United States 

Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest 

Research Station

General Technical Report

PNW-GTR-682

November 2006

Deep Canyon and Subalpine 

Riparian and Wetland Plant 

Associations of the Malheur, 

Umatilla, and Wallowa-Whitman 

National Forests

Aaron F. Wells
The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. 

Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the 

national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater 

service to a growing Nation.

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basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, 

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Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is 

an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Author

Aaron Wells is a postdoctoral research associate, Montana State University, 

Ecology Department, 310 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59715.

Cover: Eagle Cap from east Lostine River, Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon. 

Photo by Aaron Wells.
Abstract

Wells, Aaron F. 2006. Deep canyon and subalpine riparian and wetland plant 

associations of the Malheur, Umatilla, and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-682. Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 277 p.

This guide presents a classification of the deep canyon and subalpine riparian and 

wetland vegetation types of the Malheur, Umatilla, and Wallowa-Whitman National 

Forests. A primary goal of the deep canyon and subalpine riparian and wetland 

classification was a seamless linkage with the midmontane northeastern Oregon 

riparian and wetland classification provided by Crowe and Clausnitzer in 1997. The 

classification is based on potential natural vegetation and follows directly from the 

plant association concept for riparian zones. The 95 vegetation types classified across 

the three national forests were organized into 16 vegetation series, and included some 

45 vegetation types not previously classified for northeastern Oregon subalpine and 

deep canyon riparian and wetland environments. The riparian and wetland vegetation 

types developed for this guide were compared floristically and environmentally to 

riparian and wetland classifications in neighboring geographic regions. For each 

vegetation type, a section was included describing the occurrence(s) of the same or 

floristically similar vegetation types found in riparian and wetland classifications 

developed for neighboring geographic regions. Lastly, this guide was designed to be 

used in conjunction with the midmontane guide to provide a comprehensive look at 

the riparian and wetland vegetation of northeastern Oregon. 

Keywords: Riparian, wetland, classification, northeastern Oregon, potential natural 

vegetation, plant association, plant community, Hells Canyon, Wallowa Mountains, 

Elkhorn Mountains, Strawberry Mountains, Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness, North 

Fork Umatilla Wilderness, Snake River, Columbia River watershed.

Snake River, Hells Canyon National 

Recreation Area, Oregon and Idaho. 

Photo by Aaron Wells.
ii

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Objectives

2 Classification Concepts

2 Synecological Perspective and Terminology

3 Study Area

3 Blue Mountains Physiographic Province

3 Geology: Overview

4 Natural History: Subalpine

5 Natural History: Deep Canyons and Midelevation Benches

6 Field Methods

6 Office Methods

7 Classification

7 Comparing Adjacent Riparian and Wetland Classifications

8 Calculation of Available Water Capacity

8 Calculation of Percentage Rock Fragments

8 Taxonomy

9 Indicator Species

9 Vegetation Key: An Overview

9 Using the Vegetation Key

9 A Note Regarding the Vegetation Key

11 Vegetation Key

11 Life-Form Key

11 Key to Forested Plant Associations, Plant Community Types, and Plant Communities

17 Key to Shrubby Plant Associations, Plant Community Types, and Plant Communities

26 Key to Herbaceous Plant Associations, Plant Community Types, and Plant Communities

31 Environment Key: Overview

31 Environment Key

37 Contents of Vegetation Type Descriptions

38 Subalpine Fir Series

38 Subalpine Fir–Engelmann Spruce/Labrador Tea–Floodplain Plant Association

40 Subalpine Fir–Engelmann Spruce/Rusty Menziesia–Floodplain Plant Association

42 Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry–Floodplain Plant Association

44 Engelmann Spruce Series

44 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

46 Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir/Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant Association

48 Miscellaneous Engelmann Spruce Type

48 Engelmann Spruce/Common Horsetail Plant Association

49 Grand Fir Series

49 Grand Fir/Pacific Yew/Twinflower–Floodplain Plant Association

51 Grand Fir/Black Hawthorn/Dewey Sedge Plant Association
iii

54 Grand Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple–Floodplain Plant Association

56 Douglas-Fir Series 

56 Douglas-Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple–Mallow Ninebark–Floodplain Plant Association

58 Douglas-Fir/Common Snowberry–Floodplain Plant Association

60 Ponderosa Pine Series

60 Ponderosa Pine/Common Snowberry–Floodplain Plant Association

62 Miscellaneous Ponderosa Pine Type

62 Ponderosa Pine/Black Hawthorn Plant Community

63 Lodgepole Pine Series

63 Lodgepole Pine/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Community

64 Black Cottonwood Series

64 Black Cottonwood/Mountain Alder–Red-Osier Dogwood Plant Association

66 Black Cottonwood/Common Snowberry Plant Community Type

68 Miscellaneous Black Cottonwood Type

68 Black Cottonwood/Rocky Mountain Maple Plant Community Type

69 Red Alder Series

69 Red Alder/Common Snowberry/Dewey Sedge Plant Community Type

72 White Alder Series

72 White Alder/Mesic Shrub Plant Community Type

74 White Alder/Blackberry Plant Community Type

76 Willow Series

76 Arctic Willow Plant Association

78 Booth’s Willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

80 Undergreen Willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

82 Willow/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

84 Willow/Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Association

86 Coyote Willow Plant Association

88 Miscellaneous Willow Types

88 Booth’s Willow/Inflated Sedge Plant Community

88 Willow/Aquatic Sedge Plant Association

89 Farr’s Willow/Pacific Onion Plant Community

89 Undergreen Willow/Bladder Sedge Plant Community Type

90 Drummond’s Willow/Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant Community

90 Lemmon’s Willow/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

91 Sitka Willow/Common Horsetail Plant Community

92 Low Shrub Series

92 Alpine Laurel/Black Alpine Sedge Plant Association

94 Pink Mountainheath Mounds Plant Association

96 Miscellaneous Low Shrub Types

96 Labrador Tea/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Community

96 Shrubby Cinquefoil–Bog Birch Plant Community Type
iv

97 Sitka Alder Series

97 Sitka Alder/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

99 Miscellaneous Sitka Alder Types

99 Sitka Alder/Ladyfern Plant Association

99 Sitka Alder/Drooping Woodreed Plant Association

100 Mountain Alder Series

100 Mountain Alder/Ladyfern Plant Association

102 Mountain Alder–Red-Osier Dogwood/Mesic Forb Plant Association

104 Miscellaneous Mountain Alder Types

104 Mountain Alder/Tall Mannagrass Plant Association

104 Mountain Alder/Common Horsetail Plant Association

105 Mountain Alder–Common Snowberry Plant Association

105 Mountain Alder/Dewey Sedge Plant Community Type

106 Other Tall Shrub Series

106 Water Birch/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

108 Red-Osier Dogwood Plant Association

110 Black Hawthorn/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

112 Common Snowberry Plant Community Type

114 Rocky Mountain Maple Plant Community Type

116 Netleaf Hackberry/Brome Plant Community Type

118 Lewis’ Mock Orange/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

120 Miscellaneous Tall Shrub Types

120 Twinberry Honeysuckle/Ladyfern Plant Community

120 Water Birch/Wet Sedge Plant Community Type

121 Water Birch/Reed Canarygrass Plant Community

121 Red-Osier Dogwood/Ladyfern Plant Association

122 Pacific Ninebark Plant Community

122 Mallow Ninebark–Common Snowberry Plant Community Type

123 Thimbleberry Plant Community Type

123 Barton’s Raspberry Plant Community

124 Himalayan Blackberry Plant Community

125 Wet Graminoid Series

125 Aquatic Sedge Plant Association

127 Bladder Sedge Plant Association

129 Inflated Sedge Plant Association

131 Few-Flowered Spikerush Plant Association

133 Small-Fruit Bulrush Plant Association

135 Miscellaneous Wet Graminoid Types

135 Widefruit Sedge Plant Association

135 Mud Sedge Plant Association

136 Sierra Hare Sedge Plant Association
136 Lakeshore Sedge Plant Association

137 Big-Leaved Sedge Plant Association

138 Moist Graminoid Series

138 Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

140 Northern Singlespike Sedge–Brook Saxifrage–Spring Plant Association

142 Woodrush Sedge Plant Association

144 Black Alpine Sedge Plant Association

146 Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Association

148 Miscellaneous Moist Graminoid Types

148 Tufted Hairgrass Plant Association

148 Basin Wildrye Plant Community Type

149 Star Sedge Plant Community Type

149 Jones’ Sedge Plant Community

150 Nebraska Sedge Plant Community Type

150 Brown Sedge Plant Community

151 Smallwing Sedge Plant Community Type

151 Baltic Rush Plant Community Type

152 Forb Series

152 Pacific Onion–Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

154 Arrowleaf Groundsel–Purple Monkeyflower Plant Association

156 Miscellaneous Forb Types

156 Narrowleaf Bur-Reed Plant Association

156 Rocky Mountain Pond-Lily Plant Association

157 Common Cattail Plant Community

157 Common Cowparsnip–Blue Wildrye Plant Community

158 False Hellebore Plant Community Type

158 Western Coneflower Plant Community Type

159 White Sagebrush Plant Community Type

160 Acknowledgments

160 English Equivalents

160 Soil Texture Codes

161 References

164 Glossary

170 Appendix A: Total Species List

194 Appendix B: Complete Constancy and Average Cover of All Species Present

252 Appendix C: Snag Attributes of Forested Vegetation Types

254 Appendix D: Down Log Attributes of Forested Vegetation Types

257 Appendix E: Available Water Capacity of Mineral Soils by Texture

258 Appendix F: Species Traits

270 Appendix G: Subspecies and Varieties

277 Appendix H: List of Animal Species Names
vi

7

a26

a26

a395

a395

244

11

204

a95

84

82

84 245

86

82

a395

Lewiston

Richland

Pendleton

Wallowa

Enterprise

Riggins

La 

 Grande

Ukiah

Unity John Day

Elgin

S nake River

Lewiston

Richland

Walla 

 Walla

Pendleton

La 

 Grande

Ukiah

Baker

City

Unity John Day

Strawberry

 Mountain

 Wilderness

North Fork

Umatilla 

Wilderness

 Wenaha-

 Tucannon

Wilderness

North Fork 

John Day

Wilderness

Eagle Cap Hell’s Canyon Wilderness

 Wilderness

North Fork

Umatilla 

Wilderness

 Wenaha-

 Tucannon

Wilderness

North Fork 

John Day

Wilderness

Eagle Cap Hell’s Canyon Wilderness

 Wilderness

ELKHORN

MOUNTAINS

ELKHORN

MOUNTAINS

SEVEN 

 DEVILS 

 MOUNTAINS

SEVEN 

 DEVILS WALLOWA MOUNTAINS

STRAWBERRY 

RANGE

WA S H I N G T O N

O R E G O N

I D A H O

WA S H I N G T O N

O R E G O N

I D A H O

Columbia River

Snake River

Wallowa

River

Grand

Ronde River

Salmon River

John Day River

Snake

River

Malheur National Forest

Umatilla National Forest

Wallowa-Whitman National Forest

Wilderness areas

State boundaries

Sample plots

Scale 1:500,000

0 5 10 20 40 Miles

o

WASHINGTON

OREGON IDAHO
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS

Introduction

Riparian corridors and wetlands are the most dynamic and 

complex biophysical habitats on the terrestial portion of 

the Earth, encompassing a diverse mosaic of landforms, 

communities, and environments (Fleischner 1994, Naiman 

et al. 1993). In a general sense, wetlands have been defined 

as lands within or adjacent to, and hydrologically influenced 

by, streams, rivers, lakes, meadows, and seeps (Cowardin

 et al. 1979). Riparian zone is defined more specifically as 

the strip of land along streams or rivers that is affected by 

stream processes (flooding, sedimentation, etc.) and in 

turn affects stream structure and function. 

Riparian zones and wetlands are dynamic interfaces 

between terrestrial and aquatic systems, and the two are 

intimately linked in such a way that one cannot be defined 

without the other. An interface, in the above sense, may 

be thought of as a semipermeable membrane regulating 

the flow of energy and material between adjoining systems 

(upland and aquatic) (Naiman and Decamps 1997). Wetland 

vegetation and soils have a number of functions, both biotic 

and abiotic, across landscapes. 

Riparian zones function as corridors for species 

movements, including both active and passive dispersal 

(Malanson 1993, Tabacchi et al. 1998). Active dispersal 

occurs when plant propagules are carried downstream 

by stream waters and upstream by wind or animals and 

deposited on distant landforms. Passive dispersal occurs 

when animal species use the linear pattern of riparian 

zones as travel corridors. 

Wetlands are also important habitat for animal species 

ranging from butterflies (Galiano et al. 1985) and passerine 

birds (Taylor 1986), to black bears (see app. H for animal 

scientific names) and mule deer (Klimas et al. 1981, Loft 

et al. 1991). In arid regions such as northeastern Oregon, 

wetlands, although representing a relatively small proportion of the total land area, are disproportionately important 

to wildlife by providing the only reliable water resource 

throughout the year (Taylor 1986).

Riparian and wetland vegetation influences the amount 

and quality of solar radiation that reaches the stream 

channel (Gregory et al. 1991). Solar radiation influences 

water temperature and primary productivity of a stream 

reach. Stream water temperature can influence individual 

growth rates of salmonids (Li et al. 1994). Primary productivity has been shown to directly influence the macroinvertebrate productivity (Behmer and Hawkins 1986, 

Hawkins 1986) and community composition (Delong and 

Brusven 1998, Tait et al. 1994) of a stream reach as well as 

indirectly influencing populations of salmonids that feed 

on macro-invertebrates (Hawkins et al. 1983). Riparian and 

wetland vegetation shades the stream from solar radiation, 

maintaining cooler temperatures. Riparian and wetland 

vegetation also provides habitat for fish species through 

overhanging vegetation and down woody debris (Gurnell 

et al. 2002). 

Forested headwater streams, which are numerous in the 

subalpine and canyon country of northeastern Oregon, are 

important sources of allocthonous (i.e., originating from outside the stream) energy inputs to the stream channel (Gomi 

et al. 2002, Vannote et al. 1980). Headwater streams also 

serve as refugia for rare or endemic species such as Carex 

backii (see app. A for plant names and authorities), a USDA 

Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region sensitive species.

Riparian and wetland vegetation acts passively to slow 

floodwaters and dampen the effects of high flow periods 

(Gurnell et al. 2002, Naiman and Decamps 1997). In fact, 

willows (Salix spp.) with their flexible stems, ability to 

sprout from broken or buried stems, and buoyant seeds 

are highly adapted to periodic flooding (Karrenberg et al. 

2002). Thick, deep root mats of riparian species such as 

Juncus balticus, Carex aquatilis, and Senecio triangularis

physically (deep, dense, tangled roots) and chemically 

(root exudates) hold soil particles together thus increasing 

streambank stability. One further adaptation of riparian 

plant species, such as Carex utriculata, is the formation 

of large hollow cells (aerenchymous tissue) in the roots to 

store air for metabolic use during periods of soil saturation 

(Kozlowski 1984). 

The influence of riparian zones and wetlands on sediment 

and nutrient inputs from uplands is threefold. Aboveground, 

riparian and wetland vegetation slows runoff from uplands 

and floodwaters, trapping and storing sediments in the 

floodplain. 

Belowground, riparian and wetland plant roots intercept 

groundwater moving through the riparian zone/wetland 

toward the stream and sequester the excess nutrients, thus 

mediating the effects of eutrophication in systems affected 

by agriculture (Fail et al. 1988, Gregory et al. 1991). In 

this way, riparian zones and wetlands deliver nitrogen 

and other nutrients primarily as coarse particulate organic 

matter rather than directly as inorganic compounds (Pinay 

et al. 2002). 

Lastly, the duration and extent of riparian and wetland 

soil saturation can influence the concentration and species 

of nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia) entering the aquatic 

environment (Pinay et al. 2002). Depending on the 

oxidation-reduction status, soil in riparian zones can act 

as a source (ammonification and nitrification) or result 

in a loss of (denitrification) nitrogen. Certain species of 

riparian/wetland plants (Alnus spp.) have formed symbiotic 

relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots. The 

bacteria “fix” or transform gaseous nitrogen (N2) into forms 

that are biologically exploitable (NH4 ), providing another 

source of nitrogen for the aquatic ecosystem.
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

Aquatic systems and their associated riparian and wetland 

plant communities are indeed intimately linked in such a 

way that one cannot be defined without the other. Riparian 

zones and wetlands influence the biota of stream systems 

at the level of the individual organism (Li et al. 1994), the 

population (Hawkins et al. 1983), and the community (Tait 

et al. 1994). Physically, riparian zones and wetlands buffer 

the potentially destructive forces of floodwaters on streambanks and function as sources and sinks for sediment and 

nutrients. Lastly, on the level of ecosystems, riparian zones 

regulate the flow of nutrients into aquatic environments. 

Alteration of the riparian and wetland component of aquatic 

systems can have far-reaching effects on the structure and 

function of the associated abiotic environment.

Objectives

Wetland plant associations of northeastern Oregon have 

been identified for midmontane wetland systems (Crowe 

and Clausnitzer 1997), but little was known about the 

deep canyon and subalpine wetland plant associations 

of northeastern Oregon before the present study. This 

management guide presents a classification of the 

deep canyon and subalpine wetland plant associations, 

community types, and communities (defined below) for 

the Blue Mountains Physiographic Province of Oregon 

including the Wallowa-Whitman, Umatilla, and Malheur 

National Forests. This guide is complementary to, and 

overlaps with, the midmontane wetland guide provided by 

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997). Managers and landowners 

should use these two guides in conjunction with one 

another to aid in the identification of plant associations, 

and optimize management decisions.

Wetland classifications have been developed for much 

of the Western United States, including central Oregon 

(Kovalchik 1987, Padgett 1981), Montana (Hansen et al. 

1995), California and Nevada (Manning and Padgett 1995), 

Washington (Crawford 2003, Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 

2004), Utah and eastern Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989), eastern 

Idaho and western Wyoming (Youngblood et al. 1985), and 

western Idaho (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001, Miller 1976). 

The comparison of plant associations identified (objective 

one in this study) to those from adjacent geographic areas 

would provide information on the generality and specificity 

of the plant associations. Comparing plant associations from 

different studies can be difficult as each plant classification 

is based on different multivariate statistical techniques and 

theoretical views of the authors. One result is that plant 

associations from different classification schemes, that may 

in reality be the same association, get labeled differently 

(Nicholls and Tudorancea 2001). 

The second objective of this guide is to compare the plant 

associations between the present classification and those of 

the surrounding areas in order to identify areas of overlap and the degree of generality (or rarity) of individual 

associations. 

Classification Concepts

Distinctions between plant community, plant community 

type, and plant association are similar to those described in 

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997): 

Plant community—an assemblage of plants living together 

and interacting among themselves in a specific location. 

The plant community suffix is reserved for single occurrences of distinct vegetation assemblages.

Plant community type—a set of plant communities with 

similar structure and floristic composition that are seral in 

nature and often follow directly from a disturbance event 

(fire, flooding, etc.). Assuming a constant environment over 

a given period, a plant community type will undergo a natural shift in floristic composition through plant succession.

Plant association—as defined by Kovalchik (1987), “an 

assemblage of native vegetation in equilibrium with the 

environment on a specific fluvial surface.” The implication 

is that as the environment (flood regime, soils, etc.) changes 

through time, the vegetative potential shifts across that 

environment space. 

As in Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997), a single occurrence 

of a distinct vegetation assemblage sampled during this 

classification effort may be labeled as a plant community 

type or plant association if similar assemblages have been 

identified in adjacent riparian and wetland classifications. 

Synecological Perspective and Terminology

Traditional concepts in plant succession, designed for 

uplands, state that the most shade-tolerant or “climax” 

species in a stand will take over a given site in the absence 

of disturbance. The climax concept reflects the most meaningful integration of the environmental factors affecting 

vegetation because it represents the end result of plant succession (Steele et al. 1981). Application of these concepts 

to riparian zones and wetlands becomes difficult given the 

potential for vegetative change with a change in the soil 

and water characteristics of the fluvial/wetland surface 

over time (Kovalchik 1987). 

The plant association concept, as defined above, is an 

attempt to alleviate these difficulties and provide a meaningful site classification that integrates environment and 

vegetation in the dynamic environments of riparian and 

wetland systems. The climax concept is incorporated 

within the plant association concept wherein the most 

shade- and/or water-tolerant species at a site will prevail 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS

in the absence of disturbance. In this way, sites are not necessarily classified by the present plant assemblage; rather, 

classification is based on potential climax vegetation, often 

times limited to the understory canopy layers or relatively 

sparse occurrences. Put another way, the classification of 

plant associations is not based on dominance, but rather the 

potential for dominance in the absence of disturbance.

The rule of thumb adhered to in the present classification 

for identifying potential climax vegetation at forested sites 

is greater than or equal to 5 percent understory regeneration of a more shade-tolerant species (Steele et al. 1981). 

Shrub and herbaceous sites were classified by using the 

“greater than or equal to 25 percent foliar cover” [of a more 

shade- and/or water-tolerant species] rule originally coined 

by Kovalchik (1987), and adopted by Crowe and Clausnitzer 

(1997).

The only notable exception to the above rules of thumb 

is within the Subalpine Fir and Engelmann Spruce Series. 

In upland vegetation classifications, subalpine fir is considered the most shade-tolerant tree species when present, with 

Engelmann spruce coming in at a close second. Unique to 

riparian zones and wetlands is that edaphic conditions are 

often more important to successional dynamics than the 

solar radiation levels in the understory. Engelmann spruce 

tends to be more tolerant of saturated soil conditions than 

subalpine fir, making it difficult to interpret successional 

dynamics when both species occur in the understory with 

similar vigor. Two associations were identified that suffered 

from this ambiguity: PIEN-ABLA/CASC12 and PIENABLA/SETR. Although the above two types were placed 

in the Engelmann spruce series, the potential exists, given 

a reduction in soil moisture, for subalpine fir to become the 

prevailing climax species. 

Study Area

Blue Mountains Physiographic Province

The study focuses on the deep canyon and midelevation 

benches (550–1300 m), and subalpine (1800–2600 m) 

riparian and wetland plant associations of the Blue 

Mountains physiographic province of northeastern Oregon. 

The Blue Mountains physiographic province is defined 

by Orr and Orr (1999) as that area of northeastern Oregon 

that is bounded on the east by Hells Canyon and the Seven 

Devils Mountains, on the south at Ontario in Malheur 

County, on the north by the Snake River in Washington, 

and on the west by an irregular line running near Pendleton, 

Prineville, Burns, and back to Ontario. 

Deep canyons and midelevation benches are primarily 

represented by Hells Canyon Wilderness and National 

Recreation Area (HCNRA) tributaries of the Snake River 

as well as representative samples of deep canyon and midelevation benches in the John Day River drainage to the 

southwest and the Umatilla National Forest to the northwest and into southern Washington.

Subalpine riparian and wetland plant associations are 

represented by streams, meadows, and glacial lakes in the 

Wallowa, Strawberry, Elkhorn, and Seven Devils mountain 

ranges. Although the Seven Devils are actually in Idaho, 

as will be shown later, the geology of these volcanic peaks 

is similar to that of the Wallowa Mountains, one mountain 

range to the west, and they are therefore included in this 

study.

Geology: Overview

The geologic history of the study area is quite complex 

including accretion of exotic terranes, subduction and uplift, 

massive flood events, periods of intense volcanic activity, 

and glaciation (Orr and Orr 1999). Exotic terrane refers to a 

geologic unit that did not form where it is presently located 

(Vallier 1998). In the case of the Blue Mountains, the exotic 

terrane has its origin as the magmatic axis of an island arc 

in the ancestral Pacific Ocean. Comparison of ancient basalt 

flows in the Blue Mountains with those in the Wrangell 

Mountains of southeastern Alaska and Vancouver Island in 

Canada suggests that the Blue Mountain island arc initially 

formed in the area of what is presently southeastern Alaska 

(Orr and Orr 1999). This collection of terranes referred to 

as “Wrangellia” was moved southward along strike-slip 

and transform faults to eventually collide with the North 

American continent (Vallier 1998). Five major exotic terranes constitute the Blue Mountain Island Arc (arranged 

from east to west): Olds Ferry, Izee, Grindstone, Baker, 

and Wallowa terranes.

Vallier (1998) divided the stratified rocks within the 

terranes into discrete mappable rock units termed formations. A description of the major formations in the Blue 

Mountains province follows. 

Permian rocks include two older members of the Clover 

Creek Greenstone: the Windy Ridge and Hunsaker Creek 

formations. These two formations are the result of early volcanic activity on the Blue Mountain Island Arc (Pohs 2000, 

Vallier 1998). These formations are composed of mainly 

pyroclastic breccia and tuff, conglomerate, sandstone, and 

siltstone. Triassic Period rock units in Hells Canyon are represented by two more recent formations of the Clover Creek 

Greenstone: the Wild Sheep Creek and Doyle Creek formations. The Triassic rocks are mafic andesites and breccias, 

as well as sedimentary rocks derived from the deposition 

of sediments into the surrounding basin, resulting from the 

erosion of lava flows present on the island arc. Rocks of the 

Clover Creek Greenstone are common throughout the Blue 

Mountains as well as the Seven Devils mountains of Idaho 

(Pohs 2000). 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

Overlying the older Triassic rocks is the late Triassic 

Martin Bridge limestone, which developed in a warm, tropical environment along the periphery of the volcanic island 

arc. The Martin Bridge Limestone is not entirely limestone 

as the name suggests, also including noncalcareous sandstones, breccia, and siltstone (Vallier 1998). 

The late Triassic/early Jurassic Hurwal formation consists 

mainly of sandstone, siltstone, and breccia with no fossils 

found in Hells Canyon outcrops. The Hurwal Formation of 

Sentinel Peak and Pete’s Point in the Wallowa Mountains, 

for example, is distinct from that found in Hells Canyon 

in that fossils are present in the Wallowa Mountain olistoliths, or large foreign masses of limestone. The Wallowa 

Mountain olistoliths originated as shallow water reefs surrounding the island arc subsequently broke off, and slid into 

adjacent deep basins.

The Coon Hollow formation is the major Jurassic 

formation in the study area representing rocks formed 

during submerged volcanic activity, erosion, and 

sedimentation followed by subsidence and the deposition 

of sediments from deep water turbidity currents around the 

island arc. The Coon Hollow formation in Hells Canyon 

follows a depositional gradient of rock types corresponding 

to the mechanisms previously mentioned. From top to 

bottom, rock types include tuffaceous rocks, conglomerate 

and sandstone, to calcareous sandstone, and siltstone. 

Intrusive bodies are common throughout the Blue 

Mountains, including dikes of basalt, andesite, dacite, and 

rhyolite; and granodiorite plutons such as the Wallowa 

batholith in the Wallowa Mountains, and the Bald Mountain 

batholith in the Elkhorn Mountains (Orr and Orr 1999, Pohs 

2000). Through a process termed back-arc extension, the 

sinking of the subduction plate near the coast of Oregon 

and Washington caused the overriding plate to extend, 

which in turn caused fissures to develop in the Earth’s crust 

(Pohs 2000). This event, which is thought to have occurred 

during the Miocene Epoch, led to the release of lava flows 

known as the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRB) that 

cover hundreds of square miles in the inland Northwest. 

The group consists of reddish brown horizontally layered 

lavas common at higher elevations in Hells Canyon, covering many peaks in the Wallowa Mountains, and most of 

the ridgetops of the western ranges in the Blue Mountains. 

Around the same time as the CRB eruptions, smaller and 

equally important eruptions in the southern Blue Mountains 

occurred where Sawtooth Crater, Strawberry Volcano, and 

Dry Mountain evolved as three separate volcanic centers 

(Orr and Orr 1999). Strawberry volcano extruded some of 

the thickest and most extensive andesitic lavas in eastern 

Oregon covering an area of 3800 km2.

The Pleistocene Epoch was characterized by glaciation 

of the high elevations in the Blue Mountains (Pohs 2000). 

Classic U-shaped glacial valleys and cirque lakes are found 

throughout the subalpine and alpine areas of northeastern 

Oregon. 

The extremely steep canyon walls in Hells Canyon often 

result in landslides and slumping (Vallier 1998). Deposits 

from these events often temporarily dam the Snake River 

and its tributaries. Massive flood events are also common in 

Hells Canyon resulting in “blowouts” that demonstrate the 

powerful mechanisms by which canyons are formed. One 

particular catastrophic flood, the Bonneville flood, occurred 

when ancient Lake Bonneville drained out of Red Rock 

Pass in Idaho nearly 14,500 years ago. Clearly, this event 

played a major role in the formation of Hells Canyon as 

evidenced by the many depositional and erosional features 

observed in Hells Canyon today.

Natural History: Subalpine 

The Strawberry, Elkhorn, and Wallowa mountain ranges 

represent the southern, central, and portions of the northern 

Blue Mountain provinces in northeastern Oregon, respectively. Although there are many similarities between the 

floras of these three regions, there are some differences as 

well. These differences are in large part due to the location 

of these ranges relative to large-scale weather patterns and 

geology. The two major weather patterns influencing the 

Blue Mountains Province are the Great Basin and Columbia 

River storm patterns. Glaciers have also played a large role 

in shaping these mountains. Their fingerprints can be seen 

throughout all three mountain ranges mentioned above, 

although they are most pronounced in the Elkhorn and 

Wallowa Mountains (Orr and Orr 1999). 

The Strawberry Mountains are the most southwestern 

range in the province. Therefore these mountains are the 

most influenced by the Great Basin weather patterns resulting in a drier and warmer temperature relative to the other 

ranges in the province. Also, the Strawberry Mountains 

lie in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains. Water 

vapor transported easterly across the Cascades rises in 

altitude cooling along the way. The cooler water vapor 

condenses into liquid water and precipitates on the western slope of the Cascades. The now drier air mass moves 

east past Bend, Oregon, resulting in the more arid landscape of central Oregon. Another critical feature of the 

Strawberry Mountains is the lower elevation (generally 

<2300 m) compared to the Elkhorn and Wallowa Mountains 

(approximately 3100 m) also resulting in a warmer climate. 

Lastly, the extent of glacial activity was small owing to 

the warmer and drier climate. The vegetation is a reflection of the geology and climate. The riparian zones in the 

Strawberry Mountains are very narrow and steep, usually 

occurring midslope along springs. Many of these springs 

are ephemeral and dry up later in the summer. Arrowleaf 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 

groundsel (Senecio triangularis) and Pacific onion (Allium 

validum) are two species commonly associated with these 

ephemeral springs. The warmer climate of the Strawberry 

Mountains results in species such as mountain alder (Alnus 

incana) occurring above 1800 m, whereas in the Wallowa 

Mountains, mountain alder is replaced with Sitka alder 

(Alnus sinuate) above 1800 m. The decreased glacial activity resulted in only a few broad U-shaped valleys; therefore, 

large open meadows are rare in the Strawberry Mountains. 

The Wallowa Mountains are the most northeasterly 

mountains in the province. Storm patterns rolling up the 

Columbia River basin hit the Wallowa Mountains on the 

northwest side and are pushed up and cooled with the result 

that a large amount of precipitation is dropped. Some parts 

of the Wallowa Mountains receive up to 180 cm of precipitation each year (Pohs 2000). The result is much more 

lush vegetation than occurs in the Strawberry Mountains. 

Glacial activity was also at its highest in the Wallowa 

Mountains; classic U-shaped glacial valleys and cirque 

lakes are found throughout. The Wallowa Mountains were 

carved by nine major glaciers in a concentric pattern corresponding to the major drainages of the present day: Minam, 

Imnaha, Bear, Lostine, Hurricane, Pine, Wallowa, East 

Eagle, and Eagle. Permanent snow patches still exist in the 

Wallowa Mountains, such as on Glacier Peak in the Lakes 

Basin area. Large open meadows thick with willows and 

sedges are common throughout the range. Many small lakes 

freckle the landscape, some of them above 2500 m. Seeps 

and springs are also common in the Wallowa Mountains 

and are commonly associated with sedges (Carex utriculata, Eleocharis pauciflora) and willows (Salix boothi). The 

Wallowa Mountains are somewhat of a crossroads for plant 

species, including species more representative of the central 

Rocky Mountains and those of maritime western Oregon 

and Washington. An example is the occurrence of Pacific 

yew (Taxus brevifolia), a species more commonly associated 

with the west coast of Oregon and Washington. In summary, the Wallowa Mountains are higher, colder, and wetter 

than the Strawberry Mountains, and owing to a combination of higher precipitation, and diverse topography and 

geology, have greater plant species diversity than those of 

the Strawberry Mountains.

