Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006 

Open-File Report 2007–1430

Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

SR

308

SR

303

BROWNSVILLE HIGHWAY

L I B E R T Y B A Y

Dogfish Bay

Shallow

lagoon

Tide

flats

KEYPORT

VIRGINIA

POINT

Landfill

(Operable Unit 1)

P o r t

O r c h a r d

Naval Undersea

Warfare Center,

Keyport

Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

By R.S. Dinicola and R.L. Huffman

Prepared in cooperation with 

Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest

Open-File Report 2007-1430

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark D. Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007

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U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Dinicola, R.S., and Huffman, R.L., 2007, Selected natural attenuation monitoring data, Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

2007-1430, 30 p.
iii

Figures

Figure 1. Map showing location of the Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval Undersea

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington .......................................... 2

Figure 2. Map showing location of former landfill, two phytoremediation plantations,

and data collection sites at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center,

Division Keyport, Washington ............................................................ 4

Tables

Table 1. Wells and piezometers sampled and water levels measured at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006......... 5

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water

geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare

Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006 ....................................... 12

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in ground-water

samples from monitoring wells and piezometers at Operable Unit 1, Naval

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2006 ............... 24

Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................3

Sample Collection and Analysis..................................................................................................................6

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data.........................................................................................................7

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox Conditions ................................................................7

Volatile Organic Compounds...............................................................................................................8

VOC Concentrations Beneath the Phytoremediation Plantations .......................................8

VOC Concentrations in the Intermediate Aquifer...................................................................9

Summary..........................................................................................................................................................9

Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................................9

References Cited............................................................................................................................................9

Appendix A. Quality Assurance and Control of U.S. Geological Survey 2006 

Geochemical Sampling .................................................................................................................11
iv

Conversion Factors, Datums, and Abbreviations and 

Acronyms

Conversion Factors

Multiply By To obtain

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

acre 4,047 square meter (m2

)

acre 0.4047 hectare (ha)

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) 

ounce, avoirdupois (oz) 28.35 gram (g)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F = (1.8 × °C) + 32.

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C = (°F – 32)/1.8.

Datums

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviations and 

Acronyms Meaning

1,1-DCA 1,1-dichloroethane

1,2-DCA 1,2-dichloroethane

1,1-DCE 1,1-dichloroethene

CA chloroethane

cis-DCE cis-1,2-dichloroethene

CO2 carbon dioxide

DO dissolved oxygen

H2 dissolved hydrogen

mg milligram

mV millivolt

nM nanoMolar

NUWC Naval Undersea Warfare Center

NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory (USGS)

ORP oxidation-reduction potential

OU 1 Operable Unit 1

STL Severn Trent Laboratories

TCA 1,1,1,-trichloroethane

TCE trichloroethene

USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

VC vinyl chloride

VOC volatile organic compound

μg/L microgram per liter

μS/cm microsiemens per centimeter
Abstract

Previous investigations have shown that natural 

attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs) are substantial in shallow ground water 

beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 

1), Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has 

continued to monitor ground-water geochemistry to assure that 

conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation. 

This report presents ground-water geochemical and selected 

VOC data collected at OU 1 by the USGS during June 

12–14, 2006, in support of long-term monitoring for natural 

attenuation. 

For June 2006, the strongly reducing conditions (sulfate 

reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for reductive 

dechlorination of VOCs were inferred for 5 of 15 upperaquifer sites in the northern and southern phytoremediation 

plantations. Predominant redox conditions in ground water 

from the intermediate aquifer just downgradient from the 

landfill remained mildly reducing and somewhat favorable 

for reductive dechlorination. Since about 2003, measured 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations in the upper aquifer 

generally have been lower than those previously measured, 

although methane and sulfide have continued to be detected 

throughout the upper aquifer beneath the landfill. Overall, no 

widespread changes in ground-water redox conditions were 

measured that should result in either more or less efficient 

biodegradation of chlorinated VOCs.

For the northern plantation in 2006, chlorinated VOC 

concentrations at piezometers P1-3 and P1-4 were lower than 

previously measured, and trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-

dichloroethene (cis-DCE), or vinyl chloride (VC) were not 

detected at piezometers P1-1 and P1-5. The steady decrease 

in contaminant concentrations and the continued detection of 

the reductive dechlorination end-products ethene and ethane 

have been consistent throughout the upper aquifer beneath the 

northern plantation.

For the southern plantation in 2006, changes in 

chlorinated VOC concentrations at the piezometers were 

highly variable. At piezometer P1-9, the 2006 total chlorinated 

VOC concentration as well as the concentrations of cisDCE and VC were measured at their highest levels to 

date; contaminant concentrations substantially decreased 

at piezometer P1-9 between June 2004 and June 2005. 

The reasons for the 2004–05 decrease in concentrations or 

the 2005–06 increase in concentrations are unknown. At 

piezometer P1-10, the consistent temporal trend of decreasing 

chlorinated VOC concentrations measured since 1999 ended, 

and the concentration of total chlorinated VOC in 2006 was 

the highest measured since 1999. The reductive dechlorination 

end-product ethene was measured at concentrations as high 

as 1,300 micrograms per liter in the upper aquifer beneath the 

southern plantation, which is reliable evidence that reductive 

dechlorination of VOCs is ongoing.

Introduction

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have 

migrated to ground water beneath the 9-acre former landfill 

at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1) at the Naval Undersea Warfare 

Center (NUWC), Division Keyport. The NUWC is on a small 

peninsula in Kitsap County, Washington, in an extension of 

Puget Sound called Liberty Bay (fig. 1). The 9-acre former 

landfill at OU 1 is on the narrow strip of land connecting the 

peninsula to the mainland and is adjacent to tidal flats that are 

an extension of Dogfish and Liberty Bays. The OU 1 landfill 

is unlined at the bottom and was constructed in a former 

marshland. The landfill was the primary disposal area for 

domestic and industrial wastes generated by NUWC Keyport 

from the 1930s through 1973. Paints, thinners, solvents, acids, 

dried sludge from a wastewater-treatment plant, and other 

industrial wastes were disposed of in the landfill. The most 

concentrated disposal area for waste paints and solvents was at 

the southern end of the landfill.

Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

By R.S. Dinicola and R.L. Huffman
2 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Figure 1. Location of the Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington.

wa19-0103_fig01

SR

308

BROWNSVILLE SR

303

HIGHWAY

37' 122°36'30"

T.

26

N.

T.

25

N.

122°38'20" 38' 37'30"

42'

30"

47°

42'

40"

42'

47°

41'

10"

41'

30"

R.1 E.

1,000 2,000 3,000 FEET

0 900 METERS

0

300 600

Base map modified from URS Consultants, Inc., 1997

Projection: Washington State Plane, North Zone

North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)

Location of figure 2

WASHINGTON

Seattle

Bremerton

Figure

location

L I B E R T Y

B A Y

Dogfish Bay

Shallow

lagoon

Tide

flats

Pond

Marsh

KEYPORT

VIRGINIA POINT

Landfill

(Operable Unit 1)

P o r t

O r c h a r d

Naval Undersea

Warfare Center,

Division Keyport
Introduction 3

Chlorinated VOCs are present in the upper and 

intermediate aquifers and in surface water at OU 1. Ground 

water beneath OU 1 occurs within a series of aquifers that 

are composed of permeable sand, gravel, or fill materials 

separated by finer grained silt or clay layers. Contamination 

at OU 1 is known to occur only in about the top 60 ft of 

the unconsolidated deposits in the four hydrogeologic units 

referred to as the unsaturated zone, the upper aquifer, the 

middle aquitard, and the intermediate aquifer. Ground water 

in the unconfined upper aquifer generally flows from the 

east to the west toward Dogfish Bay. Ground water in the 

predominately confined intermediate aquifer flows toward 

the landfill from the south and from the west, and then flows 

northwest beneath the landfill toward Dogfish Bay (Dinicola 

and others, 2002). Two perennial freshwater creeks drain the 

marsh adjacent to the landfill and discharge into the tideflats 

of Dogfish Bay.

The predominant contaminants in ground water 

beneath OU 1 are trichloroethene (TCE) and its degradation 

byproducts cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinyl 

chloride (VC). The compound 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) 

and its degradation byproducts 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), 

1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), and chloroethane (CA) have 

been detected at concentrations of concern at a few locations 

at OU 1. A need for remedial action was identified because 

these hazardous compounds present a potential risk to humans 

(URS Consultants, Inc., 1998). Phytoremediation combined 

with on-going natural attenuation processes were chosen by 

the Navy as the preferred remedy (URS Consultants, Inc., 

1998). The Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the 

landfill (fig. 2) in the spring of 1999 to remove and control the 

migration of chlorinated VOCs in shallow ground water (URS 

Greiner, Inc., 1999). The landfill between the plantations is 

covered with pavement, although the area north of the northern 

plantation is permeable.

Purpose and Scope

The Navy began a cooperative effort with the U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) in 1995 to investigate various 

natural attenuation mechanisms at OU 1. Field and laboratory 

studies conducted from 1996 through 2000 showed that 

natural attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated VOCs 

in shallow ground water at OU 1 were substantial (URS 

Consultants, Inc., 1997; Bradley and others, 1998; Dinicola 

and others, 2002). The USGS has continued to monitor 

the geochemistry of ground water to assure that conditions 

remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation, and 

annual monitoring from 2001 through 2005 confirmed that 

biodegradation was continuing (Dinicola, 2006; Dinicola and 

Huffman, 2006).

This report presents ground-water chemical and selected 

VOC data collected by the USGS at OU 1 during June 12–14, 

2006, in support of the long-term monitoring for natural 

attenuation. USGS data collected from 1996 through 2005 

were presented in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004, 2006), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004, 2006). In June 

2006, the USGS collected ground-water samples from 13 

wells and 9 piezometers (table 1 and fig. 2). Concentrations 

of various geochemical constituents used to evaluate groundwater redox conditions were determined in all samples from 

wells and piezometers. Concentrations of VOCs also were 

determined by the USGS in samples from all piezometers. 

The Navy determined VOC concentrations in samples they 

collected from other OU 1 monitoring wells during 2006, but 

those data are not presented in this report. 
4 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Figure 2. Location of former landfill, two phytoremediation plantations, and data collection sites at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington.

WA19-0103 KeyportData_fig02

Keys Road

BROWNSVILLE HIGHWAY

Bradley Road

Shapely Road

SR

308

SR

303

Tide flats

Pond

Marsh

Landfill

Dogfish Bay

Shallow

lagoon

Naval Undersea

Warfare Center,

Division Keyport

(NUWC)

50 100 150 200 250 METERS

200

0

0 400 600 800 FEET

122°37'20"

T.

26

N.

R.1 E.

