•.•,. , .l~

NUREG/CR-4681

SAND86- 1296

RP

Printed March 1987

Enclosure Environment Characterization

Testing for the Base Line Validation

of Computer Fire Simulation Codes

S. P. Nowlen

Prepared by

Sandia National Laboratories

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550

for the United States Department of Energy

under Contract DE-AC04-76DPO0789

Prepared for

U. S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION

SF2900Q(8-81 )

p.

NOTICE

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United

States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any

legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use, or the

results of such use, of any information, apparatus product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such

third party would not infringe privately owned rights.

Available from

Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office

Post Office Box 37082

Washington, D.C. 20013-7082

and

National Technical Information Service

Springfield, VA 22161

NUREG/CR-4681

SAND86-1296

RP

ENCLOSURE ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERIZATION TESTING FOR THE

BASE LINE VALIDATION OF COMPUTER FIRE SIMULATION CODES

S. P. Nowlen

March 1987

Sandia National Laboratories

Albuquerque. NM. 87185

Operated by

Sandia Corporation

for the

U.S. Department of Energy

Prepared for

Electrical Engineering Branch

Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Washington, DC 20555

Under Memorandum of Understanding DOE 40-550-75

NRC FIN No. AIOO

Abstract

This report describes a series of fire tests conducted under

the direction of Sandia National Laboratories for the U. S.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The primary purpose of these

tests was to provide data against which to validate computer

fire environment simulation models to be used in the analysis

of nuclear power plant enclosure fire situations. Examples

of the data gathered during three of the tests are presented.

though the primary objective of this report is to provide a

timely description of the test effort itself.

These tests were conducted in an enclosure measuring 60x40x20

feet constructed at the Factory Mutual Research Corporation

fire test facility in Rhode Island. All of the tests utilized forced ventilation conditions. The ventilation system

was designed to simulate typical nuclear power plant installation practices and ventilation rates.

A total of 22 tests using simple gas burner. heptane pool.

methanol pool, and PMMA solid fires was conducted. Four of

these tests were conducted with a full-scale control room

mockup in place. Parameters varied during testing were fire

intensity, enclosure ventilation rate, and fire location.

Data gathered included air temperatures, air velocities,

radiative and convective heat flux levels, optical smoke

densities, inner and outer enclosure surface temperatures,

enclosure surface heat flux levels, and gas concentrations

within the enclosure in the exhaust stream.

Suggested key words:

Fire Modeling

Fire Testing

Enclosure Fires

Base Line Validation Testing

Nuclear Power Plants

-iii/iv-

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 1

1.0 Introduction

2.0 The Test Enclosure

3.0 Enclosure Instrumentation

4.0 Test Parameters and the Test Matrix

4.1 Fuel/Fire Source Parameters

4.2 Fire Locations

4.3 Enclosure Ventilation Rate

4.4 Room Configuration

4.5 The Test Matrix

5.0 Examples of Available Data

6.0 Conclusions

References

Appendix A: Test Facility Construction Details

Appendix B: Test Instrumentation Details

Appendix C: Calculation of Heat Release Rates

Page

3

5

7

13

13

16

16

17

17

17

39

42
j

List of Figures

Page

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Figure 5:

Figure 6:

Figure 7:

Figure 8:

Figure 9:

Figure 10:

Figure i1:

Enclosure Ventilation System.

Placement of Instrument Trees Within

the Test Enclosure.

Definition of Instrumentation on Each of the

Instrument Trees Types Shown in Figure 1.

Heat Release Rate Profiles Followed for the

Gas Burner Tests Using the Growth Mode.

Control Room Mockup Configuration of the

Test Enclosure.

Heat Release Rates Calculated Based on

Generation Rate of Carbon Dioxide for

Tests 4. 5. and 21.

Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus

Plan View Location for the 6-Foot Elevation

at 5 and 10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus

Plan View Location for the 10-Foot Elevation

at 5 and 10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus

Plan View Location for the 14-Foot Elevation

at 5 and 10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus

Plan View Location for the 18-Foot Elevation

at 5 and 10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus

Plan View Location for the 19-Foot. 7-Inch

Elevation at 5 and 10 Minutes After Ignition

in Test 5.

6

11

12

15

18

20

22

23

24

25

26

27

Figure 12: Smoke Optical Density to Blue Light at Each

of Two Elevations on Sector 2 Instrument

Tree During Tests 4. 5. and 21.

Figure 13: Vertical Temperature Profile at Sector 2

Location During Fire Growth and Fire SteadyState Periods of Tests 4. 5. and 21. 28

-vi-
Figure 14: Vertical Temperature Profiles at Sector 2

Location Following Fire Extinguishment In

Tests 4. 5. and 21. 29

Figure 15: Data From Bare-Bead and Aspirated

Thermocouples at Sector 2. 6-Foot

Location During Test 4. 32

Figure 16: Data From Bare-Bead and Aspirated

Thermocouples at Sector 2. 6-Foot

Location During Test 5. 33

Figure 17: Data From Bare-Bead and Aspirated

Thermocouples at Sector 2. 6-Foot

Location During Test 21. 34

Figure 18: Raw Data and Curve Fit for Sector 2. 6-Foot

Location Sphere Calorimeter Processing

During Test 5. 36

Figure 19: Equivalent Radiative Environment Temperature

Derived Based on Sphere Calorimeters at

Sector 2. 6 Foot Location During Test 5. 37

Figure 20: Net Heat Flux Levels for Sphere Calorimeters

at Sector 2. 6 Foot Location During Test 5. 38

Figure 21: Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide

Concentrations at Sector 2 During Test 5. 40

-vii-
List of Tables

Page

Table 1:

Table 2:

Matrix of Base Line Validation Tests

Conducted in the Open Enclosure

Configuration

Matrix of Base Line Validation Tests

Conducted in the Control Room Mockup

Configuration

8

9

-viii-
'1

Acknowledgements

The author thanks the Factory Mutual Research Corporation

staff who were responsible for the conduct of these tests.

In particular Jeff Newman and John Hill have earned our

thanks. Their experience was invaluable to the execution of

this ambitious effort.

-ix/x-
0
Executive Summary

This report describes a series of fire tests conducted under

the direction of the Adverse Environment Safety Assessment

Division (6447) of Sandia National Laboratories for the

U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The primary purpose of

these tests was to provide data on various characteristics

of the environment within a nuclear power plant sized

enclosure during a fire. It is intended that this data be

used for the base line validation of computer fire environment simulation models. A secondary purpose of these tests

was to act as facility shakedown and calibration tests prior

to execution of a series of electrical cabinet fire tests

within the test enclosure. The electrical cabinet fire

tests are described in a separate work.r7]

These tests were conducted by the Factory Mutual Research

Corporation under direct contract to Sandia. The tests were

conducted in an enclosure built by Factory Mutual within a

larger fire test structure in Rhode Island. The test

enclosure itself measured 60 feet long, by 40 feet wide, by

20 feet tall (approximately 18x12x6 meters). Forced ventilation conditions were used in all of the tests. Ventilation

was supplied through a system installed in the enclosure

that simulated typical nuclear power plant ventilation

installation practices and ventilation rates.

An extensive array of instrumentation was installed in order

to monitor a variety of aspects of the environment within

the enclosure. For characterization of the enclosure air a

total of 92 thermocouples, 18 sphere calorimeters (for the

measurement of convective and radiative heat fluxes). 6

smoke optical density meters. 9 three-dimensional velocity

probes, and 9 gas concentration sampling ports was utilized.

The walls, ceiling, and floor of the enclosure were instrumented for combinations of inner surface temperature and

inner surface heat flux, and in the case of the walls and

ceiling, outer surface temperature. The exhaust gas duct

was monitored for concentrations of oxygen, carbon monoxide.

carbon dioxide, and unburned hydrocarbons. For each test a

total of over 300 channels of data was generated.

Twenty-two tests, using simple well-defined propylene gas.

heptane pool, methanol pool, and polymethyl methacrylate

(PMM4A) solid source fuel fires, were conducted. Other

parameters varied during testing were fire location, fire

intensity, enclosure ventilation rate, and room configuration. Room configuration was varied in that 4 of these 22

tests were conducted in a control room mockup configuration

of the test enclosure.
The primary goal of this report is to provide a timely

description of the test effort. A secondary goal is to

provide examples of the data available as a result of the

effort. Examples are presented from three similar tests

(Tests 4. 5. and 21). Four conclusions are drawn based on

this limited data presentation:

1. Thermal radiation plays a significant role in

the heating of the enclosure air for test fires

conducted in an open, unshielded location.

2. Hot layer temperatures during these tests were

quite low compared to previous enclosure fire

test efforts presumably due to the large size

of the test enclosure and the ventilation

conditions used in the present effort.

3. The configuration of the ventilation system

resulted in the partitioning of the hot layer

into two distinctly different layers.

4. Even an air exchange rate of 10 room air

changes per hour was not sufficient to prevent

the buildup of a dense smoke layer within the

enclosure that descended to floor level within

ten minutes of fire ignition during every test

other than those involving the clean burning

methanol and PMMA fuel fires.

-2-
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The primary objective of the Base Line Validation Test

Program is to provide benchmarking test results for use in

the development and validation of computer fire codes to be

used for predicting fire-induced environments in nuclear

power plant enclosures. The Base Line Validation Tests

described here were designed to provide test data characterizing a number of aspects of the room environment from an

extensively instrumented enclosure under a variety of fairly

simple, well-defined fire conditions. This data may be used

to validate a variety of fire codes, including so-called

zone models and field models.

A secondary purpose of the tests described here was to act

as facility shakedown and calibration tests prior to the

execution of a series of electrical control cabinet fire

tests in the same test enclosure. These cabinet fire tests.

described in a separate work [7]. involved the burning of

complex cable configurations within a control room mockup in

the test enclosure. Because of the extent of instrumentation utilized in these tests, it was desirable to perform the simpler tests described here prior to the conduct of the

more complicated cabinet tests. This allowed personnel to

work out minor "bugs" in the instrumentation, facility, and

test procedures during relatively inexpensive and easily repeated tests. The data from the simple fuel tests also

allows for calibration and verification of the heat release

rate calculation procedure, which will be of primary

interest in analysis of the cabinet fire test data. This

calculation process is described in Appendix C.

