### PB85-227049

GUIDELINESFORDERIVINGNUMERICALNATIONALWATERQUALITYCRITERIA FORTHEPROTECTIONOFAQUATICORGANISMS MD THEIRUSES

by

Charles E. Stephen, Donald I. Mount, David J. Hansen, John R. Gentile,

Gary A. Chapman, andWilliam A. Brungs

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OFFICEOFRESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES DULUTH,MINNESOTA NARRAGANSETT, RHODEISLAND CORVALLIS, OREGON REPRODUCED BY NATIONALTECHNICAL INFORMATIONSERVICE U.S.DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE SPRINGFIELD, VA22161NOTICES

This document has been reviewedin accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication.

Mention of trade namesor commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

This documentis availableto the public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA22161.

iiCONTENTS Page Executive Summary

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Introduction

.............................. 1 I. Definition of Material of Concern

................ 19 II. Collection of Data

...................... 21 III. Required Data

.......................... 22 IV. Final Acute Value

........................ 26 V. Final Acute Equation

...................... 32 VI. Final Chronic Value

....................... 36 VII. Final Chronic Equation

..................... 43 VIII. Final Plant Value

........................ 47 IX. FinalResidueValue

....................... 48 X. Other Data

........................... 54 XI. Criterion.

........................... 54 XII. Final Review

.......................... 55

References

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Appendix 1. Resident North American Species of Aquatic Animals Used

in Toxicity andBioconcentration Tests

. . . . . . . . . . 62
Appendix 2. Example Calculation of Final Acute Value, Computer

Program, and Printouts

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

iiiexEcwTIvE SUMMARY Derivetim of n-rice1 nation81 water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organism8 and their Use8 is a Collp18X process (Figure .l) chat u8es information from many areas of aquatic toxicology. After a decision is madeehrt aaacional criterion ir needed for aparticular material, all available information concerning toxicity to, and bioaccumulacion by, 

## lqu8tic orgaairas ir collectrd , reviewd for rcceptability, and rorted. If enough acceptable data on acute toxicity co aquatic animals are available, they are u8ed co estimate the hiqhesc one-hour average coacencration that should not rerult in uoaccepcable affect8 oa aquatic organisma and their uaas. If jurcifiad, thir concencracioa is m&d8afuaccioa of awater quality characteristic ruch a8 PB, ralinity, or hardacs8. Similarly, data on the chronic toxicity of the material to aquatic animal8 are ured co escimace the highert four-day average concentration thee rhould not cause unacceptable toxicity during a long-term exposure. If appropriate, Ehi8 concencracion is al80 related to aw&car quality characterirtic. Data on toxicity to aquatic pleat8 are examined to decemine vhecher plants are likely to be unacceptably affected by conceacracioas chrt should not cause uaaccepcable effeccr oa animals. Data ou bioaccumulacion by aquatic orgaairu are ured codecermiae if residue8 might subject edible specie8 to rescrictioor by the U.S. Food andDrug Mainircracion or if such residue8 might harm som wildlife coa8mer8 of aquatic life. All ocher av8ilable data are exriaed for ldverre effect8 that might be biologically important. If a chorouqh review of the pertinent informacion indicates that enough acceptable data are available, numerical national vacer quality criteria are derived for Eresh water or salt water or both co protect aquatic organisms iv

### DerhaUon oiHum- National Wmtw

### Quality Crituia forthe ProtmctiondAqumtiaO~mnisnu 

### mndibolr U#r

Vsad their ures from unacceptable effect8 due to exporures to high, conceatrstionr for rhort period8 of time, lower coaceacracioa8 for longer period8 of time, and combin8tioa8 of the two.

viIat roduct ion Of the several pO88ible form8 of Criteria , the numerical form is the IDOlt COaSEIOUs

but the aarracive (e.g., pollutants m8c not be present ia harmful concentrations) and operational (e.g., concentration3 of pollutants
msc aoc exceed one-teach of the 96-hr LCSO)forms can be used if numerical criteria are not porriblc or desirable. If it were fearible, afreehwater (or 3alewacer) numeric81 aquatic life national cricerioa* for amaterial should bedetermined by conducting field tests on awide variety of unpolluted bodies of fresh (or salt) water. It would be aecersary to add vrrious mount8 of the material to each body of wacer in order codetermine the higherc concentration that would not cause any unacceptable long-term or shore-term effect on the aquatic orgaairnr or chair u8e3. The 10=8C of these highest coacentracioas would becoas the freshwaccr (or salcwacer) national aquatic life w&cat quality crireriou for that aacerial, unless one
or more of the lowert conceacracious were judged to be outlierr. Because ic is uot fearible codetermine national criteria by conducting ouch field testr, chase Guideline8 for Deriving Numerical Naeioaal Water Quality Criteria for the Procectioa of Aquatic Organisms andTheir Uses (hereafter referred co as the National Cuideliaes) describe anobjective, internally coasisceat, appropriate, and fersible vay of deriving national criteria, which are intended to provide the 3amelevel of protection as the infeasible field testing approach described above. Becaure aquatic ecoryscem8 can tolerate someseresr .andoccasional adverse effects, protection of all 3pecies at all times and placer is not

The term “national criteria” is used herein becaure ic is more descriptive than the 3ynoamou8 term “section 304(a) criteria”, which is used in cheWater Quality gtandards Regulation [lj. 1deemedaccesslry l If acceptable data are available for alarge number of

appropriate t8xa frao anappropriate variety of caxoacmic and functional grcups, area8oaablc level of prOteCCiOn vi11 probably be provided if all except asmall fraction of the taxa are protected, ualess a Commercially or recrsatioa8lly iaporcant specie8 ir very 3ea3itive. The mall fraction is get at 0.05 becau8e other fractioa8 rerultad in criteria chat reamed too high or coo low ia compariroa with the let8 of deer from which they wre calculaeed. Useof 0.05 to calculare aFinal Acura Valur doe8 not imply char this perceacage of adversely affected tax8 rhould be u8ed to decide in a field situation *ether acriterioa is coo high or coo low or just right. Dacensiaiag the validity of acriterion derived for a particular body of v&car, porribly by mOdifiC&tiOn of anacioaal CTiCeriOU co reflect local condicioas [1,2,31, should be based on anoperaeioaal definition of

“protection of aquatic orgaairms ad their urea” chat take8 iaco account the praccicalicies of field monitoring programs rod the concern8 of the public. Ebnicoriag progrmr should contain sampling point8 8f enough times and places thee all unacceptable changes, whether caured directly or indirectly, will be detected. The programs rhould adequately monitor the kinds of species of concern co the public, i.e., firh in fresh water and firh aad aacroinvercebrace8 in 8alt water. If the kind8 of specie8 of concern cannot be adequately moaicored at a rearouable co8t , appropriate rurrogace species 8hould bemonitored. Thekinds of rpecier m08t likely to be good surrogates are chore that either (a) are amajor food of the derired kinds of species or (b) utilize the samefood a8 the derired specie8 or (c) both. Even if a major adverse effect on appropriate surrogate species doe8 not directly result in anunacceptable effect on the kind8 of rpecies of concern to the public, it indicates ahigh probability that such anefface will occur. 2Tobe acceptable to the public and useful in field sicuacions, protection of aquatic organisms and their uses should be defined as prevention of unacceptable long-term and short-term effects on (1) commercially, tecreacionally, andocher important species and (2) (a) fish and benchic invertebrate assemblages in rivers and screams, and (b) fish, benchic inverrebrate, and zooplankcon assemblages in lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and oceans. Monitoring programs intended to be able codetect unacceptable effects should be tailored to the body of water of concern so that necessary samples are obtained af enough times and places co provide adequate data on the populations of imporranc species, aswell asdata directly related cothe reasons for their being considered important. For example, for substances chat are residue limited, species chat are consumed should be monitored for coacrainancs to ensure chat wildlife predators are protected, FDAaction levels are not exceeded, and flavor is uoc impaired. Moaicorinq programs should also provide daea on the nusber of taxa and number of individuals in the above-named assemblages rhac can be sampled at reasonable cost. The amount of decrease in the number of caxa or number of individuals in anassemblage that should be considered unacceptable should cake into account appropriate feacurer of the body of vacer and its aquatic community. Because most monitoring programs can only dececc decreases of
more chm 20percent, any statistically significant decrease should usually be considered unacceptable. The insensitivity of most oonicoring programs greatly limits their usefulness for studying the validicy of criteria because unacceptable changes can occur and not bedececced. Therefore, although limited field studies can sometimes demonscrare chat crieeria are underprotective, only high quality field studies can reliably demonscrace that criteria are not underproteccive. 3If the purpo8e of water quality criteria were co protect only

cmrcially and recreacionaily important species, criteria Specifically derived coprotect such species and chair uses from the direct adverse effects of am8cerial would probably, in more rieuacions, 8100 protect those species from indirecr adverse effects due to effectr of the material onocher species in the lcosystee. For ex8aple, in most sicuatioos either the food chain would be more resistant than the important species 8d their uses or the important species and their food chains would be adaptable enough co overcome effeccr of the material oa portions of the food chains. These Retional Cuideliner have been developed on the rheory that effects which occur ou aspecies in appropriate laboratory tests will generally occur on the s8aa species in ccmp8rable field situations. All Morth American bodies of water and resident aquatic species md their uses 8re want co be taken into account, rxcepc for afav chat maybe coo atypical, such as the Great Salt Lake, brine shriap, aud the riscouet subspecies of Lake trout, which occurs in Lake Superior and contains up co67%fat in cha fillets [4]. Derivation of criteria specifically for the Great Salt Lake or Lake Superior might have cotake brine shrimp and siscowec, rerpectively, into accouec. -erical aquatic Life criteria darived using these Aacioaal Guidelines 

## arelxpre8sed 

## astw emhero, rather than the traditional one umber, so that the criteria more accurecely reflect toxicological and practical realicier. Kf properly derived and used, the coabinacion of araxircn concentration and acoatinuour coaceatratiou rhould provide an appropriate degree of protection of aquatic organism8 and their uses from acute lud chronic toxicicy co 

## lnim818, toxicity to plaacs, and bioaccmulation by aquatic org8nismr,

4without being as restrictive as aone-number criterion would have to be iu order to provide the samedegree of protection. Criteria produced by these Guidelines are intended cobe useful for developing water quality standards, mixing zone standards, effluent limicatioas, etc. Thedevelopment of such standards and limitations, however, might have cotake into account such additional factors 

### associal, legal, economic, and hydrological considerations, the environmental and analytical chemistry of the aacerisl , the extrapolatiaa from Laboratory daea co field situations, and relationships becueea species for which data are available and species in the body of vater of concern. Asan iatenaediate step in the development of stmdards, it might be desirable to derive rice-specific criteria bymodification of* national criteria to reflect such local conditions as uater quality, temperecure, or ecologicaLly importanc species [1,2,31. In addjtion, vich appropriate modifications them National Guidelines can ba used coderive criteria for any specific geographical area, body of water (such as the Great Salt Lake), or group of similar bodies of water, if adequate infomation is available concerning the effects of the material of concern on appropriate species and their uses. Criteria should attempt co provide a reasonable and adequate amouacof protection with only asmall possibility of coasiderablr overprotection or underprotection. It is not enough chat anational criterion be the best estimate chat can be obtained using available data; ic is equally important chat acriterion be derived only if adequate appropriate data are available coprovide reasonable confidence chat ic is a good eat imare. Therefore, these National Guidelines specify cartrin data chat should be available if a numerical criterion is cobederived. If all the required data are uot

5available, usually acriterion should not be derived. Onthe other hand, the

availability of all required data does not ensure that acriterion can be derived. Acommonbelief is that national criteria are based on “worse case” assumptions and that local considerations will raise, but not lower, criteria. For exmple, it will usually be assused that if the concentration of amaterial in 

### abody of water is lower than the national criterion, no unacceptable effects will occur and no site-specific cri&arion needs cobe derived. If, however, the concentration of amaterial in abody of water is higher than the national cricerioa , it will usually be assumed that asitespecific criterioa should be derived. In order co preveac the 

## lssuxpcioa of the “worst case” nature of aatioual criteria from resulrinq in the underprotection of coo aaay bodies of water, national criteria muat be intended to protect a1’1or alaosc all bodier of water. Thus, if bodies of water and the aquatic comaraities in them do differ substantially in their sensitivities to anaterial, national criteria should be at least somewhat overprotective for amajority of the bodies of water. Todo otherwise would either (a) require derivation of site-specific criteria even if the sicespecific concentration were substantially below the natioaal criccrion or (b)
cause the “worst case” 

## lsrmpeioa to result in the underprotection of numerous bodies of water. Onthe other hand, national criteria are probably underprotective of somebodies of water. Thetuo factors that will probably cause the most difference between national and site-specific criteria are the species chat will be exposed and the characteristics of the water. In order to ensure chat national crireria
are appropriately protective, the required data for national criteria include somespecies that are sensitive comanymaterials and national criteria are 6specifically based ontests coaducted in water relatively low in particulate matter aad orgaaic matter. Thus, the two factors chat will usually be considered in the derivatioa of site-specific criteria from natioaal criteria
are used to help ensure chat national criteria are appropriecely proceccive. 00the ocher hand, somelocal condicioas might require chat ricespecific criteria be lower thaa national criteria. Someuaeesced locally important species might bevery sensitive cothe material of concern, aad local water quality might aoc reduce the coxicicy of the material. In addition, aquatic organisms in.field situations might be streeeed bydiseases, parasites, predators, other pollutmcs, contaminated or insufficient food, aad fluctuating lud extreme conditioas of flow, water quality, aad temperature. Further, somematerials might degrade to moretoxic materials, or some import&at cmaity fuactioas or species interactions might beadversely affected by coaceatratious lower than chose that affect iadividual species. Criteria aaat be used in amanaer that is coneietenc with the 

### wayia which they were derived if the intended lev.el of protrctioo is to be provided ia the real world. Although derivation of wafer quality criteria for aquatic life is coascraiaed by the waystoxicity andbiocouceatration tests are usually coaducted, there are still aaay diffareac ways that criteria canbe derived, expressed, andused. Themeansused to derive aad rtate criteria should relate, in the best possible way, the Linda of data that are available concerning toxicity aadbioconceatracioa andthe wayscriteria can be used co protect aquatic organirma ludtheir uses. Themajor problem is to determine the best waychat the atatement of a cricerioa caa bridge the gap between the nearly constant conceatrations used in most toxicity aadbioconcentratioa tests andthe fluctuating coaceacrations that usually exist in the real world. Astatement of acriterioa asanumber 7that is not to be exceeded any time or place is not acceptable betause few,

if any, people whouse criteria would take it literally aad few, if any, toxicologists would defend a literal interpretation. Rather than cry to reinterpret acriterion chat is neither ureful nor valid, it is better to develop amore appropriate way of staeiag criteria. Alchouqh somsmaterials might not exhibit chresholdr, maaymaterials probably do. For any threshold material , coatinuoua exposure co any combiaation of coocaatratioas below she threshold will not cause an unacceptable effect (es defiaed oa pager l-3) on aquatic orgaaistis and their ures, except that the conceocration of a required crate nutrient might be too low. However, ie is importaac to noee that this is athreshold of unacceptable effect, not athreshold of adverse effect. Someadverse effect, possibly even asmall reduccioa ia the suNiva1, growth, or reproduction of a cmrcially or recreatioaally imporcaat species, will probably occur ar, sad possibly even below, the threshold. The Criterion Continuous Coacuacracion (CCC) is iatended to be a good estimate of this threshold of unaccepceble effect. If maintained coatinuously, lay coucentracion above the CCCis expected to cauae aa uaacceptable affect. Cnthe ocher head, the conceacratioa of apollutant in abody of water can be above the CCCwithout causing anunacceptable affect if 

### (a) the magnitudes aaddurations of the excursions above the CCCare appropriately limited and (b) there are compensating periods of time during which the concentration is below the CCC. Thehigher the concentration ir above the CCC,the shorter the period of time ic can be tolerated. But it is uailnportrat whether there is any upper limit on coaceatrations that can be colerated instancaaeously or even for one minute because concentrations outside mixing soaes rarely change substantially in such short periods of time. 8in elegant, general approach co the problem of definiag conditions (a) and (b) would be to integrate the concentration over time, taking into account uptake anddeputation rates, cransport within the organism co a critical site, etc. Because such an approach is not currently feasible, an approximate approach is to require that the average concentration not exceed tha CCC. The average concentration should probably be calculated asthe arithmetic average rather than the geometric mean (51. If asuitable averaging period is selected, the magnitudes end duraeioas of conceasratione above the CCCwill be appropriately limited, end suitable compensating periods below the CCCwill be required. In the elegant approach mentioned above, the uptake end depuracioa rates vould deeermine the effective averagiag period, but these rates are likely to vary from species to rpecies for any particular material. Thus the elegaat approach might not provide adefiaitive aaswer to the problem of selecting an appropriate averaging period. An

### llteraacive is to consider that the purpose of the averaging period is to allow the concentration to be above the CCC only if the allowed fluctuating concentracioas do not cause more adverse effect thaa would be caused by acoaeinuous exposure cothe CCC. For example, if the CCCcaused a 10%reduction in growth of rainbow trout, or a 13%reduction in survival of oysters, or a7%reduction ia reproduction of smallmouth bass, it ia the purpose of the averaging period co allow concentrations above the CCConly if the coral exposure will not cause any more adverae effect than continuous exposure to the CCCwould cause. Even though only afew tests have compared the effects of aconscanc concentration with the effects of the sameaverage conceatratioa resulting fran afluccuatiag concentration , nearly all the available comparisons have shown that substantial fluctuations result in increased adverse effects 9[5,61 n Thus if the averaging period is aot coallow increesed adverse

effacts, it mst not allow subataatial fluctuations. 

### Life-Cycle cescs with species such asmysids anddaphnids aadearly life-stage tests with warnwater fishes usually last for 20

### CO30

### days. Anaveraging period that is equal CO the lenqch of the 

### test will obviously allow the worst possible fluccuacions andwould very likely allou increased adverse effects. Anaveraging period of four days seemsappropriate for use with the CCC for two reasons. First, it ia subecantially shorter than the 20co30 days chat is obviously unacceptable. Secoad, for somespecies it appears that the results of chroaic tests are due to the existence of asensitive life stage at sometime during the test [71, rather than being caused by either longterm stress or loag-term lccumulatioa of the test material in the organism. Theexistence of asensitive life stage is probably the cause of acutechronic rarios that are not muchgreater thaa 1, and is also possible when the ratio is subscancially greater than 1. Ia addition, someexperimentally determined acute-chronic ratios are somewhat less than 1, possibly because prior exposure duriag the chronic tese increased the resistance of the sensitive life stage (81. Afour-day averaging period will probably prevent increased adverse effactr onsensitive life stages by limiting the durations andmagnitudes of exceedeaces* of the CCC.