122°37'40" 30"

47°

42'

41'

50"

47°

41'

40"

MW1-22

MW1-30

PZ1-5

MW1-23

MW1-24

1MW-4

MW1-36

MW1-37

MW1-39

MW1-38

MW1-32

MW1-21

MW1-29

MW1-40

MW1-25

MW1-28

MW1-9

PZ1-2

PZ1-4

MW1-7

MW1-31

MW1-27 MW1-11

MW1-33

N-1

N-2 N-3

N-4

N-5

N-7 N-6

N-8

C-1

C-2

C-3

S-1

S-5

S-5B

S-4

S-4B

S-3

S-3B

S-2

S-2B

S-6

PZ1-3

1MW-5

MW22-7

MW1-19

MW1-18

MW22-6

MW1-3

MW1-17

1MW-1 MW1-15

MW1-2

PZ1-1

Private

Well 1

Private

Well 2

MW1-10

MW1-14

MW1-41

P1-1

P1-2

P1-3

MW1-6 MW1-35

MW22-5

MW3-5

MW22-1

MW1-20

MW22-2

MW1-34

MW1-8

P1-4

P1-5

P1-6

P1-7

P1-8

P1-9

P1-10

MW1-5

MW1-16

MW1-4

MW1-1

DB-14

TF19

MA09

MA11

MA10

MA-12

MA13

SW-S6

Passive-diffusion sampler

Data-collection sites— sampled

 in June 2006 are black,

 not sampled are grey

Surface water 

EXPLANATION

NUWC, Division Keyport 

Former landfill

Phytoremediation plantation

Surface water

Approximate location of former

 waste paint and solvent

 disposal area

Monitoring well or

 piezometer in upper aquifer

Monitoring well or piezometer

 in intermediate aquifer

Base map modified from URS Consultants, Inc., 1997

Projection: Washington State Plane, North Zone

North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)

P1-1

MW1-28

S-2

MA12
Introduction 5

Table 1. Wells and piezometers sampled and water levels measured at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington, June 2006.

[Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer; USGS site No.: Unique number for each site based on 

latitude and longitude of the site. First six digits are latitude, next seven digits are longitude, and final two digits are a sequence number to uniquely identify 

each site. Altitudes of water levels and measuring points are given in feet above or below (-) NAVD 88. Water level is in feet below measuring point (bmp). 

Depth of well and screened interval are in feet below land surface. Measuring point: Water levels in wells are usually reported as depths below land surface, 

although the measuring point can be any convenient fixed place near the top of the well. For these wells and piezometers, the measuring points are marked 

points on the tops of well casings—they vary from being near the land surface to a few feet above land surface. The altitude of the measuring point is commonly 

recorded so that static water levels also can be reported as altitudes; VOCs sampled by USGS: Y, yes, N, no. Abbreviations: USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; 

VOC, volatile organic compound; ft, foot; ft bmp, foot below measuring point; in., inch]

Study site No. USGS site No. Date and time 

measured

Altitude of 

water level 

(ft)

Water 

level 

(ft bmp)

Altitude of 

measuring 

point (ft)

Depth of 

well (ft)

Casing 

diameter 

(in.)

Screened 

interval 

(ft)

VOCs 

sampled 

by USGS

1MW-1 474151122373201 06-12-06 15:10 3.51 6.55 10.06 16.5 2 5.5–15.5 N

MW1-2 474153122373101 06-12-06 11:45 2.45 9.44 11.89 18.5 4 12.5–17.5 N

MW1-3 474152122372501 06-12-06 16:00 10.05 3.50 13.55 11.5 4 5.5–10.5 N

MW1-4 

(duplicate)

474145122372801 06-13-06 15:30

15:31

5.72 6.48 12.20 13.0 4 7–12 N

MW1-5 474146122373201 06-13-06 11:40 2.46 10.62 13.08 12.0 4 6–11 N

MW1-16 474146122372801 06-13-06 16:00 5.60 7.23 12.83 12.0 2 6–11 N

MW1-20 474145122372501 06-13-06 11:00 7.17 3.27 10.44 16.0 2 10–15 N

MW1-25 474154122373201 06-14-06 11:50 1.51 10.40 11.91 49.0 2 38–48 N

MW1-28 474153122373301 06-14-06 12:00 2.38 10.72 13.10 45.0 2 39–44 N

MW1-33 474140122373201 06-12-06 17:00 11.19 .30 11.49 41.0 2 30–40 N

MW1-38 474156122373701 06-14-06 13:30 -.65 10.48 9.83 50.0 2 44–49 N

MW1-39 

(blank)

474157122373701 06-14-06 13:30

14:30

-.76 10.61 9.85 33.7 2 27.7–32.7 N

MW1-41 474152122372901 06-12-06 13:50 6.96 8.31 15.27 15.0 2 5–15 N

P1-1 474153122372801 06-12-06 12:50 6.36 8.00 14.36 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-3 474153122373102 06-12-06 12:00 3.54 9.25 12.79 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-4 474152122373101 06-12-06 13:00 4.65 7.90 12.55 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-5 474152122372801 06-12-06 14:30 6.34 8.72 15.06 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-6 474146122373001 06-13-06 13:30 2.48 10.28 12.76 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-7 

(duplicate)

474145122373101 06-13-06 16:50

16:51

5.29 6.83 12.12 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-8 474147122372801 06-13-06 13:30 6.88 5.18 12.06 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-9 474145122372901 06-13-06 15:10 5.57 6.34 11.91 15.0 1 10–15 Y

P1-10 474145122372601 06-13-06 12:10 6.64 5.22 11.86 15.0 1 10–15 Y
6 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Sample Collection and Analysis

Water-level measurements, sample collection and 

processing, and field analyses were in accordance with 

applicable USGS procedures (U.S. Geological Survey, 

variously dated), except that samples were collected 

using a peristaltic pump. Geochemical measurements and 

concentrations determined for samples from 13 wells and 

9 piezometers included dissolved hydrogen (H2), dissolved 

oxygen (DO), filtered organic carbon, filtered nitrate plus 

nitrite, filtered manganese, filtered iron (II), filtered sulfate, 

unfiltered sulfide, dissolved methane, dissolved carbon 

dioxide, pH, specific conductance, oxidation-reduction 

potential (ORP), and filtered chloride. Concentrations of 64 

VOCs were determined for samples from 9 piezometers, and 

concentrations of the dissolved gases ethane and ethene were 

determined for samples from 13 wells and 9 piezometers.

After measuring depth to water, all well and piezometer 

samples were collected with a peristaltic pump and single-use 

polyurethane tubing. A stainless-steel weight was attached 

to the bottom of the tubing to accurately collect the sample 

from the mid-screen altitude in each well. Samples were 

collected after approximately three casing-volumes of water 

were purged from the wells and after allowing pH, specific 

conductance, and DO to stabilize within 0.1 unit, 5 percent, 

and 0.3 milligram per liter (mg/L), respectively. Those 

three analytes and ORP were measured in a flow-through 

chamber using temperature compensated sensors from a YSI 

data sonde. The specific conductance sensor was checked 

daily with standard reference solutions; the pH sensor was 

calibrated daily with two pH standards; and the DO sensor 

was calibrated daily using the water-saturated air method and 

occasionally verified with zero dissolved-oxygen solution. 

Dissolved-oxygen analyses were confirmed for most samples 

using 0 to 1 mg/L CHEMets Rhodazine-D colorimetric 

ampoules (manufactured by CHEMetrics, Inc., Calverton, 

Virginia). These ampoules were filled directly from the 

sampling tube after well purging was completed.

Concentrations of iron (II) were measured in the 

field in samples that had been filtered through a 0.45-μm 

membrane filter using a colorimetric 1,10 phenanthroline 

indicator method and a Hach Model 2010 spectrophotometer 

following Hach Method 8146 (Hach Company, 1998; 

adapted from American Public Health Association, 1980). 

Sulfide concentrations were measured in the field using a 

colorimetric methylene-blue indicator method immediately 

using the same spectrophotometer according to Hach 

Method 8131 (Hach Company, 1998; procedure is equivalent 

to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] 

method 376.2 [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

1983]). Methodologies used to determine iron and sulfide 

concentrations also are described online at 

http://www.hach.com/fmmimghach?/CODE%3AIRONFER_

AVPP_OTHER_P1873%7C1 and http://www.hach.com/

fmmimghach?/CODE%3ASULFIDE_NONE_OTHER_

M1965%7C1, respectively, accessed on October 9, 2007. 

Dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations were measured 

in the field with Titret-Sodium hydroxide titrant with a pH 

indicator (manufactured by CHEMetrics, Inc., Calverton, 

Virginia).

Dissolved hydrogen (H2) in ground water was sampled 

using the bubble-strip method of Chapelle and others (1997) 

and concentrations were measured in the field using a 

reduction gas analyzer (Trace Analytical model E-001). Initial 

gas samples from each well were collected and analyzed 

after at least 20 minutes of stripping; subsequent samples 

were collected and analyzed at about 5-minute intervals until 

consecutive H2

 concentrations stabilized to within 10 percent, 

a process that often required an hour or more.

Samples for determination of nitrate plus nitrite, 

manganese, sulfate, and chloride concentrations were filtered 

through a 0.45-μm membrane filter into polyethylene bottles, 

chilled, and sent to the USGS National Water Quality 

Laboratory (NWQL) in Lakewood, Colorado. Manganese 

samples were acidified in the field with nitric acid to a pH 

of less than 2 and then analyzed at NWQL by inductively 

coupled plasma as described by Fishman (1993). Chloride and 

sulfate were analyzed using ion chromatography as described 

by Fishman (1993). Nitrate plus nitrite were analyzed 

colorimetrically by cadmium reduction and diazotization 

as described by Fishman (1993). The results for the nitrate 

plus nitrite analyses are referred to simply as “nitrate” in this 

report because nitrite was not detected historically at the site 

(Dinicola and others, 2002).

Samples for filtered (dissolved) organic carbon analysis 

were filtered through a 0.45-μm filter, collected in amber 

glass bottles, acidified in the field with sulfuric acid to a 

pH of less than 2, chilled to less than 4°C, and shipped to 

NWQL. Organic carbon concentrations were determined using 

persulfate oxidation and infrared spectrometry as described by 

Brenton and Arnett (1993).
Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 7

Samples for VOC analysis were collected in pre-acidified 

40-mL glass vials, placed on ice, and shipped to NWQL for 

subsequent analysis at Severn Trent Laboratories (STL) in 

Denver, Colorado, using purge and trap capillary-column gas 

chromatography/mass spectrometry according to USEPA 

Method SW846 8260B (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 1996). Samples for analysis of ethane, ethene, 

and methane were collected in pre-acidified 40-mL glass 

vials, placed on ice, and shipped to NWQL for subsequent 

analysis at Severn Trent Laboratories (STL) in Denver, 

Colorado, using gas chromatography with a flame-ionization 

detector according to USEPA Method RSK SOP-175 (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 1994). The reporting limit 

for a given compound often differed between wells because 

of different degrees of sample dilution by STL. The VOC and 

dissolved gas samples were collected in pre-acidified vials 

supplied by STL; the vials thus could not be overfilled during 

sampling as is recommended in applicable USGS procedures 

(U.S. Geological Survey, variously dated) to avoid aeration of 

the sample.

Quality control of geochemical and contaminant 

sampling included the collection of two duplicate samples for 

selected redox-sensitive analytes and VOCs and analyzing one 

field blank sample for VOCs. No substantial quality issues 

were identified in those samples (appendix A).

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data

The ground-water chemistry data collected by the 

USGS at OU 1 during June 2006 in support of long-term 

monitoring for natural attenuation are summarized in this 

section. The June 2006 data include concentrations of redoxsensitive geochemical constituents and dissolved gases at 13 

wells and 9 piezometers, and concentrations of VOCs at 9 

piezometers. The geochemical data include concentrations of 

H2, DO, organic carbon, nitrate plus nitrite, manganese, iron 

(II), sulfate, sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide, pH, specific 

conductance, ORP, and chloride. The VOC data include 

concentrations of a subset of the 64 measured compounds 

and the dissolved gases ethane and ethene. Chemical 

concentrations are reported as less than (<) the reporting level 

for samples in which the analyte was neither detected nor 

identified.