The tests described here were conducted by Factory Mutual

Research Corporation (FMRC) under the direction of Sandia

National Laboratories (SNL) in an enclosure at the FMRC test

site in Rhode Island. This enclosure was intended to be

representative of a credible nuclear power plant enclosure.

The enclosure has dimensions of 60 feet long. by 40 feet

wide. by 20 feet high (18x12x6 meters). Forced ventilation

conditions were used in all of the tests described here.

Section 2 of this report provides more detail on the characteristics of the test enclosure. Appendix A provides details

on the actual construction of the test enclosure as provided

by FMRC.

The enclosure was instrumented with a variety of instrumentation including an extensive array of thermocouples, heat

flux probes. one-. two-, and three-dimensional velocity

probes, smoke density meters, and gas sampling ports for the

analysis of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide. and

unburned pyrolysate concentrations. Section 3 provides more

detail on the distribution of instrumentation within the

-3-
test enclosure, on the surfaces of the test enclosure, and

in the inlet and exhaust ducts. Appendix B gives additional

information on the type of instrumentation used, the data

logging system used, and the actual channel maps for data

collected. The information in Appendix B was provided by

FMRC.

The test fires utilized in the Base Line Validation Tests

involved a variety of simple, well-defined gas burner.

liquid pool, and solid fuel fires (the fire sources are

described in detail in Section 4.1). The tests explored the

effects of fuel type, fire intensity, fire placement.

ventilation rate, and room configuration on the development

of the room environment. A total of 22 tests utilizing these simple, well-defined fire sources was conducted. Of

these tests. 18 were conducted in the enclosure with no

internal partitioning. The remaining 4 tests were conducted

with a full-scale control room mockup in the test enclosure.

The results of these tests should be useful in validating

the computer fire codes traditionally used in nuclear power plant fire risk analyses. Detailed enclosure fire test data

for enclosures such as those found in a nuclear power plant

were not available previously. This lack of adequate test

data has resulted in the use of fire codes in situations for

which they were not originally intended and for which they have never been validated. The particular areas of concern

typically voiced involve the enclosure size (most test

results available involve use of residential or single

office sized enclosures), the density of test enclosure

instrumentation (typical tests involve instrumentation for a

very few specific aspects of fire development rather than a

general array encompassing a variety of instrumentation).

and the ventilation conditions utilized (most codes and

tests deal primarily with the naturally ventilated fire.

whereas most nuclear power plant enclosures are exclusively

forced ventilated).

The instrumentation plan was developed with input from those

at Brookhaven National Laboratories (BNL), the CHAM group of

Atlanta. and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

The instrumentation density was considered adequate for

validating even three-dimensional thermal hydraulic finite

difference flow codes (i.e.. field models). The field

modeling approach is one in which the enclosure of interest

is represented by a large number of nodal computation points

(on the order of 100-1000 nodes). The major characteristics

of concern (temperature, pressure. gas concentrations, etc.)

are then calculated for each node with the solution at each

node iterated forward in time for the entire enclosure.

Such extensive detail in the calculation process called for

a similar level of detail in the instrumentation package for

-4-
the test enclosure. The enclosure instrumentation was

designed to provide information on variations of environmental conditions in both the horizontal andvertical

directions.

Other fire codes, including those that utilize a zone

modeling approach, should also benefit from this data.

Under the zone modeling approach, the enclosure of interest

is typically divided into two or three lumped zones: a hot

upper layer, a cool lower layer, and in some cases the fire

plume. Transfer of mass and energy between these lumped

zones is tracked mathematically. Thus the zone models

generate less specific detail on environmental conditions.

This lack of detail is somewhat compensated through simplicity of calculation procedures and reduced calculation

times.

2.0 THE TEST ENCLOSURE

The enclosure used for the tests described here is located

at the FMRC test site in Rhode Island. The entire test

enclosure is itself housed within an outer building and

hence isolated from the external environment. The basic

structure of the test enclosure was used in previous cable

tray fire tests conducted by FMRC. For the purposes of this

test program, the enclosure was expanded to a size of 60

feet long by 40 feet wide by 20 feet high (18xl2x6 meters).

The inside surfaces of the enclosure ceiling and walls were

lined with one-inch thick marinite panels in an effort to

simulate the behavior and characteristics of concrete walls

such as those encountered in nuclear power plants. These

one-inch marinite panels were expected to behave much like a

concrete wall for the duration of the tests anticipated.

Analysis of wall temperature data obtained during testing

should define the validity of this assumption though this

analysis has not yet been performed. The floor of the

enclosure was comprised of the concrete slab making up the

foundation of the test building.

A forced ventilation system with six inlet ports (one inlet

per 400 square feet (37 square meters) of floor area) and

one outlet port were installed in the enclosure as shown in

Figure 1. This system was capable of providing ventilation

rates equivalent to from one to ten room air changes per

hour. The inlet ports extended down through the ceiling of

the enclosure to a point four feet (1.2 m) below the ceiling,

with air directed downward out of the inlets. These inlets

were capped with standard, commercially available four-way

air diffusers. The inlet ports were extended in this way in

order to simulate typical design practices in nuclear power

-5-
~1~~~~

% ii

Top

View

0 0 0

U ][][

on 0] 0

e'MC-I

•-2 0 * 4 2 0 ->- 10w -

Exhaust Duct Inlet Duct (typ. one of two)

View. t.O tJ

V111,010~~~~~~~~~j" 400d,,.,,.,,-. 046.140d

Figure 1: Enclosure ventilation system.

-6-
.P

plants while at the same time introducing as few internal

obstructions within the enclosure as possible. Typical

power plant installations involve an air duct run at some

distance (3-5 feet) below the true ceiling with ventilation

grills set into the bottom of this air duct. Simulation of

the height at which the inlet air was introduced into the

enclosure and the available ventilation flow rate were

considered the primary effects of interest.

A single outlet port was located in the ceiling along the

east wall of the test enclosure (one of the short walls).

The outlet was placed in the ceiling in order to increase

the sensitivity of the exhaust duct instrumentation to

changes in the fire intensity. The outlet duct was sized

such that the minimum pressure drop through the outlet for

anticipated ventilation rates would be 1/8 inch of water.

This pressure corresponds to typical control room operating

pressures. Totally unrestricted air flow out of the enclosure would not be representative of actual power plant

conditions.

The first 18 Base Line Validation Tests were conducted in

the enclosure with no internal obstructions present. The

conditions used in each of these tests are shown in Table

1. The remaining four Base Line Validation Tests were

conducted in a control room mockup configuration of the test

enclosure. The test conditions for each of these four tests

are shown in Table 2.

The control room mockup included six "real" electrical

control cabinets (three benchboard style, one mitered corner

benchboard style, and two single-bay vertical style). The

remainder of the mockup was constructed from marinite panels

bolted to metal framing material. The height of the entire

mockup was 8 feet. The actual dimensions of each of the

sections of the control room mockup are described in Section

4.4.

Appendix A provides a complete description of the test

enclosure, including construction details, prepared by the

contractor. FMRC.

3.0 ENCLOSURE INSTRUMENTATION

This section contains a description of the general enclosure

instrumentation utilized during the Base Line Validation

Tests. Appendix B. provided by FMRC. gives additional detail

on the data logging system and on the types of instrumentation used.

-7-
Table 1: Matrix of Base Line Validation Tests

conducted in the open enclosure configuration.

Test * 1112 13 4 5 16 ? 18 19 11011111211311411511611718

I

Propylene Burners X X X X X - X X - -

Fuel Heptane Pool X X X x X x X

Type Methanol Pool X X

PMMHR Solid Slabs IX

Nominal ____ 500 _ kW X X X__X X X X

-X - t - - -X

Peak Fire 1000 kW XXX X

Intensity 2000 kW X9XTX

F Room Center XX X X X X X X

Fire South Wall I X1 X-XX X

S-U Corner X X

Nominal I ch/hr (800 CFM) X X X X I X X X X

Enclosure 4.4 oh/hr (3500 CFM) X X x

Ventilation B oh/hr (6400 CFM) X X

Rate 10 oh/hr (8000 CFM) X X X X.i I X

Burner Steady State Mode X I X I 1[ " T

Fire Mode Growing Fire I X(X f X X
Table 2: Matrix of Base Line Validation Tests conducted

in the control room mock up configuration.

Test 0 19202122

FeTyePropyl ene -Burner X Xx

Type Heptane Pool X X

Nominal Peak 500 kP X Fire _Intensity _.1000 k IX XI JX

Room Center X

Fire Location South-West Corner X

Benchboard Cabinet 'A' X x

ILD

I

Nominal Enclosure

Ventilation Rate

1 ch/hr (B00 CFM) X1X XJ

8 ch/hr (6400 CFM) X]

Gas Burner Steady State Mode

Fire Mode Growing Fire Mode
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the placement of most of the

general enclosure instrumentation. Figure 2 shows the

placement of the instrument trees, which have been grouped

into four types: stations, expanded stations, corner rakes,

and sectors within the enclosure. Figure 3 defines the

instrumentation included on each of these four general types

of instrumentation trees. As can be seen from Figure 3, the

sectors represent the most heavily instrumented locations

and the stations the most lightly instrumented locations.

The sum of the instrumentation represented by these 21

instrument trees provided the following instrumentation for

characterization of the environment associated with the air

in the enclosure:

-31 aspirated thermocouples

-59 bare-bead thermocouples

-9 small sphere calorimeters

-9 large sphere calorimeters

-6 smoke turbidimeters (smoke density meters)

-9 three-dimensional velocity probes

-9 gas sampling ports (for oxygen, carbon dioxide.

carbon monoxide)

The large and small sphere calorimeters were located in pairs

in nine locations within the room. Together with the gas

temperature measurements provided by the aspirated thermocouples these calorimeters can provide estimates of both the

convective and radiative heat transfer rates to the spheres. The convective heat transfer rates can also be converted to

bulk flow velocity information through correlations that

relate the heat transfer coefficient to the velocity of the

air flow. This calculation procedure has been described by

Newman (1].

