Special 

JUNE 04 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

National Institute of Justice 

REPORT 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 
U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

810 Seventh Street N.W. 

Washington, DC 20531 

John Ashcroft 

Attorney General 

Deborah J. Daniels 

Assistant Attorney General 

Sarah V. Hart 

Director, National Institute of Justice 

This and other publications and products 

of the National Institute of Justice can be 

found at: 

National Institute of Justice 

www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij 

Office of Justice Programs 

Partnerships for Safer Communities 

www.ojp.usdoj.gov 
Crime Scene Investigation:


A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 

June 2004


NCJ 200160

Sarah V. Hart 

Director 

National Institute of Justice 

This document is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights, 

substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter, civil or criminal. 

Opinions or points of view expressed in this document represent a consensus of the authors and do not 

reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the 

Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency 

Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. 
Contents 

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................1

Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation..............................................................................................3

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training ..................................................................5

Section A: Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts ............................................................7

1. Initial Response/Receipt of Information....................................................................................................................9

2. Safety Procedures ....................................................................................................................................................11

3. Emergency Care ......................................................................................................................................................12

4. Secure and Control Persons at the Scene ................................................................................................................14

5. Establish and Preserve Scene Boundaries ..............................................................................................................15

6. Transfer Control of the Scene to the Investigator(s) in Charge ..............................................................................17

7. Document Actions and Observations at the Scene ..................................................................................................18

Section B: Preliminary Documentation and Evaluation of the Scene ......................................................................21

1. Conduct Scene Assessment......................................................................................................................................23

2. Conduct Scene “Walk-Through” and Initial Documentation ..................................................................................26

Section C: Processing the Scene....................................................................................................................................27

1. Determine Team Composition ................................................................................................................................29

2. Ensure Contamination Control ................................................................................................................................31

3. Document the Scene ................................................................................................................................................33

4. Prioritize Collection of Evidence ............................................................................................................................35

5. Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, Transport, and Submit Evidence................................................................37

Section D: Completing and Recording the Crime Scene Investigation ....................................................................45

1. Establish Crime Scene Debriefing Team ................................................................................................................47

2. Perform Final Survey of the Crime Scene ..............................................................................................................49

3. Documentation of the Crime Scene ........................................................................................................................51

Section E: Crime Scene Equipment ............................................................................................................................53

1. Initial Responding Officer(s) ..................................................................................................................................55

2. Crime Scene Investigator/Evidence Technician ......................................................................................................55

3. Evidence Collection Kits (Examples)......................................................................................................................56

Glossary ..........................................................................................................................................................................59

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training iii 
Introduction 

Note: Words and phrases that are defined in the glossary appear in bold italics on their first appearance in the 

body of the report. 

Thorough crime scene analysis is vitally important to effective law enforcement. In particular, rapid technological advances have greatly expanded the amount of information that can be obtained from the analysis 

of physical evidence from a crime scene. In order to take advantage of these new opportunities, the investigator 

should use sound scene processing practices to recover useful evidence. Critical to the administration of a crime 

is the objective recognition, documentation, collection, preservation, and transmittal of physical evidence for 

analysis. 

This reference material is designed to assist trainers and administrators in developing training programs for crime 

scene investigators. It is intended to accompany Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement, published by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in January 2000. Both publications were developed by NIJ’s 

Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation (TWGCSI). The earlier guide and these training materials are divided into four primary sections that mirror the tasks of the investigator: Arriving at the Scene: Initial 

Response/Prioritization of Efforts; Preliminary Documentation and Evaluation of the Scene; Processing the 

Scene; and Completing and Recording the Crime Scene Investigation. Each part of this document includes proposed performance objectives for the student to ensure attainment of the material. NIJ recommends that student 

performance be measured using written and practical examinations, including the processing of a mock crime 

scene. 

This document can provide the basis for a new training program or as a supplement to an existing program. Any 

training program, however, must be adapted to the policies and experience of the administering law enforcement 

agency. The crime guide and these curriculum materials provide instructors with a framework grounded in 

research and based on the expertise of the TWGCSI members. The recommendations do not represent the only 

correct course of action and may not be feasible in all circumstances. In no case should the guide or this reference document be considered a legal mandate or policy directive. We expect that each jurisdiction will be able to 

use these recommendations to develop policies and procedures that are best suited to its unique environment. 

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the TWGCSI members. They gave their time and valuable 

expertise for this project. NIJ relies on the contributions of experienced practitioners and researchers to advance 

scientific research, development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 1 
Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation 

The Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation (TWGCSI) was a multidisciplinary group of 

content-area experts from across the United States, from both urban and rural jurisdictions, each representing his or her respective agency or practice and a unique area of expertise. Each of these individuals is experienced in the area of crime scene investigation and evidence collection in the criminal justice system from the 

standpoints of law enforcement, prosecution, defense, or forensic science. 

A planning group, the National Crime Scene Planning Panel (NCSPP), composed of distinguished law enforcement, legal, and science professionals, was formed to steer the larger group. 

National Crime Scene Planning Panel 


Dr. Jose R. Almirall 

Associate Director and Assistant 

Professor 

International Forensic Research 

Institute 

Department of Chemistry 

Florida International University 

Miami, Florida 

Susan Ballou 

Forensic Scientist 

Montgomery County Police 

Department 

Crime Laboratory 

Rockville, Maryland 

Paul Carroll 

Sergeant (Ret.)


Chicago Police Department


Big Pine Key, Florida


Elizabeth Farris 

Chief Trial Counsel 

Hampden County District Attorney’s 

Office 

Springfield, Massachusetts 

Jo Ann Given 

ASCLD/LAB 

Naval Criminal Investigative Service 

Norfolk, Virginia 

Marjorie Harris 

Forensic Scientist, Senior 

Department of Criminal Justice 

Division of Forensic Science 

Richmond, Virginia 

Larry McCann 

Senior Special Agent (Ret.) 

Virginia State Police 

Richmond, Virginia 

Additional Technical Working Group Members


Hal R. Arenstein 

Attorney at Law 

Law Offices of Hal Arenstein 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Dexter J. Bartlett 

Inspector 

Illinois State Police 

Crime Scene Services Command 

Joliet, Illinois 

Eric Buel 

Director 

Department of Public Safety 

Crime Laboratory 

Waterbury, Vermont 

Jeff Cover 

Supervisor, Crime Scene Unit 

Anne Arundel County Police 

Department 

Millersville, Maryland 

Elizabeth Devine 

Supervising Criminalist 

Scientific Services Bureau 

Los Angeles County Sheriff’s 

Department 

Los Angeles, California 

Henry Escobar 

Detective 

San Antonio Police Department 

San Antonio, Texas 

Dr. Joseph L. Peterson 

Department of Criminal Justice 

University of Illinois 

Chicago, Illinois 

Elliot B. Spector 

Director 

Center for Police and Security 

Training 

Suffield, Connecticut 

Ann Talbot 

ASCLD/LAB 

Albuquerque Police Department 

Albuquerque, New Mexico 

James T. “Tom” Thurman 

Associate Professor 

College of Law Enforcement 

Eastern Kentucky University 

Richmond, Kentucky 

Jerry N. Estes 

District Attorney General 

10th Judicial District 

Athens, Tennessee 

James Estrada 

Detective Investigator 

Homicide Unit 

San Antonio Police Department 

San Antonio, Texas 

Drew Findling 

Attorney 

Atlanta, Georgia 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 3 
Nan Horvat/John Sarcone 

Assistant Polk County Attorney/Polk 

County Attorney 

Des Moines, Iowa 

N. Michael Hurley

Regional Director 

Oregon State Police 

Forensic Services Division 

Springfield, Oregon 

Gary L. Kaldun 

Forensic Scientist, Crime Scene 

Coordinator 

Bureau of Criminal Apprehension 

St. Paul, Minnesota 

Joe Marchan 

Supervising Criminalist 

Texas Department of Public Safety 

Crime Laboratory 

McAllen, Texas 

Joseph John Moseley, II 

Detective 

Central Homicide Evaluation Support 

Squad 

Chicago Police Department 

Chicago, Illinois 

Robert Mullins 

Detective 

Investigative Services 

New Haven Police Department 

New Haven, Connecticut 

Steve Nash 

Detective 

Marin County Sheriff’s Department 

San Rafael, California 

Kathryn Normington-Hollenbach 

Senior Forensic Scientist 

Wyoming State Crime Laboratory 

Cheyenne, Wyoming 

Galen Paine 

Assistant Public Defender 

Public Defender’s Office 

Sitka, Alaska 

Michael J. Rafferty 

Chief of Forensics 

Florida Department of Law 

Enforcement 

Fort Myers Regional Operations 

Center 

Fort Myers, Florida 

Eugene Rifenburg 

Senior Investigator (Ret.) 

New York State Police 

Investigator (current) 

Oneida Nation Police 

Munnsville, New York 

Gary A. Rini 

Police Commander (Ret.)


Director


The American Institute for Police 


Science 

Elkhorn, Nebraska 

Heidi Robbins 

Supervising Criminalist 

Scientific Services Bureau 

Los Angeles County Sheriff’s 

Department 

Los Angeles, California 

Darrell Ryan 

Lieutenant 

Nashville Police Department 

Nashville, Tennessee 

Norman Shapiro 

Vice President, New York State 

Defender’s Association 

Counselor at Law 

Law Offices of Norman Shapiro 

Middletown, New York 

Clarene Shelley 

Lieutenant 

Lakewood Police Department 

Lakewood, Colorado 

Gregory Smith 

Assistant County Prosecutor 

Office of the County Prosecutor 

Camden County 

Camden, New Jersey 

Richard Stanek 

Captain 

Minneapolis Police Department 

Minneapolis, Minnesota 

Brad Townsend 

Sergeant 

Corona Police Department 

Corona, California 

Larry Turner 

Director of Forensic Services 

Jackson Police Department Crime 

Laboratory 

Jackson, Mississippi 

Stephen Weichman 

County and Prosecuting Attorney 

Teton County 

Jackson, Wyoming 

James Wiser 

Crime Scene Investigator/ 

Evidence Custodian 

Mount Pleasant Police Department 

Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 

Larry Wood 

Detective 

Major Case Unit 

Smyrna Police Department 

Smyrna, Georgia 

John Yarbrough 

Sergeant 

Homicide Bureau 

Los Angeles County Sheriff’s 

Department 

Commerce, California 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 4 
Crime Scene Investigation: 

A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 

Arriving at the Scene: Initial 

Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

Preliminary Documentation and 

Evaluation of the Scene 

Processing the Scene 

Completing and Recording the Crime 

Scene Investigation 

Crime Scene Equipment 

Section A 

Section B 

Section C 

Section D 

Section E 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 5 
Section A 

Arriving at the Scene: 

Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

1. Initial Response/Receipt of Information 

2. Safety Procedures 

3. Emergency Care 

4. Secure and Control Persons at the Scene 

5. Establish and Preserve Scene Boundaries 

6. Transfer Control of the Scene to the 


Investigator(s) in Charge


7. Document Actions and Observations at 


the Scene


At the conclusion of this training section, the student is 

expected to demonstrate a working knowledge of the essential components of the initial response to a crime scene. This 

includes demonstrating the ability to assemble the information related to the initial actions upon arrival at the crime 

scene and the ability to assess a scene to ensure officer safety and scene control. The student is expected to demonstrate 

competence in each of the topic areas through testing— 

either written, practical, or both. 

