NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.

UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL

AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE

ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION ONE

MATTHEW BOWLES and BECKY HAWK-BOWLES, et al., 

Petitioners/Appellees,

v.

BRITTANY TRZNADEL, Respondent/Appellant.

No. 1 CA-CV 18-0006 FC

Appeal from the Superior Court in Coconino County

Nos. S0300DO201500189; S0300DO201600358 (Consolidated)

The Honorable Elaine Fridlund-Horne, Judge

VACATED AND REMANDED

COUNSEL

Catherine Fine, Attorney at Law, Flagstaff

By Catherine Fine

Counsel for Petitioner/Appellee Grandparents

Bryon Middlebrook, P.C., Flagstaff

By Bryon Middlebrook

Counsel for Respondent/Appellant Mother

FILED 5-28-2019
BOWLES, et al. v. TRZNADEL

Decision of the Court

2

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge James P. Beene delivered the decision of the Court, in 

which Judge Michael J. Brown and Judge James B. Morse Jr. joined.

B E E N E, Judge:

¶1 Brittany Trznadel (“Mother”) appeals the superior court’s 

order establishing unsupervised visitations between her children and 

paternal grandparents, Matthew Bowles and Becky Hawk-Bowles 

(“Grandparents”). For the following reasons, we vacate the court’s order

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2 Mother and Jesse Bowles (“Father”) had two children in 

common during their marriage: N.G. Trznadel-Bowles (“N.T.”) born in 

December 2008 and J.E.S. Trznadel-Bowles (“J.T.”) born in July 2011

(“Children”). In 2015, Father physically abused Mother’s third child, born 

in December 2014 to a different father. As a result of this incident, Father 

pled guilty to attempted child abuse and received a 13-year prison sentence.

¶3 Mother and Father divorced in January 2016 and Mother was 

granted sole decision-making authority in April 2018 with Father having no 

parenting time until an assessment regarding appropriate parenting time 

could be conducted upon his release from prison.

¶4 Approximately six months before Father’s arrest, Mother and 

Father entered into a written agreement declaring that “[Father] and 

[Mother] agreed that [Father]’s parents [Grandparents] will not provide 

childcare and that they will not be left alone with the children without 

[Father] present” (“Agreement”). Father never testified regarding

Grandparents’ requested visitation, the Agreement, or otherwise, having 

asserted his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, although 

Father’s attorney stated on the record in this case that Father supported his 

parents having visitation with the Children. In August 2017, Mother 

testified that she opposed the Grandparents’ visitation request because she 

did not believe it was in the Children’s best interests.

¶5 In January 2017 and August 2017, the superior court 

conducted a trial, during which several witnesses testified: both
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3

Grandparents; their son, James Bowles; N.T.’s psychological counselor,

Kim Kalas; maternal grandmother, Heather Christopher; and Mother. In

October 2017, the court awarded Grandparents supervised visitation “twice 

per month for two hours each visit” with the Children and expressly stated

the court needed “more evidence to make a determination as to whether or 

not ongoing visitation should occur and how frequently and under what 

conditions.” (Emphasis in original.) After the court denied Mother’s 

motion to reconsider, she timely appealed in February 2018.

¶6 During an April 2018 review hearing, Grandparents 

requested a change in the visitation schedule. In June 2018, the court held

an evidentiary hearing regarding the progress of Grandparents’ supervised 

visitation. Although present at the hearing, Mother chose not to testify or 

present any evidence.1 In July 2018, the court issued a new ruling, granting

Grandparents regular unsupervised visitation, and significantly increasing

the amount of visitation time. The court also concluded that Father’s 

opinion on Grandparents’ visitation “should be given ‘special weight.’” 

Mother filed a second motion for reconsideration, and we stayed this 

appeal until that motion’s resolution. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 

Article 6, Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution and Arizona Revised 

Statutes (“A.R.S.”) sections 12-120.21(A)(1) and -2101(A)(1).