The optical smoke density meters. or smoke turbidimeters.

are devices designed by FMRC for use in fire testing. Of

the six devices installed in the enclosure, five utilized a

single color light extinction measurement. The final

turbidimeter utilized a three-wavelength light extinction

measurement. Through experimental use FMRC has shown a

correlation between the optical density-of the smoke at a

particular wavelength to the volume fraction of smoke. Thus

these optical extinction measurements can be used to estimate

the smoke volume fraction in the area of measurement. Data

from the three-wavelength device can also be used to generate

estimates of the particulate sizes in the area of the device.

The details of construction and use of the turbidimeters have

been described by Newman [2]. The procedures for processing

the turbidimeter data have also been described by Newman in

a separate work [3].
f% rM J

GB 0 0 100 9(s 8(&

0i 15°0

UA 140 2A

120 110

30 20 10

A- Sectors - Corner Rakes

(8)- Expanded Stations - Exhaust Port

0 - Stations - Vent Inlet Ports

O - Fire Source Locations

Figure 2: Placement of instrument trees within the test enclosure.
Expanded

Stat Ions

Corner Rakes Sectors Stations

000--

00--

- .00

-WOU

Zr ,

0

---1-[

- .98XH (19"7") - .9XH (18') -

.?XH (14') -

.5XH (10") -

- .3XH (6') -

0--

0--

0--

M

-1--I ---- [3

*00 - - NO0o ---- Fl

I

N

I

0

00

- aspirated Thermocouple

- Bare-Bead Thermocouple

- Large Sphere Calorimeter

- Small Sphere Calorimeter

00 - Gas Sample Port

- Velocity Flow Probe

- Smoke Turbidimeter

Figure 3: Definition of instrumentation on each

the instrument tree types shown in Figure 2.
The enclosure surfaces were instrumented at a number of

locations for surface temperature and surface heat flux.

The ceiling was instrumented at four locations for inner

surface temperature only. at six additional locations for

both inner surface heat flux and inner surface temperature.

and at three additional locations for inner surface heat

flux and both inner and outer surface temperature. These

locations are described in Appendix B. Similarly, the

enclosure walls were instrumented at twelve locations for

inner surface temperature only, and at an additional eight

locations for inner surface heat flux and both inner and

outer surface temperature. These locations are described in

Appendix B. The floor of the enclosure was instrumented at

three locations for upper surface heat flux and temperature.

These three locations correspond to the locations of the

three instrumentation sectors shown in Figure 2.

Differential pressure measurements were made in both the

main inlet ventilation duct and the outlet ventilation duct

for calculation of duct velocity. The static pressure in

the chamber was also monitored at two locations.

Fuel burning rates for the liquid fuel pool fires and the

solid fuel fire were monitored using a load platform to

measure the fuel mass remaining throughout each test.

Concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide.

and unburned hydrocarbons were continuously measured in the

exhaust duct.

In all. over 300 channels of data were generated during each

of the fire tests. Data on the convective and radiative

heat flux levels in the room, temperatures in the enclosure

and on the inner and outer surfaces of the enclosure, smoke

densities, and gas concentrations both within the enclosure

and in the exhaust gas is available. Channel maps for the

data files generated in each test are presented in Appendix

B.

4.0 TEST PARAMETERS AND THE TEST MATRIX

4.1 Fuel/Fire Source Parameters

The fuel/fire sources utilized in the tests described here

fall into three basic categories:

1. gas burner fires.

2. liquid pool fires.

3. simple solid fuel fires.

-13-
Each of these basic categories of fire and the nominal fire

intensities used within each of these categories is discussed

below.

Ten tests utilizing a gas burner were conducted (see the

test matrix presented in Tables 1 and 2). Two of these ten

tests were conducted in the control room mockup configuration

of the test enclosure with the burner placed inside one of

the benchboard cabinets. The burner utilized was a 36-inch

diameter sand burner. The gaseous fuel was forced to flow

up through a base of loose sand filling the burner body. As

the gas was not premixed with air, a diffusion flame

resulted. The base of this flame was approximately 12

inches above the floor of the enclosure. In all cases the

gas utilized was propylene.

These ten gas burner tests each used one of three nominal

peak values of the heat release rate: 516, 1000. and 2000

kW. The gas test fires were conducted in both a steady

state and in a growing fire mode as indicated in the test

matrix (see Tables 1 and 2). For the steady-state tests the

burners were activated at the indicated peak rate and allowed

to burn for approximately 10 minutes. In the growth-mode

tests the burners were made to provide an increasing flow

rate from zero flow to the indicated peak rate at a preprogrammed rate. The flow rate was made proportional to the

square of elapsed time from ignition to full intensity. The

peak value was maintained for a prescribed period to provide

a total burn duration of 10 minutes for the 516 kW fires and

13 minutes for the 1000 kW fires. Following this hold at

peak intensity, the burners were shut off. The profiles

used for the two peak fire intensities used for growth-mode

tests are shown in Figure 4.

For the two control room mockup tests using the gas burner.

one test utilized a peak heat release rate of 516 KWM while

the other used a peak heat release rate of 1000 kW. Both

tests utilized a growth-mode fire such as those described

above. The only exception to the discussion above was that

the fires were allowed to burn for a total of approximately

19 and 14 minutes respectively.

Nine tests involving various flammable liquid fuel pool

fires were conducted. These pool fires utilized three

nominal heat release rates: 500. 1000, and 2000 kW. These

heat release rates correspond to those used in the gas burner

tests. Two liquid fuels were used: methanol and heptane.

These two fuels were chosen as representative of "clean" and

"dirty" burning fuels, respectively.

-14-
/ 1888 kW Peak HRR-.

' 1

/

408

/ I

//

/ I

2808 / /k .- er R I

7, / !

7I

0 - I

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time (min)

Figure 4: Heat Release Rate Profiles Followed for the Gas

Burner Tests Using the Growth Mode.

-15-
I .

One test was conducted using a simple configuration of two

works polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the fuel source.

This fuel source utilized two 2'x2'xl" (0.6m x 0.6m x 2.5cm)

slabs of PMMA in a nearly vertical orientation with a small

pan of methanol placed between them as an ignition source.

This fire was estimated to have a peak heat release rate of

1000 kW. This fuel source was chosen to represent an

uncontrolled solid fuel fire. PMMA was selected as the

material to be utilized as it has been extensively used in

many studies and is hence one of the best characterized of

the plastic materials available. The configuration was

purposely kept as simple as possible in order to make posttest data interpretation as simple as possible.

4.2 Fire Locations

For the tests conducted in the open enclosure, fires were

placed in three locations: near the center of the room.

along the center of the south wall. and in the southwest

corner. Figure 2 shows each of these locations. These three

locations were selected as locations that should yield somewhat different room environments for a given fire. This

should present differing challenges to field computer fire

codes, testing their ability to accurately simulate subtle

changes in the nature of the enclosure fire. It is a field

code's potential for sensing such subtle differences that

sets it apart from the simpler zone computer fire codes.

For the tests conducted in the control room mockup, fires

were-placed in three locations. For the two tests involving

gas burners, the burner was located inside of benchboard

cabinet "A" as shown in Figure 5. For the two heptane pool

fires, the room center and south wall locations as described

above were used.

4.3 Enclosure Ventilation Rate

Four nominal ventilation rates were used: 1 room change per

hour. 4.4 room air changes per hour. 8 room air changes per

hour. and 10 room changes per hour. These rates correspond

to 800 CFM (0.38 m3/s). 3500 CFM (1.65 m3/s). 6400 CFM

(3.02 m3 /s), and 8000 CFM (3.78 m3 /s) respectively. The

lowest ventilation rate corresponds to typical ventilation

rates for general nuclear power plant enclosures and some

control rooms. The highest rate corresponds to that

suggested by a proposed guideline for control room smoke

purging capability from the Control Room Habitability Working

Group issued in June 1984. The middle two rates correspond

to typical ventilation rates under normal conditions for many

nuclear power plant control rooms, with 8 room air exchanges

per hour being on the high side of normal.

-16-
4.4 Room Configurations

The room configuration parameter refers to the fact that

four of the Base Line Validation Tests, 19-22, were conducted

in the control room mockup configuration of the test enclosure. A schematic of the control room mockup including

dimensions is presented in Figure 5. These control room

mockup tests should be helpful in characterizing the degree

to which the presence of a large number of cabinets, which

play the role of internal partitions, affect the development

of the room environment.

4.5 The Test Matrix

The matrix of tests performed under the Base Line Validation

Test Program is presented in Tables 1 and 2. A total of 22

tests was performed using the simple fuel sources described

above. Of these 22 tests. 18 were performed in the open

test enclosure. These 18 open enclosure tests are described

in Table 1. The remaining 4 tests were conducted in the

control room mockup configuration of the test enclosure.

Table 2 describes the 4 control room mockup tests conducted

using these simple fuels.

5.0 EXAMPLES OF AVAILABLE DATA

It is not the purpose of this report to provide an exhaustive

treatment of the test data. Nor is it intended that the

treatment here include full interpretation of the results

presented. The purpose of this report is to provide the

reader with a timely description of the test effort and of

the type of data that can be made available. The examples

that follow represent only a small fraction of the data

available for the tests discussed and for those tests still

remaining. These examples were chosen because they illustrate some interesting and somewhat unexpected phenomena.

These examples do raise fundamental questions regarding the

development of a fire environment in large forced ventilated

rooms. These questions cannot be fully resolved here. It

is hoped that further analysis of the test data will help to

answer these unresolved questions.

The results of Tests 4. 5. and 21 will be used to illustrate

the type of data available as a result of these tests and

some of the data presentation capabilities available. Each

of these three tests involved a gas burner fire using a

growth mode profile with a peak heat release rate of 516 kW.