The Elkhorn Mountains have characteristics of both the 

Strawberry and Wallowa Mountains. The elevation and 

glacial activity are more like the Wallowa Mountains, but 

the Elkhorn Mountains are drier and warmer (receiving 

about 100 cm of precipitation each year (Pohs 2000). Owing 

to their more southerly location, the Elkhorn Mountains 

miss the Columbia River storm patterns and are influenced 

more by Great Basin weather systems. Still, large meadows, 

seeps, and lakes are common in the Elkhorn Mountains, and 

the vegetation is most like that of the Wallowa Mountains 

with the exception of the maritime influence. One interesting similarity between the Wallowa and Elkhorn Mountains 

relates to the high elevations of both of these mountain 

ranges. Some species occurring at high elevations (>2500 

m) in the Wallowa and Elkhorn Mountains are found at 

lower elevations (600 to 900 m) further north such as in 

southeast Alaska. Plants, including arctic willow (Salix arctica) and pink mountainheath (Phyllodoce empetriformis), 

respond inversely to latitude and elevation (i.e., as latitude 

increases, elevation decreases). 

Natural History: Deep Canyons and 

Midelevation Benches

The deep canyons and midelevation benches of the 

Wallowa-Whitman, Umatilla, and Malheur National 

Forests, similar to the mountainous regions of the Blue 

Mountains Province, are influenced by a number of climatic, geographic, and geologic factors. The degree to 

which each of these factors influences each national forest is 

reflected in the flora. Three major weather patterns influence the deep canyons of the Blue Mountains Province: the 

Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, and Columbia River storm 

patterns.

Hells Canyon, on the extreme eastern border of the Blue 

Mountains Province, is home to the Snake River and some 

of the most rugged wilderness in the contiguous United 

States. Hells Canyon drops 2500 m in approximately 8.8 km 

(from the top of He Devil Mountain in the Seven Devils, to 

the depths of the Snake River at Granite Rapids) making it 

the deepest canyon in the United States (Orr and Orr 1999). 

The steep nature of the canyon and exposed bedrock result 

in steep, constrained tributaries with an associated riparian area that is confined to the relatively narrow canyon 

bottoms. Hells Canyon is on the western edge of the Rocky 

Mountain storm system, resulting in large snow accumulations in the high country surrounding the Snake River. 

Large spring floods in the tributaries from these melting 

snows provide a very dynamic physical setting. The morphology of these streams is straight, steep, and narrow (5 to 

25 m); therefore backwaters, channel migrations, and large 

areas with hydric soil conditions are rare. 

Hells Canyon has a very arid climate, with annual precipitation as low as 38 cm, primarily because of where it 

is located: directly east of, and in the rain shadow of, the 

Wallowa Mountain Range (SCAS 2000). The vegetation 

mirrors these physical characteristics including species 

found throughout the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin. 

The Blue Mountains province is an extremely diverse 

area, both florally and geologically. The three major mountain ranges lie along a longitudinal-latitudinal gradient from 

extremely dry and warm in the southwest to cool and wet 

in the northeast. The topography and vegetation of the deep 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

canyons of the three national forests reflect a combination 

of climatic, geographic, and geologic factors resulting in 

two distinct groups: (1) arid and geologically constrained 

riparian areas in Hells Canyon and the Malheur National 

Forest, (2) mesic and relatively unconstrained riparian areas 

(Umatilla National Forest).

The Umatilla National Forest, to the northwest of Hells 

Canyon, is primarily influenced by Columbia River storms 

and is much more mesic than either Hells Canyon or the 

Malheur National Forest. Average annual rainfall reaches 

100 cm in some sections of the forest. The vegetation 

includes Rocky Mountain and Great Basin species as well 

as species common to western Oregon and Washington, 

including red alder (Alnus rubra), wildginger (Asarum 

caudatum), and devilsclub (Oplopanax horridus). The 

geology is such that large (3rd- to 5th-order) streams with 

wide riparian areas (10 to 150 m) are common. These 

streams are actively meandering, forming backwaters, 

large cobble and sandbars. The resulting riparian landscape 

is more topographically diverse than that of the Hells 

Canyon tributaries.

The climate of the Malheur National Forest is very arid, 

similar to that of Hells Canyon, but lacking the Rocky 

Mountain storm influence. The climate is controlled primarily by the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains to the 

west and Great Basin storm systems. The vegetation therefore has a strong Great Basin influence. 

Field Methods

Data collection sites were sampled by field reconnaissance 

beginning at the mouth of a drainage and working upward 

in elevation. Fluvial landforms and the respective vegetation 

were observed along streams, rivers, and lake basins. Based 

on these observations, plots were established in assemblages 

of vegetation that were representative of a particular landform along a stream reach (Kovalchik 1987). A stream 

reach is defined as a section of stream that is environmentally consistent (i.e. gradient, valley width, valley shape, 

bed material, bedrock, etc.). Universal Transverse Mercator 

(UTM) coordinates were obtained for each site by using a 

global positioning system. Site locations were further documented with permanent angle irons at plot center, aluminum 

reference signs on nearby trees, and by noting the location 

on a U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle map. 

Cross-sectional and plane-view sketches were made of the 

stream and valley bottom shape. Valley landform descriptors (valley shape, gradient, width, and side-slope gradient), 

aspect, slope, microtopography, and fluvial surface (gravelbar, floodplain, terrace, etc.) were recorded for each plot. 

Herbaceous and shrub plots measured 5 by 10 m and 

were arranged to avoid sampling the boundaries of plant 

associations. Canopy coverage for vascular plants, mosses, 

and liverworts was recorded in increments of 1, 3, 5, and 

10 percent and every 5 percent thereafter. Ground cover of 

surface features (submergence, bare ground, gravel, rock, 

bedrock, moss, and litter) were recorded by using the same 

method. Plants not identified in the field were collected for 

later identification. Plants were identified to lowest possible 

taxonomic level. 

Percentage cover of vegetation at forested sites was estimated across a 375-m-square plot. Basal area tallies of tree 

species were obtained by using a 20 BAF (basal area factor) 

prism and a variable-sized circular plot design. A site tree, 

representative of the size and age of the principal tree species in the stand, was identified, and height, age, and diameter at breast height (d.b.h) were recorded. Shrubs and herbs 

were sampled as described above. 

Snags were tallied by using a 20 BAF prism including the 

following information for each snag: d.b.h, height, condition 

class, and evidence of cavities, feeding, or nesting activity. 

A 9- by 2.5-m downed log transect, positioned lengthwise 

north-south, was sampled inside the plot including the following: species, diameter (at midpoint), size class, decay 

condition class, and length.

Soils were sampled with an 8-cm-diameter auger or by 

digging a pit. Soil was sampled to a depth of 1 m, or until 

further digging was physically impossible, or the water 

table was reached. Soils saturated throughout the growing 

season and soils with rock fragments completely covering 

the surface were not sampled by the pit method; rather, the 

surface horizon soil texture/rock fragment size (gravel, 

cobble, stone, boulder) and notes were recorded regarding 

the nature of soil saturation and rock fragments. Soil horizons were identified and depths of each recorded. Depth 

to water table was noted. Soil horizon and redoximorphic 

feature (if present) color were recorded for each soil horizon. Soil texture, percentage of rock fragments, size and 

amount of roots, and pH were also recorded.

Use, management, and disturbance observations were 

recorded at each site, including fire, insects, disease, livestock grazing, indications of wildlife and human use, and 

flooding. Productivity at each plot was estimated by (1) 

recording the average herbaceous, shrub, and tree heights 

and (2) collecting forage species in a 0.5-m-radius plot 

to ground level. Forage was later dried and weighed and 

expressed in kilograms of forage per hectare.

Office Methods

All statistical analyses were conducted in R: a language 

and environment for statistical computing (R Development 

Core Team 2004 on the World Wide Web at http://www.

r-project.org/).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS

Classification

The vegetation data were initially separated by life form 

into forested (≥10 percent coverage of tree species on the 

landform of interest), shrub (<10 percent tree and ≥10 percent shrub cover), and herbaceous (<10 percent tree and 

shrub cover) plots. The foliar coverage data were entered 

into a spreadsheet, and a Bray/Curtis similarity matrix was 

calculated from the raw coverage data. The fixed clustering algorithms, PAM (Kaufman and Rousseeuw 1990) and 

OptPart (source code at http://ecology.msu.montana.edu/

labdsv/R/lab13/lab13.html) implemented in R were used to 

cluster the plots within each life-form class. The optimal 

number of clusters was determined by iteratively clustering 

at a variety of cluster numbers and choosing the number of 

clusters that simultaneously optimized the ratio of withincluster to between-cluster similarity, constancy/coverage 

results, and also corresponded to observations made by 

the researcher in the field. The results of the two cluster 

algorithms were compared based upon the ratio of withincluster to between-cluster similarities, species composition 

within each cluster, and the results of a tree classifier (see 

below). 

During this initial clustering, only species that occurred 

within the life form of the given life-form class were used. 

For example, in the set of forested plots, only trees were 

used to cluster the data into preliminary clusters. The 

original clusters were examined to determine if two or 

more clusters were similar enough to combine for the second round of clustering. The decision to merge was based 

on results obtained by using the partana function (source 

code at http://ecology.msu.montana.edu/labdsv/R/lab13/

lab13.html), which calculates the ratio of within-cluster to 

between-cluster similarities. 

After the initial clustering, species that occurred at 

greater than 5 percent cover were placed back in the data 

set, and each of the above clusters containing more than 10 

plots was clustered independently to determine within-type 

variation based on understory species. Species occurring 

at less than or equal to 5 percent coverage were excluded 

from this second round of clustering in order to reduce the 

complexity of the data set and optimize the clustering ratio. 

The assumption was made that the species occurring at 

less than or equal to 5 percent cover were not important in 

distinguishing between clusters when using an abundancebased dissimilarity measure. In some cases, when it was 

difficult to decide whether or not to split a group, the 

overstory species were removed and the original clusters 

were clustered with all (including ≤5 percent) understory 

species. The above technique is similar to that used by 

Padgett et al. (1989) and Manning and Padgett (1995) where 

the understory species were clustered separately in order to 

elucidate understory and environmental relationships. 

The last step in the clustering procedure involved “finetuning” of the clusters by hand. Individual plots were 

examined to determine the adequacy of a given plot’s 

membership in a cluster based on species composition, 

autecology, and environmental characteristics. Plots that 

did not fit into a cluster after the second round of clustering, and clusters with fewer than five plots were grouped 

together and clustered separately. 

Ordinations were calculated for each life-form group and 

used to visualize the clusters in multidimensional space. 

Environmental variables were tested against the ordination 

axes by using generalized additive models to determine 

environmental gradients important to the structuring of the 

vegetation in each life-form group.

The clusters developed by using PAM and OptPart were 

then tested against the environmental variables by using 

a tree classifier (Ripley 2004). The trees were cross-validated, and misclassification rates and confusion matrices 

were calculated for each set of life-form clusters. At this 

point, the decision was made to use the results obtained 

from the PAM analysis for the tree and shrub clusters and 

the results from the OptPart analysis for the herbaceous 

clusters.

Comparing Adjacent Riparian and 

Wetland Classifications

Adjacent riparian and wetland classifications refer to 

riparian and wetland plant classifications developed for 

neighboring geographic regions. Coverage and constancy 

data for eight adjacent classifications, including Crawford 

(2003), Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997), Hansen et al. (1995), 

Kovalchik (1987), Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004), 

Manning and Padgett (1995), Padgett et al. (1989), and 

Youngblood et al. (1985) were collected from appendices 

and computerized databases. Each distinct community type 

was given an eight-letter code, and an importance value 

was calculated for each species as (constancy x average 

cover)/100. The same procedure was followed for the plant 

associations and community types described in the present 

classification effort, and these data were added to a cumulative community type data set. 

Next, the importance data were subject to a log transformation [log(importance)+1] as this was thought to be the 

best balance between importance of a species in a vegetation type and presence or absence of that species. Lastly, 

the log-transformed importance data were used to calculate 

a Bray/Curtis similarity matrix. 

Within the similarity matrix, the similarity vector of 

each of the vegetation types described in this guide was 

sorted from most to least similar. The top 10 most floristically similar vegetation types from adjacent classifications, 

based on the above similarity analysis, were identified and 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

further scrutinized. Species lists and importance values for 

each of the potentially similar vegetation types were compared with the species list for each respective northeastern 

Oregon deep canyon and subalpine riparian and wetland 

vegetation type based on importance value of indicator species, and the community as a whole. 

Types given the same name (i.e., same indicator species) 

or one similar to those described in the present classification 

effort were included as examples of that type in adjacent 

areas. Types that did not have the same or similar name but 

were similar floristically were included in the “Floristically 

Similar Types” paragraph of the same section.

Quantitative data were unavailable for Diaz and Mellon 

(1996), Miller (1976), Padgett (1981), Jankovsky-Jones et 

al. (2001), and Viereck et al. (1992); therefore, these classifications were not included in the compositional similarity analysis. The vegetation types composing the above five 

classifications were compared to the northeastern Oregon 

deep canyon and subalpine riparian and wetland vegetation types by hand by using constancy/coverage tables, and 

the results were noted in the “Adjacent Riparian/Wetland 

Classification” sections of each typal description.

Calculation of Available Water Capacity

Available water capacity (AWC) is an estimate of the water 

available to plants between permanent wilting point and 

field capacity after hydric soils have drained owing to 

gravity, and is measured as n units of water per 1 unit of 

soil. Available water capacity for mineral soil horizons 

was obtained from the USDA Soil Conservation Service, 

California Technical Note 15 (see app. E) (Boettinger 2003). 

Available water capacity for organic soil horizons was 

calculated by the following method. Boelter (1969) provided 

regression equations for calculating water content from fiber 

content of organic soils. Equations were provided for 0.1-bar 

and 15-bar suctions (permanent wilting point). No equations 

were provided for field capacity (0.33 bar); therefore, water 

content at 0.1 bar was calculated as an estimate of field 

capacity for organic soils. Available water capacity at 

different fiber contents was estimated by calculating the 

water content across the full range of fiber contents for each 

type of organic material (fibric [67, 74, 81, 88, 95, 100 

percent]; hemic [33, 40, 47, 54, 61, 66 percent]; sapric [1, 8, 

15, 22, 29, 32 percent]) at both 0.1- and 15-bar suctions. The 

difference in water content between 0.1 and 15 bar was 

calculated and then averaged across the six values of fiber 

content. The AWC estimates for sapric fiber contents were 

obtained three ways: by averaging the values for all six 

fiber contents, by averaging values for 8 through 32 percent, 

and by averaging values for 15 through 32 percent. The 

decision was made to use the results obtained without 1 

and 8 percent fiber contents as such low-fiber-content soils 

are technically closer to loams and silt loams than to 

organic soil. The results are displayed in table 1.

Table 1—Available water capacity 

(AWC) of organic soils

Texture AWC Range

- - - cm water/cm soil - - -

Fibric 0.20 0.005–0.38

Hemic .46 .39–.51

Sapric .50 .47–.51

The AWC for each soil was estimated by calculating 

AWC for each horizon to 1-m depth. The assumption for 

soils sampled to less than 1 m was that the final horizon 

extended to a depth of 1 m. The AWC for each horizon was 

calculated as follows:

Horizon thickness (cm) × AWC (cm/cm) × 

(1 - Fraction Rock Fragments) = Horizon AWC (cm)

Total AWC for the soil pit (centimeters of water per meter 

of soil) was calculated by summing all horizon AWC values 

for a given soil to a depth of 1 m. Available water capacities 

for soils saturated throughout the growing season (not sampled by soil pit) were based on the AWC of surface horizon 

textures, and sites completely covered with rock fragments 

were set at the lowest total AWC (1.0 cm/m), both calculated 

to a 1-m depth.

Calculation of Percentage of Rock Fragments

Calculation of percentage of rock fragments began with 

making the pit depth relative to 1 m, similar to the calculation of AWC. Percentage of rock fragments for each soil 

horizon was calculated as follows:

Horizon thickness × Fraction Rock Fragments = 

Horizon Percentage of Rock Fragments

Total percentage of rock fragments to 1 m was calculated 

by summing all horizon percentage of rock fragments to a 

depth of 1 meter. Percentage of rock fragments for soils saturated throughout the growing season (not sampled by soil 

pit) were set at zero percent, and those of sites completely 

covered with rock fragments were set at 100 percent.

Taxonomy

Plant taxonomy follows Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973) 

with the exception of Carex utriculata for C. rostrata. 

Owing to the difficulty in differentiating Veratrum californicum Dur. (California false hellebore) from V. viride

Ait. (green false hellebore), both of which occur in the Blue 

Mountains, the two species were lumped to the genus level 

for analysis and typal description in the guide. 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 

Most plant identification was by the field researcher; for 

particularly difficult identifications, specimens were sent to 

a specialist at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium in Laramie, 

Wyoming, for identification. Plant codes follow the USDA 

Plants Database (USDA NRCS 2002b). Voucher specimens 

are being stored at the USDA Forest Service WallowaWhitman National Forest office in Baker City, Oregon, 

under the direction of Dr. David Swanson.

All plants encountered in the field were identified to the 

lowest possible taxonomic level. Subspecies and varieties 

were identified whenever possible, but were not used in the 

data analysis or type descriptions (see app. G for subspecies 

and variety data). 

Indicator Species

Plant ecologists are primarily interested in the environmental factors influencing the distribution of plant species 

across a landscape. Mathematical models are often used 

to aid ecologists in recognizing the relationships between 

plants and the environment. As elaborate as these mathematical tools have become, there seems to be no mathematical model that embodies all of the environmental 

factors influencing the presence of a plant species, other 

than the plants themselves. Indicator species are plants that 

designate thresholds of environmental change along gradients (Johnson, 2004a). The plants selected to define plant 

associations and community types are those deemed most 

diagnostic of a particular environment. A plant species may 

occur across an environmental gradient, but the optimal 

growth conditions for a species usually constitute a narrow 

range within that gradient. During the classification process, cutoff values of percentage of cover for indicator species are used to place sample plots in vegetation types. The 

presence of an indicator species in a sample plot above the 

cutoff level implies optimal growth conditions for that species. Priority is given to indicators of cool, moist environments, and the classification scheme is a reflection thereof.

Vegetation Key: Overview

A critical component of the classification process was a 

seamless linkage between the midmontane and deep 

canyon/subalpine classifications of northeastern 

Oregon. The two classifications provide a classification 

of northeastern Oregon riparian and wetland plant 

associations, community types, and communities across 

an elevation gradient ranging from canyon bottoms to 

glacial cirque basins. Rather than developing two separate 

vegetation keys for each classification, the vegetation 

keys have been combined into one comprehensive key. A 

number of vegetation types occur in both classifications. 

In such cases, the page number in Crowe and Clausnitzer 

(1997) where the shared types occur has been indicated 

(shown as CC p. 38). In the case of types occurring in 

both classifications, the user is encouraged to read through 

both descriptions in order to gain a sense of the range of 

environmental and floristic conditions of a vegetation type.

The combination of the two vegetation keys into one 

comprehensive key was in most cases straightforward. 

However, some confusion may arise in the case of the 

willow/mesic forb and Lemmon’s willow/mesic forb types; 

therefore some clarification may be in order. The willow/

mesic forb plant community type described on page 82 of 

this classification features Booth’s or undergreen willows 

as indicator species. The willow/mesic forb community 

type described on page 116 of Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) 

features a variety of indicator species, including Booth’s, 

Geyer, Bebb’s, Lemmon’s and rigid willow, or bog birch. 

As a consequence of combining the two vegetation keys, 

the willow/mesic forb plant community type of Crowe and 

Clausnitzer (1997) falls under the same lead as the willow/

mesic forb plant community type described on page 82 

for Booth’s willow. Similarly, the Lemmon’s willow/mesic 

forb plant community type described on page 90 of this 

classification falls under the same lead as the willow/mesic 

forb community type of Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997). 

Using the Vegetation Key

If you (1) are standing in a deep canyon or subalpine 

riparian zone or wetland in the Blue Mountains region 

of Oregon, (2) are interested in identifying an assemblage 

of vegetation as a classified vegetation type, and (3) have 

this guide with you, then you should begin with the 

vegetation key.

First, locate a relatively homogenous patch of vegetation 

that is obviously associated with a specific land form (see 

“Glossary”). Next, go to the life-form key and determine the 

principal life form at the site. Plots for forested sites should 

be roughly 375 m2 (about 1/10 acre) in size and circular 

(11.3-m radius). Plots for shrub and herbaceous sites should 

be a 50 m2 area of any shape. Lastly, using the life-form 

key, select the appropriate portion of the key for a given 

life form and work your way through. 

Two options exist for highly disturbed sites that do not 

fit in this classification: 

(1) use the vegetation key to match remnant patches of 

native vegetation (if such patches exist) as closely as 

possible to a classified type, and 

(2) use the environmental key to determine possible 

vegetation potentials for the site. 
10 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

A Note Regarding the Vegetation Key

The vegetation key provided below was developed for efficient field identification of the vegetation types described 

in this guide. The key is not the classification, and users 

are advised to thoroughly read the description of a vegetation type upon identification of a type when using the key. 

The cutoff values for percentage cover in the key are general guidelines and may have no ecological basis. The user 

should be keenly aware of the relative importance of the 

indicator species present at a site and give priority to those 

indicator species most representative of the landform at 

large (most vigorous growth, not isolated to microsites, etc.). 

The classification provided is not exhaustive of the possible deep canyon and subalpine riparian and wetland vegetation types of the Blue Mountains. An effort was made to 

sample only relatively undisturbed sites, and the boundaries 

between relatively distinct vegetation types, or ecotones, 

were avoided. Therefore, it is possible that users of this key 

will encounter unclassified vegetation types in the field. The 

“environment key” is provided to aid in recognition of the 

possible vegetation potentials at obviously disturbed sites. 

If the vegetation key fails, it may be that the vegetation 

type is an upland type or that it is a riparian/wetland type 

that does not fit in the study area described above. In this 

case, the reader is referred to the following references:

Upland—

• The Grand Fir Series of Northeastern Oregon and 

Southeastern Washington: Successional Stages and 

Management Guide (Clausnitzer 1993) 

• Alpine and Subalpine Vegetation of the Wallowa, Seven 

Devils, and Blue Mountains (Johnson 2004a)

• Plant Associations of the Blue and Ochoco Mountains

(Johnson and Clausnitzer 1992)

• Plant Associations of the Wallowa-Snake Province

(Johnson and Simon 1987)

Riparian/Wetland—

• A Riparian Vegetation Classification of the Columbia 

Basin, Washington (Crawford 2003)

• Mid-Montane Wetland Plant Associations of the 

Malheur, Umatilla, and Wallowa-Whitman National 

Forests (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997)

• Riparian and Wetland Plant Associations of 

Southwestern Idaho (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001)

• Riparian Zone Associations of the Deschutes, Ochoco, 

Fremont, and Winema National Forests (Kovalchik 

1987)

• Classification and Management of Aquatic, Riparian, 

and Wetland Sites on the National Forests of Eastern 

Washington: Series Descriptions (Kovalchik and 

Clausnitzer 2004)
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 11

VEGETATION KEY 

Life-Form Key

1a. Greater than or equal to 

10 percent tree cover ............................................... A. Forested Plant Associations, Plant Community

Types, and Plant Communities (p. 11)

1b. Less than 10 percent tree cover .......................................................................................................................... 2

2a. Greater than or equal to 

10 percent shrub cover ........................................ B. Shrub Plant Associations, Plant Community 

Types, and Plant Communities (p. 17)

2b. Less than or equal to 

10 percent shrub cover ............................. C. Herbaceous Plant Associations, Plant Community 

Types, and Plant Communities (p. 26)

A. Key to Forested Plant Associations, Plant Community Types, and Plant Communities

1a. Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent ...................................................Subalpine Fir Series 2

2a. Aquatic sedge (Carex aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent ............... Subalpine Fir/Aquatic Sedge Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 38)

2b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent .............................................................................................................. 3

3a. Labrador tea (Ledum glandulosum) 

cover ≥25 percent ............................................. Subalpine Fir–Engelmann Spruce/Labrador 

Tea–Floodplain Plant Association (p. 38)

3b. Labrador tea cover <25 percent ........................................................................................................ 4

4a. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge (Carex 

scopulorum) cover ≥25 percent .................................Subalpine Fir/Bog Blueberry/Holm’s Sedge

 Plant Community Type (CC p. 39)

4b. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge cover <25 percent ................................................................................ 5

5a. Rusty menziesia (Menziesia

ferruginea) cover ≥25 percent ...............................Subalpine Fir–Engelmann Spruce/Rusty 

Menziesia–Floodplain Plant Association (p. 40)

5b. Rusty menziesia cover <25 percent ................................................................................................. 6

6a. Big huckleberry (Vaccinium

membranaceum) cover ≥25 percent .............................................. Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry–

Floodplain Plant Association (p. 42)

6b. Big huckleberry cover <25 percent ...........................................................................................................7

7a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis

canadensis) cover ≥25 percent ..........................................Subalpine Fir/Bluejoint Reedgrass 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 38)

7b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent ............................................................................................ 8

8a. Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) 

cover ≥5 percent ..........................................Subalpine Fir/Ladyfern Plant Association (CC p. 34)

8b. Ladyfern cover <5 percent ......................................................................................................................... 9

9a. Arrowleaf groundsel (Senecio

triangularis) cover ≥25 percent ...........................Subalpine Fir/Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant

Association (CC p. 36 and refer to page 46)

9b. Arrowleaf groundsel cover <5 percent ........................................................................................... 10
12 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

10a. Soft-leaved sedge (Carex disperma) cover ≥25 percent ........... Subalpine Fir/Soft-Leaved Sedge 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 38)

10b. Soft-leaved sedge cover <25 percent ...................................................Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Subalpine Fir series

1b. Subalpine fir cover <5 percent and/or not reproducing successfully .......................................................... 11

11a. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent ............................. Engelmann Spruce Series 12

12a. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge (Carex scopulorum) 

cover ≥25 percent................................................................ Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir/

Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge 

Plant Association (p. 44)

12b. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge cover <25 percent ..................................................................... 13

13a. Ladyfern (Athyrium filixfemina) cover ≥5 percent ..................................................... Engelmann Spruce/Ladyfern

Plant Community Type (CC p. 42)

13b. Ladyfern cover <5 percent ......................................................................................................14

14a. Arrowleaf groundsel (Senecio

triangularis) cover ≥5 percent ..........................................Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir/

Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant Association

(p. 46 and CC p. 44)

14b. Arrowleaf groundsel cover <5 percent ..........................................................................................15

15a. Common horsetail (Equisetum

arvense) cover ≥5 percent .................................Engelmann Spruce/Common Horsetail 

Plant Association (p. 48 and CC p. 46)

15b. Common horsetail cover <5 percent .....................................................................................16

16a. Soft-leaved sedge (Carex

disperma) cover ≥25 percent .................................................. Engelmann Spruce/Soft-Leaved 

Sedge Plant Association (CC p. 46)

16b. Soft-leaved sedge cover <25 percent ............................................................................................. 17

17a. Red-osier dogwood (Cornus 

stolonifera) cover ≥25 percent .......................Engelmann Spruce/Red-Osier Dogwood 

Plant Association (CC p. 46)

17b. Red-osier dogwood cover <25 percent .................................................................................18

18a. Columbia brome (Bromus

vulgaris) cover ≥5 percent .................................... Engelmann Spruce/Columbia Brome

Plant Community Type (CC p. 47)

18b. Columbia brome cover <5 percent ........................................................................................ 19

19a. Drooping woodreed (Cinna

latifolia) cover ≥25 percent ...................Engelmann Spruce/Drooping Woodreed

Plant Community (CC p. 47)

19b. Drooping woodreed cover <25 percent ................... Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Engelmann Spruce series

11b. Engelmann Spruce cover <5 percent 

and/or not reproducing successfully .......................................................................................................20

20a. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent ............................................. Lodgepole Pine Series 21
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 13

VEGETATION KEY 

21a. Aquatic sedge (Carex aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent ....................... Lodgepole Pine/Aquatic Sedge 

Plant Association (CC p. 50)

21b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent ............................................................................................................ 22

22a. Holm’s Rocky Mountain (Carex 

scopulorum) sedge cover ≥25 percent ..................Lodgepole Pine/Holm’s Rocky Mountain

Sedge Plant Community (p. 63)

22b. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge cover <25 percent ..................................................................... 23

23a. Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa) 

cover ≥25 percent ............................................................................Lodgepole Pine/Tufted Hairgrass

Plant Association (CC p. 50)

23b. Tufted hairgrass cover <25 percent ........................................................................................................ 24

24a. Woolly sedge (Carex 

lanuginosa) cover ≥25 percent ................................................... Lodgepole Pine/Woolly Sedge

Plant Community (CC p. 51)

24b. Woolly sedge cover <25 percent .................................................................................................... 25

25a. Mountain alder (Alnus incana) cover ≥25 percent ....................Lodgepole Pine/Mountain Alder/

Mesic Forb Plant Community (CC p. 51)

25b. Mountain alder cover <25 percent .......................................................................................................... 26

26a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis

canadensis) cover ≥25 percent .......................................Lodgepole Pine/Bluejoint Reedgrass 

Plant Community (CC p. 51)

26b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent .......................................................................................... 27

27a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa 

pratensis) cover ≥25 percent ...................................................Lodgepole Pine/Kentucky Bluegrass

Plant Community Type (CC p. 51)

27b. Kentucky bluegrass cover <25 percent ...............................................Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Lodgepole Pine series

20b. Lodgepole pine cover <5 percent and/or not reproducing successfully ................................................... 28

28a. Grand fir (Abies grandis) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent ..............................................Grand Fir Series 29

29a. Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) cover ≥5 percent ...................... Grand Fir/Ladyfern Plant 

Association (CC p. 54)

29b. Ladyfern cover <5 percent .............................................................................................................. 30

30a. Oakfern (Gymnocarpium 

dryopteris) cover ≥5 percent ...................................................... Grand Fir/Oakfern Plant

Association (CC p. 56)

30b. Oakfern cover <5 percent ....................................................................................................... 31

31a. Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) AND 

twinflower (Linnaea borealis) present ...........................Grand Fir/Pacific Yew/Twinflower–

Floodplain Plant Association (p. 49)

31b. Pacific yew and/or twinflower absent ............................................................................................32

32a. Black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) 

cover ≥10 percent and Dewey sedge 

(Carex deweyana) present ........................................Grand Fir/Black Hawthorn/Dewey

Sedge Plant Association (p. 51)

32b. Black hawthorn cover <10 percent 

and/or Dewey sedge absent .................................................................................................... 33
14 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

33a. Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) 

and/or mallow ninebark (Physocarpus 

malvaceus) present ...........................................................Grand Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple–

Floodplain Plant Association 

(p. 54 and CC p. 58)

33b. Rocky Mountain maple and/or mallow ninebark absent ........................................................... 34

34a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos

albus) cover ≥25 percent ................................................Grand Fir/Common SnowberryFloodplain Plant Association (CC p. 60)

34b. Common snowberry cover <25 percent ...............................................................................35

35a. Woolly sedge (Carex lanuginosa) cover ≥25 percent ...................... Grand Fir/Woolly Sedge 

Plant Community (CC p. 60)

35b. Woolly sedge cover <25 percent .................................................................................................... 36

36a. Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia

cespitosa) cover ≥5 percent ................................Western White Pine/Tufted Hairgrass 

Plant Community (CC p. 61)