‘Ibe considerations applied to interpretation of the CCCalso apply to the CMC. For the Cm:the averaging period should again be substaatially less than the lengths of the tests ic is based on, i.e., substaotially less than
*Although “exceedence” has not been found in laydictionary, it is used here because it is not appropriate to use “violation” in conjunction with criteria, noother word seemsapprovriate , sad all appropriate phrases are awkward. 1068 to 96 hours. Onehour is probably anappropriate averaging period because high conceatratioas of somematerials can cause death in one to.three hours. gven whenorganisms do not die within the first hour or so, it is not ~IIOWII howmany might have died due to delayed effects of this short of en exposure. Thus it is not appropriate to allow concentrations above the Q4Cco exist for aa loag as one hour. lhe durations of the averaging periods in national criteria have been madeshort enough to restrict allowable fluccuatioas in the conceacration of the pollutant in the receiving water and co rescricc the length of time that the coacentracioa in the receiving water can be koatiauously above a criterion concentratioas. The statement of acriterion could specify that the four-day average should never exceed the CCCaad that the one-hour average should never exceed the CMC. However, one of the most important uses of criteria is for desigaiag waste creacment facilities. Such facilities are designed based on probabilities and it is not possible to desiga for azero probability. Thus, one of the important design parameters is the probability that the four-day average or the one-hour average will be exceeded, or, in other uords, the frequeacy with which exceedences will be allowed. The frequency of allowed exceedences should be based on the ability of aquatic ecosystems to recover from the exceedences, which will depend in part oa the magnitudes and durations of the exceedeaces. It is important to realize that high coaceatrations caused by spills and similar major events
are aot what is meant by an“exceedence”, because spills and other accidents
are not part of the desiga of the normal operation of waste treatment facilities. Rather, exceedences are extreme values in the discriburion of ambient concentrations and this distribution is the result of the usual variations in the flows of both the effluent end the receiving water and the usual 11variations in the concentrrtions of the material of concern in both the

effluent and in the upstretln receiving water. Because exceedeaces are the resulf of usual variation, most of the exceedences will be small and exceedences as large as afactor of CWO will be rare. In addition, because these excaedences are due co random variation, ehey will not be evenly spaced. In fact, because many receiving waters have both one-year end multi-year cycles and manytreatment facilities have daily, weekly, and yearly cyc108, exceedencee will often be grouped, rather than being evenly spaced or raadomly distributed. If the flow of the receiving water is usually much greater than the flow of the effluent , normal variation and the flow cycles will result in the ambient concencracioa usually being below the CCC,occasionally beiag aear ehe CCC,and rarely beiag above the CCC. In 

### ldditioa, excaedences that do occur will be grouped. Onthe other hand, if the flow of the effluent is muchgreater than the flow of the receiving water, the concentration might be close cothe CCCmuchof the time and rarely above the CCC,with exceedences being randomly distributed. The abilities of ecosystems co recover differ greatly, and depend on the pollutant, the magnitude and duration of the exceedence, and the physical and biological features of the ecosystem. Docmeaced studies of recoveries are few, but some systems recover from small stresses ia six weka whereas ocher systems take more than ten years to recover fran severe stress [3]. Although most lxceedeaces lra expected to bevery mall, larger exceedences will occur occasionally. Most aquatic ecosystems can probably recover frownmost exceedences in about ehree years. Therefore, it does noe seemreasonable co purposely design for stress above that caused by the CCCto occur more than
once every three years onthe average, just as it does not seemreasonable

12to require that these kinds of stresses only occur once every five or can years on the average. If the body of water is not subject to 

## lnthropogeaic stress other than the exceedences of concern and if exceedences as large as efactor of cwoare rare, ic seems reasonable that most bodies of water could tolerate exceedencee once every three years on the average. Ia situations in which exceedences are grouped, several exceedeaces might occur in oae or two years, but then there will be, for example, 10co20year, during which no exceedsaces will occur and the coacencration will be substantially below the CCCmost of the time. In situations in which the coacentracioa is often close to the CCCand exceedeaces are randomly distributed, someadverse effect will occur replarly, aad amall additional , uaacceptable effects will occur about every third year. The relative long-tens ecological consequences of evenly spaced end grouped exceedeaces are uakaown, but because most exceedeaces will probably be small, the long-tern consequences should be about equal over long periods of time. The above considerariona lead to astacemeat of acriterion in the frequency-intensity-duration format chat is often used codescribe rain and
snow fall aad screw flow, e.g., howoften, oa the average, does more than ten iaches of rain fall in aweek? The numerical values chosea for frequency (of average recurrence interval), iatensity (i.e., conceatracion), aad duration (of averaging period) are those appropriate for national criteria. Whenever adequately justified, anational criterion maybe replaced by a site-specific criterion 111, which may include not only sitespecific criterioa coacentrations [21, but also site-specific durations of 

## lveragiag periods and site-specific frequencies of allowed exceedences [3].

13The concentrations, durations, and frequencies specified in criteria are

based onbiological, ecological, AadtOXiCOlOqiC&l data, and are designed to protect aquatic organisms and their uses from unacceptable effects. Useof criteria for designing waste treatment facilities requires selection of an appropriate wasteload allocation model. @namic models are preferred for the application of water quality criteria, but asteady-state model might have co be used instead of adynamic model in somesituations. Regardless of the model that is used, the durationa of rhe averagiag periods and the frequencies of allowed exceedences must be applied correcclp if the intended level of protectiou is to be provided. For example, in the criterion statement frequeacy refers to the average frequency, over a long period of time, of rare events (i.e., exceedences). However, in somediscipliars, frequency is often ehought of in tams of the average frequency, over along period of time, of the years in which rare events occur, without any consideration‘of howaany rare eveacs occur within each of those eveacful years. Thedistiaction between the frequency of events and cbe frequency of years is important for all those situations i’n which the rare events, e.g., sxceedences, tend to occur in groups within the eventful years. The cwuways of calculatiuq frequency produce the sameresults ia situations ia which each rare eveac occurs in adifferent year because then the frequency of eveacs is rhe sameas the frequency of eventful years. Because fresh water and salt water have basically different chemical compositions and because freshwater and saltwater (i.e., estuarine sad true marine) species rarely inhabit the samewater simultaaeously, these National Guidelines provide for the derivation of separate criteria for these two kinds of water. For some materials sufficient data might not be available to allow derivation of criteria for one or both kinds of water. Evea though absolute toxicicier might be different in fresh and sale waters, such 14relative data as acute-chronic ratios and bioconcenrration factors often appear to be similar in the two waters. Whendata are available to indicate that these ratios and factors are probably similar, they are used iaterchangeably. Thematerial for which acriterion is desired is usually defined in terms of aparticular chemical compound or ion, or agroup of closely related compounds or ions, but it might possibly be defined in terma of an effluent. These National Guidelines might also be useful for deriving criteria for temperature, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, pE, sstc., if the kinds of data onwhich the Guidelines are based are available. Because they are meant to be applied only after adecision has been made that anational water quality criterion for aquatic organisms is needed for a material, these National Guidelines do not address the rationale for making that decision. If the potential for adverse effects on aquatic organisms and their uses is part of the basis for deciding whether sn aquatic life criterion is needed for amaterial, these Guidelines will probably be helpful in the collection and interpretation of relevant data. Such properties as volatility might affect the fate of amacerial in the aquatic environment and might be imporcane whendetermining whether acriterion is needed for a material; for example, aquatic life criteria might not be needed for materials that are highly volatile or highly degradable in water. Although such properties can affect howmuchof the material will get from the point of discharge through any allowed mixing tone to someportion of the ambient water aad can also affect the size of the zone of influence in the ambient water, such properties do not affect howmuchof the material aquatic organisms can tolerate in the zone of iaflueace. This version of the National Guidelines provides clarifications, additional details, and technical and editorial changes from the previous 15version 191. These modifications are she result of co~cncs on the previous

version and subsequent drafts 

## (101, experience gained during the U.S. EPA’S u8e of previous versions and drafts, and advances in aquatic toxicology and related fields. Future versions will incorporate newconcepts and data as their usefulness is demonsrraced. Themajor technical change8 incorporated into rhis version of cha National Guidelines are: 1. The requirement for acute data for freshwater animals has been changed co include more cots with invertebrate species. The caxonoaic, functional, and probably the toxicological, diversities aonq invertebrate species
are greater than chose amongvertebrate species and this should be reflected ia the required data. 2. Whenavailable, 960hr ECSOsbased on the percentage of fish immobilized plus the percentage of fish killed lrs used instead of 96-l-w LC5Osfor fish; comparable EC508 are used instead of LC508 for ocher species. Such appropriately defined KC508bercer reflect the total severe acute adverse impacc of the cesc maeerial on the cesc species than do LC5Osor narrowly defined LC5Os. kuce EC508chat are based oneffects chat are not severe, such u reduction in shell deposition and reduction in grouch,
are nor used in calculating the Final Acute Value. 3. The Final Acute Value is nowdefined in censs of Genus tkan Acute Values ragher than Species &an Acute Values. AGenus MeanAcute Value is the geowtric meanof all the Species Mean Acute Values available for species in the genus. Cnthe average, rpecies within agenus are coxicoloqically muchmore similar than species in different qenera, and so the use of Genus MeanAcute Values will prevent data sets frcm being biaaed by an overabundance of species in one or afew genera.

164. The Final Acute Value is nowcalculated using amethod Ill] chat is not subject cothe bias and anomalous behavior chat the previous method was. The newmethod is also less influenced by one very low value because it always gives equal weight cothe four values chat provide the most information about the cumulative probability of 0.05. Although the four values receive the most weight , the ocher values do have a substantial effect onthe Final Acute Value (see examples in Appendix 2). 5. The requirements for using the results of cesca with aquatic plants have been mademore stringent. 6. Instead of being equal to the Final Acute Value, the Criterion brimam Concentration is nowequal COone-half the Final Acuce Value. The Criterion MaximumConcentration is intended co protect 95 percent of a group of diverse genera , unless acomosrcially or recreacionally importane species is very sensirive. However, aconcencracion chat would severely harm 50percent of the fifth percentile or 50percent of a sensitive important species cannot be considered co be proceceive of chat percentile or thst species. Dividing the Final Acute Value by 2is intended to result in aconcencracion that will not severely adversely affect coo manyof the orgsnimu. 7. The 1-r of the two n-bets in the criterion is nowcalled the Criterion Continuous Concentration , rather than the Criterion Average Concencration, to more accurately reflect the nature of the toxicological data on which it is based. 8. The statement of acriterion has been changed (a) co include durations of averaging periods and frequencies of allowed exceedences chat are based onwhat aquatic organisms and their uses can colerace, and (b) to

17identify aspecific sicu8cion in which site-specific cricerir [1,2,3j are probably desirable. In addition, Appendix 1vas added COaid in determining vhecher aspecies should be considered resident in North America and its caxonomic classificacion. Appendix 2explrins the calculation of the Final Acute Value. The mount of guid8nce io these N8cional Guidelines has been increased, but such of the guidanoe is necessarily qualitative rather than quantitative; xuch judgment will usually be required COderive awacer~ualicy criterion for aqu8tic organisms and chair uses. In addition, although this version of the Netional Guidelines 

### lCtempC8 Cocover all major questiona char have arisen during use of srevious versions and drafts, it undoubtedly does not cover all sicuacions chat might occur in the future. All necessary decisions should be based ons thorough knowledge of aquatic toxicology and an understanding of chase Guidelines snd should be consistent with the spirit of chase Guidelines, i.e., to make best use of the Nailable dac8 to derive the most appropriate criteri8. These National Guidelines should be modified whenever sound scientific evidence indicates chsc anational criterion produced using chase Guidelines would probrbly be substantially overprotective or underproceccioe of the aquatic organism8 and their uses on anecional basis. Derivation of nmeric81 n8cional meet quality criteria for aquatic organisms end their uses is l complex process and requires knowledge in many areas of aquatic toxicology; any deviation from these Guidelines should be carefully considered co ensure chat ie is cousiscenc vith other parts of these Guidelines.

18I. ~finicion of Material of Concern A. Each separate chemical that does not ionize subscancially in most natural bodies of water should usually be considered aseparate material, except possibly for structurally similar organic compounds chat only exist in large quantities as cornnercial mixtures of the various compounds and apparently have similar biological, chemical, physical , and toxicological properties. B. For chemicals chat do ionize subsc8nciall~ in most natural bodies of water (e.g., somephenols and organic acids, som salts of phenols and orgaaic acids, andmost inorganic 88lcs and coordination complexes of metals), all forms chat would be in chemical equilibrium should usually be considered one material. tach different oxidation state of aweal andeach different nonionixable covalently bonded organometallic compound should usually be considered asep8r8te racsrial.
c. The definition of the material should include anoperational 

## laalyc ical component. Identification of amaterial simply, for exmple, AS“sodiu” obviously implies “coca1 sodi=“, but leaves
rooa for doubt. If “total” is maanf, it should be explicitly St&ted. Bvea “total” has different operational definitions, some of dtich do not necessarily measure “all that is there” in all samples. Thus, it is also necessary to reference or describe xhe analytical method that is intended. Theoperacion8l analytical component should cake into account the analytical and environmental chemistry of the material , the desirability of using the sane analytical method on samples frop laboratory tests, ambient water,

19and.aqueous effluents, and Various practical considerations, such 88 labor and equipaanc requirements and whether the method would require measurement in the field or uould allow measurement after samples are transported to a laboratory.

‘fhe primary requirements of the operational analytical componenC
are that it be appropriate for use onsamples of receiving uucer, chat ic be compatible with the 8vailablo toxicity and bioaccumulacioa data uichouc m8kiUg eXtrApOl8tiOUS thrc 8tS too hypochecic81, and chat it rarely result in underprocection or overprotection of aquatic organisms and their uses. Because 8n ideal analyCica1 aeuureunt vi11 rarely be avAil8ble , acompromise measurement will usually h8ve Cobe.used. ‘Ibis compromise le8suremeat must fit with the general 

### approach chat if an mbiene concencracion is lover ch,an the nacion81 cricerioa, unacceptable effects will probably not occur, i.e., the coapraise measurement atat not err on the side of underprotection whenmeasurements are sde on 8surface tracer. Because the chaical lud phySiCA propetries of aaeffluent are. usually quite different from those of the receiving uacer, an analytical method that is acceptable for 

## lnalyxing an effluent might uot be rppropriace for analyzing 8 receiving ulcer', andvice versa. If the ubient concencrecion calculated from ameasured coacencr8tiou in aneffluent is higher than the national crice?ion, an additional option is Comeasure chs concentration after dilution of the effluent with receiving water codetermine if the measured coocentracion is lowered by such phenomena 8s complexacion or sorption. Afurther option, of course, is coderive asicespecific criterion [1,2,3]. Thus, the criterion should be based on 20anappropriate analytical measurement, but the criterion is not rendered uaelcrs if an ideal measurement either is not available or ir not feasible. NOTE: Theanalytical chemistry of the material might have co be taken into account whendefining the material or whenjudging the acceptability of sometoxicity tests, but acriterion should not be based on the sensitivity of ananalytical method. Whenaquatic organisms are more sensitive than routine malyrical methods, the proper solution is to develop better analytical methods, not co underprotect aquatic life.
II. Collection of Data

A. Collect all available data on the material concerning (a> toxicity to, and bioaccumulacion by, aquatic animals and plants, (b) FDA action level8 (121, and (c) chronic feeding studies and long-term field studies with wildlife species that regularly consume aquatic organisms. 0. All data that are uaed should be available in cpped, dated, and signed hard copy (publication, manuscript, letter, memorandum, etc.) with enough supporting information co indicate that acceptable test procedures were used and that the reaulcr are probably reliable. In somecases it maybe appropriate to obtain additional written information from the invertigacor, if possible. Information that is confidential or privileged or otherwise not available for distribution should not be used. C. Questionable data, whether published or unpublished, should not be used. For example, data should usually be rejected if they are 21from rests that did not cont.&in acontrol treatment, tests in which too manyorganisms in the control treatment died or showedsigns of stress or disease, and rests in which distilled or deionized uater
was used as the dilution water without addition of appropriate sales. D. Data ontechnical grade materials may be used if appropriate, but data onformulaeed mixtures andemulsifiable concentrates of the material of concern should not beused. E. For somehighly volatile, hydrolyzable , or degradable materials it is probably appropriate to use only results of flow-through tests in which the concentrations of test material in the test solutions were measured often enough using acceptable analytical methods. P. Data should be rejected if they were obtained using: 1. Brine shrimp, because they usually only occur naturally in water with salinity greater than 35g/kg. 2. Species that do not have reproducing wild populations in North America (see Appendix 1). 3. Orgaaisms that uera previously exposed to subetantial concentrations of the test material or other contaminants. G. Questionable data, data onfomlated mixtures and ewlsifiable 4 7l@dtu concanerates, and data obtainad with non-resident species% A previously exposed organisms maybe used to provide auxiliary information but should not be used in the derivation of criteria.
III. Required Data

A. Certain data should be available to help ensure that each of the four major kinds of possible adverse effects receives adequate
22consideration. Results of acute andchronic toxicicy tests with representative species of aquatic animals are necessary so chat data available for tested species can be considered auseful indication of the sensitivities of appropriate unceated species. Fewer data concerning toxicity to aquatic plants are required because QtOCedUteS for conducting tests with plants and interpreting the results of such tests are not aswell developed. Data concerning bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms are only required if relevant data are available concerning the significance of residues in aquatic organisms. B. Toderive acriterion for freshwater aquatic organisms andtheir uses, the following should be available: 1. Results of acceptable acute tests (see Section IV) vith at leaat one species of freshwater animal in at least eight different families such that all of the following are included: 

### a. b.



### C.

d.

e. the family Salmonidae ‘in the class Qsteichthyes
asecond family in the class Osteichthyer, preferably acommercially or recreationally important warmwater species (e.g., bluegill, channel catfish, etc.)
athird family in the phylum Chordata (maybe in the class Osteichthyes or maybe anamphibian, etc.) aplanktonic crustacean (e.g., cladoceran, COpepOd, etc.) abenthic crustacean (e.g., oatracod, isopod, aatphipod, crayf isb, etc. 1

23f. an insect (a.g., mayfly, dragonfly, damselfly, stonefly, caddisfly, mosquito, midge, ccc.) 80 afamily in aphylum other thm Arthropoda or Chordara (e.g., Rotifera, Annelida, Hollurca, etc.) h. a family in any order of insect or any phylrnn not already rsprsaented. 2. Acute-chronic ratios (see Section VI) with species of aquatic animal8 in at least three different foilies QrOVidad that of the three rpecies: --at least one ia afish -at least one is an invertebrata -at least one is an acutely sensiciva freshwater species (the ocher two maybe saltwatar species). 3. Eeaults of at lea&c one acceptable test wicb a freshwater alga or vascular plaat (aae Sectioer VIII). If planta are song the aquatic organisms thee are most sensitive to the material, results of atest with a plant in another phylum (division) should alao be available. 4. ACleast oae acceptable biocouceacracioo factor determined with an

## lpproprface freshwater species, if amaxinrn permissible tiaaur concentration is available (see Section IX).
c. Toderive acriterion for saltwater aquatic organisms and cheik uses, the following ahould be available: 1. Raaults of acceptable acute carts (rae Saction IV) with lc least one species of saltwater animal in ae least eight different failiss such chat all of the following are included: 24a. two families iir the phylrnn Chordata b. a fmily in aphyla other than Arthropoda or Chordata
c. either the Myaidae or Pen&aid&e family d. three other familiar not in the phylum Chordaca (may include Xyaidae or Penaeidae, whichever was not used above)
l* any ocher family. 2. Acute-chronic ratios (see Section VI) with species of aquatic aniula in at Isaac three differeut fairies provided that of the three lpeciea:

--•c least ona ia afiab -at least oua is aa invertebrate --ac least one ia an acutely seositiva saltwater spaciea (the ocher two may ba freshw8ter species). 3. Bhsulcs of at least Ocleacceptable test with asalcwacer alga or vascular plaur (see Section VIII). If plants are amongthe aquatic organisms aoac seasicive to the material, results of a test with apleat in another phylrer (division) should also be roailable. 4. AC leaat ane acceptable biocoacentratiou factor determined with anappropri8te 

### s~lcwacer spacies, if amaxima permissible tissue concentration is available (see Section IX). D. If all the required d8ta lra available, anmerical criterion can uaually be derived, except in special cares. For ex8mpLe, derivacion of acriterion might not be possible if the available acutechroaic ratios vary by more than a factor of ten with no appatent 25pattern. ALSO, if acriterion is to be related to awater quality characteristic (see Sections VandVII), more data will be necessary. Similarly, if all required data are not available, anumerical criearioa should not bederived except in special cases. For ex8mple, even if not anough acute md chronic data are available, it might be possible to derive 

### acriterion if the available data clearly indicate that the Final Residue Value should bearch lower than either the Pin81 Ironic Value or the Final Pl8nt Value. t. Confidence in acriterion uau8lly increases 8s rhe mount of available percineot data incre8ses. Thus, addirional d8ca are uaually desirabl8.


