FIRST DIVISION

PHIPPS, C. J.,

ELLINGTON, P. J., and MCMILLIAN, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

March 2, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A1715. PARROTT v. THE STATE.

PHIPPS, Chief Judge.

For the shooting death of Cody Ward, a jury found Joseph Parrott guilty of

voluntary manslaughter (as a lesser included offense to the charge of murder),

aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime.

Ward wasinitially sentenced on all three counts. But in post-conviction proceedings,

the trial court vacated the aggravated assault sentence, merging the aggravating

assault into the voluntary manslaughter for sentencing purposes.

In this appeal, Parrott contends that the trial court erred by failing to take

corrective action when the prosecutor made an improper remark during closing

argument, by not including certain instructions in its final charge to the jury, and by
rejecting his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. For reasons that follow,

we affirm.

The trial evidence showed the following. Parrott was 16 years old with an

eighth-grade education when he fatallyshot 19-year-oldWard. Parrott andWard were

neighbors, and part of the same circle of friends. During a temporary break-up

between Ward and his girlfriend, Parrott had sex with her. Ward found out; he was

upset and wanted to meet with Parrott.

On the day in question, November 21, 2008, Parrott agreed to meet Ward at

Ward’s home to discuss the situation. A mutual friend had left Ward’s home and

walked to Parrott’s residence to accompany Parrott back to Ward’s house. As the

mutual friend recounted at trial, in several calls he had with Parrott earlier that day,

Parrott had expressed concern that “we were going to jump him [Parrott].” So as they

walked together toward Ward’s house, Parrott carried with him a rifle. It was about

6:00 p.m.

Rather than walking directly toWard’s residence, Parrott and the friend headed

first to the residence of the friend’s girlfriend. She lived across the street from Ward.

When Parrott and his friend had walked about 50 yards up the gravel driveway of the

2
girlfriend’s residence, they heard footsteps behind them and looked back. It was

Ward.

Parrott’s friend gave this account of the shooting that ensued. Ward – who

“wasn’t running, he was just steadily walking up the driveway” – was about 10 feet

away. Parrott told Ward to stop; Ward stopped and put his hands up in the air. Parrott

“started shooting I think he shot about four times.” Ward collapsed. As Ward lay on

the ground, Parrott shot him several times in the back, then ran into nearby woods.

Ward was unarmed when he was fatally shot. As was later determined, one

bullet entered Ward’s front abdomen and passed through his aorta; a second bullet

entered Ward’s back and passed through his kidney, liver, and diaphragm; a third

bullet entered his upper buttock and lodged in his sacrum. The pathologist who

conducted the autopsy opined that, while the third bullet was a “minor gunshot

wound,” either of the other two bullets could have inflicted fatal injury.

A police investigator assigned to the case testified that Parrott was located the

morning after the shooting and brought into the sheriff’s office. Parrott agreed to give

a statement. Therein, Parrott admitted that he had discharged the rifle aboutfour times

before Ward hit the ground. The investigator described that, as Parrott recounted the

3
incident, “[Parrott] was very cold. It was almost like he didn’t care. . . . There was no

emotion at all.”

Parrott, who wasthe sole defense witness, admitted shooting Ward and further

gave this account. When his friend arrived at his house, the friend told him that they

were headed to Ward’s house. The friend had told Parrott that Ward had been

showing his guns to friends who were at his house, so Parrott carried a gun with him.

As Parrott explained, “I really didn’t intend – I just figured if I had it maybe he

wouldn’t mess with me.” When they reached Ward’s driveway, however, the friend

told Parrott that he wanted to first stop by his girlfriend’s residence. As they walked

up the driveway of her residence, Parrott recalled, “I heard someone come up behind

me.” Parrott testified that he was already afraid, and so, “[b]efore I even turned

around I pulled the gun down.” Parrott described that “[Ward] was running,” and, “I

said stop. And – But I was already nervous – my hands were shaking – and I just

pulled the trigger.” In a matter of two seconds, Parrott estimated, he had pulled the

trigger three or four times. He added, “I was shooting towards [Ward], but I really

wasn’t trying to shoot him.”