36b. Tufted hairgrass cover <5 percent ..................................... Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Grand Fir series

28b. Grand fir cover <5 percent and/or not reproducing successfully ...................................................... 37

37a. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent ....................................................Douglas-Fir Series 38

38a. False bugbane (Trautvetteria 

caroliniensis) cover ≥5 percent .................................................... Douglas-Fir/False Bugbane Plant

 Community Type (CC p. 68)

38b. False bugbane cover <5 percent ............................................................................................................. 39

39a. Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) 

and/or mallow ninebark (Physocarpus 

malvaceus) present ........................................................Douglas-Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple–

Mallow Ninebark–Floodplain Plant

Association (p. 56 and CC p. 64)

39b. Rocky Mountain maple and mallow ninebark absent ................................................................ 40

40a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos

albus) cover ≥5 percent .......................................... Douglas-Fir/Common Snowberry–Floodplain 

Plant Association (p. 58 and CC p. 66)

40b. Common snowberry cover <5 percent ................................................Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Douglas-Fir series

37b. Douglas-fir cover <5 percent and/or not reproducing successfully ........................................................... 41

41a. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent .................................... Ponderosa Pine Series 42

42a. Black hawthorn (Crataegus

douglasii) cover ≥25 percent .................................................Ponderosa Pine/Black Hawthorn 

Plant Community (p. 62)

42b. Black hawthorn cover <25 percent ................................................................................................ 43

43a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos

albus) cover ≥5 percent .......................................Ponderosa Pine/Common Snowberry–

Floodplain Plant Association

(p. 60 and CC p. 72)

43b. Common snowberry cover <5 percent ................................................................................. 44
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 15

VEGETATION KEY 

44a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) 

cover ≥25 percent .............................................................Ponderosa Pine/Kentucky Bluegrass 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 74)

44b. Kentucky bluegrass cover <25 percent ......................................Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Ponderosa Pine series

41b. Ponderosa pine cover <5 percent and/or 

not reproducing successfully ................................................................................................................... 45

45a. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent .............................................Quaking Aspen Series 46

46a. Aquatic sedge (Carex aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent .......................Quaking Aspen/Aquatic Sedge 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 84)

46b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent ............................................................................................................ 47

47a. Woolly sedge (Carex 

lanuginosa) cover ≥25 percent ...................................................Quaking Aspen/Woolly Sedge

Plant Association (CC p. 78)

47b. Woolly sedge cover <25 percent .................................................................................................... 48

48a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis

canadensis) cover ≥25 percent ...............................................Quaking Aspen/Bluejoint Reedgrass 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 84)

48b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................49

49a. Mountain alder (Alnus incana) cover ≥25 percent ......................................................................50

50a. Red-osier dogwood (Cornus 

stolonifera) cover ≥25 percent ...................................Quaking Aspen/Mountain Alder–

Red-Osier Dogwood 

Plant Community (CC p. 84)

50b. Red-osier dogwood cover <25 percent .................................................................................51

51a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos

albus) cover ≥25 percent ................................... Quaking Aspen/Mountain Alder–

Common Snowberry Plant 

Community (CC p. 84)

51b. Common snowberry cover <25 percent ................................................................... 49b

49b. Mountain alder cover <25 percent ................................................................................................. 52

52a. Common snowberry cover ≥5 percent ................................ Quaking Aspen/Common Snowberry 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 80)

52b. Common snowberry cover <5 percent ...................................................................................................53

53a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) 

cover ≥25 percent .............................................................Quaking Aspen/Kentucky Bluegrass 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 82)

53b. Kentucky bluegrass cover <25 percent ......................................................................................... 54

54a. Mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites ...............................Quaking Aspen/Mesic Forb 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 84)

54b. Mesic forbs scarce .................................................................................. Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Quaking Aspen series

45b. Quaking aspen cover <5 percent 

and/or not reproducing successfully ................................................................................................................55
16 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

55a. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) present 

and reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent .......................Black Cottonwood Series 56

56a. Pacific willow (Salix lasiandra) and rigid 

willow (S. rigida) cover ≥25 percent ................................. Black Cottonwood/Pacific Willow 

Plant Association (CC p. 88)

56b. Pacific willow and rigid willow cover <25 percent .................................................................... 57

57a. Mountain alder (Alnus incana) and/or red-osier

dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) cover ≥25 percent ..........Black Cottonwood/ Mountain

Alder–Red-Osier Dogwood

Plant Association 

(p. 64 and CC p. 90)

57b. Mountain alder and/or red-osier 

dogwood cover <25 percent ................................................................................................... 58

58a. Rocky Mountain maple (Acer

glabrum) cover ≥25 percent ...............................Black Cottonwood/Rocky Mountain Maple 

Plant Community Type (p. 68 and CC p. 92)

58b. Rocky Mountain maple cover <25 percent .................................................................................. 59

59a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos

albus) cover ≥5 percent ................................... Black Cottonwood/Common Snowberry 

Plant Community Type (p. 66 and CC p. 94) 

59b. Common snowberry cover <5 percent ............................. Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Black Cottonwood series

55b. Black cottonwood cover <5 percent 

and/or not reproducing successfully ...................................................................................................... 60

60a. Red alder (Alnus rubra) present and reproducing 

successfully with cover ≥5 percent ..............................................................................Red Alder Series 61

61a. Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) cover ≥5 percent ............................... Red Alder/Ladyfern Plant

Community Type (CC p. 100)

61b. Ladyfern cover <5 percent ....................................................................................................................... 62

62a. Sweet coltsfoot (Petasites frigidus

var. palmatus) cover ≥5 percent ............................................ Red Alder/Sweet Coltsfoot Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 100)

62b. Sweet coltsfoot cover <5 percent ....................................................................................................63

63a. Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) 

cover ≥1 percent on gravel or cobble bar ............................................Red Alder/Alluvial Bar Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 100)

63b. Creeping buttercup absent or fluvial 

surface not a gravel or cobble bar .......................................................................................................... 64

64a. Red-osier dogwood (Cornus

stolonifera) cover ≥25 percent ................................................ Red Alder/Red-Osier Dogwood 

Plant Community (CC p. 100)

64b. Red-osier dogwood cover <25 percent ..........................................................................................65

65a. Pacific ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus) cover ≥25 percent ........... Red Alder/Pacific Ninebark

 Plant Association (CC p. 98)

65b. Pacific ninebark cover <25 percent ........................................................................................................ 66
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 17

VEGETATION KEY 

66a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) 

cover ≥25 percent AND Dewey sedge 

(Carex deweyana) present ......................................................Red Alder/Common Snowberry/

Dewey Sedge Plant Community Type

(p. 69 and CC p. 100)

66b. Common snowberry cover <25 percent .....................................Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Red Alder series

60b. Red alder cover <5 percent and/or not reproducing successfully .............................................................. 67

67a. White alder (Alnus rhombifolia) present and 

reproducing successfully with cover ≥5 percent ..........................................White Alder Series 68

68a. Blackberry (Rubus spp.) species (specifically 

Himalayan (R. discolor) and/or cutleaf (R. lacinatus)) 

with combined cover ≥25 percent ........................................................White Alder/Blackberry 

Plant Community Type (p. 74)

68b. Blackberry species combined cover <25 percent ........................................................................69

69a. Mesic shrub species combined cover ≥25 percent ................White Alder/Mesic Shrub 

Plant Community Type (p. 72)

69b. Mesic shrub species combined cover <25 percent ..........Depauperate or undefined type 

or not White Alder series

67b. White alder cover <5 percent and/or 

not reproducing successfully .................................................. Undefined type or repeat forested key 

or try shrub or herbaceous keys

B. Key to Shrubby Plant Associations, Plant Community Types, and Plant Communities

1a. Willow (Salix) species cover >25 percent ......................................................................... Willow Series 2

2a. Arctic willow (Salix arctica) (often 

<10 cm tall) cover ≥25 percent ...........................................Arctic Willow Plant Association (p. 76)

2b. Arctic willow cover <25 percent ............................................................................................................... 3

3a. Booth’s willow (Salix boothii) cover ≥25 percent ......................................................................... 4

4a. Aquatic sedge (Carex aquatilis) 

cover ≥25 percent .................................................................... Willow/Aquatic Sedge Plant

 Association (p. 88 and CC p. 108)

4b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent .............................................................................................5

5a. Inflated sedge (Carex vesicaria) 

cover ≥25 percent ...................................................................Booth’s Willow/Inflated

 Sedge Plant Community (p. 88)

5b. Inflated sedge cover <25 percent ....................................................................................6

6a. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge (Carex

scopulorum) cover ≥25 percent .....................Booth’s Willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

Sedge Plant Association (p. 78)

6b. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge cover <25 percent ...............................................................7

7a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis

canadensis) cover ≥25 percent .................................... Willow/Bluejoint Reedgrass 

Plant Association (p. 84)

7b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent .......................................................................... 8
18 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

8a. Mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites ..............................Willow/Mesic Forb 

Plant Community Type

(p. 82 and CC p. 116)

8b. Mesic forbs scarce ..........................................................................Depauperate or undefined

Booth’s Willow type

3b. Booth’s willow cover <25 percent ....................................................................................................9

9a. Farr’s willow (Salix farriae) cover ≥25 percent ....................................................................................10

10a. Aquatic sedge (Carex aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent .............................. Willow/Aquatic Sedge 

Plant Association (p. 88)

10b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent ................................................................................................... 11

11a. Pacific onion (Allium validum) cover ≥25 percent ............ Farr’s Willow/Pacific Onion 

Plant Community (p. 89)

11b. Pacific onion cover <25 percent .................................................. Depauperate or undefined

Farr’s Willow type 

9b. Farr’s willow cover <25 percent ..............................................................................................................12

12a. Undergreen willow (Salix commutata) cover ≥25 percent ........................................................ 13

13a. Bladder sedge (Carex utriculata) 

cover ≥25 percent ............................................Undergreen Willow/Bladder Sedge Plant 

Community Type (p. 89 and CC p. 116)

13b. Bladder sedge cover <25 percent ...........................................................................................14

14a. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge (Carex 

scopulorum) cover ≥25 percent .......................Undergreen Willow/Holm’s Rocky

Mountain Sedge Plant Association

(p. 80 and CC p. 104)

14b. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

cover <25 percent ............................................................................................................15

15a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis) 

cover ≥25 percent ....................................................................Willow/Bluejoint Reedgrass 

Plant Association (p. 84)

15b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent ................................................................................. 16

16a. Mesic forbs with highest combined 

foliar cover, graminoids depauperate 

or isolated to microsites ......................................................Willow/Mesic Forb Plant

Community Type (p. 82)

16b. Mesic forbs scarce ...........................................................................................................17

17a. Clustered field sedge (Carex

praegracilis) cover ≥25 percent .............................Undergreen Willow/Clustered Field 

Sedge Plant Community (CC p. 116)

17b. Clustered field sedge cover <25 percent ................................... Depauperate or undefined

Undergreen Willow type

12b. Undergreen willow cover <25 percent .......................................................................................... 18

18a. Drummond’s willow (Salix

drummondiana) cover ≥25 percent .........................................................................................................19

19a. Arrowleaf groundsel (Senecio

triangularis) cover ≥5 percent ................................................Drummond’s Willow/Arrowleaf 

Groundsel Plant Community (p. 90)
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 19

VEGETATION KEY 

19b. Arrowleaf groundsel cover <5 percent ..........................................................................................20

20a. Mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites ...................Willow/Mesic Forb Plant

Community Type (p. 82) 

20b. Mesic forbs scarce ..........................................................................Depauperate or undefined

Drummond’s Willow type

18b. Drummond’s willow cover <25 percent .................................................................................................21

21a. Eastwood (S. eastwoodiae) and Tweedy’s (S. tweedyi)

willow cover ≥25 percent and aquatic sedge

(Carex aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent ..............................Eastwood Willow–Tweedy’s Willow/ 

Aquatic Sedge Plant Community (CC p. 116)

21b. Eastwood and Tweedy’s willow cover 

<25 percent and/or aquatic sedge absent ..................................................................................... 22

22a. Geyer willow (S. geyeriana), Bebb willow (S. bebbiana), 

Lemmon’s willow (S. lemmonii), rigid willow and/or 

bog birch (Betula glandulosa) cover ≥25 percent ................................................................................ 23

23a. Bladder sedge (Carex utriculata) cover ≥25 percent ............................Willow/Bladder Sedge

Plant Association (CC p. 106)

23b. Bladder sedge cover <25 percent ................................................................................................... 24

24a. Aquatic sedge (Carex 

aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent .................................................. Willow/Aquatic Sedge Plant 

Association (CC p. 108)

24b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent .......................................................................................... 25

25a. Woolly sedge (Carex lanuginosa) cover ≥25 percent ............................ Willow/Woolly Sedge 

Plant Association (CC p. 110)

25b. Woolly sedge cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................... 26

26a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa

pratensis) cover ≥25 percent ......................................Willow/Kentucky Bluegrass Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 112)

26b. Kentucky bluegrass cover <25 percent ................................................................................ 27

27a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis

canadensis) cover ≥25 percent ..................................................... Willow/Bluejoint Reedgrass 

Plant Community (CC p. 116)

27b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent ..........................................................................................28

28a. Mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites ..............................Willow/Mesic Forb 

Plant Community Type

(p. 90 and CC p. 116)

28b. Mesic forbs scarce ..................................... Depauperate or undefined Geyer/Booth/Bebb/

Lemmon/Rigid Willow/Bog Birch Community

22b. Geyer willow, Bebb willow, Lemmon 

willow, rigid willow and/or bog birch 

<25 percent cover ...................................................................................................................................... 29

29a. Coyote willow (S. exigua) cover ≥5 percent ...................... Coyote Willow Plant Association

(p. 86 and CC p. 114)

29b. Coyote willow <5 percent ................................................................................................................30
20 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

30a. Rigid willow (S. rigida) cover ≥5 percent .....................................Rigid Willow Plant Community 

Type (CC p. 117)

30b. Rigid willow cover <5 percent ................................................................................................................ 31

31a. Scouler’s willow (S. scouleriana) and blue 

wildrye (Elymus glaucus) cover ≥25 percent ........................ Scouler’s Willow/Blue Wildrye 

Plant Community (CC p. 117)

31b. Scouler’s willow cover and/or blue wildrye 

cover <25 percent .............................................................................................................................. 32

32a. Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis) cover ≥25 percent AND

common horsetail (Equisetum arvense) cover ≥5 percent ....... Sitka Willow/Common Horsetail 

Plant Community (p. 91)

32b. Sitka willow cover <25 percent and/or 

common horsetail cover <5 percent .................................................... Depauperate or undefined type 

or not Willow series

1b. Willow species cover ≥25 percent ................................................................................................................... 33

33a. Low shrub species (refer to “Glossary” p. 164 for list of 

low shrub species considered here) cover >25 percent ..................................Low Shrub Series 34

34a. Alpine laurel (Kalmia microphylla) cover ≥25 percent 

AND black alpine sedge (Carex nigricans) present .................. Alpine Laurel/Black Alpine 

Sedge Plant Association (p. 92)

34b. Alpine laurel cover <25 percent 

and/or black alpine sedge absent .................................................................................................... 35

35a. Pink mountainheath (Phyllodoce empetriformis) 

cover ≥25 percent AND black alpine sedge and/or

Drummond’s rush (Juncus drummondii) present .......... Pink Mountainheath Mounds

 Plant Association (p. 94)

35b. Pink mountainheath cover <25 percent and/or 

black alpine sedge and Drummond’s rush absent .............................................................. 36

36a. Labrador tea (Ledum glandulosum) cover 

≥25 percent and Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge (Carex scopulorum) present .......................... Labrador Tea/Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

Sedge Plant Community (p. 96)

36b. Labrador tea cover <25 percent and/or Holm’s 

Rocky Mountain sedge absent ........................................................................................................ 37

37a. Shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla 

fruiticosa) cover ≥10 percent ..................................................................................................38

38a. Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia

cespitosa) cover ≥10 percent ..................... Shrubby Cinquefoil/Tufted Hairgrass 

Plant Association (CC p. 156)

38b. Tufted hairgrass cover <10 percent ..............................................................................39

39a. Bog birch (Betula glandulosa) present ........Shrubby Cinquefoil-Bog Birch 

Plant Community Type (p. 96)

39b. Bog birch absent ....................................................................................................40

40a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) 

or other nonnative grasses or 

“weedy” forbs present .......................... Shrubby Cinquefoil/Kentucky Bluegrass

Plant Community Type (CC p. 156)
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 21

VEGETATION KEY 

40b. Kentucky bluegrass or other 

species mentioned above absent ................................................................................ 37b

37b. Shrubby cinquefoil cover <10 percent .................................................................................. 41

41a. Silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana) cover ≥25 percent ................................................................ 42

42a. Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia

cespitosa) cover ≥10 percent ....................................Silver Sagebrush/Tufted Hairgrass 

Plant Association (CC p. 159)

42b. Tufted hairgrass cover <10 percent .......................................................................................43

43a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) or other 

nonnative grasses or “weedy” forbs present .............Silver Sagebrush/ Kentucky

Bluegrass Plant Community

Type (CC p. 159)

43b. Kentucky bluegrass or other 

species mentioned above absent ...................................................................................44

44a. Cusick’s bluegrass (Poa

cusickii) cover ≥25 percent ....................................Silver Sagebrush/Cusick’s Bluegrass 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 166)

44b. Cusick’s bluegrass absent ..................................................................................................... 41b

41b. Silver sagebrush cover <25 percent ............................................................................................... 45

45a. Mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata

ssp. vaseyana) ≥25 percent cover .......................................................................................... 46

46a. Cusick’s bluegrass (Poa 

cusickii) cover ≥5 percent ............................... Mountain Big Sagebrush/ Cusick’s

Bluegrass Plant Association (CC p. 162)

46b. Cusick’s bluegrass cover <5 percent ........ Try upland associations in Blue Ochoco

and Blue Mountain Alpine Guide 

45b. Mountain big sagebrush cover <25 percent .............................. Depauperate or undefined

low shrub type

33b. Low shrub species cover <25 percent ........................................................................................... 47

47a. Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata) cover ≥25 percent ..............................................Sitka Alder Series 48

48a. Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) cover ≥5 percent .................... Sitka Alder/Ladyfern Plant

 Association (p. 99 and CC p. 122)

48b. Ladyfern cover <5 percent .............................................................................................................. 49

49a. Drooping woodreed (Cinna 

latifolia) cover ≥5 percent .............................................Sitka Alder/Drooping Woodreed 

Plant Association (p. 99 and CC p. 124)

49b. Drooping woodreed cover <5 percent ..................................................................................50

50a. Mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites .............................. Sitka Alder/Mesic Forb 

Plant Community Type

(p. 97 and CC p. 146)

50b. Mesic forbs scarce ....................................................Depauperate or undefined Sitka Alder type

47b. Sitka alder cover <25 percent .................................................................................................................. 51

51a. Mountain alder (Alnus incana) cover ≥25 percent .................... Mountain Alder Series 52
22 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

52a. Big-leaved sedge (Carex

amplifolia) cover ≥25 percent .................................. Mountain Alder/Big-Leaved Sedge 

Plant Association (CC p. 126)

52b. Big-leaved sedge cover <25 percent ..................................................................................... 53

53a. Bladder sedge (Carex

utriculata) cover ≥25 percent ................................Mountain Alder/Bladder Sedge

 Plant Association (CC p. 128)

53b. Bladder sedge cover <25 percent ................................................................................. 54

54a. Aquatic sedge (Carex aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent .............Mountain Alder/Aquatic Sedge 

Plant Community (CC p. 146)

54b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent ................................................................................................... 55

55a. Woodrush sedge (Carex

luzulina) cover ≥25 percent ........................................Mountain Alder/Woodrush Sedge 

Plant Community (CC p. 146)

55b. Woodrush sedge cover <25 percent ......................................................................................56

56a. Woolly sedge (Carex lanuginosa) cover ≥25 percent .......... Mountain Alder/Woolly Sedge 

Plant Association (CC p. 146)

56b. Woolly sedge cover <25 percent .................................................................................................... 57

57a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis

canadensis) cover ≥25 percent ............................ Mountain Alder/Bluejoint Reedgrass 

Plant Association (CC p. 147)

57b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent ................................................................................. 58

58a. Small-fruit bulrush (Scirpus

microcarpus) cover ≥25 percent ..................................Mountain Alder/Small-Fruit Bulrush 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 147) 

58b. Small-fruit bulrush cover <25 percent .......................................................................................... 59

59a. Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) 

cover ≥5 percent .............................................................. Mountain Alder/Ladyfern Plant 

Association (p. 100 and CC p. 130)

59b. Ladyfern cover <5 percent ..................................................................................................... 60

60a. Tall mannagrass (Glyceria elata) 

cover ≥10 percent .................................................................. Mountain Alder/Tall Mannagrass 

Plant Association (p. 104 and CC p. 132)

60b. Tall mannagrass cover <10 percent ................................................................................................61

61a. Red-osier dogwood (Cornus 

stolonifera) cover ≥25 percent ..........................Mountain Alder–Red-Osier Dogwood/

Mesic Forb Plant Association 

(p. 102 and CC p. 134)

61b. Red-osier dogwood cover <25 percent .................................................................................62

62a. Currant species (Ribes spp.) cover ≥25 percent ............... Mountain Alder–Currants/Mesic 

Forb Plant Association (CC p. 136)

62b. Currant species cover <25 percent .................................................................................................63

63a. Common horsetail (Equisetum 

arvense) cover ≥25 percent .....................................Mountain Alder/Common Horsetail 

Plant Association (p. 104 and CC p. 138)

63b. Common horsetail cover <25 percent .................................................................................. 64
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 23

VEGETATION KEY 

64a. Oakfern (Gymnocarpium 

dryopteris) cover ≥25 percent ..................................................Mountain Alder/Oakfern Plant

 Community Type (CC p. 148)

64b. Oakfern cover <25 percent ..............................................................................................................65

65a. Common cowparsnip (Heracleum

lanatum) cover ≥25 percent .............................. Mountain Alder/Common Cowparsnip 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 148)

65b. Common cowparsnip cover <25 percent ............................................................................. 66

66a. Densely-tufted sedge (Carex lenticularis

var. lenticularis) cover ≥25 percent ...................................... Mountain Alder/Densely-Tufted 

Sedge Plant Community (CC p. 147)

66b. Densely-tufted sedge cover <25 percent .......................................................................................67

67a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos

albus) cover ≥25 percent .................................... Mountain Alder–Common Snowberry

Plant Association (p. 105 and CC p. 140)

67b. Common snowberry cover <25 percent ...............................................................................68

68a. Dewey sedge (Carex

deweyana) cover ≥5 percent ............................................Mountain Alder/Dewey Sedge Plant 

Community Type (p. 105 and CC p. 142)

68b. Dewey sedge cover <5 percent ....................................................................................................... 69

69a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa 

pratensis) cover ≥25 percent ................................Mountain Alder/Kentucky Bluegrass 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 144)

69b. Kentucky bluegrass absent ....................Depauperate or undefined Mountain Alder type

51b. Mountain alder cover <25 percent .......................................................................................................... 70

70a. Other tall shrub species (refer to “Glossary” 

p. 164 for list of other tall shrub species 

considered here) cover ≥25 percent .............................................. Other Tall Shrub Series 71

71a. Currant species (Ribes spp.) (specifically prickly 

(R. lacustre) and stinking (R. hudsonianum) 

currant) cover ≥25 percent ........................................................................................................................72

72a. Drooping woodreed (Cinna 

latifolia) cover ≥10 percent ........................................................ Currants/Drooping Woodreed

 Plant Community Type (CC p. 150)

72b. Drooping woodreed cover <10 percent ......................................................................................... 73

73a. Tall mannagrass (Glyceria

elata) cover ≥10 percent ................................................Currants/Tall Mannagrass Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 164)

73b. Tall mannagrass cover <10 percent .......................................................................................74

74a. Mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites ....................... Currants/Mesic Forb Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 164)

74b. Mesic forbs scarce ..............................................Depauperate or undefined Currant community 

71b. Currant species cover <25 percent ..........................................................................................................75
24 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

75a. Twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata) 

cover ≥25 percent AND ladyfern (Athyrium 

filix-femina) present ............................................................. Twinberry Honeysuckle/Ladyfern 

Plant Community (p. 120) 

75b. Twinberry honeysuckle cover 

<25 percent and/or ladyfern absent ................................................................................................76

76a. Water birch (Betula occidentalis) cover ≥25 percent ...........................................................................77

77a. “Wet” sedge (aquatic (Carex aquatilis), big-leaved 

(C. amplifolia), bladder (C. utriculata), and/or 

Cusick’s (C. cusickii) sedge) cover ≥ 25 percent .....................Water Birch/Wet Sedge Plant

 Community Type (p. 120 and CC p. 165)

77b. “Wet” sedge cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................... 78

78a. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris 

arundinacea) cover ≥25 percent ....................................Water Birch/Reed Canarygrass

Plant Community (p. 121)

78b. Reed canarygrass cover <25 percent .................................................................................... 79

79a. Mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites ................. Water Birch/Mesic Forb Plant

 Community Type (p. 106 and CC p. 164)

79b. Mesic forbs scarce ......................................Depauperate or undefined Water Birch community

76b. Water birch cover <25 percent .................................................................................................................80

80a. Alder-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) 

cover ≥25 percent and mesic forbs with highest 

combined foliar cover (≥25 percent), graminoids 

depauperate or isolated to microsites ..........................Alder-Leaved Buckthorn/Mesic Forb 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 165)

80b. Alder-leaved buckthorn cover <25 percent 

and/or mesic forbs scarce ................................................................................................................ 81

81a. Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) cover ≥25 percent ............................................................. 82

82a. Brook saxifrage (Saxifraga arguta) cover 

≥25 percent and sideslope seep or spring habitat .....Red-Osier Dogwood/Brook Saxifrage 

Plant Community Type (CC p. 166)

82b. Brook saxifrage cover <25 percent and 

sideslope seep or spring habitat ......................................................................................................83

83a. Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) 

cover ≥25 percent .............................................................. Red-Osier Dogwood/ Ladyfern

Plant Association (p. 121)

83b. Brook saxifrage or ladyfern cover <25 percent or 

streamside habitat (not sideslope seep or spring) ................. Red-Osier Dogwood Plant 

Association (p. 108 and CC p. 152)

81b. Red-osier dogwood cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................85

84a. Black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) cover ≥25 percent 

and mesic forbs with highest combined foliar cover, 

graminoids depauperate or isolated to microsites .....................Black Hawthorn/Mesic Forb 

Plant Community Type 

(p. 110 and CC p. 154)

84b. Black hawthorn cover <25 percent and/or mesic forbs scarce ..................................................86
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 25

VEGETATION KEY 

85a. Western serviceberry (Amelanchier

alnifolia) cover ≥25 percent .....................................................................Western Serviceberry Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 166)

85b. Western serviceberry cover <25 percent ...............................................................................................87

86a. Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) 

cover ≥25 percent ................................................................................Common Snowberry Plant 

Community Type (p. 112)

86b. Common snowberry cover <25 percent ........................................................................................88

87a. Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) cover ≥25 percent ......................Rocky Mountain Maple

 Plant Community Type (p. 114)

87b. Rocky Mountain maple cover <25 percent ........................................................................................... 89

88a. Ninebark (Physocarpus spp.) cover ≥25 percent .........................................................................90

89a. Pacific ninebark (P. capitatus) 

as primary ninebark species .....................Pacific Ninebark Plant Community (p. 122)

89b. Mallow ninebark (P. malvaceus) 

as primary ninebark species ........................... Mallow Ninebark–Common Snowberry 

Plant Community Type (p. 122)

88b. Ninebark cover <25 percent ............................................................................................................ 91

90a. Netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata) cover ≥25 percent .....................................................................92

91a. Introduced brome species (Bromus spp.) 