## xv. Final Acute Value

A. Appropriate maaaures of the acute (short-term) toxicity of the a8ceri8L co

### avariety of species of 8quacic 8nimals are used co calculate the Final Acuee Value. The Final Acuce Value is an estiute of the coaceatration of the uterial corresponding to a cuulative probability of 0.05 in the acute coxicicy values for the genera with which acceptable acute testa have been conducted on the 

### l8c8rial

. Emaver, in lou cues, if the Speciea khan Acute Value of acorrwrcially or recre8tionally important species is lower than the c8kulated Final Acute Value , then that Species Uean hcuce Value replaces the calculated Final Acute Value in order to provide protection for ch8t important species. B. kuce toxicity tasts should have beea conducted using acceptable procedures 

## 1131.
26

## c. Except for tests with saltwater annelids and nrysids, results of acute tests during which the test organirw were fed should not be used, unless data indicate that the food did not affect rhe toxicity of the test material. D. Results of acute tests conducted in unusual dilutioa water, e.g., dilution water in which total organic carbon or particulate matter exceeded 5mg/L, should not beused, ualeaa a relationship is developed between acute toxicity andorganic carbon or particulate
maccar or unless data show chat organic carbon, particulate matter, ccc., & not affecr toxicity. E. Acuta values should bebased onendpoints which reflect the coca1 severe acuta adverse impecc of the eeac material onthe organisms uaed in the teat. Therefore, only the following kinds of data on acute toxicity co aquatic animals should beused: 1. Tests with daphnids andother cladocerans should be scarced with orgaaisms less than 24hours old and tests with midges should be acarted with second- or third-instar larvae. The result ahould be the 4g-hr EC50baaed on percentage of organirma imobilized plus percentage of organisms killed. If such anECSOis not available from acesc, the 48-hr LC50 should be used in place of the desired 48-hr ECSO. AnEC50or LCSOof longer than 48hr can be used as long as the snimals
were not fed and the control animals were 

### lccepeable ac the end of the test. 2. The result of atest with embryos and larvae of barnacles, bivalve molluscr (clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops), sea

27urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, andabalones should, be the 96-hr EC50based onthe percentage of organisms vith incompletely developed shells plus the percentage of organisms killed. If such anEC50ia not available from 

### atest, the lover of the 96-hr EC50based onthe percentage of organisms vith incompletely developed shells and the 96-hr LC50should be used in place of the desired 96-hr EC50. If the duration of the test vas between 48 and 96hr, the EC50or LC50at the end of the test should be used. 3. The acute values from tests vith all other freshwater and saltwater aainrl species andolder life stages of barnacles, bivalve molluscs, sea urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and abaloaes should be the 96-hr HC50based onthe percentage of organispr exhibiting loss of equilibrium plus the percentage of organisms iProbilized plus the percentage of organisms killed. If such anEC50is not available from a

### test, the 96-hr LC50 should be used in place of the desired 96-hr EC50. 4. Tests vith single-celled organisms are not considered acute 

### tests, even if the duration was96hours or less. 5. If the teats vere conducted properly, acute values reported as

“greater than” values andthose vhich are above the solubility of the test material should be used, because rejection of such acute valuer would unnecessarily lover the Final Acute Value by eliminating acute values for resistant species.

28F. If the acute toxicity of the material to aquatic animals apparently has been shownto be related to avater quality characteristic such as hardness or particulate matter for freshvater animals or salinity or particulate matter for saltwater animals, aFinal Acute Equation should bederived based onthat water quality characteristic. Goto Section V. G. If the available data indicate that one or more life stages are at least afactor of tvo more resistant than one or more other life stages of the samespecies, the data for the more resistant life stages should not beused in the calculation of the Species Mean Acute Value because aspecies can only be considered protected frcnn acute toxicity if all life stages are protected. 8. The agreement of the data within andbetveen species should be considered. Acute values that appear to be questionable in cmarison with other acute and chronic data for the samespecies and for other species iu the samegenus probably should not be used in calculation of aSpecies MeanAcute Value. For example, if the acute values available for aspecies or genus differ by more thsn afactor of 10, SOPDC or all of the values probably should not be used in calculationr. I. For each species for which at least one acute value is available, the Species MeanAcute Value (SLAV) should be calculated as the geometric meanof the results of all flow-through tests in which the concentrations of test material vere measured. For aspecies

29for which no such result is available, the SHAVshould be calculated aathe geometric meanof all available acute values,

. I.e., results of flov-through teats in which the concencracions vere not measured and results of static and renewal tests based on initial concentraeions (nominal coacentrations are acceptable for moat test materials if meaaured concencratioos are uot available) of feat material. NOTE: Data reported by origiaal investigators should not be rounded off. Resulca of all incenaediate calculations should be rounded [14] to four significant digits. NOTE: The geometric meanof Nnumbers is the Nch root of the produce of the Nnmbers. Alcamatively, the geometric meancan be calculated by adding ehc logarithma of the Nnumbers, dividing the su by N, and taking the antilog of the quotient. Thegeometric
mesa of ttlD nuabers is the square root of the product of the cvo ntasbers, and the geometric meanof one number is chat number. Either aecurrl (base e) or cmou (base 10) logaricbs can be used co calculate geometric *meansas long aa they are used consistently vithin each ace of data, i.e., the antilog used must match the logericbm wed. non: Geometric means, racher than aritlasetic means, are used here because the distributions of sensitivities of individual organisms in toxicity tests onmost materials and the distributions of sensicivities of species vichia agenus are more likely cobe lognormal tban normal. Similarly, geometric means are used for acute-chronic ratios and biocoacentratioa faccors because quoeients are likely to be closer to lognormal than normal distributions. In addition, 30division of the g8OwtriC meanof 

### aaet of nueracors by the gwtric me- of the see of corrrapoudiag deaaminacors will result in the geometric meanof 

### the set 

### of corresponding quociencs. J. For each genus for which one or more WV8 are available, the c&us Hem Acute Value (G4AV) should becalculated aathe gemtric man of the SHAVamaileble for the genus. K. Order the Gt4AVsfrom high co Lou. L. Amsign ranks, EL,to the 

### Q44Vafra “1” 

### for the lowear to “N” for the highest. If tw or 

### moreQIAVa are idenrical, arbitrarily 8aaign 

### themlucceasive rmka. H. Calculate 

### the cuoulacive probebility, P, for each GHAVas n/(B+l). 1. Select the four QUVa uhich have 

### cuwlatfva probabilities closaac to 0.05 (if 

### there are lea8 then 59QUWa, these will always be the four loueac 

### QUVa). 0. Using the selected QUWa end Pa, calculate

L- (r(ln QUV) - sm*IPm/r A* S(m) +L

(See [Ill for developem of 

### the calculatiou procedure end Appendix 2

### for anuemple celcul8tioo ad computer progrew) UOTK: Neturel logarichr (logeritlma to bese a, denoced as 114 are used herein merely because they are easier to uae on sow hand

31calcul8tors 8ud compuears ch8n comoa (b8re 10) log8rithns. ~eiatenc use of either will produce the sme reault. P. If for 

### acwttially or tUta8tiOUally iaporturc species the geometric w8u of the scum values fra floss-through eescs in which the concencraciona of 

### Cut l8teri81 u8re me8rured is lower than tha c8lculated Pin81 Acute Velue , thaa that geaetric ~8x1 should be used es the Pins1 Acme Velue instead of the celculaced Final Acute Value. Q. Goco Section VI.
V. Pin81 Acutr Equ8tioa A, Whenenoqh data are available to showthee acute toxicity co tw or

## morelpwier is similarly related to 8 u8cer quality chSr8Ct8riSCiCB the reletioaahip should be takea iato ucount as deecribed in Section8 I-C below or uaiq analysis of covariance [15,161. The c:uomethods 

### are 

## lquiv8leac and produce ideoticel rerulta. The08mml method described belou provides an under remding of thia 8pplic8tioo of coo8riroce m8lyai8, but caputerired vetaioaa of covrri8acr aa8lyria are wchdore convenient for aa8tyring large d8t8 sacs. If tuo or more factors 

### aftact toxicity, ultiple 

### regression ra8lyaia should be used. B. ?or luh 

### species for uhich comp8rable acute coricicy values are 8V8ilSbf8 at two or more ,differenc v8luer of the wafer quality chuacreriatic, perform 8 leuc aquuea regrtreioa 

### of the acute toxicity values 011the correapoading values of the uater quality ch8racceriscic to obtain the slope and its 95%coafideoce limits for each species.
32

## c. HOTS: Bemuse the best documaced rrlrtionship ir thsc betveeo herdness end scum coxicic7 of wcrls ia fresh wear and l log-log rrluioaship fits chase dets, geometric IYUIS ld amural logsrichms of both toxicity md vuer qualie are used in the rest of this section. For rrlrcionships based onother vscer quslit7 chsrecterirtics, such ss pE, temperacure, or sslinit7, no crmsforutioa or 8different tr&asforutioa might fit the dscr better, end 

## lppropriete chaager vi11 be ancessrr7 chroughouc this section. Decide vhrchar the detr for luh specier is useful, taking iaco account the range 

### aad rider of the 

### tartad v8luee of t’h8 v8ter quality chuuteriscic end the degree of agreemane vichin snd bacmeo specie,. tar 

## lxmple, aslope based a~six dam points might be of limited vrlue if it ir based only on data for avery uurw range of valuer of the vuer quelit7 chrrecterirtic. A rlope bssed on on17 cw dstr ~~iocs, howvet, might be useLu1 if ir is conristenc vitb ocher iaforuciolr snd if rhe tvo poiacs cover s broad enough renge of the vecer qualit cherscteriscic. In addition, acute values that rppesr cobe quercioneble io compsriron with other scute rad chronic data eveilrble for the r&merpecier and for ocher spacier in the samegenw probably should not be wed. tar exrple, if 

### after edjurcwnt for the vuer qudicy cheracteriscic, the acute valuea available for l species or genus differ by more than 8 factor of 10, rejection of son or rll of the values is probably appropriate. If useful slopes sre not svsilsble tot 8t le8rc oue fish 8nd oue invertebrrce or if the svsilsble 33#lopar 8re coo dissimilar or if coo fev d8c8 8re lv8ilablc co adequate17 define the rel8tionship becueen 8cute toxicity oad the water quality ch8rrcteristic, return COScccion IV.C., using the results of tests coaducted under conditions 8nd in vacers similar COthose comonly ured for coxiciry L8stS with the rpacies. D. Iadividu8lly for e8ch rpecies c8lcul8te the geometric aan of the 8v8il8ble 8cuce v8luer and then divide eech of the acute ~81~8s for a species by the me8n for the species. ‘Ibis aorm8lisas the acute v8luas so th8t the qemcric me8n of the norrr8lized v8lues for e8ch species iadividu8lly end for an7combin8tion of rpccics ir 1.0. 8. Siailarly noruulize the v8lues of the v8ter qu8lity churccerircic for e8ch species individually. 1. Individu811y for luh species natform 8 le8sc squrres regression of the norm8lirad 8cufe coxicicy v8lues on the corresponding aorulirrd v8lues of the v8ter qu8lity charrcteristic. The raeultin8 slopes end 95Xconfidence limits will be identical co chose obcrined in Section Babove. kv, hou8ver, if the d8c8 are 8ccu8lly plotted, the lin8 of best fit for e8ch individurl rpecies vi11 po through the point 1,l in the center of the graph. G. Treat all tha norm8lised d8t8 88 if they vere 811 for the a8me spacies md parform 8 leest squrres regression of l ll cha norulised acute velu8s on the correspondity norm8lized valuer of the u8fer qu8lity ch8rrcteriscic co obcrin the pooled 8cuce elope, V, 8nd its 95Xconfidence limier. If. 811 the nonn8lized dac8 8rt 8ccu8lly ploccad, the line of best fit will go through the point 1,l in the center of the grrph.

348. Pot a&& Specie8 c8kul8ce the geOaSCrrC Wan, W,of.thc ScucS toxicicy values 

### ludthe gecaecric me&U, I(, of Cha values of the v8fer quality characteristic. (These vere crkulaced in ScepS0
and x 8bov8.) I. For arch SpeCi8S C&lCUl&Ce the lOg8riCbl, Y, Of the WV 8c 8 selected value, 2, 

### of the v&car qu8lity charscteriscic using the
equac ion: Y- 10U- Vtln X- la 2). J. lor each species c8lcul8to the SXAV at 2Wing the aquacion: SHAV- e*. ROTS: Alternuively, the StUVs lc2can bi obtained by skipping
seep fl 8bOVq using rha equations in steps I andJ to adjust each acute value individu8lly co2, and Ch8rrc8lcul8ciag the peaetric meeaof the 8djusced values 

### for l8ch species individually. This 

### llcermrive procedure sllws an ereaiaacioa of the range of the rdjusced uute values for 

### euh spacie8. It. CJbtaia the line1 Acute Value lc 2by using the procedure described in &cioa IV.J-0. L. If the SUN at 2of 8 ColerCi8lly or tecreac~ion8lly impofcanc species is lwer chm the C8kUl&t@d Fin81 Acute Value lc 2, then ch8t SUN?should be used as the Pins1 Acute Value lc 2 iarcead of 

### the celcolated tine1 Acute Value. If. The Ha81 Acute gquuion is uriccen as: Final Acute Value * 

# l(V(ln(uacer quality ch&r&cteri#tic)] +In A- V(ln Z]>
, vhere V * pooled acute slope andA- Final kuce Value lc 2. Because V, A, and 2are known, the Final Acute Value can be c&lCUl&t@d for any selected Value Of the Vacer qU&lity ChPr&CCeristic.VI. Final Chronic Value A. hpendins onthe d8r8 ch8t 8re 8V8il8ble concerning chronic toxicicy CO8qu8CiC 8Ilb81$, the Pin81 Cbroaic V8lue rnighc be c8lclJlrc8d in the rme m8nner 8#the Pitt81 Acute V81Ue or by dividing the Pin81 Acute V8lue by the yin81 Acute-Chronic g8tio. In ~001c8sea it r8y uOCbe porrible COC8lCUl8Ce 8Pin81 Chrooic v8lue. NOTE: A8the ame impliea, the rciatcchrouic r8cio (ACM ir 8U8y of tel8ting 8cute 8ndchronic coxicitier. The8cutvchrooic r8tio is b8aic8lly the inVet8e of the 8pplic8rion 

### fatOr, but this oev DN is better bec8ure it ia moredescriptive 8nd should help preVenC confurioa betmea ‘a8pp1ic8cioa f8ctots” md "r8fety fucord’

. Acute-chronic r8tiOO 8ad 8ppliC8Cioa f8CtOr$ 8Ke V8y8 of te18Cing the 8CUte 8nd chroaic toxicities of 8uteri81 co8qU8tiC org8nisu. g8fecy f8ccorr 8re used co provide 8n extr8 mrgia of r8fecy beyond the krmm or eatir8Ced rearicivitier of 8qu8tic org8airar. Another 8dV8Ut8ge of the ecuce-chroaic r8tio is ch8c it will usu8lly be gre8cer ch8a one; chir should 8VOid the coafusioa 8sto uhecher 818rge 8pplic8tioo f8ccor ia 001 eh8c ir clorc co uoicy or one th8t hu 8denominrtor ch8c ir such 

### gre8ter th8n the 

### mmer8tOr. b. Chronic v8luer rhould be hued on rrrulcr of flow-through (excapc renew81 ir 8CCepC8ble for d8phnidr) chromic teats in which the coacentr8ciom of tare a8terirl in the teat rolutioor wre properly mururad 8f rppropri8te times during the ceac;

36

## c. bsults of chroaic fescs in which Iurviv81, growth, or reproduceion ia the control cre8cmenc Y8s ua8ccSpt8b~g 10~should not be used. The limits of 8cCept8bility will depend on the species. D. Results of chronic tests coaducced io unususl dilution vecer, l.q., dilutioa v8cer in which cot81 org8aic c8rboa or p8rcicul8ce 

### utter exceeded 5q/L, should UOCbe uS8d. ualrrs Sral8tiOnahip is developed bee-en chronic toxicity sad org8aic c8rboa or p8rticul8ce 

### utter or unless d8t8 rhov thst org8aic c8rbon, p8rticul8ce l8ccer, sec., donot affect coxicicy. E. Qroaic v8lues stmuld be b8red on 

## ladpaiacs 8ad leqchs of exposure 8ppropri8re co the species. Therefore, only results 

### of the follouing kiuds of chronic coxicicy c8sfs should be used: 1. Life-cycle coxicfry tests coaristia~ of uporurer of 88ch of tvo or more groups of iadividuAls of 8species to adiffereac coaceatr8tioa 

### of the Gemn8ceri81 throughout 8life cycle. Toensure th8t 811 lifr 8c8Rer 8ad life procerser 8ra exposed, teats with fish should begin with embryos or newly h8cched young le88 thra 48hours old, continue through m8tur8cioa 8ad reproduccioa , rod should end aoc lerr th8n 24 d8yr (90 d8ys for s8konids) 8fcer the h8cchiag of the next 8ener8tion. Tests vith drphnids rhould begin vich young leas th8a 24 hours old 8ad lrrc for not less ch8a 21d8ys. Tares with mysidr should begin vith youafl less chm 24hours old 8nd coatiaue until ‘Id8y8 p8st the aedisa cims of first brood rele8se in the controls. For fish, d8C8 should 

### beobmioed and sa8lyted orbSUtviV81 8hd groveh 

### Of rdulcs 8nd young, m8Cut8ciOn 

### of m8ler 8ndf8mle8, sgqs speumedper female, embryo visbilicy 37(s8laonidS only), sod h8cchsbilicy. For d8phnid8, dsca should be ob~&md 8ad sO8lyZad 00 SutviV8l 8nd young per female. For ayeids, d8C8 should be obcsioed snd rnrlyred on eurvivsl, gmuch, and young per fem8le+ 2. P8rci81 life-cycle toxicicy tests conrirciog of exposures of e8ch of cua or lots groups of iadividu818 of 8 rpecies of fish co 8different conceacr8cioa of the cesc 88rerirl through wsc porrioas of 8 life cycle. P8rti81 life-cycle tests are slloved uich fish 8pWieS ch8t require more ch8n 8ye8r co re8ch seXU81 a8curify, so ch8c 811 Mjor life rt8ger c80 be exposed co the test l8ceri81 in less thm 15months. Exposure to rhe cesc macerid should begin with ir8cure juvenil88 8c le8rc 2months prior LOrccive goa8d developmeac, continue through oaturacion 8ad r8prodUCtiO0, 8ad and aoc less chsa 24 d8yr 