DISCUSSION

¶7 Mother argues the superior court erred by awarding 

Grandparents visitation without 1) making a finding that Grandparents’

visitation was in the Children’s best interests; 2) giving “special weight” to 

 

1 In her supplemental appellate brief, Mother argues the superior 

court failed to provide her with adequate notice that the court would 

substantially modify its October 2017 award of visitation time, instead of 

merely considering whether visitation would become unsupervised. 

Because Mother failed to argue this issue at the superior court, she waived 

this argument on appeal. See Hawkins v. Allstate Ins. Co., 152 Ariz. 490, 503 

(1987) (“[A]n appellate court will not consider issues not raised in the trial 

court.”); Cont’l Lighting & Contracting, Inc. v. Premier Grading & Utils., LLC, 

227 Ariz. 382, 386, ¶ 12 (App. 2011) (same). The record reveals, however, 

that the court set a review hearing to “discuss additional visitation and 

whether or not it will continue to be supervised.” At that review hearing, 

Mother’s counsel requested an additional evidentiary hearing regarding 

the change in the visitation schedule, which was conducted in June 2018 

and at which Mother appeared. Mother thus had adequate notice that 

modification of the visitation schedule was at issue.
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Mother’s position while erroneously affording “special weight” to Father’s 

position; 3) making necessary findings pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-409(E); and 

4) considering Mother’s constitutional right to raise her children as she 

deemed appropriate.

¶8 We review a superior court’s decision to grant or deny 

visitation for an abuse of discretion. McGovern v. McGovern, 201 Ariz. 172, 

175, ¶ 6 (App. 2001). A court abuses its discretion when it commits an error 

of law or fails to consider evidence in reaching a discretionary conclusion 

or if, upon review, “the record fails to provide substantial evidence to 

support the trial court’s finding.” Flying Diamond Airpark, LLC. v. Meienberg, 

215 Ariz. 44, 50, ¶ 27 (App. 2007) (citation omitted). “We defer to a trial

court’s factual findings, so long as they are supported by substantial 

evidence, but we review any issues of law de novo.” Sw. Soil Remediation, 

Inc. v. City of Tucson, 201 Ariz. 438, 442, ¶ 12 (App. 2001). “We view the 

record in the light most favorable to supporting the family court’s visitation 

order.” In re the Marriage of Friedman, 244 Ariz. 111, 113, ¶ 2 (2018).

I. The Superior Court Failed to Find that Grandparents’

Visitation Was in the Best Interests of the Children.

¶9 Mother argues the superior court abused its discretion by

failing to expressly find Grandparents’ visitation was in the Children’s best 

interests. We agree.

¶10 “[P]arents have a constitutionally protected right under the 

Fourteenth Amendment to raise their children as they see fit.” McGovern, 

201 Ariz. at 175, ¶ 9 (quotation omitted); see also Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S.

57, 65–66 (2000). Grandparent visitation granted within the parameters of 

A.R.S. § 25-409, however, “does not substantially infringe on parents’ 

fundamental rights.” McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 175, ¶ 9 (citation omitted). In 

Arizona, “[t]he superior court may grant visitation rights during the child’s 

minority on a finding that the visitation is in the child’s best interests . . . .” 

A.R.S. § 25-409(C)(emphasis added).

¶11 None of the superior court’s orders contain the statutorily 

required best-interests findings. Because of this error, the court abused its 

discretion. We therefore vacate the court orders and remand for a bestinterests finding pursuant to § 25-409. See Meienberg, 215 Ariz. at 50, ¶ 27.
BOWLES, et al. v. TRZNADEL

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II. The Superior Court Failed to Afford Mother’s Opinion Any

Special Weight and Erroneously Afforded Special Weight 

to Father’s Opinion.

¶12 Mother further contends the superior court abused its 

discretion by failing to give her decision to oppose Grandparents’ visitation 

some “special weight,” while erroneously affording “special weight” to 

Father’s opinion. We agree.