Section 

Performance 

Objective 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 7 
Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

1. Initial Response/Receipt of Information 

a. Note or log dispatch information. 

b. Be aware of any persons or vehicles leaving the crime scene. 

c. Approach the scene cautiously. 

d. Assess the scene for officer safety. 

e. Remain alert and attentive. 

f. Treat location(s) as a crime scene until determined to be otherwise. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate overall scene awareObjective 	 ness by noting all essential information initially received, documenting all persons or 

vehicles leaving the crime scene, and assessing the scene to ensure officer safety and scene 

status. 

A 

1. Initial Response/Receipt of Information

a. Note or log dispatch information. 

NOTE: The responding officer is expected to obtain this key information (e.g., from dispatch or direct 

citizen complaint to officer, or officer observation onsite). 

1. Address. 

2. Location (e.g., storefront, second floor rear, garage, mile marker, compass direction). 

3. Time. 

4. Date. 

5. Type of call. 

6. Parties involved. 

7. Weapons involved. 

8. Ongoing and/or dangerous scene. 

b. Be aware of any persons or vehicles leaving the crime scene. 

NOTE: The officer is expected to, as soon as possible, write down information. 

1. Note arrival time. 

2. Describe vehicles. 


NOTE: Make, model, color, condition, license plate number, age.


3. Describe individuals. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 9 
NOTE: Height, weight, race, age, clothing, sex, distinguishing features. 

4. Describe direction of travel (from first observation). 

c. Approach the scene cautiously. 

1. Scan the entire area to thoroughly assess the scene. 

2. Note any possible secondary crime scenes (e.g., different areas where evidence/activity is observed). 

3. Be aware of any persons in the vicinity who may be related to the crime. 

4. Be aware of any vehicles in the vicinity that may be related to the crime. 

d. Assess the scene for officer safety. 

1. Assess the scene for ongoing dangerous activity.


NOTE: Look, listen, smell (e.g., downed power lines, animals, biohazards, chemicals, weapons).


2. Ensure officer safety before proceeding.


NOTE: Discretion is advised. Unreasonably dangerous scenes should not be entered (e.g., anthrax, 

bomb scene). 

e. Remain alert and attentive. 

1. Assume crime is ongoing until determined to be otherwise (e.g., keep looking, listening, smelling). 

f. Treat location(s) as a crime scene until determined to be otherwise. 

1. Use all information initially received. 

2. Use all senses.


NOTE: The scene may not be what it initially appears to be.


Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 10 
Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

2. Safety Procedures 

a.	 Evaluate the scene for safety concerns. 

b. Approach the scene with caution. 

c.	 Survey the scene for dangerous persons and control the situation. 

d. Notify supervisory personnel and call for assistance/backup. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to identify appropriate methods 

Objective 	 of surveying a scene for dangerous persons and controlling the situation until support 

arrives, note all related safety concerns and contact appropriate individuals/agencies to 

handle dangers, and identify appropriate methods of cautiously approaching a scene to 

reduce safety risks to individuals near the scene. 

A

2. Safety Procedures

a.	 Evaluate the scene for safety concerns. 

1.	 Scan the area for present dangers (look, listen, smell). 

2.	 Check for hazardous materials (e.g., gasoline, natural gas, electrical lines, biohazards). 

3.	 Check for weapons. 

4.	 Check for radiological or chemical threats. 

5.	 Notify appropriate support agencies to render the scene safe (prior to entry) (e.g., fire department, 

HazMat, bomb squad). 

b.	 Approach the scene with caution. 

1.	 Ensure officer safety. 

2.	 Reduce risk to victim(s). 

3.	 Reduce risk to witnesses. 

4.	 Reduce risk to others. 

c.	 Survey the scene for dangerous persons and control the situation. 

1.	 Be aware of violent persons. 

2. Be aware of potentially escalating conflicts. 


NOTE: Remember that officers’ actions can contribute to the escalation or de-escalation of the situation.


3.	 Apply communication and defensive training skills.


d.	 Notify supervisory personnel and call for assistance/backup. 

1.	 Follow departmental guidelines for notification of supervisors. 

2.	 Call for assistance/backup as appropriate. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 11 
3. Emergency Care 

a. Assess the victim(s) for injury. 

b. Call for medical personnel. 

c. Guide medical personnel to the victim(s) at the scene. 

d. Point out potential physical evidence to medical personnel. 

e. Instruct emergency medical personnel not to “clean up” the scene. 

f. Document emergency medical responder(s) at the scene. 

g. Obtain “dying declaration” as appropriate. 

h. Document statements and comments. 

i. Document statements and comments made during transport. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to preObjective 	 serve the integrity of the scene by recognizing potential physical evidence, informing 

medical personnel of its presence, and instructing medical personnel not to “clean up” 

the scene. The student is also expected to demonstrate the ability to document any 

scene alteration, and/or any statements and comments by individuals, including those 

made by individuals during transport to a medical facility. 

3. Emergency Care

a. Assess the victim(s) for injury. 

1. Assess medical needs/signs of life. 

2. Administer emergency first aid (if needed). 

b. Call for medical personnel. 

1. Follow departmental guidelines/practices for notification of emergency medical personnel. 

2. Continue to assist the victim(s) as necessary. 

c. Guide medical personnel to the victim(s) at the scene. 

1. Choose pathway to minimize contamination/alteration of the crime scene. 

2. Direct medical personnel along the chosen pathway. 

3. Remain with emergency medical personnel, if possible. 

d. Point out potential physical evidence to medical personnel. 

1. Instruct emergency medical personnel to avoid contact with evidence items/material. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 12 
A

Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

2.	 Instruct emergency medical personnel to preserve all clothing (avoid altering bullet holes, 

knife tears, etc.). 

NOTE: Altering includes cutting, tearing, ripping through existing bullet holes. 

3.	 Document movement of injured persons by emergency medical personnel. 

4.	 Document movement of scene items by emergency medical personnel (e.g., furniture, blankets, 

weapons). 

e.	 Instruct emergency medical personnel not to “clean up” the scene. 

1.	 Avoid removal of items originating from the scene (e.g., removal of trace and other physical 

evidence by adherence to emergency medical equipment and personnel cleaning the victim’s 

skin surface). 

2. Avoid alteration of items originating from the scene.


NOTE: Alterations to the scene can include additions of items by emergency medical personnel.


f.	 Document emergency medical responder(s) at the scene. 

NOTE: This is for future investigative purposes (e.g., information about scene alteration and/or to obtain 

elimination and/or standard/reference samples). 

1.	 Name(s). 

2.	 Unit(s). 

3.	 Agency name and business telephone numbers. 

4.	 Name/location of medical facility to which the victim(s) is being transported. 

g.	 Obtain “dying declaration” as appropriate. 

NOTE: Review jurisdictional law regarding dying declarations. 

1.	 Assess victim’s level of injury (life-threatening injury). 

2.	 Note any statement. 

h.	 Document statements and comments. 

NOTE: Documentation should include to whom and under what circumstances statements/comments 

were made. 

1.	 Document statements and comments made by victims. 

2.	 Document statements and comments made by suspects. 

3.	 Document statements and comments made by witnesses. 

i.	 Document statements and comments made during transport. 

1.	 Accompany the injured person(s) to the medical facility, if possible. 

2.	 Document statements and comments made by the injured person(s) during transport. 

3.	 If law enforcement is unavailable, request that medical personnel who accompany the injured 

person(s) to the medical facility document statements and comments. 

NOTE: Remind medical personnel to preserve evidence. 

A 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 13 
4. Secure and Control Persons at the Scene 

a.	 Control all persons at the scene. 

b. Identify all persons at the scene. 

c.	 Exclude unauthorized/nonessential personnel from the scene. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to assess and implement the levObjective	 els of control required for persons or personnel at a crime scene while ensuring the 

safety of others and the integrity of potential evidence. The student also is expected to 

demonstrate the ability to identify persons at the scene. 

4. Secure and Control Persons at the Scene

a.	 Control all persons at the scene. 

1.	 Restrict movement of persons at the scene. 

2.	 Prevent persons from altering physical evidence. 

3.	 Prevent persons from destroying physical evidence. 

4.	 Continue to maintain safety at the scene. 

5.	 Restrict areas of movement within the scene. 

6.	 Continue to control the scene by maintaining officer presence. 

b.	 Identify all persons at the scene. 

NOTE: Identify means to obtain verifiable personal information. 

1.	 Identify suspects (secure and separate). 

2.	 Identify witnesses (secure and separate). 

3.	 Identify bystanders (remove from the scene). 

4.	 Identify victims/family members/friends (control while showing compassion). 

5.	 Identify medical and assisting personnel. 

c.	 Exclude unauthorized/nonessential personnel from the scene. 

1.	 Law enforcement officials not working the case. 

2.	 Politicians. 

3.	 Media. 

4.	 Other nonessential personnel (e.g., any persons not performing investigative or safety functions at 

the scene). 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 14 
Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

5. Establish and Preserve Scene Boundaries 

a.	 Establish scene boundaries by identifying the focal point(s) of the scene and 

extending outward. 

b. Set up physical barrier(s). 

c.	 Document entry of all people entering and exiting the scene. 

d. Maintain integrity of the scene. 

e. Attempt to preserve/protect evidence at the scene. 

f. Document the original location of the victim(s) or objects at the scene that were 

observed being moved. 

g. Follow jurisdictional laws related to search and seizure. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to 

Objective	 establish scene boundaries, set up physical scene barrier(s) to ensure the containment 

and protection of all physical evidence, and document all people entering and exiting 

the scene and the original location of all items that were/are moved. The student is also 

expected to demonstrate knowledge of applicable jurisdictional search and seizure law. 

A 

5. Establish and Preserve Scene Boundaries

a.	 Establish scene boundaries by identifying the focal point(s) of the scene and 


extending outward.