The ground-water chemistry data are grouped with regard 

to location and aquifer of the well or piezometer. “Upgradient” 

sites are the two upper aquifer wells (MW1-3 and MW1-20) 

and one intermediate aquifer well (MW1-33) upgradient of the 

landfill. “Northern plantation” sites are all in the upper aquifer 

and include six wells (1MW-1, MW1-2, MW1-15, MW1-17, 

MW1-18, and MW1-41) and four piezometers (P1-1, P1-3, 

P1-4, and P1-5) in or near the northern phytoremediation 

plantation; piezometer P1-2 generally is dry during June 

and has not been sampled. “Southern plantation” sites also 

are all in the upper aquifer and include four wells (MW1-4, 

MW1-5, MW1-6, and MW1-16) and five piezometers 

(P1-6, P1-7, P1-8, P1-9, and P1-10) in or near the southern 

phytoremediation plantation. “Intermediate aquifer” sites 

include six intermediate aquifer wells (1MW-4, MW1-25, 

MW1-28, MW1-29, MW1-38, and MW1-39) that are 

downgradient of the landfill; no intermediate aquifer wells are 

in the footprint of the former landfill.

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox 

Conditions

The June 2006 data and the previous geochemical data 

collected by the USGS at OU 1 (Dinicola and others, 2002; 

Dinicola, 2003, 2004, 2006; and Dinicola and Huffman, 

2004, 2006) are shown in table 2 (at back of report). The 

predominant redox conditions for June 2006 samples were 

inferred primarily by DO and dissolved H2 concentrations 

following guidelines described in Dinicola (2006).

For June 2006, predominant redox conditions in 

the upgradient wells in the upper aquifer (wells MW1-3 

and MW1-20) were mildly reducing (manganese and 

iron reduction). These wells have varied between aerobic 

and sulfate reducing during the past 7 years (table 2). 

Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon have been 

consistently less than 2 mg/L. Redox conditions in the 

upgradient well in the intermediate aquifer (well MW1-33) 

have been consistently aerobic. 

For June 2006, the strongly reducing conditions (sulfate 

reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for reductive 

dechlorination of VOCs (Bradley, 2003) were inferred for 5 

of 15 upper-aquifer sites (MW1-41, P1-1, P1-5, P1-6, and 

P1-9) sampled in the northern and southern plantations. The 

other upper-aquifer sites within the plantations had mildly 

reducing conditions (iron or manganese reductions). Methane 
8 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

concentrations of 0.50 to 8.5 mg/L were measured at all 

upper-aquifer sites within the plantations in 2006, indicating 

that methanogenic redox conditions are common, although not 

predominant, throughout the former landfill. Concentrations 

of dissolved organic carbon, measuring 3.2 to 26 mg/L in June 

2006, have been consistently greater than the 0.4 to 1.7 mg/L 

range measured in upgradient wells. 

Predominant redox conditions in all intermediate aquifer 

wells downgradient of the landfill have been consistently 

anaerobic (table 2). Mildly reducing conditions (iron 

reduction) were inferred for the intermediate aquifer wells 

at the downgradient margin of the landfill (wells MW1-25 

and MW1-28), and methane concentrations were 2.4 and 

0.83 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations of dissolved organic 

carbon in these wells (6.3 and 6.1 mg/L in 2006, respectively) 

have been consistently greater than those measured in the 

upgradient intermediate aquifer well MW1-33 (0.4 mg/L in 

2006). The mildly reducing conditions are somewhat favorable 

for reductive dechlorination of VOCs (Bradley, 2003).

Since 2002, measured H2

 concentrations in the upper 

aquifer generally have been lower than those previously 

measured, although the continued widespread detection of 

methane and sulfide in shallow ground water does not suggest 

a trend from strongly to mildly reducing predominant redox 

conditions. The most substantial change in H2 concentrations 

measured in 2006 was at piezometer P1-9 in the southern 

plantation where concentrations substantially increased from 

less than 0.1 nM (nanomolar) in 2005 to 4.4 nM in 2006. 

Concentrations of manganese, iron (II), sulfide, and methane 

also increased at piezometer P1-9 in 2006, and the inferred 

predominant redox condition changed from manganese 

reduction to sulfate reduction. Other geochemical data for 

piezometer P1-9, such as chloride concentrations and specific 

conductance, also substantially varied at piezometer P1-9, 

suggesting the inherent variability in ground-water chemistry 

beneath a landfill. Overall, no widespread changes in groundwater redox conditions were measured that should result in 

either more or less efficient biodegradation of chlorinated 

VOCs.

Volatile Organic Compounds

VOC data collected by the USGS from piezometers and 

selected wells at OU 1 from June 1999 to June 2006 are shown 

in table 3 (at back of report). Data for wells and piezometers 

are grouped with regard to location and aquifer of the well or 

piezometer. The “Total CVOCs” calculated for each sample is 

the sum of chlorinated VOC concentrations that had detected 

concentrations; concentrations less than the detection limit 

where considered zero. Complete analytical results for the 

USGS data for June 2006 and previous years are available 

from the USGS’s NWIS web site http://waterdata.usgs.gov/

wa/nwis/qwdata, or see Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola 

(2003, 2004, 2006), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004, 2006).

VOC Concentrations Beneath the 

Phytoremediation Plantations

For the northern plantation in 2006, TCE, cis-DCE, or 

VC were not detected at piezometers P1-1 and P1-5. Since 

1999, concentrations of most chlorinated VOCs continued 

to decrease at piezometers P1-3 and P1-4. The sum of 

concentrations of the reductive dechlorination end-products 

ethane and ethene were 56 and 25 μg/L at piezometers P1-3 

and P1-4. The steady decrease in contaminant concentrations 

and the positive detections of reductive dechlorination endproducts have been consistent in the upper aquifer beneath the 

northern plantation.

For the southern plantation in 2006, changes in 

chlorinated VOC concentrations at the piezometers were 

highly variable. At piezometer P1-9, total chlorinated 

VOC, as well as cis-DCE and VC in 2006, were measured 

at their highest concentrations to date. In contrast, total 

chlorinated VOC concentrations between June 2004 and June 

2006 decreased from 75,000 to 1,000 μg/L at piezometer 

P1-9. Concentrations at piezometer P1-9 in 2006 are more 

consistent with previous data in that the highest contaminant 

concentrations at OU 1 have most often been measured at 

piezometer P1-9. The reasons for the 2004–05 decrease in 

concentrations or the 2005–06 increase in concentrations are 

unknown. At piezometer P1-10, the consistent temporal trend 

of decreasing chlorinated VOC concentrations measured since 

1999 ended, and the total chlorinated VOC concentration in 

2006 substantially increased. At piezometer P1-8, chlorinated 

VOC concentrations also increased in 2006, although they 

remained substantially less than the concentrations measured 

prior to 2003. Chlorinated VOC concentrations at piezometers 

P1-7 and P1-6 in 2006 generally were consistent with 

previous concentrations, given the relatively high year-to-year 

variability in contaminant concentrations in the upper aquifer 

beneath the southern plantation.

The sum of concentrations of the reductive dechlorination 

end-products ethane and ethene were 444 and 1,266 μg/L 

at the most contaminated piezometers P1-7 and P1-9, 

respectively, and were measured at 9.5 and 72 μg/L at 

piezometers P1-8 and P1-10, respectively. Those endproduct concentrations are reliable evidence that reductive 

dechlorination of VOCs is ongoing.
References Cited 9

VOC Concentrations in the Intermediate Aquifer

In 2006, the reductive dechlorination end-products 

ethane and ethene were the only VOC concentrations 

analyzed in samples from the intermediate aquifer. The sum 

of concentrations of ethane and ethene were 21 and 18 μg/L 

at wells MW1-25 and MW1-28, respectively, indicating 

ongoing reductive dechlorination. Farther downgradient in 

the intermediate aquifer beneath the Highway 308 causeway 

at wells MW1-38 and MW1-39, ethane and ethene were not 

detected. 

Summary

Previous investigations have shown that natural 

attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated VOCs are 

substantial in shallow ground water beneath the 9-acre former 

landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval Undersea Warfare 

Center (NUWC), Division Keyport, Washington. The U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry to assure that conditions remain favorable 

for contaminant biodegradation. This report presents the 

ground-water geochemical and selected VOC data collected 

at OU 1 by the USGS during June 12–14, 2006, in support 

of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation. Data include 

concentrations of redox-sensitive geochemical constituents 

and dissolved gases at 13 wells and 9 piezometers, and 

concentrations of VOCs at 9 piezometers. 

For June 2006, the strongly reducing conditions 

(sulfate reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for 

reductive dechlorination of VOCs were inferred for 5 of 15 

upper-aquifer sites in the northern and southern plantations. 

Predominant redox conditions in ground water from the 

intermediate aquifer just downgradient of the landfill remained 

mildly reducing and somewhat favorable for reductive 

dechlorination. Since about 2003, measured H2

 concentrations 

in the upper aquifer generally have been lower than those 

previously measured, although methane and sulfide have 

continued to be detected throughout the upper aquifer beneath 

the landfill. Overall, no widespread changes in ground-water 

redox conditions were measured that should result in either 

more or less efficient biodegradation of chlorinated VOCs. 

For the northern plantation in 2006, chlorinated VOC 

concentrations at piezometers P1-3 and P1-4 were lower than 

previously measured, and TCE, cis-DCE, or VC were not 

detected at piezometers P1-1 and P1-5. The steady decrease 

in contaminant concentrations has been consistent in the 

upper aquifer beneath the northern plantation. The reductive 

dechlorination end-products ethene and ethane were measured 

at concentrations as high as 61 micrograms per liter in the 

upper aquifer beneath the northern plantation, which is reliable 

evidence that reductive dechlorination of VOCs is ongoing.

For the southern plantation in 2006, changes in 

chlorinated VOC concentrations at the piezometers were 

highly variable. At piezometer P1-9, total chlorinated VOCs, 

as well as cis-DCE and VC in 2006, were measured at their 

highest concentrations to date; contaminant concentrations 

between June 2004 and June 2005 substantially decreased 

at piezometer P1-9 for reasons unknown. At piezometer 

P1-10, the consistent temporal trend of decreasing chlorinated 

VOC concentrations measured since 1999 ended, and the 

total chlorinated VOC concentration in 2006 substantially 

increased. The reductive dechlorination end-products ethene 

and ethane were measured at concentrations as high as 1,300 

μg/L in the upper aquifer beneath the southern plantation, 

which is reliable evidence that reductive dechlorination of 

VOCs is ongoing.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Douglas Thelin of the Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command Northwest for his guidance and 

funding for the continued monitoring. Gene Ellis of the Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 

provided logistical support for field activities. U.S. Geological 

Survey, Tacoma, Washington, staff Stephen Cox, Greg Justin, 

and Karen Payne assisted with data collection and analysis.

References Cited

American Public Health Association, 1980, Standard methods 

for the examination of water and wastewater (15th ed.): 

Washington, D.C.

Bradley, P.M., 2003, History and ecology of chloroethene 

degradation—A review: Bioremediation Journal, v. 7, no. 2, 

p. 81–109.