¶13 “In deciding whether to grant visitation to a third party, the 

court shall give special weight to the legal parents’ opinion of what serves 

their child’s best interests.” A.R.S. § 25-409(E); McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 

177–78, ¶ 18 (stressing that courts must “give ‘some special weight’ to a fit 

parent’s determination of whether visitation is in the child’s best interest”) 

(quoting Troxel, 530 U.S. at 70). Although this statute does not define 

“special weight,” the legislature “quite clearly intended to incorporate 

Troxel’s ‘special weight’ component into the visitation analysis[, so] . . . we 

interpret Arizona’s statutory phrase in line with Troxel” and McGovern. In 

re the Marriage of Friedman, 244 Ariz. at 116, ¶ 20; see also Troxel, 530 U.S. at 

70. Troxel, however, left the issue of the “amount of weight” a superior 

court should place on these factors “for development on a case-by-case 

basis.” In re the Marriage of Friedman, 244 Ariz. at 116–17, ¶¶ 16, 20 (quoting 

McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 177–78, ¶ 18).

¶14 Here, Mother and Father are the legal parents of the Children 

and their opinions regarding Grandparents’ requested visitation are 

entitled to some “special weight.” See In re the Marriage of Friedman, 244 

Ariz. at 117, ¶ 22 (holding that each legal parent’s “opinions on visitation is 

entitled to ‘special weight’”); A.R.S. § 25-409(E). The court, however, did 

not indicate whether it placed “special weight” on Mother’s position 

regarding Grandparents’ requested visitation.

¶15 Moreover, while adopting Father’s proposed findings of facts 

and conclusions of law, the court made a finding that “Father supports the 

request for the paternal grandparents to have visitation with his children.” 

Father, however, never testified to that statement, although he appeared 

during the January 2017 evidentiary hearing and was represented by 

counsel. Father did not submit any admissible evidence as to whether he 

approved of Grandparents’ requested visitation. Because the record 

contains no admissible evidence regarding Father’s position on this issue,

the court abused its discretion by adopting unsupported findings. See Boyle 

v. Boyle, 231 Ariz. 63, 65, ¶ 8 (App. 2012) (“A family court abuses its 
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discretion by . . . making a discretionary ruling that the record does not 

support.”); Meienberg, 215 Ariz. at 50, ¶ 27.

¶16 Mother’s position on Grandparents’ visitation was entitled to

be afforded “special weight” according to Troxel, 530 U.S. at 70, and 

McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 177–78, ¶ 18. See In re the Marriage of Friedman, 244 

Ariz. at 117, ¶ 22. But the superior court failed to consider Mother’s 

position as such, while incorrectly affording “special weight” to Father’s 

position. Therefore, we vacate the court’s orders and remand for further 

proceedings consistent with this decision.

III. Sufficient Evidence Did Not Support the Court’s Findings

and the Court Failed to Make Findings Pursuant to A.R.S. 

§ 25-409(E).

¶17 Mother further argues the court lacked sufficient evidence 

1) to award Grandparents supervised visitation in October 2017;

2 2) to 

consider § 25-409(E)’s factors and make pertinent findings on the record; 3) 

to modify the visitation order in July 2018, when it significantly expanded

the initially awarded visitation time; and 4) to award Grandparents

visitation that was not “minimally intrusive.”

¶18 The third-party rights statute “prescribes a non-exhaustive 

list of relevant factors the court shall consider” in making its visitation 

order. In re the Marriage of Friedman, 244 Ariz. at 115, ¶ 12 (quotation 

omitted) (emphasis added); see also A.R.S. § 25-409(C), (E) (mandating that 

“the court shall . . . consider all relevant factors including: . . .”) (emphasis 

added); McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 177, ¶ 15. The superior “court’s findings of 

fact satisfy Arizona law if they are pertinent to the issues and 

comprehensive enough to provide a basis for the decision.” Miller v. Bd. of 

Sup’rs of Pinal Cty., 175 Ariz. 296, 299 (1993) (quotation omitted). To

“effectively review the [subsequent] decision-making process of the trial 

court,” we need the court to explain “how [it] actually arrived at its 

conclusion.” Id. (citation and quotation omitted).