NOTE: Be aware of trace and impression evidence during scene assessment. 

1.	 Secure areas where the crime occurred. 

2.	 Secure areas that are potential points and paths of entry/exit of suspects/witnesses. 

3.	 Secure areas where victim(s)/evidence may have moved or been moved. 

4.	 Initially secure a larger area, since it is easier to contract than to expand the boundaries. 

b.	 Set up physical barrier(s). 

1.	 Set the physical perimeter for established scene boundaries (with crime scene tape, rope, cones, 

vehicles, personnel, etc.). 

2.	 Set the physical perimeter for established scene boundaries by using existing structures (walls, 

rooms, gated areas, etc.). 

c.	 Document entry of all people entering and exiting the scene. 

1.	 Record the names of persons entering the scene. 

2.	 Record the names of persons exiting the scene. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 15 
d.	 Maintain integrity of the scene. 

1.	 Control the flow of personnel and animals entering and exiting the scene. 

e.	 Attempt to preserve/protect evidence at the scene. 

1.	 Protect evidence from environmental elements, if possible. 

2.	 Protect evidence from manmade intrusions (e.g., shoe or tire impressions). 

3.	 Protect evidence from mechanical devices (e.g., sprinklers, helicopters). 

4.	 Protect evidence from animals. 

f.	 Document the original location of the victim(s) or objects at the scene that were 

observed being moved. 

NOTE: Care should be taken to use nondestructive techniques to document locations. 

1.	 Document point of origin of the victim(s) or items at the scene. 

2.	 Document alternate location. 

g.	 Follow jurisdictional laws related to search and seizure. 

1.	 Determine the need for obtaining consent to search or a search warrant. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 16 
Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

6. Transfer Control of the Scene to the Investigator(s) in Charge 

a. Brief the investigator(s) taking charge of the scene. 

b. Assist in controlling the scene. 

c. Transfer control of entry/exit documentation. 

d. Remain at the scene until relieved of duty. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to 

Objective inform the investigator(s) taking charge of the scene of all known scene information 

and to transfer scene control. 

A 

6. Transfer Control of the Scene to the Investigator(s) in Charge

a. Brief the investigator(s) taking charge of the scene. 

1. Introduce yourself and explain role. 

2. Relay information regarding the incident. 

NOTE: Information to include roles and identities of the parties, facts of the incident, observations, 

comments by the parties, and information by other responders. 

3. Point out scene boundaries. 

4. Point out chosen pathway. 

b. Assist in controlling the scene. 

1. Check with the lead investigator for instruction. 

c. Transfer control of entry/exit documentation. 

1. Relinquish responsibility for continued documentation to a designated person. 

2. Assure responsibility is understood. 

d. Remain at the scene until relieved of duty. 

1. Contact the investigator(s) in charge for instruction. 

2. Document scene departure time. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 17 
7. Document Actions and Observations at the Scene 

a.	 Document observations of the crime scene. 

b. Document conditions upon arrival at the scene. 

c.	 Document personal information, statements, and/or comments from witnesses, 

victims, and suspects. 

d. Document own actions and actions of others. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to docObjective	 ument information encompassing his or her observations and actions at the crime 

scene. Information includes locations, appearances, and conditions of all persons and 

items noted, and should communicate scene conditions, information from witnesses, 

victims and suspects, and the actions of other personnel. 

7. Document Actions and Observations at the Scene

a.	 Document observations of the crime scene. 

NOTE: Observations should be based on facts, not opinions. 

1.	 Location of persons within the crime scene. 

2.	 Location of items within the crime scene. 

3.	 Appearance of persons within the crime scene. 

4.	 Appearance of items within the crime scene. 

5.	 Condition of persons within the crime scene. 

6.	 Condition of items within the crime scene. 

b.	 Document conditions upon arrival at the scene. 

1.	 Climate (weather, indoor and/or outdoor temperature). 

2.	 Lighting (day/night, artificial/natural). 

3.	 Fixtures (doors, windows/shades, gates). 

4.	 Odor(s)/color(s) (gas/oil, cleaners, perfumes, smoke, fire). 

5.	 Furniture (moved/in place). 

6.	 Personal items (missing/in place). 

7.	 Changing or deteriorating items (melting ice cream, impressions in snow/sand, ambient 

temperature indoors). 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 18 
Arriving at the Scene: Initial Response/Prioritization of Efforts 

8.	 Appliances (on/off, hot/cold, functional/broken). 

9.	 Vehicles (engine hot/cold). 

c.	 Document personal information, statements, and/or comments from witnesses, 

victims, and suspects. 

1.	 Include all personal identifying information provided. 

2.	 Include all statements/comments as provided. A 

d.	 Document own actions and actions of others. 

1.	 Note all tasks performed and by whom. 

2.	 Note all tasks delegated. 

3.	 Note all areas entered and by whom. 

4.	 Note own dispatch, arrival, and departure times. 

5.	 Note all items moved or changed, by whom, and for what purpose. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 19 
Section B 

Preliminary Documentation and 

Evaluation of the Scene 

1. Conduct Scene Assessment 

2. Conduct Scene “Walk-Through”


and Initial Documentation


At the conclusion of this training section, the student is 

expected to demonstrate the ability to assess the scene by 

evaluating issues concerning scene and evidence integrity/ 

security, maintain communication between personnel, and 

ensure that necessary tasks are assigned and completed. The 

student is expected to be familiar with the critical aspects of 

selecting a pathway, conducting a walk-through, and documenting preliminary aspects of the crime scene. The student 

is expected to demonstrate competence in each of the topic 

areas through testing—either written, practical, or both. 

Section 

Performance 

Objective 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 21 
Preliminary Documentation and Evaluation of the Scene

Preliminary Documentation and Evaluation of the Scene 

1. Conduct Scene Assessment 

a. Talk to the first responder regarding his/her observations/activities. 

b. Evaluate safety issues for personnel entering the scene. 

c. Evaluate search and seizure issues. 

d. Evaluate/establish the path of scene entry/exit. 

e. Evaluate initial scene boundaries. 

f. Determine/prioritize the scene investigation(s). 

g. Establish a staging area for consultation and equipment. 

h. Establish communication between individuals at multiple scenes 

(as necessary). 

i. Establish a secure area for temporary evidence storage. 

j. Determine additional resource requirements. 

k. Ensure scene integrity/security. 

l. Ensure that witnesses to the incident are identified and separated. 

m. Ensure that the surrounding area is canvassed. 

n. Ensure preliminary documentation/photography. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to 

Objective	 obtain information from the first responder; evaluate safety and search and seizure 

issues; evaluate scene boundaries and entry and exit path(s); prioritize investigative 

activities; allocate current resources and determine the need for additional resources; 

ensure that witnesses are separated and identified, the area is canvassed, and the scene 

is secured and properly photographed and documented; and establish, if necessary, 

areas for consultation and storage of equipment and evidence. 

B

1. Conduct Scene Assessment

a. Talk to the first responder regarding his/her observations/activities. 

1. Introduce yourself and explain role. 

2. Obtain information regarding the incident. 

3. Ascertain established scene boundaries. 

4. Ascertain previously chosen pathway. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 23 
b.	 Evaluate safety issues for personnel entering the scene. 

1.	 Re-evaluate and modify, as necessary, current safety practices. 

2.	 Require personal protective equipment (PPE) as appropriate. 

c.	 Evaluate search and seizure issues. 

1.	 Determine the need for obtaining consent to search. 

2.	 Determine the need for obtaining a search warrant. 

3.	 Determine the need for prosecutorial/legal resources. 

d.	 Evaluate/establish the path of scene entry/exit. 

1.	 Establish pathway by reassessing and modifying, as necessary, the chosen pathway. 

2.	 Ensure that authorized personnel are informed of any modifications to the established pathway. 

e.	 Evaluate initial scene boundaries. 

1.	 Determine appropriateness of the initial scene boundaries. 

2.	 Ensure that the areas where the crime occurred are secure. 

3.	 Ensure that the areas that are potential points and paths of entry/exit of suspects/witnesses 

are secure. 

4.	 Ensure that areas where victim(s)/evidence may have moved or been moved are secure. 

5.	 Make modifications as necessary. 

f.	 Determine/prioritize the scene investigation(s). 

1.	 Determine the size and number of scene(s). 

2.	 Prioritize the steps in the scene investigation(s). 

3.	 Allocate current resources. 

g.	 Establish a staging area for consultation and equipment. 

1.	 Identify an area in close proximity to the scene. 

2.	 Identify an area not involved in the incident. 

3.	 Secure the staging area and limit access. 

h. Establish communication between individuals at multiple scenes (as necessary). 

1. Establish type of communication equipment to be used.


NOTE: When selecting equipment, consider security of communication.


2.	 Update with current information as necessary. 

i.	 Establish a secure area for temporary evidence storage. 

1.	 Evaluate environmental factors that could effect degradation/loss of evidence when selecting a 

secure area for temporary evidence storage. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 24 
Preliminary Documentation and Evaluation of the Scene 

2. Establish a secure area for temporary storage for evidence. 

NOTE: Consider rules of evidence/chain of custody. 

j. Determine additional resource requirements. 

1. Determine the need for additional investigative resources. 

2. Determine the need for specialized units. 

3. Determine the need for legal consultation. 

4. Determine the need for specialized equipment/supplies. 

5. Request additional resources as determined. B 

k. Ensure scene integrity/security. 

1. Maintain scene entry/exit documentation. 

2. Prevent unauthorized access to the scene. 

l. Ensure that witnesses to the incident are identified and separated. 

1. Ascertain potential witnesses. 

2. Separate witnesses from each other and from others present. 

3. Obtain valid identification from witnesses. 

4. Document witness identification(s). 

m. Ensure that the surrounding area is canvassed. 

1. Assign appropriate personnel to conduct the canvass. 

2. Ensure that results of the canvass are documented.


NOTE: Documentation should also include locations where persons are not found for future followup.


n. Ensure preliminary documentation/photography. 

NOTE: The purpose of this section is to ensure that the presence and/or appearance of items, persons, 

and conditions that are likely to be lost if not immediately documented or photographed are recorded 

(see section A7a,b). 

1. Photograph or document items that may change. 

2. Photograph or document conditions that may change. 

3. Photograph or document persons, including injuries or lack thereof. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 25 
2. Conduct Scene “Walk-Through” and Initial Documentation 

a. Minimize scene contamination. 

b. Prepare preliminary documentation. 

c. Identify and protect fragile/perishable evidence. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to 

Objective	 establish and follow the established pathway to conduct a preliminary walk-through, 

to document initial observations, and to identify, document, and protect the integrity/security of the evidence. 