Tests 4 and 5 were conducted in the open configuration of

the test enclosure with the burner in the room center location. Test 21 was conducted in the control room mockup

configuration of the test enclosure with the fire placed

inside benchboard cabinet "A" (see Figure 5). In Tests 4

-17-
6

Jn

tW II -+- ,

,I I

CABINETS R,B,&E - BENCHBORRD CABINETS, 6.SX4X8 FT

CABINET F - MITERED BENCHBORRD CABINET, 6.5XS.5X8 FT

CABINETS C&G - VERTICRL CABINETS, 3X5X7.5 FT

CABINETS D&H - CABINET MOCKUPS, 4X5X8 FT

CABINETS I - CABINET MOCKUPS, 4X6X8 FT

Figure 5: Control room mockup configuration of the test enclosure.
and 21 a nominal ventilation rate of 1 room air change per hour was used. Test 5 utilized a nominal ventilation rate

of 10 room air changes per hour. For these three tests the

same source fire was burned in the open enclosure with both

high and low ventilation rates and in both the open enclosure

and control room mockup at the low ventilation rate. This

allows for direct comparison of the test results.

Figure 6 shows the calculated heat release rates for each of

these three tests as compared to the actual burner profile. These heat release rates are based on the generation rate of

carbon dioxide. The calculation process, described in

Appendix C, includes consideration of both the outflow gasses and the accumulation of carbon dioxide within the room.

Because of the size of the test enclosure, the accumulation

term accounts for a significant fraction of the total carbon

dioxide generated. Note that the calculated values match

the known profile quite well. In Test 5 a rapid spike in

heat release rate is shown at 9 minutes. This spike corresponds to a test anomaly in which the ventilation blower

overheated and shut down. This anomaly explains the behavior

seen for Test 5 described in Appendix C.

One of the most vivid graphic data presentation techniques is illustrated in Figures 7 through 11. Referring to

Figures 2 and 3 one will note that the instrumentation was

concentrated on each of five vertically spaced horizontal

planes within the enclosure. These planes were at elevations

of 6 ft. (.3 x height (H)) (1.8 m), 10 ft. (.5 x H) (3.0 m).

14 ft. (.7 x H) (4.3 m). 18 ft. (.9 x H) (5.5 m). and 19 ft.

7 in. (.98 x H) (5.9 m). The plots shown in Figures 7

through 11 were generated using the thermocouple data from

each of these five planes independently. For each plot the

data at a given time for a given plane is used to generate a

uniform grid of temperature versus plan view location (i.e.. location as seen from directly above).

This uniform grid is generated through use of a distance

weighting technique available in the commercial plotting routine DISSPLA [4]. This technique utilizes the available

data from the nonuniform grid of instrumentation and a

distance weighting factor (1.8 in the plots shown) to

generate the uniform grid of data. At the location of an

actual data point the true value is always used. Between

the logged data points an interpolation is performed that

weighs the available data within the search zone to the

inverse of distance to the interpolation point raised to the

weight factor power. The resulting grid was then plotted using other DISSPLA routines.

-19-
300

200

100 /

Test 21

600

300

200

0• : . . .-.. . .. 

100

a 5 19 15 20 25 30

Time (min)

Figure 6: Heat Release Rates Calculated Based on Generation

Rate of Carbon Dioxide for Tests 4. 5. and 21.

-20-
Figures 7 through 11 show three-dimensional plots of temperature versus the plan view location within the enclosure for

each of the five planes at 5 and 10 minutes after ignition.

In these plots the point (X.Y) equals (0.0) is defined as

the N-E corner of the enclosure. The "Y" axis extends along

the east wall (from zero to 40 feet). The "X" axis extends

along the north wall (from zero to 60 feet). In these plots

the thermocouple located directly above the fire at highest

level (.98 x H) was artificially added to the data at each

of the other four levels. This thermocouple was the only

thermocouple located directly above the fire. By artificially attributing this thermocouple to all five levels one

introduces an indication of the presence of the fire plume

that would not otherwise be visible. Actual temperatures in

the fire plume at these lower levels would certainly have

been higher than those measured near the ceiling.

It is also possible to generate a variety of two-dimensional

plots of the test data. The first examples of the twodimensional plotting capabilities are shown in Figure 12.

This figure shows the smoke optical density at two levels of

the Sector 2 instrument tree (at the very center of the

enclosure) during Tests 4. 5. and 21. Note that for each

elevation and during each test the optical density would

remain a zero (indicating no smoke at that location) for a

given period and then rather suddenly and sharply rise to

levels indicative of extremely poor visibility conditions.

This data is in agreement with observations made during the

testing. In each case a well-defined smoke layer was

observed to form in the enclosure and descend through the

room. Even as the layer descended past the level of the

ventilation inlets (at 16 feet or 4.9 m). the layer was

observed to remain quite well defined with a definite

interface apparent.

It is interesting to compare the results of Tests 4 and 5.

These tests differed only in that Test 4 used a lowventilation rate (1 ch/hr). while Test 5 used a highventilation rate (10 ch/hr). In Test 5 the smoke layer

actually reaches the 6-foot level nearly 1.5 minutes earlier

than in Test 4. While the smoke layer descends more quickly

at the higher ventilation rate. it is also apparent that the

density of the smoke is lower under the higher ventilation

conditions. Even so. using correlations developed by

Rasbach. estimated visibility distances at the Sector 2. 6

ft. elevation location during Test 5 following passage of

the smoke layer are on the order of 1.0 - 1.5 meters

depending on lighting conditions [8].

Figures 13 and 14 illustrate a commonly encountered data

presentation technique. These plots show the vertical

temperature profile as measured by the aspirated

-21-
Figure 7: Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus Plan

View Location for the 6-Foot Elevation at 5 and

10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

-22-
Figure 8: Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus Plan

View Location for the 10-Foot Elevation at 5 and

10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

-23-
Figure 9: Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus Plan

View Location for the 14-Foot Elevation at 5 and

10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

-24-
Figure 10: Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus Plan

View Location for the 18-Foot Elevation at 5 and

10 Minutes After Ignition in Test 5.

-25-
Test 5; Time = 5 mrin; Z = 19 ft 7 in

X Max/Min Profile

E

0 1,0 io i'o 40 0o soo X

Y Max/Min Profile

& I 1 

0 10 20 30 40

y

Test 5; Time=10 min; Z= 19 ft7in

X Max/Min Profile

2L

0 Ia 20 30o o40 •O 00

x

Y Max/Min Profile

%3 X

L'O ;5 152025 30o :3540 ,' 0 5o5 0 10 20 30 40

Y

Figure 11: Three-Dimensional Plot of Temperature Versus

Plan View Location for the 19-Foot. 7-Inch

Elevation at 5 and 10 Minutes After Ignition in

Test 5.

-26-
eT

-Sector 2, Test 4

a

S .98xH (19"'7)

I'-

10- e-''' - ' 'J '

I:IV

E Sector 2, Test 5

8- 8

*-6

US8H 2 (1.'?.,

10 7

Sector 2n Test 21 Tree

Durin H CI5'?")

4 6 14

Time (min)

Figure 12: Smoke Optical Density to Blue Light at Each of

Two Elevations on Sector 2 Instrument Tree

During Tests 4. 5. and 21.

-27-
20

10

-/1\\-N\ / //

-a, 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10min Sector 2, Test 4

20 .

4-

C

> 1

S- 2 3 4 5 57 83 •z•min Sector 2, Test 5

, I" , I I I I I I , . 1 , L I I 1 -1 1 ,

2040s e o

15

108-

5 Il1111 /,/

8,2..3.4.5 6 7' 9 3 1 15 13mmn Sector 2, Tes't 21

Temperature (C)

Figure 13: Vertical Temperature Profile at Sector 2

Location During Fire Growth and Fire

Steady-State Periods of Tests 4, 5. and 21.

-28-
20

15

1- //

Sector 2, Test 4

018 IS15 '6 14 13 12 11 10min

i , I , , I , I --A , I 

20

4-)

4J15

I~ -13 12 11 l8mIn Sector 2, Test 5

A - I I I I III I I I I I I

20/

15

5

Sector 2, Test 21 29 26 24 23 22 21 20 19min

0 , I I , I , I , I , , 0 20 40 so B8

Temperature (C)

Figure 14: Vertical Temperature Profiles at Sector 2

Location Following Fire Extinguishment in Tests

4. 5. and 21.

-29-
thermocouples on the Sector 2 instrument tree during Tests

4. 5. and 21. Figure 13 presents data for the time period

from fire ignition to fire burnout. Figure 14 shows data

for times after fire extinguishment. Note that the ventilation system shut down because of overheating at 9 minutes

into Test 5.

The plots in Figure 13 show some rather interesting features.

The plot for Test 21 shows the type of temperature development one normally expects to see during an enclosure fire.

Temperatures at each level remain at ambient for a given

time period and then, starting at the highest level, temperature readings start increasing. This behavior is consistent

with the development of a hot layer that descends through

the room. The times at which the highest and lowest level

temperatures first deviate significantly from ambient are

also consistent with the time at which the smoke layer passes

these points as shown in Figure 12.

This type of hot layer development is not as clearly

indicated for Tests 4 and 5. In Tests 4 and 5 the smoke

layer is observed to pass the 6-foot level at approximately

7 and 6 minutes after ignition, respectively, as shown in

Figure 12. However, unlike Test 21. in Test 4 by 7 minutes

temperatures at the 6-foot level had risen approximately

15 0 C. In Test 5 by 5 minutes temperatures had risen

approximately 100C above ambient. These temperature rises

prior to passing of the hot smoke layer represent a significant fraction of the total temperature rise for that point

over the full length of the test. This heating of the

enclosure air prior to hot layer passage can only be

accounted for by absorption of thermal radiation. In the

case of Test 21 the fire was within a heavy steel cabinet

that presumably absorbed a large fraction of the radiative

heat released by the fire. particularly that which would

normally have been directed toward the center of the

enclosure. However in the case of Tests 4 and 5 the fire

was placed in the open with no shielding. In most analyses

air is considered transparent to thermal radiation. The

presence of water vapor in the atmosphere can. however.

result in significant absorption of thermal radiation. In

Tests 4 and 5 ambient relative humidities were 60 and 65

percent respectively. Using correlations outlined by Siegel

and Howell £5). estimated total absorptivities for the

enclosure air are on the order of 23-25 percent.

