COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Petty, Beales and Athey

Argued at Lexington, Virginia

LINDA KAYE NELSON, S/K/A

 LINDA LAY NELSON, S/K/A

 LINDA KAY NELSON

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 0242-19-3 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY

JANUARY 7, 2020

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF STAUNTON

Charles L. Ricketts, III, Judge

Stephen B. Geiger, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.

Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Linda Kaye Nelson appeals her conviction for felony embezzlement, a violation of Code 

§ 18.2-111. On appeal, Nelson asserts that the trial court erred in ruling that it did not have 

jurisdiction to consider her motions for a new trial and thereby failing to order a new trial.

1

 Nelson 

further alleges that the trial court erred in preventing allegedly hearsay evidence from being 

admitted even though Nelson’s counsel withdrew the question before the trial court ruled on the 

Commonwealth’s motion. Because Nelson’s counsel conceded at trial all the issues she now wishes 

to raise on appeal, we will not consider them. Accordingly, the decision of the trial court is 

affirmed.

 

1 Nelson filed a post-conviction motion for a new trial alleging that the Commonwealth 

had failed to disclose exculpatory evidence and that the trial court had erred in refusing to admit 

several out-of-court statements.

PUBLISHED 
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I. BACKGROUND

“On appeal, we review the evidence in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, 

the prevailing party in the trial court.” Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 236 (2016) 

(quoting Bowman v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 492, 494 (2015)). “‘Viewing the record through 

this evidentiary prism requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of 

the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth 

and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’”” Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 

323-24 (2018) (quoting Vasquez, 291 Va. at 236).

On September 29, 2017, Nelson was convicted in a bench trial of felony embezzlement. 

The conviction order was entered on October 3, 2017. Nelson’s counsel filed a motion to set 

aside the verdict and grant a new trial on January 19, 2018, on the basis of the court sustaining 

the Commonwealth’s objection to admission of allegedly hearsay statements of the victim saying 

that the money was a gift. The Commonwealth filed a motion in response, arguing that the trial 

court lacked jurisdiction to consider Nelson’s motion because of Rules 1:1 and 3A:15.

2

 

Although there is neither a transcript of a hearing on this motion nor a response from Nelson to 

the Commonwealth’s answer in the record before us, the trial court’s letter opinion notes that the 

motion was denied in light of Nelson’s counsel’s concession that the court lacked jurisdiction to 

decide the motion. The order signed by the trial court and prepared by the Commonwealth notes 

that Nelson “conceded on April 17, 2018 that the Court lacks the jurisdiction to grant the relief 

prayed for.” Nelson’s counsel signed this order “Seen and agreed.” 

 

2 Rule 3A:15 states, “If the jury returns a verdict of guilty, the court may, on motion of 

the accused made not later than 21 days after entry of a final order, set aside the verdict for error 

committed during the trial or if the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law to sustain a 

conviction.”
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On September 4, 2018, Nelson’s counsel filed a motion to vacate the conviction and 

order a new trial based on an alleged Brady violation. The Commonwealth filed a motion in 

response, arguing again that the court lacked jurisdiction to rule on the motion because of Rule 

1:1—more than twenty-one days had passed after the entry of the conviction order. By order 

entered on October 11, 2018, the trial court denied Nelson’s motion without explanation. Nelson 

was sentenced to ten years with nine years and six months suspended on December 6, 2018.3 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Rule 1:1

Nelson argues that the trial court erred in denying her motions for lack of jurisdiction. 

Although this does not end the analysis, we agree. 

The question of whether a particular order is a final judgment is a question of law that we 

review de novo. Rusty’s Welding Serv., Inc. v. Gibson, 29 Va. App. 119, 127 (1999) (en banc).

Rule 1:1 states in part: “All final judgments, orders, and decrees, irrespective of terms of 

court, shall remain under the control of the trial court and subject to be modified, vacated, or 

suspended for twenty-one days after the date of entry, and no longer.” (Emphasis added). The 

crux of the determination of finality is whether the entire action is disposed of and there is 

nothing left to be done. As the Supreme Court recently explained,

Of course, the court retains authority to reconsider its judgment of 

conviction—as it may reconsider any ruling—until twenty-one 

days have elapsed from the entry of the final judgment. Rule 1:1. 