2. Conduct Scene “Walk-Through” and Initial Documentation

a. Minimize scene contamination. 

1. Use established entry/exit points and pathway. 

2. Determine the need for personal protective equipment prior to entry. 

3. Conduct walk-through with individuals responsible for processing the scene, if available. 

b. Prepare preliminary documentation. 

NOTE: Document factual observations, not opinions. 

1. Document scene as first observed (e.g., preliminary photograph, rough sketch, notes). 

c. Identify and protect fragile/perishable evidence. 

1. Evaluate crowds/hostile environment(s) and ensure that evidence is secure, as necessary. 

2. Evaluate weather conditions and ensure that evidence is protected, as necessary. 

3. Identify fragile/perishable evidence. 

4. Ensure documentation/photography of fragile/perishable evidence (immediately, if possible). 

5. Ensure collection of fragile/perishable evidence, as appropriate. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 26 
Section C 

Processing the Scene


1. Determine Team Composition 

2. Ensure Contamination Control 

3. Document the Scene 

4. Prioritize Collection of Evidence 

5. Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package,


Transport, and Submit Evidence


At the conclusion of this training, the student is expected to 

demonstrate scene processing practices. These practices 

include the ability to select the team, knowledge of contamination issues, documentation of the scene, prioritization of 

the collection of evidence, and the actual collection and subsequent handling of the evidence. The student is expected to 

demonstrate competence in each of the topic areas through 

testing—either written, practical, or both. 

Section 

Performance 

Objective 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 27 
Processing the Scene 

1. Determine Team Composition 

a.	 Assess the need for additional personnel. 

b. Assess forensic needs. 

c.	 Ensure scene(s) security. 

d. Select qualified person(s) for specialized tasks. 

e.	 Document team member assignments. 

Performance The student is expected to demonstrate the ability to assess the scene by evaluating the 

Objective	 factors that determine team composition. Given a crime scene scenario, the student also 

is expected to assess the need for additional personnel resources to ensure complete 

scene processing. 

C 

1. Determine Team Composition

a.	 Assess the need for additional personnel. Consider: 

1. Multiple scenes (see glossary).


NOTE: Multiple scenes may involve multiple jurisdictions.


2.	 Multiple victims. 

3. Numerous witnesses.


NOTE: Separate and interview.


4.	 Additional resources (e.g., lighting, ladders, fire department, air support). 

5.	 Other circumstances that may require the preservation and recovery of evidence, such as parties or 

vehicles that may be transported to a different location (e.g., hospital, law enforcement facility, 

impound lot, medical examiner/coroner’s office). 

6.	 Specific crimes may require other specialized personnel (e.g., forensic nurse, gang crime units, other 

Federal or State agencies. Individual departments may determine that a public information officer is 

necessary). 

b.	 Assess forensic needs. 

NOTE: If in doubt consult/call outside sources. 

1.	 Determine what forensic specialists are needed (e.g., latent print analyst, bloodstain/blood-spatter 

analyst, forensic anthropologist, accident reconstructionist). 

2.	 Determine what specialized equipment is needed (see section E). 

c.	 Ensure scene(s) security. 

1.	 Identify the individual responsible for maintaining entry/exit documentation. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 29 
2. Maintain entry/exit documentation.


3 Maintain security of scene boundaries.


d.	 Select qualified person(s) for specialized tasks. 

1.	 Identify photographic needs (e.g., aerial, underwater). 

2.	 Identify sketch needs. 

3.	 Identify special evidence collection needs (e.g., latent prints, firearms, blood spatter, trace evidence, 

arson/bomb, forensic anthropology). 

e.	 Document team member assignments. 

1.	 Establish task priority. 

2.	 Assign tasks to team members. 

3.	 Record member responsibilities. 

4.	 Ensure that assigned tasks are completed. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 30 
Processing the Scene 

2. Ensure Contamination Control 

a.	 Limit scene access to people directly involved in scene processing. 

b. Follow established entry/exit pathways at the scene. 

c.	 Consider collection of elimination samples. 

d. Designate a secure area for trash and equipment. 

e. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent contamination of personnel 

and minimize scene contamination. 

f. Clean/sanitize/dispose of tools/equipment between evidence collections. 

g. Use single-use equipment for direct collection of biological samples. 

Performance 	 Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the knowledge of 

Objective contamination control issues at a crime scene. 

C 

2. Ensure Contamination Control

a. Limit scene access to people directly involved in scene processing. 

1. Identify essential personnel. 

2. Identify nonessential personnel. 

3. Remove nonessential personnel from the scene. 

b. Follow established entry/exit pathways at the scene. 

1. Identify scene entry/exit pathway. 

2. Use established entry/exit pathway. 

3. Maintain established entry/exit pathway. 

c. Consider collection of elimination samples. 

NOTE: See definition of elimination sample in the glossary. 

1. Identify first responders and involved parties. 

2. Consider the value of elimination samples. 

3. Collect elimination samples, as necessary (see section C5g). 

NOTE: Collect elimination samples of value from first responders and involved parties before they 

leave the scene. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 31 
d.	 Designate a secure area for trash and equipment. 

1.	 Identify area(s) away from potential evidence. 

2.	 Establish separate area(s) for trash generated in the course of the scene investigation. 

3.	 Establish area(s) as site for equipment. 

4.	 Assign responsibility for removal of trash. 

e.	 Use personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent contamination of personnel 

and minimize scene contamination. 

1.	 Assess potential hazards. 

2.	 Utilize relevant PPE. 

3.	 Dispose of PPE in biohazard receptacle. 

f.	 Clean/sanitize/dispose of tools/equipment between evidence collections. 

1.	 Utilize clean or single-use tools/equipment. 

2.	 Dispose of single-use tools/equipment in biohazard or sharps containers after use (e.g., gloves, 

forceps, scalpels, pipets). 

3.	 Clean reusable equipment before collection of each new piece of evidence. 

4.	 Clean reusable equipment before storage. 

g.	 Use single-use equipment for direct collection of biological samples. 

1.	 Identify biological evidence to be collected. 

2.	 Identify single-use collection material (e.g., swabs, swatches, other items that come in direct contact 

with evidence to be collected). 

NOTE: Ensure that there is ample packaging material so each item can be individually packaged to 

minimize cross-contamination. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 32 
Processing the Scene 

3. Document the Scene 

a.	 Determine the type of documentation necessary for the specific scene. 

b. Coordinate documentation of the scene. 

c.	 Photograph the scene. 

d. Videotape the scene as an optional supplement to photographs. 

e.	 Prepare preliminary sketch(es) and take measurements. 

f.	 Generate notes at the scene (e.g., photo logs, checklists, evidence log, chain of 

custody forms, detailed condition of the item(s)). 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to determine the type of docuObjective mentation necessary for a specific scene. The student also is expected to write a full 

report based on his/her notes, photograph the scene, and draw sketches. 

C 

3. Document the Scene

a.	 Determine the type of documentation necessary for the specific scene. 

1.	 Determine if photographs, videos, sketches, or measurements are needed. 

2.	 Determine if forms are needed to supplement note taking, (e.g., photo logs, checklists, evidence log, 

chain of custody forms). 

b.	 Coordinate documentation of the scene. 

NOTE: Assign or prioritize documentation; ensure that all documentation ultimately bears the unique 

identifier(s) assigned to the case. 

1.	 Coordinate photographing of the scene. 

2.	 Coordinate videotaping of the scene. 

3.	 Coordinate sketching of the scene. 

4.	 Coordinate measurements of specific scene items. 

5.	 Coordinate notes. 

c.	 Photograph the scene. 

NOTE: Ensure that photographs taken depict a fair and accurate representation of the scene/items 

photographed. 

1.	 Take overall scene photographs. 

2.	 Take medium-range scene photographs. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 33 
3.	 Take close-up scene photographs. 

4.	 Photograph evidence with and without measurement scales and/or evidence identifiers. 

NOTE: Instruct when to photograph with and without measurement scale and/or identifiers with appropriate evidence items. 

5.	 Photograph victims, suspects, witnesses, crowds, and vehicles at the scene as relevant. 

6.	 Photograph from various perspectives as relevant (e.g., aerial, witness’ view, area under body once 

body is removed). 

d.	 Videotape the scene as an optional supplement to photographs. 

NOTE: Consider switching audio off according to jurisdictional requirements. 

1.	 Determine if videotaping is needed (e.g., at a homicide, a large scene, an officer-involved incident, 

or a large amount of evidence). 

2.	 Ensure that new tape is used. 

3.	 Break off write-protect tab after taping to prevent accidental overwrite. 

e.	 Prepare preliminary sketch(es) and take measurements. 

1.	 Measure the immediate area of the scene. 

2.	 Indicate “North” on the sketch. 

3.	 Indicate that the sketch is “not to scale.” 

4. Measure the relative location of evidence for future correlation with evidence records. 

NOTE: Instruct on particular measurement techniques (e.g., triangulation, coordination, use of a legend). 

5.	 Measure the evidence prior to movement. 

6.	 Measure rooms, furniture, and other objects relevant to the scene. 

7.	 Measure the distance to adjacent buildings or other landmarks (e.g., mile markers, bridges, manhole 

covers, silos). 

8.	 Consider additional sketches that may be useful to focus attention on a particular area or item. 

f.	 Generate notes at the scene (e.g., photo logs, checklists, evidence log, chain of 

custody forms, detailed condition of the item(s)). 

1.	 Document the scene location. 

2.	 Document time of arrival at the scene. 

3.	 Document time of departure from the scene. 

4.	 Document scene appearance. 

5.	 Record transient evidence (e.g., smells, sounds, sights). 

6.	 Record environmental conditions (e.g., weather, temperature). 

7.	 Document circumstances that require departures from usual procedures (e.g., safety, environmental, 

traffic issues). 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 34 
Processing the Scene 

4. Prioritize Collection of Evidence 

a.	 Conduct a careful and methodical evaluation considering all physical evidence 

possibilities. 

b. Focus first on easily accessible areas in open view and proceed to out-of-view 

locations (e.g., biological, latent prints, trace evidence). 

c.	 Select a systematic search pattern for evidence collection. 

d. Select a progression of processing/collection methods. 

e.	 Continually assess environmental and other factors that may affect evidence. 

f.	 Be aware of multiple scenes. 

g. Recognize other methods that are available to locate, technically document, and 

collect evidence. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to priObjective oritize the collection of evidence. 

C 

4. Prioritize Collection of Evidence

a.	 Conduct a careful and methodical evaluation considering all physical evidence


possibilities.