(specifically cheatgrass (B. tectorum) and 

ripgut brome (B. rigidus)) cover ≥5 percent ....................................Netleaf Hackberry/Brome 

Plant Community Type (p. 116)

91b. Introduced brome species cover <5 percent ......................................Try upland associations in

Wallowa-Snake Guide

90b. Netleaf hackberry cover ≥25 percent ..................................................................................................... 93

92a. Lewis’ mock orange (Philadelphus lewisii) 

cover ≥25 percent and mesic forbs with 

highest combined foliar cover, graminoids 

depauperate or isolated to microsites ..................................Lewis’ Mock Orange/Mesic Forb 

Plant Community Type (p. 118)

92b. Lewis’ mock orange cover <25 

percent and/or mesic forbs scarce .................................................................................................. 94

93a. Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) 

cover ≥25 percent ....................................................Thimbleberry Plant Community Type (p. 123)

93b. Thimbleberry cover <25 percent .............................................................................................................94

94a. Barton’s raspberry (Rubus

bartonianus) cover ≥25 percent ..................Barton’s Raspberry Plant Community (p. 123)

94b. Barton’s raspberry cover <25 percent ........................................................................................... 95

95a. Himalayan blackberry (Rubus

discolor) cover ≥25 percent ............................Himalayan Blackberry Plant Community (p. 124)

95b. Himalayan blackberry cover <25 percent ......................Depauperate or undefined Tall Shrub type

70b. Other tall shrub species cover <25 percent ................................................ Undefined shrub type or repeat 

shrub key or try herbaceous key 
26 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

C. Key to Herbaceous Plant Associations, Plant Community Types, and Plant Communities

1a. Individual wet graminoid species (refer to “Glossary” p. 164 

for list of wet graminoid species considered here) >25 percent

cover and not isolated to microsites .................................................................... Wet Graminoid Series 2

2a. Aquatic sedge (Carex aquatilis) cover ≥25 percent ....................Aquatic Sedge Plant Association 

(p. 125 and CC p. 174)

2b. Aquatic sedge cover <25 percent .............................................................................................................. 3

3a. Widefruit sedge (Carex

eurycarpa) cover ≥25 percent .............................Widefruit Sedge Plant Association (p. 135)

3b. Widefruit sedge cover <25 percent .................................................................................................. 4

4a. Silvery sedge (Carex

canescens) cover ≥25 percent .................................. Silvery Sedge Plant Community Type (CC p. 199)

4b. Silvery sedge cover <25 percent ........................................................................................................................ 5

5a. Cusick’s sedge (Carex 

cusickii) over ≥25 percent .............................. Cusick’s Sedge Plant Association (CC p. 176)

5b. Cusick’s sedge cover <25 percent .................................................................................................... 6

6a. Bladder sedge (Carex

utriculata) cover ≥25 percent .........................................................Bladder Sedge Plant Association

(p. 127 and CC p. 178) 

6b. Bladder sedge cover <25 percent .............................................................................................................. 7

7a. Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) 

cover ≥25 percent ...............................................Slender Sedge Plant Community (CC p. 200)

7b. Slender sedge cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................... 8

8a. Inflated sedge (Carex vesicaria) cover ≥25 percent ...................Inflated Sedge Plant Association 

(p. 129 and CC p. 180)

8b. Inflated sedge cover <25 percent ...............................................................................................................9

9a. Mud sedge (Carex limosa) cover ≥25 percent ........... Mud Sedge Plant Association (p. 135)

9b. Mud sedge cover <25 percent ......................................................................................................... 10

10a. Sierra hare sedge (Carex leporinella) cover ≥25 percent ........................ Sierra Hare Sedge Plant 

Association (p. 136)

10b. Sierra hare sedge cover <25 percent .......................................................................................................11

11a. Few-flowered spikerush (Eleocharis

pauciflora) cover ≥25 percent ...................................................Few-Flowered Spikerush Plant 

Association (p. 131 and CC p. 199)

11b. Few-flowered spikerush cover <25 percent ..................................................................................12

12a. Delicate spikerush (Eleocharis bella) cover ≥25 percent .......................Delicate Spikerush Plant 

Community (CC p. 200)

12b. Delicate spikerush cover <25 percent .................................................................................................... 13

13a. Lakeshore sedge (Carex 

lenticularis) cover ≥25 percent .........................................Lakeshore Sedge Plant Association

 (p. 136 and CC p. 184) 

13b. Lakeshore sedge cover <25 percent ............................................................................................... 14
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 27

VEGETATION KEY 

14a. Creeping spikerush (Eleocharis 

palustris) cover ≥25 percent ........................................................................Creeping Spikerush Plant 

Association (CC p. 182)

14b. Creeping spikerush cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................15

15a. Short-beaked sedge (Carex 

simulata) cover ≥25 percent ...............................................................Short-Beaked Sedge Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 200)

15b. Short-beaked sedge cover <25 percent ..........................................................................................16

16a. Saw-beak sedge (Carex stipata) cover ≥25 percent .......................................Saw-Beak Sedge Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 200)

16b. Saw-beak sedge cover <25 percent ......................................................................................................... 17

17a. Woolly sedge (Carex lanuginosa) ≥25 percent ...........................................Woolly Sedge Plant 

Association (CC p. 186)

17b. Woolly sedge cover <25 percent .....................................................................................................18

18a. Small-fruit bulrush (Scirpus 

microcarpus) cover ≥25 percent ................................................................Small-Fruit Bulrush Plant

 Association (p. 133 and CC p. 206)

18b. Small-fruit bulrush cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................19

19a. Big-leaved sedge (Carex amplifolia) 

cover ≥25 percent (usually occurs where 

water source is groundwater spring) .............................Big-Leaved Sedge Plant Association

 (p. 137 and CC p. 204)

19b. Big-leaved sedge cover <25 percent .............................................................................................. 20

20a. Torrent sedge (Carex nudata) cover ≥25 percent 

and occurring on large rocks along edge of stream ...................Torrent Sedge Plant Community

Type (CC p. 212)

20b. Torrent sedge cover <25 percent and/or 

setting different than above ......................................................................................................................21

21a. Tall mannagrass (Glyceria elata) cover ≥25 percent ...........................Tall Mannagrass Plant 

Association (CC p. 208)

21b. Tall mannagrass cover <25 percent .................Depauperate or undefined wet graminoid type

1b. Individual wet graminoid species cover 

<25 percent and/or isolated to microsites .......................................................................................................22

22a. Individual moist graminoid species (refer to “Glossary” 

p. 164 for list of moist graminoid species considered here) 

cover ≥25 percent and not isolated to microsites ................................Moist Graminoid Series 23

23a. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge (Carex

scopulorum) cover ≥25 percent .................................... Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant 

Association (p. 138 and CC p. 170)

23b. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge cover <25 percent ..................................................................... 24

24a. Northern singlespike sedge (Carex scirpoidea) 

cover ≥25 percent and brook saxifrage (Saxifraga 

arguta) present and headwater spring habitat ..................Northern Singlespike Sedge–

Brook Saxifrage–Spring 

Plant Association (p. 140)

24b. Northern singlespike sedge cover <25 percent and/or

brook saxifrage absent and/or setting different than above ............................................. 25
28 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

25a. Woodrush sedge (Carex luzulina) 

cover ≥25 percent ................................................................Woodrush Sedge Plant Association

(p. 142 and CC p. 172)

25b. Woodrush sedge cover <25 percent ...............................................................................................26

26a. Black alpine sedge (Carex 

nigircans) cover ≥25 percent .................................................................Black Alpine Sedge 

Plant Association (p. 144)

26b. Black alpine sedge cover <25 percent .................................................................................. 27

27a. Sheldon’s sedge (Carex sheldonii) cover ≥25 percent ...........................Sheldon’s Sedge Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 201)

27b. Sheldon’s sedge cover <25 percent ................................................................................................ 28

28a. Clustered field sedge (Carex

praegracilis) cover ≥25 percent ............................................ Clustered Field Sedge Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 199)

28b. Clustered field sedge cover <25 percent ...............................................................................29

29a. Bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis

canadensis) cover ≥25 percent ...................................Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Association

(p. 146 and CC p. 188)

29b. Bluejoint reedgrass cover <25 percent .......................................................................................... 30

30a. Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia

cespitosa) cover ≥25 percent ...................................Tufted Hairgrass Plant Association

(p. 148 and CC p. 190)

30b. Tufted hairgrass cover <25 percent .......................................................................................31

31a. Smooth-stemmed sedge (Carex 

laeviculmis) cover ≥25 percent ..................................................Smooth-Stemmed Sedge Plant 

Community (CC p. 212)

31b. Smooth-stemmed sedge cover <25 percent ..................................................................................32

32a. Drooping woodreed (Cinna

latifolia) cover ≥25 percent .......................................................Drooping Woodreed Plant 

Community (CC p. 212)

32b. Drooping woodreed cover <25 percent ................................................................................33

33a. Weak alkaligrass (Puccinellia 

pauciflora) cover ≥25 percent ................................................................Weak Alkaligrass Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 212)

33b. Weak alkaligrass cover <25 percent ..............................................................................................34

34a. Blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus) cover 

≥25 percent AND common cowparsnip 

(Heracleum lanatum) present .............................. Common Cowparsnip–Blue Wildrye 

Plant Community (p. 157)

34b. Blue wildrye cover <25 percent and/or 

common cowparsnip absent ................................................................................................... 35

35a. Basin wildrye (Elymus cinereus) cover ≥25 percent ................................Basin Wildrye Plant

Community Type (p. 148)

35b. Basin wildrye cover <25 percent ....................................................................................................36
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 29

VEGETATION KEY 

36a. Star sedge (Carex muricata) 

cover ≥25 percent ...................................................... Star Sedge Plant Community Type

(p. 149 and CC p. 199)

36b. Star sedge cover <25 percent ................................................................................................. 37

37a. Jones’ sedge (Carex jonesii) 

cover ≥25 percent ........................................................ Jones’ Sedge Plant Community (p. 149)

37b. Jones’ sedge cover <25 percent ...................................................................................................... 38

38a. Nebraska sedge (Carex 

nebrascensis) cover ≥25 percent ................... Nebraska Sedge Plant Community Type 

(p. 150 and CC p. 192)

38b. Nebraska sedge cover <25 percent ........................................................................................39

39a. Smallwing sedge (Carex

microptera) cover ≥25 percent ................................................................ Smallwing Sedge Plant 

Community Type (p. 151)

39b. Smallwing sedge cover <25 percent ............................................................................................. 40

40a. Brown sedge (Carex

subfusca) cover ≥25 percent ............................Brown Sedge Plant Community (p. 150)

40b. Brown sedge cover <25 percent .............................................................................................41

41a. Baltic rush (Juncus balticus) 

cover ≥25 percent .........................................................................Baltic Rush Plant Community 

Type (p. 151 and CC p. 194)

41b. Baltic rush cover <25 percent ......................................................................................................... 42

42a. Thin bentgrass (Agrostis diegoensis)

cover ≥25 percent .................................................................................Thin Bentgrass Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 201)

42b. Thin bentgrass cover <25 percent ......................................................................................... 43

43a. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and/or creeping 

bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) cover ≥25 percent ....................... Kentucky Bluegrass Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 196)

43b. Kentucky bluegrass and/or creeping 

bentgrass cover <25 percent ............................................................................................................44

44a. Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus 

pratensis) cover ≥25 percent .............................................................Meadow Foxtail Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 202)

44b. Meadow foxtail cover <25 percent ..............................................Depauperate of undefined 

moist graminoid type

22b. Individual moist graminoid species cover 

<25 percent and/or isolated to microsites ..............................................................................................45

45a. Individual forb species (refer to “Glossary” p. 164 

for list of forb species considered here) cover >25 percent ................................................Forb Series 46

46a. Narrowleaf bur-reed (Sparganium 

angustifolium) cover ≥25 percent ...................................................................... Narrowleaf Bur-Reed 

Plant Association (p. 156)

46b. Narrowleaf bur-reed cover <25 percent ................................................................................................. 47
30 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

VEGETATION KEY

47a. Rocky Mountain pond-lily (Nuphar 

polysepala) cover ≥25 percent ....................................................... Rocky Mountain Pond-Lily 

Plant Association (p. 156)

47b. Rocky Mountain pond-lily cover <25 percent .............................................................................48

48a. Buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) 

cover ≥25 percent .............................................................. Buckbean Plant Community (CC p. 200)

48b. Buckbean cover <25 percent ....................................................................................................................49

50a. Common cattail (Typha 

latifolia) cover ≥25 percent ...............................................Common Cattail Plant Community 

(p. 157 and CC p. 202)

50b. Common cattail cover <25 percent ................................................................................................51

51a. Pacific onion (Allium validum) cover ≥25 

percent AND Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge (Carex scopulorum) present .......................................................Pacific Onion–Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain Sedge Plant Association 

(p. 152 and CC p. 213)

51b. Pacific onion cover <25 percent and/or 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge absent ...................................................................................................52

52a. Arrowleaf groundsel (Senecio 

triangularis) cover ≥25 percent ......................................................................................................53

53a. Purple monkeyflower

(Mimulus lewisii) present ....................................................Arrowleaf Groundsel–Purple 

Monkeyflower Plant Association (p. 154)

53b. Purple monkeyflower absent .................................................. Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant 

Association (CC p. 212)

52b. Arrowleaf groundsel cover <25 percent ....................................................................................... 54

54a. Maidenhair fern (Adiantum 

pedatum) cover ≥25 percent ............................................................................. Maidenhair Fern Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 213)

54b. Maidenhair fern cover <25 percent ........................................................................................................ 55

55a. Common cowparsnip (Heracleum 

lanatum) cover ≥25 percent and blue 

wildrye (Elymus glaucus) present ................................ Common Cowparsnip–Blue Wildrye 

Plant Community (p. 157)

55b. Common cowparsnip cover <25 

percent and/or blue wildrye absent ................................................................................................ 56

56a. Brook saxifrage (Saxifraga 

arguta) cover ≥25 percent .................................................................................. Brook Saxifrage Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 213)

56b. Brook saxifrage cover <25 percent ........................................................................................................ 57

57a. Common horsetail (Equisetum 

arvense) cover ≥25 percent ......................Common Horsetail Plant Association (CC p. 210)

57b. Common horsetail cover <25 percent ........................................................................................... 58

58a. American speedwell (Veronica 

americana) cover ≥25 percent ...................................................................American Speedwell Plant 

Community Type (CC p. 213)

58b. American speedwell cover <25 percent .................................................................................................59
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 31

ENVIRONMENT KEY 

59a. False hellebore (Veratrum spp.) 

cover ≥25 percent ................................................................. False Hellebore Plant Community 

Type (p. 158 and CC p. 201)

59b. False hellebore cover <25 percent ..................................................................................................60

60a. Western coneflower (Rudbeckia 

occidentalis) cover ≥25 percent ................................................................. Western Coneflower Plant 

Community Type (p. 158)

60b. Western coneflower cover <25 percent .................................................................................................. 61

61a. White sagebrush (Artemisia 

ludoviciana) cover ≥25 percent ............. White Sagebrush Plant Community Type (p. 159)

61b. White sagebrush cover <25 percent ...................................Depauperate or undefined forb type

45b. Individual forb species cover <25 percent ........ Depauperate or undefined type, or rerun appropriate 

life-form key with cutoff levels reduced as follows: 

25 percent = 10 percent; 10 percent = 5 percent; 

5 percent = present (and reproducing for tree species), 

or try the Environment Key.

Environment Key: Overview

The environment key is provided (1) to reduce the number of possible vegetation types 

based on a given set of environmental attributes, (2) for office users who are interested 

in identifying the set of vegetation types that might occur at sites located on topographic 

maps or geographic information system data, and (3) for the identification of potential 

vegetation types at disturbed sites.

The environment key is a dichotomous key based on the environmental data collected 

during the field sampling effort. The key is fashioned after the results of a tree classifier 

and also reflects the knowledge of, and observations made by, the field researcher. The 

key is dichotomous, but given the environmental amplitude shown by many of the vegetation types, terminal nodes may result in more than one possible vegetation type. The 

environment key is not exhaustive of the possible environmental conditions present in 

the Blue Mountains. Lastly, brackets [ ] around a type indicate a sample size of one. 

Environment Key

1a. Elevation <1600 m ................................................................................................................................................ 2

2a. Elevation <700 m (* indicates types found mainly in Hells Canyon) ................................................ 3

3a. Soil texture coarser than sandy loam and/or rock fragments >40 percent ............................... 4

4a. Floodplains .................................................................................................................................. 5

5a. Floodplains found only between Hells Canyon 

Dam and Steep Creek in Hells Canyon Wilderness .....................................[RUBA]*

5b. All floodplains.......................................................................... POTR15/ALIN2-COST4

POTR15/SYAL

POTR15/ACGL

COST4

ALRH2/RUBUS

[RUDI2]

4b. Other landforms ......................................................................................................................... 6

6a. Rocky bars ............................................................................ ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB*

 ALRH2/RUBUS*

6b. Terraces ...............................................................................................................................7
32 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

ENVIRONMENT KEY

7a. Boulders covering soil surface ..................................................................ACGL*

PHLE4/MESIC FORB

7b. Boulders not covering soil surface, 

rock fragments typically >40 percent ...................................CERE2/BROMU*

POTR15/SYAL

 POTR15/ACGL

 BEOC2/MESIC FORB*

 PHLE4/MESIC FORB

 SYAL

 RUPA

3b. Principal soil texture sandy loam or finer, rock fragments <40 percent ...................................8

8a. Elevation <550 m ....................................................................................................................... 9

9a. Terraces ................................................................................................CERE2/BROMU*

 BEOC2/MESIC FORB*

 PHLE4/MESIC FORB

 SYAL

 RUPA

9b. Floodplain ............................................................................. ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB*

8b. Elevation ≥550 m ......................................................................................................................10

10a. Valley gradient ≤3 percent ............................................................................................ 11

11a. Landform slope <2 percent ............. PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN

 POTR15/SYAL

 [PIPO/CRDO2]

11b. Landform slope ≥2 percent .......................................... ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9

CRDO2/MESIC FORB

POTR15/ACGL

POTR15/SYAL

10b. Valley gradient >3 percent ................................................... POTR15/ALIN2-COST4

COST4 

2b. Elevation ≥700 m ....................................................................................................................................... 12

12a. North Fork Umatilla and Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness ..........................................................13

13a. Soil completely saturated for most to all of the year ......................................................... 14

14a. Springs ...................................................................................................... ALIN2/CADE9

ALIN2/ATFI

BEOC2/WET SEDGE

COST4/ATFI

CAAM10

14b. Streambanks, floodplains, swales, and seasonal channels ...................................... 15

15a. Soil texture coarser than very fine sandy loam, 

coarse fragments >15 percent ..........................................................ALIN2/ATFI 

ALIN2/EQAR 

CAAQ

15b. Soil texture very fine sandy loam or finer, 

coarse fragments <15 percent .................................................................... SCMI2 

13b. Soil not completely saturated for any part of the year; 

or if so, saturated for only a short period early in the 

growing season ........................................................................................................................ 16

16a. Floodplains and rocky bars ........................................................................................... 17
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 33

ENVIRONMENT KEY 

17a. Landform slope <3 percent............................................ ALRU2/SYAL/CADE9

ALIN2/CADE9

ALIN2-COST4/MESIC FORB 

ALIN2-SYAL 

[SASI2/EQAR]

[PHCA11]

17b. Landform slope ≥3 percent .............................. ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN

ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9 

16b. Terraces .............................................................................................................................18

18a. Elevation ≤730 m ...............................................ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN

18b. Elevation >730 m ............................... PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN

PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3–FLOODPLAIN

12b. Hells Canyon Wilderness and National Recreation Area ..........................................................19

19a. Swales .............................................................................................................................. [TYLA]

19b. Other landforms ....................................................................................................................... 20

20a. Soil texture coarser than fine sandy loam 

and/or coarse fragments >20 percent .......................................................................... 21

21a. Floodplains and rocky bars ................................................................................. 22

22a. Elevation ≤915 m ................................................ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB

ALRH2/RUBUS

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN

22b. Elevation >915 m ..................................................................................SAEX

POTR15/ALIN2-COST4

ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9 

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3–FLOODPLAIN

21b. Terraces ...................................................................................................................23

23a. Southerly aspects .........................................PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN

POTR15/SYAL 

23b. Northerly aspects ...................................... PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3–FLOODPLAIN

20b. Soil texture fine sandy loam or finer 

and/or rock fragments ≤20 percent ..............................................................................24

24a. Less than 5 percent rock fragments ...........................................PHMA5-SYAL

[ELCI2]

24b. Greater than or equal to 5 percent rock fragments ......................................... 25

25a. Landform slope <3 percent .................................................................SYAL

25b. Landform slope ≥3 percent ........................................................................26

26a. Valley gradient <3 percent ............................................................... 27

27a. Soil texture coarser than 

very fine sandy loam .........................CRDO2/MESIC FORB

RUPA

27b. Soil texture very fine 

sandy loam or finer ................. PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN

26b. Valley gradient ≥ 3 percent ............PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN

ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9
34 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

ENVIRONMENT KEY

1b. Elevation ≥1600 m .............................................................................................................................................. 28

28a. Elevation <2130 m ..................................................................................................................................... 29

29a. Soil texture coarser than very fine sandy loam 

and/or rock fragments >20 percent ................................................................................................ 30

30a. Streambanks and floodplains ..................................................................................................31

31a. Elevation <1900 m ....................................................................... ALSI3/MESIC FORB

ALSI3/ATFI

[LOIN5/ATFI]

31b. Elevation ≥1900 m ...........................................................................PIEN-ABLA/SETR 

ALIN2/GLEL [Strawberry Mountain Wilderness] 

SACO2/CASC12

[CALE8]

[SALE/MESIC FORB]

30b. Other landforms ....................................................................................................................... 32

32a. Terraces and moist meadow .....................................ABLA/VAME–FLOODPLAIN

ABLA-PIEN/MEFE–FLOODPLAIN [Seven Devils Mountains]

POFR4-BEGL

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN SALIX/CACA4

[JUBA]

32b. Rocky bars ............................................................................................................... SAEX

[ARLU]

29b. Soil texture fine sandy loam or finer ............................................................................................. 33

33a. Landform slope <3 percent .................................................................................................... 34

34a. Soil not completely saturated for any part of the year; or if so, 

saturated for only a short period early in the growing season ................................35

35a. Landform slope ≤1 percent ...................................................................... CASC12

DECE

[CAMI7]

35b. Landform slope >1 percent ................................................................................. 36

36a. Strawberry Mountain Wilderness .................................................. CACA4

[CASU6]

36b. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest ......................PIEN-ABLA/CASC12

CACA4

[CANE2]

[HELA4-ELGL]

34b. Soil completely saturated for most to all of the year ................................................37

37a. Strawberry Mountain Wilderness ................................................ ALIN2/GLEL

SCMI2

CAMU7

37b. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest ..............................................ALSI3/CILA2

ELPA6

CALU7

CAMU7

33b. Landform slope ≥3 percent .................................................................................................... 38

38a. Steep headwater basins and springs of the 

Strawberry Mountain Wilderness .................................................. CASC10-SAAR13 

38b. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest ............................................................................. 39
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 35

ENVIRONMENT KEY 

39a. Seepy slopes ................................................................................................... CAUT

ALSI3/CILA2 

[PIEN/EQAR]

[SACO2/CAUT]

39b. Other landforms .................................................................................................... 40

40a. Rocky bars, cobbly/bouldery 

stream channels, and springs ............................................... SETR-MILE2

40b. Streambanks and floodplains ...............................SALIX/ MESIC FORB

SACO2/CASC12

[SADR/SETR]

28b. Elevation ≥2130 m ......................................................................................................................................41

41a. Cirque basins above 2,300 m elevation with 

sedimentary geology in the Eagle Cap Wilderness ........................................................SAAR27

[SAFA/ALVA]

41b. Other sites that do not fit the above criteria ..................................................................................42

42a. Sites with mineral soils, organic surface layer ≤20 cm .....................................................43

43a. Less than or equal to 15 percent rock fragments ...................................................... 44

44a. Soil texture coarser than very fine sandy loam ............................................... 45

45a. Soil not completely saturated for any part 

of the year, or if so, saturated for only a 

short period early in the growing season .........................KAMI/CANI2

POFR4-BEGL

SALIX/CACA4

45b. Soil completely saturated for most to all of the year ................. CASC12

SALIX/CAAQ

SACO2/CASC12

44b. Soil texture very fine sandy loam or finer ........................................................ 46

46a. Soil not completely saturated for any part of 

the year; or if so, saturated for only a short 

period early in the growing season .......................................................... 47

47a. Soil mounds (<1 m tall) present .......................... PHEM MOUNDS

47b. Soil mounds absent ............................................................................48

48a. Lake edges, periphery

of meadows, 

floodplains ......................................................................................

........................................ ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN

ABLA/MEFE–FLOODPLAIN [Seven Devils Mountains] 

KAMI/CANI2

ALVA-CASC12

48b. Moist meadows .................................................ALVA-CASC12

CANI2

CACA4 

DECE

[CAJO]

46b. Soil completely saturated for 

most to all of the year ...................................................... SABO2/CASC12

CASC12

CALE9

[SABO2/CAVE6]
36 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

ENVIRONMENT KEY

43b. Greater than 15 percent rock fragments ..................................................................... 49

49a. Landform slope >15 percent .......................................................... SETR-MILE2

49b. Landform slope ≤15 percent ...........................ABLA/VAME–FLOODPLAIN

42b. Sites with organic soils, organic surface layer >20 cm

AND/OR soil surface submerged throughout the year .................................................... 50

50a. Soil surface submerged throughout the year ............................................................. 51

51a. Wet meadows and cirque basins ................................................................ ELPA6

CALU7

51b. Other landforms ................................................................................................... 52

52a. Lake edges ............................................................................................CAAQ

CAUT

CAVE6

[CALI7]

[CAEU2]

52b. Lakes .....................................................................................................SPAN2

NUPO2

50b. Soil surface not submerged throughout the year .......................................................53

53a. Landform slope <5 percent .........................................................................ELPA6

SABO2/CASC12

[PICO/CASC12]

53b. Landform slope >5 percent ..................................................................... CASC12

ALVA-CASC12
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 37

Contents of Vegetation Type Descriptions 

A descriptive section for each plant association and 

community type that includes the following:

Nomenclature/title—The name given to the vegetation 

type with principal (typal) species first followed by 

subordinate species of different floristic layers (separated 

by a backslash) and/or coprincipal species of the same 

floristic layer (separated by a dash). Landforms may be 

included in the title if the vegetation type was observed 

to have a strong affinity to a particular landform.

Latin title—The Latin names of the indicator species.

Ecoclass code—United States Forest Service codes for 

plant associations and community types.

Title code—A shorthand version of the title consisting of 

the USDA Plants Database code for the typal species.

Sample size (n =)—The number of sample plots used to 

describe a vegetation type.

Physical environment—A description of the 

environmental attributes typical of a vegetation type, 

including landform, elevation, valley descriptors, and 

soil characteristics.

Environment table—A summary table of quantitative 

environmental data. 

Vegetation composition—Includes the principal 

species table and a descriptive section regarding floristic 

attributes of the vegetation type.

Principal species—A table including the common 

and Latin names, constancy, percentage cover, and 

range of cover for the characteristic species (≥20 

percent constancy) of a vegetation type (please see 

app. B for complete constancy/coverage tables).

Constancy (CON)—A percentage of plots 

where a species occurs in a vegetation type.

Cover (COV)—The average percentage cover 

of a species on the plots where it is present 

[when it occurs] in a vegetation type.

Range of cover (MIN/MAX)—The minimum and 

maximum coverage of a species when it occurs in 

a vegetation type.

Descriptive section—A description of the 

floristic attributes of a vegetation type including 

adjacent vegetation types.

Adjacent vegetation types—A list of possible 

riparian, wetland, and upland vegetation types and 

associated landforms directly adjacent to the vegetation 

type being described. This is not a closed list, other 

possible adjacent vegetation types may exist (not 

to be confused with “Adjacent Riparian/Wetland 

Classifications,” see below).

Management considerations—A section describing 

implications of resource management. Topics include 

disturbance events, life histories, forestry, livestock 

grazing, wildlife use, fisheries, and successional 

relationships.

Stand characteristics—Summary tables for the 

forested vegetation types, includes basal area and 

site tree tables.

Basal Area—Includes basal area, range of basal 

area, average diameter at breast height (d.b.h), 

minimum d.b.h., and maximum d.b.h. for each 

tree species associated with forested types.

Site Tree—An individual tree that is characteristic 

of the age and size class of a forested stand. 

Description includes the average d.b.h., average 

age, and average height of the site trees of each 

tree species associated with forested vegetation 

types.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

The Cowardin et al. (1979) wetland classification for each 

plant association and community type.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—Section 

describing the occurrence(s) of the same or floristically 

similar vegetation types found in riparian and wetland 

classifications developed for neighboring geographic 

regions. 

Floristically similar vegetation types—Adjacent 

vegetation types that are compositionally similar (based 

on compositional similarity analysis of the vegetation 

data) to those described in the present classification.
38 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

Subalpine Fir-Engelmann Spruce/Labrador Tea–Floodplain Plant Association

Abies lasiocarpa-Picea engelmannii/Ledum glandulosum

CES610 ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN N = 7

Physical environment—

The subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce/Labrador tea–

floodplain plant association was found in moist to wet 

forested basins mostly above 2134 m elevation, with the 

exception of plot WW1651 located along the Minam River 

in the Eagle Cap Wilderness, with an elevation of 1637 

m. Typical valleys were of very low to low gradient (<1 to 

3 percent), U-shaped, and of different widths. Soils were 

somewhat poorly drained and typically had low amounts of 

rock fragments. Upper soil horizon textures ranged from 

silt loam to silty clay loam, whereas lower horizon textures 

ranged from sandy loam to silt loam. The water table 

was generally shallow (30 cm or less) and redoximorphic 

features were common within the same depth range.

Vegetation composition—

Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir co-occur in the 

overstory with the occasional white bark pine. Subalpine fir, 

when it occurs in the overstory, tends to have greater basal 

area than Engelmann spruce (average of 18 vs. 12 m2/ha). 

Subalpine fir is always found strongly reproducing in 

the understory.

Landform environment (n = 7) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2134 1637–2348

Plot slope (percent) 7 <1–20

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 7) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–>8

Valley width (m) 10–30 10–>300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 7) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 7 0–40

Bare ground 6 0–30

Gravel 0

Rock 3 0–10

Bedrock 0

Litter 54 20–85

Moss 30 10–70

Soil profile characteristics (n = 6)

Parent material Mazama ash, colluvium, quartz diorite

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryaquents, Cryaquepts, 

 Cryofluvents, Cryorthents

 Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 29–>73

Rock fragments (percent) 8 0–39

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 11 6–16

pH (n = 6) 5.65 5.08–6.14

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 7–30

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 67

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–20

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 12–51

Texture(s)a L, SICL, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 10–64 

Texture(s)a L, SICL, SIL, SL, S

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Labrador tea forms a thick shrub layer where it is also 

common to find pink mountainheath and alpine spicywintergreen. Grouse huckleberry, when found in the 

shrub layer, is indicative of the drier end of the ABLAPIEN/LEGL environmental tolerance gradient and was 

often observed growing on hummocks.

Subalpine fleabane, explorer’s gentian, and high mountain 

cinquefoil are common species found in the herbaceous 

Aaron Wells Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 39

SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 85 14 2 45

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 100 10 1 40

Subordinate overstory trees: 

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 71 10 5 30

Understory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 100 18 5 50

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 42 3 1 5

Shrubs:

GAHU Alpine spicywintergreen Gaultheria humifusa 42 5 1 10

LEGL Labrador tea Ledum glandulosum 100 55 35 80

PHEM Pink mountainheath Phyllodoce empetriformis 85 7 3 15

VASC Grouse huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium 85 13 2 30

Forbs:

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 57 2 1 3

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 85 4 1 10

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 42 2 1 3

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 71 17 5 35

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 42 2 1 3

VIOLA Violet Viola 42 2 1 5

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CALU7 Woodrush sedge Carex luzulina 42 2 1 3

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 71 27 1 50

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in which 

the species occurred.

uplands in the Wallowa Mountains featuring the more 

xeric Ross’ sedge in lieu of the more mesic Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge. The ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN 

plant association is of low timber harvest value owing to 

the perennially wet/moist soil and low basal area. Deer 

and elk use is infrequent owing to a scarcity of forage 

species. Cavity-nesting birds may find suitable nesting 

and feeding habitat in the numerous snags common to 

this association.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Hansen et al. (1995) portrayed a two-phase subalpine 

fir/Labrador tea type for Montana, a wetter bluejoint 

reedgrass phase and a drier Labrador tea phase. Kovalchik 

and Clausnitzer (2004) described a subalpine fir/Labrador 

tea-grouse huckleberry association for eastern Washington 

most similar to the drier end of the subalpine fir/Labrador 

tea type described above.

Floristically similar types include Engelmann spruce–

subalpine fir/Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge, subalpine 

fir–Engelmann spruce/rusty menziesia (p. 40), Engelmann 

spruce/western singlespike sedge (Carex scirpoidea var. 

pseudoscirpoidea) (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).

layer. The presence of Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

and bluejoint reedgrass is suggestive of the wetter end of 

the ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN environmental 

tolerance gradient.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types:

Meadows: PHEM MOUNDS, CASC12

Lake edge: CAUT.

Adjacent upland vegetation type:

Sideslopes: ALBA/VASC.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

ABLA 18 5–37 30.2 12.4 61.0

PIAL 7 5–9 31.8 16.5 54.6

PIEN 12 2–28 43.9 25.7 67.8

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ABLA 29.2 75 13.7

PIEN 40.9 65 17

Management considerations—

Johnson (2004a) described an Abies lasiocarpa–Picea 

engelmannii/Ledum glandulosum plant association for 
40 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

Subalpine Fir-Engelmann Spruce/Rusty Menziesia–Floodplain Plant Association

Abies lasiocarpa-Picea engelmannii/Menziesia ferruginea

CES710 ABLA-PIEN/MEFE–FLOODPLAIN N = 3

Physical environment—

The subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce/rusty menziesia–

floodplain plant association occurred along high-elevation 

(1994 to 2317 m) streams, on floodplains and terraces, and 

along lake edges exclusively in the Seven Devils mountain range. Sample plots were located in U-shaped and 

flat valleys with low (<1 percent) to moderate (5 percent) 

gradient. Parent material consisted mainly of granite. 

Soils were moderately well drained to somewhat poorly 

drained fine sandy loam to clay loam. The water table 

ranged from 61 cm to greater than 1 m.

Vegetation composition—

Subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce share the overstory with occasional occurrences of lodgepole pine. 

Subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce seedlings are always 

found in the understory tree layer. In the absence of disturbance, subalpine fir will prevail at these sites. In the 

occurrence of an increase in soil moisture, the advantage 

would likely shift toward Engelmann spruce, as this species is physiologically better able to cope with saturated 

conditions. Rusty menziesia forms a dense tall shrub 

layer with grouse huckleberry below. In wetter versions 

of this type, bog blueberry can be found in the low shrub 

layer alongside grouse huckleberry. The typically sparse 

understory is composed of heartleaf arnica, fireweed, and 

sidebells wintergreen.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types:

Floodplains: PIEN-ABLA/SETR

Lakes and lake edges: CAVE6, SPAN2, CAEU2

Adjacent upland vegetation type:

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Landform environment (n = 3) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2108 1994–2317

Plot slope (percent) 4 2–6

Aspect Northerly

Valley environment (n = 3) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–5

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 3) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 0

Gravel 0

Rock 2 0–5

Bedrock 0

Litter 83 75–90

Moss 15 5–25

Soil profile characteristics (n = 3)

Parent material Granite

Great group(s) Cryorthents, Haplocryalfs, Endoaqualfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 61–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 45 18–65

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 9 4–11

pH (n = 3) 5.51 5.49–5.55

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 21–30

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 66

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 3–9

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 3–4

Texture(s)a FSL, L

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 48–>67

Texture(s)a CS, FSL, L, CL

Redoximorphic features Depletions

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells

Management considerations—

The subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce/rusty menziesia–

floodplain plant association is floristically similar to 

the Abies lasiocarpa/Menziesia ferruginea (subalpine 

fir/rusty menziesia) habitat type-Menziesia ferruginea

phase, described by Steele et al. (1981) for uplands in 

central Idaho. Johnson and Simon (1987) and Johnson 

(2004a) described Abies lasiocarpa–Picea engelmannii/

Mensiesia ferruginea types for uplands in the Seven Devils 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 41

SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 100 20 5 40

PICO Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 66 12 10 15

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 100 27 20 40

Understory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 100 5 1 10

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 100 9 1 25

Shrubs:

LOUT2 Utah honeysuckle Lonicera utahensis 66 4 3 5

MEFE Rusty menziesia Menziesia ferruginea 100 73 60 90

VASC Grouse huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium 100 30 20 40

VAUL Bog blueberry Vaccinium uliginosum 66 15 15 15

Forbs:

ARCO9 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia 66 3 1 5

EPAN2 Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium 66 1 1 1

PYSE Sidebells wintergreen Pyrola secunda 66 7 3 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Mountains of western Idaho that are floristically similar 

to the association described above. Environmentally, the 

previously described upland types differ from the riparian/

wetland type in that the former are found on more xeric 

upland slopes, whereas the latter is associated with mesic 

soils along streams and lakes. The establishment of this 

type in riparian/wetland sites represents an extension into 

valley bottoms of the previously documented range in 

western Idaho.