4
1. Citing OCGA § 17-8-75,

1 Parrott contendsthat the trial court erred by failing

to take curative action when the prosecutor included what he claims was a “future

dangerousness” remark during closing argument.

2

It is well settled that the burden is on the appellant “who asserts error to show

it affirmatively by the record”;3further, “an appellant, in order to secure a reversal,

must demonstrate not only error but harm.”4 But as Parrott conceded in his appellate

brief, closing arguments were not transcribed.

5

“[W]here the transcript does not fully

1

(“Where counsel in the hearing of the jury make statements of prejudicial

matters which are not in evidence, it is the duty of the court to interpose and prevent

the same. On objection made, the court shall also rebuke the counsel and by all

needful and proper instructions to the jury endeavor to remove the improper

impression from their minds; or, in his discretion, he may order a mistrial if the

prosecuting attorney is the offender.”)

2 See Jones v. State, 288 Ga. 431, 433-434 (704 SE2d 776) (2011) (reiterating

that “it is improper for a prosecutor to argue to the jury during the guilt-innocence

phase of a trial that if the defendant is found not guilty, the defendant will pose a

threat of future dangerousness”).

3 Griffin v. State, 265 Ga. 552, 555 (10) (458 SE2d 813) (1995), quoting Roach

v. State, 221 Ga. 783, 786 (4) (147 SE2d 299) (1966).

4 Griffin, supra at 554 (6) (citation omitted).

5 See, however, Scott v. State, 290 Ga. 883, 885 (2) (725 SE2d 305) (2012) (“A

closing argument is to be judged in the context in which it is made.”) (citation

omitted); Arrington v. State, 286 Ga. 335, 346 (16) (a) (687 SE2d 438) (2009)

(holding that an alleged error under OCGA § 17-8-75 “is subject to harmless error

analysis”); Walker v. State, 281 Ga. 521, 524 (5) (640 SE2d 274) (2007) (concluding

5
disclose what transpired in the trial court, the burden is on the complaining party to

have the record completed pursuant to OCGA § 5-6-41.”6 Because Parrott did not

supplement the transcript in accordance with that statute, this contention provides

“nothing for the appellate court to review.”7

Although Parrott asserts that, through his testimony at the hearing on the

motion for new trial, he established that the prosecutor made an impermissible future

dangerousness remark, “[t]estimony at the hearing on the motion for new trial in this

case is not a sufficient substitute for a transcript” setting forth closing arguments.

8

that the trial court did not commit reversible error by failing to perform its duty under

OCGA § 17-8-75, where the improper statement involved speculation about a

potential defense appellant clearly did not assert at trial, where it consisted of only

one sentence spoken simultaneously with defense counsel’s prompt objection, and

where the trial court in preliminary instructions before closing told the jury that the

argument of counsel was not evidence); Wright, supra (concluding that based upon

the totality of the circumstances, no reversible error was committed by the trial

court’s failing to satisfy OCGA § 17-8-75 when the prosecutor made the single

comment, “the next time [the defendant] does this, he might shoot somebody”).

6 Glass v. State, 289 Ga. 542, 545 (2) (712 SE2d 851) (2011) (citations

omitted).

7

 Id. (citations and punctuation omitted).

8

Id. (citations and punctuation omitted). See generally Sears v. State, 290 Ga.

1, 3 (3), n. 2 (717 SE2d 453) (2011) (“[T]he absence of a potentially relevant part of

the record is properly construed against the appellant.”) (citation omitted); State v.