Bradley, P.M, Landmeyer, J.E., and Dinicola, R.S., 1998, 

Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-14C] dichloroethene under 

Mn(IV)-reducing conditions: Applied and Environmental 

Microbiology, v. 64, no. 4, p. 1560–1562.
10 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Brenton, R.W., and Arnett, T.L., 1993, Methods of analysis 

by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality 

Laboratory—Determination of dissolved organic carbon 

by UV-promoted persulfate oxidation and infrared 

spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

92-480, 12 p.

Chapelle, F.H., Vroblesky, D.A., Woodward, J.C., and 

Lovely, D.R., 1997, Practical considerations for measuring 

hydrogen concentrations in groundwater: Environmental 

Science and Technology, v. 31, no. 10, p. 2873–2877.

Dinicola, R.S., 2003, Natural attenuation monitoring data 

during June 2001, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare 

Center, Division Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 03-344, 17 p.

Dinicola, R.S., 2004, Selected natural attenuation monitoring 

data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2004-1203, 19 p.

Dinicola, R.S., 2006, Continued biodegradation of 

chloroethene compounds in ground water at Operable 

Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 

Investigations Report 2006-5056, 42 p.

Dinicola, R.S., Cox, S.E., Landmeyer, J.E., and Bradley, P.M., 

2002, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Weapons Center, Division Keyport, Washington: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 02-4119, 19 p.

Dinicola, R.S., and Huffman, R.L., 2004, Selected natural 

attenuation monitoring data, Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 

June 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

2004-1330, 19 p.

Dinicola, R.S., and Huffman, R.L., 2006, Selected natural 

attenuation monitoring data, Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 

June 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

2006-1374, 27 p.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—

Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in 

water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 93-125, 217 p.

Hach Company, 1998, DR/2010 Spectrophotometer 

Procedures Manual: Loveland, Colo., Hach Company.

URS Consultants, Inc., 1997, Final summary data assessment 

report for Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington: Seattle, Wash., prepared by 

URS Consultants for Engineering Field Activity, Northwest, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Poulsbo, Wash., 3 

Volumes.

URS Consultants, Inc., 1998, Final record of decision for 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington: Seattle, Wash., prepared by URS 

Consultants, for Engineering Field Activity, Northwest, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Poulsbo, Wash., 

111 p.

URS Greiner, Inc., 1999, Phytoremediation closure report for 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington: Seattle, Wash., prepared by URS 

Greiner, Inc. for Engineering Field Activity, Northwest, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Poulsbo, Wash.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983, Methods for 

chemical analysis of water and wastes—Office of Research 

chemical analysis of water and wastes: Washington, 

D.C., Office of Research and Development Report EPA 

600/4-79-020, 552 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994, RSKSOP 

175 rev. no. 2, Sample preparations and calculations 

for dissolved gas analysis in water samples using a GC 

headspace equilibration technique: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency Test Methods, Region 1, 14 p., accessed 

October 2007 at http://www.epa.gov/region1/info/

testmethods/pdfs/RSKsop175v2.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996, VOCs by GC/

MS Capillary column technique, SW-846, Chap. 4.3.2: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Test Methods, 16 

p., accessed October 2007 at http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/

hazwaste/test/pdfs/chap4.pdf

U.S. Geological Survey, variously dated, National field manual 

for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological 

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 

9, chaps. A1–A9, available online at http://pubs.water.usgs.

gov/twri9A
Appendix A. Quality Control of U.S. Geological Survey 2006 Geochemical Sampling 11

Quality assurance and control of geochemical sampling 

included the collection of duplicate and field blank samples 

for selected redox-sensitive analytes and volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs). Field blanks were collected by pumping 

VOC-free water through previously used and cleaned 

tubing to determine possible sampling contamination in 

samples collected at known contaminated wells only; new 

tubing was used to sample from wells that were known 

to be uncontaminated or slightly contaminated and from 

piezometers sampled for the first time. Complete laboratory 

quality assurance and control data from Severn-Trent 

Laboratories is on file with the USGS office in Tacoma, 

Washington.

Table A1. Quality assurance data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington, 2006.

[Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. D denotes duplicate sample; FB denotes field blank sample. 

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; 

VC, vinyl chloride; TCA, 1,1,-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; CA, chloroethane; BTEX, benzene, toluene, 

ethylbezene, and xylene; CVOCs, sum of all chloroethenes and chloroethane concentrations shown in table. Abbreviations: mg/L, milligram per liter; nd, not 

detected; mg/L, microgram per liter; nd, not detected. Symbols: <, actual value is less than the value shown; –, not analyzed]

Study 

site No.

Date

sampled

PCE

(μ/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA 

(μg/L)

CA 

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE 

(μg/L)

P1-7 06-13-06 <2,000 24,000 43,000 <2,000 3,800 44 400 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000

P1-7D 06-13-06 <2,000 28,000 48,000 <2,000 4,200 – – <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000

MW1-4 06-13-06 – – – – – 39 200 – – – –

MW1-4D 06-33-06 – – – – – 35 180 – – – –

MW1-39FB 06-14-06 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 – – <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0

Study 

site No.

Date

sampled

Total

Dissolved 

oxygen

(mg/L)

Filtered 

NO2

 + NO3

(mg/L)

Dissolved

organic 

carbon, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Manganese, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Iron (II), 

filtered

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Sulfide, 

unfiltered

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Chloride, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

BTEX

(μg/L)

CVOCs

(μg/L)

P1-7 06-13-06 nd 70,800 0.5 <0.06 7.6 2.0 1.82 20.2 <0.01 2.1 – 48.8

P1-7D 06-13-06 nd – – – – – – – – – – –

MW1-4 06-13-06 – – .1 <.06 3.9 .79 .19 5.7 .01 2.1 30 19.6

MW1-4D 06-13-06 – – .1 <.06 3.6 .77 .19 5.7 .02 1.9 35 19.8

MW1-39FB 06-06-06 nd nd – <.06 .2 <.006 – <.2 – – – <.20

Appendix A. Quality Assurance and Control of U.S. Geological Survey 2006 

Geochemical Sampling

Duplicate sample results compared favorably for all 

constituents (Appendix table A1). A duplicate sample 

was collected and analyzed by NWQL for organic carbon, 

manganese, nitrate and nitrite, sulfate, chloride, ethene, 

and ethane for well MW1-4. The duplicate results for these 

constituents agreed within 10 percent. A duplicate sample 

was collected and analyzed for piezometer P1-7 and the 

chlorinated VOC concentrations agreed within 15 percent 

(table 3). 

Chloroethenes, chloroethanes, and benzene, toluene, 

ethylbenze, and xylene (BTEX) were not detected in the field 

blank sample of pumped VOC-free water (site P1-39FB). No 

ethene, ethane, or chloroethene or choroethane compounds of 

interest were detected in the laboratory method blanks.
12 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Total 

organic 

carbon, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

organic 

carbon, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Nitrate 

+ nitrite, 

filtered 

(mg/L as N)

Manganese, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Iron (II), 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Upgradient

MW1–3 06-09-99 Fe 0.8 0.4 – – – 0.07 <0.01 –

06-20-00 Fe .2 .3 2.0 – 0.99 .08 <.01 13

06-12-01 A – 4.0 2.3 1.1 1.1 .04 .02 14

06-10-02 S 2.7 .4 – 1.4 1.6 .10 .01 11

06-17-03 A – 4.3 – 1.7 1.8 .09 .05 12

06-15-04 Mn/Fe .2 .2 – 1.6 – .09 <.01 12

06-20-05 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 1.4 1.6 .10 .01 15

06-12-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 1.4 1.6 .11 <.01 14

MW1–20 06-08-99 Fe .9 .3 – – – .35 .03 –

06-21-00 Fe .4 <.1 2.2 – <.05 .24 .11 16

06-13-01 S 2.1 .2 3.0 1.4 <.05 .28 .01 20

06-12-02 An >100R .1 – 1.4 <.05 .16 .01 17

06-17-03 Fe .5 .2 – 1.7 <.06 .24 .05 18

06-15-04 Mn/Fe .1 .9 – 1.6 – .23 .03 18

06-20-05 Mn/Fe .1 .4 – 1.5 <.06 .25 .21 16

06-13-06 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 1.7 <.06 .21 .08 16

MW1–33 10-07-98 A – 3.3 .1 – – .003 <.01 –

06-21-00 A – 3.8 .7 – 1.3 <.002 <.01 7.5

06-11-01 A – 3.8 1.5 1.4 1.1 <.003 <.01 8.2

06-10-02 A – 3.4 1.2 1.1 <.002 <.01 7.3

06-17-03 A – 3.0 – .7 .98 <.004 <.01 7.4

06-15-04 A – – – .6 – <.008 <.01 6.6

06-20-05 A – 3.5 – .5 1.7 <.006 <.01 6.3

06-12-06 A 3.9 – .4 1.8 <.006 .02 5.7

Northern plantation

1MW-1 09-17-96 Fe 0.4 2.8R 7.0 – <0.02 0.18 0.24 7.5

04-16-97 Fe .8 .4 – – .11 – 8.0 1.4

03-05-98 Fe/S .2 .1 8.3 – – .39 12 –

10-09-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – .08 .39 –

06-21-00 Mn/Fe .1 .5 12 – <.05 .96 13 .9

06-11-01 Fe .6 .7 13 12 <.05 .24 2.9 2.2

06-10-02 Fe .4 .2 – 14 <.05 .37 7.3 1.7

06-17-03 Fe .1 .1 – 10 <.06 .17 1.2 2.2

06-16-04 Fe .2 .1 – 7.7 – .09 .38 2.0

06-21-05 Fe .1 .1 – 9.5 <.06 .12 1.8 1.7

06-12-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .2 – 8.5 <.06 .12 .8 1.9
Table 2 13

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Sulfide, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Bicarbonate, 

filtered

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Chloride, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Upgradient

MW1-3 06-09-99 Fe <0.01 – – 81 6.0 202 – –

06-20-00 Fe <.01 0.02 – 82 5.9 205 180 8.4

06-12-01 A <.01 .12 – 90 6.1 203 220 10

06-10-02 S <.01 .06 140 80 5.8 182 400 9.7

06-17-03 A – .02 80 – 6.0 199 200 10

06-15-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .01 – 73 5.7 205 195 9.1

06-20-05 Mn/Fe <.01 – <50 – 6.0 192 – 7.5

06-12-06 Mn/Fe <.01 .004 40 – 5.5 243 136 7.0

MW1-20 06-08-99 Fe <.01 – – 260 6.7 546 – –

06-21-00 Fe <.01 .01 – 240 6.8 530 79 14

06-13-01 S <.01 .27 – 260 6.4 544 250 33

06-12-02 An <.01 .06 97 250 7.0 701 180 29

06-17-03 Fe – .09 90 – 6.3 491 290 32

06-15-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .03 – 260 6.4 552 98 35

