystal monochromator. 

This study used CuKcx radiation, a scanning rate of 2° per minute, and 

a chart scale of 1,000 counts per second full scale. The term "mica" in 

this paper describes all minerals whose (001) reflection occurs at 10 

angstroms. We used an automated Diano XRF 8000 X-ray fluorescence 

unit for quantitative elemental analysis to check the X-ray diffraction 

data. 
STRATIGRAPHY 11 

In addition, a split was taken from the 500 ~-tm to 63 ~-tm fraction of 

each sample; each split was separated into light-mineral (sp gr < 2.85) 

and heavy-mineral (sp gr > 2.85) components by use of the heavy liquid 

tetrabromethane. We mounted the light minerals on slides using Picco lite (n= 1.52), and stained them according to the method described by 

Hayes and Klugman (1959). The heavy minerals were mounted on 

slides by means of Piccolite and were analyzed with the aid of a pointcounting stage attached to a petrographic microscope; at least 300 

grains were counted on each slide. 

QUATERNARY 

The Quaternary sediments (0-42 m) contain a mica/illite, chlorite, 

kaolinite, and mixed -layered illite-smectite assemblage (table 1). 

Glauconite is present in the Quaternary beds and may represent mixing 

or redeposition of Tertiary greensands due to glacial scour. 

TABLE 1.-Estimated mineral modes, in percent, determined from X-ray diffraction for 

rocks penetrated by well ENW -50 

[Tr, < 1 percent] 

Depth Mica/ Smectite and 'lVIixed-lallered 

(meters) Quartz Feldspar Illite Kaolinite Chlorite mixed-layered nonswe ling Other illite-smectite clays 

Quaternary age 

34 60 15 10 6 Tr 37 45 27 5 8 8 

Tertiary age 

43 65 25 4 Tr 2 4 Tr 49 75 15 5 Tr 5 Tr 55 70 20 6 Tr 3 Tr Tr 61 45 5 10 10 15 15 Tr 65 27 7 15 12 18 15 Tr 6 73 55 5 12 8 3 12 5 

Cretaceous age 

83 15 Tr Tr 80 Tr 2 

10-C 92 ___ 46 Tr 52 Tr Tr 55 Tr Tr 45 107 18 Tr Tr 78 Tr Tr 116 30 Tr 70 Tr Tr Tr 

119 75 Tr 24 Tr 129 80 Tr 20 Tr 131 20 2 -5 67 Tr 5 141 10 85 5 147 30 -5 65 Tr Tr 

149 18 Tr Tr 79 Tr Tr 159 32 Tr 17 39 2 10 171 25 3 5 65 Tr 180 20 80 Tr 183 22 Tr -5 67 Tr 5 

192 12 Tr 10 67 5 195 45 5 50 Tr 202 30 Tr Tr 65 Tr Tr 210 73 6 Tr 19 Tr 220 35 3 55 -2 5 

226 55 Tr Tr 40 Tr 229 81 19 238 45 10 45 241 15 Tr 30 15 30 9 247 24 9 28 38 Tr 255 40 25 30 Tr 5 
12 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

TERTIARY 

The mineralogy of the Tertiary sediments ( 42-80 m) is similar to that 

of the Quaternary, and Tertiary beds contain contributions from multiple sources. The light-mineral fraction is arkosic to subarkosic, containing an average of 75 percent quartz. The potassium feldspars are more 

abundant than the sodium-calcium feldspars. Indicolite, the blue variety of tourmaline, occurs with the potassium feldspar and indicates a 

granitic pegmatite source (Krynine, 1946). 

The nonopaque, heavy-mineral fraction is composed predominantly 

of minerals derived from low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks 

(table 2). High percentages of garnet, epidote, blue-green hornblende, 

sillimanite, tourmaline, and staurolite are common in the Tertiary section. 

Mica/illite and mixed-layered illite-smectite are the most abundant 

layered silicates in the less-than-2 p.m fraction (table 1). Smectite, 

kaolinite, and chlorite are common between 58 and 73 m. Smectite in 

the clay fractions and pyroxenes in the heavy-mineral fractions may 

have been derived from a volcanic source. Although glauconite is present throughout the Tertiary section, it is minor except in a zone between 58 and 70 m. 