### (90 days for 88hOnid8) after the h8cchiog 

### of the next gemrrtioa. g8Cl should be obt8ined sad 8a8lyred 

### on survive1 snd grovch of 8dulC8 8Odyoung, m8turrtioa of l8les 8nd fa8le8, egg8 rpmaed per femle, embryo vi8bilicy (s8laooids only), sad h8rchrbility. 3. Urly lifrrc8ge toxicity tests consisting of 280 co 32day (60 d8]rs post hrtch for 88~OOidS) exposures of the early life rt8ger of 8species of fish from rhorcly 8fcer fertilin8tion through eabryoaic, 18~81, sad e8rly jwenile developaeac. D8cr should be obcrined 8nd an8lyzed on survive1
8ed growth. NOTB: Resultr of 8ne8rly Life-stage cast are used 8s prediccions of rerulcs of life-cycle and p8rcirl life-cycle cescs 38vith the 881m species. Therefore, uhen rerulcs of 8 life-cycle

or pati life-cycle cast 8re nt8118bl8, results of rn early lifwrt8ge te8c vich the S8ms species should aoc be used. Also, resultr of e8rly life-sc8ge tests in which the incidence of wrc8lities or 8bnora8liries iocre88ed 8ubrcmcislly nesr the aad of the fast should not be used bec8ure rerulcs of such
cescr 8re possibly not good predictions of the rerulcs of comp8r8ble life-cycle or p8rtirl lifr*cycle cases. F. Achroaic v8lue uy be obr8iaed by c8lcul8tiag the geometric ms8a of. the 1-r 8ad upper chromic LimiCS 

### frm 8 chronic tcsc or by 

## l8lyring chroaic d8C8 using regrerrioa ra8lysi8. Alover chronic limit is the highest tested coaceatr8cioa (8) in 80 rccepc8ble chroaic test, (b) which did ooc c8use 80 ua8ccepc8ble saouac of 8dvrrse effect oa 8x1~of the specified biologic81 me8ruremeocs, and (c) below which 10 cssred conceatr8cioa crured 8a uosccept8ble efface. An upper chroaic liaic is the lovesc cesced coacencr8cion (8) in 8a 8ccept8ble chronic feat, lb) which did c8use sa ua8ccspc8ble muac of rdverse effect oa one or mom of the specified biologic81 me88urem8nt8, snd (c) 8boV8 vbich 811 tested coaceatr8tioar 8180 C8US8d such sa effect. NOTX: gec8use v8riour suchors hsve used 8 v8riery of carma and defiaitioas to iarerpr8c 8nd report results of chronic cesc8, reported resuits should be revieued c8refully. The mouut of effect th8C is considered un8ccepc8ble i8 often b8sed on ascrci8- cicrl hypochesir test, but oighr 8180 be defined in tens8 of a specified percent reduction fram the controls. A am811percent

39reductioa (e.g., 3%)might be coasidered 8ccepc8bLe sveu if it is st8tistic8lly rigoific8ncly diffareoc fra the conctol, wheress s Large percmt reduction (8.3.. 30%)might be coaridered un8ccspt8ble sveo if ic is uoc rc8tirtic8lly significmc. G. If the chrooic tOXiCiCy of the MC8ri8L co 8qu8tic 8aim8lr 8pp8reotly hrr been rhoua cobe rel8ced tu 8w8cer qurlicy cherscteriscic such 8s h8rdaers or p8rticul8ce m8cter for freshv8eer 8rrin818 or 88liaity or p8rticul8ce utter for 88ltw8cer 8nir8lr, 8Fin81 Chronic tqu8tioa should be derived breed on ch8c vater qu8lity ch8r8cterisric. Goto gectioa VII. R. If chronic v8luer 8re 8v8il8ble for Specie8 in eight failies 8s described in Secaioas III.l.1 or IIf.C.1, 8Species Meur Chroaic V8lur (SI4CV)should be c8lcul8ced for l8ch species for which 8c le8st oue chrouic vrlue is 8v8il8bLe by c8lcul8ting the geometric me80of 811 chronic v8lues 8V8il8bh for the species, 8Od 8apropri8te Genus M8a Chronic Values should be c8kulSted. Tha Fin81 Chronic V8lue should chea be obcrined using ch8 procedure described in Seccioa IV.J-0. Then go co Section V1.M. I. For l8ch chronic v8lue for which 8c Lease one corresponding 8ppropri8te ICute V8h is w8il8ble. c8lcul8c8 8a Icure-chronic ratio, using for the amer8cor the geometric me80 of the resulcr of 811 8ccepc8ble flowthrough (rxcepc St8CiC is 8ccept8bte for d8phaidr) 8cute cases in rhe aa dilution vater and in which the concsatr8tions were mersured. For fish, the 8cuca cssc(s) should hrve been conducced uich juveniLea. The 8cute test(r) should have been p8rt of the ssms study 8s the chronic test. ff SCUC8 CSSCS
vere not conducted as psrc of the alma study, acute tesca conducted 40J.

R. in the s-e lrbor8tory ld dilution v8ter, bur in s different study, maybe used. If a0 such 8cuCe tests 

## 8relv8ilrble, results of 8cute tares conducted in the s8ae dilution v8cer in 8different 18bOr8tOry m8ybe used. If no such 8CUceCe8c8 are available, an acute-chronic r8tio should not be C8lCUl8Ced. For e8ch species, c8lcul8te the SpeCiLS rem 8cuce-chronic ratio as th8 geomscric me811of 811 8cuecchroaic r8CiOS av8ilrble for chat Sp8Ci88. For somso8cerislr the rcuts-chronic r8cio seeu cobe the s8mefor 811 species, but fot ocher r8ceri818 the r8tio seems co incre8se or dWrS888 8s the Specie8 WI80 ACUC8ff8h8 (SMAV) iUCr88888. l’hu# the yin81 Acute-Chronic Lt8tio c8a be obc8ined in four v8y1, depending oa the d8c8 ff8iL8ble: 1. If the species aesn rcuce-chronic rrtio sesms to increase or dscre8se 8s the SMAViocre88e8, the Fin81 Acute-Chronic Ratio should be C8lCUl8t8d asthe geolMtric me8nof the acme-chronic rstios for specieg those Sl4AVsare close cothe Fia81 Acute V8lue. 2. 

### If no ujor trend is lpp8rent 8nd the scuce-chronic racier for 8amber of species are within 8 f8ctor of fen, the Fin41 Acuts-Chroaic h8tio should be C4lCUl8ted 8s the geolaecric mean of 811 the species ae8a acute-chronic r8cior AV8il8bLe for both freshw8ctr rod s81cw8cer species. 3. For 8cut8 terts conducted on metrh rnd possibly other rubrt8ncer vich embryos and 18N8e of b8rn8CL88, biv8Lve moLlusc8, se8 urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and ab8lOneS

41(gee Seccioo IV.E.21, it i@ prob8bly rppropriate to 88sumechrt the scuce-chronic ratio is 2. Chronic tests 

### Arevery difficult to conduct with most such specier, but ic is likely chat the sensieivitier of smbryor &ad l8rVSe wmld determine the results of life-cycle tests. Thus, if the louesc Av8iLrble SMVS were det8rPiOed wieh embryos 8ud Lrrv8e of such species, tbs gin81 Acute-Chronic R8tio should probably be 8rsrroed to be 2, SOthat the Fin81 Chronic Vfrlue i8 equ81 co the Criserioa M8ximum Concencrscioa (see Section X1.B). 4. If.the most 8ppropri8te species ms80rcuce-chrooic r&cior are less rhm 2.0, 8nd

## lspecially if they 8re less ch8n 1.0, 8cclilurioa h88 prob8bLy occurred duriag the chronic cert. Because coaeiouous exposure rnd 8ccliutioa c8aaoc be 8rsursd co provide 8dequ8te prot8ccioa in field ritu8cioa8, the yin81 Acure-Cbroaic R8cio should be 8srued cobe2, soth8c the Fin81 Chronic V8lue i8

## lqu81 cothe Criterion H8ximm Coaceacrscioa (see Section X1.B). ff the 8v8iL8ble species wsa Acute-chronic rscior do not fit one of these csses, 8Fin81 Afuce-Chronic E8cio probably ~8oo0c be obt8ioed, 8ad 8tin81 ChrOaiC Vrlus prob8bly c8aaot becrlcul8ted. L. C8lcul8te the Fin81 Chronic V8lue bydividing the Fin81 Acute Value by the Fin81 kUC#-ChrOUiC hCi0. ff there ~88 8 Fin81 Acute tqu8tioa r8ther thra 8 Fin81 Acute V8fue, 888 8180 Section VI1.A. K. If the Species Hs8n ChrOUiC V8he of 8CmrCi8lly or recreation8lLy import8nt 8p8CieS iS Lower eh8n the C8kUl8tsd Fin81 Chronic Value, then th8t Species Me80Chronic V8lue should be used 88 the Fin81 CbrOUiC v&kMt inrte8d Of the C8lcul8tad Fin81 Chronic Vdlue. 42

### N. Goto SectionVIII.

VII. Final Chronic Equation A. AFinal ChronicEquation canbederived intwoways. Theprocedure described hereinSection Awill result inthechronic slopebeing thesameastheacuteslope. Theproceduredescribed inSections B-Nwill usually result inthechronic slopebeingdifferent from theacuteslope. 1. If acute-chronic ratios areavailable for enoughspeciesat enoughvalues ofthe waterquality characteristic coindicate that theacute-chronic ratio is probably thesamefor all speciesandisprobably independent ofthewaterquality characteristic, calculate thefinal Acute-Chronic Ratio asthe geometricmeanof theavailable speciesmeanacute-chronic ratios. 2. Calculate theFinal ChronicValueatthe selected valueZ of thewaterquality characteristic bydividing theFinal Acute ValueatZ (seeSectionV.M.)bytheFinal Acute-Chronic ratio. -3 l UseV-pooledacuteslope (seesection V.M.) asL=pooled chronic slope. 4. GocoSectionVII.M. B. whenenoughdataare availabletoshowthat chronic toxicity to at least onespecies is related toawaterquality characteristic, the relationship shouldbetaken into accountasdescribed inSections B-Gbeloworusinganalysis ofcovariance [15,16]. Thetwomethods areequivalent andproduceidentical results. Themanualmethod 43

### described belowprovidesan understanding of this application of covariance analysis, butcomputerizedversions of covariance analysis aremuchmoreconvenient for analyzinglarge datasets. Iftwo ormorefactorsaffect toxicity, multiple regression analysis shouldbeused. C. For each

species,for whichcomparablechronic toxicityvalues are availableat twoormoredifferent valuesof thewaterquality characteristic, performaleast squaresregression ofthechronic toxicity values onthecorresponding values of thewaterquality characteristic coobtain theslopeandits 95%confidence limits for eachspecies. NOTE:Becausethebestdocumentedrelationship is that between hardnessandacutetoxicity ofmetals infresh waterand alog-log relationship fits thesedata, geometric meansandnatural logarithms ofbothtoxicity andwater quality areusedintherest ofthis section. Forrelationships basedonother waterquality characteristics, such aspH,temperature, orsalinity, notransformation oradifferent transformation right fit thedatabetter, andappropriate changeswill benecessarythroughour this section. It isprobably preferable, but notnecessary, tousethesame transformation thatwas usedwith theacutevalues inSectionV. D. Decidewhetherthedata for each species is useful, taking into accounttherangeandnumberof thetested values ofthewater quality characteristic andthedegreeofagreementwithinand betweenspecies. Forexample,aslopebasedonsixdata points mightbeof limited value if it isbasedonly ondatafora very narrow rangeofvalues ofthewaterquality characteristic. A 44$10~ b&red OU Only CYO d&C8 points, ho-vet, aighc be useful if it is coasiscenc vith ocher inform8eion 8nd if the two points cover & bro8d eamgh r&age of the Y8ter qu8lity ch8~8ccttistic. In &ddicioa, chronic v81uss th8r 8pperr to bequescion&ble in comprriroa with ocher 8cuCe&adchronic d&c8 &V&il&ble for the s-e species &adfor ocher Specie8 in the sa gmu8 probably should not be used. For 

## lxeaple , if &fear djuscaenc for the u8cer qu8licy characceriscic, the chronic v&her 8v8ilrble 

### for 8species or genus diEfer.by more than 8 f8ctor of 10, rejection of someor 811of chs vrlues is prob8bly &ppropri&ce. If 8ureful chroaic slope is not w8il8ble for 8t le8sc one rpecies or if the 8v8ilsble slopes 

### 8re
coo di$&imi'l&r ox if tO0 few d8t8 

### 8re rv&il&ble co &deqU&cely define the rel&cioaship bacwea cbroaic toxicity 8ad the 

### v8cer qu8licy ch8r8cceriscic, it mighc be rppropri8te co rsrume ch8C ehe chronic slope i8 ch8 ssn 8s the rcuce slope, rrhich ir equiv8leac co rsruriag ehrt cbe 8cutcchroaic r8cio ir independeac 

### of the 

### u8c8r qurlity cbrrecceristic. Alcemrcively, return co Seccioa VI.& using the rude8 of ce8cs conducted under conditions 8nd in v8c8rs $imil&r Cothose coroaly used 

### for coxicicy Cescs vich the species. 15. fndividu&lly for 88Ch species c&lcul&ce rhe geometric 8e8n of the 8V&il&ble chronic v8lues rnd then divide l8ch chronic v&lue for 8 species by the me&nfor ehe species. This nora8lizes chc chronic vrlues so ch8t the qeamecric mera of the aorm&lized vrlues for e8ch species individu&lly &ad for my combin&tion of species is 1.0. P. Similaly aom&lite the V81UeS of the vuer qurlicy ch&r&cteriscic for e8ch species individu8lly. 4sc. Individu&lly for e8ch Species petfOm 8 Leuc squ8res regression of the normalized chronic toxicicy vrluer onthe corresponding norm81- ixed vrluar of the u&car qu8licy ch8r8cceriscic. The resulting slopes 8ndthe 95%confidence limits Will be idencic81 cochose obtgined in Seccioa Brbove. bu, hovwer, if the d&c&rre 8ccu8lly plocced , the line of base fit for lech individu81 species will gothrough the mint 1,1 in the center of the gr8ph. 1. 'Ire&c 811 thr oorm8lited d&c&8s if they were 811 for the same species &adperfom 8 le8sc squ8rer regression of 811 the norm&lired chronic v&her onthe corresponding aorm8lized v8lues of the water quelicy ch8rrcceriscic coobc8in the pooled chronic slope, L, 8bd its 952coafidence lirirs. If 811the oorm8lized d&t& 

### 8re 8ccu8lly plotted , the line of best fit will gothrough cha poine 1,l in ch8center 

### of cbe gr8ph. I. For 88ChSpecie8 C&lCUl&te the geCWCriC me&n,n, Of the toxicicy v&her 8nd chageometric me&n, P, of the values of the water qu8licy cbrrrcceriscic. (IheSe Mre C&kUl&Ced in steps Eld F 8bov8.1 J. For e8ch SpeCieS c8lcul8re ehe lOg&riChP, Q, of the Species Me&n chronic V8lw 8c 8&elected v8lue. 2, of the ulcer qu8licy cbuacterirtic uring cba

## lqu8ciou: Q- In M- t(ln P- In 2). lWft: Although it: is not necess8ry, ic will usu8lly bebest to use the 88mev&he of chav8cer qu8liCy ch8r8cceriscic here eswasused in section V.I. K. For e8ch specie8 c8lcul8ce 8Species Ht8n Chronic V8lue re Zusing the equacioo: SW3 - eQ.

46

### loon: ~ternacively, the Species Na8nChronic V8lues gc 2cgn be obt8in8d by skipping seep J dmvr , using the equations in steps J ld KCO8djUSt erch &Cue8vrlue individu8lly CO2 8ndthen C&lCUlrcing ehe geometric aem of ehe rdjusted v8luts for each species individu&lly

. This 8lcern8tive procedure 8110~s onexmingcion of the r8nge of the 8djUSted chronic ~~1~88 for e8ch Sptcies. L. Obc8in the Fin81 Chronic V8lue 8c 2by u&ins the procedure described in Section IV.J-0. X. If the Species Me&nChronic V8lua 8t 2of 8comerci8lly or recre8Cion8lly import&UC Sp8CieS ir lover chm the c8lcul8Ced Fin81 Chroaic V8lue 8f 2, Ch8U chrc Species 1JI8n Chronic V8lue should be used 8sthe Pin81 Chronic V8lue 8f 2 instead of ch8 c8lcul8ted Fin81 Chronic V8luo. #. The Fin81 Chronic gqurcion i$ wrieren 88: Pin81 Chronic V8lue - 

# l(L[ln(w8rer qu8licy ch8rrccerisric)l +In 

### S- L[la 211, eere L=pooled chronic slope &ad S * Fin81 Chronic V8luc 8c2. Bec8use L, Srnd 2

### 8ra Laura, cbe Fin81 Chronic V8lue c8n be c8lculrted for 8ny &elected v8lue of ebeV8t8r qu8licy Ch&r&CteriStiC.
VIII. Fin81 P18aC V&b8

A. Appropri8ce me&&Ureaof the coxicicy of the meterirl to 8qurcic plurcs 

### 8re used to comp8re the rel8tive sen8ieivicies of equ8tic P18Ut8 8nd8niuls. Although procedures for conducting 8nd interpreting the resu~cs of toxicity tests vich pl&ncr 8re not well developed, resutcr of cescs uich pl8nts usu&lly indic&re chrc Crittri8 WbiCh8dequ8eely prOceCC 8qU8tiC &aim818 mudtheir uses will probably 8180 procecc rqu8tic plrner andtheir uses.
47B. A plane value is the result of 896-hr cesc conducted vich 8n &lg& or 8chroaic cd&cconducted with 8a 8qU8tiC v88cul8r plaac. NOTE: 

### Acesc of the toxicity of 8Ire81 co 8plurc ururlly should not be used if the medim COUt&iaed 8n

### lXCeSSiVe8mouncof 8 complexing 8geaC. such 88 EDTA, th8t night 8ffecc the coxicicy of ehe met&l. Concenrr8tionr of EDNArbove &bow 200 Ug/L should prob8bly be considered excesrive. C. The Fin81 P18ac V8lue 8hould be obt8ined by selecting the lowese result Era 8case with 8n iEpOrt8aC 8qu8cic pl&ne species in hich the concencrrcioas of ce8c m8Leri81 

### uere muured 8nd the endpoine ~88 biolopic8lly imporc8nc. 

### IX. Fin81 Reridue V8lue 

### A. The Fin81 Residue V8lue ia iaeeadrd to (8) prev8ac concencr8cions in co6erci8llj or recr88cion8lly iaport8ae 8qurcic species from 

### 8ffeccing x8rkec8bilicy beC&U&eof exceedeace of rpplic&ble PDA rccioa levels &ad (b) procecc wildlife , including fishes 8nd birds, ch8c consw8 8qucrtic org&nisms fra demoastr8red un8cctpc8b~e 

### effects. The Fin81 Residue V8lue is the lowest 

### of the residue v8lues ch8t 8re obc8ined by dividing a&xi- permissible tissue coaceatr&ciow by &pprOpri&Ce bioconcencr8cioa or bio8ccumul8cion fecrorr. Amximum permissible cisru8 COaCenCr8Cion is eirher (8)
m FDAactioa level [I21 

### for fish oil or for the edible portion of firh or sb8llfish, or (b) 8MXiw 8ccepc8blr dicc8ry intake based on observ&tions on surviV81, grouch, 

### or reproduceion in 8chronic wildlife feeding study or 8 long-term wildlife field study. If no

48muimn permissible CiSSUcCOUCentr8CiOU i8 &vril&ble, go co Section Xbecgure no Fin&l Residua V&he c&n bederived. B. Bioconcentr8cion f8CtOrS (BC?S) ld bio8ccrPmul8cioa 

### f&ctor$ (Bus) 

### are quotients of the conceacr8cion of Amrceri81 in one or more tissues 

### of 8n 8qu8Cic orgrnism divided 

### by the 8Ver8ge coaceacr8cioa in ehe solueion in which the org8nism hd been living. ABCFis intended co 8ccounc oaly for net upc8k8 directly frm wcer, rnd thur &loose baa cobe re&sured in 8 18bor.~cory test. gemsUPC&ire during the bioconcencr8tion cesf might aoc bedirectly fras u8cer if the food sorb8 sameof cha ce&t mreerirl before ie is e&ten by the c8se org8nimu. 

