Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1606-PO-1282 | November 22, 2016 Page 1 of 9

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Mark A. Bates

Schererville, Indiana

APPELLEE, PRO SE

C.R.

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

C.V.,

Appellant,

v.

C.R.,

Appellee.

November 22, 2016

Court of Appeals Case No.

45A03-1606-PO-1282

Appeal from the Lake Circuit 

Court

The Honorable Michael A. 

Sarafin, Magistrate

Trial Court Cause No.

45C01-1602-PO-36

Pyle, Judge.

Statement of the Case

[1] C.V. appeals the trial court’s issuance of a protective order against him in favor

of C.R. He argues that the trial court erred because C.R. did not produce

sufficient evidence that he stalked her and, therefore, that a protective order was 

warranted. We agree and reverse the trial court’s decision. We remand with 

instructions to vacate the protective order against C.V.
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[2] We reverse and remand with instructions. 

Issue

Whether there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s 

issuance of a protective order against C.V.

Facts

[3] In July of 2015, C.R. found a note on her car outside of her workplace at the 

Department of Veterans Affairs (“V.A.”). The note “was basically saying 

things about [her] physical attributes.” (Tr. 36). She was able to identify the 

author as a Marine due to a reference in the note to “Semper-Fi,” but the note 

did not otherwise contain any identifying information. (Tr. 38). Two weeks 

later, C.R. found a second note on her car that “said about the same type of 

thing” as the first note and again lacked any identifying information. (Tr. 37). 

She filed a report about the note with the V.A. Police, and the police asked her 

whether she had seen any patients who could have left the notes. She reviewed 

her patients but could not determine who might have left them.

[4] Seven months later, C.R. found a third note on her car at work. It was “the 

same type of note,” only “a little bit more kinky.” (Tr. 37-38). On another day, 

she then found a fourth note on her car. After this note, C.R. was able to match 

the dates on which she had found the four notes with dates that C.V. had 

visited the V.A. as a patient. She forwarded this information to the officer 

investigating the notes, and he then confirmed that C.V. had placed the note on 

C.R.’s car when he reviewed the V.A.’s parking lot surveillance camera 
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footage.1 This officer, Jeffrey Trama (“Officer Trama”), called C.V., and C.V. 

admitted that he had left the notes. Officer Trama told C.V. to stop leaving the 

notes, and C.V. did so. 

[5] C.R. did not press criminal charges against C.V., but she filed a pro se petition 

for an ex parte protective order against him on February 19, 2016.2 The trial 

court granted C.R.’s petition on February 22, 2016 and issued the ex parte 

protective order. However, on March 7, 2016, C.V. requested a hearing on the 

protective order, and the trial court held a hearing on April 6, 2016.

[6] At the hearing, C.R. appeared pro se, and C.V. appeared represented by 

counsel. The trial court asked C.R. if she would like to continue the hearing so 

that she could retain an attorney, and she declined the trial court’s offer. The 

trial court then told C.R.: “All right; well, ma’am, if you proceed to represent 

yourself, you understand that the rules of evidence apply. Counsel may 

interpose objections based on those rules of evidence[,] and you may not be 

fully trained or versed in those rules; do you understand that?” (Tr. 7). C.R. 

replied, “Yes,” and the hearing continued as planned. (Tr. 8).

[7] C.R. testified to the events described above and further described the notes she 

had received. She said that in the third note, C.V. had written “your laugh is 

 

1 The location of C.R.’s car when C.V. left the first three notes had previously prevented the officer from 

identifying him in the surveillance footage. 

2 This petition is not a part of the record. 
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even more than music to my ears.” (Tr. 44). Then, she testified that in the 

fourth note C.V. had written “I wish you could have been mine; things would 

be so much far [sic] better for us. . . . X-O-X-O-X-O.” (Tr. 44). C.R. 

considered this note “crazy-creepy.” (Tr. 38).