Nejad, 286 Ga. 695, 698 (690 SE2d 846) (2010) (holding that “the burden is on the

6
2. Parrott contendsthat the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on the

principle that “threats and menaces of what proved to be the unarmed victim could

be a sufficient basis for a reasonable man to respond with deadly force.”9

Parrott acknowledges that he did not request such an instruction, but relies on

the rule enunciated in Tarvestad v. State:

10

“The trial court must charge the jury on

the defendant’ssole defense, even without a written request, if there is some evidence

to support the charge.”11

party which contends the transcript does not fully disclose what transpired at trial to

have the record completed at the trial court pursuant to OCGA § 5-6-41(f)” and

“[w]here the transcript is not supplemented, the complaining party does not carry its

burden of showing by the record the facts necessary to establish its point”); Campbell

v. State, 269 Ga. 186, 188 (11) (496 SE2d 724) (1998) (“Because closing arguments

were not transcribed, [appellant] cannot show that any impermissible argument was

made or that, if it was, he objected thereto.”). See further cases cited in footnote 5,

supra.

9 Facison v. State, 152 Ga. App. 645, 647 (1) (263 SE2d 523) (1979); see

Sawyer v. State, 161 Ga. App. 479, 482 (1) (288 SE2d 108) (1982) (“[W]hen the

killing is claimed to have been done on account of a reasonable fear in the mind of

the slayer, threats accompanied by menaces, though the latter do not amount to an

actual assault, may in some instances be sufficient to arouse the fears of a reasonable

man that his life is in danger or that a felony is about to be perpetrated upon him.”)

(citations omitted); Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases, §

3.16.10 (4th ed.). 

10

 261 Ga. 605 (409 SE2d 513) (1991).

11

 Id. at 606 (citations omitted).

7
Assuming, but not deciding, that such an instruction was authorized by the

evidence,12 we find no reversible error. Parrott states in his brief that “[his] sole

defense in the instant case was self-defense”; further, he acknowledges that the trial

court charged the jury on self-defense and on justification. 

The record illustrates that Parrott’s defense was that the state failed to carry its

burden of proving that the homicide was not justified.

13 Further, the record confirms

that the trial court fully and adequately instructed the jury on justification; selfdefense, including the statutory language “reasonably believes” found in OCGA § 16-

3-21 (a); and on the state’s burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Parrott’s

actions had not been justified.

14 Although Parrott maintainsthat the trial courtshould

have given an additional explanatory charge on the “threats and menaces” principle,

“[t]he giving of an otherwise correct charge is not rendered erroneous for lack of an

12 The state counters, inter alia, that such a charge was not authorized by the

evidence, asserting a lack of any “menace” committed by Ward. 

13 Pursuant to OCGA § 16-3-21 (a), “a person is justified in using force which

is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if he or she reasonably

believesthatsuch force is necessary to prevent death or great bodily injury to himself

or herself or a third person or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony.”

14 See generally Hill v. State, 290 Ga. 493, 497-498 (5) (722 SE2d 708) (2012).

8
additional explanatory charge, in the absence of an appropriate request.”15 Given

these circumstances, Parrott has demonstrated no violation of the rule that requires

that a defendant’s sole defense must be charged even when not requested.

16

3. Parrott contends that the trial court erred by rejecting his claim of ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. Pursuant to Strickland v. Washington,

17

[t]o prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant

must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the

deficient performance so prejudiced the defendant that there is a

reasonable likelihood that, but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the

trial would have been different. If an appellant fails to meet his or her

15

Smith v. State, 279 Ga. 172, 174 (2) (611 SE2d 1) (2005) (citation omitted).

16 See id. at 174-175 (2) (holding that the lack of “an additional explanatory

charge” does not amount to a violation of the rule that the trial court must charge sua

sponte on a defendant’s sole defense if supported by evidence, where jurors were

given complete and correct instructions on the defendant’s sole defense); accord

Hoffler v. State, 292 Ga. 537, 542-543 (4) (739 SE2d 362) (2013) (“[E]ven assuming

arguendo that there was evidence that [the defendant] was not the original aggressor

and that retreat was indeed in issue, the failure to charge on the lack of duty to retreat

does not mandate reversal because [defendant’s] defense of self-defense was fairly

presented to the jury, and the jury was fully instructed on the law of justification and

self-defense.”) (citation omitted); Edmonds v. State, 275 Ga. 450, 454 (4) (569 SE2d

530) (2002) (“[E]ven assuming that retreat was in issue and [the defendant’s] sole

defense wasself-defense, the failure to charge on the lack of duty to retreat would not

require reversal because [the defendant’s] defense ofself-defensewas fairly presented

to the jury.”) (citation omitted).