Thus the data indicates that radiative heating of the

enclosure air is a significant effect under certain test

conditions. Indeed for the case of Tests 4 and 5 the

preheating of the air prior to passage of the hot layer

results in a significant fraction of the total temperature

-30-
11

rise throughout the test. The data does indicate that for

the time period between 7 and 8 minutes in Test 4 and for

the time period between 5 and 6 minutes in Test 5 the

temperature change at the 6-foot level is greater than during

any other one-minute period. This is indicative of a hot

layer passing, though the temperature rise due to the hot

layer passage is nearly indetectable. Other methods, such

as differentiation of temperature profiles and plotting of

the difference between layer temperatures. have been

attempted but because of the "noise" in the data have not

been successful in detecting the hot layer passage for Tests

4 and 5.

One method that has been useful in highlighting certain fire

developments under the open fire conditions is comparison of

bare-bead and aspirated thermocouple measurements. Figure

15 shows this data for the Sector 2 6-foot elevation

location during Test 4. The first plot shows the actual

temperature data as measured by both the bare-bead and

aspirated thermocouples at that location. The second plot

shows the difference in the measured temperature for these

two probes. The bare-bead thermocouple is subject to

distortion of the measured value because of absorption of

thermal radiation. The aspirated thermocouple is shielded

from radiative heat flux and provides a measure of the true

gas temperature.

As is clearly demonstrated in the second plot, developments

in the fire and enclosure environment are clearly reflected

in the difference in temperature measurements. During the

first 4 minutes. while the fire is growing from zero to 516

kW. the difference in measured temperature rises along a

similar growth profile to approximately 80C. This difference

is maintained during the steady-state phase until approximately 7.5 minutes after ignition when the measured

difference drops to approximately 6 0 C. As shown in Figure

12 this time corresponds to the passage of the smoke layer

at this location. At 10 minutes, when the fire is extinguished. the measured temperature difference quickly dropped

to zero. Thus the growth in fire intensity (and hence the

radiative heat flux levels), the reduction in radiative heat

flux caused by attenuation by the smoke layer, and extinguishment of the fire are clearly reflected in these

measurements.

Figure 16 shows the same data for Test S. Here again the

same behavior is clearly evident. Figure 17 shows this data

for Test 21. In this case the behavior is rather different.

As the radiative heat flux from the fire source to this

location is rather well shielded, the behavior shown for

Test 21 probably is due to radiative heat flux from the

smoke layer itself rather than from the fire.

-31-
too

Sector 2, .3xH, Test 4

80

U

so- Bare-Bead Thermocouple

L

4J

1-

g40 S

20

-- -- ",-,-,, spirated Thermocouple 0

14

12 Fi re Steady Fire

Growth State Out

10 Period Period

'-

S!

Sg.

E

Q~Smoke Layer

4 D fescends To j

6 ft. Level

2

II

0 2 8 10 12 14

Time (min)

Figure 15: Data From Bare-Bead and Aspirated Thermocouples

at Section 2. 6-Foot Location During Test 4.

-32-
100

8B

U

Bare-Bead Thermocouple

4-)

20 -Rspli rted Thermocouple

06 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I1I 1 1 1 I1I 1i I11I I 1

-II

14 Fi re Steady-State Fire Out

Growth I Period

U Period %~12

8

4) 4

C- I

CL Sm-oke Layer

43 Deucends To D - ft. Level

0 2 4 6 a 10 12 14

Time (min)

Figure 16: Data From Bare-Bead and Aspirated Thermocouples

at Section 2. 6-Foot Location During Test 5.

-33-
60

L

L

20 \-Rspirated Thermocouple 0

14 Sector 2, .3xH, Test 21

4. 4

2

Fiue1: aaFo Bar -Bedan spirated Thermocouples

6

12

S4-

2

6 5 16 15 26 25 36

Time (mmn)

Figure 17: Data From Bare-Bead and Aspirated Thermocouples

at Section 2. 6-Foot Location During Test 21.

-34-
Further analysis of the test data in the future should be

helpful in defining the causes of the behavior shown in

Figure 17.

Quantification of radiative heat flux levels in the enclosure

can be accomplished through analysis of the data from the

large and small sphere calorimeters installed at each of

nine locations in the enclosure. By using both large

diameter (12.7 mm) and small diameter (6.35 mm) sphere

calorimeters in tandem, it is possible to determine both the

radiative and convective fractions of the total net heat

transfer rate as well as the convection heat transfer

coefficient and bulk flow velocity. The calculation procedure has been described by Newman and Hill [1]. Because

the calculation involves radiative heat transfer modeling.

fourth-order and fourth-root terms are introduced. This

makes the calculation process extremely sensitive to temperature fluctuations and "noise" in the data. In order to

obtain useful results, it was found that curve fitting of

the raw temperature data prior to calculation was necessary.

Ninth-degree polynomial curves were fit to the data for the

large and small calorimeters and true gas temperatures using

a linear parameter estimation routine based on ordinary least

squares techniques as described by Beck and Arnold [6]. The

results of this curve fitting procedure are illustrated in

Figure 18. which shows both the raw data and curve fit

approximations for the Sector 2. 6-foot location during

Test 5.

Using the curve fit data shown in Figure 18 and the calculation process described in Reference 1. the equivalent

radiative environment temperature was calculated as shown in

Figure 19. Based on this temperature the radiative and

convective heat flux levels can be calculated as shown in

Figure 20. Note that here again fire and enclosure environment developments are reflected in the heat flux measurements.

Total and radiative heat flux levels increase through the

growth phase of the fire with convection acting to cool the

calorimeters. Following descent of the smoky hot layer to

the 6-foot level (at approximately 5.75 minutes), radiative

heat flux levels drop significantly, though they remain

predominate. This location happens to be rather close to

the fire (approximately 10 feet from the plume centerline).

At locations more remote from the fire radiative heat flux

levels drop.

The behavior shown in Figure 20 is consistent with the

expected results. Initially both spheres are at approximately the same temperature, and as they are each exposed to

the same environment, the radiative heat flux levels are the

same for both spheres. As the test progresses, the flux

-35-
50

48

U

a)

C- 4.)

E

I--

20 I.

0

w

I~

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time (min)

Figure 18: Raw Data and Curve Fit for Sector 2. 6 Foot

Location Sphere Calorimeter Processing During Test 5.
80

Sector 2, .3xH, Test

60

U Radiative Environment

Temperature

43 4

I ýtrue Gas Temperature

401

80 2 4 G a 10 12 I

Time (rain)

Figure 19: Equivalent Radiative Environment Temperature

Derived Based on Sphere Calorimeters at Sector 2.

6 Foot Location During Test 5.

I
Ia..

~0

0

ert

rt P

W.

0~

0

or'

Sector 2, .3xH, Test 5

.5

.4

w

wa

Cu

E

x

'U

.3

.2

.1

-. 1

-.2

B 2 4 6 a 10 12 14

Time (min)
enclosure air. Humidity levels will clearly play a role in

determining the significance of this effect. Second. for

the conditions present during these tests, hot layer

temperatures remained quite low compared to other test

efforts. Room size and ventilation conditions appear to

have a major effect on the hot layer development. Third.

the data seems to indicate that hot layer development below

the level of the forced ventilation inlets is significantly

different from that which occurs above the inlet duct level.

In the zone modeling of the forced ventilation enclosure

fire. it may be appropriate to split the usual hot layer

into two parts: one above the ventilation inlets and one

below. Fourth. while the higher ventilation rates appeared

to result in somewhat less dense smoke levels, the higher

rates also contributed to faster descent of the smoke layer.

The high ventilation rate of 10 air changes per hour was not

effective in maintaining a clear environment in the enclosure.

In virtually all tests (all those other than the methanol

pool fire tests) smoke densities were high enough to cause

extremely poor visibility conditions throughout the room

within 10 minutes of fire ignition.

Further analysis of the test data should help to more clearly

define the effects of various parameters on these and other

factors related to fire environment development in a large

enclosure under forced ventilation. Further information on

the availability of data may be obtained through Sandia

National Laboratories or through the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission.

-41-
.5

- .4 • .98H (13"?")• 0

a

.3- (14')

- .2

xo

c .I / • / ./ H CG')

L

o 0

0 2 4 a 8 10 12 14

Time (min)

100

130

so- 0 4

0

*0

c~~3 404'/ .T'14" .7 

0 20

2 4 a a 10 12 14

Time (mln)

Figure 21: Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Concentrations

at Sector 2 During Test 5.

-40-
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

(14 N2.RC

APPENDIX A - TEST FACILITY

Enclosure

A pictorial of Factory Mutual (FM) Test Center and a layout showing the

fire test enclosure are presented in Figures A-1 and A-2. The enclosure is

built within the 18.29-m test site* of the FM Test Center and measures 18.28-r

x 12.19-c x 6.10-m (L:W:H - 3:2:1). The enclosure walls are composed of

1.22-m x 2.44-m (4-ft x 8-ft) panels of Marinite I** having a thickness of

25 mm (1 in.). However, the ceiling panels were cut to measure 1.22-m

x 1.22-m in order to ease the installation process. The Vaits are securely

fastened with lag screws to an external framework constructed of 50-mm

x 150-mm (2-in. x 6-in. nominal dimensions) framing lumber. It should be noted

that oversized holes were drilled in the panels and washers provided for the

lag screws in order to minimize both mechanical and thermal cracking

effects. Additional supports and braces are provided between wall studs, at

the ceiling corners, and over doorways and observation windows. Seams formed

by the Marinite I panels are backed by the wooden framework, and a bead of

high temperature silicone sealant (i.e., RTV - Room Temperature Vulcanization)

is provided between all seams. The RTV will allow the panels to expand when

subjected to elevated temperatures and help maintain a sufficiently airtight

environment. The ceiling is suspended from five 12.9-m, open-web steel joists

which are supported and held in place by the N and S walls. This type of

support system will allow the enclosure interior to be free of vertical

obstructions. Observation windows (wire glass) are located on the N and S

walls of the room for both visual and photographic monitoring of test events

and access doors are provided along the N, E, and W walls. Later in the test

program, the enclosure will be modified in order to provide half rectangular,

"L"-shaped and 4.3-m suspended ceiling height configurations.