[8] Officer Trama also testified, and during his direct examination, C.R. attempted 

to admit the four notes and the surveillance video of C.V. into evidence. C.V.’s 

attorney objected on the grounds that C.R. had failed to tender either the notes 

or video to C.V. and that C.R. had failed to lay a proper foundation for their 

admission. The trial court sustained the objection, reminding C.R. that it could 

not teach her how to lay a foundation for evidence. Thereafter, C.R. failed to 

properly offer the notes or video for admission into evidence, and they were not 

admitted.

[9] At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court took the matter under 

advisement. On May 6, 2016, it issued a protective order prohibiting C.V. from 

contacting C.R. for two years, among other restrictions. As a basis for its order, 

the trial court found that C.R. had shown by a preponderance of the evidence

that C.V. had stalked her and that C.V. represented a “credible threat to” her

safety. (App. 7). C.V. now appeals. 

Decision

[10] On appeal, C.V. argues that C.R. failed to present sufficient evidence to support 

the trial court’s issuance of the protective order. Specifically, he contends that 
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there was no evidence that he stalked her as required for the issuance of a 

protective order. 

[11] Initially, we note that C.R. did not file an appellee’s brief. When an appellee 

fails to submit a brief, we need not undertake the burden of developing 

argument on the appellee’s behalf. A.S. v. T.H., 920 N.E.2d 803, 805 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2010). Rather, we will reverse the trial court’s judgment if the appellant’s 

brief presents a case of prima facie error. Id. Prima facie error in this context is 

defined as “‘at first sight, on first appearance, on the face of it.’” Id. (quoting 

Trinity Homes, LLC v. Fang, 848 N.E.2d 1065, 1068 (Ind. 2006)). When the 

appellant is unable to meet his burden, we will affirm. Id. at 806. In making 

this determination, we will neither reweigh the evidence nor resolve questions 

of credibility. Tons v. Bley, 815 N.E.2d 508, 511 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). We look 

only to the evidence of probative value and reasonable inferences that support 

the trial court’s judgment. Id. 

[12] This Court has noted the “‘significant ramifications of an improperly granted 

protective order.’” J.K. v. T.C., 25 N.E.3d 179, 181 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) 

(quoting Barger v. Barger, 887 N.E.2d 990, 993 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008)). “For 

example, at the state level, violation of the trial court’s protective order is 

‘punishable by confinement in jail, prison, and/or a fine.’ I.C. § 34-26-5-3. . . . 

Thus, an improperly granted protective order may pose a considerable threat to 

the respondent’s liberty.” Id. 
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[13] In order for a trial court to issue a protective order, the petitioner must prove by 

a preponderance of the evidence that stalking has occurred. Tons, 815 N.E.2d 

at 511; see also I.C. § 34-26-5-2(a)(2) (allowing a petitioner to file a petition for a 

protective order against a “person who has committed stalking”). Indiana law 

defines “stalking” as “‘a knowing or an intentional course of conduct involving 

repeated or continuing harassment of another person that would cause a 

reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened and

that actually causes the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or 

threatened.’” Maurer v. Cobb-Maurer, 994 N.E.2d 753, 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) 

(quoting I.C. § 35-45-10-1) (emphasis added). 

[14] Here, C.V. claims that C.R. did not produce any evidence to support the trial 

court’s conclusion that he stalked her because the contents of the notes were 

never admitted into evidence. He contends that, because there was no evidence 

of the content of the notes, there was no evidence that his actions would have 

caused a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or 

threatened. Accordingly, we must consider whether the evidence that C.V. left 

C.R. four notes and C.R.’s vague testimony regarding the content of those notes 

were sufficient to prove that a reasonable person would have felt terrorized, 

frightened, intimidated, or threatened by C.V. We conclude that they were not. 

[15] As a basis for this conclusion, we find our decision in Maurer persuasive. 

There, we held that a man had not stalked his former wife, even though his 

former wife alleged that he had sent her “constant emails and text messag[es].” 