1.	 Identify present types of evidence (e.g., biological, latent prints, trace evidence). 

2.	 Consider potential evidence collected prior to this stage by EMTs, etc., which may have been moved 

or removed from the scene. 

b.	 Focus first on easily accessible areas in open view and proceed to out-of-view


locations (e.g., biological, latent prints, trace evidence).


1.	 Identify areas that need to be processed immediately (e.g., due to safety, weather, security, scene 

integrity, high-traffic areas). 

2.	 Identify areas that can be processed at a later time (e.g., vehicle, additional scene, areas protected 

from threats in (1) above). 

c.	 Select a systematic search pattern for evidence collection. 

1.	 Determine the size and location of the scene(s). 

2.	 Determine the number of personnel available. 

3.	 Select the best method for searching the scene (e.g., spiral, grid, zones). 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 35 
d.	 Select a progression of processing/collection methods. 

1.	 Identify which items need to be collected as evidence. 

2.	 Identify the most transient evidence and prioritize processing. 

3.	 Prioritize processing/collection methods so initial techniques do not compromise subsequent processing/collection methods (e.g., collection of biological or trace evidence should be performed 

prior to use of powder or chemical enhancement techniques). 

e.	 Continually assess environmental and other factors that may affect evidence. 

1.	 Monitor environmental and other factors that may affect evidence. 

2.	 Reprioritize collection, if warranted, based on conditions. 

f.	 Be aware of multiple scenes. 

1. In case of multiple scenes, prioritize the response (e.g., victims, suspects, vehicles, locations). 

g.	 Recognize other methods that are available to locate, technically document, and 

collect evidence. 

NOTE: Consider consulting with forensic/laboratory personnel for additional technical advice. 

1.	 Assess the scene to determine if other methods are needed to aid in the prioritization of scene 

processing (e.g., alternate light source, enhancement, blood pattern documentation, projectile 

trajectory analysis). 

2.	 Determine availability of needed techniques. 

3.	 Prioritize collection methods based on availability of additional resources. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 36 
Processing the Scene 

5. Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, Transport, and Submit Evidence 

a. Maintain scene security throughout processing and until the scene is released. 

b. Document the location, date, and who collected the evidence. 

c. Collect items identified as evidence (see glossary). 

d. Establish chain of custody. 

e. Obtain standard/reference samples from the scene. 

f. Obtain control samples from the scene. 

g. Obtain elimination samples (as necessary). 

h. Secure electronically recorded evidence from the vicinity of the scene (immediately). 

i. Identify and secure evidence in proper containers. 

j. Document the description and condition of firearms/weapons (prior to rendering 

them safe). 

k. Avoid excessive handling of evidence after it is collected. 

l. Maintain evidence at the scene in a manner designed to diminish degradation/loss. 

m. Transport and submit evidence for secure storage. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate all aspects of 

Objective	 scene processing, including the collection, preservation, inventory, packaging, transportation, and submission of physical evidence. The student also is expected to take 

notes; collect various types of evidence, including latent prints, footwear or tire 

impression(s), biological fluids/stains, trace evidence, firearms evidence, questioned 

documents, volatiles, and drugs; establish chain of custody; and write a report. The student also is expected to distinguish the difference between control, standard/reference, 

and elimination samples. 

C 

5. Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, Transport, and Submit Evidence

a. Maintain scene security throughout processing and until the scene is released. 

1. Identify essential and nonessential personnel. 

2. Remove nonessential personnel from the scene. 

3. Continue to document entry/exit of persons at the scene. 

b. Document the location, date, and who collected the evidence. 

1. Ensure that the location of evidence at the scene is documented (see section C3). 

2. Ensure that the date of collection is documented. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 37 
3.	 Ensure that the identity of the individual making the collection is documented. 

4.	 Ensure that the description of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

NOTE: The following examples of evidence collection techniques are meant to be illustrative and are 

not meant to be exhaustive or exclusive. 

c.	 Collect items identified as evidence (see glossary). 

1.	 Impression evidence collection. 

2.	 Latent print evidence collection. 

3.	 Biological evidence collection. 

4.	 Arson/explosive/bomb evidence collection. 

5.	 Trace evidence collection. 

6.	 Questioned documents/electronic evidence collection. 

7.	 Reconstruction evidence collection. 

8.	 Controlled substances/chemicals evidence collection. 

9.	 Other types of evidence. 

c1. Impression evidence collection. 

NOTE: Consider the different types of impression evidence, such as macroscopic (those that are 

visible with the naked eye, e.g., footwear and tire), and microscopic (those that may need magnification, e.g., latent prints, toolmarks, cartridge cases, weapons, bullets, bitemarks, fingernails). 

a.	 Locate by using visual observation techniques (NOTE: When collecting firearms or other 

weapons, refer to section C5j); lighting techniques (e.g., oblique, alternate light source); or 

chemical enhancement techniques (e.g., powder, super glue, dyes, luminol). 

b.	 Develop by using photography (e.g., using filters along with an alternate light source) or chemical enhancement. 

c.	 Collect by using photography, physical lifters (e.g., gel lifters, dental stone, electrostatic lifters, 

molding materials, lifting tape), or by taking the actual item. 

d.	 Consider collection of elimination samples (see section C5g). 

e.	 Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see section C5i, k-m), that the location of evidence at the scene is documented, that the date of collection is documented (see section C3), that the identity of the individual making the collection is documented, and that the 

description of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

c2. Latent print evidence collection. 

(e.g., fingerprints, palmprints, footprints.) 

a.	 Locate by using visual observation techniques, lighting techniques (e.g., oblique, alternate light 

source), chemical enhancement techniques (e.g., super glue, dyes, luminol, powders). 

b.	 Develop by using photography (e.g., using filters along with an alternate light source), chemical 

enhancement techniques, or powder enhancement techniques. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 38 
Processing the Scene 

c. Collect by using photography, physical lifters (e.g., electrostatic lifters, lifting tape/adhesive, 

silicon casting material), or by taking the actual item. 

d. Consider collection of elimination samples (see section C5g). 

e. Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see section C5i, k-m), that the location of evidence at the scene is documented (see section C3), that the date of collection is documented, that the identity of the individual making the collection is documented, and that the 

description of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

c3. Biological evidence collection. 

(e.g., blood, semen, saliva (bitemarks), urine, perspiration, sexual assault evidence, tissue, bone, 

teeth, hair, fingernails.) 

a.	 Locate by using visual observation techniques, lighting techniques (e.g., oblique, alternate light 

source), or chemical enhancement techniques (e.g., by use of luminol, presumptive tests). C 

b. Collect the stained portion by using single-use equipment (e.g., swabs, threads, gauze patches) 

and by taking the actual item (e.g., scrape with scalpel, cut out portion of substrate). 

c. Collect the whole item (e.g., stained door, clothing) or a representative sample (e.g., portion of 

blood trail, pooling of blood, by pattern(s)). 

d. Collect control/blank samples (as necessary, see section C5f). 

e. Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see section C5i, k-m), that the location of evidence at the scene is documented (see section C3), that the date of collection is documented, that the identity of the individual making the collection is documented, and that the 

description of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

c4. Arson/explosive/bomb evidence collection. 

NOTE: Following an explosion, investigators should be aware of the possibility of secondary 

explosive device(s). 

a.	 Request subject-matter experts to respond to the scene. 

NOTE: If the following types of evidence are present, specialized personnel with protective 

equipment and training (e.g., arson investigators, accelerant detection canine team) are expected to 

collect: accelerants, burn patterns, explosive residue, bombs, explosives, etc. When it is not possible 

for a specialized team to conduct the investigation, the following steps can be taken. (However, only 

bomb disposal personnel should investigate unexploded bombs or handle live explosives.) 

b.	 Locate by using visual observation techniques and smell. 

c.	 Document by photography, videography, written notes, and sketches/diagrams. 

d.	 Collect by scooping ignitable liquid residues with a noncontaminated shovel, taking and 

packaging exploded bomb components, and taking sources of ignitable liquid residues. 

NOTE: Handle with gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints on the evidence. 

e.	 Consider collection of control/blank samples (see section C5f). 

NOTE: In arson, in addition to control/blank samples, also take a burned sample from an area 

removed from the point of origin of the fire. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 39 
f.	 Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see sections C5i, k-m), that containers prevent loss of volatile evidence by using nonporous containers, that the location of evidence at the scene is documented (see section C3), that the date of collection is documented, 

that the identity of the individual making the collection is documented, and that the description 

of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

c5. Trace evidence collection. 

(e.g., hairs, fibers, glass, paint, gunshot residue (gsr), entomological evidence, botany, soil, cosmetics, oils/plastics.) 

a.	 Locate by using visual observation techniques, lighting techniques (e.g., oblique, alternate light 

source), and taping techniques. 

b.	 Collect by using manual methods (e.g., tweezers, forceps, gloved hand), taping techniques, 

scraping techniques, vacuum techniques (NOTE: Use this method of collection as a last resort), 

and by taking the whole item on which the trace evidence is located (e.g., rock with hair, 

bumper with paint, carpeting). 

c.	 Consider collection of control/blank and standard/reference samples (see sections C5e-f). 

d.	 Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see sections C5i, k-m), that the location of evidence at the scene is documented (see section C3), that the date of collection is documented, that the identity of the individual making the collection is documented, and that the 

description of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

c6. Questioned documents/electronic evidence collection. 

NOTE: Documents may be significant for the substance of what is stated (e.g., ransom notes, suicide notes, forged documents) and/or the nature of the physical evidence found in the document 

(e.g., ink, handwriting, paper). Standard/reference samples should be collected for comparison purposes. Potential electronic evidence may include computers, answering machine tapes, videotapes, 

pagers, etc. Follow jurisdictional laws regarding search and seizure of electronic evidence. 

a.	 Consider consulting with electronic evidence experts for proper method(s) of collection. 

NOTE: Personnel specifically trained in electronic crime investigation may be needed, since 

unplugging or disconnecting electronic devices could result in the loss of electronically stored 

data/evidence. 

b.	 Locate evidence by using visual observation techniques, lighting techniques. 

c.	 Collect by taking the whole item. 

d.	 Collect standard/reference samples (see section C5e). 

e.	 Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see section C5i, k-m), that the location of evidence at the scene is documented, that the date of collection is documented, that the 

identity of the individual making the collection is documented, and that the description of 

item(s) to be collected is documented. 

c7.	 Reconstruction evidence collection. 

a.	 Determine usefulness of reconstructive techniques. 