CRETACEOUS 

The mineralogy of the Cretaceous sediments (80--262 m) is 

significantly different from that of the Tertiary. Kaolinite dominates 

the clay mineralogy of the Cretaceous; minor amounts of mica/illite and 

traces of mixed-layered illite-smectite also occur (table 1). Kaolinite 

often forms under conditions of severe chemical weathering by the 

alteration of feldspars and clay minerals. The Upper Cretaceous 

kaolinite of well ENW -50 probably formed by this process. Although 

the occurrence of nodular siderite in these sediments might indicate an 

in situ origin for at least a part of the kaolinite (Kaye, 1967), some or all 

of it may have been transported from another source. 

This weathering, which depleted the feldspars and altered the clay 

minerals, also diminished most of the nonopaque, detrital heavy 

minerals (table 2). Three exceptions are the ultrastable minerals, zircon, tourmaline, and staurolite. Anatase, which is probably of 

authigenic origin, occurs in samples at 235 and 238 m and makes up 77 

percent of the heavy minerals in the deeper sample. Micaceous sands 

are scattered throughout the Cretaceous section and are composed of 

muscovite and, in a few places, traces of biotite, both of which are 

partly altered. 

The core penetrated three zones of red or mottled red and gray 

sediments in the well. Iron oxide, in the form of hematite and minor 
TABLE 2.-Nonmicaceous heavy minerals (sp gr >2.85}, in percent, contained in 500 p.m to 63 p.mfraction of samples from various depths in well 

ENW-50 

[Frequency percentages based on 300 or more grain counts per sample. Tr, < 1 percent] 

Depth Amphibole Epidote Garnet Glauconite Hematite Opaques Other Pyrite Pyroxene Siderite Sillimanite Staurolite Tourmaline Zircon (meters) 

Quaternary age 

37 ------- 13 2 3 Tr 38 3 22 2 4 

Tertiary age ;o 

trj 

43 ------- 11 9 4 1 36 6 8 8 3 10 4 0 

49 11 4 9 1 -- 42 1 -~ 5 0 7 4 5 10 0 

55 ======= 13 6 10 1 37 5 Tr 8 7 3 7 3 z 61 10 7 2 4 -- 34 5 14 8 3 2 4 2 5 > 68 ======= 6 7 1 4 37 8 15 6 2 2 4 2 6 t""' 73 5 2 1 Tr 71 4 6 5 1 1 2 1 1 0 

Cretaceous age 0 

;o 

83 ------- 4 3 1 53 2 19 3 Tr 2 4 7 2 ;o 

92 8 4 Tr 'fr -- 23 2 34 3 Tr 2 7 13 4 trj 

104 ------- 8 2 Tr 58 2 2 3 8 11 6 t""' 

116 7 4 Tr 67 3 Tr 2 'fr 'fr 4 10 2 > 129 ------- 9 2 Tr 53 4 9 1 -- 1 9 10 2 1-3 

0 141 2 Tr 77 17 2 Tr Tr Tr 1 Tr z 147 ======= 4 2 -- 69 2 5 2 Tr -- 3 5 8 159 Tr Tr 1 97 Tr Tr 171 2 Tr 7 2 2 'fr 81 Tr 5 Tr 

183 ======= 7 2 4 1 52 5 Tr 3 Tr 4 21 1 

195 ------- 8 Tr 6 51 2 1 17 1 5 202 11 2 36 1 2 27 Tr 4 12 

208 ======= 9 5 Tr 'fr 24 Tr Tr 1 27 1 11 17 

220 ------- Tr Tr Tr 7 2 3 Tr 84 1 

226 ------- Tr -- Tr 98 Tr Tr Tr Tr Tr 

238 ------- 2 Tr Tr 3 77 Tr Tr Tr 17 

241 ------- Tr Tr -- 14 40 2 -- Tr 39 Tr 3 247 2 20 54 4 1 7 1 11 255 3 Tr 21 32 2 Tr 39 Tr Tr 3 

I-'-

w 
14 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

amounts of goethite, is responsible for the red color and occurs as 

stains and as relatively pure grains. Below 238 m, the sediments are 

arkosic; the light fraction averages 38 percent feldspar, and as in the 

Tertiary, the potassium feldspars dominate. The major clay minerals in 

the lower lithologic unit are mica/illite and kaolinite (table 1). Mixedlayered illite-smectite, which is abundant in the sample at 241 to 244 m, 

is absent from the sample at 24 7 m to the bottom of the well. Calcite, 

present in trace amounts in the red sandstone at 255 m, may represent 

an initial stage of calcification in a caliche. 