The abundant snags present in this plant association 

provide nesting and feeding opportunities for woodpeckers, 

nuthatches, chickadees, and ruby-crowned kinglets. The 

large quantity of woody debris produced by these sites 

enhances stream channels by dampening the effects of 

high flow periods and providing habitat for salmonids. 

Logging opportunities are limited by the moist soils and 

steep terrain typical of this association.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: temporarily to intermittently flooded

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Hansen et al. (1995) described a subalpine fir/claspingleaved twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius)-fool’s 

huckleberry (Menziesia ferruginea) phase habitat type 

for Montana. Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described 

a variety of subalpine fir/rusty menziesia types for eastern 

Washington.

There are no floristically similar types.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

PIEN 17 14-18 33 20.3 63.5

ABLA 11 5-18 30 15.2 43.2

PICO 20 5-9 30 30.5 33.0

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

PIEN 76.2 NA 34

PICO 33.0 NA 23
42 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry–Floodplain Plant Association

Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium membranaceum

CES316 ABLA/VAME–FLOODPLAIN N = 3

Physical environment—

The subalpine fir/big huckleberry floodplain plant association was found on a floodplain, a terrace, and a steep, 

seepy, streambank in the Wallowa Mountains. Elevations 

were moderate, ranging from 1646 m along the Minam 

River to 1875 m along Bear Creek. Sample plots were 

located in U- and V-shaped valleys with low (<1 percent) 

and high gradient (4 to 8 percent), respectively. Parent material consisted mainly of granite. Soils were well-drained 

to moderately well-drained sandy loam to loam. The water 

table ranged from near the surface to greater than 81 cm.

Vegetation composition—

Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir share the overstory. 

In the absence of disturbance, the potential for the site is 

subalpine fir, the most shade-tolerant species. Lodgepole 

pine and western larch are occasionally found in the overstory. Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir both contribute 

strongly to regeneration in the understory.

Big huckleberry is consistently found in the low shrub 

layer. The herbaceous layer is composed of a wide variety 

of species: heartleaf arnica, willowherb, twistedstalk, 

violets, and wintergreen. Wetter variations of this type 

may include Labrador tea, Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge, 

bladder sedge, tall mannagrass, and Pacific onion.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types:

Meadows: CACA4, and ALSI3/MESIC FORB.

Adjacent upland vegetation types:

Sideslopes: PICO/VASC, ABLA/VASC, and

ABGR/VAME.

E. Crowe

Landform environment (n = 3) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 1798 1646–1875

Plot slope (percent) 12 0–35

Aspect Northerly

Valley environment (n = 3) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 <1–8

Valley width (m) 30 10–300

Valley aspect Northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 2) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 2 0–3

Gravel 0

Rock 2 0–3

Bedrock 0

Litter 90

Moss 7 3–10

Soil profile characteristics (n = 3)

Parent material Granite

Great group(s) Cryorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–>81

Rock fragments (percent) 1 0–2

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 9 3–14

pH (n = 2) 5.40 5.31–5.49

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–5

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 18–23

Texture(s)a L, VFSL, LS

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 13–>59

Texture(s)a SL, VFS

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 43

SUBALPINE FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 100 24 5 45

PIEN Engelmann Spruce Picea engelmannii 100 42 22 65

Understory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 100 5 5 6

PIEN Engelmann Spruce Picea engelmannii 100 3 3 5

Shrubs:

LOIN5 Twinberry honeysuckle Lonicera involucrata 100 5 1 10

LOUT2 Utah honeysuckle Lonicera utahensis 66 5 5 5

RILA Prickly currant Ribes lacustre 100 9 3 15

VAME Big huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum 100 33 20 50

VAUL Bog blueberry Vaccinium uliginosum 66 13 10 15

Forbs:

ARCO9 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia 66 13 5 20

CLUN2 Queen’s cup beadlily Clintonia uniflora 66 3 1 5

EPAN2 Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium 100 2 1 3

FRVE Woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca 66 6 1 10

LUPO2 Bigleaf lupine Lupinus polyphyllus 100 6 1 15

MECI3 Tall fringed bluebells Mertensia ciliata 66 8 1 15

PERA Sickletop lousewort Pedicularis racemosa 66 2 1 3

PYSE Sidebells wintergreen Pyrola secunda 100 9 6 10

STAM2 Claspleaf twistedstalk Streptopus amplexifolius 66 3 1 5

THVE Veiny meadow-rue Thalictrum venulosum 66 18 15 20

TITR Threeleaf foamflower Tiarella trifoliata 66 13 10 15

VIOLA Violet Viola 66 10 5 15

Grasses:

CACA4 Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis 66 7 3 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Management considerations—

Johnson and Simon (1987), Johnson and Clausnitzer 

(1992), and Johnson (2004a) described a similar type 

for uplands in the Wallowa, Blue Mountians, and alpine 

regions of northeastern Oregon, respectively. The two 

types differ from the riparian/wetland equivalent in that 

they are found mainly on ridges and xeric slopes resulting 

in a slightly different species composition than the more 

mesic type. The abundant snags present in this plant 

association provide nesting and feeding opportunities for 

woodpeckers, nuthatches, chickadees, and ruby-crowned 

kinglets. The large quantity of woody debris produced 

by these sites enhances stream channels by dampening 

the effects of high flow periods and providing habitat for 

salmonids. Logging opportunities are limited by the moist 

soils and steep terrain typical of this association.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Kovalchik (1987) described an Engelmann spruce/bog 

blueberry/forb association for central Oregon that is similar 

to the subalpine fir/bog blueberry/Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge community type of Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) 

found in the midmontane wetlands of northeastern Oregon. 

Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described a subalpine 

fir/big huckleberry association for eastern Washington.

Floristically similar types include subalpine fir/sweetscented bedstraw (Galium trifolium) (Hansen et al. 1995).

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

ABLA 16 9–25 30.0 15.2 45.7

PIEN 24 14–32 35.1 14.7 64.3

LAOC 2 — 45.7 38.1 53.6

PICO 2 — 53.3 — —

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ABLA 29.2 90 14

PIEN 41.1 123 14
44 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

ENGELMANN SPRUCE SERIES

Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa/Carex scopulorum

CEG201 PIEN-ABLA/CASC12 N = 6

Physical environment—

The Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir/Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge plant association occurred in moist/wet 

forested basins at edges of subalpine meadows, on a 

floodplain, and a streambank between 1890 and 2142 m 

elevation. Sites occurred in very low to moderate gradient 

(<1 to 5 percent) U- and trough-shaped valleys. Soils were 

somewhat poorly drained, coarse sand to silty loam below 

a thick (14 cm ± 9 cm) organic surface layer. The thick 

organic surface layer increases the available water capacity 

of the soil and represents an important environmental 

characteristic distinguishing PIEN/CASC12 from PIENABLA/LEGL. Depth to water table ranged from 18 cm 

to greater than 1 m, and redoximorphic features were 

common.

Vegetation composition—

Engelmann spruce is the prevailing overstory tree sometimes accompanied by lodgepole pine. Subalpine fir is 

rarely found in the overstory, but almost always occurs in 

the understory often growing on slightly drier hummocks.

Species that may be found in the generally sparse shrub 

layer include pink mountainheath, grouse huckleberry, bog 

blueberry, and various willow species. A lack of Labrador 

tea and a high coverage (62 percent on average) of Holm’s 

Rocky Mountain sedge are the key floristic components 

distinguishing PIEN/CASC12 from PIEN-ABLA/LEGL.

High mountain cinquefoil is always present in the 

herbaceous layer and may be accompanied by Canadian 

burnet, shootingstar, elephanthead lousewort, licorice-root 

(Ligusticum spp.), and tufted hairgrass. Few-flowered 

spike rush is sometimes present in the wettest portions 

of this type.

E. Crowe

Landform environment (n = 6) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2080 1890–2142

Plot slope (percent) 2 <1–2

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–5

Valley width (m) 10–30 10–>300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 6) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 8 0–40

Bare ground 2 0–5

Gravel 0

Rock 4 0–25

Bedrock 0

Litter 46 5–95

Moss 39 0–91

Soil profile characteristics (n = 6)

Parent material Mazama ash, moss peat, alluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquents, Cryohemists, Cryorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 18–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 8 0–35

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 24 5–46

pH (n = 4) 5.32 4.48–5.54

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 9–55

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 50

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 6–80

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 1–>50

Texture(s)a L, SIL, SL, hemic

Redoximorphic features Depletions

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 3–11

Texture(s)a CS, ECS, LCS

Redoximorphic features Depletions

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types:

Meadows: CALU7, CASC12, DECE, CAMU7,

ELPA6, and CACA4.

Adjacent upland vegetation type:

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 45

ENGELMANN SPRUCE SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 83 29 1 70

Subordinate overstory trees:

PICO Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 50 2 1 4

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 50 10 4 20

Understory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 83 6 1 15

PICO Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 50 2 1 4

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 66 4 1 10

Shrubs:

VASC Grouse huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium 50 3 2 6

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 50 2 1 3

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 83 1 1 3

DOJE Sierra shootingstar Dodecatheon jeffreyi 50 1 1 2

EPAL Pimpernel willowherb Epilobium alpinum 50 9 1 20

LICA2 Canby’s licorice-root Ligusticum canbyi 50 3 1 5

MIPE Fivestamen miterwort Mitella pentandra 83 3 1 10

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 50 2 1 3

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 100 6 1 20

SASI10 Canadian burnet Sanguisorba sitchensis 66 8 1 15

VIOLA Violet Viola 50 4 1 10

Grasses:

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 66 3 1 10

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 100 62 50 75

JUDR Drummond’s rush Juncus drummondii 66 1 1 1

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Management considerations—

Logging opportunities are generally limited, as is the 

chance of catastrophic wildfire, owing to the perennially 

wet soils characteristic of these sites. An abundance of 

forage species and proximity to subalpine meadows make 

these sites highly suitable for wild ungulate grazing and 

bedding. When this association occurs on streambanks 

and floodplains, overhanging vegetation and down woody 

debris provide habitat for salmonids. In the absence of a 

large influx of mineral soils, this type represents a climax 

forest type in the subalpine riparian and wetland areas of 

northeastern Oregon.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir/Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge association has not previously been 

described. Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described 

an Engelmann spruce/saw-leaved sedge, a variety of 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge, for eastern Washington.

Floristically similar types include subalpine fir–

Engelmann spruce/Labrador tea (p. 38); subalpine fir/

bog blueberry/Holm’s sedge (Carex scopulorum) 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997); Engelmann spruce/

bog blueberry/widefruit sedge (Kovalchik 1987).

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

PIEN 21 2–69 39.1 13.2 102.6

ABLA 5 — 20.8 20.8 20.8

PICO 5 — 22.6 13.7 29.2

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

PIEN 48.0 109 16

PICO 33.8 87 10
46 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

ENGELMANN SPRUCE SERIES

Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir/Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant Association

Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa/Senecio triangularis

CEM201 PIEN-ABLA/SETR N = 9

Physical environment—

The Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir/arrowleaf groundsel 

plant association was found on floodplains, terraces, and 

springs between 1890 and 2134 m elevation throughout the 

Blue Mountains. Sample plots were located in U-shaped 

(glacial), V-shaped, and flat valleys with low to moderate gradient (1 to 5 percent) over a large range in width. 

Plot slope averaged 4 percent (±2.4) with two plots having 

a slope of 22 percent and 14 percent, both of which were 

located at springs in the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness. 

Soils were well-drained to moderately well-drained, very 

gravelly/cobbly loamy sands to silt loams. The water table 

ranged from 41 cm to greater than 1 m with occasional 

redoximorphic features. Annual flood scour was common 

at these sites and represents the major environmental factor 

differentiating the PIEN-ABLA/SETR from the ABLA/

VAME plant association.

Vegetation composition—

Engelmann spruce or subalpine fir often co-occur in the 

overstory layers of this association. Foliar cover and basal 

area tend to be relatively low for both species. Lodgepole 

pine is occasionally found in the overstory. Both Engelmann 

spruce and subalpine fir are common in the understory 

canopy layers.

The shrub layer is generally sparse and may consist of 

prickly currant, twinberry honeysuckle, and grouse huckleberry. The predominance of arrowleaf groundsel and, to 

a lesser degree, brook saxifrage, and the relative absence of 

big huckleberry are the key understory characteristics distinguishing the PIEN-ABLA/SETR from the ABLA/VAME 

plant association.

Landform environment (n = 9) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2005 1890–2134

Plot slope (percent) 4 2–22

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 8) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 1–>8 

Valley width (m) 10–30 <10–>300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 8) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 1 0–5

Bare ground 11 0–40

Gravel 3 0–10

Rock 5 0–10

Bedrock 0

Litter 59 10–90

Moss 19 4–85

Soil profile characteristics (n = 9)

Parent material Mazama ash, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryaquents, Cryofluvents, 

 Cryohemists, Haplocryands

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 41–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 43 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 12 1–46

pH (n = 8) 6.21 5.53–7.00

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 7–17

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 33

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–50

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 6–50

Texture(s)a L, SIL, SL, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 22–85

Texture(s)a L, LCS, SIL, SL, S

Redoximorphic features Depletions

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Other important understory species include tall fringed 

bluebells, fringed grass of Parnassus, and Sitka valerian.

Adjacent upland vegetation type:

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 47

ENGELMANN SPRUCE SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 77 24 5 80

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 55 18 3 40

Subordinate overstory trees: 

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 55 5 3 10

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 55 4 1 5

Understory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 77 9 1 20

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 77 7 1 20

Shrubs:

LOIN5 Twinberry honeysuckle Lonicera involucrata 55 5 1 10

RILA Prickly currant Ribes lacustre 55 10 3 20

VASC Grouse huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium 66 10 1 20

Forbs:

ACCO4 Columbian monkshood Aconitum columbianum 77 9 1 25

ARCO9 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia 55 3 1 10

ASFO Alpine leafybract aster Aster foliaceus 44 2 1 5

EPAN2 Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium 44 3 1 10

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 66 6 1 15

HELA4 Common cowparsnip Heracleum lanatum 44 8 3 15

MECI3 Tall fringed bluebells Mertensia ciliate 55 12 10 15

PAFI3 Fringed grass of Parnassus Parnassia fimbriata 66 4 1 15

POPU3 Jacob’s-ladder Polemonium pulcherrimum 44 2 1 3

PYSE Sidebells wintergreen Pyrola secunda 66 1 1 3

SAAR13 Brook saxifrage Saxifraga arguta 77 7 1 15

SETR Arrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis 100 26 5 60

STAM2 Claspleaf twistedstalk Streptopus amplexifolius 44 2 1 3

THOC Western meadow-rue Thalictrum occidentale 55 18 15 25

VASI Sitka valerian Valeriana sitchensis 44 4 1 10

VIOLA Violet Viola 44 1 1 1

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Management considerations—

The Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir/arrowleaf groundsel 

plant association is typified by annual flood scour and 

deposition. As in the ABLA/VAME-FLOODPLAIN 

plant association, snags are common and provide nesting 

and feeding habitat for various cavity-nesting birds. 

Downed wood and standing live vegetation help to slow 

floodwaters and provide habitat for salmonids. Elk and 

deer use is generally low at these sites with the exception 

of the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness where, late in the 

summer, watering holes become few and far between. Sites 

located at perennial springs (MW2401, MW2441, MW1891) 

can, during these drought periods, become high-impact 

areas. Johnson (2004a) described an Abies lasiocarpa-Picea 

engelmannii/Senecio triangularis miscellaneous type that 

occurred on stream terraces in the Wallowa Mountains 

within the same elevation range as the above association.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described separate 

Engelmann spruce/arrowleaf groundsel and subalpine 

fir/arrowleaf groundsel plant associations for the midmontane riparian/wetland of northeastern Oregon.

A floristically similar type is conifer/Aconitum 

columbianum (Columbian monkshood) (Padgett 

et al. 1989).

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

PIEN 10 2–23 44.7 17.0 66.8

ABLA 9 5–18 29.0 18.3 48.8

PICO 9 5–14 32.5 15.2 46.5

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

PIEN 41.7 99 26.5

ABLA 41.7 99 12.8
48 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

ENGELMANN SPRUCE SERIES

Miscellaneous Engelmann Spruce Type

Engelmann Spruce/Common Horsetail Plant Association

Picea engelmannii/Equisetum arvense

CEM211 PIEN/EQAR N = 1

This association was located on a steep (15 percent), seepy 

slope at 1982 m elevation in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. Soils 

were very poorly drained, organic-rich loam. Depth to water 

table was 14 cm in mid-July.

Engelmann spruce forms a sparse overstory (25 percent) 

with subalpine fir in the understory. Undergreen willow, 

wax currant, and prickly currant occurred sporadically 

throughout the shrub layer. Common horsetail overshadows 

a rich herbaceous layer including brook saxifrage, arrowleaf groundsel, glaucus willowherb, western meadow-rue, 

muskflower, Pacific onion, common cowparsnip, Columbian 

monkshood, tall mannagrass, and bladder sedge.

Engelmann spruce growing on these seepy slopes may 

be more susceptible to spruce budworm (Choristoneura 

occidentalis Freeman) attack than those found in drier 

environments. 

Adjacent riparian/wetland types: 

Seeps: CAUT. 

Gravel/cobble bars: SAEX. 

This type has been described by Crowe and Clausnitzer 

(1997), Kovalchik (1987), Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 

(2004), and Padgett et al. (1989).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 49

GRAND FIR SERIES

Grand Fir/Pacific Yew/Twinflower–Floodplain Plant Association

Abies grandis/Taxus brevifolia/Linnaea borealis

CWF424 ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3–FLOODPLAIN N = 5

Physical environment—

The grand fir/Pacific yew/twinflower–floodplain plant 

association occurred on low-elevation (759 to 1079 m) alluvial terraces along streams in the Umatilla National Forest 

and Hells Canyon. Sample sites occurred in low (1 to 3 

percent) to moderate (4 to 5 percent) gradient, flat canyons. 

Valley aspects were north in Hells Canyon and north and 

west at the two Umatilla sites. Soils were moderately 

well-drained loams and silt loams, often overlying a very 

gravelly/cobbly, slowly permeable layer of sandy clay. 

Depth to water table was always greater than 60 cm.

Vegetation composition—

Grand fir is present in all canopy layers with Pacific yew 

always present. Grand fir seedlings are always found in the 

understory along with occasional Engelmann spruce and 

Pacific yew seedlings. Engelmann spruce is not likely to 

achieve climax status at these sites given the environmental 

limitations resulting from the relatively low elevations.

Rocky Mountain maple, prickly currant, and western 

serviceberry are always found in the tall shrub layer. 

Hollyleaved barberry, alder-leaved buckthorn, oceanspray, 

roses, Utah honeysuckle, and common snowberry are 

less frequent members of the low and tall shrub layers. 

Twinflower is consistently found trailing across the ground.

A variety of herbaceous species can be found here 

including wintergreens, Piper’s anemone, queen’s cup 

beadlily, starry false Solomon’s seal, western rattlesnake 

plantain, Columbia brome, western fescue, and Alaska 

oniongrass. Moist site indicator forbs include bunchberry 

dogwood, British Columbia wildginger, enchanter’s 

nightshade, and heartleaf minerslettuce. Some of the 

ferns encountered include oakfern, western brackenfern, 

mountain woodfern, and western swordfern.

Landform environment (n = 5) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 877 759–1079

Plot slope (percent) 2 1–2.5

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 5) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–5

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–300

Valley aspect Northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 5) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 0

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 60 12–95

Moss 39 5–85

Soil profile characteristics (n = 5)

Parent material Alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Udorthents, Udifluvents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) >60

Rock fragments (percent) 57 45–70

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 7 4–9

pH (n = 4) 5.86 5.69–6.1

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–8

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 6–53

Texture(s)a CL, SIL, L

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 33–>159

Texture(s)a SC, SIL, L, SL, LS, S

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - - ABGR 35 16–55 57.4 33.0 102.1

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ABGR 51.1 91 33

Aaron Wells
50 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

GRAND FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 100 54 27 85

Subordinate overstory trees: 

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 40 13 6 20

Understory trees:

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 100 13 2 45

PIEN Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 40 10 5 15

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 100 6 1 10

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 80 3 1 5

BEAQ Hollyleaved barberry Berberis aquifolium 40 38 20 55

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 60 5 5 5

LIBO3 Twinflower Linnaea borealis 100 14 2 30

LOUT2 Utah honeysuckle Lonicera utahensis 40 3 1 5

PAMY Oregon boxleaf Paxistima myrsinites 40 3 1 5

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 40 4 3 5

RHPU Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana 80 12 1 32

RIBES Currant Ribes 40 2 1 3

RILA Prickly currant Ribes lacustre 80 4 1 10

ROGY Dwarf rose Rosa gymnocarpa 60 4 1 10

ROWO Woods’ rose Rosa woodsii 40 20 15 25

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 40 23 1 45

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 60 38 3 60

TABR2 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia 100 24 1 40

Forbs:

ADBI American trailplant Adenocaulon bicolor 80 6 1 10

ANPI Piper’s anemone Anemone piperi 100 3 1 5

ARCO9 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia 40 3 1 5

ARMA18 Largeleaf sandwort Arenaria macrophylla 40 3 3 3

ASCA2 British Columbia wildginger Asarum caudatum 60 8 5 10

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpine 40 21 1 40

CLUN2 Queen’s cup beadlily Clintonia uniflora 80 9 1 20

COMA4 Summer coralroot Corallorrhiza maculata 40 1 1 1

DIHO3 Drops of gold Disporum hookeri 60 8 5 10

FRVE Woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca 60 3 1 5

GATR2 Threepetal bedstraw Galium trifidum 60 4 1 10

GOOB2 Western rattlesnake plantain Goodyera oblongifolia 40 2 1 3

MOCO4 Heartleaf minerslettuce Montia cordifolia 60 6 1 15

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 100 7 1 15

SMRA Feathery false Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa 40 11 1 20

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 100 19 3 35

TITR Threeleaf foamflower Tiarella trifoliata 80 6 1 15

VICA4 Canadian white violet Viola canadensis 60 5 1 10

VIGL Pioneer violet Viola glabella 40 6 1 10

Grasses:

BROR2 Orcutt’s brome Bromus orcuttianus 40 9 3 15

BRVU Columbia brome Bromus vulgaris 60 9 7 10

FEOC Western fescue Festuca occidentalis 40 3 3 3

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 40 4 3 5

Ferns and horsetails:

ATFI Ladyfern Athyrium filix-femina 40 2 1 2

GYDR Oakfern Gymnocarpium dryopteris 40 1 1 1

POMU Western swordfern Polystichum munitum 40 2 2 3

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.

Management considerations—

Johnson and Simon (1987) and Johnson 

and Clausnitzer (1992) described similar 

communities for sideslopes and toeslopes 

associated with springs and seepage. The 

grand fir/Pacific yew/twinflower–floodplain plant association differs in that it 

is located on alluvial terraces in valley 

bottoms. These productive alluvial forests 

of moderate terrain have the potential 

for timber harvest, but care should be 

taken to determine the appropriate treatment, as Pacific yew is sensitive to light 

and temperature changes resulting from 

overstory canopy removal (Johnson and 

Simon 1987).

Pacific yew is highly preferred by deer 

and elk as a browse species and can be 

reduced significantly in areas of high 

ungulate density. These multilayered 

forests provide habitat for songbirds. 

Listen long enough and you’re sure to 

hear the conspicuous song of the hermit 

thrush and winter wren along with other 

passerines. The grand fir/Pacific yew/

twinflower–floodplain plant association 

represents a climax association in stream 

bottoms of the Blue Mountains.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service 

wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: temporarily to intermittently flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland 

classifications—

The grand fir/Pacific yew/twinflower–

floodplain plant association has not previously been described for riparian zones. 

Johnson and Simon (1987) described this 

type for uplands in the Blue Mountains, 

Oregon. Miller (1976) described a white 

alder-grand fir community type found 

along the Salmon River in western Idaho 

that often features Pacific yew in the tall 

shrub layer. Twinflower did not occur at 

the sites sampled.

Floristically similar types include 

grand fir/oakfern, and grand fir/ladyfern 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 51

GRAND FIR SERIES

Grand Fir/Black Hawthorn/Dewey Sedge Plant Association

Abies grandis/Crataegus douglasii/Carex deweyana

CWS423 ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9 N = 5

Physical environment—

The grand fir/black hawthorn/Dewey sedge plant association occurred on floodplains and terraces in Hells Canyon 

and the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness. Sites were located 

at higher elevations in Hells Canyon (945 to 1104 m) than in 

the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness (665 to 683 m), reflecting 

the warmer and drier conditions in Hells Canyon. Stream 

valleys were low gradient (1 to 3 percent) flat and boxshaped in the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness, and steeper 

(4 to >8 percent) and V-shaped in Hells Canyon. Soils were 

typically weakly developed Fluvaquents, Udifluvents and 

Udorthents, moderately well-drained to somewhat poorly 

drained, sandy loams to loams over cobbles and boulders.

Vegetation composition—

Grand fir always occurs as a subordinate overstory or 

understory tree, but rarely as a primary overstory tree. 

Black cottonwood is often found residually as a primary 

overstory tree, emphasizing the fluvial nature of this association, and decreases in importance as age of landform 

increases.

Black hawthorn and common snowberry are always 

found in the low shrub layer. Common snowberry can be an 

important component of the understory especially at drier 

(terraces), warmer (south-facing) sites. Red-osier dogwood, 

when it occurs, is found growing along the stream channel 

and other microsites that experience regular flood activity.

Dewey sedge, a tufted graminoid, always occurs in the 

herbaceous layer. Blue wildrye, roughfruit fairybells, false 

bugbane, and a variety of mesic forbs represent the typically 

scattered herbaceous layer. Western coneflower and bull 

thistle, both weedy species, are indicative of livestock 

activity sometimes encoutered at these sites.

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 5) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 880 665–1104

Plot slope (percent) 5 1–10

Aspect Mostly southerly

Valley environment (n = 5) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–>8

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–300

Valley aspect Mostly southerly

Soil surface cover (n = 5) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–10

Bare ground 2 0–5

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 77 22–100

Moss 18 0–65

Soil profile characteristics (n = 5)

Parent material Basalt, alluvium

Great group(s) Udifluvents, Udorthents, Fluvaquents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 30–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 10 0–36

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 8 5–11

pH (n = 2) 6.37 6.26–6.47

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 52

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 20

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) None

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 13–71

Texture(s)a SL, L, SIL

Redoximorphic features Concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 20–>44

Texture(s)a SL, cobbles, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types:

Streambanks: ALIN2/GLEL, ALIN2/CADE9, and

CRDO2/MESIC FORB

Floodplains and terraces: ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN,

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN, and

ALRU2/SYAL.

Adjacent upland vegetation types:

Sideslopes: ABGR/ACGL and PSME/PHMA5.
52 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

GRAND FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

POTR15 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 40 60 60 60

Subordinate overstory trees:

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 60 23 20 25

Understory trees:

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 80 4 2 7

Shrubs:

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 80 6 1 10

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 40 6 3 10

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 100 41 10 85

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 60 26 3 40

RILA Prickly currant Ribes lacustre 40 2 1 3

ROGY Dwarf rose Rosa gymnocarpa 40 6 1 10

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 60 13 1 36

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 100 33 3 70

Forbs:

ADBI American trailplant Adenocaulon bicolor 60 1 1 1

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 40 10 5 15

CIVU Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare 40 1 1 1

DITR2 Roughfruit fairybells Disporum trachycarpum 40 4 3 5

GATR2 Threepetal bedstraw Galium trifidum 100 3 1 5

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 80 1 1 1

OSOC Western sweetcicely Osmorhiza occidentalis 40 3 1 5

RUOC2 Western coneflower Rudbeckia occidentalis 40 2 1 2

SMRA Feathery false Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa 40 3 1 5

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 40 20 10 30

THOC Western meadow-rue Thalictrum occidentale 60 25 1 65

TRCA False bugbane Trautvetteria caroliniensis 40 1 1 1

VIGL Pioneer violet Viola glabella 40 1 1 1

VIOLA Violet Viola 40 3 1 5

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 60 9 3 20

FESU Bearded fescue Festuca subulata 60 18 5 40

MESU Alaska oniongrass Melica subulata 40 3 1 5

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 100 12 1 25

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

ABGR 22 5–55 42.2 20.3 83.8

POTR15 8 7–9 63.0 33.0 81.3

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ABGR 36.8 46.7 20

POTR15 49.5 53 21

Management considerations—

The grand fir/black hawthorn/Dewey sedge plant association is the most fluvially active association within the grand 

fir series. Flooding and temporary inundation of the soil 

surface is common, making this association important for 

stream shading, streambank stability, and a source of coarse 

woody debris. Logging is not recommended at these sites 

owing to the high moisture status of the soils and adjacency 

to the stream channel. Cattle grazing may have less deleterious effects than logging, given the low level of soil development, especially if limited to a few weeks following the 

spring flood event.

Black hawthorn is a valuable source of food and cover for 

wildlife. Fruits are eaten by blue and sharp-tailed grouse, 

mule deer, and small mammals. The dense branching in 

a hawthorn thicket provides good nesting for black-billed 

magpies and thrushes, long-eared owls, and other birds 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 53

GRAND FIR SERIES

Common snowberry is browsed by deer, elk, and cattle. 

It is a nutritious species for cattle late in the season but 

probably sustains the least damage if grazed in spring. 

Common snowberry reproduces by rhizomes and can 

increase or decrease following heavy grazing depending 

on the season and yearly moisture condition (Snyder 1991). 

Average forage was approximately 672 (<112 to 1680) 

kg/ha.

A severe enough forest fire may kill the black hawthorn 

and release the understory layer resulting in higher forage 

biomass and a possible shift to Rocky Mountain maple and 

common snowberry in the shrub layer. Dewey sedge, a 

tuft-forming species, is fire tolerant, and will regenerate 

strongly after light/moderate ground fires (USDA NRCS 

2002b). Dewey sedge is of low forage value to domestic 

and wild ungulates.

 The grand fir/black hawthorn/Dewey sedge plant 

association has the potential to shift to the grand fir/Rocky 

Mountain maple–common snowberry plant association 

given a reduction in soil moisture combined with fire. 

Conversely, the grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple–common 

snowberry plant association has the potential to shift to 

grand fir/black hawthorn/Dewey sedge plant association 

given an increase in soil moisture. Dense understory 

thickets of black hawthorn can occur for long periods, 

often until a disturbance event, such as a fire, shifts the 

competitive advantage to other species.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally to temporarily 

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The grand fir/black hawthorn/Dewey sedge plant 

association has not previously been described.