NOTE: Reconstructive techniques can be helpful to demonstrate a sequence of events, location of 

the parties involved, characteristics of the parties involved, or to corroborate or disprove statements. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 40 
Processing the Scene 

b.	 Recognize the significance of blood spatter interpretation, the significance of projectile trajectory 

reconstruction (e.g., glass fracture, laser, bullet path, stringing techniques), the significance of accident reconstruction, the significance of excavated human remains, the significance of a burial site 

and the surrounding area and the value of each as a separate crime scene, the significance of skeletal 

remains, and the significance of preserving evidence that specialists may use for reconstructive techniques (e.g., facial reconstruction, post mortem interval (time of death) determination, detection of 

administered chemicals/poisons, and forensic odontology for bitemark identification or identification 

of human remains). 

c.	 Locate by applicable methods (e.g., visual observation, lighting, lasers, chemical enhancement). 

d.	 Document by applicable methods (e.g., photographic, videographic, sketch with measurement). 

c8. Controlled substances/chemicals evidence collection. 

NOTE: If dangerous substances, such as clandestine laboratory evidence, chemicals/poisons, industrial 

waste, or acids are present, specialized personnel with protective equipment and training should collect 

them. When it is not possible for a specialized team to conduct the investigation, the following steps can 

be taken. 

a. Re-evaluate safety issues (see section A2a for discussion of safety concerns to be re-addressed). 

b. Locate evidence by using visual observation (e.g., paraphernalia, pipes, glassine packets), alternate 

light sources, drug detecting animals, field testing techniques (NOTE: Presumptive test to indicate 

the presence of a controlled substance), and by being aware of and noting odors that could indicate 

the presence of chemicals and/or reaction mixtures. 

c. Collect by sampling of clandestine laboratory chemicals and by taking item(s) of evidence. 

d. Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see sections Ci, j-m), that the location of 

evidence at the scene is documented, that the date of collection is documented, that the identity of 

the individual making the collection is documented, and that the description of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

c9. Other types of evidence. 

NOTE: All other evidence related to the crime that may not fit into one of the above categories (e.g., 

car parts, botanical evidence, physical matching evidence, toxicological evidence, poisons). 

a.	 Locate unique types of evidence. 

b.	 Collect unique types of evidence 

c.	 Consider collection of control/blank, standard/reference, and elimination samples (see sections 

C5e-g). 

d.	 Ensure proper packaging of individual items of evidence (see sections C5i, j-m), that the location of evidence at the scene is documented (see section C3), that the date of collection is documented, that the identity of the individual making the collection is documented, and that the 

description of item(s) to be collected is documented. 

d.	 Establish chain of custody. 

1.	 Initiate documentation of custody of evidence. 

NOTE: This can be accomplished with evidence identifiers, chain of custody forms, direct marking of 

the evidence item(s), etc. 

C 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 41 
e.	 Obtain standard/reference samples from the scene. 

NOTE: If collected, standard/reference samples should be collected at the same time as the evidence. 

This timeframe may not apply to the collection of blood standards or hair exemplars from the 

victim(s)/suspect(s). 

1.	 Determine if standard/reference samples are needed. 

2.	 Identify standard/reference samples. 

3.	 Collect standard/reference samples. 

4.	 Package samples individually. 

f.	 Obtain control samples from the scene. 

1. Determine if control samples are needed.


NOTE: If collected, control samples should be collected at the same time as evidence.


2.	 Identify control samples. 

3.	 Collect control samples. 

4.	 Package samples individually. 

g.	 Obtain elimination samples. 

1.	 Determine if elimination samples are needed. 

2.	 Identify and collect elimination samples. 

3.	 Package samples individually. 

h.	 Secure electronically recorded evidence from the vicinity of the scene (immediately). 

NOTE: e.g., answering machine tapes/voice mail, surveillance camera videotapes (including those of 

neighboring businesses), computers, cell phones, pagers, caller id, fax machines, e-mail, and peripherals. 

1.	 Determine if electronic evidence is present. 

NOTE: Determine whether personnel specifically trained in electronic crime investigation are required 

to collect the evidence, since unplugging or disconnecting electronic devices could result in the loss of 

electronically stored data/evidence. 

2. Collect electronic evidence.


NOTE: Follow jurisdictional laws regarding search and seizure of electronic evidence.


i.	 Identify and secure evidence in proper containers. 

1.	 Identify characteristics of evidence to be packaged. 

2.	 Select a proper container based on the characteristics of the evidence (e.g., nonporous (liquids or 

volatile substances, powdered controlled substances), porous (dried biological evidence, trace evidence), crushproof (glass fragments, sharps, pills/capsules)). 

3.	 Ensure evidence is in proper condition for packaging. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 42 
Processing the Scene 

NOTE: If biological or organic evidence is not completely dry, prior to packaging and sealing, package 

it in a temporary container until a suitable location is reached to dry it. 

4.	 Place evidence in container. 

NOTE: Determine whether individual items should be packaged separately to minimize cross-contamination and/or contamination. If items are wet, double or triple bag. However, if items are found already 

in contact with one another, package them together (e.g., clothing, trash, weapons w/blood or hair, 

bedding). 

5. Label, date, initial, and seal evidence container(s).


NOTE: When packaged items are wet, prevent packages from coming in contact with one another to


prevent cross-contamination. 

6.	 Ensure that an inventory list of items of evidence collected/to be collected is begun and maintained. 

7. Use a secure area for storage of evidence while scene processing proceeds and retain packaged evi- C 

dence in the designated secure area until transport to the appropriate facility (see section B1i). 

NOTE: Ensure step-by-step packaging for items when needed (e.g., paint sample—porous first, then 

crushproof; drugs—plastic bags or crushproof; blood—porous; trace—porous/crushproof). 

j.	 Document the description and condition of firearms/weapons prior to rendering 

them safe. 

NOTE: Refer to section C5c1 for collection and packaging of impression evidence. 

1.	 Use additional close-up photography to document any evidence that may be on or near the weapon. 

2.	 Record the physical condition of the weapon. 

NOTE: For firearms, record whether cocked, cocked and locked, and whether there is a magazine in the 

weapon. For all weapons, record whether any biological or trace evidence, etc., is adhering to the 

weapon. 

3.	 Determine and record the best method for rendering the weapon safe. 

NOTE: For firearms, e.g., put safety on; unload; if found in water maintain immersed in water; place in 

gun box, etc. For sharps, package in puncture-proof container, etc. Record the location of any spent or 

live shell cases under the hammer or any cartridge or cartridge cases (live or spent rounds) in firearms. 

4.	 Identify the weapon. 

NOTE: For firearms, record the make, model, caliber, and serial number, if readily observable. For all 

weapons, record the physical description, including markings. 

k.	 Avoid excessive handling of evidence after it is collected. 

NOTE: Include information on all persons having custody of the evidence as evidence is transferred 

from person to person or place to place. 

1.	 Avoid reopening sealed evidence once it is packaged. 

2.	 Limit the number of people in the chain of custody. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 43 
l.	 Maintain evidence at the scene in a manner designed to diminish 

degradation/loss. 

1.	 Utilize the secure area for temporary storage of evidence. 

2.	 Ensure that temporarily maintained evidence is kept in a cool, dry environment, protected from temperature extremes and other environmental insults (e.g., air conditioned vehicle/building, cooler). 

m. Transport and submit evidence for secure storage. 

1.	 Check inventory of evidence prior to transport and ensure all evidence collected is accounted for. 

2.	 Maintain the integrity of individual items of evidence so as to avoid compromising evidence yet to 

be processed (e.g., latent prints on a physical item). 

3.	 Determine whether specialized equipment is needed to transport unusual items of evidence. 

4.	 Ensure transport to appropriate facility as soon as possible. 

NOTE: When it is not possible to transport evidence quickly due to weather or other delays, ensure that 

the chain of custody is maintained and the integrity of evidence is not compromised. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 44 
Section D 

Completing and Recording the Crime 

Scene Investigation 

1. Establish Crime Scene Debriefing Team 

2. Perform Final Survey of the Crime Scene 

3. Documentation of the Crime Scene 

At the conclusion of this training section, the student is 

expected to demonstrate the ability to complete and document the processing of a crime scene. This includes knowing 

how to facilitate a crime scene debriefing with appropriate 

personnel prior to release of the scene and how to prioritize 

forensic testing options and the proper sequence of potential 

forensic testing to maximize the utility of all evidence collected. It also includes knowing how to compile the documentation of the crime scene. The student is expected to 

demonstrate competence in each of the topic areas through 

testing—either written, practical, or both. 

Section 

Performance 

Objective 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 45 
Completing and Recording the Crime Scene Investigation 

1. Establish Crime Scene Debriefing Team 

a.	 Determine person(s) who may participate in the crime scene debriefing. 

b. Determine what evidence was collected. 

c.	 Discuss preliminary scene findings. 

d. Discuss potential forensic evidence testing and sequencing/prioritizing of 

tests/examinations. 

e. Initiate any action(s) identified in the debriefing to complete the crime scene 

investigation. 

f. Brief person(s) in charge upon completion of assigned crime scene tasks. 

g. Establish post-scene responsibilities. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to conObjective 	 duct a crime scene debriefing with appropriate personnel prior to release of the scene. 

The debriefing is expected to include a discussion of observations made, evidence collected, forensic testing, and other actions necessary to complete the crime scene investigation, including the ability to recognize and prioritize forensic testing options and 

the proper sequence of potential forensic testing to maximize the utility of all evidence 

collected and post-scene responsibilities. 

D 

1. Establish Crime Scene Debriefing Team

NOTE: The investigator(s) in charge should be responsible for the crime scene debriefing. 

a.	 Determine person(s) who may participate in the crime scene debriefing. 

NOTE: Composition of the team is scene dependent and may consist of only one officer. 

1.	 Initial responding officer(s). 

2.	 Additional police personnel (e.g., other investigators, canvassing officer, perimeter security, 

dispatcher, interviewing officer(s), officer(s) controlling and/or assisting victim(s), witness(es), 

and suspect(s)). 

3.	 Evidence collection personnel (e.g., photographer(s), evidence technician(s), latent print personnel, 

specialized personnel). 

4.	 Emergency services personnel (e.g., fire, medical, search and rescue). 

5.	 Prosecuting attorney (when appropriate). 

b.	 Determine what evidence was collected. 

1.	 Review evidence documentation (e.g., inventories, tags, notes). 

2.	 Communicate with evidence collection personnel and additional police personnel who may have 

collected evidence. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 47 
c.	 Discuss preliminary scene findings. 

NOTE: Discussion should be topic specific depending on the personnel to whom the investigator(s) in 

charge is speaking. 