REGIONAL CORRELATION 

Some of the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic units recognized 

in well ENW -50 are correlative with those penetrated by USGS well 

6001 and with the Fire Island well on Long Island (fig. 5). Recovery 

was poor from the Quaternary sediment of both well ENW -50 and 

USGS well 6001. Coarse, poorly sorted sand containing stringers of 

silty clay predominate in the Pleistocene section of both wells, though 

in USGS 6001 it is more than twice as thick. The Pleistocene section in 

the Fire Island well is thinner than in either wells ENW -50 or USGS 

6001; however, the lithology is similar. Recovery was insufficient to 

permit correlations within the Pleistocene. 

Tertiary strata are absent from the Fire Island well. Upper 

Cretaceous rocks there contain middle-shelf sediments, whereas at well 

ENW -50 they contain nonmarine and marginal-marine sediments. 

Sporomorphs show that the section below 152 m in well ENW -50 is 

part of the same palynological zone as is a correlative of the Woodbridge Clay Member of the Raritan Formation at 533 m in the Fire 

Island well. 

A generalized correlation may be made between sediments 

penetrated by well ENW-50 and those penetrated by the COST No. 

B-2 well, which was drilled on the outer part of the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (Baltimore Canyon trough), approximately 91 km east of 

Atlantic City, N.J. The sediments deposited during the Neogene and 

penetrated by the COST No. B-2 well are predominantly marine, but 

sediment deposited during the Neogene at the site of well ENW -50 are 

mainly nonmarine. The Eocene and Paleocene sediments in the COST 

No. B-2 well were deposited in an upper-slope environment; Eocene 

and Paleocene sediments from well ENW -50 show a shallow-marine 

environment of deposition. This difference in paleobathymetry during 

the Tertiary probably reflects the proximity of Martha's Vineyard to 

the coast. 

The Upper Cretaceous sediments from the COST No. B-2 well are 

predominantly indicative of a shallow-water marine environment. Upper Cretaceous sediments in well ENW -50 are mainly nonmarine, but 
MONMOUTH 

FORMArtON 

MATAWAN 

FORMATION 

WOODBRIDGE CLAY MEMBER } EQUIVALENT 

RARITAN FORMATION 

FARRINGTON CLAY MEMBER 

EQUIVALENT 

USGS 

6001 

NANTUCKET 

FIGURE 5.-Correlation among sections penetrated by the Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Fire Island 

wells. Depths are in meters. Numbered lines (1-11) represent first-order and second-order correlations, 

which are explained in the text. Dash-dot lines represent silty clay or clayey silt. 

~ 

t'J 

0 

0 

z 

> t"" 

n 

0 

~ 

~ 

t'J 

t"" 

> 

~ 

0 

z 

f-l 

01 
16 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

a small interval of marginal-marine sediments were deposited in the 

middle of the Upper Cretaceous unit. Lignite is found in the Upper 

Cretaceous sediments in both wells. In COST No. B-2 well, lignite is 

found in the nonmarine to marine section. The lignite is present in both 

wells in the middle of the Upper Cretaceous section. Again, the differences in paleobathymetries during the Upper Cretaceous is probably 

due to the deeper water position of the COST No. B-2 well. 

Nine lithostratigraphic and two biostratigraphic units are common to 

the ENW -50 well and USGS well 6001. Four units, two 

lithostratigraphic and two biostratigraphic, are considered to be firstorder correlations; seven lithostratigraphic units are second-order 

correlations. Numbered in the sequence in which they appear on figure 

5, the first-order correlations are described as follows: 

1. Poorly sorted greensand having a silty matrix between depths of 

61 and 64 min well ENW-50 is equivalent to the 91- to 106-m 

interval in USGS well6001. This material has been assigned an 

Eocene age on the basis of planktic and benthic foraminifers 

identified in both wells. The Neogene interval from depths of 42 

to 46 m in well ENW -50 has no correlative in the USGS well 

6001, but a similar unit was penetrated at 40-55 m in the 

Coskata well on Nantucket (Folger and others, 1978). 