* The FM Test Center has two primary heights beneath a single large

ceiling. One section is 9.14-m high (- 30 ft) and the other is 18.29-m high

(~ 60 ft)

Marinite I is a registered trademark of the Johns-Manville Corporation.

A- 1
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

OHIN2.RC

Ventilation

The enclosure is equipped with a ventilation system (see Figure A-3)

comprised of a belt-driven centrifugal-forced draft blower, capable of delivering an air flow of 3.8 m3/s (standard conditions) or approximately 10 room

changes/hr. The fan housing is provided with an adjustable vane-type baffle

plate which controls the influx of air to the enclosure. The air stream will

be passed through a long run of 0.61-m diameter, galvanized steel duct which

will allow for an air-mass flow rate measurement by means of an orifice

plate. After passing through a series of 90' bends, the flow will enter a

"T"-shaped distribution box with damper control, located on top of the enclosure. The air will then flow into two rectangular-shaped trunk lines which

will distribute 1.9 m3 /s of air through three inlet diffusers per trunk

line. The diffusers measure 0.46 m x 0.46 m, and the diameter of each trunk

line has a series of reductions so that the flow of air through each diffuser

is about 0.63 m3 /s at - 3 m/s. These diffusers will offer four-way deflection

and damper control to help balance the system (i.e., - + 31 Pa or 1/8 in.

water above atmosphere inside the enclosure). An exhaust vent assembly

(- 0.61-m x 1.83-m, open-grille) is located on the ceiling near the E wall and

is equipped with a damper control. At this point the efflux will be ducted

over to the FH Fire Products Collector (see Appendix B) where additional

measurements will be made.

A- 2
:estsumo.cst-A~rs to"

lest Area - 30.1t high Sactlep test Area * IC-Is high Section

Ihimalag aSlIR

lost SpIlskb: Fipieg

Storage Rem and Dry' clip Adjustable Slight lost platforms

.OOan SOL&W

FIGURE A-1 F- TEST CENTER (TOP) AND TEST ENCLOSURE LOCATION (BOTTOM)

A-3
w

-, Access.

Dow

Inatrumeatation

Trailer

Location

&.10_

6I0

Exterior Framework

50 t fa ISOn . LumS.r (1W W6') Dimensiions ilk vts, of veters tspaced 0.61 m on center

FIGURE A-2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF TEST ENCLOSURE

A-4
N

0

0 Stations - Sectors

- Expanded Stations - Diffusers

2.3-m

7.5-ft

FIGURE A-3 VENTILATION SYSTEM LAYOUT WITH RESPECT TO INSTRUMENTATION AND CABINETS

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

KMAN2.RC

APPENDIX B - INSTRUMENTATION

Up to a total of 249 data channels for each enclosure test (excluding

demultiplexed gas channels, smoke detector channels, and channels required for

the Fire Products Collector) will be monitored by a Hewlett-Packard, 1000F,

computer-based data acquisition system. Thermocouple signal conditioning is

provided for all low-level inputs. The system is used to collect data at high

rates from Test Center experiments and provide draft plots or tables after a

test. A magnetic tape transport is used to write tapes for transport to

the Norwood analysis system. A fixed disk drive provides local storage for

data and software. Of these 249 channels, 92 will be used for gas temperature

measurements by bare-bead and aspirated thermocouples; 18 will be for temperature measurement associated with small and large sphere calorimeters; 69 will

be for surface temperature measurements; 27 will be for cement-on heat flux

sensors; 10 will be continuous or multiplexed CO, C0 2 , 02, and THC concentration measurements at 10 sampling locations; 18 will be gas velocity measurements; 8 will be optical density measurements by six smoke turbidimeters; I

will be for mass loss rate measurement; and 6 will be for pressure measurements inside room doorway, inlet and outlet of the ventilations, and at the

"cabinet%.

As the instrumentation is described, references are made to diagrams

presented in Figures B-i to B-3 showing the location of the various instruments in the enclosure. A data channel map is given in Table B-I. Figure B-I

shows the ceiling instrumentation layout (view looking into enclosure).

Figure B-2 gives one of the three vertical instrumentation configurations

oelow each instrumentation sector on the ceiling. Figure B-3 gives the

instrumentation layout for the enclosure walls.

Gas Temperature

Sixty-one bare-bead thermocouples made from 24 AWG chromel-alumel, stainless steel overbraided Kapton wire will be used on the ceiling (Figure B-i)

and at the vertical locations (Figure B-2) of the enclosure; 31 aspirated

thermocouples, designed by Newman and Croce(A-1) will be used for true gas

temperature measurements at various locations of the enclosure including

ceiling and vertical locations.

B- 1
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORAT.ON

OMIN2 .RC

Convective and Radiative Heat Fluxes

Convective and radiative heat fluxes will be calculated from the temperature measurements made with several small- and large-sphere calorimeters near

the ceiling (Figure B-I) and at the vertical locations (Figure B-2). The

specifications of sphere calorimeters and heat flux. measurement techniques are

given in Reference B-2. In addition, gas velocity can also be calculated from

the temperature measurements made with the sphere calorimeters(B-2).

Surface Temperature

Sixty-nine surface temperature measurements by 30 AWG "cement-on"

chromel-alumel thermocouples will be made in different locations. These will

include 13 measurements on the ceiling surface (Figure B-1), 20 on the four

inside walls (Figure B-3), 3 on the floor and 22 will be kept for the surface

temperature measurements at various locations on the "cabinets" (target). In

addition, a total of 11 measurements will be made on the four outside walls

and on the roof. These data will help determine the magnitude of wall and

ceiling heat loss experienced during the tests.

Total Heat Flux Received by the Target Material

Twenty-seven "cement-on" heat flux sensors (Micro-foil Heat Flow Sensor,

RdF No. 20452-3, RdF Corp., Hudson, NH) will be used on the ceiling and inside

wall surfaces as well as on the target "cabinet" surfaces to measure the total

heat flux received.

Gas-Species Concentration

Gas sampling ports are placed at several locations on the ceiling at

vertical stations and at the exhaust ventilation. COl CO2 , and 02 concentrations will be multiplexed from 9 sampling ports (at the ceiling and vertical

stations). CO 2 concentrations will be measured continuous at one ceiling

location and in the exhaust duct. In addition, THC concentrations will be

multiplexed from three ceiling sampling ports. Gas concentrations will be

measured by 1) oxygen analyzers, Beckman Model 755 paramagnetic; 2) carbon

dioxide analyzers, Beckman Model 864 infrared; 3) total hydrocarbon analyzers,

Beckman Model 400 flame ionization; and 4) carbon monoxide analyzers, Beckman

Model 864 infrared.

B-2
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

OKIN2 .RC

Gas Velocity

Gas velocities will be monitored at nine locations with bidirectional

differential-pressure flow probes. These flow probes were developed at FHRC

for large-scale fire tests(I-3). These probes are able to sense and indicate

flows in opposite directions with equal sensitivity and with relative insensitivity to the angle of the flow. Two flow probes will be combined in an

assembly at each location and connected to electronic manometers in order to

determine horizontal and vertical components of the gas velocity. The gas

velocities measured with these flow probes will also be used to check velocity

calculations from the sphere calorimeters.

Optical Density of Smoke

Optical density of "smoke" will be measured at three ceiling and three

vertical locations by six smoke turbidimeters developed at FMC( B- 4 ). one

turbidimeter will be configured to measure optical density at three wavelengths which will enable particle size and number density of smoke to be

calculated from the measurements. Additional details of the turbidimeter are

given in Ref. B-4.

Smoke Detector

Three commercial smoke detectors (ionization or photoelectric) will be

installed at the ceiling locations close to the smoke turbidimeters. Signals

from these detectors will be monitored continuously to determine their

response to smoke.

Mass Loss Rate

Mass loss rate will continuously be recorded for PMH, heptane, and

methanol fire sources, as well as for "cabinet materials" by means of a load

cell system. The entire "cabinet", for example, will be placed on a platform

positioned on top of the load cell system.

Pressure

Pressure differential (AP) will be measured at two locations within the

test enclosure, two at the inlet and outlet ventilation, and two at the

B-3
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

OHIN2 .RC

cabinet. AP will be measured with pressure transducers manufactured by Setra

Systems (Model 261).

Fire Products Collector

The Fire Products Collector (FPC) at the 18.29-m test site of the Test

Center will be used as the fire properties measuring apparatus in this program. A schematic of the FPC is presented in Figure B-4. The FPC is a largecapacity calorimeter which can measure fires in the megawatt range. It has a

collecting funnel with a 6.10-ia inlet diameter located at 7.93 m from the test

floor. The FPC is connected to the pollution control system of the Test

Center and can draw in, at its maximum capacity, 28 m3 /s of cold flow. The

apparatus, instrumented with thermocouples, velocity probes, and gas sampling

probes, measures the velocity, temperature, and concentration of various gas

species of the gas stream flo•ing through the system for calculation of the

actual and convective heat release rates and generation rates of gaseous

products such as C0 2, CO, and total hydrocarbons as well as the oxygen depletion rate. Based on the oxygen depletion rate or generation of CO and C0 2 ,

the total heat release rate can also be calculated. Approximately 20 channels

of computer data are associated with this FPC. A detailed description of the

FPC can be found in Reference B-5.

REFERENCES - APPENDIX B

B-I Newman, J.S. and Croce, P.A., "A Simple Aspirated Thermocouple for Use in

Fires," Fire and Flammability, Vol. II, October 1979.

B-2 Newman, J.S. and Hill, J.P., "Assessment of Exposure Fire Hazards to

Cable Trays," Factory Mutual Research Corporation, Report No. RC8O-T-56,

July 1980.

B-3 McCaffray, B.J., and Heskestad, G., "A Robust Bidirectional Low-Velocity

Probe for Flame and Fire Application," Combustion and Flame, pp. 125-127,

1976.

B-4 Newman, J.S., "Fire Environments in Ventilated Rooms: Detection of

Cable/Exposure Fires," Factory Mutual Research Corporation, FMRC

J.I. OFOR3.RC, May 1982.