1.	 Communicate with personnel regarding what they observed. 

2.	 Communicate with personnel regarding what they were told. 

3.	 Communicate with personnel regarding what actions they performed. 

d.	 Discuss potential forensic evidence testing and sequencing/prioritizing of 

tests/examinations. 

NOTE: Discussion should be topic specific depending on the personnel to whom the investigator(s) in 

charge is speaking. 

1.	 Communicate with evidence collection personnel. 

2.	 Communicate with other specialized personnel. 

3.	 Communicate with prosecuting attorney (when appropriate). 

NOTE: In some jurisdictions, depending on the evidence in question and the nature of the crime, investigators in charge should communicate with the prosecuting attorney’s office before making decisions that 

potentially may compromise the evidence. 

e.	 Initiate any action(s) identified in the debriefing to complete the crime scene 

investigation. 

1.	 Identify actions necessary to complete the processing of the crime scene. 

NOTE: Consider areas that may not have been searched/processed and confirm that all assigned tasks 

have been completed. 

2.	 Identify actions necessary to protect the crime scene(s). 

3. Assign responsibilities to appropriate personnel.


NOTE: This may include personnel not present at the scene or debriefing.


f.	 Brief person(s) in charge upon completion of assigned crime scene tasks. 

1.	 Communicate with team members. 

2.	 Communicate with the prosecuting attorney (when appropriate). 

3.	 Communicate with and elicit advice and instruction for crime scene evaluation from superiors, 

when appropriate. 

g.	 Establish post-scene responsibilities. 

1.	 Assign tasks to law enforcement personnel. 

2.	 Assign tasks to other responders (see glossary). 

NOTE: Avoid unnecessary communication with individuals not directly involved in the investigation. 

Investigators in charge should use caution in releasing any information that may compromise the investigation or potential prosecution. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 48 
Completing and Recording the Crime Scene Investigation 

2. Perform Final Survey of the Crime Scene 

a.	 Perform visual inspection of each area of the crime scene(s). 

b. Collect any evidence remaining at the scene(s). 

c.	 Remove all equipment and materials used or generated during the investigation. 

d. Secure any dangerous materials or conditions remaining at the scene. 

e.	 Release the crime scene. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate the ability to perObjective	 form a final walk-through of the crime scene to ensure that all evidence is collected, 

equipment and materials used or generated during the investigation are removed, and 

dangerous materials or conditions are identified and reported prior to release of the 

scene. D 

2. Perform Final Survey of the Crime Scene

a.	 Perform visual inspection of each area of the crime scene(s). 

1.	 Determine the need for personal protective equipment (PPE) (appropriate for scene re-entry). 

2.	 Conduct a walk-through (with individuals responsible for processing the scene, if available). 

3.	 Visually inspect for evidence not previously collected. 

4.	 Visually inspect for equipment and materials generated by the investigation. 

5.	 Visually inspect for dangerous materials or conditions. 

b.	 Collect any evidence remaining at the scene(s). 

NOTE: This may require personnel not present at the scene or debriefing. 

1.	 Assign appropriate personnel to collect evidence identified during the debriefing. 

2.	 Assign appropriate personnel to collect evidence identified during the walk-through. 

c.	 Remove all equipment and materials used or generated during the investigation. 

1.	 Assign appropriate personnel to remove equipment and materials identified during the debriefing. 

2.	 Assign appropriate personnel to remove equipment and materials identified during the walk-through. 

d.	 Secure any dangerous materials or conditions remaining at the scene. 

1.	 Report any dangerous materials or conditions remaining at the scene to appropriate individuals or 

agencies for corrective action. 

2. Notify individuals who may be exposed to dangerous conditions remaining at the scene. 

NOTE: The extent of notification depends on the level of danger. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 49 
3. Take preventive measures to minimize the danger to others (e.g., before leaving a building, lock 

doors and windows to prevent unauthorized access). 

e. Release the crime scene. 

1. Observe jurisdictional requirements for release. 

2. Notify person(s) involved with the investigation that the scene has been released. 

3. Remove crime scene barriers (e.g., crime scene tape, cones). 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 50 
Completing and Recording the Crime Scene Investigation 

3. Documentation of the Crime 

a. Generate the crime scene(s) case file. 

b. Ensure preservation of case file documentation. 

Performance Given a crime scene scenario, the student is expected to demonstrate an ability to comObjective	 pile a case file and secure it pursuant to appropriate departmental guidelines/policies 

and procedures. The student also is expected to ensure that all necessary documentation that constitutes the record of all actions and evidence collected at the scene(s) is 

placed in the crime scene case file such that it may be accessed for independent review. 

3. Documentation of the Crime Scene

a. Generate the crime scene(s) case file. 

NOTE: The following elements should not be considered a comprehensive list of the documentation 

compiled in an investigative case file, but is limited to crime scene documentation. 

1. Initial responding officer(s’) documentation. 

2. Emergency services personnel documentation. 

3. Entry/exit documentation. 

4. Photographs/video(s). 

5. Crime scene sketches/diagrams. 

6. Evidence documentation. 

7. Other responder(s’) report(s). 

8. Record of consent form(s) or search warrant(s). 

9. Other reports, such as forensic/technical reports (as they become available). 

b. Ensure preservation of case file documentation. 

NOTE: It should be recognized that a proper recordkeeping policy is an essential element of sound 

law enforcement. 

1. Review guidelines/policies and procedures. 

NOTE: It is recognized that some departments do not have written policies. While not encouraged, in 

such cases the routine practices of the department in maintaining records is in essence a policy. 

2. Adhere to departmental guidelines/policy and procedures. 

D 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 51 
Section E 

Crime Scene Equipment


1. Initial Responding Officer(s) 

2. Crime Scene Investigator/ 

Evidence Technician 

3. Evidence Collection Kits (Examples) 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 53 
1. Initial Responding Officer(s)

Essential* 

Consent/search forms.


Crime scene barricade tape.


First-aid kit.


Flares.


Flashlight and extra batteries.


Paper bags.


Personal protective equipment (PPE).


* These items should be in police vehicles or 

readily available to initial responding 

officer(s). 

2. Crime Scene Investigator/Evidence Technician

Essential* 

Bindle paper.


Biohazard bags.


Body fluid collection kit.


Camera (35 mm) with flash/film/tripod.


Casting materials.


Consent/search forms.


Crime scene barricade tape.


Cutting instruments (knives, box cutter,


scalpel, scissors).


Directional marker/compass.


Disinfectant.


Evidence collection containers.


Evidence identifiers.


Evidence seals/tape.


Crime Scene Equipment 

Optional 

Audiotape recorder.


Camera with flash and extra film.


Chalk.


Directional marker/compass.


Disinfectant.


Maps.


Plastic bags.


Pocket knife.


Reflective vest.


Tape measure.


Tarps to protect evidence from the weather.


Traffic cones


Waterless hand wash (towelette with germicide). 


Wireless phone.


First-aid kit.


Flashlight and extra batteries.


High-intensity lights.


Latent print kit.


Magnifying glass.


Measuring devices.


Permanent markers.


Personal protective equipment (PPE).


Photographic scale (ruler).


Presumptive blood test supplies.


Sketch paper.


Tool kit.


Tweezers/forceps.


* These items should be in police vehicles or 

readily available to initial responding 

officer(s). 

E 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 55 
Optional 

Audiotape recorder.


Bloodstain pattern examination kit.


Business cards.


Chalk.


Chemical enhancement supplies.


Entomology (insect) collection kit.


Extension cords.


Flares.


Forensic light source (alternate light source,


UV lamp/laser, goggles). 


Generator.


Gunshot residue kit.


Laser trajectory kit.


Maps.


Marking paint/snow wax.


Metal detector.


Mirror.


3. Evidence Collection Kits (Examples)

Blood Collection 

Bindle.


Coin envelopes.


Disposable scalpels.


Distilled water.


Ethanol.


Evidence identifiers.


Latex gloves.


Photographic ruler (ABFO scales).


Presumptive chemicals.


Sterile gauze.


Sterile swabs.


Test tubes/test tube rack.


Phone listing (important numbers).


Privacy screens.


Protrusion rod set.


Reflective vest.


Refrigeration or cooling unit.


Respirators with filters.


Roll of string.


Rubber bands.


Sexual assault evidence collection kit (victim


and suspect).


Shoe print lifting equipment.


Templates (scene and human).


Thermometer.


Traffic cones.


Trajectory rods.


Video recorder.


Wireless phone.


Bloodstain Pattern Documentation 

ABFO scales.


Calculator.


Laser pointer.


Permanent markers.


Protractor.


String.


Tape.


Excavation 

Cones/markers.


Evidence identifiers.


Metal detectors.


Paintbrushes.


Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 56 
Shovels/trowels.


Sifting screens.


String.


Weights.


Wooden/metal stakes.


Fingerprint 

Black and white film.


Brushes.


Chemical enhancement supplies.


Cyanoacrylate (super glue) wand/packets.


Flashlight.


Forensic light source.


Lift cards.


Lift tape.


Measurement scales.


One-to-one camera


Powders.


Impression 

Bowls/mixing containers.


Boxes.


Dental stone (die stone).


Evidence identifiers.


Measurement scales.


Permanent markers.


Snow print wax.


Water.


Crime Scene Equipment 

Pattern Print Lifter 

Chemical enhancement supplies.


Electrostatic dust lifter.


Gel lifter


Wide format lift tape


Toolmarks 

Casting materials. 

Trace Evidence Collection 

Acetate sheet protectors.


Bindle paper.


Clear tape/adhesive lift.


Flashlight (oblique lighting).


Forceps/tweezers.


Glass vials.


Slides and slide mailers.


Trace evidence vacuum with disposable


collection filters.


Trajectory 

Calculator.


Canned smoke.


Dummy.


Laser.


Mirror.


Protractor.


String.


Trajectory rods.


E 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 57 
Glossary 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 59 
Glossary 

Glossary 

The definitions contained herein apply to terms as 

used in this document. 

ABFO scales: (American Board of Forensic 

Odontology scales). An L-shaped piece of plastic 

used in photography that is marked with circles, 

black and white bars, and 18-percent gray bars to 

assist in distortion compensation and provide exposure determination. For measurement, the plastic 

piece is marked in millimeters. 

Alternate light source: Equipment used to produce 

visible and invisible light at various wavelengths to 

enhance or visualize potential items of evidence (fluids, fingerprints, clothing fibers, etc.). 

Bindle paper: Clean paper folded to use to contain 

trace evidence, sometimes included as part of the 

packaging for collecting trace evidence. 