Floristically similar types include black cottonwood/

mountain alder–red-osier dogwood; grand fir/common 

snowberry, and black cottonwood/common snowberry 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
54 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

GRAND FIR SERIES

Grand Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple–Floodplain Plant Association

Abies grandis/Acer glabrum

CWS543 ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN N = 12

Physical environment—

The grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple–floodplain 

plant association occurred on floodplains and terraces 

at lower elevations (707 to 1021 m) throughout the 

Umatilla National Forest and occasionally in Hells 

Canyon (Wallowa-Whitman National Forest). Sites 

occurred in mainly low-gradient (1 to 3 percent) flat 

and V-shaped valleys.

Hells Canyon represents the extreme dry end of the 

grand fir environmental tolerance gradient, where 

special environmental conditions are required for it to 

occur. Stream valleys in Hells Canyon containing grand 

fir were generally of northerly aspect (Cherry Creek), 

were located at higher than average elevation within 

the drainage (1000 m–Lake Fork), or were located 

along cold air drainages. The niche for grand fir in the 

Umatilla National Forest, where grand fir can be found 

at a greater variety of sites, is much broader owing to the 

wetter/cooler environment relative to Hells Canyon.

Soils were typically well-drained, very gravelly/cobbly, fine sandy loams to silt loams. Depth to water table 

was generally deep (>1 m), and redoximorphic features 

were rare.

Vegetation composition—

Grand fir occurs in all canopy layers and is sometimes 

joined in the overstory by Douglas-fir, black cottonwood, and red alder. The last two species decrease in 

importance as age of landform increases (i.e., terraces, 

old vs. floodplains, young).

A diverse shrub layer represented by Rocky Mountain 

maple and common snowberry may also include Lewis’ 

mock orange, western serviceberry, thimbleberry, and 

black hawthorn.

Landform environment (n = 12) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 809 707–1021

Plot slope (percent) 2 0.5–5

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 12) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–5

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 12) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 1 0–5

Gravel 1 0–10

Rock 3 0–10

Bedrock 0

Litter 57 6–95

Moss 39 5–90

Soil profile characteristics (n = 12)

Parent material Mazama ash, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Hapludalfs, Hapludands, Hydrudands,

 Udifluvents, Udorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 91–>104

Rock fragments (percent) 47 1–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 7 1–15

pH (n = 7) 6.18 5.85–6.53

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–23

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 6–>50

Texture(s)a SIL, L, SL, loamy ash, cobbles

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 15–>91

Texture(s)a CL, SCL, SL, LS, S, silty ash

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

A rich understory layer of mesic forbs includes such 

high-constancy species as mountain sweetcicely, starry 

false Solomon’s seal, drops of gold, American trailplant, 

western rattlesnake plantain, heartleaf arnica, queen’s cup 

beadlily, threepetal bedstraw, blue wildrye, and Dewey 

sedge. The occurrence of British Columbia wildginger, 

claspleaf twistedstalk, false bugbane, pioneer violet, and 

western swordfern are indicative of the moister end of the 

grand fir series.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 55

GRAND FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 75 35 8 75

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 50 21 2 95

Understory trees:

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 91 10 1 30

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 91 22 3 80

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 91 5 1 15

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 41 7 1 15

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 50 4 1 10

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 75 12 1 35

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 83 12 2 35

RHPU Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana 58 10 1 30

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 58 4 1 10

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 100 41 6 85

Forbs:

ADBI American trailplant Adenocaulon bicolor 66 2 1 5

ARCO9 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia 41 5 1 15

ARMA18 Largeleaf sandwort Arenaria macrophylla 41 2 1 5

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpine 58 3 1 5

DIHO3 Drops of gold Disporum hookeri 66 7 1 35

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 41 6 1 10

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 66 4 1 10

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 91 16 1 45

VIOLA Violet Viola 41 6 1 20

Grasses:

BRVU Columbia brome Bromus vulgaris 41 3 1 5

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 66 4 1 10

MESU Alaska oniongrass Melica subulata 50 11 2 25

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 50 3 1 10

CAGE2 Elk sedge Carex geyeri 50 10 1 30

Ferns and horsetails:

EQHY Scouringrush horsetail Equisetum hyemale 41 3 1 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

ABGR 15 5–28 43.9 12.7 78.7

ALRH2 2 — 27.9 — —

LAOC 5 — 101.6 — —

PICO 2 — 43.2 — —

PIPO 2 — 76.2 50.8 99.1

POTR15 3 2–5 82.0 76.2 89.0

PSME 9 7–12 49.0 22.9 81.3

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ABGR 53.1 75 10

BEPAS 37.1 NA 14

PIPO 116.8 160 34

POTR15 80.5 NA 17

PSME 58.7 97 21

Adjacent upland vegetation types:

Sideslopes: PSME/ACGL-PHMA5, 

ABGR/ACGL, and various

AGSP types.

Management considerations—

Floristically similar to grand fir/

Rocky Mountain maple plant associations in both Johnson and Simon (1987) 

and Johnson and Clausnitzer (1992), 

the grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple–

floodplain plant association differs 

environmentally in that it is found in 

valley bottoms on low-gradient floodplains and stream terraces.

Deer and elk find browsing (Rocky 

Mountain maple) and bedding opportunities at these sites. A variety of 

birds including chickadees, winter 

wrens, nuthatches, and grouse feed on 

the abundant fruits found in the shrub 

layer. Squirrels and chipmunks feed on 

the winged seeds of Rocky Mountain 

maple and the deciduous cones of grand 

fir. These productive alluvial forests, of 

moderate terrain, have the potential for 

timber harvest, but care should be taken 

to determine the appropriate treatment 

to optimize regeneration (Crowe and 

Clausnitzer 1997). The grand fir/Rocky 

Mountain maple–floodplain plant association represents a climax association 

in valley bottoms of the study area.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The grand fir/Rocky Mountain maple–floodplain plant 

association has been described once previously by Crowe 

and Clausnitzer (1997) as the grand fir/Rocky Mountain 

maple and grand fir/common snowberry plant associations for the midmotane riparian/wetlands of northeastern 

Oregon.

Floristically similar types include Douglas-fir/Rocky 

Mountain maple–mallow ninebark (p. 56); and Douglasfir/Rocky Mountain maple–mallow ninebark (Crowe and 

Clausnitzer 1997).
56 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

DOUGLAS-FIR SERIES

Douglas-Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple-Mallow Ninebark–Floodplain Plant Association

Pseudotsuga menziesii/Acer glabrum–Physocarpus malvaceous

CDS724 PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN N = 23

Physical environment—

The Douglas-fir/Rocky mountain maple-mallow ninebark–floodplain plant association occurred on floodplains, 

terraces, and steep streambanks throughout the lower to 

middle elevations of the study area (616 to 1305 m). Sample 

plots were located in very narrow (<10 m) to broad (100 to 

300 m) flat, V-, and trough-shaped valleys of mostly moderate gradient (4 to 5 percent). Sample plot slopes ranged 

from 1 to 5 percent on terraces and floodplains to 29 to 80 

percent on the steep streambanks of Hells Canyon. Soils 

were moderately deep (50 to 100 cm) to greater than 1 m, 

well-drained, gravelly/cobbly/bouldery sandy loams to 

clay loams.

Vegetation composition—

Douglas-fir is the primary overstory species often cooccurring with one or two large ponderosa pines. Black 

cottonwood and white alder individuals are occasionally 

found in the overstory as well. These species represent 

holdovers from an earlier stage of floodplain development. 

In the understory can be found young Douglas-fir, 

sometimes accompanied by grand fir seedlings.

These sites are characterized by a diverse shrub layer 

including Rocky Mountain maple, mallow ninebark, common snowberry, oceanspray, and Lewis’ mock orange. Two 

earlier successional shrub species, water birch, and redosier dogwood, are occasionally found in the shrub layer 

but will gradually dissipate in importance through time.

The herbaceous layer consists of a wide variety of 

species; some of the more common include heartleaf 

arnica, false Solomon’s seal, mountain sweetcicely, 

cleavers, minerslettuce, blue wildrye, and Dewey sedge.

Aaron Wells

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN 

and PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: LAOC/mixed shrub, PSME–PIPO/LUPINE, 

PIPO/AGSP, PIPO/PHMA5, and various AGSP types. 

Landform environment (n = 23) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 924 616–1305

Plot slope (percent) 15 1–80

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 23) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 <1–>8

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 23) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–12 

Bare ground 1 0–10 

Gravel 1 0–2 

Rock 4 0–10 

Bedrock 0

Litter 66 24–98

Moss 26 0–70

Soil profile characteristics (n = 22)

Parent material Mazama ash, alluvium, colluvium, basalt

Great group(s) Hapludalfs, Haplustalfs, Paleudalfs, 

 Paleustalfs, Udifluvents, Ustifluvents, 

 Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) >23–137

Rock fragments (percent) 29 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 11 1–17

pH (n = 18) 6.29 5.74–6.80

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–22

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 4–54

Texture(s)a CL, SICL, SCL, SIL, L, 

 LS, SL, S, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 6–>104

Texture(s)a C, CL, SC, SICL, SCL, 

 SIL, L, SL, LS, S, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 57

DOUGLAS-FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 83 42 7 90

Subordinate overstory trees:

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 43 8 1 20

Understory trees:

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 35 3 1 5

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 91 10 2 65

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 83 11 1 40

BEOC2 Water birch Betula occidentalis 43 24 5 70

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 52 10 1 25

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 83 15 1 40

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 83 13 1 65

PHMA5 Mallow ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus 57 20 2 65

RHPU Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana 61 4 1 15

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 48 15 1 60

SPBE2 White spirea Spiraea betulifolia 57 21 1 75

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 87 33 2 90

Forbs:

ARCO9 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia 61 15 1 75

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 61 15 2 40

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 74 9 1 45

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 74 7 1 45

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 65 5 1 15

SMRA Feathery false Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa 91 3 1 10

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 65 6 1 30

FEOC Western fescue Festuca occidentalis 48 8 1 45

Ferns and horsetails:

CYFR2 Brittle bladderfern Cystopteris fragilis 52 4 1 25

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

PSME 11 2–28 54.8 18.5 113.0

ABGR 2 — 43.2 — —

ALRH2 3 2–5 39.4 33.0 44.9

LAOC 2 — NA — —

PIPO 6 2–18 74.9 33.3 130.3

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

PSME 54.8 103 23

ALRH2 38.9 NA 12

PIPO 76.2 139 24

POTR15 73.7 NA 20

Management considerations—

The Douglas-fir/Rocky mountain maple-mallow 

ninebark–floodplain plant association is floristically 

similar to the Douglas-fir/Rocky Mountain maple–mallow 

ninebark plant association of Johnson and Simon (1987) 

and the Douglas-fir/ninebark plant association of Johnson 

and Clausnitzer (1992), but is found in valley bottoms on 

alluvial surfaces rather than in uplands. Flooding is of little 

importance as a disturbance factor and highly depends on 

the age of the landform. These sites are important to deer 

and elk by providing bedding areas, thermal cover, and 

forage (common snowberry) in winter. Black bear, songbirds, grouse, and rabbits also take refuge here. When 

cattle are present, use is generally low owing to the low 

cover of forage species.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) and Jankovsky-Jones 

(2001) described a Douglas-fir/Rocky Mountain maplemallow ninebark–floodplain plant association for midmontane riparian areas in northeastern Oregon and 

riparian areas of southwestern Idaho, respectively.

Floristically similar types include grand fir/Rocky 

Mountain maple–floodplain (p. 54).
58 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

DOUGLAS-FIR SERIES

Douglas-Fir/Common Snowberry–Floodplain Plant Association

Pseudotsuga menziesii/Symphoricarpos albus

CDS628 PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN N = 4

Physical environment—

The Douglas-fir/common snowberry–floodplain plant 

association occurred exclusively on stream terraces 

throughout the lower elevation (823 to 1159 m) riparian 

zones of the Blue Mountains. Valleys were moderately 

steep (4 to 5 percent) and narrow (10 to 30 m) to moderately 

wide (30 to 100 m). Soils were all deeper than 1 m, fine to 

medium textured, with a thick (5 to 10 cm) organic layer 

at the surface. The water table was always below 1 m, and 

redoximorphic features were never encountered.

Vegetation composition—

Douglas-fir is the primary overstory species. Black 

cottonwood and white alder, two species common to early 

seral stands of the Douglas-fir/Rocky Mountain maple–

mallow ninebark–floodplain plant association, are rarely 

found in the Douglas-fir/common snowberry–floodplain 

plant association that is typical of later stages of floodplain 

development. Douglas-fir seedlings are present and 

reproducing vigorously at most sites.

Rocky Mountain maple and mallow ninebark are never 

found in the shrub layer, whereas common snowberry is 

always present and abundant. Oceanspray, Oregon grape, 

and white spirea are common species present in mature 

stands. Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997), in their version of 

this type, indicate that water birch and black hawthorn are 

common in seral tall shrub layers. Although these species 

may be expected to occur, they were not encountered in 

the later seral sites sampled for the version described here.

The typically sparse herbaceous layer may include 

heartleaf arnica, false Solomon’s seal (Smilacina spp.), 

mountain sweetcicely, cleavers, perfoliated minerslettuce, 

blue wildrye, and elk sedge.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN, 

PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: LAOC/mixed shrub, PSME-PIPO/LUPINE, 

PIPO/AGSP, PIPO/PHMA5, and various AGSP types.

Landform environment (n = 4) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 964 823–1159

Plot slope (percent) 4 1–9

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 4–5

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–100

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 4) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 0

Gravel 0

Rock 2 0–3

Bedrock 0

Litter 93 85–95

Moss 4 0–10

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Mazama ash, alluvium

Great group(s) Hapludands, Paleudalfs, Udifluvents, 

 Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) >100

Rock fragments (percent) 16 0–50

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 12 9–17

pH (n = 4) 6.70 6.30–7.14

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 5–10

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 0–51

Texture(s)a L, LS, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 38–>180

Texture(s)a C, CL, SL, L, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - - PSME 39 25–46 48.5 30.7 102.4

PIPO 6 5–7 84.3 59.4 101.9

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

PSME 52.3 58 30

Management considerations—

The Douglas-fir/common snowberry–floodplain plant 

association is important to deer and elk for providing 

bedding areas, thermal cover, and forage (common 

snowberry) in winter. Black bear, songbirds, grouse, and 

rabbits also take refuge here. Common snowberry is a 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 59

DOUGLAS-FIR SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 100 56 30 90

Subordinate overstory trees: 

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 50 45 40 20

Understory trees:

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 75 15 5 5

Shrubs: 

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 50 2 1 3

BERE Oregon grape Berberis repens 75 2 1 3

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 75 18 5 40

SPBE2 White spirea Spiraea betulifolia 75 17 5 25

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 100 63 50 85

Forbs: 

ACMI2 Common yarrow Achillea millefolium 75 1 1 1

ARCO9 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia 100 10 1 15

FRVE Woodland Strawberry Fragraria vesca 50 18 1 35

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 100 5 1 10

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 100 4 1 5

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 100 5 1 10

SIME Menzies’ campion Silene menziesii 50 3 1 5

SMRA Feathery false Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa 50 2 1 3

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 50 4 3 5

TAOF Dandelion Taraxacum officinale 50 3 3 3

TRPE3 Idaho trillium Trillium petiolatum 75 2 1 3

Grasses:

AREL3 Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius 50 2 1 3

CARU Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens 50 14 3 25

DAGL Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata 50 3 1 5

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 50 16 1 30

FEOC Western fescue Festuca occidentalis 75 2 1 5

POPR Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 50 13 10 15

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAGE2 Elk sedge Carex geyeri 75 30 5 65

LUCA2 Field woodrush Luzula campestris 50 8 1 15

Ferns and horsetails:

CYFR2 Brittle bladderfern Cystopteris fragilis 50 1 1 1

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

highly palatable, and much preferred browse species for 

wild and domestic ungulates, especially later in the season 

(USDA NRCS 2002b). However, overuse of the Douglasfir/common snowberry–floodplain plant association can 

result in weedy species such as cleavers, chervil, Kentucky 

bluegrass, Canada thistle, and perfoliated minerslettuce 

persisting in the herbaceous layer. Common snowberry 

reproduces mainly by rhizomes and may increase or 

decrease after heavy grazing, depending on the season 

and moisture conditions of the soil (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997).

High-intensity fires may kill common snowberry, whereas 

low to moderate fires tend to cause vigorous resprouting 

from rhizomes. The thick shrub layer and abundant berries 

provide nesting and feeding habitat for songbirds and small 

mammals. Intense shading by snowberry and dense thickets 

can result in common snowberry occupying these sites for 

long periods, often until a disturbance event, such as a fire 

followed by heavy grazing, shifts the competitive advantage 

to other species.

The deep, dry soils, orientation away from the stream 

on broad terraces, and high basal area of Douglas-fir 

typical of the later seral stages of the Douglas-fir/common 

snowberry–floodplain plant association have the potential 

for timber harvest but care should be taken in selecting 

the appropriate treatment to optimize regeneration.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a Douglas-fir/

common snowberry plant association for midmontane 

riparian areas in northeastern Oregon.

Floristically similar types include Douglas-fir/Rocky 

Mountain maple–mallow ninebark–floodplain (p. 56); and 

ponderosa pine/common snowberry–floodplain (p. 60).
60 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

PONDEROSA PINE SERIES

Ponderosa Pine/Common Snowberry–Floodplain Plant Association

Pinus ponderosa/Symphoricarpos albus

CPS511 PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN N = 6

Physical environment—

The ponderosa pine/common snowberry–floodplain plant 

association occurred on floodplains, terraces, and steep 

streambanks throughout the lower to middle elevations of 

the study area (768 to 1192 m). Plots were located primarily in Hells Canyon (Wallowa-Whitman National Forest), 

with one plot along the north fork of the John Day River 

(Umatilla National Forest). The PIPO/SYAL plant association occurred in narrow (10 to 30 m) to broad (100 to 300 

m) V- and trough-shaped valleys of low to moderate gradient (1 to 5 percent) and southerly aspect. Soils were typically well-drained, gravelly/cobbly sandy loam to sandy 

clay loam. Depth to water table was generally greater than 

89 cm with few to no redoximorphic features.

Vegetation composition—

Ponderosa pine forms the overstory tree layers with an 

occasional Douglas-fir. Douglas-fir is sometimes found in 

the understory, but, given the southerly aspect of these 

sites, is not likely to reach potential status owing to the 

relatively low drought tolerance of Douglas-fir. Common 

snowberry is always present in the shrub layer along with 

high-frequency species such as western serviceberry, 

oceanspray, black hawthorn, and white spirea.

The herbaceous layer is composed of a variety of forbs, 

grasses, and sedges in low abundance including heartleaf 

arnica, cleavers, mountain sweetcicely, and Back’s sedge. 

Back’s sedge, a Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6) sensitive species, can often be found at low abundance in the 

understory of the PIPO/SYAL plant association.

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 6) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 946 768–1192

Plot slope (percent) 14 3–42

Aspect Southerly

Valley environment (n = 6) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 1–5

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 6) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 1 0–3

Gravel 0

Rock 3 0–6

Bedrock 0

Litter 89 80–100

Moss 8 0–15

Soil profile characteristics (n = 6)

Parent material Colluvium, alluvium

Great group(s) Haplustalfs, Paleustalfs, Ustifluvents, 

 Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 89–>94

Rock fragments (percent) 15 1–38

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 11 5–16

pH (n = 4) 6.06 5.36–6.43

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 18

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 17

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 3–15

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 11–64

Texture(s)a SL, L, FSCL

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 28–>71

Texture(s)a C, FSCL, SICL, SL, S

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: 

PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN, 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PIPO/AGSP, and various AGSP types.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 61

PONDEROSA PINE SERIES

Ponderosa pine/common snowberry floodplains, terraces, 

and streambanks provide shelter for deer, elk, and grouse, 

while songbirds enjoy the vertical strata above. The affiliation of Back’s sedge with the PIPO/SYAL-FLOODPLAIN 

association points to the importance of these sites as refugia 

for this Region 6 sensitive species. Overuse by cattle eventually leads to an herbaceous layer overtaken by Kentucky 

bluegrass (Kovalchik 1987).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: needle-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) intermittently flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The ponderosa pine/common snowberry–floodplain 

association has been described by Crowe and Clausnitzer 

(1997) and Kovalchik (1987) for midmontane riparian areas 

of northeastern Oregon and wetland and riparian sites of 

central Oregon, respectively. Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001) 

noted that although no ponderosa pine types were sampled 

in southwestern Idaho riparian/wetlands, they expected 

such types to occur.

Floristically similar types include Douglas-fir/Rocky 

Mountain maple–mallow ninebark (p. 56), black cottonwood/Rocky Mountain maple (p. 68); Douglas-fir/common 

snowberry–floodplain, grand fir/common snowberry 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).

Management considerations—

Floristically similar to the ponderosa pine/common 

snowberry plant association found in uplands (Johnson 

and Clausnitzer 1992, Johnson and Simon 1987), the ponderosa pine/common snowberry–floodplain plant association is differentiated by its location in valley bottoms and 

the presence of mesic species including cleavers, mountain sweetcicely, and Back’s sedge. The ponderosa pine/

common snowberry–floodplain plant association rarely 

experiences flooding, and, owing to a moister microclimate, is slightly less prone to forest fires than upland 

stands.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

PIPO Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 100 60 25 95

Shrubs:

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 66 25 3 60

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 66 29 5 90

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 50 45 15 75

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 50 7 2 10

SPBE2 White spirea Spiraea betulifolia 66 15 10 25

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 100 28 1 50

Forbs:

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 50 11 3 15

TRDU Yellow salsify Tragopogon dubius 50 3 1 5

Grasses: 

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 50 4 3 5

Sedges and other grasslikes: 

CAGE2 Elk sedge Carex geyeri 66 14 2 25

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover 

in plots in which the species occurred.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

PIPO 27 21–32 61.5 20.3 128.0

PSME 3 2–5 59.4 29.7 99.1

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

PIPO 87.6 116 41
62 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

PONDEROSA PINE SERIES

Miscellaneous Ponderosa Pine Type

Ponderosa Pine/Black Hawthorn Plant Community

Pinus ponderosa/Crataegus douglasii

CPS722 PIPO/CRDO2 N = 1

The ponderosa pine/black hawthorn plant community was 

found on a gentle (1 percent) terrace of Lightning Creek in 

Hells Canyon National Recreation Area at 567 m. Soil great 

groups were Ustifluvents and were well drained, moderately 

deep to cobbles/boulders, and silt loam/loam in texture.

Ponderosa pine forms the overstory with a thick shrub 

layer beneath featuring black hawthorn, water birch, chokecherry, alder-leaved buckthorn, red-osier dogwood, poison 

ivy, and a variety of other shrubs at low abundance.

Cheatgrass and Canadian white violet compose the herbaceous layer with trace amounts of cleavers, chervil, lesser 

burdock, enchanter’s nightshade, and Dewey sedge among 

others. The abundance of weedy and invasive species suggests that this site has been heavily grazed in the past. In the 

absence of grazing, the understory would most likely feature Dewey sedge along with a rich mixture of mesic forbs.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation type: 

Floodplains: POTR15/ALIN2-COST4. 

The ponderosa pine/black hawthorn plant community has 

not previously been described. Floristically similar types 

include ponderosa pine/Kentucky bluegrass (Crowe and 

Clausnitzer 1997); ponderosa pine/red-oiser dogwood, 

ponderosa pine/common chokecherry (Hansen et al. 1995).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 63

LODGEPOLE PINE SERIES

Lodgepole Pine/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Community

Pinus contorta/Carex scopulorum

CLM118 PICO/CASC12 N = 1

This community was sampled in a moist meadow at 

2274 m in the Seven Devils Mountains. Soils were poorly 

drained organic Cryofibrists. Depth to water table near the 

end of August was 33 cm.

Lodgepole pine was found in all tree canopy layers with 

a variety of other conifer species including subalpine fir, 

Engelmann spruce, and whitebark pine. Rose meadowsweet is found throughout the shrub layer along with 

alpine laurel, grouse huckleberry, rusty menziesia, pink 

mountainheath, and alpine spicywintergreen. Holm’s 

Rocky Mountain sedge forms a thick herbaceous layer 

with scattered forbs and graminoids such as subalpine 

fleabane, explorer’s gentian, sheep sedge, black alpine 

sedge, and bladder sedge.

Total forage biomass was 358 kg/ha. This community 

provides feeding and nesting opportunities for goldencrowned kinglets, mountain chickadees, Stellar’s jay, and 

dark-eyed juncos. This community also provides important habitat for amphibians. Manning and Padgett (1995) 

described a lodgepole pine/Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

community type similar to the community described 

above with gooseberry currant and twinberry honeysuckle 

in the shrub layer rather than rose meadowsweet.
64 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

BLACK COTTONWOOD SERIES

Black Cottonwood/Mountain Alder–Red-Osier Dogwood Plant Association

Populus trichocarpa/Alnus incana-Cornus stolonifera

HCS113 POTR15/ALIN2-COST4 N = 7

Physical environment—

The black cottonwood/mountain alder–red-osier dogwood 

plant association occurred almost exclusively on floodplains 

(with the exception of one plot located on a streambank) 

throughout the lower reaches of the study area (<1100 m) 

with one sample plot occurring at 1561 m. Sample sites 

occurred in V- and trough-shaped, and flat valleys of 

moderately high (4 to 5 percent) to high (6 to >8 percent) 

gradient. Soils ranged from shallow (<25 cm) excessivelydrained sands over cobbles and boulders on annual floodplains to moderately deep to deep, moderately well-drained, 

very gravelly/cobbly, loams to silty clay loams on infrequently flooded floodplains.

Vegetation composition—

The overstory is primarily composed of black cottonwood and may include ponderosa pine and white alder. 

The understory can be quite diverse including white alder, 

ponderosa pine, and grand fir. The shrub layer contains a 

mixture of shrub species namely red-osier dogwood and 

mountain alder.

Red-osier dogwood and mountain alder tend to be the 

first to take hold on rocky, annually flooded sites often cooccurring with black cottonwood seedlings. The tall shrub 

layer shifts to black hawthorn and common snowberry on 

less frequently flooded sites, farther from the stream channel, with deeper well-developed soils, where red-oiser dogwood and mountain alder decrease in abundance. As in the 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5-SYAL–FLOODPLAIN plant association, the presence of red-osier dogwood and mountain 

alder mark an earlier seral stage characterized by regular 

flood events and more mesic soil conditions.

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 7) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 847 561–1561

Plot slope (percent) 9 2–30

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 7) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 1–>8

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–>300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 6) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 3 0–8

Bare ground 3 0–15

Gravel 1 0–5

Rock 20 3–70

Bedrock 0

Litter 51 10–86

Moss 19 0–67

Soil profile characteristics (n = 6)

Parent material Basalt

Great group(s) Fluvaquents, Udorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–>53

Rock fragments (percent) 55 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 9 1–32

pH (n = 2) 6.65 6.37–6.92

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 18–75

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 29

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–26

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 10–15

Texture(s)a SIL, L, SL, cobbles

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 38–>155

Texture(s)a SIL, L, SL, LS, cobbles, boulders

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Other shrub species often encountered include western 

serviceberry, Rocky Mountain maple, Lewis’ mock orange, 

water birch, oceanspray, and blackberries. Herbaceous 

species may include threepetal bedstraw, Canadian white 

violet, false Solomon’s seal, western meadow-rue, blue 

wildrye, and Dewey sedge.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 65

BLACK COTTONWOOD SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–

FLOODPLAIN, BEOC2, ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB, 

and various SALIX/bar types. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PSME-PIPO/ACGL-PHMA5, ABGR/

PHMA5, RHGL/AGSP, and various AGSP types.

Management considerations—

Black cottonwood requires annual flooding 

for regeneration, colonizing freshly worked 

alluvium. It is one of a group, along with 

red and white alder, of important early 

successional tree species in low- to midelevation riparian zones of the Blue Mountains 

Province. Mountain alder provides nitrogenrich litter to streams and rivers by converting 

atmospheric nitrogen into more biologically 

useful forms. Mountain alder and red-osier 

dogwood provide shade for the streams and 

streambank stability at these fluvially active 

sites.

A variety of bird species including hermit 

thrushes, orioles, song sparrows, American 

robins, crows, vireos, warblers, and rufoussided towhees feed on the abundant berries 

in the shrub layer. The sound of drumming 

grouse is common in the spring and early 

summer months. Large standing dead cottonwoods, common in older stands, provide 

important habitat for cavity-nesting birds and 

other wildlife. Fish habitat is improved by 

shading, streambank stability, and the addition 

of large woody debris to the stream channel.

Grazing by wild and domestic ungulates is 

generally low to moderate depending on the 

density of animals and the time of year. Poison ivy, cleavers, 

perfoliated minerslettuce, chervil, cheatgrass, and Kentucky 

bluegrass are disturbance-related species that may receive 

a competitive advantage when grazing pressure is unsuitably high. Possible successional trajectories: PIPO/SYAL, 

ABGR/ACGL, and PSME/ACGL-PHMA5.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The black cottonwood/mountain alder–red-osier 

dogwood plant association has been described by Crowe 

and Clausnitzer (1997) for midmontane riparian/wetland 

sites of northeastern Oregon. Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 

(2004) also described a black cottonwood/mountain alder–

red-osier dogwood type for Washington.

Other floristically similar types include grand fir/black 

hawthorn/Dewey sedge (p. 51); black cottonwood/Rocky 

Mountain maple, black cottonwood/common snowberry 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997); and black cottonwood plant 

community types (Diaz and Mellon 1996).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

POTR15 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 85 27 15 45

Subordinate overstory trees:

POTR15 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 42 8 3 15

Understory trees:

POTR15 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 71 10 1 45

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 71 11 2 25

ALIN2 Mountain alder Alnus incana 57 17 1 45

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 85 6 2 15

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 85 20 2 65

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 71 13 2 45

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 42 5 1 10

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 71 27 10 65

RHRA6 Poison ivy Rhus radicans 42 27 1 70

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 57 19 2 65

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 57 14 5 20

Forbs:

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 57 5 1 10

URDI Stinging nettle Urtica dioica 42 1 1 1

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 71 5 1 20

POPR Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 57 4 1 8

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 71 4 1 15

Ferns and horsetails:

EQHY Scouringrush horsetail Equisetum hyemale 42 2 1 3

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy 

cover in plots in which the species occurred.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

POTR15 12 2–25 73.6 22.9 149.4

ABGR 5 — NA NA NA

ALRH2 2 — 40.6 — —

PIPO 5 — NA NA NA

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

POTR15 40.9 NA 11

ALRH2 39.9 28 7
66 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

BLACK COTTONWOOD SERIES

Black Cottonwood/Common Snowberry Plant Community Type

Populus trichocarpa/Symphoricarpos albus

HCS312 POTR15/SYAL N = 5

Physical environment—

The black cottonwood/common snowberry plant community type occurred on inactive floodplains and terraces 

along south-facing drainages throughout the lower reaches 

of the study area (<1100 m). Sample sites occurred in Vand trough-shaped and flat valleys of low (1 to 3 percent) 

to moderate (4 to 5 percent) gradient. Soils were typically 

well-drained, moderately deep to deep, silt loams to loams 

over sandy loams to sands. Redoximorphic features were 

rarely found, an indication of the overall more xeric soil 

conditions of the black cottonwood/common snowberry 

plant community type relative to the black cottonwood/

mountain alder–red-osier dogwood plant association.

Vegetation composition—

The black cottonwood overstory may also include white 

alder. The understory is often lacking a strong black 

cottonwood component, a result of the loss of fluvial 

activity at these sites owing to natural stream downcutting. 

The absence of red-osier dogwood and mountain alder, and 

the abundance of common snowberry in the shrub layer 

also points to this loss of fluvial influence.

Other shrub species often encountered include black 

hawthorn, Woods’ rose, western serviceberry, and 

oceanspray. Herbaceous species include blue wildrye, 

false Solomon’s seal, and tall ragwort.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–

FLOODPLAIN, BEOC2, ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB, 

and various SALIX/bar types. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PSME-PIPO/ACGL-PHMA5, ABGR/

PHMA5, RHGL/AGSP, and various AGSP types.