### ABM is intended co 8ccounc 

### for net UPC&k8 fra both food 8nd w8cer in 8re&llrorld sicu8cion. AMF 8Lmosc h&s co be w8sured in 8 field sicu8cion in uhicb pred8cors &cC~l&t8 xhe 88teri81 direcrly from u8Cer &adby conswsing prey th8c itself could h8ve &ccwul&ted the m8ceri81 from both food 8nd u8cer. The BCF&adDA?8re probrbly Simil8r for 8 r8ceri81 vieh 8 Lou BCF, but the BAFis prob8bly hiqher ehaa the BCF for materials with high bCF8. Although BCFS8re aoc coo difficult codeceminc, very feu BMs b8ve been me&sured 8CCepC8bly bec&ure it is necess8ry couke enough me8surements of the concencr8cion 

### of chs m8cari81 in u8fer to show

### cb8c it Y88 re8son8bly COnsC8nc for 8 1Oagenough period of time oVer the r8age of territory inhrbited by the org8nins. hC8OSe 80 f8V 8CC8pt8ble bAvI 8re &V&il&bh, Only BCFs vi11 bedi&CW&rd 

### further. Howaver, if 8n &CCept&ble BAFis 8v&il&ble 

### for 8m8Ceri81, it should be u&cd insce8d of 8ny &V&il8ble BCFs.

49c. 11 8meximumpermissible CiS8UeCOaCeatr8CiOU i8 8V&il&bls for 8 suhst8nce (e.g..

### ,p8t8Utq&t8ri&l, p8reUC m8C8ri81 p1U8met&bolitss, etc.), the tissue conceaer8eion used in the c&lcul&cion of the BCF should be for the 88mesubsc8nce. Ocherwise the tissue concentrgeion used in the c&lcul&Cion of Ch8BCFshould bechat of the uceri&l 8nd it8 mec8bolices vhich 8re 8trUcCUrdly similar and
are not.such mor88Oiuble in u8C8r th8n cbe p8renc m8cerirl. D. 1. ABCFshould be used dy if the ce8t ~88 florchrough, the BCF

1888C&lCUl&Ced b&red 00 le&rural cOncentr8cion8 of the test m8ceri81 ia tissue &adin the te8c &olucion, &adthe exposure continued 8f la&&t until either 8pp8renc sce&dy-SC&cc or 28 d8ys ~88 rerhed. Sterdy-scrce ir re8chodeuhea the BCFdoes aoc 

### cb8age signific8acly 

### over 8p8riod of time, such 8s era d8ys or 16percenc of the length of eheexposure, whichever is longer. TheBCFused from 8Cescshould be cha highest of (8) the rpp8rent &Ce&dy-SC8CeBet, if 8pp8renc SCe&dp-SC&C8VPI rerChed, (b) the highesc DC?obc&ined, if 8pp8reae Ste&dy-8t8te ~88 noc re&ched, &ad(c) the projected rce8dy-sc8ee BCF, if c&lCUl&Ced. 2. Ubenorer 8gC?is deermined for 8 lipopbilic m&ceri&l, the percent lipida rbould 8180 be dec8rmined in the tissue(s) for vbicb cbe m ~88 C&lCUl&ted. 3. A BCFobt8ined froll 80exposure ch8c 8dverrely 8fftceed the tese org8aismr m&ybe used only if it is riail&r co8BCF obcrined with unlffecced orgmism8 of the 88mespecies 8c lover conceatr8cions th8c did aoc c&use 8dverse effects.

504. Becwre ouimua pemirrible cirrue concmcr8cionr are olm08~
never bared oa dry weights , 8BCFcelculaced using drg tissue veiehcr a~uacbe converted co 8uet tirrue weight basis. If no conversion fucor ir reported with the BCF, multiply the dry weight BCFby 0.1 for pl8nkcoa 8nd by 0.2 for individurl rpecie8 of firhe 8nd invercebrece8 117I. 5. If more than one 8ccepceble BCFir available for a8pccies, the gconecric meanof the available value@ 8hould be u8ed, cxccpc ch8c if the BCFr are from different lengch8 of exporure 8ad the BCF

### increaser with lea@ of expowre, the BCFfor the longerc 

### lxpo8ure rhould be ured. t. If enough pertinent deer exirt , reverrl reridue value8 

### canbe celculeced by dividing aexiau perai88ible tirrue coacancrecion8 by appropriate BCF8: 1. For 

### each lveileble maxian acceptable dietary incake derived fra echronic feediry 8cudy or 8 long-tern field rcudy with wildlife, including bird8 end rqurcic orRmism8, the 

## lppropriece B‘C?ir beeed on the whole body of 8quacic rpecics which conrcicute or reprereac l 

## lejor portion of the diet of the errted wildlife rpcier. 2. 

### For 10

### FDAlccion level for firh or rhellfirh, the 8ppropriace BCFir the higherc geometric meenrpecier BCPfor the edible portion (ana8cle for decrpodr, aurcle with or without skin 

### for firbe,, 8dduceor mwcle for rcellopr, cud cot81 soft tissue for other bivalve mollu8c8) of 8conru8ed rpecies. The highest rpecier BCFir u8ed beceure FDA rccion level8 are 8pplied on 8 8peCie8-by-8peCie8 ba8i8.51F. For lipophilic m8teri818, it right be po88ible co celculace ddicionel reridue VelUe8. Beceure the rceedy-rcece BCFfor e lipophilic neterie 8eem8CObe proporcionel co percent lipids from one cirrue to another end from one rpecie8 co luocher 118-201, excrepolecioa8 ten be made fra Carted cirruer or species to uncerted ci88uer or rpecier OUthe be8i8 of percent lipidr. 1. For each BCFfor which rhe percent lipid8 ir known for the 8me ci88ue for uhich the BCFYe8Oerured, norpelite the BCF co l oue petcenc lipid berir by dividing the BCFby the percent lipid,. Thi8 edjU8CmenC co 8Oaeperceac lipid b88i8 i8 intended comake 811 the aeerured BCF8 for emeceriel cotnprrable re;erdlerr 

### of the rpecier or cirrus with which the BCFve8 meerured a 2. Celculece the geometric meet nomelired 

### BCF. Date for both 8elcveter end fte8hVatOr rpecie8 rhould be ured Codetermine the aeen norulited BCF, unlerr the deer rhou thee the aormelired 8CF8are probably not 8iriler. 3. Calculate all pO88ible reeidue valuer by dividing the lveileble ruexiau perpi88ible cirrue conceacrecionr by the aeen normeli8ed BC?end by the percent lipid8 valuer 

## lppropriece co the uxiu prmi88ible tirrue COucencrecioa8, i.e., Raridue V8he - 1 (meximum perairrible cirrue concencr8titm)

meannormalized BCF)(eppropriece percent lipida) a. For enIDA action level Eor firh oil, the appropriate perceac lipid8 value ir 100. b. For en FDA lccion level for fi8h, the 

## lppropriece percent lipid8 value ir 11for freshwecer criteria and 10for
5288ltvecer criterie beceure FDAeccioa level8 are applied on 8rpecie8-by-8paCie8 bari COc~nly consrrrred species. The highart lipid conceuc8 in the edible portionr of importenc con8uued rpecier lre lbouC 11 percent for both the fre8hW8t8r chinook relaou end lake trout end about 10 percent for the relcwecer Acleocic. herring [Zl]. c. For amuhum acceptable dietary intake derived from l chrouic feeding rcudy or 8 long-c.arm fiald rcudy with wildlife, the appropriate percent lipid8 ir ehec of an lquaric rpecier or group of 

## lquecic rpecier which conrcicute 8major portion of ehe diet 

### of the wildlife rpecier

. C. The Final lkeridue Value ir obtained by releccing the loverc of the tveileble reridue viluer. NOTt: In rome ce8e8 the Final %ridue Value will not be low enough. For example, 8reridue value calculated 

### fra &IIFDAeccion level will probably re8ule in en average conceucrecion in ehe edible porcioa of l fatty rpecier chec ir lc the lcciou level. Someindividual orgeai8m8, end po88ibly 8oae 8pecie8, vi11 have reridue cooceaCretion8 higher chm the meanvalue but noaechenism he8 been devired to provide appropriate lddiCione1 protection. Al80, 8ae chronic 

### feeding rcudier end lOng-Cerm field 8CUdie8 with wildlife identify concencrecionr char ceure adverse effaces but do not identify coucencrecionr which do not ceure ldver8e effects; again nomechenim he8 been devired to provide appropriate additional protection. These are aae of the rpecie8 end uses chec
lre not protected et 811 timer in lL1placer. s3X. Ocher Deea Percimat inforucion thee could not be ured in earlier eeccion8 might be aveil8ble concerning rdverre effeccr onequecic Organi8w and their UIIBS. Themore import8nc of Che8eare deca on cmulrcive anddelayed toxicity, flevor impeirmenr, reduction in 8urvive1, grovch, or reproduction, or any ocher adverse effect chec he8 beea ahowncobe bioloqicelly 

### inoorcenc. Erpecielly importear are deer for specie8 for which noocher date are evaileble. Date fra behetiiorel, biochemical, phy8iologice1, microcosm, end field rcudier aighc 8180 be eveilable. Dare aighc be eveileble from Ce8c8conducted inuauruel dilution uecer (eee 1V.D endVI.D), fra chronic ce8t8 in which the concencracionr
vere not meelured (8ee V1.B)) ftOl CeIC8with preViOU8ly expored orgenirmr (8ee fI.F), end from ce8t8 on formlaced mixture8 

### or earlrifi8blr concencraCe8 (8ae 1X.0). Suchdacr mighr effect a criterion if the dece were obceined rich en imorcenc 8pecie8, the cesc conceatrecion8 were md88Ured, endthe endpoint we8 bioloqically important.

xx. 

### Criterion

A. Acriterioa coarirtr 

### of CYOcoacencrecion8 Concencreriou end rhe Criterion Coatiauour 1. TheCriterion MeximumConcrncr8cion (aC) Pine1 Acute Value. : the Criterion Maximum Coacencrecion. ir equal cooae-half the

C. The Cricrrioa Coneinuour Concenrrecioa (CCC) ir equal co the lowest of the Final Chronic Value, the Fine1 Plant Value, end the Final Reridue Value, unlerr ocher dare (see Section X9rhou chat a lower value rhould be ured. If toxicity ir releced co avacer quality 

### 54cherecceri8tic, the CCCir obceined from the Final Chronic Eqimc ion, the Final Plane Value, 8d the Final &sidue Value by selecting the oae, 

### or the combination, chec result8 in the lowest concencracion8 in the urual range of the 

### water quality chereccerist ic, unlerr ocher data (are Section X) showchsc a lower velue rhould be ured. D. Round (141 both cha CMCend the CCCco cue riqnificene digits.
e. me criterion ir 8ceced 88: The procedure8 dercribed in the “Cuidaliner 

### for Deriving Numeric81 National Wecer Quelicy Cricerie 

### for the Protection of Aquetic Orqenirme endTheir DIeI” indic8ce chef, except po88ibly where 8 locally importeat rpecier ir very 8enricive, (1) aquatic orgeuiam8 end their wea 8hould uoc be effected uneccrpcebly if the four-dey everege conceacretion of (2) doe8 not ixcoed (3) ;rg/L more then once every three yeerr on the lveraqe end if the one-hour average coaceneretioa doe8 not exceed (4) $q/L 

### more then once every three years on the avereqe. where (1) - insert “fre8hw8ter” 

### or “8elcw8cer” (2) - in8erc na# of meceriel 

### (3) * in8ere the Criterion Contiauou8 Coacencr8cion (4) - iarert the Criterion Meximw Conceacrecion.
XII. Final Review

A. The derivation of the criterion should be carefully reviewed by rechecking each step of the Cuideline8. Iteor thw rhould be eraecielly checked era:

551. 2. 3.

4.

S.

6.

7.

8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13.

14. 15. 

### I-f unpublished data 

### are used, are they well documented? &e l ll required d&c8 rveileble? 18 the 

### r8npe of 8cuCe V&he8 for 8ny rpecier gre8cer ch&n 8 factor of 101 fr the range of Specie8 MeanAcute Velues for any genus greater chm a feccor of 101 18there more then 8frccor of candifference between the four loue8c Genur Mean Acute Valuer? Are lny of the four lowerc Cenu8 Hem Acute Values quest ioneb le? 18the Final ACUCeV8lUe ree8oneble in coaperiroa with the Specier Mean Acuce V8luer 8ndGeou8Me&nAcura Valuer7 For lny comercielly or recreecionelly importme rpecier, ir the geometric meanOf the ecuce V&he8 from flow-through ce8c8 in which the COUCenCr8CiOn8of Celc m8ceri81 were me88ured lower then the Final Acute Value? Are 8ny 

### of the chronic vrluer que8cioneble? Are chronic value8 eveileble 

### for ecurely reasicive rpecier? I8 the 

### r&nqe of ecuccchronic r&cior greeter ehen 8 frccor of lo? Sethe Final Chronic Value reeronrble ia comperiroo uich the eveileble ecuce endchronic date? 18the meerured or predicted chronic value for any commercially or recreecionelly important rpecie8 below the Fin81 Chronik Value? Are any of the ocher date important? Doany d&c8 look like they miqhc be ouclie’rs?

5616. Are Chere my deviation8 from the Guidelines? Are they 

## lccepceble? B. OnCheb88i8 of 811 8veil8ble pcrCinenC 18bor8cory rod field informeCioa, derermine if the crirerioa ir con8irCenC with sound scientific evidence. If ic ir not, luocher criterion, either higher or lower, rhould be derived q8ing epproprime modifications of there Guideliner.

571. U.S. EPA. 1983. Water Quelicy SC&Ud&rd8tigul8CiOU. Federal Register f&:51400-51413. Novanber 8. 2. U.S. EPA. 1963. Water Quality Standard8 Headbook. Office of 

### Wrcer Regulation8 end Seenderdr ,Werhington, DC. 3. U.S. EPA. 1985. Technicel Support Doc=ent for Werer Quality-Beled Toxic8 Control. Office of Wecer, Werhinqtoa, DC. 4. Thurscon, C. t. 1962. Phyricel Cherecceri8cicr &ad @emic&l Composition of TwoSub8peCiea of Leke Trout. J. Fi8h. Eer. Bd. Can&de 19:39-44. 5. Hodron, P. V., ec 81. 1933. EffeCc of Fluctuating Le8d Exporure onte8d &cuarlerion 

### by Reinbow Trout (Selmo u8irdneri). Environ. Toxicol. Chew 2:225-238. 6. 

### Forlxaple, aee: Inqerroll, C. C. end R. W.Winner. 1982. Efface on Dephaie pulex (De Ceer) 

### of Daily Pulre Expo8urer co Copper or Cedmiun. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1:321-327; Sail, W.IL., CCal. 1984. Crowch 8nd Suwivel 

### of Develooiag Sceelheed Trour (Selmo rteirdoeri) Concinuou8ly or Incermittencly Exposed co Copper. Cen. J. Firh. Aquec. Sci. 41:433-438; Buckley, J.T., ec al. 1982. Chronic Expo8ure of Coho Salmon co Sublechel, Concentration8 of Copper-l. Effect onGrouch, onAccumulocion end Dircribucion of Copper, 8Udon tipper Tolerence. Camp

. Biochem. Phyriol. 72C:lS-19; Brown, V. H., et al. 1969. The Acure Toxicity co Reinbow Trout of Fluccu8cin: Concencrecion8 end Mixtures of Aamwnie, Phenol end Zinc. J. Fi8h Biol. 1:1-g; ‘hur8con. IL. V., ec al. 1981. Effect 

### of Fluccuecinq Exporurer onthe hcuce Toxicity of AmPonie co Reinbow Trout (S&l180g&irdneri) 8nd Cucchro8c Trout (2. clerkii). 

### Warer b8. 1~:911-917.

587. ?of oxample, see: Eoraia~, U. B. and T. U. Neiheiiel. 1979. Chronic

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15. tfhcc of Copper on the Bluncnom Minnow, Pimephelrs nocatu~ (Eafiaerque). Arch.. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8:545-552. For exauplc, aee: Clmpl8n, GoA. 1982. Lacer co Charles E. Scephan. U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minaeroce. December 6; &apman, G. A. 1975. Toxicicy of Copper, Cadmim andZinc COPacific Notchwere Salmonida. Interim bporc. U.S. EPA, Corvrllir, Oregon; Spear, B. L. 1976. Cadpi- and Zinc Toxicity co Plrqfirh, Jordanella floridae. J. Fish. Eer. Board Can. 33:1939-1945. U.S. EPA. 1980. Water Quality Criteria Docmncr; Aveilabilicy. Federal Regircer 45:79318-79379. November 28. U.S. EPA. 19Bb. 

### Water Quelicy Cricerie; Requerc for Comentr. Federal Ee;ircrr 49:4551-4554. February 7. Ericksoa, R. J. md C. 15.Stephan. 1985. Calculation of the Final Acute Value for Water Quality Criteria for Aquatic 0r:eniru. Nacioaal Technical Inforurion Service, Sprinqfield, Virqinia. fW~-Z/~S?~ U.S. Food and Drug Admiaircrecioa. 1961. Compliance Policy Guide. Compliance Guidelines Branch* Warhinqcon, DC. For good txamplem of acceptable procedures, see: ASTMScrndrrd E729, Practice for Coaducciag Acute Toxicity Term with Fishes, lfacroinvertebrater, rod Aqhibiaor. AST!!Standard t 724, Practice for Conducting Scacic Acute ToxicicyTestr with Larvae of Four Specier of Bivalve P(ollurcr. tiuth, 1. J., et al. 1978. Council of Biology, Editors 3tyle Hm~ruL, 4th Ed. Council of Biology Editors, Inc., Bechesde, Wlrylmd. p. 117. Dixon, U. J. and M. 8. Brown teds.). 1979. BWP Biomedical Computer Prmrms, P-artier. Universiey of California, Berkeley. pp. 521-539. 5916. -err, J. 8nd U. 