We have held that a sentencing order is the final judgment in a 

criminal case, Burrell v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 474, 478 (2012), 

so a court’s authority to reconsider lasts for twenty-one days after 

it imposes sentence (absent the entry of an order modifying, 

 

3 The sentencing order is signed with the date of entry as December 6, 2019. We infer 

that this was a scrivener’s error and should have said “December 6, 2018” since December 6, 

2019 had not yet passed when the record was filed with this Court. The record table of contents 

indicates the correct date of entry of the final order was December 6, 2018, and the final order 

should be corrected to reflect that date.
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suspending, or vacating the judgment, thereby extending the 

period).

Lewis v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 454, 467 n.3 (2018). Code § 19.2-307 provides, in pertinent 

part: “The judgment order shall set forth the plea, the verdict or findings and the adjudication 

and sentence, whether or not the case was tried by jury, and if not, whether the consent of the 

accused was concurred in by the court and the attorney for the Commonwealth.” 

The October 3rd order that the trial court and both parties considered final in this case 

concerned only adjudication and conviction—it outlined the pleas, that the case was tried by the 

court without a jury, and the offense for which Nelson was convicted. The order even notes that 

“[t]he probation officer of this Court shall prepare a presentence report returnable to this Court

on 01/11/2018 at 11:00 AM.” Clearly, Nelson had not yet been sentenced and, at the time the 

motions were considered, the final order had not yet been entered.

Therefore, the trial court erred in holding that it had no jurisdiction to consider Nelson’s 

motion because the October 3rd order was not a final order pursuant to Rule 1:1. 4

B. Approbate and Reprobate

Although we hold that the trial court erred in denying Nelson’s motions for lack of 

jurisdiction, we are nonetheless barred by the approbate and reprobate doctrine from reaching the 

merits of her motions.

The Supreme Court has held that “[a] party may not approbate and reprobate by taking 

successive positions in the course of litigation that are either inconsistent with each other or 

mutually contradictory.” Rowe v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 495, 502 (2009) (quoting Cangiano 

v. LSH Bldg. Co., 271 Va. 171, 181 (2006)). 

 

4 We take the opportunity to address this issue in a published opinion because it appears 

this error by the trial court is not unique to this case. See e.g., Beamon v. Commonwealth, No. 

1695-18-1 (Va. Ct. App. Nov. 12, 2019).
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The “doctrine against approbation and reprobation” applies 

both to assertions of fact and law, Wooten v. Bank of Am., N.A., 

290 Va. 306, 310 n.1 (2015), and precludes litigants from “playing 

fast and loose” with the courts, Wilroy v. Halbleib, 214 Va. 442,

445 (1974) (citation omitted), or “blowing hot and cold” depending 

on their perceived self-interests, United Va. Bank v. B.F. Saul Real 

Estate Inv. Tr., 641 F.2d 185, 190 (4th Cir. 1981). 

Babcock & Wilcox v. Areva, 292 Va. 165, 204-05 (2016). This is not to be confused with the 

invited error doctrine. The invited error doctrine allows an appellate court to consider errors of 

law as waived when a party “attempt[s] to take advantage of the situation created by his own 

wrong.” Cangiano, 271 Va. at 181.

Here, if we were to consider the merits of Nelson’s motion, we would be allowing her to 

approbate and reprobate. Approximately three months after Nelson was convicted, but before 

she had been sentenced, Nelson’s counsel filed a motion for a new trial because of the trial 

court’s suppression of allegedly hearsay evidence. The Commonwealth responded by alleging, 

albeit incorrectly, that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider the motion because more 

than twenty-one days had passed since Nelson was convicted. Nelson’s counsel agreed that the 

trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider her motion. Further compounding the error, the trial 

court accepted the parties’ position and itself agreed that it was without jurisdiction. Then on

September 4, 2018, and still before Nelson was sentenced and a final order entered, Nelson’s 

counsel filed a motion for a new trial based on the late-discovery of allegedly exculpatory evidence. 