7. The occurrence of sphalerite in a moderately sorted white 

micaceous sand at 143-146 m in well ENW-50 is correlated 

with a light-gray micaceous moderately sorted sand, also bearing sphalerite, between 236 and 254 m in USGS well 6001. 

These units contain the only sphalerite recorded in either well. 

9. Lignite at 174 to 180 m in well ENW-50 correlates with the 

lignite/subbituminous coal at 321-323 m in USGS well 6001. 

10. Olive-green to olive-gray clay at 180-204 m in well ENW -50 contains an agglutinated benthic foraminiferal fauna that correlates with a similar fauna found in a compact, lignitic grayblack clay 323-344 min USGS well 6001. 

The second-order correlations are: 

2. Dark-gray poorly to moderately sorted silty sand from 70 to 80 m 

in well ENW -50 correlates with a black lignitic clay at 130-138 

min USGS well6001. In well ENW-50, lignite was present in 

cuttings retrieved from this interval, though none was 

recovered in the cores. 

3. Poorly sorted white silty clay mottled with red and gray from 103 

to 109 m in well ENW -50 and at 178-186 m in USGS well 6001 

is correlative on the basis of similar lithology. 
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 17 

4: Whitish-gray clayey sand present in well ENW -50 from 109 to 111 

m is correlative with sand of comparable lithology at 186-191 m 

in USGS well 6001. 

. 5. Mottled reddish-brown and gray sandy clay penetrated between 

111 and 115m in well ENW -50 correlates with the mottled red 

and white sandy clay at 191-203 min USGS well 6001. 

6. The yellow and gray mottled clay between 138 and 143m in well 

ENW -50 is correlated with the gray silty clay mottled with 

light olive-brown and red present at 212-236 min USGS well 

6001. 

8. Grayish-black clay containing some lignite is present in well 

ENW -50 at 146-17 4 m. Its correlative lithology occurs from 

294 to 321m in USGS well 6001. 

11. Red, yellow, and light-gray mottled clay between 215 and 221m in 

well ENW -50 correlates with a similar lithologic unit at 

321-379 min USGS well6001. 

On the basis of sporomorphs from the two wells, we correlate the well 

ENW -50 interval at 168-262 m, believed to be Cenomanian in age, 

with the sand and clay between 250 m and 405 m in the USGS well 

6001. 

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 

1. We have divided the section penetrated by Martha's Vineyard well 

ENW -50 into three lithostratigraphic units: upper, middle, and 

lower. The upper and lower units are predominantly sand, and 

the middle unit is predominantly silty clay. The lithologies and 

textures are similar to the three lithologic units described in 

Nantucket USGS well 6001 (Folger and others, 1978). 

2. Evidence for the uppermost Tertiary sediments is from Neogene 

sporomorphs collected at 43 m. On the basis of in situ 

microfossils, we consider the interval between 43 and 46 m to be 

Neogene in age, whereas the intervals from 61 to 64 m and 64 to 

77 m are Eocene and Eocene-Paleocene in age. The Tertiary 

section in well ENW -50 is similar in thickness to the Tertiary in 

USGS well 6001, and deposition took place under similar 

shallow-water marine conditions. 

3. The Upper Cretaceous sediments in wells ENW -50 and USGS 

6001 are mainly nonmarine mottled red and gray clay, which 

probably formed as gley soils in an anaerobic swamp or a river 

delta. The mottling is probably caused by periodic subaerial exposure followed by saturation below the water table. 

Mineralogical analyses show evidence of chemical weathering 

that probably took place during times of subaerial exposure. 
18 STRATIGRAPHIC TEST WELL, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 

4. Kaolinite dominates the clay mineralogy of the Cretaceous section; 

a mica/illite, mixed-layered illite-smectite, smectite, kaolinite, 

and chlorite assemblage occurs in the < 2p.m fraction of the 

Tertiary. 

5. We made nine lithostratigraphic and two biostratigraphic correlations between well ENW-50 and USGS well 6001. Four units 

are first-order correlations, and seven units are second-order 

correlations. 

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1:r U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980 0- 311-344/133