17

 466 U. S. 668 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).

9
burden of proving either prong of the Strickland test, the reviewing

court does not have to examine the other prong.18

“In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we accept the trial court’sfactualfindings and

credibility determinations unless clearly erroneous, but we independently apply the

legal principles to the facts.”19

(a) Parrott complains that his trial lawyer did not request a curative instruction

after the prosecutor’s alleged future dangerousness remark.

Parrott’s trial lawyer did not testify at the hearing on motion for new trial. “It

is extremely difficult to overcome the presumption of reasonable professional

assistance where counsel does not testify.”20 Moreover, as noted in Division 1,

21

the

closing arguments were not transcribed. “[S]peculation that error may have occurred

18 Bridges v. State, 286 Ga. 535, 537 (1) (690 SE2d 136) (2010) (citations and

punctuation omitted.)

19

 Id. (citations and punctuation omitted).

20 Maxwell v. State, 290 Ga. 574, 575 (2) (722 SE2d 763) (2012) (citation and

punctuation omitted).

21

 Supra.

10
is insufficient to show any deficiency on the part of counsel, or prejudice therefrom,

and is insufficient to show reversible error.”22

(b) Parrott posits that his self-defense claim came down to whether the jury

“reasonably believed” that he needed to use deadly force. He asserts that his trial

lawyer failed to present evidence of what he claims showed “threats and menaces

made by the deceased towards [him]” and evidence of what he claims showed

“goading and taunting endured by [him] right before the shooting.” Further, Parrott

complains that his trial lawyer did not request a jury instruction on the principle

concerning threats and menaces.

23

At the hearing on motion for new trial, Parrott adduced evidence of two

encounters he had with Ward prior to the day of the shooting, and evidence of

contentious phone calls he (Parrott) received on the day of the shooting. Regarding

the first such encounter, Parrott showed at the new trial hearing that, about six to

eight weeks before the shooting, Ward appeared at his(Parrott’s) home at about 3:00

a.m. looking for his (Ward’s) girlfriend. Finding her there, Ward became angry and

22 Norton v. State, 293 Ga. 332, 339 (7) (d) (745 SE2d 630) (2013) (citation and

punctuation omitted).

23

 See Division 2, supra.

11
an ensuing verbal altercation drew the attention of Parrott’s grandfather with whom

Parrott wasthen living. The grandfather demanded that Ward and his girlfriend leave.

As the two complied, Ward said to Parrott something to the effect: “I’m going to get

you.” As Parrott recollected at the new trial hearing, “[Ward] was mad when my

granddaddy told him he had to leave.”

Regarding a second encounter, Parrott testified at the new trial hearing that,

about a week before the shooting:

[Ward] was driving a truck. And he was coming out the driveway. He

said something but he was driving fast, but I didn’t say anything to him.

I just got out of the way. The way he was driving, I figured I would just

move out of his way. But I don’t know what he said. He hollered to

somebody, but I don’t know what he said. . . . I was scared but I don’t

know what his intentions were. I don’t know if he was just trying to

scare me or I don’t think he was trying to kill me. 

To evince at the new trial hearing that multiple phone calls he received on the

day of the shooting were relevant to his defense, Parrott testified to the following.

Starting at about 4:30 p.m., Parrott began receiving calls from several individuals,

including: (i) Ward; (ii) their mutual friend, who would ultimately be with Parrott at

the time of the shooting; and (iii) that (mutual) friend’s girlfriend, whose driveway

would be the site of the shooting. Parrott recounted that, when the telephone calls

12
began, even the mutual friend was cursing him and saying, “I am going to come down

there and beat you up”; that during each call, he had told the caller to leave him alone;

that although he would hang up, he would immediately get another call; and that in

the final phone call, the mutual friend had proposed something to the effect, “[Y]ou

all are friends, we need to work this out. . . . I’m gonna come there and we will talk

about it . . . and try to work it out.”