06-20-05 Mn/Fe <.01 – 80 – 6.3 520 87 28

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 .03 60 – 6.3 574 70 31

MW1-33 10-07-98 A <.01 – – 78 6.6 177 – –

06-21-00 A <.01 .05 – 74 6.7 164 160 4.0

06-11-01 A <.01 .07 – 71 6.2 154 300 3.6

06-10-02 A <.01 .004 31 81 6.5 138 360 3.4

06-17-03 A <.01 .01 25 – 6.3 156 110 3.7

06-15-04 A – <.005 13 – 6.7 165 – 4.0

06-20-05 A – – 18 – 6.6 154 – 4.1

06-12-06 A – .002 18 – 6.7 159 72 4.3

Northern plantation

1MW-1 09-17-96 Fe <0.01 10 – 640 7.9 – – 43

04-16-97 Fe .01 29 – 1,100 7.2 – – –

03-05-98 Fe/S .06 – – – – – – –

10-09-98 Fe .01 – – 660 7.7 1,080 – –

06-21-00 Mn/Fe <.01 .39 – 590 7.0 1,070 -92 44

06-11-01 Fe <.01 5.6 – 550 7.1 974 -110 50

06-10-02 Fe <.01 14 77 520 7.7 835 -160 54

06-17-03 Fe <.01 7.1 50 – 7.3 847 – 54

06-16-04 Fe .03 1.8 18 – 7.0 843 -184 57

06-21-05 Fe .02 – 20 – 7.1 827 -108 48

06-12-06 Mn/Fe .01 3.4 10 – 7.4 787 -134 48
14 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Total 

organic 

carbon, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

organic 

carbon, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Nitrate 

+ nitrite, 

filtered 

(mg/L as N)

Manganese, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Iron (II), 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

MW1–2 09-17-96 A 0.5 2.4R 6.0 – <0.02 0.05 0.23 4.6

04-16-97 Fe .7 .2 – – <.02 – .13 4.6

03-02-98 Fe .3 – – – – – .16 –

10-07-98 Fe .1 .1 – – – .05 .14 –

06-09-99 Fe .9 .2 – – – .08 .09 –

06-21-00 Fe .3 .1 6.0 – <.05 .06 .10 4.3

06-12-01 S 3.5 .3 5.3 5.0 <.05 .08 .29 5.4

06-11-02 An >20R .1 – 45 <.05 .09 .27 4.2

06-18-03 Fe .2 .1 – 6.0 <.06 .10 .29 4.3

06-17-04 Fe .2 .2 – 6.7 – .10 1.0 4.3

06-22-05 Fe <.1 <.1 – 6.2 <.06 .10 .44 4.4

06-12-06 Fe .1 .1 – 5.9 <.06 .10 .76 3.7

MW1–15 09-16-96 Fe .2 <.1 50 – <.02 5.7 68 .1

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 <.1 – – <.02 – 77 .1

03-05-98 S 1.2 <.1 33 – – 18 51 –

10-09-98 S 2.9 <.1 – – – 5.8 64 –

06-15-04 S 3.2 .8 – 27 – 6.3 36 <.2

MW1–17 09-17-96 Fe .7 <.1 23 – <.02 1.3 62 4.3

04-16-97 Fe .6 <.1 – – <.02 – 37 68

10-09-98 Fe – <.1 – – – .80 56 –

06-22-00 S 1.2 <.1 11 – – 1.2 68 –

06-12-01 S 2.0–2.7 .4 9.2 8.0 <.05 1.2 48 12

06-17-04 S 2.5 <.1 – 7.5 – .68 >10 18

06-20-05 S 1.5 <.1 – 6.1 <.06 .43 27 7.8

MW1–18 09-17-96 Fe/S 1.0 <.1 28 – <.02 4.0 12 4.6

04-16-97 Fe .5 <.1 – – .05 – 23 8.2

10-07-98 Fe – .2 – – – .77 3.3 –

06-16-04 Fe .7 .2 – 23 – 4.1 >10 .2

MW1–41

 

 

06-09-99 S 1.0 .3 – – – 2.2 60 –

06-21-00 S 1.2 .1 22 – <.05 3.5 55 <.3

06-11-01 S 2.0 .3 14 14 <.05 3.7 66 30

06-10-02 S 2.2 .8 – 20 <.05 3.6 52 .4

06-18-03 S 1.9 .1 – 19 <.06 3.9 50 <.2

06-17-04 S 2.2 .1 – 19 – 4.0 57 <.2

06-20-05 Fe/S .8 .1 – 17 <.06 3.9 73 <2

06-12-06 Fe/S .7 <.1 – 18 <.06 3.8 28 <.2

P1–1 06-09-99 Fe .7 .4 – – – 4.0 59 –

06-11-02 S 1.4 <.1 – 17 <.05 2.7 40 <.1

06-18-03 S 1.5 <.1 – 18 <.06 3.4 32 <.2

06-17-04 S 1.9 .1 – 16 – 3.1 39 <.2

06-22-05 Fe/S .6 <.1 – 15 <.06 3.1 68 <.2

06-12-06 Fe/S .3 <.1 – 16 <.06 2.9 54 <.2

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 15

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Sulfide, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Bicarbonate, 

filtered

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Chloride, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

MW1-2 09-17-96 A <0.01 1.2 – 510 6.9 – – 50

04-16-97 Fe <.01 2.5 – 1,100 6.7 – – –

03-02-98 Fe – – – – – – – –

10-07-98 Fe <.01 – – 300 6.7 868 – –

06-09-99 Fe <.01 – – 490 6.8 901 – –

06-21-00 Fe <.01 .04 – 460 6.8 870 37 36

06-12-01 S <.01 .78 – 470 6.5 853 27 48

06-11-02 An <.01 .92 200 500 6.6 829 200 37

06-18-03 Fe <.01 .98 160 – 6.4 870 62 41

06-17-04 Fe – .33 50 – 6.6 858 – 40

06-22-05 Fe <.01 – 75 – 6.3 720 -14 35

06-12-06 Fe <.01 .50 115 – 6.5 815 -47 34

MW1–15 09-16-96 Fe <.01 8.8 – 1,200 – – – 18

04-16-97 Fe/S .03 44 – 1,600 6.3 – – –

03-05-98 S <.01 – – – – – – –

10-09-98 S <.01 – – 750 6.3 1,110 – –

06-15-04 S <.01 .22 760 – 6.3 1,200 – 16

MW1–17 09-17-96 Fe <.01 8.9 – 760 6.5 – – 61

04-16-97 Fe .02 23 – 1,200 6.6 – – –

10-09-98 Fe .02 – – 510 6.4 1,740 – –

06-22-00 S .02 2.8 – 450 6.5 1,260 -41 160

06-12-01 S .01 9.4 – 500 6.5 1,200 -280 120

06-17-04 S – .37 70 – 6.5 318 – 150

06-20-05 S .04 – 80 – 6.3 563 -144 74

MW1–18 09-17-96 Fe/S <.01 11 – 880 7.0 – – 86

04-16-97 Fe <.01 52 – 1,500 6.8 – – –

10-07-98 Fe <.01 – – 920 6.6 1,780 – –

06-16-04 Fe <.01 5.3 70 – 7.1 945 – 47

MW1–41

 

 

06-09-99 S .01 – – 860 6.6 1,260 – –

06-21-00 S <.01 1.9 – 1,000 6.5 1,500 -75 8.3

06-11-01 S .02 25 – 980 6.3 1,330 -89 9.9

06-10-02 S .04 21 540 830 6.3 1,190 -68 7.9

06-18-03 S .03 14 500 – 6.3 1,280 93 9.5

06-17-04 S .02 7.4 450 – 6.1 1,300 -165 11

06-20-05 Fe/S .01 – 500 – 6.4 1,300 – 8.7

06-12-06 Fe/S .02 8.5 310 – 6.3 1,240 -103 8.4

P1–1 06-09-99 Fe <.01 – – 930 6.4 1,350 – –

06-11-02 S <.01 29 400 650 6.3 987 -80 9.3

06-18-03 S .02 450 – 6.2 1,030 78 11

06-17-04 S .02 3.7 430 – 6.0 987 -153 9.2

06-22-05 Fe <.01 10 370 – 6.3 847 -72 7.1

06-12-06 Fe/S .01 7.8 225 – 6.2 979 -108 7.2

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
16 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Total 

organic 

carbon, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

organic 

carbon, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Nitrate 

+ nitrite, 

filtered 

(mg/L as N)

Manganese, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Iron (II), 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

P1–3 06-09-99 Fe 0.4 0.2 – – – 1.0 19 –

06-11-02 Fe .3 <.1 – 45 <0.05 2.6 39 1.0

06-18-03 Fe .3 .1 – 19 <.06 2.0 29 1.8

06-17-04 Fe .7 <.1 – 21 – 2.8 >10 .55

06-22-05 Fe .2 <.1 – 20 <.06 2.8 60 .38

06-12-06 Fe .2 <.1 – 20 <.06 2.5 39 .2

P1–4

 

 

 

 

06-09-99 Fe .7 .3 – – – .34 2.6 –

06-13-01 Fe .1 .5 9.8 8.7 <.05 .38 3.4 3.8

06-11-02 Fe .2 .1 – 8.0 <.05 2.6 3.7 3.5

06-18-03 Fe .2 .1 – 7.0 <.06 .43 4.1 4.0

06-17-04 Fe .1 .1 – 7.6 – .42 3.0 4.0

06-21-05 Fe .1 .1 – 6.7 <.06 .38 2.3 4.6

06-12-06 Fe .1 <.1 – 6.8 <.06 .35 1.8 4.3

P1–5 06-08-99 S 3.0 .3 – – – 3.1 72 –

06-10-02 S 1.7 .1 – 25 <.05 2.6 62 <.6

06-18-03 S 2.2 .1 – 24 <.06 3.1 54 <.2

06-17-04 S 2.1 <.1 – 23 – 3.1 >10 <.2

06-21-05 Fe/S .8 .1 – 22 <.06 3.5 74 .1

06-12-06 Fe/S .8 <.1 – 21 <.06 3.6 66 .1

Southern plantation

MW1–4 09-17-96 Fe 0.5 2.8R 2.0 – <0.02 0.28 1.8 7.1

04-16-97 Fe .6 .4 – – .24 – <.01 8.6

03-03-98 S 1.7 .2 4.0 – – .10 .01 –

10-08-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – – .28 –

06-07-99 Fe .9 .1 – – – .20 1.2 –

06-22-00 Fe .2 .1 8.6 – – .70 – 5.5

06-14-01 S 0.9–3.2 .5 2.9 2.5 .08 .54 1.6 5.4

06-13-02 S 2.4 .1 – 3.8 .08 .47 1.2 5.5

06-20-03 Fe .8 .1 – 2.5 <.06 .53 .22 5.7

06-18-04 Fe .2 .1 – 2.7 – .61 .12 5.9

06-23-05 Mn/Fe .3 .1 – .7 <.06 .14 .03 8.8

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 3.9 <.06 .79 .19 5.7

MW1–5 09-17-96 S 1.2 <.1 15 – <.02 1.6 19 6.4

04-16–97 Fe .5 <.1 – – .08 – 3.1 2.8

03-04-98 Fe .7 <.1 12 – – 1.3 4.5 –

10-08-98 S 2.4 <.1 – – – 1.5 11 –

06-08-99 Fe .6 .3 – – – 1.2 31 –

06-22-00 Fe – <.1 17 – – 1.5 39 6.4

06-13-01 Fe .8 .3 10 9.6 .12 1.5 25 6.0

06-13-02 S 3.4 .5 – 11 .14 1.5 20 6.3

06-20-03 Fe .1 .1 – 11 <.06 1.5 30 6.8

06-18-04 Fe .1 .4 – 7.2 – 1.8 >10 5.6

06-22-05 Fe <.1 .0 – 8.2 .16 1.2 27 6.7

06-13-06 Fe <.1 .1 – 7.8 .08 1.3 14 6.0

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 17

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Sulfide, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Bicarbonate, 

filtered

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Chloride, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