### Uasseman. 1974, Applied Line8r Sc8tistic81 Models. I-in, 1r.i , Eowvood, Illinois. 17. Thev8luas of 0.1 and 0.2 vere derived from d8er published in: *Diffect, 

### U. F. 1970. ECO~O~51:975-988. Brocksen, R. W., ec 81. 1968. J. Wildlife Umaqamenc 32:52-75. Cumaiar, K. W., et 81. 1973. Kcolow 54:336-345. Pesticide Aa8lytic81 r(tnu81, Volume I, Food8nd Drug Mxinistrarion, 1969. Love, IL.pi. 1957. In: H. 1. Brom ted.), The Physioloqy of Fishes, Vol. I. Ac8demic Ress, MeuYork. p. 411. Ruccner, F. 1963. Fundamenc8ls of Limnology, 3rd Rd. Tr8ns. by D. G. Frey and 1. E. J. Fry. University 

### of Toronto Press, Toronto. Somerddirionrl v8lurs c8n befound in: Sculchorpe, C. 0. 1967. me Biology 

### of Aqu8tic Vascular Plrncs. Arnold Publishing, Ltd., London. 18. Haelink, J. L., ec 8L. 1971. APropos81: txch8npe Equilibrir Coacrol the Deqrae Chlorin8eed Hydroc8rbons 8re Bioloqicrlly Mgnified in Lentic Environmenta. 

### Tram. Am. Fish. Sot. 100:207-214. 19. Lunsford, C. A. and C. R. Blea. 1982. &mu81 Cycle 

### of Keponc Residue in Lipid Contenc of the Estu8riae Cl-, R8ngi8 cune8t8. Cscu8ries 5:121-130. 20. Qchnoor, J. L. 1982. Field V8lidrcion of 

### Uacer Qu8licy Criterir Coi Hydrophobic PolLur8ntr. In: J. C. Pe8rson, cc 81. teds.), Aqu8tic Toxicolow snd H8r8rd Assessment. ASTHSTP766. Amcric8n Society for Testinq rnd Wceri8ls, Pttiladelphir. pp. 302-313.

6021. &Well, 

### V. 0. 1981. Chemical andNutrieionr~ bmpori~iou of Finfishes, Males, Crustaceans, Ebllurks, and Their Products. NOMTechnical Memorandum NM?S I/SEC-11l NAtionAl Marine Fisheries Service, Southersc Fisherier Cancer, Charleston, South Carolina.

61ApDeadix 1. brideat North Aaeric8a Species of Aquatic Animala Used in Toxicicy and Bioconceacracioa Tests Incroduct ion ~heae liscr identify species of aquatic animals which have reproducing wild populations in North America and have been used in toxicity or bioconcrncracin caacg. “Xorch America” includes only rhe 48conciguoua SC~CIS, Clada, andAlaska; Hawaii and Puerto gico are aoc included. S~CV~CII (i.e., lscuarine lDdcrue’oarine) species ara considered tcsidenc ia Notch America Lf they rahabic or regularly ancer shore vacers on or above the coacineat81 shelf to adepth of 200 meters. Species do not have CObe nrcive co be resident. Unlisted species should be cooridered rrsidenc North .+srican species if they cao be similarly COnfind or if the C~SCorpaniswverc obtained from a wild populatioa in North -tiCa. The sequence for fishes is cakea fra ALirc of Cornon and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United Scares and Canada. For ocher species, the sequence of phyla, claaaea, and families is caken frw the HODCTaxonoaic Code, Third Micion, National &eaDographic Data Ceacer, NOM, Waahiagcoa, DC20235, July, 1981, aod the numbers given are from chat source co facilicace verificatioo. Uichia a family, genera are in alphabec ical order, as are species in a genus. The references given are chose u8ad‘COconfim chat the rpecier is aresidcnc North American species. (The NODCTaxonoaic 

### Codecoacaias foreign II wall u North knericaa species.1 If no such tefeface could be fouad, the qeciea wasjudged co benonreridcnr. No reference is given for organisms uoc identified co species; these are considered reridenc only if obtained, Eros vild Notch Americaa populations. Afw noaresidenc species are listed io brackets and noted as “nonreaideoc” because they were aisrakenly identified as resideac in the put or co save ocher iavesciqators from doiag literature aearches on the saw spwies. Preshwater Specier
Claar Fai ly Cowon Name Species Scieacific Name Reference
PllnUu: PORInaA (36) hWSpO48 Spaugil lid&S 3660 366303 tphyderie LlwieciLir P93

PKYLUN: CNIDAPIA tC0ELENTElUTA) (37) Bydrotoa Rydridae Wra 3701 370602 Hydra oligaccis Eydra IIrdra licroralis E318, P112 E321, P112

62Freshvecer (Coaciaued)
CLdSS Family CommoaName Species Scientific Name Reference
PHYLUM: PLATTRKLMINTRES(39 1 Turbellaria 3901 Planariidae Plaaarian dorotocephala Dugeria

Dendrocoelidae 391501 PRTLUM: GABTROTRICRA(44) Chaeconotoida Chaetoaocidar 4402 440201 PRTLUM: ROTIPEIU (ROTATORIA) (45) Bdelloidea Philodiaidae 4503 450402 Noaogononta Brachioaidae 4506 450601
PRTLUM: ANNELIDA(50) kchimnelida .Aeoloraaacidae 5002 so0301 01igochaetr IUPbriculidav 5004 500501

Tubificidac so0902 Planarian

Plaarrira [Planarian) Planarian

Castroerich Lepidodermella aquamecum E413

Rocifer Philodiaa acucicorais Y Rotifer Philodiaa roseola B4a7 Rotifer Keracella cochlearis E442, P188 Rocifar Kcracella lp. [Footaote 21

uorp Aeolorom heodleyi ~528, e2a4

worm Lumbriculur variegacur ES33, P290 Tubificid vonn Brauchiura soverbyi E534, P289, GC‘ Tubificid vorm Liraodrilus hoffmeirteri E536, Cc Tubificid worm Quistadrilur multirecosus 8535, OG

(Pelorcolex mulcirecorur)

lugubrir Dugeria (Duqesia polychroo) Plaamia gonocephala [Polycelis felina] Procoryla fluvircilis (Deadrocoelum lacceum) 022 024 [Foocnoce 1I [noaresidenc I E334, P132, D63

63Freshvscer (Couciausd)

CLASS Femily CommonName Species Scientific Name Reference

Naididae so0903

Hirudiaea 50 12 trpobdellidae

501601 PHYLUH: ~OUUSCA (soas) Cestropoda Viviparidae 51 s10306

Bichyni idae (Amuicolidae) (Bulimidae) (Bydrobiidm) 5 10317 Pleuroceridae SlOwI Tubificid vorm Rhyscodrilus atoataaa

Tubificid vans Spirosperma fcrox

(Peloscolex fctox) Tubificid vorm Tubificid uons Tubificid worm Tubificid vorm worm WOrp WOrlS [Leech]

Snail
Saail

Baail Snail Saail

Snail Spirosperma aikolskyi

(Peloscolrx ymiegacus) Stylodrilus heriagiaaus Tubifex cubifex
Verichsecs pacific8

Peraasis sp. Pristias sp. [Erpobdells occoculecsI

Campelomadecisum
Amaicola sp.

Goaiobasia livescens Coniobasis virgiaica Le tori8 crriaacr +Nrtocrrs cariaata) (Mudelia cw Nitocris ep. cc GG ES34, GG GG ES36, P289, cc GG [Foocnocc 21 [Poornote 21 [Foocnoce 21 [nonresident] (BB16)
P731, Mz16 [Foocaoce 2I

P732 El.137 X, El137
[Foocnoce 21

64Freshvacer (Conciaued)

Class Family CommonName Species SC iencific Name Reference Lpnae idea [Snail] [Lymnaea lcumiaata] [aonres idenc ] 511410 Saail

Snail [Snail] Gail

Plaaorbidae 511412

Physidae. 511413 *a*tris) [Lymnaea luteola] M2a
El127, M51 [nonreridenc] (X266)

I sca~nalis Lymnaea E1127, P726 M96 Snail [Snail1 Sari1 Snai1 Snail Lymnaea sp. [Foocaoce 2]

[Biomphalaria glabraca] [aonrea idenc (K390) Cyraulus circumscriacus P729, X397 Iielisoma csmpanularum X445 Relisoma crivolvis P729, MS2 Saail [Saaill Snail Aplexa hypaorum

(Physa foncinalis] gyriaa Pbysa E1126, P727, X373 [noares idenc ] W73) E1126, P727, M373

Bivalvi a (Pelecypoda) 9s Saail Physa hecerostropha H378 Saail Physa incegra P727 Snail Physa sp. [Foocaoce 2 1 Margar.i~iferidae Mussel blar~ari~ifera Eil38, e748, 551201 margaricifera Jll kpblmidae Mussel Amblema plicata Ml22

65Freshwater (Continued)

Class Family CommonName Species Scicncific Name Reference

Corbicul idae 551545
Pisidiidae (Sphaeriidae) 551546

PRYLul4: ARTHROPODA (58-69) Crurcacea 61 tynctidat 610701 Sididat 610901 Damhnidte 610902 Unionidae 551202 Murrel

%utstl Anodonca imbecillus

Mussel Muhrrrel Asiatic clam Aaiacic clam Fingernail cltm Carunculina parva

(Toxolarma ctxarensis) Cyrconaiar campicoenis Ellipcio complanata Corbicula fluminea Corbicula maniltnsis

Finqernai 1clam Eupera cubenrir (Eupera singlepi) Xurculiua cratsvtrsum In cransvtrrum) Fingernail clam Sphatrium corntum

Conchorcrtcan Lynctut brachyurus

Cltdoceraa Cltdoceran Cltdoctrta Cladocerm Cladoctran [Cladoceranj Cladoctran CLadoctran Cladoctraa Diaphanotoma sp.

Ceriodtphnia acanchina Ctriodaphnia rtciculara

tmbigut Dtphnia carinaca Daphnia [Daphnia cucullataj Daphnia gtleara mendocae E610, P370 Daphnia hyalina [Foocnoce 41 Daphnia longirpina [Foocnoce 51 J72, AA122 J19, AA122
P759, AA122 313 El159 P749 El158, P763, G9 X160, Gll

Cl2
E5a0, P344 [Foocnoce 21 E618 E618, P368 E607, P369 (Foocnoct 31 [nonresident]

66Freshwactr (Continued) Class Family CommonName Species Sciensific Name !Lefertnce

Bosminidat 610903 Polyphtmidae 610905 Cyprididte '~QQ$"'
Diapcomidtt 611818 Tewridte 611820 Cyclopidae 612008 CLadocrran

Cladoceran Cltdoctrte Cladoctraa Cladoceran Cladoctran Cladoceran Cladoctran Cltdoctrm Cladoctran Cladoctran [Oaeracod] OtErtcod [Copepod]

&PtPod magna

Daphnia E605, P367

parvula Daphnia E611

pultx Daphaia E613, P367

pulicaria Daphni& A

similis Daphaia E606, P367 Moina macrocopa E622, P372 bina rtctirostris E623 Simoctphalus strrularus E617, P370 Sinoctphalur vtculur E617, P370 Boynina lonqirostris E624, P373 Palyphemur ptdiculur E599, P385 [Clprtrta kawacai 1 Cypridoptis vidua [Eudiaptomus padanus) [nonresident] (U) 8720, P430 [nonresidenE] fpitcburt ltcuttrit E751, P407 [Cyclops abysrorum] Cyclops bicurpidarur Cyclops vtrnalis Cyclopr viridia (Acanthocyclopr viridis) Acanrhocyclopr rp. [nonres idenr 1 ESd'7, P405 E804, P405 E803, P397 [FoomoEt 2 1

67Frtshvac tr (Cow inutd)

Class Flrni lp CommonNtmt Specie8 Scitncific Name Reference

Asellidat 616302 CoPepod Wepod CoP*Pd 

### t18OPodl Isopod

Gamer idte 616921 Is opod

Isopod fropod 

### [Isopod

### I KIOpOd

XlOPod Aaphipod Ampbipod

hmpbipod [Amphipodl Aaphipod bphipod Diacyclopr rp.

Eucyclopr agilis F4tsocyclo~8 leuckarci (Astllut tquwicur I
Attllut bicrtnaca NH (Catcidocea bicrenaca) (X1,2) A8ellur brevicaudur
Astllur conmxnir
A8ellur inctrmtdiur
betllus wridianur] Aaellur rtcovicrti Lirctut lltbtmat [Foocnocr 21 P403 E812, P403 [nonresidtnc] (12)

Ea75, ~447, I ea75, p448, I E875, P448, I [nonresidtnc ] P449, 1 E875, I Crangoayx preudogracilis P459, T68, FF28 Camurut ftmciarur E877, P458, 153 Crurur ltcurtrir lS877, P458, FF23 Camarur pseudolimoaeus tza77, ~458, T4a+ ICammtrur pultxl [nonrtridtnr] Gammarur cigriaur L51, FF17 Cammarur rp. [Foocnoce 21

68Frtshwtccr (Continued) Class _-

Pamily-_ CommonName Species Scitncific yam Reference Hytltllidat (TaLicridat) 616923 Amphipod

Palttmonidat 617911 [Prawn]

A8cacidat 618102

InrectA 62-65 Htpcagtniidat

621601
Barridat 621602 Malaysian pram

Prawn 

### CrSyfi8h Crapfiab Crayfirh craft ish Crtyf ish Crqfirh Crayfish Crtyfirh Crayfith Crayfish 

### CtAyfiSb Crtyf i8h Crayfish UYflY fiYflY fiYflY Raltlla lzceca

t--- E876, P457, Byalella knrcktrbockeri) T154 [Hacrobrtchium lamarrti ] (nonresident]
Htcrobrachiwn [Foocnoce 61 rostnbtrgii Palatmonecer kadiaktnsis E881, P484 Cambarur lacimnur E897 Paxontlla clypeacus ES90 Orconecter i-air E894, P482 Orctmec~es limosus E893, P482 Orcontcttr propinquus E894, P482 Orcontcttr nair E894 Orcontccer rusticus E893, ?482 Orconectts virilir E894, P483 Ptciftrtacur trowbridgii E883 Proctmbtrus lcutus Procdmut cltrki (Procabarur clarkri) Procaabarur 8imulaes E888, P482 Procambarus rp. [Footnote 2 1 Sctaoatmt ichaca S173, 0205 Scenontmt rubrum S178, 0205 Callibttt is skokiaeus S116, N9 P4a2 E885, P482

69Freshuacer (Continued)

Class Ptmily commonName Specier SCitnc ific Name Reference

Ltpcophlebiidte 621701 Ephemerellidte 621702

Ctenidtt 621802 Ephemeridtt 622003

Libel lul idtt 622601 Comqriooidu Ugrionidm) (Cmugtiidtt) 622904

Pterontrcidat (%:;;06;arcyidat) &YflY

Yagfly Mayfly Callibatcir sp.

Cloton diprtrum Psralto~opblebia prttpedita *Y flY !4Ayfly mYflY mYflY *1 flY .$

tphemertlla ‘doddri Ephemtrtlla grandir Ephtmertlla rubvaria Ephtaenlla Sp. Catnir dimieuct Nayfly Ephemera rimulanr
&YflY litxagteia bilintaca

Hexagenia rigida
fiYflY Dmgoclf ly Deutlfly 

### ~Darelflfl Dtmrtlfly Dtwtlfly Sronef ly Stonefly Sconafly Htxagtaia rp. Panida hmtett (Pancala hymeettt) Enelltgmt tapersum [~rcheurt shgaer] 18chnurt vtrci&lir Ischnura ap. Pterontrctlla badit Pctron8rcyr californica Pttrontrcy8 dorrata

70 [Foocnoct 21 0173 S89, 0233
0245 0245 N9, 0248, s71 [Foocnoct 21 s51, 0268 S36, 19, 0283 N9, S39, 0290 0290, s41, N9. [Foocnoce 21 Nl5, v603
DD [noertridtnt] Nl5, e918 [Foocnoce 21 L172 L173 E947Freshwater (Coerinutd) Class Family CommonName sp8cits Scientific Name Reference

Nemouridaa 625204 Perlidae 625401

Ptrlodidat 625402 Uepidae 627206 Dytircidae 630506 Elmidat (Elmiechidae) 631604 Bydropaych idat 641804

Limetphil idae 641807
Brachycterridae 64181s Tipul idtt 650301 Scoeef ly

[Sconefly] Scontf ly Sconefly Sconefly Scontfly Pttronarcys sp. [Foocnoce 21 [Ntntoura cintrea) 1 nonres idenc Acroeeuria lycorias N4, E953 Acrodeuria pacifica E953, us0 Claasrenia sabulosa E953 Ntophasganophora capitata E953, CC407 Stonef ly (Pharganophort capirara) Arcynopctryx paralltla
W8cer scorpion Raeacra tloegata BtetLt Bttclt Sctntlmir rtxlineara

Caddiefly Arccop8yche graudir Caddiefly Hydroprycht bttttei Caddisf ly gydroprycht c82iforaica Ctddir fly HydroQsych8 rp. Caddiefly Clirtornia mtgnifica Ctddisfly Caddisfly Philarccur quaeris

Brachycenrrur sp. Crane fly rp.

Tipula E954 [nonreaidtnt] [Footnort 21
wzl
L251, II98 N24 L253 [Foornoct 21 LIZ06
II272 [Foocaoce 21 [Foornore 21

71Fr&hmctr (Conciautd)

Clrss F-i 17 Cmon Ntlat Species Scientific Name Reference Ctrtcopogonidte 65OSO4 Bicing midge
Culicidtt 650503 Zbrquico

Morqui co Qironomidtt (Ttndiptdidrt) 650508 Midge Uidgt [Midge]

Rhtgionidtt (Ltpcidtt) 651603 PHTLrJH: IKTOPR~CTA(~1tY020~) (781 PhylteeLatlutr 7817 Ptccintrrlcidte

Lophdpd idaa Plwtrollidw 781701 PETLOM: CHORDATA(8388) Agnrcht Pteraysootidtt 86 860301 Osctichchyrs lhguillidre 8717 874101

Stlmonidtt 875501 Uidge

Midge (Ttadiptr plumorus

Chiroaomur ctncana [Chironomur chatnil Chironomus sp. Ptrtc tnyt asus ptrthtaogtnrc lcu# Uidgt Ttnyctrrur dirrimilir Snipe fly Achtrix rp.