B-5 Heskestad, G., "A Fire Products Collector for Calorimetry into the MW

Range," Factory Mutual Research Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts, FMRC

J.1. OC2EI.RA, June 1981.

B-4
i<DY1:SAND1A.TXT>> 09:14:19 PAGE 1

TABLE B-I

SANDIA FIRE TESTS CHANNEL MAP

Channel No. Description Gain Code - -- -- - -- -- -- -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i- - i - - -i - -i i-- -- - - - - - - --

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Aspirated T/C,

Sector I

Sector I

Sector I

Sector I

Sector I

Sector ;

Sector ;

Sector ;

Sector ;

Sector ;

Sector

Sector

Sector

Sector

Sector

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

Station

1,

1,

1,

2,

3,

49

3,

3,

3,

11

3'

5

6

7

8

9

1'

1

1i.

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Aspirated

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

Bare bead

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

T/C,

0.98H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

0.30H

0.98H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

0.98H

0.98H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

0.30H

0.98H

0.98H

0.98H

0.98H

0.98H

0.98H

0.98H

0.98H

0.98H

0 0.98H

L 0.98H

2v 0.98H

3, 0.98H

49 0.98H

5, 0.98H

6, 0.98M

r 1, 0.98H

r 1, 0.70H

r 1, 0.30H

r 2, 0.98H

r 2, 0.70H

r 2, 0.30H

r 3, 0.98H

r 3, 0.70H

r 3, 0.30H

on 1, 0.90H

on 1, 0.70H

on 1, 0.50H

on 1, 0.30H

on 2, 0.90H

on 2, 0.70H

on 2, 0.50H

on 2, 0.30H

on 3, 0.90H

on 3, 0.70H

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

gas T/C,

Secto'

Secto

Secto

Secto

Secto

Secto

Secto

Secto

Secto

Stati

Stati

Stati

Stati

Stati

Stati

Stati

Stati

Stati

Stati

B-5
<<DY : SANDIA.TXT> > 31-MAY-85 09:14:36 PAGE 2

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bar e

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

Bare

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

mad gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

mad gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

mad gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/Cp Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/Cp Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

mad gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

mad gas T/C, Station

mad gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

mad gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Station

;ead gas T/C, Station

ead gas T/C, Ventilat

•ead gas T/C, Ventiial

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

ceiling surface T/C,

31,

3,

4,

4,

4,

4,

5?

5,

5,

5,

6,

6,

6,

6,

7,

7'

7,

79

8,

8,

8, 8,

9,

9,

9,

9,

10

10

17

17

17

17

1717

18

18

18

18

ios

rio

0.50H

0.30H

0.90H

0.70H 0.50H

0.30H

0. 90H

0.70H

0.50H

0.30H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

0.30H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

0.30H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

0.30H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

0. 30H

0.90H

0.70H

, 0.50H

, 0.30H

, 0.98H

, 0.90H

, 0.70H

, 0.50H

, 0.30H

, 0.98H

0.90H

0.70H

0.50H

, 0.30H

n inlet

n outlet

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Inner

Outer

Inner

Outer

Inner

Outer

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Inner

Sector 1

Sector I

Sector 2

Sector 2

Sector 3

Sector 3

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

Station 4

Station 5

Station 6

Station 7

Station 8

Station 9

ceiling surface T/C, Station 10

wall surface T/C, North center, 0.90H

B-6
<<DY1:SANDIA.TXT>> 31-MAY-85 09:15:17 PAGE 3

110 Outer wall surface T/C, North center, 0.90H 3

111 Inner wailsurface T/C, North center, 0.50H 3

112 Outer wall surface T/C, North center, 0.90H 3

113 Inner wall surface T/C, North right, 0.90H 3

114 Inner wall surface T/C, North right, 0.50H 3

115 Inner wall surface T/C, North left, 0.90H 3

116 Inner wall surface T/C, North left, 0.50H 3

117 Inner wall surface T/Cp South center, 0.90H 3

118 Outer wall surface T/C, South center, 0.90H 3

119 Inner wall surface T/C, South center, 0.90H 3

120 Outer wall surface T/Cq South center, 0.90H 3

121 Inner wall surface T/C, South right, 0.90H 3

122 Inner wall surface T/C, South right, 0.50H 3

123 Inner wall surface T/C, South left, 0.90H 3

124 Inner wall surface T/C, South left, 0.50H 3

125 Inner wall surface T/C, East right, 0.90H 3

126 Outer wall surface T/C, East right, 0.90H 3

127 Inner wall surface T/C, East right, 0.50H 3

128 Inner wall surface T/C, East left, 0.90H 3

129 Outer wall surface T/C, East left, 0.90H 3

130 Inner wall surface T/C, East left, 0.50H 3

131 Inner wall surface T/C, West right, 0.90H 3

132 Outer wall surface T/C, West right, 0.90H 3

133 Inner wall surface T/C9 West right, 0.50H 3

134 Inner wall surface T/C, West left, 0.90H 3

135 Outer wall surface T/C, West left, 0.90H 3

136 Inner wall surface T/C, West left, 0.50H 3

137 Floor surface T/C, Sector 1 3

138 Floor surface T/C, Sector 2 3

139 Floor surface T/C, Sector 3 3

140 Cabinet surface T/C *1 3

141 Cabinet surface T/C #2 3

142 Cabinet surface T/C #3 3

143 Cabinet surface T/C *4 3

144 Cabinet surface T/C #5 3

145 Cabinet surface T/C *6 3

146 Cabinet surface T/C #7 3

147 Cabinet surface T/C *8 3

148 Cabinet surface T/C *9 3

149 Cabinet surface T/C #10 3

150 Cabinet surface T/C *11 3

151 Cabinet surface T/C #12 3

152 Cabinet surface T/C #13 3

153 Cabinet surface T/C *14 3

154 Cabinet surface T/C #15 3

155 Cabinet surface T/C *16 3

156 Cabinet surface T/C #17 3

157 Cabinet surface T/C *18 3

158 Cabinet surface T/C #19 3

159 Cabinet surface T/C #20 3

160 Cabinet surface T/C *21 3

161 Cabinet surface T/C #22 3

162 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 1, 0.98H 3

163 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 1, 0.98H 3

164 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 1, 0.70H 3

165 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 1, 0.70H 3

166 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 1, 0.30H 3

167 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 1, 0.30H 3

168 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 2p 0.98H 3

B-7
<<(DY1 :SANDIA .TXT> > 31-MAY-85 09:16:10 PAGE 4

169 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 2, 0.98H 3

170 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 2, 0.70H 3

171 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 2, 0.70H 3

172 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 2, 0.30H 3

173 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 2, 0.30H 3

174 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 3, 0.98H 3

175 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 3, 0.98H 3

176 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 3, 0.70H 3

177 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 3, 0.70H 3

178 Large sphere calorimeter, Sector 3, 0.30H 3

179 Small sphere calorimeter, Sector 3, 0.30H 3

180 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 1, 0.98H 8

181 Vertical flow probe, Sector 1, 0.98H 8

182 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 1, 0.70H B

183 Vertical flow probe, Sector 1, 0.70H 8

184 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 1, 0.30H 8

185 Vertical flow probe, Sector 1, 0.30H 8

186 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 2, 0.98H 8

187 Vertical flow probe, Sector 2, 0.98H 8

188 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 2, 0.70H 8

189 Vertical flow probe, Sector 2, 0.70H 8

190 Horizontal flow probe, Sebtor 2, 0.30H 8

191 Vertical flow probe, Sector 2, 0.30H 8

192 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 3, 0.98H 8

193 Vertical flow probe, Sector 3, 0.98H 8

194 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 3, 0.70H 8

195 Vertical flow probe, Sector 3, 0.70H 8

196 Horizontal flow probe, Sector 3, 0.30H 8

197 Vertical flow probe, Sector 3, 0.30H 8

198 Pressure differential, Ventilation inlet 8

199 Pressure differential, Ventilation outlet 8

200 Pressure differential, Enclosure 8

201 Pressure differential, Atmosphere 8

202 Pressure differential, Cabinet inlet 8

203 Pressure differential, Cabinet outlet 8

204 C02 analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.981 8

205 CO analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.99H 8

206 02 analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.98M 8

207 THC analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.98H 8

208 C02 analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.70H 8

209 CO analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.70H 8

210 C02 analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.30H 8

211 CO analyzer(multiplexed), Sectors 1-3, 0.30H 8

212 C02 analyzer, Sector 2, 0.98H 8

213 C02 analyzer, Ventilation outlet 8

214 Blue optical density, Sector 1, 0.98H 7

215 Blue optical density, Sector 1, 0.30H 7

216 Blue optical density, Sector 2, 0.98H 7

217 Red optical density, Sector 2, 0.98H 7

218 IR optical density, Sector 2, 0.98H 7

219 Blue optical density, Sector 2, 0.30H 7

220 Blue optical density, Sector 3, 0.98H 7

221 Blue optical density, Sector 3, 0.30H 7

222 Ceiling heat flux, Sector 1 2

223 Ceiling heat flux, Sector 2 2

224 Ceiling heat flux, Sector 3 2

225 Ceiling heat flux, Station 1 2

226 Ceiling heat flux, Station 2 2

227 Ceiling heat flux, Station 3 2

B-8
<(DY1:SANDIA.TXT>> 31-MAY-85 09:17:01 PAGE 5

228 Ceiling heat flux, Station 8 2

229 Ceiling heat"flux, Station 9 2

230 Ceiling heat flux, Station 10 2

231 Wall heat flux, North center, 0.90H 2

232 Wall heat flux, North right, 0.90H 2

233 Wall heat flux, North left, 0.90H 2

234 Wall heat flux, South center, 0.90H 2

235 Wall heat flux, South right, 0.90H 2

236 Wall heat flux, South left, 0.90H 2

237 Wall heat flux, East right, 0.90H 2

238 Wall heat flux, East left, 0.90H 2

239 Wall heat flux, West right, 0.90H 2

240 Wall heat flux, West left, 0.90H 2

241 Floor heat flux, Sector 1 2

242 Floor heat flux, Sector 2 2

243 Floor heat flux, Sector 3 2

244 Cabinet heat flux *1 2

245 Cabinet heat flux *2 2

246 Cabinet heat flux *3 2

247 Cabinet heat flux *4 2

248 Cabinet heat flux *5 2

249 Mass loss

B- 9
Inner Surface T/C

EJ Outer Surface T/C

o Inner Surface Heat Flux

[]Ventilation Inlet Port

(1.5'xI.5')

-t

5,

U

tj North

101 mp I

10, 10 10, 0 1- 10

FIGURE B-1 INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT - CEILING (View looking into enclosure)
9- -

o/srA7NCE AZr

< [3x 00

1~. Oqoq (/;" )

I.