P1–3 06-09-99 Fe 0.04 – – 730 6.8 1,470 – –

06-11-02 Fe .03 24 400 820 6.4 1,340 -73 61

06-18-03 Fe .03 – 350 – 6.4 1,400 73 90

06-17-04 Fe <.01 5.7 330 – 6.5 1,350 – 57

06-22-05 Fe .03 8.4 320 – 6.4 1,200 -88 68

06-12-06 Fe .03 7.1 330 6 1,440 -152 51

P1–4 06-09-99 Fe .02 – – 450 6.9 867 – –

06-13-01 Fe <.01 .93 – 390 6.6 761 -78 53

06-11-02 Fe <.01 5.9 90 380 6.7 734 -86 56

06-18-03 Fe .01 4.2 70 – 6.6 778 65 59

06-17-04 Fe .02 1.8 60 – 6.4 782 -163 48

06-21-05 Fe <.01 1.8 42 – 6.6 750 -83 47

06-12-06 Fe <.01 1.7 32 – 6.4 823 -94 44

P1–5 06-08-99 S .01 – – 850 6.2 1,320 – –

06-10-02 S .02 23 400 730 6.2 1,200 -59 17

06-18-03 S .02 18 650 – 6.2 1,150 65 16

06-17-04 S – 5.8 450 – 6.4 1,160 – 14

06-21-05 Fe/S .04 9.4 400 – 6.3 1,150 -65 13

06-12-06 Fe/S .05 6.8 370 5.8 1,100 -106 9.9

Southern plantation

MW1–4 09-17-96 Fe <0.01 1.2 – 130 6.9 – – 15

04-16-97 Fe <.01 .70 – 270 7.3 – – –

03-03-98 S <.01 – – – – – – –

10-08-98 Fe <.01 – – 170 6.7 368 – –

06-07-99 Fe <.01 – – 180 6.6 350 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 .56 – 230 6.8 412 -26 19

06-14-01 S <.01 3.7 – 180 6.5 360 -8 22

06-13-02 S <.01 5.2 60 190 6.6 442 -14 20

06-20-03 Fe <.01 3.7 40 – 6.7 324 – 17

06-18-04 Fe <.01 1.1 50 – 6.0 320 91 23

06-23-05 Mn <.01 – <10 – 7.9 203 45 7.3

06-13-06 Mn/Fe .01 2.1 30 – 6.6 362 -1 20

MW1–5 09-17-96 S <.01 2.4 – 410 6.7 – – 21

04-16–97 Fe .03 18 – 1,400 6.6 – – –

03-04-98 Fe <.01 – – – – – – –

10-08-98 S <.01 – – 410 6.4 1,740 – –

06-08-99 Fe .01 – – 510 6.5 855 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 1.1 – 460 6.6 790 -80 19

06-13-01 Fe .01 2.4 – 470 6.4 766 -70 12

06-13-02 S .02 7.4 180 740 6.5 608 -77 9.6

06-20-03 Fe .03 4.9 180 – 6.4 711 – 10

06-18-04 Fe – 2.4 200 – 6.5 795 – 9.8

06-22-05 Fe .02 – 70 – 6.3 520 -95 9.5

06-13-06 Fe .02 1.9 50 – 6.5 603 -85 8.5

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
18 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Total 

organic 

carbon, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

organic 

carbon, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Nitrate 

+ nitrite, 

filtered 

(mg/L as N)

Manganese, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Iron (II), 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

MW1–6 09-17-96 S 1.1 <0.1 33 – 1.2 1.2 30 0.1

04-16-97 Fe/S .5 <.1 – – .07 – 36 4.1

10-08-98 Fe .2 <.1 – – – 1.1 32 –

06-22-04 Fe – .2 – 26 – 1.1 >10 .1

MW1–16 09-17-96 S 2.1 <.1 480 – <.02 3.9 130 .2

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 <.1 – – <.02 – 120 2.2

03-04-98 Fe .7 .3 350 – – 18 100 –

10-08-98 M 9.6 <.1 – – – 5.4 180 –

06-07-99 M 6.8 .6 – – – >5 140 –

06-22-00 S – .1 61 – – 1.9 60 1.2

06-14-01 S 1.7 .2 64 66 .33 2.4 56 1.1

06-13-02 M 4.6–7.6 .9 – 71 <.05 3.2 38 .4

06-20-03 S 2.2 .2 – 29 <.6 2.1 37 .6

06-22-04 – – .1 – 36 – 2.1 >10 .1

06-23-05 Fe/S .5 .1 – 20 <.06 2.0 66 .39

06-13-06 – – .1 – 17 <.06 1.7 14.1 20

P1–6 06-08-99 S 1.8 .1 – – – .12 .02 –

06-14-01 S 1.8 .2 34 34 .23 .45 .95 4.9

06-13-02 S 1.6 <.1 – 26 <.05 .88 1.0 4.3

06-20-03 Fe .3 .2 – 4.1 <.06 .08 .13 7.5

06-18-04 S 1.5 .1 – 10 – .11 1.0 7.2

06-23-05 Fe/S .3 .1 – 5.8 <.06 .17 .15 6.3

06-13-06 S 1.1 .1 – 26 <.06 .91 1.4 3.4

P1–7 06-08-99 S 1.2 .1 – – – .61 2.1 –

06-22-00 Mn/Fe – .1 19 – – 2.6 3.2 24

06-14-01 Mn/Fe .2 .2 11 11 <.05 2.3 2.0 18

06-14-02 Mn/Fe .2 1.3 – 8.9 <.05 2.2 1.9 12

06-20-03 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 5.6 <.06 1.9 1.3 7.5

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .1 <.1 – 6.9 – 2.4 2.0 9.8

06-22-05 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 8.8 <.06 2.1 1.9 26

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .5 – 7.6 <.06 2.0 1.8 20

P1–8 06-07-99 S 1.8 <.1 – – – .20 .08 –

06-14-01 Fe .7 .1 5 4.7 .06 .16 .22 .1

06-13-02 Fe .6 .3 – 8.8 <.05 .21 .38 .3

06-20-03 Fe .6 .1 – 2.3 <.06 .09 .12 .4

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .3 .4 – 3.0 – .13 .01 .4

06-23-05 Mn/Fe .2 .2 – 14 <.06 .12 .12 <.2

06-13-06 Mn/Fe .3 <.1 – 3.2 <.06 .14 .02 .4

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 19

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Sulfide, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Bicarbonate, 

filtered

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Chloride, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

MW1–6 09-17-96 S <0.01 7.0 – 840 6.7 – – 27

04-16-97 Fe/S .15 15 – 1,100 6.5 – – –

10-08-98 Fe .01 – – 720 6.4 1,170 – –

06-22-04 Fe – 3.7 250 – 6.2 945 – 11

MW1–16 09-17-96 S <.01 4.3 – 1,400 6.5 – – 150

04-16-97 Fe/S .06 29 – 1,800 6.5 – – –

03-04-98 Fe .01 – – – – – – –

10-08-98 M <.01 – – 1,600 6.3 3,370 – –

06-07-99 M .01 – – 1,200 6.7 1,820 – –

06-22-00 S .02 1.2 – 510 6.7 902 -130 43

06-14-01 S .08 10 – 610 6.4 953 – 40

06-13-02 M .04 24 270 700 6.5 1,400 -140 17

06-20-03 S .06 9.7 240 – 6.5 835 – 6.8

06-22-04 – .50 4.3 230 – 6.3 817 – 6.9

06-23-05 Fe/S .12 – 225 – 6.6 767 -110 3.8

06-13-06 – .06 3.0 70 – 6.7 737 -139 3.5

P1–6 06-08-99 S .04 – – 300 6.8 574 – –

06-14-01 S .12 6.3 – 350 6.4 657 -38 47

06-13-02 S .11 11 170 380 6.4 604 -11 37

06-20-03 Fe .07 4.8 40 – 8.1 278 – 13

06-18-04 S .10 .37 <10 – 8.6 268 – 18

06-23-05 Fe/S .12 1.4 24 – 7.1 332 -53 24

06-13-06 S .14 2.6 30 – 6.6 757 -85 35

P1-7 06-08-99 S <.01 – – 310 6.7 627 – –

06-22-00 Mn/Fe <.01 1.5 – 400 6.8 851 -35 55

06-14-01 Mn/Fe <.01 4.0 – 320 6.5 666 -32 41

06-14-02 Mn/Fe <.01 6.0 87 300 6.6 601 -41 60

06-20-03 Mn/Fe <.01 4.8 50 – 6.6 498 – 42

06-18-04 Mn/Fe <.01 1.7 40 – 6.7 613 – 56

06-22-05 Mn/Fe <.01 2.3 37 – 6.5 637 -20 55

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 2.1 – – 6.6 639 -60 49

P1-8 06-07-99 S .01 – – 210 7.6 381 – –

06-14-01 Fe .02 6.9 – 200 7.0 363 -73 18

06-13-02 Fe .02 11 40 104 6.9 482 -46 35

06-20-03 Fe <.01 9.6 <10 – 7.2 285 – 3.3

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .01 1.7 <10 – 7.4 336 -218 5.9

06-23-05 Mn/Fe <.01 3.4 <10 – 7.5 308 -147 4.2

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 4.5 <10 – 7.5 332 -124 8.0

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
20 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Total 

organic 

carbon, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

organic 

carbon, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Nitrate 

+ nitrite, 

filtered 

(mg/L as N)

Manganese, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Iron (II), 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

P1–9 06-08-99 M 19 0.3 – – – 0.90 0.03 –

06-22-00 S/M – .1 10 – – .69 .20 6.6

06-14-01 M 6.7 .1 2.3 1.7 <0.05 .19 .05 7.6

06-13-02 An – .6 – 9.8 <.05 1.2 .42 5.6

06-20-03 Fe .2 .1 – 3.7 <.06 .24 <.01 7.0

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 4.0 – .26 .14 7.3

06-23-05 Mn <.1 .1 – 1.4 <.06 .11 .01 8.7

06-13-06 S 4.4 .2 – 9.6 <.06 1.4 .33 5.3

P1–10 06-07-99 Fe .7 .3 – – – .10 .11 –

06-22-00 Fe – <.1 7.2 – – .07 .25 <.3

06-13-01 S 2.0 .2 3.0 4.2 <.05 .07 .20 .06

06-12-02 Fe .3 .1 – 3.5 <.05 .05 .41 <.1

06-19-03 Fe .2 .1 – 3.5 <.06 .42 .34 2.6

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 3.5 – .58 .35 <.2

06-22-05 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 3.3 <.06 .74 .24 <.2