Bryoroan Bryorota Bryorom

Sealamprey
ibtrictn et1
Pink stlmon Coho rtlnon

72 Atdtr trgypci

pipitnr Culex .c

Ptctintttllt mtgnifico Lophopodellt ctrctri Pluutellt eurgin0ct

Pteromyzon mtrinut Anguillt rostraa Oncorhynchur gorbuscht Oncorhynehut kisurch [Foocnoct 2 1
EE3 EE3 L423 Q [nonrtridtac I [Foocnoct 21 [Foocnoct 71
x11 [Foocnoct 21

E502, P269 ES02, P271 ESOS,P272

Fli
F15
Fld F18Freshwater (Concinutd) Class Family CommonName Species Scientific Name ReEerence Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus ntrka - Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus cshawyc ?louncain Prosopium williamsoni FL9 whitefish Golden trout -48 soloo uabonica F19 Cuethroat frouc Salmoclarki FL9

-- Rainbow trout Salmogairdntri F19 (Steelhead trout)

Esocidtt 875801 Cyprinidat 877601 Atlantic salmon

Brown trout Brook trout Lake trout Northern pike Salmo salar

-- Salmotrutta -- Salvtlinus foneintlis Salvelinus namaycush Esox lucius -- Chistlwurh Longfin dact Central stontrolltr Acrochtilus alutactus

Agosia chrysogtsctr Campos~om~ anomalum Goldfish Coma carp. Ctrassiur turatua

Cyprinur carpio [Ztbrt danio] [Danio rtrio] [(Zebrafish)] [Ghydanio rtrio)l Silvtrjaw minnov Ericymba buccata Golden shiner NoCtmigonur crysoltucas Pugnost rhintr Notropis anogtnus F19 F19 F19 FL9 F20
F21 F21 F21
F21 F21 [nonresident] (F96) F21 F23 F23

73Frtrhvtttr (Continued)

Class Paaily Species Commoa Ntmt Scitncific Name Rtfertnct
Emerald shiner Scriped shiner Gnmou shiner Pugnort minaow Spotctil shiner Rtd rhiotr Spot

### fin shiner Sand shiner Sttelco~or shiner lot them rtdbtlly dtct Bluncnore minnow Ptchttd oiaaou Norchern rqumfish Bttcknott dtct Speckled date Bictetliag Rudd
Creek chub Pearl dact Teach Nocropir achtrinoidts F23

Notropir chryroctphalus F23 Noeropir coruucus 823 Nocropir t&ire F24 Notropis hudsonius F24 Nocropir lucrtnris F24 Nocropis rpilopttrus F25 Nocrovir rcramintus F25 Noeropir uhipplei P25 Phoxinus eoa F25 Pimephaler aocacus Piwphaler promtlas Ptychocbeilus ortsontnsit Rbinichchrt ltraculus Rhiaichchyr osculut Rhodeoe rericeur F25 F25 PZS F25 F25 f26 F26 Scardiaiur trychrophchalmur Stmotilus arromaculacus Stmorilur margarita Tinca cinct -- F26 F26 F26

74Frtshvacer (Concinutd)
Class ---

Family _--.- CommonName Sptcirs Scientific Yame Reference Cacoetomidat 077604

Icelluridat 877702

Clariidat 877712 Oryziidae Cpprinodoncidat a80404 Potciliidat 880408

Gtettrosctidtt 881801 Whict sucker Caco8eomus commtrsoni F26

Mountain sucker Ctroscomus Dlatyrhynchus F26
Black bullhttd Yellow bullhead Brown bullhead Channt1cocfieh Walking cacfish
Mtdaka
Banded killifish Flagf ish Hoequicofieh haron 1801

ly Sailfin molly Molly hPPY Iccalutus mtlas Icerlirrue nacalis Ictalurue ntbulosus Icralurue punccatus Clariae barrachus [Orytias lociper]
Fundulus diaphanus Jordanella floridat Gambueia lffinis Potcilia formoea Potcilia lacipinna Poecilia rp. F27 F27 F27 F27 F28 [nonrtsidtnc] (F96) F33 F33 F33 F34 F34

Potcilit rtciculara F34 ‘7ETEe reticularus, Obe.1 Southern pltryfish Brook stickleback Yhretspint scickltback Nintspint stickleback Xiphophorur qaculatus F34

Culata inconecans F35 Gasttrosctus aculeacus F35 Punqitius pungitius F35

75Frtshvactr (Concinutd)

Class Family. colmllouNJmt Species Scitncific Name Reference

Ctncrrrchidat 883516

Ptrc idat 883520

Sciatnidat 883544 Ptrcichthyidat Whist perch Scriptd bass Rock b&es Greensunf ieh Pumpkinsttd Oranqtspocctd suafieh Bluegill Longttr 8uafieh Rtdrar sunfieh Smalloourh bars Larqtmouch base Whirt crappie Black crappie Rainbow dtrcer Johoay dtrctr Or0ngethro0c darter Ytllov ptrch Walleye
Frtshwactr drum Cichlidae 883561 Oec0r Moront untricana (Roccus americanus, Obs.I F36 ?iorone saxtcilis (Roccue saxrcilis, Ohs.) F36 APbloplicee.pupc8rris F38 Ltpomir cyantllus E38 Ltpomie gibbosus E38 Ltpomir humilis F38 Ltpomis macrochirus Ltpomir mtgalocie Lepomis microlophus Micropctrus dolomitui Hicropttrus etlnoidte Pomoxis annularis Pomoxie niqromtculacus EchtOScopa CJtrUltum EchtOScoQt Uigrfm gtheoetou rptccabilc F38 F38 F38 F39 F39 F39 F39 F39 F40 F40 Ptrca flavtsctne Scizorctdion virrtum vitrtum Aplodinotus grunnitns F41 F41 E45
Aetronocue octl laws F47

76FreshwaKer (Continued) Class Family CommonName Species Scientific Name Reference

Amphibia 89 Coccidae

883102 Ranidae 89.0302 Blue cilapia

Mozambique tilapia Mottled sculpin
Bull frog Green fro9 Pig frog River frog

Hicrohyl idae 890303 Bufonidae 890304 Leopard frog Wood froq [Frog1 Leooard frog Narrow-mouched toad American toad [Toad] Green cod lowler’r toad

Aplidae 890305 Tilapia aurea F47 Tilapia mossambica F47 Coccus bairdi -- ,_-_ 7. Rana cacesbeiany ,Tr u-’ Ranaclamicans F60

Rana heckrcheri

Rana sylvacica [Rana cemporia] Rana rpenocephala 8206 8206 8206 B206 B205 8206 [nonresident JJ 8192 Gastrophryne carolinensis Bufo americanus [Bufo bufo] -- Bufo debilis Bufo fowleri Red-sported toad Bufo punccacua Woodhouse’r toad Bufo voodhourei Northern cricket Acris crepicana frog Southern eray treefroq Ry& chrysoscelis Spring peeper I&& crucifer 8196 [nonresident 8197 B196 B198 8196 8203
B201
8202
77Freehvacer (CoaCiaUrd)

Claee Pmily CommonName Species Scientific Name Reference

Pipidee Gray creafrog BJlr vereicdlor Norcheru chorus Peeudacrie trieeriaca frog Akrican clawed leevie

Xenopue frog Aabyetoretidae Spotted 890502 ealaeender

Salaradridae 890504 Barking creefrog * greciorr

Squirrel crerfrog KJ& equirella

hmbyecma macularurn B201 9201
8200 B202
216
8176 [nonresident 

### 1 8176 [Mexicen 

### lxolotl] [Ambyrtoaa aaxicaaual Marbled e~lameadrr Aeabyetoma opacum
Nevt Nocbphthaleuae virideeceae 8179

(Tricurue virideecene)

78Foocnoces: 1. Apparently this is enoucdaced name (D19, 20). Organisms identified as such should only be used if they were obtained from Notch America. 2. Organisms not identified co species are considered resident only if they were obtained from wild populations in North America. 3. If from Notch America, ic is reeidenc and should be called g. similis (Cl. If not from North America, ic should beconsidered nonresidenr. 4. If from Horch America, it is reeidenc and may be any one of anumber of species such as D. laevie, D. dubia, or 1. galeace mendoca (Cl. Tonridered zonaeenc. If noc,,from Norrh America, ic should be
5. If from North America, ic is resident andmaybe any one of a number of species, such as &. u, 2. lonqiremis, or 2. roeea (Cl. If not from Norrh America, ic should be considered nonrceidcnc. 6. ‘Cbir species miqhc be established in uorcione of the southern United Scaces. 7. Thetaxonomy of this species and chic and similar genera has not been clarified, but chic species should be considered resident.

79A.

B. C.
D.
E. F.

c.

R.
I. J.

K. L.

n. NJ.
0.
P. Q. References for Freehwacer Species Brandlova, .J., 2. Brandl, and C. ti. Pernrndo. 1972. The Cladocera of Ontario with remarks on somespecies anddistribution. Can. J. 2001. 50: 1373-1403. Blair, W.F., er al. 1968. Vercebraces of the Uaiced Scaces. 2nd Ed. l(cGraw-HiLL, NeuYork. Brooks, 1. L. 1957. TheSyecemacics of Horrh American Daphnia. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academyof Arts end Sciences, Voi. XIII. Kenk, R. 1972. Freshwater Planariane (Turbellaria) of North America. Bioca of Preehveter Ecoeyeceme Identification Menual No. 1. U.S. G.P.Qr 15501~0365. Edmondeon, W. 1. (cd.) 1965. Fresh-water Bioloqy. 2nd Ed. Wiley, NewYork. &meiccee on NPneeof Fishes. 1980. AList of Comon end Scientific Namesof Fishes frm the United Scacee andCanada. 4ch Ed. Special Publication No. 12. American Fisheries Society

. Bethesda, MD: Burch, J. B. 1972. Freshwater Sphaeriaceen Claee (Mollueca: Pelecypoda) of North America. Bioca of Freehvacer Ecoeyeceme Identificarion Menual No. 3. U.S. G.P.O. #5501-0367. Foecer, N. 1972. Freehvacer Polychaecee (Annelida) of North heerica. Bioca of Freshwater Ecosysrems Idencificarion Manual No. 4. U.S. G.P.O. #5501-0368. WiLlirne, V. D. 1972. Freehvacer Ieopode (Asellidae) of North America. Bioca of Freshvacer Ecoeysceme Identification Manual NO. 7. U.S. C.P.O. #5501-0390. Butch, J. 8. 1973. Freshwater Unionaceen Clame (Yol lueca: Pelecypoda) of North America. Bioce of Freehwacer Ecoeysceme Idencificacion Menual No. 11. ‘U.S. C.P.O. C5501-00588. Kudo, R. R. 1966. ProcozooLogy. 5th Ed. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. Ueinqet, R. L. 1956. Aquetic Ineccce of California. Univereicy of ClLifornia Press, Berkeley. Clarke, A. Ii. 1973. TIM ?rrrhvecer klolluece 

### ofthe Cemdiau Interior Beein. Melacologia 13: l-509. Hileenhoff, W.L. 1975. Aquecic Ineeccs of Wisconsin. Technical Bulletin No. 89. Dept. of Natural Resources. Medieon, Wisconsin. Edmunde, G. F., Jr:, et ll. 1976. The Hayfliee of Korth and Cenrrel America. Univereicy of Hinneeoca Press, Hinneapolie. Pennak, R.W. 1978. Fresh-Water Invercebracee of the United Scacee. 2nd Ed. Wiley, NewYork. Wentsell, R., lcal. 1977. tlydrobiologia 56: 153-156.
80il. Johannsen, 0. A. 1937. Aquatic Dipceta. Part IV. Chironomidae: Subfamily Chironominle. Memoir 210. Cornell Univ. Agricultural Experimental Scacion, Ithaca, NY. S. Burks, 8. D. 1953. The Hayflies, or Ephemeropcerr, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Natural History Survey Division. Urbana, Illinois. T. Bousfield, E. L. 1973. Shallow-Water Gammarideen Amphipods of NewEnqland. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NewYork. U. Sohn, I. C., andL. S. Kornicker. 1973. XorpholoJy of Cyprecca kawacai Sohn and Eornicker, 1972 (Cruscoceo, O~~racoda), with aDiscussion of the Genus. Smithsonian Concribucionr COZoology, NO. 141. V. Needhsm, J. G., andH. J. Wescfatl, Jr. 1955. AManual ofi-the Dragonflies of North America. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.
w. Brown, H. P. 1972. Aquatic Dryopoid Beetles (Coleopcera) of the United Scaces. Bioca of Freshwater Ecosystems Xdeacificrcion Manual No. 6. U.S.C.P.O. #5501-0370. X. Parodia, J. J. 1956. Nocer on the Freshwater Snail Lepcoxis (Xudalia) carinaca (Bruguiere). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 33: 391-405. Y. Myers, F. J. 1931. The Discribucion of Rocifera on Mouhc Dtserr Island. Am. Museum Nqvicaces 494: l-12. 2. National Academy of Sciences. 1974. Amphibins : Guidelines for the breeding, care, and management of laboratory animals. Washinqcon, D.C. AA. Home, F. R., and S. !4oIncosh. 1979. Factors Influencing Discribicion of Mussels in the Blanc0 giver in Central Texas. Nautilus 94: 119-133. 88. Klems, D. J. 1972. Freshuacer Leeches (Annelida: Rirudinea) of North America. Bioca of Freshwaccr Ecospsccms Idencificacion Manual No. 8. U.S.C.P.O. #5501-0391. CC. Prison, T. El. 1935; Ihe Sconeflies, or Plecopcera, of Illinois. Bull. 111. Nat. History Survey, Vol. 20, Article 4. DD. White, A. W. Uanuscripc. John Cerroll University, University Weiqhcs, Ohio. ER. Dersia, 9. F., Jr., snd 1. 

### A. Ward. 1981. Xdeacificacioa and Ccographical Discribucion of thr Hosquitoes 

### of Notch herica, North of Hcxico. Ibcrican Mosquito Control Association, Fresno, C8lifornia. FP. Holsinger, J. R. 1972. The Freshwater Amphipod Crustaceans (Cammaridae) of North Americ8. Bioca of Prcshwacer Ecosysceos Identification Manual No. 5. U.S.C.P.O. #5501-0369. CC. Chapman, P. H., cc al. 1982. Relative Tolerances 

### of Selected Aquatic Oligochaeces co Individual Pollucsncs and Environmental Paccors. Aquatic Toxicology 2: 47-67. HH. Bosnak, A. D., snd E. L. Morgan. 1981. Nscional Spelcological Society Bull. 43: 12-18. 81II. biiqgens, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Tricopcera). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. JJ. till, R. J., and D. Svineford. 1980. Toxic Effects of Endrin andToxaDhene on the Southern Leopard Frog Rana rphenocephala. Environ. Polluc. (Series A) 23: jj-6j.

82Salcwacer Species
Class Family Cowon Name Species Scientific Name deference
PHYLlTH: CNIDA~A (coELE~RATA) (37) Bydroooa 3701 Campanulariidae 370401

Campanulinidae 370404 PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA (38 1 Tcncaculaca Pleurobrachi idae 3801 380201

Memiidae 380302 PHYLUM: RHYNCHOCOELA(4 3) kleceronemerces Lineidae 4303 430302 Hydroid Campanuldrin flexuosa Hydroid Laomedea lovcni Xydromedusa Phiaiidium sp. [Hydroidl [Eirene niridulr]

Ccenophore Ctenophore

Nemercine worm PHYLUM: iumnzu (RoTAT~RW (451 Honogononca Brachionidre Rotifar 4505 450601 PHYLUM: ANNELIDA(50) POlJChseca Pl171 lodocidre 5001 500113 Pol7chaete Yom

Hereidae 500124 Polychaecc worm Pleurobrachia pileus Mnemiopsis mccrdayi

Cerrbraculus fuscus

Brachionus plicacilis

Ph llodoce Mculacs ci (Nereiphylla maculaca) 8122, E81 [nonresident 1 [Foocnoce 11 (E811 [nonres idenc j

6218, El62 c39, 194

B252

B272

E334

Ncsnches arenaceodencaca E377 (Nerris lrrnaceodencaca) [PoJychaece worm] [Neanches vaali] [nonresident] Polychaece uozm Nereis diversicolor

(-es diversicolor) E337, F527

83Sslcvacer (Continued)

Class Femily CommouName Species Scientific Nwe Reference

Dorvilleidae 500136 Spionidae 500143 Cirraculidae 500150 Ccsnodrilidee 500153 Capicsllidae 500160 Arenicolidae 500162 Sabellidae 500170 Oligochsecs 5004 Tubificidee

500902

PRYLUH: mLLuscA (508s) Cascropode Ealiocidee 51 510203

Calppcraeidae 510364 Huric idae 510501 Sand vorm Polychaece uom Polycharce won [Polychaece worm] Polychaece worm Polychaece wns Polychaece votpl Polychaece uorm Polychaece worm Polychaaca worm 01igochaece uons Oligocheece worm Olipcbeeee uotl Tubificoider grbriallee Z

Black abalone Red sbelona Cowan Acl8ncic slippershell Oyster drill Nereis virens GZTe~ns 1 8317, E337, C58 Harris sp. Ophryocrochs diadema P23 [Ophryocrocha labrunica] [nonresident] Polydora vebsceri E338 Cirriformia spirabranchio C253 Ccenodrilus aerrscus C275 Capicell* cspicaca B358, E337
Arenicola marina B369, E337 Eudiscylie vancouveri DD
Limnodriloides 2 verruco8us 2

Aaliocis cracherodii ?laliocis rufcsccns Crepidula fornicaca C88, D17 D18 C90, D14L Urosal inx cinerca +- 8646, D179, Urosalprnx cinereus) E264salcwrcer (Continued) Class Family CommonName Species Scienrific Name Reference Melonglcpidac (Nepcuaeidae) 510507 Nassariidoe (Nassidoc) 510508 Bivalvio (Pelecypoda) 55 Hyrilidac

550701

Peccinidae 550905 Oscreid8e 551002

Cardiidae 551522 Hacridae 551525

Tellinidae 551531
Veneridae 551547 ChAnneled whelk

+hd snail

Northern horse inurrel Hodiolus modiolus
Blue mare1 Mycilus edulis

Bayscallop Pacific oyster
Earcern oyrcer Oyster Oyrcer [Cockle] Cl= Commonrangia Surf clam Cl- [Bivalve] Quahog clas Busycon canaliculatum

Narrarius obsolecus ~solecP) (Garra obroleca)

[Mytilus galloprovinciallisl Argopeccen irradians Crassoscrea gigas Crarsorcrea virninica Crarroscre8 ap. Oscrei edulis -- (Cardim edulel
Muliaa laceralir cuneaca Raagir Spirula rolidissima
Hacomainquinwa [Telliaa tenuis] Hercenar ia mercenar ia B655, 0223, E264 8649, 0226, E264
0434 B566, ClOl, 0428, E299 [nonresident
0447 C102, D456, E300 0456, E300 [Footnote 1I moo [nonresident
D491 0491, E301 8599, 0489, E301 0507 [nonresident: 0523, E301

85Salcwecer (Continued)

Class Familp CommonName Soecies Scientific Name ileference

Flyidae (Hyecidle) 551701 PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA (58-69) Merorcomete Limulidee 58 580201 Cruscacea Artemi idae 61 610401

Caleaidee 611801 Eucalanidae 611803
Pseudocalanidae 611805 tuchaecidaa 611808 Hecridiidee 611816 Couuon Pacific liccleneck Japanese 1iccleneck Soft-shellClHorseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus [Brine shrimp] [Arcemia salina] Copepod Copepod WePd Copepod Ww-J

Paeudodi-•pcaidae Copepod 611819 Temoridee 611820 Wepod Pontellidee 611827 Copepod
Acrrtiidee 611829 Copepod Procothaca scaminea Tapes philippinarum
& lrenaria

Caleaue helaolendicus Undinule vulqaris Eucalanus elongacus Eucelanus pileacus Pseudocalenur minucus
Euchaeca marine
Mecridie puifica Pseudodiapcomur coronacun Eurycemore lffinis
Lebidocera scocci
Acrrcie clausi 0526
0527 8602, 0536, ii302

8533, E403, ii30 [Foocnoce 2)