¶19 Here, the court described the evidence it received and made 

findings of fact. But in none of its orders, nor on the record, did the court

 

2 Because the court held an additional evidentiary hearing in June 

2018, we find this argument moot. See Arpaio v. Maricopa Cty. Bd. of 

Supervisors, 225 Ariz. 358, 361, ¶ 7 (App. 2010) (holding that an issue 

“becomes moot when an event occurs which would cause the outcome of 

the appeal to have no practical effect on the parties”).
BOWLES, et al. v. TRZNADEL

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describe which statutory, or other, factors it considered, how it applied the 

facts to the statutory factors, or how it arrived at its conclusions, even 

though § 25-409(E) expressly requires the court make these considerations.

Because the court failed to indicate whether and how it applied 

§ 25-409(E)’s factors, it abused its discretion. See Meienberg, 215 Ariz. at 50, 

¶ 27; Miller, 175 Ariz. at 299; see also Gutierrez v. Fox, 242 Ariz. 259, 267–68, 

¶ 34 (App. 2017) (making statutorily-required findings and revealing the

court’s reasoning, on the record, aids the appellant, the reviewing court, 

and all parties “in determining the best interests of the child or children 

both currently and in the future”) (quotation omitted).

¶20 Further, § 25-409(E)(4) prescribes that the court shall consider

“[t]he quantity of visitation time requested and the potential adverse 

impact that visitation will have on the child’s customary activities.” 

Additionally, the visitation awarded “must be as minimally intrusive as 

possible,” especially since the statute “is structured to enable the [superior] 

court to make grandparent visitation a minimal burden on the rights of the 

child’s parents.” McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 177, ¶ 16 (citation omitted).

Moreover, one of the factors to consider under § 25-409 is “a parent’s 

willingness to allow some visitation.” Id. at 179, ¶ 24 (citing Troxel, 530 U.S. 

at 71). The superior court must consider and give “‘significant weight’ to a 

parent’s voluntary agreement to some visitation, albeit not as much 

visitation as the grandparent desires.” Id. at 178, ¶ 18 (emphasis added). 

Inversely, “the statute permits the court to grant ‘reasonable [grandparent] 

visitation rights,’ which may vary from those agreed to or urged by the

parent.” Id. at 179, ¶ 24 (citing A.R.S. § 25-409(A)).

¶21 In October 2017, after a two-day trial in January and August 

2017, the court ruled it needed “more evidence to make a determination as 

to whether or not ongoing visitation should occur and how frequently and 

under what conditions.” (Emphasis in original.) In June 2018, the court 

held an evidentiary hearing, at which it admitted a report regarding

Grandparents’ supervised visitation and considered the supervisor’s 

testimony. The court, however, heard no additional evidence regarding the 

Children’s schedule of customary activities. See A.R.S. § 25-409(E)(4). Yet, 

in its July 2018 order, the court significantly increased Grandparents’

visitation time with the Children, affirming the same in September 2018,

while the Children’s schedules changed with a new school year, as 

indicated during the August 2017 trial. The record provides no evidence 

that the July 2018 order was minimally intrusive in its visitation time 

expansion and schedule. See McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 177, ¶ 16.
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¶22 We therefore remand for the superior court to make the 

necessary findings pursuant to § 25-409 regarding the Children’s current 

schedule, consider Mother’s proposal for Grandparents’ visitation with the 

Children, see McGovern, 201 Ariz. at 177–78, 179, ¶¶ 18, 24, and evaluate any 

other relevant consideration, including whether its orders are minimally

intrusive.

IV. Attorneys’ Fees on Appeal.

¶23 Mother requests that we award her attorneys’ fees and costs 

incurred on appeal pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-324. Because neither party 

advanced an unreasonable position on appeal and the parties’ financial 

resources were not disclosed to us, in the exercise of our discretion, we 

decline to award Mother her attorneys’ fees. Mother, however, is entitled 

to recover her costs on appeal pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-342 upon compliance 

with Arizona Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure 21.

CONCLUSION

¶24 For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the superior court orders 

issued in October 2017, July 2018, and September 2018, and remand to the 

superior court to afford Mother’s visitation position some “special weight,”

make best-interests finding on the record, make findings pertaining to the 

factors found in A.R.S. § 25-409(C) and (E), and any other relevant 

consideration, including whether its orders are minimally intrusive.