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 5) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 782 598–1000

Plot slope (percent) 7 1–25

Aspect Mostly southerly

Valley environment (n = 5) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–5

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–300

Valley aspect Southerly

Soil surface cover (n = 5) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–10

Bare ground 13 0–60

Gravel 5 0–18

Rock 4 0–15

Bedrock 0

Litter 63 20–95

Moss 9 0–45

Soil profile characteristics (n = 5)

Parent material Basalt

Great group(s) Fluvaquents, Udorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 91–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 48 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 8 1–19

pH (n = 4) 6.95 6.54–7.20

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 19

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 20

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–22

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 3–31

Texture(s)a SICL, SIL, L

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 58–>100

Texture(s)a SICL, FSL, S

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Management considerations—

A variety of bird species including hermit thrushes, 

orioles, song sparrows, American robins, crows, vireos, 

warblers, and rufous-sided towhees feed on the abundant 

berries in the shrub layer. The sound of drumming grouse is 

common in spring and early summer months. Large standing dead cottonwoods, common in older stands, provide 

important habitat for cavity-nesting birds and other wildlife.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 67

BLACK COTTONWOOD SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

POTR15 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 100 49 23 75

Subordinate overstory trees:

POTR15 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 60 14 7 20

Understory trees:

POTR15 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 60 1 1 1

Shrubs:

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 60 3 1 5

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 80 35 7 60

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 80 7 1 10

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 80 38 20 50

PHMA5 Mallow ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus 60 4 3 5

PRVI Chokecherry Prunus virginiana 40 20 10 30

RHPU Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana 40 2 1 3

ROWO Woods’ rose Rosa woodsii 60 7 5 10

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 100 18 3 35

Forbs:

ACMI2 Common yarrow Achillea millefolium 40 1 1 1

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 40 53 45 60

ARMI2 Lesser burdock Arctium minus 40 1 1 1

ASPR German-madwort Asperugo procumbens 40 1 1 1

CYOF Gypsyflower Cynoglossum officinale 40 2 1 2

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 100 15 3 50

HELA4 Common cowparsnip Heracleum lanatum 40 4 3 5

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 40 11 1 20

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 40 8 1 15

SESE2 Tall ragwort Senecio serra 40 2 1 2

SMRA Feathery false Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa 40 11 1 20

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 40 6 2 10

STME2 Common chickweed Stellaria media 40 2 1 3

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 100 4 2 5

POPR Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 60 30 10 60

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 40 1 1 1

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Grazing by wild and domestic ungulates is generally 

moderate to high depending on the density of animals and 

the time of year. Cleavers, perfoliated minerslettuce, chervil, and Kentucky bluegrass are weedy species that may 

increase in abundance at the expense of common snowberry and native forbs and grasses if grazing pressure is 

unsuitably high. Possible successional trajectories include 

PIPO/SYAL.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The black cottonwood/common snowberry community 

type is most similar floristically to Crowe and Clausnitzer’s 

(1997) black cottonwood/common snowberry plant community type, Crawford’s (2003) black cottonwood/common 

snowberry association, and the black cottonwood/common 

snowberry plant association of Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001).

Other floristically similar types include black cottonwood/

Rocky Mountain maple (p. 68), white alder/mesic shrub (p. 

72); Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.)/Lewis’ 

mock orange-common snowberry (Crawford 2003).

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

POTR15 10 2–16 40.1 17.8 96.5

ALRH2 2 — 16.5 15.2 17.8

PSME 2 — 55.9 — —

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

POTR15 50.8 34 20

ALRH 17.8 14 10
68 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

BLACK COTTONWOOD SERIES

Miscellaneous Black Cottonwood Type

Black Cottonwood/Rocky Mountain Maple Plant Community Type

Populus trichocarpa/Acer glabrum

HCS114 POTR15/ACGL N = 2

The black cottonwood/Rocky Mountain maple plant 

community type occurred on an inactive floodplain and a 

stream terrace at elevations between 600 and 800 m. Valley 

gradients were low (1 to 3 percent) to moderate (4 to 5 

percent), and soils were little developed consisting of sands 

and loams over alluvial gravels, cobbles, and stones. Black 

cottonwood occurs in all canopy layers, although understory regeneration is often weak. Ponderosa pine (Hells 

Canyon) or grand fir (Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness) were 

also found in the understory suggesting possible successional pathways within each region. Blue wildrye, feathery 

false Solomon’s seal, and Canadian white violet are always 

found in the herbaceous layer, whereas British Columbia 

wildginger, common cowparsnip, and enchanter’s nightshade are indicative of the more mesic variations of this 

type. Floristically similar types include black cottonwood/

common snowberry (p. 66), grand fir/black hawthorn/

Dewey sedge (p. 51), ponderosa pine/common snowberry–

floodplain (p. 60); black cottonwood/common snowberry 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), black cottonwood/common 

snowberry (Crawford 2003), and black cottonwood/common snowberry (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001). See Crowe 

and Clausnitzer (1997: 93) for management considerations.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 69

RED ALDER SERIES

Red Alder/Common Snowberry/Dewey Sedge Plant Community Type

Alnus rubra/Symphoricarpos albus/Carex deweyana

HAS312 ALRU2/SYAL/CADE9 N = 5

Physical environment—

The red alder/common snowberry/Dewey sedge plant 

community type was found principally on low-elevation 

(600 to 800 m) floodplains and cobble bars in the Umatilla 

National Forest. This type was never found in Hells 

Canyon. Sites were located in mostly V-shaped valleys of 

low (1 to 3 percent) to high gradient (6 to 8 percent) and 

moderate width (30 to 100 m). Floodplains are typically 

flooded annually with little soil development. Soils were 

excessively drained, typically shallow (<50 cm), very 

gravelly/cobbly sands to loams over cobbles or boulders.

Vegetation composition—

Red alder forms a dense overstory layer and is sometimes 

accompanied by Douglas-fir or heartleaved paper birch. 

Red alder, Douglas-fir, grand fir, and ponderosa pine can 

be found in the understory tree layer.

Common snowberry, Lewis’ mock orange, thimbleberry, 

red-osier dogwood, and Rocky Mountain maple are the 

more frequent members of the shrub layer. A sparse herbaceous layer includes such mesic species as Dewey sedge, 

enchanter’s nightshade, sweetcicely, false Solomon’s seal, 

common cowparsnip, blue wildrye, and ladyfern.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN, 

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ABGR/GYDR, PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN, 

and various black cottonwood types. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types:

Sideslopes: ABGR/ACGL, PSME/SYAL, PIPO/SYAL.

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 5) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 716 616–774

Plot slope (percent) 2 1–6

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 5) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–8

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 5) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 3 0–15

Bare ground 11 0–30

Gravel 5 0–10

Rock 8 1–15

Bedrock 0

Litter 62 45–79

Moss 11 5–18

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Alluvium

Great group(s) Udifluvents, Udorthents, Endoaquents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) >46

Rock fragments (percent) 44 2–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 6 1–14

pH (n =3) 6.53 6.27–6.90

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

(percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 0–51

Texture(s)a L, SL, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 24–>48

Texture(s)a SL, LS, S, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - - ALRU2 28 16–39 21.6 14.2 32.3

ABGR 3 2–5 35.1 16.5 50.5

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ALRU2 27.4 28 20
70 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

RED ALDER SERIES

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ALRU2 Red alder Alnus rubra 100 56 15 90

BEPAS Heartleaved paper birch Betula papyrifera var. subcordata 40 18 15 20

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 40 4 3 5

Subordinate overstory trees:

BEPAS Heartleaved paper birch Betula papyrifera var. subcordata 60 14 1 20

Understory trees:

ALRU2 Red alder Alnus rubra 40 6 1 10

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 60 5 1 10

PIPO Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 40 2 1 3

PSME Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 60 2 1 3

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 80 3 1 5

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 40 2 1 3

BEOC2 Water birch Betula occidentalis 40 12 3 20

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 60 10 5 20

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 60 18 3 45

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 60 5 1 11

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 100 39 10 80

RHPU Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana 80 13 10 15

RILA Prickly currant Ribes lacustre 40 8 1 15

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 80 19 5 30

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 100 20 5 55

Forbs:

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 100 6 1 15

GALIU Bedstraw Galium 60 2 1 3

GEMA4 Largeleaf avens Geum macrophyllum 40 2 1 3

HELA4 Common cowparsnip Heracleum lanatum 80 4 3 5

MIST3 Smallflower miterwort Mitella stauropetala 40 1 1 1

MOCO4 Heartleaf minerslettuce Montia cordifolia 80 7 2 10

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 60 1 1 1

OSOC Western sweetcicely Osmorhiza occidentalis 60 2 1 3

RUOC2 Western coneflower Rudbeckia occidentalis 40 1 1 1

SMRA Feathery false Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa 40 1 1 1

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 80 4 1 5

URDI Stinging nettle Urtica dioica 60 2 1 5

VIGL Pioneer violet Viola glabella 60 3 1 5

Grasses:

DAGL Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata 40 2 1 3

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 80 8 3 20

FESU Bearded fescue Festuca subulata 40 6 1 10

POPR Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 60 2 1 3

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 100 10 2 20

CAGE2 Elk sedge Carex geyeri 40 2 1 2

Ferns and horsetails:

ATFI Ladyfern Athyrium filix-femina 60 4 1 5

EQHY Scouringrush horsetail Equisetum hyemale 60 2 1 3

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Management considerations—

The red alder/common snowberry/Dewey sedge plant 

community type is characterized by annual flood events 

and a relatively young age distribution (average: 25 to 

30 yrs, average 21.6 cm d.b.h.). Red alder, a nitrogenfixing species, is one of the first species to colonize gravel 

and cobble bars following catastrophic flood events and 

represents an important early-seral riparian plant species in 

the Umatilla National Forest. Strong roots and stems guard 

against the erosive power of floods and facilitate initial soil 

accumulation and development. Black bears commonly 

use red alder as scratch trees and may even climb the 

smooth bark to take refuge in the branches above. Various 

amphibians and reptiles, including tree frogs and western 

garter snakes, are common inhabitants. This community 

type provides shade for the stream and structure for fish 

habitat. Possible successional trajectories: PSME/ACGLPHMA5-SYAL, ABGR/ACGL, and PIPO/SYAL.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 71

RED ALDER SERIES

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a red alder/

common snowberry plant community type and noted 

that Dewey sedge is one of a few important herbaceous 

species present. Diaz and Mellon (1996) described a 

number of red alder types for northwestern Oregon but 

none that match the shrub and herbaceous component 

described above.

Floristically similar types include black cottonwood/

common snowberry (p. 66); red alder/red-osier dogwood 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
72 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WHITE ALDER SERIES

White Alder/Mesic Shrub Plant Community Type

Alnus rhombifolia/mesic shrub

SW2102 ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB N = 26

Physical environment—

The white alder/mesic shrub plant community type 

occurred on low-elevation (396 to 790 m) moderate-gradient 

(3 percent) floodplains, cobble bars, terraces, and steepgradient (20 percent) streambanks almost exclusively in 

Hells Canyon. Valley shapes were mostly trough- and 

V-shaped. Valley gradient was typically moderate (4 to 5 

percent) to very high (>8 percent). Soil development was 

generally low with most soils falling within the Entisol 

order of soil taxonomy. Soils were typically excessively 

drained, shallow (<50 cm), very to extremely cobbly/

bouldery, loamy sands to loams. Depth to water table 

was generally shallow (<50 cm), but occasionally deeper. 

Redoximorphic features were sometimes present in 

moderately well-drained soils related to later seral stages 

of this community type.

Vegetation composition—

White alder always occurs in the overstory and is sometimes joined by black cottonwood, Douglas-fir, or ponderosa pine. The diverse shrub layer might include Lewis’ 

mock orange, Rocky Mountain maple, black hawthorn, and 

poison ivy. Red-osier dogwood is often present in early 

seral stages of this community type decreasing in abundance and sometimes dissappearing altogether through 

time. Barton’s raspberry, an endemic raspberry found in 

only a few drainages in Hells Canyon, was found in the 

shrub layer in one such drainage.

The mesic herbaceous layer is characteristically sparse 

but may include mountain sweetcicely, Canadian white 

violet, common cowparsnip, enchanter’s nightshade, 

Fendler’s waterleaf, blue wildrye, Dewey sedge, and 

horsetails (Equisetum spp.).

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN, CERE2, 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PSME/ACGL-PHMA5, PIPO/FEID, 

RHGL talus slopes, and various AGSP types.

Landform environment (n = 26) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 599 396–790

Plot slope (percent) 7 1–50

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 26) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 1–>8

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 26) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–15

Bare ground 3 0–20

Gravel 6 0–45

Rock 20 0–60

Bedrock 0

Litter 55 7–88

Moss 10 0–5

Soil profile characteristics (n = 26)

Parent material Basalt, granite, alluvium

Great group(s) Endoaquents, Endoaquepts, Fluvaquents, 

Udifluvents, Udorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 30–>86

Rock fragments (percent) 64 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 5 1–20

pH (n = 13) 6.46 5.51–7.16

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 9–90

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 15

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–19

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 6–90

Texture(s)a SIL, L, SL, LS, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 7–>48

Texture(s)a CL, SICL, SIL, L, SL, LS, S, 

 cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 73

WHITE ALDER SERIES

Management considerations—

White alder fills the same ecological niche in Hells 

Canyon as red alder fills in riparian zones of the Umatilla 

National Forest. White alder is one of the first species to 

take hold on rocky bars and floodplains stabilizing the substrate and lending to the formation of woody debris dams 

on these annually flooded landforms.

Black bears use alder trees as scratching posts and often 

climb the trees taking refuge high above. Songbirds, including flycatchers, canyon wrens, cedar waxwings, and chickadees feed on the variety of fruits found in the shrub layer. 

Grouse are sometimes found roosting here, and rattlesnakes 

can be quite common...watch out! This association provides 

shade for the stream and woody debris to slow the torrential 

springtime floods typical of these steep drainages.

Wild and domestic ungulate use is generally low to moderate depending on the density of animals and the time of 

year. Poison ivy, cleavers, perfoliated minerslettuce, chervil, 

cheatgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass are disturbance-related 

species and may receive a competitive advantage when 

grazing pressure is unsuitably high. Possible succession 

relationships: PSME/ACGL-PHMA5-SYAL, ABGR/ACGL, 

and PIPO/SYAL.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crawford (2003) described three white alder types for 

the Columbia River basin: white alder/water birch, white 

alder/Lewis’ mock orange, white alder/netleaf hackberry. 

Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001) described a white alder/

Lewis’ mock orange type for southwestern Idaho. Miller 

(1976) provided an extensive classification of white alder 

types for the Snake River through Hells Canyon and the 

adjacent Salmon River of western Idaho including white 

alder community type, white alder/smooth sumac, white 

alder/netleaf hackberry, white alder/water birch, white 

alder/Lewis’ mock orange, white alder/Woods’ rose, white 

alder/common elderberry, white alder/Western serviceberry, 

white alder/chokecherry, and white alder/grand fir.

Floristically similar types include black cottonwood/

common snowberry (p. 66).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ALRH2 White alder Alnus rhombifolia 92 64 10 100

Subordinate overstory trees:

ALRH2 White alder Alnus rhombifolia 61 26 1 75

Shrubs:

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 53 20 3 90

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 50 9 1 25

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 96 29 4 70

RHPU Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana 50 7 1 25

Forbs:

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 57 17 1 70

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 76 16 1 80

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 76 9 1 40

SODU Climbing nightshade Solanum dulcamara 46 2 1 5

STME2 Common chickweed Stellaria media 50 3 1 10

URDI Stinging nettle Urtica dioica 69 5 1 20

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 57 5 1 15

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 61 6 1 45

 Ferns and horsetails:

EQHY Scouringrush horsetail Equisetum hyemale 46 8 1 60

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

ALRH2 23 7–55 30.0 12.7 126.2

PIPO 3 2–5 57.7 24.9 86.4

POTR15 6 2–14 49.5 10.2 99.1

PSME 9 — 54.6 47.8 60.2

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ALRU2 32.5 33 15

PIPO 61.0 112 33

POTR15 41.9 61 18
74 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WHITE ALDER SERIES

White Alder/Blackberry Plant Community Type

Alnus rhombifolia/Rubus spp.

SW2101 ALRH2/RUBUS N = 3

Physical environment—

The white alder/blackberry plant community type 

occurred on low-elevation (396 to 787 m) floodplains 

and terraces in Hells Canyon. Sample sites were located 

in low-gradient (1 to 3 percent), V- and trough-shaped 

valleys. Soils were typically well-drained loamy sands to 

sandy loams over rocky alluvium. Depth to water table 

ranged from 41 to 107 cm.

Vegetation composition—

White alder forms a dense overstory tree layer sometimes accompanied by black cottonwood. White alder 

seedlings may be present in the understory but are 

typically lacking owing to shading by the thick bramble 

layer. Blackberry species, including Himalayan and 

cutleaf blackberry, monopolize the shrub layer. Various 

other shrub species are found scattered throughout 

including Lewis’ mock orange, western serviceberry, 

Rocky Mountain maple, alder-leaved buckthorn, blue 

elderberry, black hawthorn, prickly currant, chokecherry, and red raspberry.

Herbaceous species include cleavers, chervil, 

perfoliated minerslettuce, lesser burdock, climbing 

nightshade, ripgut brome, western coneflower, blue 

wildrye, mountain sweetcicely, enchanter’s nightshade, 

and horsetails (Equisetum spp.).

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 3) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 565 396–787 

Plot slope (percent) 2 0–3

Aspect Mostly southerly

Valley environment (n = 3) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–100

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 3) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 3 0–10

Bare ground 7 0–15

Gravel 2 0–5

Rock 7 0–15

Bedrock 0

Litter 73 60–90

Moss 8 5–10

Soil profile characteristics (n = 3)

Parent material Basalt, alluvium

Great group(s) Fluvaquents, Udipsamments

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) >41–107

Rock fragments (percent) 30 5–60

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 9 8–11

pH (n = 3) 6.06 5.60–6.64

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–9

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 3–25

Texture(s)a LS, S, SL

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 27–76

Texture(s)a L, LS, S, SL

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 75

WHITE ALDER SERIES

Management considerations—

These sites were located in drainages of Hells Canyon 

with history of homesteading and ranching. Two plots were 

on current cattle allotments. The blackberry species are 

nonnative and most likely were introduced by homesteaders. The prevalence of weedy species in the herbaceous 

layer also speaks of human influence. Blackberries are a 

highly preferred food item for black bears and many bird 

species. Backpackers and wranglers who chance upon this 

association in the late summer/early fall might also enjoy 

foraging (but don’t forget your chaps, OUCH!). Dense 

thicket-forming blackberry stems and strong alder roots 

help maintain streambanks and provide shade and woody 

debris to the stream channel. Invasion of a site by nonnative 

blackberries would typically follow a large flood or forest 

fire. In the absence of these introductions, these sites would 

resemble the ALRH2/SHRUB plant community in floristic 

composition. Once blackberry colonies take root, they are 

particularly difficult to remove, as they are seral species and 

will regenerate strongly following disturbance.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: forested wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The white alder/blackberry plant community type has not 

previously been described. Miller (1976), when describing 

his white alder/smooth sumac and white alder/Lewis’ mock 

orange types, noted that colonies of Himalayan blackberry are sometimes found in the understory of these two 

types. Similarly, Crawford (2003) noted similar occurrence 

of Himalayan blackberry in his white alder/Lewis’ mock 

orange type.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Primary overstory trees:

ALRH2 White alder Alnus rhombifolia 100 68 50 95

Shrubs:

AMAL2 Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 66 6 1 10

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 100 4 3 5

RHPU Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana 66 3 1 5

RHRA6 Poison ivy Rhus radicans 66 8 5 10

RUDI2 Himalayan blackberry Rubus discolor 66 72 50 95

RUID American red raspberry Rubus idaeus 66 1 1 1

RULA Cutleaf blackberry Rubus laciniatus 33 70 70 70

Forbs:

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 66 18 15 20

ARMI2 Lesser burdock Arctium minus 66 18 15 20

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 66 18 15 20

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 66 9 3 15

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 66 5 5 5

SODU Climbing nightshade Solanum dulcamara 66 10 5 15

Grasses:

BRRI8 Ripgut brome Bromus rigidus 66 10 5 15

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 100 6 3 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

Stand characteristics—

Basal area Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)

Species Average Range Average Minimum Maximum

- - - m2/ha - - - - - - - - - - Centimeters - - - - - - -

ALRH2 26 5-41 31.8 15.5 62.0

POTR15 9 — 35.6 34.0 37.3

Site tree averages

Species d.b.h. Age Height

Centimeters Years Meters

ALRU2 39.4 NA 7
76 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Arctic Willow Plant Association

Salix arctica

SW1133 SAAR27 N = 3

Physical environment—

The arctic willow plant association was found on highelevation (2357 to 2439 m) floodplains and terraces in the 

Eagle Cap Wilderness. Sample plots were located in lowgradient (<3 percent), U-shaped, glacial cirques. Soils were 

somewhat poorly drained organic-rich sands to sandy loams 

over sands to loamy sands. A thin (1 to 10 cm) organic 

veneer resides over the mineral soil layers. Depth to water 

table ranged from the surface to 35 cm, and redoximorphic 

features were common throughout. The average pH of the 

soils was 6.9, most likely a factor of the calcareous geology, 

including limestones and mudstones, of the cirque basins 

associated with this type.

Vegetation composition—

Arctic willow forms a thick carpet of shrubs growing 

less than 5 cm tall. Booth’s willow always occurs in a dwarf 

form at low abundance. The herbaceous layer features a 

thick sedge compenent with scattered forbs.

Common herbaceous species include Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge, few-flowered spikerush, nearlyblack 

sedge, elephanthead lousewort, alpine meadow butterweed, 

Canby’s licorice-root, yellow Wallowa Indian paintbrush, 

tundra aster, and alpine milkvetch.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terrace: CAAQ. 

Meadows: mixed subalpine forb. 

Lake edge: SAFA/CAAQ. 

Adjacent upland type: 

Ridges: PIAL-JUOC.

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 3) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2384 2357–2439 

Plot slope (percent) 1 .5–1

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 3) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–3

Valley width (m) 30–100 NA

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 3) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 4 0–10

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 12 0–30

Moss 80 60–99

Soil profile characteristics (n = 3)

Parent material Mazama ash, limestone, mudstone, peat

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryosaprists, Haplocryands

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 20–35

Rock fragments (percent) 0

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 24 12–46

pH (n = 3) 6.97 6.70–7.23

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 17–20

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 66

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 1–10

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 6–28

Texture(s)a LS, SL, sapric

Redoximorphic features Depletions

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 9–>68

Texture(s)a LS, SL, S

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 77

WILLOW SERIES

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged from 224 to 1195 (avg. 710) 

kg/ha. Wild ungulate use is typically moderate to high at 

these sites; the low-growing willow species represent highly 

nutritional browse in these isolated cirque basins. Overuse 

by wild ungulates, horses, and humans can lead to trampling of the wet, cryic soils and damage to the willow 

mat. Therefore, these sites are particularly vulnerable 

to horse pasturing and perennial human trails.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

SAAR27 Arctic willow Salix arctica 100 67 30 95

SABO2 Booth’s willow Salix boothii 100 14 1 35

SAFA Farr’s willow Salix farriae 33 3 3 3

Forbs:

ANEMO Anemone Anemone 33 5 5 5

ASAL2 Tundra aster Aster alpigenus 33 1 1 1

ASAL7 Alpine milkvetch Astragalus alpinus 33 1 1 1

CACH16 Yellow Wallowa Indian paintbrush Castilleja chrysantha 33 3 3 3

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 33 1 1 1

LICA2 Canby’s licorice-root Ligusticum canbyi 33 5 5 5

PAFI3 Fringed grass of Parnassus Parnassia fimbriata 33 1 1 1

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 100 6 1 10

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 33 1 1 1

ZIEL2 Mountain deathcamas Zigadenus elegans 33 1 1 1

Grasses:

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 33 1 1 1

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAPR4 Early sedge Carex praeceptorium 33 1 1 1

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 66 18 5 30

CASU7 Nearlyblack sedge Carex subnigricans 66 26 1 50

ELPA6 Few-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 66 46 3 90

Ferns and horsetails:

EQVA Variegated scouringrush Equisetum variegatum 33 50 50 50

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in which 

the species occurred.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Arctic willow types have been classified for Alaska 

(Viereck et al. 1992) but not for the contiguous United 

States.
78 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Booth’s Willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

Salix boothii/Carex scopulorum

SW1138 SABO2/CASC12 N = 10

Physical environment—

The Booth’s willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

plant association occurred on low-gradient floodplains, 

streambanks, and moist/wet meadows above 2100 m 

elevation (2152 to 2375 m) throughout the Eagle Cap 

Wilderness and Seven Devils Mountains. Valleys were 

very low (<1 percent) to low (1 to 3 percent) gradient and 

U- or trough-shaped. Soils were very poorly to poorly 

drained, and moist/wet year round. The water table ranged 

from the surface to 48 cm, and redoximorphic features were 

common. Soil profiles ranged from organic horizons in 

various stages of decomposition to organic loams to siltyclay loams above sand or rocky alluvium.

Vegetation composition—

Booth’s willow forms a thick overstory above a dense herbaceous layer of Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge. Scattered 

forbs and graminoids occur throughout the understory 

including, among others, high mountain cinquefoil, alpine 

meadow butterweed, explorer’s gentian, subalpine fleabane, 

licorice-root, tufted hairgrass, and violets. Few-flowered 

spikerush occurs at sites with highly organic soils on the 

wetter end of the SABO2/CASC12 environmental tolerance 

gradient.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Meadows: CAUT, SALIX/MESIC FORB, CALE9,

CASC12, VERAT, CACA4, PHEM MOUNDS. 

Lake edges: CAVE6. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Aaron Wells

Landform environment (n = 10) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2242 2152–2375 

Plot slope (percent) 1 0–4

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 9) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–3

Valley width (m) 100–300 10–300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 8) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 7 0–25

Bare ground 7 0–30

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 38 3–70

Moss 50 15–91

Soil profile characteristics (n = 9)

Parent material Quartz diorite, sedge peat, alluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquepts, Cryofluvents, Cryohemists, 

Cryosaprists, Epiaquents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–48

Rock fragments (percent) 2 0–17

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 20 9–50

pH (n = 6) 5.81 5.20–6.47

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 9–12

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 30

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–>14

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 10–>43

Texture(s)a L, SC, SIL, SL, fibric, hemic

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 4–>80

Texture(s)a L, LS, SI, SCL, SICL, SIL, SL, fibric, sapric

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 79

WILLOW SERIES

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The Booth’s willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge plant 

association has not previously been described. Kovalchik 

and Clausnitzer (2004) described a willow/Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge type that sometimes features Booth’s 

willow co-occurring with Drummond’s willow.

Floristically similar types include undergreen willow/

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge (p. 80), willow/mesic forb 

(p. 82).

Management considerations—

Booth’s willow is an important colonizer of streambanks 

and floodplains, providing initial soil stabilization. The 

strong roots and stems of Booth’s willow slow floodwaters, 

trap sediments, and increase streambank and alluvial bar 

stability, thus enhancing fish habitat and the overall quality 

of the stream. Booth’s willow can propogate from broken 

stems, produce roots at leaf nodes of buried stems, and 

regenerate from seed.

Forage biomass values ranged widely, 179 to 1605 (avg. 

1054) kg/ha. Elk and deer browse on Booth’s willow at 

low to moderate intensity. Owing to the wet nature of 

the soils, these sites are not ideal for horse pasturing. 

Wranglers should look to slightly drier, more resilient 

meadows such as CACA4, CASC12, and SALIX/FORB 

adjacent to the SABO2/CASC12 association for pasturing opportunities. Possible successional trajectories: 

SALIX/CACA4, SALIX/FORB, ABLA/VASC.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

SABO2 Booth’s willow Salix boothii 100 70 30 90

Forbs:

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 40 5 1 15

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 40 2 1 5

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 60 11 1 20

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 40 16 1 30

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 100 62 35 85

ELPA6 Few-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 40 26 5 50

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.
80 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Undergreen Willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

Salix commutata/Carex scopulorum

SW1121 SACO2/CASC12 N = 5

Physical environment—

The undergreen willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

plant association occurred on floodplains, swales, and wet 

meadows between 1945 and 2253 m elevation. Crowe and 

Clausnitzer (1997) described this association within the 

same range of elevation and higher (1970 to 2348 m) on 

seepy slopes and wet meadows. Sample sites were found in 

U-shaped valleys of low (1 to 3 percent) to very high (>8 

percent) gradient. Soils were poorly drained. Soils were 

moist/wet throughout the growing season with water being 

supplied from the stream water table (surface to 55 cm) 

and, oftentimes, lateral flow from adjacent wet meadows 

or seeps. Typically an organic horizon caps organic-rich 

sands to silt loams with redoximorphic features common 

throughout the soil profile (8 to 55 cm).

Vegetation composition—

Undergreen willow forms a dense shrub layer often 

overhanging the streambanks. Chance occurrences of 

Labrador tea and other willow species such as Sitka 

willow are possible. Subalpine fir seedlings are sometimes 

found in the understory.

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge forms a dense herbaceous 

layer with scattered forbs and graminoids throughout. 

High mountain cinquefoil and alpine meadow butterweed 

are nearly always found in the herbaceous layer at low 

abundance. The occurrence of this type in wet meadows 

is often typified by the presence of few-flowered spikerush 

in the herbaceous layer.

E. Crowe E. Crowe

Landform environment (n = 5) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2087 1945–2253 

Plot slope (percent) 3 1–8

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–5, >8

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 5) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 7 2–20

Bare ground 24 1–80

Gravel 0

Rock 3 0–10

Bedrock 0

Litter 27 2–51

Moss 38 10–60

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Quartz diorite, sedge peat, alluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquepts, Cryofluvents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–55

Rock fragments (percent) 0

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 9 6–12

pH (n = 1) 5.4

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 8–55

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 75

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 5–>50

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 14–32

Texture(s)a LS, S, SIL, SL, hemic

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 25–>66

Texture(s)a S, SL, fibric

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 81

WILLOW SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Meadows: CACA4, CASC12, ELPA6, ALVA-CASC12, 

CANI2, LEGL/CASC12, ABLA-PIEN/LEGL; 

Streambanks: ALSI3. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Management considerations—

Undergreen willow is an important colonizer of 

streambanks and floodplains, providing initial soil 

stabilization. The strong roots and stems of undergreen 

willow slow floodwaters, trap sediments, and increase 

streambank and alluvial bar stability, thus enhancing fish 

habitat and the overall quality of the stream. Undergreen 

willow can propogate from broken stems, produce roots 

at leaf nodes of buried stems, and regenerate from seed.

Forage biomass ranged from 672 to 1717 (avg. 1045) 

kg/ha. Elk and deer browse on undergreen willow at low 

to moderate intensity. The presence of scattered forbs may 

be an aftereffect of past sheep grazing at these sites, when 

native forbs were allowed a brief competitive advantage 

over rhizomatous sedges owing to distubance of the sod 

layer. Presently, because of wilderness designations and 

rest from grazing, these fingerprints of historical land use 

are nearly smudged out. Given the wet nature of the soils, 

these sites are not ideal for horse pasturing. Wranglers 

should look to slightly drier more resilient meadows such 

as CACA4, CASC12, and SALIX/FORB adjacent to the 

SACO2/CASC12 association for pasturing opportunities. 

Possible successional trajectories: SALIX/CACA4, SALIX/

FORB, PIEN-ABLA/LEGL, ABLA/VASC.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Undergreen willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

types have been described for midmontane regions of the 

Blue Mountains in Oregon (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997). 