425 429 AA AA E447, 1155, 443 Q63 x179, Y E447, 1154, QlOl E450, 1155, Qlll R157
E447

86salcwarer (Conciaued)
Class Femily ComeonName Species Scientific Name Reference

Herpeccicidee 611910
Tirbidae 611913 Cenchocempcidee 611929 Belen~.dee 613402

My sid86. 615301

Idoceidee 616202

Jeoiridee 616306

Ampeliecidee 616902 QveP~ Acercia tons8

Cwwd Tigriopus celifornicus [Copepod] [Tiqriopus jepenicus] Cwvd Tisbe holochuriee Copepod Nicocre spinipes
Bernecle Barnacle Beraecle BeraecLe Mysid Myrid Myeid Mysid
Isopod [Iaopodl 

### [trop4 [Ieopadl [fsopod] [Isopod] Amphipod Balenur belenoides

Belenur crenecus Belenue eburneur Beleaur improvisus Heteroetysir form088 Hyeidopeia behie Mysidopsis bigelovi Neomyris sp. Idocee belcice [Idocee 

### lmarqinece] [Idocee aeslec~e] (Jeere 

### llbifrone] (Jeer8 elbifrone sensu] [Jeer8 nordmenni] Ampelisce ebdice E447, 1154 578 [nonresident BB
4240 B424, E457 8426, E457 8424, E457 B426, E457 E513, K720 U173 E513, R720 [Foocnoce l] 8446, E483 [nonreridenc] [nonresident] [amreeidenc I [nonresident] (nonresident] E488, L136

87Salcvecer (Coacinued)

Class Femily CommonName Species Scientific Name Reference
Euriridee Amphipod (Poncoqtatiidee) 616920 Gaeeneridae Amphipod 616921 Amphipod

Aaphipod bphipodl -hipod Lysiaaessidee hephipod 616934 Eupheuri id Cupheuriidee (Thyrenopodidee) 6 17402 Penleidre 617701

Peletmonidee 617911 Brown shrimp

Pink shrimp Uhice shrimp Blue shrimp 1Bhriapl [Pram1
Pram
Korean shrimp Creer shrimp Crers’ shrimp Poncogentia sp. [Footnoct 11

Gamerus duebeni L56 Gmnerus oceenicur E489, L50 Ganmerus tigrinus L51 [G-rur zeddachi] [nonrtsidenc] ?4erinogmmnerus obcusecus L58 lp. Anonyx [Foocnoct 11 Eupheurie pacific8

Penecus efcecus Peaaeua duorerum Ptnetus leciftrus Penecur rcylirorcris [Leender peucidens] [Leeader ssuille] [7ZiZon llcgene 1

### I Hecrobrecbium roembergii Pelaemon mecrodecrylur Pelaemoaeier pugio Peleemoaecer vulgaris Ml5
E518, N17 E518, N17 E518, N17 [nonrtsidtnc] [nonrtsidenc ] [nonrts idtnc 1
rFoornoce 3I
T380 E521, N59 8500, E521, N56

88Selcwecer (Cont,iaued)
Clear Fmilp CommonName Sotcits Scientific Name Reference Hippolycidae 617916 Panda1idea 617918

Crengoaidae 617922

Nephropridee (Nephropidee) (Boateridae) 618101 Peguridu 618306 Cencridee 618803

Portuaidee 618901

Xenthidee (Pilutaidee) 618902 Sergessun shrimp Lrcreuces fucorum N78

Coonscript shrimp Sbrimp Pink shrimp [Send shrimp] Pendelus danat
Pendelus qoniurus Pandeius moncegui [Crengon crengonl Crengon frenciscorum (Crag0 frencircorum) T306, U163
W163 B494, E522, W163 [nonrtsidenc Bayshrimp V176, W164 Shrimp nigriceuda

Crengon Sendshrimp Crengoa repctmepinosa kericao lobster Hodtarur americanus
[Lobseer] Bermic crab
Rock crab hugeness crab
Blue crab Green crab Hudcrab Crab Mudcrab (Homerus gammerur1

Pagurus lonqicerpus Cancer irrorecus maqircar Cancer Calliaecrer repidur Carcinus meener Eurypenopeur deprtssus Lepcodiur floridanus V176, U164 8500, E522, B502, E532
[nonrtsidenc] B514, E537, N125 8518, E543, N175 T166, V185, w177 B521, C80, E543, N168 CSij, E543 8522, E543, N195 S80 Rhichropenopeur harrisii E543, N187
89Salcweeer (Coaeiaued)

Class Family CommonNata Species Scitncific Name Reference Grepsidae 618907

Ocypodiclae 618909 PRYLIRI: LCHINODtA (8 1) luctroidte Asceriidee 8104 811703 Ophiuroidee Dphiochricidee 8120 812904 Echinoidte Arbaciidee 8136 814701

Toxopneuscidee 814802

Echinidu 814901 [Echinoderm]
Ichinontridu (Coral reef 814902 echiooid ] Scroaqylocentrocidee 814903 Seeurchin

Dtndrer~eridee 815501 Sanddollar
PHYLUM: CXAETOGNATHA (83) Arrow worm Short crab Short crab Drift line crab
Crab] Fiddler crab

Starfish
Brittle scar Seeurchin] Seeurchin Seeurchin [See urchin] Remigrepsus nudus Htmigrepsur ortgontnsir Stsanse cintrtum (Sesenxe heemarochtir] Uca pugiletor

Ascaries forbesi Ophiorhrix rpiculace (Arbecie lixule]
Arbecie puncculete Lyrechinur piceus [Pseudocenerocur depressus] [Parecencrocur lividur] [Echimmetra urheeil Scrongylocencrotur purpurecus Dendresctr exctncricus

hirpide Segicta cc cc B526, E544, N222 [nonresident 8526, E544, N232
0728, E578, 0392 0672, T526 [nonres idtnc 8762, E572 T253 nonresidencl
nooresidencl [noarerideac] [Heurii only] 0574, T202
0537, V363
E218

90Selcvecrr (Coaciaued)
Class Femily CommonName Species SCitat ific Name Reference
P?IYLUH: CHORDATA(83881 Choadrichchyts Rejidee 8701 871304 Osctichchyer Aaguillidee 8717 874101

Clupeidee 874701

Engreulidee 874702

Selmoaidee 875501

Cedidee 879103 Cyprinodont idat 880404 [Thornbeck ray] [a clavaca] [nonrtsidtnc

Americeu eel Anguille roscraca A15 Aclencic qenheden Brevdbrcie cyrennus Al7 Gulf mtnheden Brevoorcie pacronus Al7 Acleacic herring Clupee hertngur herengur Al7 Pacific herring Clupee hertngus pelleri Al.7 Berriag harengur

Clupre Al7 Northern anchovy Engreulis qordex Al8 [Nehu]
Pink salmon Qua reLmoa Cohosalmon Sockeye salmon Qiaook eelmon Reinbou trout [Scolephorur purpureus) (nonrtsidenc 1 [Haveii only ] Oacorhpachur gorburcha Al8 Oacorhyachur ktte Al8 Oncorhynchus kisurch Al8 Oncorhyachur nerka A19 Oacorhyachus trheuycrcha A19 Selmo geirdaeri Al9 (Steelheed Lrouc1 Aclencic salmon Salmo seler A19

-- Acleacic cod Cadur morhue A30

-- EIeddock Sheeprheed niIUlOW Helenogremmus atgltfinus A30

Cypriaodon veritgecus A33

91Saltvaccr (Continued)

Class Femily CommonName Species Scicac if ic Name Reference

Potciliidae 880408 Achcrinidee 880502

Gescerorceidee 881801

Syaqaeehidae 882002 Percichchpidre
Iuhliidu aa3sl4 Gatangidw 883S28 Sparidae 883543 SC irenidre 883544 Huawnichog

Scriped killifish Lonqnore killifish Worquicofirh Seilfin molly In1 and rilverside Aclmcic rilverride Tidevacer silverside Threespine scicklebeck Fourrpine rcickleback Norchern pipefirh Scriped beer

Florida Pompeno
Piafirh Spot Fundulus heccroclicus A33

Fundulur mejelis A.33 Fundulur similir .A33 Gaburir affinir Poecilie lecipinna Menidir beryllinr A33 A34 A34
Henidie menidis A34
Ueaidia peninrulee A34

Garcerosceur aculcacur A35 Apelter quedracur A35 Synenachur fuscur A36
Morone sexacilir (Baccus sexecllia, Obs.1 (Iuhlie rendvicearirl
Trrchinocus crrolinus

rhomboidee LeRodoo
Leiorcomur xanchurur Aclencic croaker Micropogonier undulrcur A36 [nonresident I [Heveii only) A43
A45
A46 A46

92

### Saltwater(Continued) Class Family Common Name Species

Scientific Name Reference

Embiotocidae .883560
Pomacentridae 883562 Labridae 883901 Mugilidae 883601
Ammodytidae 884501 Gobiidae 884701 Cottidae 883102 Bothidae 885703 Pleuronectidae 885704

Balistidae 886002 Red

drum Sciaenopsocellatus Shinerperch Cymatogaster aggregata Dwarfperch Blacksmith Gunner Bluehead [Mullet] Stripedmullet Whitemullet Pacific sand Lance Micrometrusminimus

chromispunctipinnis Tautogolabrusadspersus Thalassoma

bifasciatum [Aldrichetts forsteri] Mugilcephalus Mugilcurema Ammodytes

hexapterus Longjawmudsucker

Gillichthys mirabilis Naked goby Gobiosoma

boaci Tidepoolaculpin Oligocottus maculosus SpackledsanddabCitharichthys stigmaeus Summer flounder Paralichthysdentatus (Dab] [Limandalimanda] [Plaice] [Pleuronecctes platessa Engliahsole Parophrysvetulus Winterflounder Pseudopleuronecces

americanus Planehead Monacanthus hispidus A46

A47 A48 A48 A49 A49 [nonresident] A49 A49 A53 A54 A54 A61 A64 A64 [nonresident] [nonresident] A65 A65 A66 filefish
93

### Saltwater(Continued)

Class Family Common Name Species

Scientific Name Reference Tettaodonridae 886101 Northernpuffer Sphoeroidesmaculatus A66

Footnotes : 1. Organisms

notidentified tospeciesareconsideredresidentonly‘if obtainedfromwild populationsinNorthAmerica. 2. Thisspeciesshouldnotbeusedbecauseit mightbetooatypical. 3. Thisspeciesmightbe establishedinportionsofthesouthernUnitedstates.

94Rtfertncta for Salcvaccr Species A.

B. C.
0.
E.

F.
G.
IL

I.
J.
K.

L.

n.

N.
0. amiccet on Names of Fishes. 1980. AList of Commonand Scientific Namesof Fishes from the United Scaces and Canada. 4th Ed. Special Publication No. 12. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, $HD. Miner, R. W. 1950. Field Bookof Seashore Life. Van Rtts Press, NewYork. George, Da, and J. George. 1979. !Urine Life: AnItluacraced Encyclopedia of Invtrcebracea in the Sea. Wiley-Incerscienct, NewYork. &+bocc, I(. T. 1974. American Seashells. 2nd Ed. Van Norcrand Reinhold Company, Xew York. Goaner, K. L. 1971. Guide co Idencificacion of tirine and Eacuarint Xnvercebraces: Cape tlacceraa cothe Bayof Fundy. Wiley-Inccrrcience, Nev York; Gosner, K. L. 1979. AField Guide co cha Atlantic Seaahora. Houghton Mifflin, Boacon. Harcaunn, 0. 1968. Aclaa of cht Erranciace Polychatcoua Anntlida from California. filan Hancock Found&cion, Uaivtrsicy of Souchtrn California, Los Angeles, California. Harcmann, 0. 1969. Aclaa of the Stdencariacc Polychattous Annelids from California. Allen Hancock Foundation, Univtraicy of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. coolay, N. R. 1978. AnIttvenrory of the Eacuarim Fauna in chc Vicinity of Pensacola, Florida. Florida ?iarine Research Publicscion No. 31. Florida Departmtnc of Nacutal Resources, SC. Pccersbutg, Florida. Ziaqmark, R. C. (cd.) 1978. An Annocactd Chtcklisc of the Biora of cht Coerce1 Zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina. Monk, C. R. 1941. Marine RarDaccicoid Copepoda from California. Trans. Amer. Microac. Sot. 60:75-99. Wiqlty, R., and B. R. Burns. 1971. Diacribucion and Biology of Mysida (Cruscacea, ?(gsidacra) from the Aclancic Coaac of cht United Scaces in the NHFSWoodsHole Co1ltccioa. Fish. Bull. 69(4):717-746. Bouafield, E. L. 1973. Shallow-Uactr Gamaaridean Amphipoda of Ntv England. Cornell Univerairy Press. Ithaca, HewYork. Poucmartve, L. A. tupbauaida of the North Pacific, their Diacribucion, and Ecology. Jtruaalm: Israel ProgrrP for Scientific Tranalationa. 1966. Traaalaced from chc Russian by S. Ntmchonok. ‘M’6S-30098. NTIS, Springfield, VA. Williams, A. 8. 1965. Marine Decapod Cruacactans of the Carolinaa. Fish. Bull. 65(1):1-298. Syman, L. H. 1955. The Invercebraces: Echinodennaca. Vol. IV. McGraw-Hi11, New York.

95P.

C!. A.

s.

T.

u.

V.

u.

X.
Y.

7

. . AA.
BB.

cc.

DD. Akesson, 8. 1976. Horpholopy and Life Cycle of 0hr ocrocha di8dtm8, aNew PoLycb8tce Species from CtLiforni8. Ophtli8 L5(Le

‘Wilson, C. B. 1932. The Copepodr of the WoodsHole Region, 38ssrchuseccs. U.S. sac. Hug. BULL. L58: L-635. Fleainqer, A. 1956. Ttxoaomic andDisrribuciontl Studier onthe Epiplankconic C8Lanoid Copepods (Crustace8) of the Gulf of Mexico. Disserc8cion. Harvard University, Ctmbridqe. Xtnrel, R. W. 1956. Annocrced Checklist of the ?ltrine Flu118and Flora of the Sc. Georqe ’I Sound - Ap8Lrchee B8yresion, Florid8 Gulf C08sc. Concrib. Xo. 61. FLa. Scsce Univ. Octmopr. IasC. Rickectr, E. F., 8nd .I. C8lvin. (Rtvistd by Jot1 W. Sdqptrh). 1968. Becwten Ptcific Tides. Sc8oford Uaivtrricy Prtst, Sctaford, Ctlifotnit. Price, H. W. 1978. Occurrence of HysidoQsir 8lmYr8 Bouman, 2. b8hi8 LHoLeenockand Boum8niellr brrriliensir Btcttcu (Crurttcet, Hysid8ct8) from chtmern Gulf of Htxico. hlf bs. ILporct 6(2): 173-175. Light, S. F. (Ravirtd by R. I. Smith, lc 81.1. 1961. Iactrcid8L Invercebracts of the Ctncr81 CaLiforni8 Co8rc. Univtrsicp of C8liforni8 Prtsa, Los Angeles, Ctl ifornit. Korloff, I!. N. 1976. Ktpr to cbt Maine Inverctbr8ctr of Puptc Sound, cht S8nJu8n .Arehiptl8go, and Mjrctnc Rtqionr. Waiversicy of Wtshingcon Prtsr, SttCcLt, W8rhinqcon. C8lcofi AcL88. No. 19. Ctliforni8 Cooptr8cive Oct8nic Fisheries Invcstiqacions, Scrct of Ctliforni8.Htrint Rttttrch Cormicctt. pp. 179-185. Brodrkii, K. A. 1967. C818noido of cht P8r E8sccrn Sttt rnd Polar B8sin of the U.S.S.R. Jtrustltm Series, Keys cocht Fauna of cht U.S.S.R. ZoologicaL Inrc., Actdaay Scitnctr, U.S.S.R. No. 35. Chapnan, P. M., ec 81. 1982. RtL8civt Toler8acta of ScJtcttd Aqurric Oliqoch8eces co Individurl PoLluc8nct 8nd Environmtncrl Fsccorr
. Aqutcic Toxicology 2: 47-67. Vtnk8c8r8&8k, A., tc 8L. 1982. Scudicr on Toxicity of OTECPLaac Components on tuc~lmur rp. fra cbt Gulf of Htxico. Octtn Scitnct tad tnginrtring. Ziaqmank, P. C. (td.). 1978. AnAnnotard Checklist of the Bfocs of the Co8ac81 Zone of Souch Cttoliot. Uuiverrity of South Ctrolint Prttr. Thtcchtr, 1. 0. 1978. The Rtlrcive Sensieivicy of P8cific Norchwtsc Fishes andInvtrctbrrctt coChlorintctd St8Wtctr. In: 1. L. JolLty, lctL. (tdr.), Wocer Chlorin8cion: Enviroumenc81 Imptcc ld Rerlch Effeccr. Vol. 2. AnnArbor Science Publishers, AnnArbor, Hichig8n. p. 341. Young, J. S., te al, 1979. Effeccr of Copper on chc S8btlltd Polychatce, Eudiscylir vancouveri: 1. Conctncrtcion Limits for Copper Accuwl8tion. Arch. Environ. Concorn. Toxicol. 8: 97-106. 96Appendix 2. Example Calculation of Final Acute Value, Compurer Program, and Princoucs A. Rx8mple calculation N* coca1 number of WWs in data set - 8
Rank WV 1nuAv (lnMm2 PR/(N+lI r P
4 6.4 1.8S63 3.4458 0.44444 0.66667 3 6.2 1.8245 3.3290 0.33333 0.57735 2 4.8 1.5686 2.4606 0.22222 0.47140 1 0.4 -0.9163 0.8396 0.11111 0.33333
SULR: 4.3331 10.07so 1.11110 2.04875

- 87.134
S- 9.3346 L = 14.3331 - (9.3346)(2.04875)1/4 - -3.6978 A- (9.3346)(m) - 3.6978 - -1.6105 FAV =c-1.6105 w0.1998

97B. gxsnple computer program in BASIC language for calculating the PAV
10 BEWTHIS PWGRAM CALCULATES THE FAV WXENTHERE ARg LESS TM 20 REM59 MAVS IN THEDATASET. 30 x-o 40 x2-0 50 Y-0 60 Y2-0 70 PRINT "HOWMANYMAVSAM IN THE DATA SET?" 80 INPUT N 90 PRINT "WHAT AlU T'ElRFODRLOWESTHAVS?" 100 FORB-1 To 4 110 INPUT V 120 X=X+LCG(V) 130 Kz-Xz+(U)G(V))*(LOG(V)) 140 P-R/(N+l) 150 YZ-Y2+P 160 Y-Y+SQR(P) 170 NgXT R 180 S-SQR((X2-X*X/4)/(Y2-Y*Y/4)) 190 L-(x-SY) /4 200 A-SWQR(O.OS)+L 210 F-EXP(A) 220 PRINT “FAV - “F 230 END C. Exanple priacouts from program EloWMANYMAVSARB INTIE DATASET? ? 8 WHATAUSTHE FODRLOWBSTHAVS? ? 6.4 ? 6.2 ?4.8 ? .4 FAV- 0.1998
L’W?MANYC4AVS

AU INTEgDATASET? 1 16 UELATARETEfgFOURLeOWESTMAVS? 1 6.4 ? 6.2 ?4.8 ? .4 FAV =0.4365

98