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 3.4 <.06 .92 .15 <.2

Intermediate aquifer

1MW–4 09-17-96 Fe 0.6 1.6R 23 – <0.02 0.77 1.5 0.04

04-16-97 S 1.8 <.1 – – .03 – 1.7 .4

06-17-04 S 2.7 .1 – 15 – .97 2.0 .8

MW1–25 09-17-96 Fe .4 2.7R 7.4 – .14 .16 .74 16

04-17-97 Fe .8 .1 – – <.02 – .88 15

03-05-98 Fe .3 .3 7.9 – – .20 .73 –

10-05-98 Fe .2 .1 – – – .19 .99 –

06-22-00 Fe .4 .2 6.5 – – .16 .80 13

06-12-01 S 2.8–4.3 .2 7.1 6.8 <.05 .16 .99 13

06-14-02 S 0.7–2.4 .1 – 6.2 <.05 .18 1.1 9.7

06-19-03 Fe .3 .1 – 6.5 <.06 .18 1.1 11

06-16-04 Fe .2 .1 – 6.2 – .17 1.0 10

06-21-05 Fe .1 .1 – 5.9 <.06 .16 1.0 9.5

06-14-06 Fe .1 .1 – 6.3 <.06 .14 .97 8.1

MW1–28 09-16-96 Fe .3 2.1R 7.2 – <.02 .20 1.0 48

04-17-97 Fe 1.0 <.1 – – .04 – .99 51

03-05-98 Fe .4 .5 7.7 – – .20 .67 –

10-07-98 Fe .6 <.1 – – – .19 1.0 –

06-22-00 Fe .3 <.1 13 – – .16 .66 44

06-12-01 S/M 4.1–5.7 .5 10 6.9 <.05 .16 .90 45

06-14-02 An >100R .1 – 7.0 <.05 .16 .92 39

06-19-03 S 2.5 .1 – 6.8 <.06 .16 .66 39

06-16-04 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 5.9 – .18 <.01 36

06-21-05 Fe .1 .2 – 6.3 <.06 .16 .98 37

06-14-06 Fe .1 .1 – 6.1 <.06 .16 .78 35

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 21

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Sulfide, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Bicarbonate, 

filtered

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Chloride, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

P1-9 06-08-99 M <0.01 – – 270 6.6 680 – –

06-22-00 S/M <.01 1.7 – 250 6.8 548 -17 59

06-14-01 M <.01 1.4 – 200 7.8 289 -120 14

06-13-02 An <.01 7.5 91 280 6.5 601 17 71

06-20-03 Fe .01 2.5 27 – 7.0 353 – 23

06-18-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .71 35 – 6.7 330 -97 26

06-23-05 Mn <.01 .02 <10 – 8.3 202 22 12

06-13-06 S .01 3.2 37 – 6.6 728 -9 112

P1-10 06-07-99 Fe <.01 – – 300 6.7 560 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 1.3 – 290 7.1 500 -19 15

06-13-01 S <.01 4.9 – 290 7.2 476 -24 15

06-12-02 Fe <.01 18 51 270 6.8 438 8 14

06-19-03 Fe <.01 8.2 30 – 6.6 425 – 16

06-18-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .33 45 – 6.3 422 -69 9.5

06-23-05 Mn/Fe <.01 .71 40 – 6.6 420 4 11

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 6.3 29 – 6.6 437 -15 26

Intermediate aquifer

1MW-4

 

 

09-17-96 Fe <0.01 16 – 780 7.3 – – 25

04-16-97 S .02 47 – 1,300 7.3 – – –

06-17-04 S .06 4.5 120 - 6.5 1,200 – 25

MW1-25

 

 

 

 

 

09-17-96 Fe <.01 3.6 – 360 7.1 – – 140

04-17-97 Fe <.01 7.9 – 1,000 7.0 – – –

03-05-98 Fe <.01 – – – – – – –

10-05-98 Fe <.01 – – 450 6.9 1,240 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 .79 – 380 6.9 1,230 -49 170

06-12-01 S <.01 4.7 – 440 6.7 1,180 -36 160

06-14-02 S <.01 7.0 83 370 6.7 1,030 -60 170

06-19-03 Fe <.01 8.1 65 – 6.7 1,180 -17 170

06-16-04 Fe <.01 1.4 40 – 7.1 1,210 – 160

06-21-05 Fe <.01 2.1 33 – 6.9 1,150 -9 160

06-14-06 Fe <.01 2.4 27 – 6.9 1,090 -71 140

MW1–28 09-16-96 Fe <.01 1.7 – 350 – – – 380

04-17-97 Fe <.01 5.3 – 1,100 7.4 – – –

03-05-98 Fe <.01 – – – – – – –

10-07-98 Fe .02 – – 320 6.6 2,630 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 .45 – 480 7.3 2,460 -87 510

06-12-01 S/M <.01 4.1 – 480 7.4 2,200 -220 490

06-14-02 An <.01 3.9 40 470 7.2 2,580 -110 460

06-19-03 S <.01 1.7 32 – 7.1 2,440 -40 490

06-16-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .77 21 – 7.2 2,280 – 450

06-21-05 Fe <.01 1.0 23 – 6.9 2,210 -124 472

06-14-06 Fe .01 .83 21 – 7.0 2,110 -127 443

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
22 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Total 

organic 

carbon, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

organic 

carbon, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Nitrate 

+ nitrite, 

filtered 

(mg/L as N)

Manganese, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Iron (II), 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(mg/L)

Intermediate aquifer—Continued

MW1–29 09-16-96 Mn/Fe 0.0 1.9R – – <0.02 0.86 2.0 1.8

04-17-97 Fe .7 <.1 – – .29 – 2.1 1.1

06-16-04 Fe .9 <.1 – 3.2 – .99 3.0 <.09

MW1–38 10-09-98 Fe – .1 – – – .20 .08 –

06-20-00 Fe .1 .2 5.6 – <.05 .08 .10 2.3

06-12-02 S 1.4 <.1 5.0 – <.05 .08 .42 2.9

06-16-04 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 4.9 – .06 .04 1.2

06-24-05 Fe .3 .1 – 4.4 <.06 .06 .09 3.3

06-14-06 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 2.4 <.06 .01 .05 1.0

MW1–39 09-16-96 Fe/S .6 2.0R 4.4 – <.02 .02 <.01 .7

04-17-97 S 4.5 <.1 – – <.02 – .05 13

03-03-98 Fe/S .3 .3 3.7 – – .10 .03 –

10-09-98 Fe/S .5 <.1 – – – <.01 .04 –

06-07-99 Fe/S 1.0 .3 – – – .10 .02 –

06-20-00 Fe/S .5 .1 2.4 – <.05 .01 .07 .2

06-12-01 S 1.4 .3 3.4 3.3 <.05 .01 <.01 .1

06-12-02 M >30R <.1 – 2.8 <.05 .01 .1 .1

06-19-03 S 1.8 .1 – 2.5 <.06 .01 <.01 1.2

06-16-04 S 2.0 .1 – 2.4 – .01 .05 .1

06-14-06 Fe/S .7 .1 – 4.5 <.06 .05 .05 1.7

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 23

Study 

site No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Sulfide, 

unfiltered 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Bicarbonate, 

filtered

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Chloride, 

filtered

(mg/L)

Intermediate aquifer—Continued

MW1–29 09-16-96 Mn/Fe 0.02 8.1 – 300 – – – 500

04-17-97 Fe <.01 18 – 710 7.3 – – –

06-16-04 Fe <.01 – 18 – 7.3 2,660 – 660

MW1–38 10-09-98 Fe .02 – – 310 7.8 1,460 – –

06-20-00 Fe .03 .10 – 300 7.8 1,240 -130 230

06-12-02 S .04 1.1 7.7 310 7.6 1,350 -160 230

06-16-04 Mn/Fe .03 .13 11 – 7.4 1,130 – 200

06-24-05 Fe .03 .05 <10 – 7.7 1,210 -116 230

06-14-06 Mn/Fe <.01 .41 <10 – 7.5 1,120 -55 62

MW1–39 09-16-96 Fe/S .04 1.6 – 140 – – – 85

04-17-97 S .06 6.1 – 360 7.9 – – –

03-03-98 Fe/S .05 – – – – – – –

10-09-98 Fe/S .07 – – 170 8.1 502 – –

06-07-99 Fe/S <.01 – – 180 8.0 512 – –

06-20-00 Fe/S .08 .41 – 180 8.0 481 -130 61

06-12-01 S .05 2.7 – 170 7.8 472 -130 61

06-12-02 M .06 4.8 2.4 180 7.9 464 -120 60

06-19-03 S .05 5.4 <10 – 7.7 456 32 58

06-16-04 S .07 .72 <10 – 7.4 451 -216 58

06-14-06 Fe/S .06 1.2 <10 – 8.0 461 -138 210

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996–2006.—Continued

[Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004), and Dinicola and Huffman, 2004, 2006; 

prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. Study site 

No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Predominant redox condition: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific 

redox condition could not be determined; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Dissolved hydrogen: A range of 

dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration at a single value was never achieved. Selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected 

(R) because of interference from downhole instruments. Dissolved oxygen: Selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected (R) because of inadequate 

well purging. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; μS/cm, microSiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction 

potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
24 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study

site No. Date sampled PCE(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cisDCE

(μg/L)

transDCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Upgradient

MW1-3 06-15-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-12-06 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

MW1-20 06-12-02 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 – –

06-15-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-13-06 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

MW1-33 06-15-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-12-06 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

Northern plantation

1MW-1 06-16-04 <20 <20 130 130 730 10 50

06-12-06 – – – – – 21 61

MW1-2 06-17-04 <50 12 630 13 110 5.9 1.1

06-12-06 – – – – – 5.0 <5.0

MW1-15 06-15-04 <1.0 <1.0 .32 <1.0 .26 <5.0 <5.0

MW1-17 06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 .68 .23 .48 2.4 <5.0

MW1-18 06-16-04 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 19 18

MW1-41 06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 .27 <1.0 .23 10 <100

06-12-06 – – – – – <100 <100

P1-1 06-09-99 <2 11 6.1 <1 <4 – –

06-11-02 <.2 <.20 .16 .11 <.2 – –

06-18-03 <1.0 <1.0 .28 <1.0 <1.0 – –

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 29 8.6

06-22-05 <1.0 <1.0 .16 <1.0 <1.0 <100 <100

06-12-06 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <100 <100

P1-3 06-09-99 <16 35 450 20 120 – –

06-11-02 <.2 <.20 53 4.3 72 – –

06-18-03 <2.0 <2.0 58 4.5 79 – –

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 15 2.4 41 33 27

06-22-05 <1.0 <1.0 11 1.3 35 44 30

06-12-06 <1.0 <1.0 4.6 1.2 16 35 21

P1-4 06-09-99 <130 160 4,800 56 540 – –

06-13-01 <20 <20 4,900 46 650 – –

06-11-02 <.2 1.2 3,600 41 640 – –

06-18-03 <100 <100 3,200 42 440 – –

06-17-04 <130 <130 2,300 29 370 7.1 29

06-21-05 <67 <67 2,100 30 360 7 20

06-12-06 <50 <50 1,600 24 280 6 19

P1-5 06-08-99 <13 440 400 3.5 11 – –

06-10-02 <.20 <.20 .28 .78 .4 – –

06-18-03 <25 <25 7.8 <25 <25 – –

06-17-04 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 23 <10

06-21-05 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 23 <100

06-12-06 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 16 <100

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from monitoring wells and piezometers at 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2006.

[Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). Reported concentrations less than the detection limit are estimated. Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” 

for dilution, are not shown. Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 

1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

xylene; Total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Methane data are presented for diffusion samplers only. Abbreviations: E, estimated 

value; μg/L, microgram per liter; <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 25

Study

site No. Date sampled 1,1,1-TCA(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total 

BTEX

(μg/L)

Total 

CVOCs

(μg/L)

Upgradient

MW1-3 06-15-04 – – – – – –

06-12-06 – – – – – –

MW1-20 06-12-02 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 nd nd

06-15-04 – – – – – –

06-12-06 – – – – – –

MW1-33 06-15-04 – – – – – –

06-12-06 – – – – – –

Northern plantation

1MW-1 06-16-04 <20 11 <40 <20 nd 1,000

06-12-06 – – – – – –

MW1-2 06-17-04 <50 <50 <100 <50 nd 770

06-12-06 – – – – – –

MW1-15 06-15-04 <1.0 <1.0 .88 <1.0 30 1.5

MW1-17 06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 .31 1.4

MW1-18 06-16-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 nd nd

MW1-41 06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 1.7 <1.0 nd 2.2

06-12-06 – – – – – –

P1-1 06-09-99 <2 .24 <4 <2 19 17

06-11-02 <.20 .46 <.2 <.20 6.8 .73

06-18-03 <1.0 .26 <2.0 <1.0 3.9 .54

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 4.4 nd

06-22-05 <1.0 <1.0 .19 <1.0 3.5 .35

06-12-06 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 3.1 nd

P1-3 06-09-99 <16 <16 3.6 <16 nd 630

06-11-02 <.20 .60 9.9 .20 3.3 140

06-18-03 <2.0 .56 5.2 <2.0 1.7 150

06-17-04 <1.0 .38 6.9 <1.0 2.4 66

06-22-05 <1.0 .31 2.6 <1.0 2.3 50

06-12-06 <1.0 .32 4.4 <1.0 2.2 26

P1-4 06-09-99 <130 <130 <270 <130 nd 5,600

06-13-01 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 5,600

06-11-02 <.20 <10 .8 9.9 1.1 4,300

06-18-03 <100 <100 <200 <100 nd 3,700

06-17-04 <130 <130 <270 <130 nd 2,700

06-21-05 <67 <67 <130 <67 nd 2,500

06-12-06 <50 <50 <100 <50 nd 1,900

P1-5 06-08-99 <13 <13 15 <13 47 870

06-10-02 <.20 .27 20.9 <.20 18 23

06-18-03 <25 <25 19 <25 nd 27

06-17-04 <10 <10 23 <10 4.5 23

06-21-05 <10 <10 21 <10 8.2 21

06-12-06 <10 <10 14 <10 4.2 14

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from monitoring wells and piezometers at 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2006.—Continued

[Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). Reported concentrations less than the detection limit are estimated. Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” 

for dilution, are not shown. Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 

1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

xylene; Total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Methane data are presented for diffusion samplers only. Abbreviations: E, estimated 

value; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected; –, not analyzed]
26 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study

site No. Date sampled PCE(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cisDCE

(μg/L)

transDCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Southern plantation

MW1-4 06-18-04 <1,000 32,000 15,000 <1,000 1,600 32 200

06-13-06 – – – – – 39 200

MW1-5 06-18-04 <1.0 .26 .29 <1.0 .74 6.7 <50

06-13-06 – – – – – 9 30

MW1-6 06-22-04 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <100 <100

MW1-16 06-22-04 <10 <10 2.3 4.2 2.2 38 33

06-13-06 – – – – – 23 6.8

P1-6 06-08-99 <400 74 16,000 170 5,400 – –

06-14-01 <20 370 16,000 220 9,900 – –

06-13-02 <20 <20 3,700 170 5,100 – –

06-18-03 <50 470 1,100 39 1,300 – –

06-18-04 <20 <20 220 11 570 7.0 210

06-22-05 <130 <130 4,200 90 2,900 30 590

06-13-06 <100 <100 300 77 770 82 1,300

P1-7 06-08-99 <670 26,000 35,000 210 3,100 – –

06-22-00 3.6 27,000 44,000 220 3,800 – –

06-14-01 <20 26,000 37,000 190 4,000 – –

06-14-02 <20 37,000 62,000 400 5,700 – –

06-20-03 <2,000 28,000 35,000 <2,000 2,800 – –

06-18-04 <3,300 37,000 61,000 <3,300 5,100 36 520

06-22-05 <2,000 28,000 59,000 330 5,000 45 480

06-13-06 <2,000 24,000 43,000 <2,000 3,800 44 400

P1-8 06-07-99 <710 190 25,000 210 3,400 – –

 06-14-01 <20 810 8,600 62 4,200 – –

06-13-02 <20 <20 24,000 190 7,700 – –

06-20-03 <10 230 31 <10 7.2 – –

06-18-04 <1.0 .26 2.7 <1.0 23 <50 4.2

06-23-05 <1.0 <1.0 7 <1.0 21 <50 <50

06-13-06 <20 <20 620 4.0 58 <50 9.5

P1-9 06-08-99 <2,000 48,000 88,000 470 7,200 – –

06-22-00 5.0 88,000 64,000 320 5,800 – –

06-14-01 <40 29,000 7,300 32 450 – –

06-13-02 <20 90,000 79,000 590 7,900 – –

06-20-03 <1,000 60,000 27,000 <1,000 1,800 – –

06-18-04 <1,300 50,000 23,000 <1,300 2,100 16 200

06-23-05 <20 230 700 3.2 97 <5 4

06-13-06 <5,000 74,000 140,000 850 10,000 66 1,200

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from monitoring wells and piezometers at 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2006.—Continued

[Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). Reported concentrations less than the detection limit are estimated. Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” 

for dilution, are not shown. Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 

1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

xylene; Total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Methane data are presented for diffusion samplers only. Abbreviations: E, estimated 

value; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 27

Study

site No. Date sampled 1,1,1-TCA(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total 

BTEX

(μg/L)

Total 

CVOCs

(μg/L)

Southern plantation

MW1-4 06-18-04 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 nd 49,000

06-13-06 – – – – – –

MW1-5 06-18-04 <1.0 .36 3 <1.0 0.92 4.6

06-13-06 – – – – – –

MW1-6 06-22-04 <1.0 <1.0 1.7 <1.0 1.9 1.7

MW1-16 06-22-04 <10 590 290 <10 370 900

06-13-06 – – – – – –

P1-6 06-08-99 <400 1,500 300 <400 nd 23,000

06-14-01 <20 4,800 610 11 88 32,000

06-13-02 <20 4,300 1,400 <20 63 15,000

06-18-03 <50 380 270 <50 nd 3,600

06-18-04 <20 200 88 <20 nd 1,100

06-22-05 <130 <130 400 <130 nd 7,600

06-13-06 <100 1,200 2,600 <100 68 4,900

P1-7 06-08-99 <670 <670 <1,300 <670 nd 64,000

06-22-00 .24 17 8.4 72 18 75,000

06-14-01 <20 <20 <20 44 nd 68,000

06-14-02 <20 14 <20 64 nd 105,000

06-20-03 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 nd 69,000

06-18-04 <3,300 <3,300 <6,700 <3,300 nd 103,000

06-22-05 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 nd 92,000

06-13-06 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 nd 71,000

P1-8

 

06-07-99 <710 <710 <1,400 <710 nd 29,000

06-14-01 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 14,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 <20 16 nd 32,000

06-20-03 <10 4.2 <20 <10 nd 270

06-18-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 nd 26

06-23-05 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 nd 28

06-13-06 <20 <20 <40 <20 nd 680

P1-9 06-08-99 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 nd 140,000

06-22-00 <10 2.6 <20 47 36 160,000

06-14-01 <40 <40 <40 <40 nd 37,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 <20 54 11 180,000

06-20-03 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 nd 89,000

06-18-04 <1,300 <1,300 <2,700 <1,300 nd 75,000

06-23-05 <20 <20 <40 <20 nd 1,000

06-13-06 <5,000 <5,000 <10,000 <5,000 nd 220,000

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from monitoring wells and piezometers at 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2006.—Continued

[Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). Reported concentrations less than the detection limit are estimated. Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” 

for dilution, are not shown. Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 

1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

xylene; Total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Methane data are presented for diffusion samplers only. Abbreviations: E, estimated 

value; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected; –, not analyzed]
28 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

Study

site No. Date sampled PCE(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cisDCE

(μg/L)

transDCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

P1-10 06-07-99 <1,000 14,000 34,000 270 2,500 – –

06-22-00 1.00 8,700 13,000 100 2,300 – –

06-13-01 <20 6,600 12,000 68 1,900 – –

06-12-02 <20 4,600 7,000 55 2,000 – –

06-19-03 <400 2,300 9,400 <400 1,100 – –

06-18-04 <200 1,600 3,900 <200 890 12 46

06-23-05 <100 1,100 3,000 29 700 3 7

06-13-06 <1,000 2,200 27,000 160 2,500 19 53

Intermediate aquifer

1MW-4 06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 5.3 <50

MW1-25 06-14-02 <20 280 1,800 31 280 – –

06-19-03 <67 14 1,800 34 210 – –

06-06-04 – – – – – 4.7 15

06-21-05 <67 <67 1,700 30 220 6 13

06-14-06 – – – – – 7 14

MW1-28 06-14-02 <20 69 1,600 72 700 – –

06-19-03 <50 <50 1,200 68 470 – –

06-16-04 – – – – – 3.8 26

06-21-05 <67 <67 1,550 84 650 4 22

06-14-06 – – – – – <50 18

MW1-38 06-12-02 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 – –

06-16-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-21-05 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <5.0 <5.0

06-14-06 – – – – – <5 <5.0

MW1-39 06-19-03 <1.0 <1.0 .56 <1.0 1.3 – –

06-16-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-14-06 – – – – – <50 <50

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from monitoring wells and piezometers at 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2006.—Continued

[Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). Reported concentrations less than the detection limit are estimated. Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” 

for dilution, are not shown. Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 

1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

xylene; Total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Methane data are presented for diffusion samplers only. Abbreviations: E, estimated 

value; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 29

Study

site No. Date sampled 1,1,1-TCA(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total 

BTEX

(μg/L)

Total 

CVOCs

(μg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

P1-10 06-07-99 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 nd 51,000

06-22-00 <.1 1.2 .13 16 12 24,000

06-13-01 <20 <20 <20 11 nd 21,000

06-12-02 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 14,000

06-19-03 <400 <400 <800 <400 nd 13,000

06-18-04 <200 <200 <400 <200 nd 6,400

06-23-05 <100 <100 <200 <100 nd 4,800

06-13-06 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 nd 32,000

Intermediate aquifer

1MW-4 06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 nd nd

MW1-25 06-14-02 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 2,400

06-19-03 <67 <67 <130 <67 nd 2,100

06-06-04 – – – – – –

06-21-05 <67 <67 <130 <67 nd 2,000

06-14-06 – – – – – –

MW1-28 06-14-02 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 2,400

06-19-03 <50 <50 <100 <50 nd 1,700

06-16-04 – – – – – –

06-21-05 <67 <67 <130 <67 nd 2,300

06-14-06 – – – – – –

MW1-38 06-12-02 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 nd nd

06-16-04 – – – – – –

06-21-05 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 nd nd

06-14-06 – – – – – –

MW1-39 06-19-03 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 nd 2.0

06-16-04 – – – – – –

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from monitoring wells and piezometers at 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2006.—Continued

[Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. Shaded rows indicate 2006 data. All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). Reported concentrations less than the detection limit are estimated. Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” 

for dilution, are not shown. Study site No.: Location of study sites are shown in figure 2. MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. Volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 

1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

xylene; Total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Methane data are presented for diffusion samplers only. Abbreviations: E, estimated 

value; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected; –, not analyzed]
30 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006

This page intentionally blank
Manuscript approved for publication, December 11, 2007

Prepared by the USGS Publishing Network, 

Publishing Service Center, Tacoma, Washington

Bill Gibbs 

Ginger Renslow

Linda S. Rogers

Bobbie Jo Richey

For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the 

Director, Washington Water Science Center

U.S. Geological Survey

934 Broadway — Suite 300

Tacoma, Washington 98402

http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Dinicola and others —Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2006—Open-File Report 2007-1430