Parrott maintains on appeal that his trial lawyer’s performance was deficient

in presenting a defense. Without evidence of those two cited encounters with Ward,

without evidence of the multiple phone calls, and without a specific jury instruction

on “threats and menaces,” Parrott claims that the jury was not able to “fully

understand” what was on his mind when he left his residence with a gun and, further,

was left without any legal mechanism to assess his claim of self-defense.

There is no merit in Parrott’s assertion that histrial counsel’s performance was

deficient as alleged. The jury was apprised that Parrott had become fearful of Ward.

In addition to the trial evidence recited above, the jury was presented the following.

Concerning the night Ward discovered his girlfriend at Parrott’s residence, Parrott’s

trial lawyer elicited testimony from Ward’s former girlfriend that, when Ward

confronted her about being there, Parrott “just ran, he flew out.” And as she argued

13
with Ward, Parrott’s grandfather interjected remarks to Ward, who then began

“cussing the grandfather.”

Further, defense counsel highlighted on cross-examination ofthemutualfriend

that, on the day of the shooting, the mutual friend repeatedly told Parrott that Ward

wanted to talk to him; that Parrott had refused to go to Ward’s house because he

feared being attacked by Ward; and that only after the friend agreed to accompany

Parrott to Ward’s house, did Parrott agree to meet with Ward.

Moreover, the investigatorwho conducted Parrott’s police interview elaborated

at trial that Parrott had begun his police statement by recounting that, prior to the

shooting, he (Parrott) had received numerous telephone calls from his and Ward’s

friends wanting him to meet with Ward to resolve the discord created by his sexual

encounter with Ward’s girlfriend; that in one such call, Parrott had been told that

Ward wanted to “beat his ass”; that Parrott had told the callers that he was afraid

Ward would hurt him; that although he had initially refused their repeated requests

to meet with Ward, Parrott was ultimately persuaded to go when a friend agreed to

accompany him to Ward’s house; and that, when he left his residence to meet Ward,

he took his rifle with him.

14
Additionally, Parrott’s trial lawyer elicited testimony from another state’s

witnessthat, prior to the shooting, Parrott had become aware that Ward owned several

firearms. And when he took the stand, Parrott testified that he had brought the rifle

with him because he had been told that Ward had been showing off his guns earlier

that day.

Hence, contrary to Parrott’s claim on appeal, the jury was presented evidence

from which it could have concluded that he wasfearful of being harmed byWard; the

jury was presented evidence that such fearfulness had prompted him to have the gun

with him when he met with Ward; and the jury was aptly instructed on Parrott’s claim

of self-defense.24

(c) Parrott complains that his trial lawyer failed to introduce during the guiltinnocence phase of his trial certain evidence of his family, education, and

psychological background.

24 See Roper v. State, 281 Ga. 878, 881 (2) (644 SE2d 120) (2007) (“Because

the [justification/self-defense] charge that was given was adjusted to the evidence and

was not erroneously incomplete, [appellant’s] defense counsel was not ineffective in

her failure either to object or to request a more expansive instruction.”) (citation

omitted); McDaniel v. State, 279 Ga. 801, 803 (2) (c) (621 SE2d 424) (2005) (“The

decisions on which witnessesto call, whether and how to conduct cross examinations,

. . . and all other strategies and tactical decisions are the exclusive province of the

lawyer after consultation with his client.”) (citation omitted); accord Render v. State,

288 Ga. 420, 424 (2) (b) (704 SE2d 767) (2011).

15
On motion for new trial, Parrott presented the testimony of a psychologist with

whom he had met for a half-day session in 2012 at the prison where Parrott was

incarcerated. The psychologist was qualified at the hearing to give his opinionsin the

areas of childhood/adolescent forensic psychology and trauma. The psychologist

recounted that, during their half-day session, he interviewed Parrott about his family

history and administered several tests relating to Parrott’s academic function,

intelligence, and personality. The psychologist described Parrott’s family history as