Biohazard bag: A container for materials that have 

been exposed to blood or other biological fluids and 

have the potential to be contaminated with hepatitis, 

AIDS, or other viruses. 

Biological fluids: Fluids that have human or animal 

origin, most commonly encountered at crime scenes 

(e.g., blood, mucus, perspiration, saliva, semen, 

vaginal fluid, urine). 

Biological weapon: Biological agents used to threaten human life (e.g., anthrax, smallpox, or any infectious disease). 

Bloodborne pathogen: Infectious, disease-causing 

microorganisms that may be found or transported in 

biological fluids. 

Boundaries: The perimeter or border surrounding 

potential physical evidence related to the crime. 

Case file: The collection of documents comprising 

information concerning a particular investigation. 

(This collection may be kept in case jackets, file 

folders, ring binders, boxes, file drawers, file cabinets, or rooms. Subfiles are often used within case 

files to segregate and group interviews, media coverage, laboratory requests and reports, evidence documentation, photographs, videotapes, audiotapes, and 

other documents.) 

Case identifiers: The alphabetic and/or numeric 

characters assigned to identify a particular case. 

Chain of custody: A process used to maintain and 

document the chronological history of the evidence. 

(Documents should include name or initials of the 

individual collecting the evidence, each person or 

entity subsequently having custody of it, dates the 

items were collected or transferred, agency and case 

number, victim or suspect’s name, and a brief 

description of the item.) 

Chemical enhancement: The use of chemicals that 

react with specific types of evidence (e.g., blood, 

semen, lead, fingerprints) in order to aid in the 

detection and/or documentation of evidence that may 

be difficult to see. 

Chemical threat: Compounds that may pose bodily 

harm if touched, ingested, inhaled, or ignited. These 

compounds may be encountered at a clandestine laboratory, or through a homemade bomb or tankard 

leakage (e.g., ether, alcohol, nitroglycerin, ammonium sulfate, red phosphorous, cleaning supplies, 

gasoline, or unlabeled chemicals). 

Clean/sanitize: The process of removing biological 

and/or chemical contaminants from tools and/or 

equipment (e.g., using a mixture of 10-percent 

household bleach and water). 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 61 
Collect/collection: The process of detecting, documenting, or retaining physical evidence. 

Comparison samples: A generic term used to 

describe physical material/evidence discovered at 

crime scenes that may be compared with samples 

from persons, tools, and physical locations. 

Comparison samples may be from either an 

unknown/questioned or a known source. 

Samples whose source is unknown/questioned are 

of three basic types: 

1.	 Recovered crime scene samples whose source 

is in question (e.g., evidence left by suspects, 

victims). 

2.	 Questioned evidence that may have been 

transferred to an offender during the commission of the crime and taken away by him or 

her. Such questioned evidence can be compared with evidence of a known source and 

can thereby be associated/linked to a person/ 

vehicle/tool of a crime. 

3.	 Evidence of an unknown/questioned source 

recovered from several crime scenes may also 

be used to associate multiple offenses that 

were committed by the same person and/or 

with the same tool or weapon. 

Samples whose source is known are of three basic 

types: 

1.	 A standard/reference sample is material of a 

verifiable/documented source which, when 

compared with evidence of an unknown 

source, shows an association or linkage between an offender, crime scene, and/or victim 

(e.g., a carpet cutting taken from a location 

suspected as the point of transfer for comparison with the fibers recovered from the suspect’s shoes, a sample of paint removed from 

a suspect vehicle to be compared with paint 

found on a victim’s vehicle following an accident, or a sample of the suspect’s and/or 

victim’s blood submitted for comparison with 

a bloodstained shirt recovered as evidence). 

2.	 A control/blank sample is material of a 

known source that presumably was uncontaminated during the commission of the crime 

(e.g., a sample to be used in laboratory testing 

to ensure that the surface on which the sample 

is deposited does not interfere with testing. 

For example, when a bloodstain is collected 

from a carpet, a segment of unstained carpet 

must be collected for use as a blank or elimination sample). 

3.	 An elimination sample is one of known 

source taken from a person who had lawful 

access to the scene (e.g., fingerprints from 

occupants, tire tread impressions from police 

vehicles, footwear impressions from emergency medical personnel) to be used for comparison with evidence of the same type. 

Contamination: The unwanted transfer of material 

from another source to a piece of physical evidence. 

Control/blank sample: See comparison samples. 

Cross-contamination: The unwanted transfer of 

material between two or more sources of physical 

evidence. 

Documentation: Written notes, audio/videotapes, 

printed forms, sketches and/or photographs that form 

a detailed record of the scene, evidence recovered, 

and actions taken during the search of the crime 

scene. 

Dying declaration: Statements made by a person 

who believes he or she is about to die, concerning 

the cause or circumstance surrounding his or her 

impending death. 

Elimination sample: See comparison samples. 

Evidence identifiers: Tape, labels, containers, and 

string tags used to identify the evidence, the person 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 62 
collecting the evidence, the date the evidence was 

gathered, basic criminal offense information, and a 

brief description of the pertinent evidence. 

First responder(s): The initial responding law 

enforcement officer(s) and/or other public safety 

official(s) or service provider(s) arriving at the scene 

prior to the arrival of the investigator(s) in charge. 

Impression evidence: Objects or materials that have 

retained the characteristics of other objects that have 

been physically pressed against them. 

Initial responding officer(s): The first law enforcement officer(s) to arrive at the scene. 

Investigator(s) in charge: The official(s) responsible for the crime scene investigation. 

Known: See comparison samples. 

Latent print: A print impression not readily visible, 

made by contact of the hands or feet with a surface 

resulting in the transfer of materials from the skin to 

that surface. 

Measurement scale: An object showing standard 

units of length (e.g., ruler) used in photographic documentation of an item of evidence. 

Multiple scenes: Two or more physical locations of 

evidence associated with a crime (e.g., in a crime of 

personal violence, evidence may be found at the 

location of the assault and also on the person and 

clothing of the victim/assailant, the victim’s/ 

assailant’s vehicle, and locations the victim/assailant 

frequents and resides). 

Nonporous container: Packaging through which 

liquids or vapors cannot pass (e.g., glass jars or 

metal cans). 

Other responders: Individuals who are involved 

in an aspect of the crime scene, such as perimeter 

security, traffic control, media management, scene 

processing, and technical support, as well as 

Glossary 

prosecutors, medical personnel, medical examiners, 

coroners, forensic examiners, evidence technicians, 

and fire and rescue officers. 

Personal protective equipment (PPE): Articles 

such as disposable gloves, masks, and eye protection 

that are used to provide a barrier to keep biological 

or chemical hazards from contacting the skin, eyes, 

and mucous membranes and to avoid contamination 

of the crime scene. 

Porous container: Packaging through which liquids 

or vapors may pass (e.g., paper bags, cloth bags). 

Presumptive test: A nonconfirmatory test used to 

screen for the presence of a substance. 

Projectile trajectory analysis: The method for 

determining the path of a high-speed object through 

space (e.g., a bullet emanating from a firearm). 

Radiological threat: The pending exposure to radiation energy. (This energy can be produced by shortwave x-rays or through unstable isotopes.) 

Single-use equipment: Items that will be used only 

once to collect evidence, such as biological samples, 

then discarded to minimize contamination (e.g., 

tweezers, scalpel blades, droppers). 

Standard/reference sample: See comparison samples. 

Team members: Individuals who are called to the 

scene to assist in investigation or processing of the 

scene (e.g., scientific personnel from the crime laboratory or medical examiner’s office, other forensic 

specialists, photographers, mass disaster specialists, 

experts in the identification of human remains, arson 

and explosives investigators, clandestine drug laboratory investigators, as well as other experts). 

Trace evidence: Physical evidence that results from 

the transfer of small quantities of materials (e.g., 

hair, textile fibers, paint chips, glass fragments, gunshot residue particles). 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 63 
Transient evidence: Evidence which by its very 

nature or the conditions at the scene will lose its evidentiary value if not preserved and protected (e.g., 

blood in the rain). 

Unknown/questioned: See comparison samples. 

Walk-through: An initial assessment conducted by 

carefully walking through the scene to evaluate the 

situation, recognize potential evidence, and determine resources required. Also, a final survey conducted to ensure the scene has been effectively and 

completely processed. 

Crime Scene Investigation: A Reference for Law Enforcement Training 64 
About the National Institute of Justice 

NIJ is the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. 

The Institute provides objective, independent, evidence-based knowledge and tools to enhance 

the administration of justice and public safety. NIJ’s principal authorities are derived from the 

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended (see 42 U.S.C. §§ 3721–3723). 

The NIJ Director is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Director establishes the Institute’s objectives, guided by the priorities of the Office of Justice Programs, the 

U.S. Department of Justice, and the needs of the field. The Institute actively solicits the views of 

criminal justice and other professionals and researchers to inform its search for the knowledge 

and tools to guide policy and practice. 

Strategic Goals 

NIJ has seven strategic goals grouped into three categories: 

Creating relevant knowledge and tools 

1. Partner with State and local practitioners and policymakers to identify social science research 

and technology needs. 

2. Create scientific, relevant, and reliable knowledge—with a particular emphasis on terrorism, 

violent crime, drugs and crime, cost-effectiveness, and community-based efforts—to enhance 

the administration of justice and public safety. 

3. Develop affordable and effective tools and technologies to enhance the administration of 

justice and public safety. 

Dissemination 

4. Disseminate relevant knowledge and information to practitioners and policymakers in an 

understandable, timely, and concise manner. 

5. Act as an honest broker to identify the information, tools, and technologies that respond to 

the needs of stakeholders. 

Agency management 

6. Practice fairness and openness in the research and development process. 

7. Ensure professionalism, excellence, accountability, cost-effectiveness, and integrity in the 

management and conduct of NIJ activities and programs. 

Program Areas 

In addressing these strategic challenges, the Institute is involved in the following program areas: 

crime control and prevention, including policing; drugs and crime; justice systems and offender 

behavior, including corrections; violence and victimization; communications and information 

technologies; critical incident response; investigative and forensic sciences, including DNA; lessthan-lethal technologies; officer protection; education and training technologies; testing and 

standards; technology assistance to law enforcement and corrections agencies; field testing of 

promising programs; and international crime control. 

In addition to sponsoring research and development and technology assistance, NIJ evaluates 

programs, policies, and technologies. NIJ communicates its research and evaluation findings 

through conferences and print and electronic media. 

To find out more about the National 

Institute of Justice, please visit: 

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij 

or contact: 

National Criminal Justice 

Reference Service 

P.O. Box 6000

Rockville, MD 20849–6000 

800–851–3420 

e-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.org 
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