Again, however, Nelson’s counsel agreed with the Commonwealth’s argument that the trial court 

lacked jurisdiction to consider the merits of the motion. The trial court again accepted the parties’ 

agreement regarding jurisdiction and denied the motion. Now, on appeal, Nelson takes an 

inconsistent position than that taken at the trial court—that the trial court erred in finding that it did 

not have jurisdiction. Therefore, because Nelson’s counsel agreed with the Commonwealth that 

there was no jurisdiction to consider her motions but now seeks a reversal of the trial court’s 
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acceptance of her concession by this Court, she has approbated and reprobated. Nelson took one 

position and now affirmatively assumes an inconsistent position. See Rowe, 277 Va. at 502. 

Accordingly, Nelson’s position in the trial court below prevents us from considering an opposite 

position on appeal.

C. Ends of Justice

Nevertheless, Nelson asks us to apply the “ends of justice” exception found in Rule 

5A:18 and consider the merits of her argument.5 Nelson rightly notes that the “ends of justice” 

exception is an exception to the contemporaneous objection requirement of Rule 5A:18. 

However, there is no contemporaneous objection problem in this case. Nelson’s arguments are, 

instead, barred by the approbate and reprobate doctrine, and there is no “ends of justice” 

exception to the approbate and reprobate doctrine. “The approbate-reprobate doctrine is broader 

and more demanding than Rule 5A:18. The very fact that [Nelson agreed at the trial court that 

there was no jurisdiction] renders Rule 5A:18’s ends-of-justice exception inapplicable.” Alford 

v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 706, 709 (2010). “It can hardly be a ‘grave injustice’ to a 

defendant’s essential rights, Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 513 (2009), for a trial 

court to [make] an agreed-upon [ruling].” Id. Although this case is certainly not a shining 

example of our adversarial system of justice, we are barred from reaching the merits of Nelson’s 

argument.

D. Commonwealth’s Hearsay Objection

Next, Nelson argues that “[t]he trial court abused its discretion by sustaining the 

Commonwealth’s hearsay objection at trial instead of correctly interpreting the hearsay rule and 

 

5 Rule 5A:18 provides, “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for 

reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except 

for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.”
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allowing that evidence to come in.” Because Nelson’s counsel withdrew the question before the 

trial court made a ruling on this issue, we will not consider it here.

In order for an alleged error to be considered on appeal, the appellant must “alert the trial 

judge to possible error so that the judge may consider the issue intelligently and take any 

corrective actions necessary to avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals and mistrials.” Neal v. 

Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 416, 422 (1992) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 

524, 530 (1992)). Appellate courts “will not permit the defendant’s counsel to withdraw 

questions and then, on appeal, assign error to the circuit court’s ruling on objections to the 

questions that he voluntarily withdrew.” Lenz v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 451, 464 (2001).

In this case, defense counsel and a defense witness had the following exchange on direct 

examination:

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. Did you hear him say anything 

about that check?

[COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY]: Your Honor, I’m going to 

object. That’s trying to get out hearsay, but just not asking for the 

specific [sic] of it.

JUDGE: Mr. Tyler.

[WITNESS]: I heard him say . . .

JUDGE: Whoa, whoa, ma’am. Hang on. [Defense Counsel].

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I withdraw the question.

JUDGE: Okay.

Once the Commonwealth objected to Nelson’s counsel’s question, Nelson’s counsel

withdrew the question. Nelson’s counsel, therefore, did not respond to the Commonwealth’s 

objection and failed to “alert the trial judge to possible error so that the judge may consider the 

issue intelligently and take any corrective actions necessary to avoid unnecessary appeals, 

reversals and mistrials.” Neal, 15 Va. App. at 422 (quoting Martin, 13 Va. App. at 530). Nelson 

is “assign[ing] error to the circuit court’s ruling on [an] objection[] to [a] question[] that [s]he 

voluntarily withdrew.” Lenz, 261 Va. at 464. Whatever merit Nelson’s argument has, we will 

not address it here because it was not preserved for appellate review.
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III. CONCLUSION

Although the trial court erred in failing to properly apply Rule 1:1 by denying Nelson’s 

motions for lack of jurisdiction, we will not address the merits of Nelson’s claims in those motions 

because Nelson approbated and reprobated. Further, she has failed to preserve any objection 

regarding the trial court’s evidentiary ruling. Therefore, the decision of the trial court is affirmed. 

We remand for the limited purpose of correcting the clerical error referenced in footnote three.

Affirmed and remanded.