“[v]ery checkered” and “extremely disruptive” – noting that Parrott had lived with

several different relatives; that he had not known his father’s identity for a number

of years; that he had experienced “difficulties” with various “stepfather figures”; that

he had lived in foster care; and that when he found his father, he lived with him for

a few years until hisfather died of cancer. The psychologist determined fromParrott’s

school records that he had been “seen as very difficult to handle”; that he had a “hard

time getting along with other people”; that he had demonstrated “inattentive” and

“disruptive” behavior; and that he was ultimately removed from general classes and

placed in special education classes – not because of intellectual disability, but

because of behavioral issues. The psychologist ascertained, based upon his own

testing, that “[Parrott] has, at least, average IQ.” During their session, Parrott told the

16
psychologist that he had been to psychiatric hospitals for depression and cutting his

wrists. The psychologist testified that Parrott’s medical record showed that he had

been prescribed an antidepressant. The psychologist described Parrott as “jumpy” and

“very suspicious of other people and scared of other people.” The psychologist

testified, “I certainly see [Parrott] as paranoid. I don’t know that he is psychotic, but

I think he has a paranoid personality.” The psychologist elaborated, “[Parrott] was

premature as a baby. So he was always, perhaps, shorter than many others.”

According to the psychologist, Parrott was “very sensitive about his [stature]. He

feels very insecure around other people. That kind of person usually wants to have

a weapon somewhere close to them to put them more on an equal scale with others

around them. So he is very much on the defensive.”

Though Parrott arguesthat histrial lawyer should have defended him based on

that evidence of his family, education, and psychological background, “[s]uch after

the fact disagreements about trial counsel’s approach to the case . . . do not amount

to a showing of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.”25

While other counsel, had they represented appellant, may have exercised

different judgment, the fact that trial counsel chose to try the case in the

25 Reed v. State, 285 Ga. 64, 66 (6) (673 SE2d 246) (2009).

17
manner in which it was tried, and made certain difficult decisions

regarding the defense tactics to be employed with which appellant and

his present counsel now disagree, does not require a finding that the

representation below was so inadequate as to amount to a denial of

effective assistance of counsel.

26

Parrott has failed to demonstrate that his trial counsel performed deficiently by not

introducing such evidence.27

(d) Parrott complains that his trial lawyer did not introduce at the sentencing

phase of his trial the cited evidence concerning his family, education, and

psychological background.

28

At the sentencing hearing, when the court asked the respective parties for

evidence in aggravation/mitigation of punishment, the prosecutor responded that the

state had none. Parrott’s lawyer called to the stand Parrott’s grandfather, who testified

26 Baugh v. State, 293 Ga. 52, 54 (2) (743 SE2d 407) (2013) (citations omitted).

27

 See further Division 3 (b), supra.

28 See generally Gaither v. Cannida, 258 Ga. 557, 558-559 (2) (372 SE2d 429)

(1988) (analyzing, within the context of an appeal from the grant of habeas corpus,

that “the standardsset forth in Strickland, supra, . . . technically may not apply” to the

sentencing phase on a non-death-penalty case, then reasoning that the standards can

“be employed in a case such as the present one, in which there is a range in the

possible sentences to be imposed, hence a corresponding duty on counsel to seek

whatever mitigation in sentencing may be reasonably available and appropriate”). 

18
that Parrott’s father had died, and that he had taken care of Parrott since 2003.

Parrott’s grandfather summarized that “[Parrott] never had a shake or nothing” and

asked the court for leniency in sentencing. Parrott’s lawyer then reminded the court

that Parrott “was 16 years old at the time of the crime and only an eighth grade

education”; further, Parrott’s lawyer asked the court to “show some mercy on

[Parrott] based on his age and the facts and circumstances of the case as you heard

them.”