9

c- I I -vorpie p

O)73 x

00 - 0 /7 0 Jq. (1/4')

cc

FIGURE B-2 INSTRUNENTATION TAYOUT - SECTOR CONFIGURATION

B-11
North and South Walls

left center right

20 :.5 0H

10'

_ 10' 20' 20' 10'

East and West Walls I

X Inner Surface

T/C

E Outer Surface

T/C

0 Inner Surface

Heat Flux

left right

1 - , 20.' 10

4 0'

FIGURE B-3 INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT - WALLS (Left/right relative to view

looking into enclosure)

!

&o
j

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

Pre- existing Pollution Control Duct

Dia.= 1.98 m

f

Instrument Station

Ceiling

A

Mixing Duct

Dia. = 1.524m

Original Cone

Termination

m

18.: ?9m

t

6.10m

6.71 m

a .06 m

Floor

a) Flow Boundaries

FIGURE B-4 FIRE PRODUCTS COLLECTOR

B- 13

. p

Appendix C

Calculation of Heat Release Rate

ecause of certain unique aspects of this test program, special

onsideration is required in the calculation of heat release

ates for the test fires. The heat release rate of a fire can

e estimated based on the generation rate of carbon dioxide.

his is expressed as:

(HRR) = K1 4co2 (1).

here (HRR) stands for heat release rate, (aC 2) is the mass

eneration rate of carbon dioxide, and (KI) is a constant

iat quantifies the heat released by the fuel of concern per

Ut mass of carbon dioxide generated. Note that the constant

:1) is a function of the fuel material. Corrections to this

;timation for the generation of carbon monoxide caused by inmplete combustion can be made: however, for the present

scussion the relationship described in Equation I will be

ed.

most simple test cases the generation rate of carbon dioxide

estimated based only on the outflow rate of carbon dioxide.

Ls implies an assumption that accumulation of carbon dioxide

:hin the test enclosure or test structure can be neglected. . most test situations in which the'test enclosure is rela-

•ely small and configured such that fire products are effintly drawn off for analysis, this assumption is valid. In

present case, this assumption would not be valid. Because

the large size of the test enclosure (48000 ft 3 or 1360

. a significant amount of the fire generated products of

*ustion accumulate within the test enclosure. Thus, in

ir to estimate the test fire heat release rates based on

)on dioxide generation calorimetry, one must account for

tmulation of carbon dioxide within the test enclosure.

ider the enclosure used for these tests. The generation

of CO2 can be expressed as the sum of the net outflow

the net accumulation rates of C0 2 :

CO M t) =CO2 (t) CO2(t) (2).

2 2 2

each term is a function of time (the time functionality

ion (t) will be dropped for convenience). The flow rate

is expressed as the difference between the outflow and

w rates for C0 2 :
- .4•

P CO2 = (ACO 2 )out

(I CO 2 ) in

(3),

where the mass flow rate of CO 2 (;CO2) can be expressed in

terms of the total volume flow rate (0). the volumetric CO 2

concentration (C). and the density of CO 2 (p) as:

PCo 2 = (4 pC)

out

- (OpC)

in

(4).

This expression can be further simplified by assuming that

the inlet and outlet total volume flow rates are equal and

by using the ideal gas law to substitute for CO 2 density:

CO2 = I-C1 r- C] (5).

where P is absolute pressure. T is absolute temperature, and

R is the gas constant for CO 2 . If pressure is assumed to

be constant (a good assumption as absolute pressure is used)

then:

'CO 2= E Iout T{ in]

(6).

The accumulation term in Equation (2) can be expressed as an

integral over the enclosure volume of the mass accumulation

rate:

O d XCO2 u (7).

where (mo'') is the mass per until volume. Using density and

volumetric concentration this can be expressed as:

CO2 au

PC dV

e

I (8).

C-2
and again using the ideal gas law to substitute for the density of C0 2 : dJ P

C. d (9). •CO2 =-dt f -RTCdV()

Ve

and assuming constant pressure:

P d

I -- - d (10).

CO 2 R dt e T

It is this integral that must be approximated in order to

evaluate Equation (2). One method that has met with relative

success is to assume that all of the CO2 accumulation

occurs in the developing hot layer, and that the developing

hot layer can be lumped into three discrete layers. The

first layer (HLI) is assumed to extend from the ceiling (20')

to the level of the inlet ports (16'). The second layer

(HL2) is assumed to extend from (16') to the level of the

lowest instrumentation plane (6'). The final layer (1L3) extends from (6') to the floor. Each of these layers is

assumed to be well mixed. The concentration of CO 2 and gas

temperature for each of these three layer is assumed to be

characterized by the sector 2 instrumentation at .98H. .7H,

and .3H respectively. Thus the integral expressed in Equation (10) can be expressed:

A ý D + D DC) 1)

CO2 = P dtjI(T IHLl FT_1L2 (T HL 3 ]

where Ae is the floor area of the enclosure (2400 ft 2 or

223 m2 ). and D represents the depth of each layer. The

derivative terms can be evaluated as follows:

d JDC. D dC DC dT C dD dt(T Tdt T2 dt T dt

During initial attempts to calculate heat release rates using

this method and the raw data, it was found that minor fluctuations in the carbon dioxide measurements resulted in very large

C-3
C __ r

fluctuations in calculated heat release rates-because of the

heavy weighting of the derivative terms. Consequently a

series of second order quadratic curves was fit to the raw

data and the resulting curve fit values used in the calculation process. As the CO 2 measurements tend'to be well

behaved and change rather smoothly; these curve fits match

the raw data quite well as shown by Figure C-1.

The calculated heat release rate for Test 4 is shown in

Figure C-2. This compares quite well 4ith•the' expected profile. especially as contrasted by the values based only on

the outflow rate. The values shown'were based on an assumption that the depth of each hot layer was constant at 4. 10,

and 6 feet respectively. This results in some simplification

of Equation 12 as the final term then goes to zero. Time

derivative terms are estimated based on a central difference approximation..

. I ...

o • .• C.

-A ..~ C

C-4
V.

CI

1

0

.8

.6

0

0

U

ý. 4

.2

0 L

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time (min)

Figure C-1: Carbon dioxide data and curve fits used in

calcul-ation of heat release rate.
700

600

500

400

300

200

100

M i

!)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time (min)

Figure C-2: Actual burner profile and calculated heat

release rate for Test 4.
Nomenclature

gco2 - mass generation rate of CO 2

K1 - heat generation per mass CO2 generated

- mass accumulation rate of CO2

Ae - enclosure floor area (223 m2 )

C02 - net mass flow rate of CO 2 out of enclosure

C02 - mass flow rate of CO 2

m''' CO - mass of C02 per unit volume 2

- volume flow rate

p - density of CO 2

C - volumetric concentration of CO 2

T - absolute temperature

t - time

P - absolute pressure

R - gas constant for CO2

D - depth of hot layer

d - derivative with respect to time dt

C-7

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NRC FORM 235 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION I REPORT NUMBER IAu,fPwI by TJOC. .aE Vol ANo..P &vi

12.141 NACM 1107. 32RC.3202 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET

SEE. I N 0NUREG/CR-4681

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON THE REVERSE SAND86-1296

2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 3 LEAVE BLANK

Enclosure Environment Characterization Testing

For The Base Line Validation of Computer Fire - ........

Si e ulton Co A DATE REPORT COMPLETED

MONTH YEAR

S AUT.ORSI March 1987

6 DATE REPORT ISSUED

S. P. Nowlen March YEAR

March1987 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS twiudeZ. C4dJ S PROJECT'TASKYVWORK UNIT NUMBER

Sandia National Laboratories 9 ,,NORGRANT NUMBER

Albuquerque, NM 87185

A-1010

10 SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILINGADDRESS (rmdhJZ`Co#d. I Is TYPE OF REPORT

U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Electrical Engineering Branch

Washington, D.C. 20555 b PRIOD COVERED .... ,

12 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

13 ABSTRACT 12Lv-ws,,oe1 This report describes a series ot tire tests conducted unaer

the direction of Sandia National Laboratories for the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The primary purpose of these tests was to provide data

against which to validate computer fire environment simulation models to

be used in the analysis of nuclear power plant enclosure fire situations.

Examples of the data g&thered during three of the tests are presented,

though the primary objective of this report is to provide a timely description of the test effort itself.

These tests were conducted in an enclosure measuring 60x40x20 feet. All

of the tests utilized forced ventilation conditions typical of nuclear

power plant installations. A total of 22 tests using simple gas burner,

heptane pool, methanol pool, and PMMA solid fires was conducted. Foir of

these tests were conducted with a full-scale control room mockup in place.

Parameters varied during testing were fire intensity, enclosure ventilation rate, and fire location. Data gathered included air temperatures,

air velocities, radiative and convective heat flux levels, optical smoke

densities, inner and outer enclosure surface temperatures, enclosure

surface heat flux levels, and gas concentrations within the enclosure in

the exhaust stream.

14 DOCUMENT ANALYSIS -8 KEYWORDSIDESCRIPTORS

Fire Testing

Fire Characterization

Fire Modeling

b. IOENTIFIERSIOPEN.ENDED TERMS

Enclosure Fire Testing

Computer Fire Simulation

Validation Testing

Nuclear Power Plants

1S AVAILABILITY

STATEMENT

Unlimited

i1 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

(Tnsopp

Unclassified

ITh•, "**"I

Unclassified

17 NUMBER OF PAGES

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