Maurer, 994 N.E.2d at 755. The wife had admitted one email from him into 
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evidence and had testified that it was “one of many emails.” Id. In the email, 

he wished her a Happy Valentine’s Day, told her he loved her, and told her that 

he wanted to restore their marriage. Id. He also told her that he forgave her for 

her romantic relationship with another man and that he disapproved of divorce. 

Id. 

[16] In our opinion on appeal, we noted that contact does not have to be threatening 

on its face to constitute stalking. Id. at 757. However, we held that contact “on 

more than one occasion cannot—without more—constitute stalking.” Id. We 

concluded that there was not sufficient evidence of stalking in Maurer because, 

in part, we found the wife’s testimony that she had received “many” and 

“constant” emails from her former husband vague. Id. at 758-59. We noted 

that she had not provided any dates for the emails, other than the email she had 

admitted into evidence, or an estimate of the total number of emails she had 

received. Id. at 758. We concluded that “‘[m]any’ emails over the course of an 

undisclosed timeframe” could have been “as few as two or as numerous as two 

million.” Id. at 759. We also found it significant that the wife had not 

produced any evidence that she had asked her former husband to stop sending 

her emails. Id. This factor was significant because “one can hardly characterize 

mutual communication between two parties as harassment within the meaning 

of the stalking statute.” Id. Based on these two factors, we concluded that the 
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wife had not produced sufficient evidence of contact that would have caused a 

reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated or threatened.3 Id. 

[17] Based on our decision in Maurer, we conclude that C.R. did not produce 

sufficient evidence that C.V.’s contact with her constituted stalking. Although 

her testimony regarding the number of times C.V. contacted her was not vague, 

it is clear that his contact with her was relatively insignificant. He left notes on 

her car on four occasions, and an interval of seven months passed between two 

of the notes. C.V.’s contact can hardly be considered frequent. More 

significantly, though, as in Maurer, C.R. did not produce any evidence that she 

asked C.V. to stop sending her the notes or that he persisted after she asked him 

to stop. To the contrary, Officer Trama testified that C.V. did not send any 

notes once he contacted him and asked him to stop. 

[18] Finally, while this was not a factor in Maurer, we must note that the nature of 

C.V.’s contact appears to have been relatively non-threatening. Specifically, he 

contacted C.R. in a public area on dates that happened to coincide with his 

treatment at the V.A. He did not make any attempts to express the contents of 

his notes in person or in private. Instead, he left the notes in a public location 

where C.R. would find them. These factors might not be dispositive under 

 

3

For the sake of comparison, we also noted in Maurer that we had affirmed the trial court’s issuance of a 

protective order in Andrews v. Ivie, 956 N.E.2d 720 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). Id. at 758. In Andrews, there was 

evidence regarding “the extent of the contacts, numerous unwelcome gifts from Andrews, Ivie’s repeated 

demands that he leave her alone, her attempts to avoid contact from him, and Ivie’s testimony regarding the 

effect of the contacts on her.” Id. (discussing Andrews, 956 N.E.2d at 724).
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different circumstances. However, because there was no evidence that the 

contents of the notes were threatening, we cannot conclude that there was 

sufficient evidence that a reasonable person would have felt terrorized, 

frightened, intimidated, or threatened by C.V.’s acts under these circumstances. 

Accordingly, we conclude that C.V. has presented a prima facie case that C.R. 

did not produce sufficient evidence that C.V. stalked her.

4

 As a result, we 

reverse the trial court and remand with instructions for the trial court to vacate 

the protective order. 

[19] Reversed and remanded with instructions.

Bradford, J, and Altice, J., concur. 

 

4 Because we have concluded that a reasonable person would not have felt terrorized, frightened, intimidated, 

or threatened by C.V.’s acts, we need not address whether C.R. actually felt terrorized, frightened, 

intimidated, or threatened. See I.C. § 35-45-10-1.