The appropriate test for whether [Parrott’s] counsel was deficient

is whether some reasonable lawyer at the trial could have acted, in the

circumstances, as defense counsel acted . . . . We understand that postconviction counsel will almost always be able to identify some potential

mitigating evidence not presented . . . and that this alone does not render

trial counsel’s performance deficient.

29

Decisions about which witnesses to call, if any, and when to call them are matters of

strategy and thus “do not amount to deficient performance unless they are so

29 Head v. Carr, 273 Ga. 613, 625 (4) (C) (3) (544 SE2d 409) (2001) (citations

and punctuation omitted); see Zant v. Moon, 264 Ga. 93, 97-98 (2) (440 SE2d 657)

(1994) (reiterating that, “in considering ineffective assistance of counsel claims,

‘[reviewing courts] address not what is prudent or appropriate, but only what is

constitutionally compelled’”), quoting Burger v. Kemp, 483 U. S. 776, 794 (IV) (107

SCt 3114, 97 LE2d 638) (1987). 

19
unreasonable that no competent attorney would have made them under similar

circumstances.”

30 Moreover, “a fair assessment of attorney performance requiresthat

every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the

circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from

counsel’s perspective at the time.”31

Here, at the post-conviction hearing,

32

the trial court heard the evidence that

Parrott claims should have been introduced in mitigation, yet summarily ruled that it

presented no basisfor concluding that trial counsel wasineffective. Parrott hasfailed

to demonstrate that, in so ruling, the trial court committed reversible error.33

30 Miller v. State, 296 Ga. 9, 12 (4) (a) (764 SE2d 823) (2014) (citations and

punctuation omitted).

31 Wright v. State, 285 Ga. 428, 435 (6) (a) (677 SE2d 82) (2009) (citation

omitted).

32 As noted above, during post-conviction proceedings, the trial court vacated

an initial sentence on the aggravated assault charge, merging that offense into the

voluntary manslaughter for purposes of sentencing. Parrott makes no contention that

the sentences thus imposed (for voluntary manslaughter and possession of a firearm

during the commission of a crime) fell outside their respective statutory limits. 

33 See Baines v. State, 201 Ga. App. 354, 355 (411 SE2d 95) (1991); see also

Zant, supra at 97-98 (2) (determining that petitioner failed to show a reasonable

probability that, if adduced at the sentencing phase of the trial, psychiatric and

background evidence presented in the habeas hearing would have resulted in a lighter

sentence, where such evidence did “not paint an entirely sympathetic picture of

20
Judgment affirmed. Ellington, P. J., and McMillian, J., concur.

[petitioner],”but showed he had been “in trouble as a juvenile,” and where evidence

allowed for finding that “he was even more dangerous than the ordinary criminal”);

Hance v. Kemp, 258 Ga. 649, 658 (2) (d) (373 SE2d 184) (1988) (determining that

petitioner failed to establish requisite prejudice for failing to adduce as mitigation

evidence the testimony of a psychologist, whose testimony “may have offered a

plausible contributing factor (mental and physical abuse inflicted upon him and his

sister by hisstepfather) for [petitioner’s] personalitydisorder, but[the psychologist’s]

descriptions of [petitioner’s]‘marked paranoia,’‘homicidal ideation,’ aggressiveness

and ‘hostility’would have given the prosecutor further groundsto argue [petitioner’s]

dangerousness”); Mallon v. State, 266 Ga. App. 394, 397-398 (3) (597 SE2d 497)

(2004); Conklin v. Schofield, 366 F3d 1191, 1204 (III) (B) (11th Cir. 2004)

(“[C]ounsel need not present all available mitigating circumstance evidence in order

for counsel’s conduct to be deemed effective at the sentencing stage. Indeed, the

[United States] Supreme Court and this Court in a number of cases have held

counsel’s performance to be constitutionally sufficient when no mitigating

circumstance evidence at all was introduced, even though such evidence. . . was

available.”) (citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original). 

21