Floristically similar types include Booth’s willow/Holm’s 

Rocky Mountain sedge (p. 78), willow/mesic forb (p. 82); 

undergreen willow/Holm’s sedge (Carex scopulorum var. 

bracteosa)–showy sedge (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Understory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 40 2 1 3

Shrubs:

SACO2 Undergreen willow Salix commutata 100 61 20 90

Forbs 

ACCO4 Columbian monkshood Aconitum columbianum 40 2 2 2

ANAR3 Lyall’s angelica Angelica arguta 40 4 3 5

ARCH3 Chamisso arnica Arnica chamissonis 40 1 1 1

ARMO4 Hairy arnica Arnica mollis 40 6 1 10

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 40 2 1 2

HASA Slender bog orchid Habenaria saccata 40 1 1 1

HYAN2 Tinker’s penny Hypericum anagalloides 40 8 1 15

HYFON Norton’s St. Johnswort Hypericum formosum var. nortoniae 40 1 1 1

LUPO2 Bigleaf lupine Lupinus polyphyllus 40 2 2 3

MILE2 Purple monkeyflower Mimulus lewisii 40 1 1 1

MIMO3 Muskflower Mimulus moschatus 40 1 1 1

MIPE Fivestamen miterwort Mitella pentandra 40 2 1 2

PAFI3 Fringed grass of Parnassus Parnassia fimbriata 40 1 1 1

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 40 1 1 1

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 100 3 1 5

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 80 4 1 10

VIOLA Violet Viola 60 3 1 5

Grasses:

CACA4 Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis 40 16 3 30

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAMI7 Smallwing sedge Carex microptera 40 1 1 1

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 100 56 30 85

JUDR Drummond’s rush Juncus drummondii 40 1 1 1

JUEN Swordleaf rush Juncus ensifolius 40 1 1 1

LUCA2 Field woodrush Luzula campestris 20 1 1 1

Ferns and horsetails:

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 60 2 1 5

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in which the 

species occurred.
82 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Willow/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

Salix/mesic forb

SW1125 SALIX/MESIC FORB N = 10

Physical environment—

The willow/mesic forb plant community type occurred 

on moderately steep (<1 to 15, avg. 4 percent) floodplains, 

streambanks, and moist/wet meadows from 2073 to 2518 

m elevation. Sample sites occurred in very low (<1 percent) 

to very high gradient (>8 percent) U- and trough-shaped 

valleys. Soils were somewhat poorly drained to moderately well drained, moderately deep (26 to 58 cm) to very 

deep (>170 cm), and moist year round. Spring flooding 

was common, but soil surface horizons dry out late in the 

season. Soil profiles were characterized by a thin (<10 cm) 

organic layer over sandy loam to silt loam surface horizons, followed by sandy loam to clay subsurface horizons. 

Depth to water table ranged from the surface to 92 cm. 

Redoximorphic features were common throughout.

Vegetation composition—

The willow/mesic forb plant community type is associated with any of the following willow species: Booth’s 

willow, undergreen willow, or Drummond’s willow. Grouse 

huckleberry and various conifer seedlings can sometimes 

be found in the understory.

Landform environment (n = 10) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2215 2073–2518 

Plot slope (percent) 4 <1–15

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 10) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–>8

Valley width (m) 100–300 10–300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 8) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 5 0–30

Bare ground 17 0–80

Gravel 2 0–8

Rock 4 0–25

Bedrock 0

Litter 38 10–85

Moss 26 5–60

Soil profile characteristics (n = 10)

Parent material Mazama ash, quartz diorite, granite, 

 alluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryaquepts, Cryofluvents, 

 Cryorthents, Dystrocryepts, Haplocryalfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–92

Rock fragments (percent) 27 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 10 1–16

pH (n = 5) 5.86 4.79–6.86

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 2–25

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 60

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–10

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 7–40

Texture(s)a L, LS, SIL, SL, boulders

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 9–>170

Texture(s)a C, CL, LS, S, SIC, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

A rich herbaceous layer, characterized by forbs, includes 

high mountain cinquefoil, Pacific onion, shootingstar, 

explorer’s gentian, Norton’s St. Johnswort, licorice-root, 

elephanthead lousewort, and alpine meadow butterweed 

at colder/moister sites. Alpine leafybract aster, Columbian 

monkshood, tall fringed bluebells, arrowleaf groundsel, and 

heartleaf minerslettuce abound at warmer/drier sites.

Aaron Wells Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 83

WILLOW SERIES

The mostly scattered grass component includes alpine 

bentgrass, timber oatgrass, prairie Junegrass, alpine 

timothy, and Wolf’s trisetum. Bluejoint reedgrass and 

tufted hairgrass may occur at higher than average cover 

in moist microsites.

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge is often found growing 

in moist microsites uncharacteristic of the associated 

landform. Grasslikes typical of the drier end of the environmental spectrum include field woodrush, Jones’ sedge, 

and Mertens’ rush.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: CASC12, ALVA-CASC12,

CACA4, and CAAQ. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC, VASC/VAME.

Management considerations—

Willows are an important colonizer of streambanks, 

floodplains, and rocky bars, providing initial soil stabilization. The strong roots and stems of willows slow floodwaters, trap sediments, and increase streambank and alluvial 

bar stability, thus enhancing fish habitat and the overall 

quality of the stream. Willows can propogate from broken 

stems, produce roots at leaf nodes of buried stems, and 

regenerate from seed.

Forage biomass values ranged 

between 821 and 1867 (avg. 1344) 

kg/ha. Elk and deer use is typically 

higher at these sites relative to various 

willow/sedge associations probably as 

a result of the slightly drier conditions 

and greater abundance of higher 

quality forage. The prevalence of 

forbs is most likely an historical effect 

of past sheep grazing similar to that 

described for the SACO2/CASC12 

plant association combined with natural 

succession from wetter willow/sedge 

types. Possible successional trajectories 

include ABLA/VASC, SALIX/CACA4, 

PIEN-ABLA/VACCI.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service 

wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally 

to temporarily flooded.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

SABO2 Booth’s willow Salix boothii 50 65 22 95

SACO2 Undergreen willow Salix commutata 40 44 10 100

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 40 12 1 40

ASOC Western mountain aster Aster occidentalis 40 9 1 20

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 70 5 1 15

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 40 18 5 30

HYFON Norton’s St. Johnswort Hypericum formosum 50 6 1 20

 var. nortoniae

LICA2 Canby’s licorice-root Ligusticum canbyi 40 9 1 15

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 40 3 1 10

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 80 2 1 5

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 90 23 1 60

SAAR13 Brook saxifrage Saxifraga arguta 40 2 1 3

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 70 16 1 40

SETR Arrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis 40 7 1 20

VIOLA Violet Viola 40 8 1 15

Grasses:

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 60 13 3 30

PHAL2 Alpine timothy Phleum alpinum 50 1 1 3

TRWO3 Wolf’s trisetum Trisetum wolfii 40 4 1 10

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 80 11 1 30

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Willow/mesic forb types are common throughout riparian 

zones in the Western United States, the particular species 

of willow–Booth’s, undergreen, Drummonds’, which may 

constitute the willow/mesic forb plant association described 

here are less wide ranging. Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) 

described a willow/mesic forb plant community type, that 

may feature Booth’s or Geyer willow. Padgett et al. (1989) 

described a Salix boothii/mesic forb type for Utah and 

southeastern Idaho, and Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) 

described an undergreen willow/mesic forb type for eastern 

Washington. Youngblood et al. (1985) in their Riparian 

Community Type Classification of Eastern Idaho–Western 

Wyoming, described a Booth’s willow/starry false Solomon’s 

seal type. Lastly, Manning and Padgett (1995) described 

two willow/forb types for Nevada and eastern California: 

low Salix/mesic forb, which sometimes features undergreen 

willow, and [tall] Salix/mesic forb, which often features 

Booth’s willow.

Other floristically similar types include: Salix boothii/

Equisetum arvense (common horsetail), Salix boothii/mesic 

graminoid (Padgett et al. 1989); Salix boothii/Equisetum 

arvense (Youngblood et al. 1985).
84 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Willow/Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Association

Salix spp./Calamagrostis canadensis

SW1124 SALIX/CACA4 N = 4

Physical environment—

The willow/bluejoint reedgrass plant association occurred 

at high-elevation (2046 to 2177 m) floodplain and moist 

meadow sites in the Eagle Cap Wilderness and Seven 

Devils Mountains. Sample plots occurred in low-gradient 

(<1 to 3 percent) U- and trough-shaped valleys. Soils were 

somewhat poorly drained to moderately well drained, moderately deep to deep, loams to silt loams in the surface layer 

over sands to sandy loams in the subsurface. A thin (2 to 13 

cm) organic veneer was sometimes present over the mineral 

soil horizons. Depth to water table ranged from the surface 

to greater than 1 m, and redoximorphic features were found 

in the subsurface layers of all soils sampled.

Vegetation composition—

Willow species, Booth’s or undergreen, represent 

the primary shrub species with chance occurrences of 

huckleberry or alpine laurel. Bluejoint reedgrass forms 

a thick sward with scattered subalpine fleabane, Idaho 

licorice-root, and high mountain cinquefoil. Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge is always present, often growing in wet 

microsites.

Less frequent members of the herbaceous layer include 

subalpine fleabane, explorer’s gentian, elephanthead 

lousewort, Payette beardtongue, violets, alpine bentgrass, 

Wolf’s trisetum, and alpine timothy. Bladder sedge, 

few-flowered spikerush, and tufted hairgrass are species 

representative of the wetter end of the environmental 

conditions experienced by this type.

Landform environment (n = 4) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2137 2046–2177 

Plot slope (percent) 1 1–2

Aspect Northerly

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–3

Valley width (m) 100–300 10–300

Valley aspect Northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 4) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 3 0–5

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 76 45–94

Moss 17 3–5

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Mazama ash, quartz diorite, peat

Great group(s) Cryaquepts, Cryofluvents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 5–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 5 0–12

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 10 8–11

pH (n = 2) 5.56 5.31–5.80

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 5–15

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 100

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–13

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 5–>50

Texture(s)a L, LS, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 25–>90

Texture(s)a LS, S, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 85

WILLOW SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: 

SABO2/CASC12, CAAQ, CASC12, PHEM 

MOUNDS, CANI2, KAMI/CANI2, ABLAPIEN/LEGL, SALIX/MESIC FORB, CAUT, 

PIEN-ABLA/SETR.

Lakes: SPAN2. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Management considerations—

Forage biomass values ranged from 1008 to 1344 

(avg.1548) kg/ha. Bluejoint reedgrass and willows are preferred food items of wild ungulates, although palatability of 

bluejoint reedgrass varies from moderate to high depending on the season (Hansen et al. 1995). Livestock grazing 

is typically not an issue at the high elevations where this 

association is typically found. These sites are not as resilient 

to grazing pressure as the CACA4/CASC12 association 

given that the soil surface layers remain wet for longer periods after melt-off and also given the lack of a thick surface 

layer of sod. Sustained high levels of grazing can result in 

damage to willow stems and a shift to forbs (SALIX/FORB) 

in the understory as the competitive advantage of bluejoint 

reedgrass is thwarted by destruction of the thick sod layer.

These sites provide habitat for small mammals including 

voles, deer mice, weasels, and snowshoe hares. Bluejoint 

reedgrass and willows have low fire tolerance, but fires are 

rare in this moist association. Dense rhizomes and thick 

willow roots hold soil tenaciously, often leading to undercut 

streambanks, a favorite hiding place for trout.

This association may follow from SABO2/CASC12 or 

SACO2/CASC12 given a decrease in soil moisture, and may 

shift back to these types given an increase in soil moisture. 

Other possible successional relationships include PIENABLA/CACA4 (not described in this classification effort).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Willow/bluejoint reedgrass types are common throughout 

riparian zones in the Western United States, the particular 

species of willow, Booth’s and undergreen, which may 

constitute the willow/bluejoint reedgrass plant association 

described here, are less widespread.

Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described a willow/

bluejoint reedgrass type that may feature Booth’s, undergreen, and Drummonds’ willow. Padgett et al. (1989) 

and Youngblood et al. (1985) described Salix boothii/

Calamagrostis canadensis types for Utah-southeastern 

Idaho and eastern Idaho-western Wyoming, respectively.

Other floristically similar types include [Geyer] willow/ 

bluejoint reedgrass (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997); Salix 

geyeriana (Geyer willow)/Calamagrostis canadensis, Salix 

planifolia (planeleaf willow)/Calamagrostis canadensis

(Padgett et al. 1989).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

SABO2 Booth’s willow Salix boothii 50 72 50 95

SACO2 Undergreen willow Salix commutata 50 75 65 85

Forbs:

ARCH3 Chamisso arnica Arnica chamissonis 50 1 1 1

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 75 10 1 20

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 50 1 1 1

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 100 5 1 10

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica . 50 1 1 1

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 100 12 2 30

VIOLA Violet Viola 50 2 2 3

Grasses:

AGHU Alpine bentgrass Agrostis humilis 50 2 1 3

CACA4 Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis 100 66 45 90

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 75 5 1 10

PHAL2 Alpine timothy Phleum alpinum 75 1 1 1

TRWO3 Wolf’s trisetum Trisetum wolfii 50 1 1 1

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 100 12 3 30

CAUT Bladder sedge Carex utriculata 50 6 3 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.
86 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Coyote Willow Plant Association

Salix exigua

SW1117 SAEX N = 12

Physical environment—

The coyote willow plant association occurred on cobble 

and gravel bars at a wide range of elevations. Elevations 

ranged from 512 to 976 m in Hells Canyon and the Malheur 

National Forest to 1524 to 2134 m along drainages in the 

Eagle Cap Wilderness. Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) 

described a very similar association as occurring between 

914 and 1328 m. The coyote willow plant community type 

was never observed above 2134 m elevation.

Valley aspects at the upper range in elevation ranged from 

southeast to southwest, whereas the elevation at the lowest 

occurrence was almost directly north (10°) suggesting a 

possible correlation between aspect and elevation at the 

extremes in elevation. Midelevations showed no clear 

elevation-aspect trend. Valley shape ranged from V-shaped 

and flat in the canyon country to U-shaped in the subalpine. 

For most sites, valley gradient ranged from very low 

(<1 percent) to moderate (4 to 5 percent).

Soils were typically undeveloped, usually consisting of 

alluvial gravels and cobbles sometimes covered with a thin 

(<30 cm) veneer of sand or loam.

Vegetation composition—

Coyote willow forms an interweaving tall shrub layer 

and is sometimes accompanied by other willow species 

including Pacific willow and rigid willow. Other less 

common shrub species include red-osier dogwood, 

twinberry honeysuckle, and shrubby cinquefoil. Engelmann 

spruce and black cottonwood seedlings are commonly 

found growing up through the thick shrub layer.

 The sparse herbaceous layer might include white sagebrush, curly dock, common horsetail, falsegold groundsel, 

arrowleaf groundsel, tall ragwort, giant mountain aster, 

and smallwing sedge.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Low-elevation floodplains and terraces: 

ACNE2, CANU5.

High-elevation floodplains and terraces: 

PICO-PIEN/POPR.

High-elevation springs and seeps: CAUT. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Low-elevation sideslopes: ABGR/SYAL, 

JUOC/AGSP, and various AGSP types; 

High-elevation sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Landform environment (n = 13) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 1413 512–2134 

Plot slope (percent) 7 <1–30

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 13) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–>8

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 13) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–20

Bare ground 20 0–63

Gravel 7 0–15

Rock 16 0–60

Bedrock 0

Litter 46 0–89

Moss 5 0–25

Soil profile characteristics (n = 12)

Parent material Granite, basalt, alluvium

Great group(s) Udifluvents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) >13

Rock fragments (percent) 78 0–100

Available water capacity of pit(cm/m) 2 1–8

pH (n = 1) 6.24

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

(percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 9–>50

Texture(s)a L, S, SIL, SL, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) >13

Texture(s)a SICL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 87

WILLOW SERIES

Management considerations—

The coyote willow plant association is characterized 

by annual flood scour and deposition of alluvium. Coyote 

willow is an important colonizer of gravel and cobble bars 

providing initial soil stabilization. The strong roots and 

stems of coyote willow slow floodwaters, trap sediments, 

and increase streambank and alluvial bar stability, thus 

enhancing fish habitat and the overall quality of the stream. 

Coyote willow can propogate from broken stems, produce 

roots at leaf nodes of buried stems, and regenerate from 

seed. A variety of birds can be found nesting and feeding 

here including willow flycatchers, yellow warblers, redwinged blackbirds, kingfishers, and great blue herons.

Coyote willow is fairly palatable (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997) to wild and domestic ungulates and can provide 

important winter forage for elk and deer. The typically 

sparse understory provides little herbaceous forage biomass 

(11 to 22 kg/ha). Coyote willow is a highly preferred food of 

beavers. Coyote willow is often replaced over time by black 

cottonwood and alder tree types at low elevations and black 

cottonwood and Engelmann spruce types at high elevations.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Coyote willow is a common riparian species cover 

type throughout the Western United States. A number of 

variations of the coyote willow plant association have been 

described in adjacent classifications including coyote willow 

plant association (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997, Crawford 

2003); coyote willow and Pacific willow community types 

(Hansen et al. 1995); coyote willow/mesic forb, coyote 

willow/Woods’ rose, coyote willow/bench, Pacific willow/

mesic forb (Manning and Padgett 1995); coyote willow 

riparian type (Padgett 1981); Salix exigua/mesic forb, Salix 

exigua/barren (Padgett et al. 1989); coyote willow/barren, 

coyote willow/Woods’ rose (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001); 

coyote willow/Kentucky bluegrass, coyote willow/common 

horsetail community type (Youngblood et al. 1985).

The Pacific willow/coyote willow (Crawford 2003) and 

Pacific willow/bench (Manning and Padgett 1995) are two 

types that feature coyote willow as a subordinate willow 

species and are similar enough to the coyote willow plant 

community type to mention here.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

SAEX Coyote willow Salix exigua 100 63 8 90

SARI2 Rigid willow Salix rigida 46 28 15 45

Forbs 

ARLU White sagebrush Artemisia ludoviciana 46 4 1 10

RUOC2 Western coneflower Rudbeckia occidentalis 46 3 1 10

Grasses 

POPR Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 46 9 1 30

Ferns and horsetails 

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 61 17 1 5

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover 

in plots in which the species occurred.
88 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Miscellaneous Willow Types

Booth’s Willow/Inflated Sedge Plant Community

Salix boothi/Carex vesicaria

SW1139 SABO2/CAVE6 N = 1

This community was found in a wet meadow at 2348 m 

in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. Soils were moderately deep to 

bedrock, very poorly drained organic loams over sandy clay 

loam and silty clay loam layers. Depth to water table was 70 

cm, and the available water capacity was 13 cm/m. Booth’s 

willow (Salix boothii) (90 percent foliar cover) forms a thick 

monocultural stand over inflated sedge (30 percent) and 

early sedge (10 percent). Curled starwort was found scattered throughout the herbaceous layer. 

Adjacent riparian types: 

Meadows: SABO2/CASC12, CAVE6. 

Lake edges: CAVE6.

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC. 

The Booth’s willow/inflated sedge plant community 

has not previously been described.

Willow/Aquatic Sedge Plant Association

Salix spp./Carex aquatilis

SW1114 SALIX/CAAQ N = 2

The willow/aquatic sedge plant association occurred 

near Frances Lake in the Eagle Cap Wilderness, where an 

alluvial fan meets the lake. Sample plots were located at 

2348 m. Soil great groups were Cryofluvents. Soils were 

moderately deep, very poorly drained, silt loams over 

sands and gravels. The water table was at or near the 

surface for most of the year.

Farr’s (60 percent) or Booth’s (92 percent) willow 

forms the shrub layer, Farr’s willow in clumps and Booth’s 

willow as continuous coverage. Depth to water table is 

the distinguishing environmental characteristic between 

Farr’s (deeper) and Booth’s willow (shallower). Aquatic 

sedge (avg. 70 percent) forms a thick herbaceous layer 

along with trace amounts of Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge, few-flowered spikerush, alpine meadow butterweed, 

variegated scouringrush, Idaho licorice-root, alpine 

smartweed, alpine shootingstar, and common yarrow. In 

this case, both plots occurred directly adjacent to each 

other. Booth’s willow occurred directly along the lake edge, 

whereas Farr’s willow occurred slightly higher (~0.5 m). 

Aquatic sedge occurred throughout. Total forage biomass 

was 1195 kg/ha.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Alluvial fans: SAFA/ALVA. 

Meadows: POFR4-BEGL, SAAR27. 

This community type has been described for Booth’s 

willow by Padgett et al. (1989), Crowe and Clausnitzer 

(1997), and Kovalchik (1987). Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 

(2004) described a Farr’s willow/bladder sedge type in 

which aquatic sedge is an alternate indicator species.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 89

WILLOW SERIES

Farr’s Willow/Pacific Onion Plant Community

Salix farriae/Allium validum

SW1134 SAFA/ALVA N = 1

Undergreen Willow/Bladder Sedge Plant Community Type

Salix commutata/Carex utriculata

SW1127 SACO2/CAUT N = 1

The Farr’s willow/Pacific onion plant community 

occurred on an alluvial fan near the edge of Frances Lake 

in the Eagle Cap Wilderness at 2351 m. The soil great 

group was Cryofluvents. The soil was moderately deep, 

somewhat poorly drained, organic silt loams over sandy 

loams and gravels. Depth to water table ranged from the 

surface during spring runoff to 70 cm late in the season. 

Farr’s willow (60 percent) occurred in clumps with Booth’s 

willow (18 percent) scattered throughout. Pacific onion 

(80 percent) fills in around the willow clumps with alpine 

meadow butterweed (20 percent) and trace amounts of 

high mountain cinquefoil, white marsh marigold, alpine 

smartweed, and Chamisso arnica. Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge, rock sedge, and tufted hairgrass round out the 

herbaceous layer.

Adjacent riparian types: 

Lakeshore: SALIX/CAAQ.

Meadows: POFR4-BEGL. 

The Farr’s willow/Pacific onion plant community 

type has not previously been described.

The undergreen willow/bladder sedge plant community type was found on a moderately steep (13 percent), 

seepy meadow adjacent to Blue Creek in the Eagle Cap 

Wilderness at 2024 m. The soils were Cryohemists. Soils 

were poorly drained, organic loams. Depth to water table 

was 30 cm in late August. Undergreen willow (50 percent) 

occurred scattered throughout with a thick understory 

of bladder sedge (80 percent). Other herbaceous species 

include Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge, woodrush sedge, 

Mertens’ rush, alpine meadow butterweed, fringed grass of 

Parnassus, darkthroat shootingstar, and common horsetail. 

Forage biomass totaled 1120 kg/ha, and deer and elk 

use was high with most of the grazing concentrated on 

undergreen willow. 

Adjacent riparian wetland vegetation type: 

Moist meadows: CACA4.

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC. 

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described an undergreen 

willow/bladder sedge plant community that is similar to 

the undergreen willow/bladder sedge community described 

above.
90 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WILLOW SERIES

Drummond’s Willow/Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant Community

Salix drummondiana/Senecio triangularis

SW1137 SADR/SETR N = 1

The Drummond’s willow/arrowleaf groundsel plant community was found growing in and along a low-gradient 

section (1 to 3 percent) of Granite Creek, near the headwaters, in the Seven Devils Mountains at 2049 m. Soil great 

groups were Cryaquents. Soils were very poorly drained 

sands with a thin organic veneer. The water table remains 

running above the surface throughout the year. A thick 

tangle of Drummond’s willow (80 percent) stems overtops 

a mesic herbaceous layer including arrowleaf groundsel (20 percent), slender bog orchid, fringed willowherb, 

violets, muskflower, tall mannagrass, drooping woodreed, 

and Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge. Drummond’s willow 

has low tolerance for anaerobic conditions and requires a 

renewable source of well-oxygenated water to survive in 

saturated soils (USDA NRCS 2002b). Drummond’s willow 

provides streambank stability and shade to the stream channel, is a filter for nutrient and sediments, and is habitat to 

many bird species.

The Drummond’s willow/arrowleaf groundsel plant community has not previously been described. Similar types 

include Drummond’s willow community type, willow/tall 

forb (Manning and Padgett 1995); Drummond’s willow/

bluejoint reedgrass, Drummond’s willow/beaked sedge 

(Hansen et al. 1995); willow/Douglas spiraea, willow/tall 

mannagrass (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).

Lemmon’s Willow/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

Salix lemmonii/mesic forb

SW1135 SALE/MESIC FORB N = 1

The Lemmon’s willow/mesic forb plant community 

type was found on a high-elevation (1951 m) floodplain of 

Cliff Creek, a moderate-gradient (4 percent) stream with 

a cobble bed, in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. The soils were 

Cryofluvents. The soils were moderately well drained, 

moderately deep (52 cm) to cobbles, and sandy loam in 

texture.

Lemmon’s willow (70 percent) was joined by undergreen 

(20 percent) and coyote (10 percent) willow forming a thick 

tall shrub layer. Other shrubs include Sitka alder, twinberry 

honeysuckle, stinking currant, and prickly currant. Lyall’s 

angelica (10 percent), alpine leafybract aster (15 percent), 

fireweed (10 percent), tall fringed bluebells (5 percent), 

arrowleaf groundsel (10 percent), vieny meadow-rue (20 

percent), American saw-wort (5 percent) and violets (15 

percent) include the important forbs species. Graminoids 

include bluejoint reedgrass (30 percent), fringed brome (10 

percent), blue wildrye (5 percent), Mertens’ rush (1 percent), 

and woodrush (1 percent).

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation type: 

POFR4-BEGL. 

Manning and Padgett (1995) described Lemmon’s 

willow/mesic forb and Lemmon’s willow/mesic graminoid 

types for Nevada and eastern California that are similar

 to the willow/mesic forb plant community described above.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 91

WILLOW SERIES

Sitka Willow/Common Horsetail Plant Community

Salix sitchensis/Equisetum arvense

SW1136 SASI2/EQAR N = 1

The Sitka willow/common horsetail plant community was 

found on a midstream cobble bar in the Wenaha-Tucannon 

Wilderness at 732 m. Soils were excessively drained cobbles, with a sandy matrix.

Sitka willow (70 percent) and mountain alder (35 percent) 

form a dense shrub layer along with red-osier dogwood and 

streambank wild hollyhock. Young black cottonwoods (10 

percent) were found throughout the shrub layer, suggesting 

the most likely successional trajectory for this community. 

Common horsetail (30 percent) was found throughout the 

herbaceous layer, along with Canada goldenrod, stinging 

nettle, peppermint, and fowl bluegrass. Spring flood scour 

and deposition is characteristic of this site, as evidenced 

by fresh sand deposits across the bar surface. Sitka willow 

and common horsetail are important early seral species 

on cobble bars providing initial soil stabilization for the 

establishment of later successional species such as black 

cottonwood. Sitka willow is a highly nutritional browse 

species of wild ungulates and provides nesting and feeding 

habitat for willow flycatchers.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: 

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ALIN2/GLEL, ABGR/SYAL. 

Diaz and Mellon (1996) described two Sitka willow types 

for northwestern Oregon including Sitka willow plant community type, Sitka willow/arctic sweet coltsfoot. Kovalchik 

and Clausnitzer (2004), in their willow series, described 

three types for southeastern Oregon that are floristically 

similar to the Sitka willow/common horsetail community 

including willow/common horsetail, willow/alluvial bar, 

and willow/mesic forb.
92 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

LOW SHRUB SERIES

Alpine Laurel/Black Alpine Sedge Plant Association

Kalmia microphylla/Carex nigricans

SW901 KAMI/CANI2 N = 4

Physical environment—

The alpine laurel/black alpine sedge plant association 

was found at high-elevation (2177 to 2515 m) floodplain 

and moist/wet meadow sites in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. 

Sample sites were located in low-gradient (<3 percent) 

U- and trough-shaped valleys. Soils were somewhat poorly 

drained silt loam to silty clay overlying fine sand to sandy 

loam subsurface layers. Depth to water table ranged from 

the surface to 36 cm, and redoximorphic features were 

found in the subsurface layers of all soils sampled.

Vegetation composition—

Alpine laurel is found growing throughout forming a 

sporadic low shrub layer, its pink flowers often mixing 

with those of pink mountainheath, the red flowers of dwarf 

bilberry, and the white of western moss heather, alpine 

spicywintergreen, grouse huckleberry, and Labrador tea, 

providing a delicate balance of colors against an evergreen 

background. A variety of willow species including arctic, 

Booth’s, and undergreen willow may also be found in the 

shrub layer. Various conifer seedlings are often found 

growing in the understory.

Black alpine and Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge are 

always found in the herbaceous layer and may be joined 

by other graminoids including Drummond’s and Mertens’ 

rush, few-flowered spikerush, woodrush sedge, tufted 

hairgrass, timber oatgrass, and field woodrush.

The sparse forb layer always includes subalpine fleabane, 

explorer’s gentian, Idaho licorice-root, high mountain 

cinquefoil, and alpine meadow butterweed. Other species 

may include yellow Wallowa Indian paintbrush, Pacific 

onion, elephanthead lousewort, and hooded ladies’-tresses.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: CALE9, CANI2, 

SALIX/CACA4, ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–

FLOODPLAIN, CASC12, SAAR27. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Footslope and sideslopes: ABLA/VASC, FEVI.

Landform environment (n = 4) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2283 2177–2515 

Plot slope (percent) 1 .5–1

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–3

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–300

Soil surface cover (n = 4) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 2 0–3

Gravel 0

Rock 10 0–40

Bedrock 0

Litter 45 1–77

Moss 34 5–65

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Mazama ash, quartz diorite, peat

Great group(s) Cryaquents, Cryaquepts, Cryofluvents, 

 Dystrocryepts

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 6–36

Rock fragments (percent) 0

Available water capacity of pit(cm/m) 10 6–12

pH (n = 3) 5.54 5.11–6.12

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 6–36

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 100

(percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–11

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 9–36

Texture(s)a CL, SI, SIC, SIL

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 17–56

Texture(s)a LS, S, SC, SIC

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

E. Crowe
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 93

LOW SHRUB SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Hansen et al. (1995) described a small-leaved laurel 

(Kalmia microphylla)/ Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

type that is similar to the alpine laurel/black alpine 

sedge plant association described above.

Other floristically similar types include pink mountainheath mounds (p. 94); Merten moss-heather (Cassiope 

mertensiana)–red mountain-heath (Phyllodoce 

empetriformis) (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged from 435 to 1792 (avg. 

892) kg/ha. Deer and elk use is low to moderate with most 

browsing/grazing on willow species and Holm’s sedge. The 

wet, cryic soils of this association are sensitive to trampling; therefore sites are vulnerable to horse pasturing 

and perennial human trails. These sites are most likely 

successional to PHEM MOUNDS as soil gradually builds 

up around the scattered shrub species shifting the potential 

to PHEM as the mounds form and the soils dry out.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) saturated.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Understory trees:

PICO Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 50 4 1 7

Shrubs:

GAHU Alpine spicywintergreen Gaultheria humifusa 50 20 20 20

KAMI Alpine laurel Kalmia microphylla 100 29 10 50

PHEM Pink mountainheath Phyllodoce empetriformis 75 2 1 3

SABO2 Booth’s willow Salix boothii 50 4 1 8

VACA13 Dwarf bilberry Vaccinium caespitosum 50 12 10 15

VASC Grouse huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium 50 1 1 1

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 50 9 3 15

CACH16 Yellow Wallowa Indian paintbrush Castilleja chrysantha 50 1 1 1

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 100 1 1 2

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 100 6 1 15

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 100 2 1 5

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 50 1 1 1

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 100 4 1 10

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 100 4 1 10

SPRO Hooded ladies’-tresses Spiranthes romanzoffiana 50 1 1 1

Grasses:

AGHU Alpine bentgrass Agrostis humilis 50 2 2 2

DAIN Timber oatgrass Danthonia intermedia 75 1 1 1

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 75 3 2 3

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAIL Sheep sedge Carex illota 50 3 1 5

CALU7 Woodrush sedge Carex luzulina 50 6 1 10

CANI2 Black alpine sedge Carex nigricans 100 34 15 50

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 100 18 3 45

ELPA6 Few-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 50 2 2 2

JUDR Drummond’s rush Juncus drummondii 75 1 1 1

LUCA2 Field woodrush Luzula campestris 50 1 1 1

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in which the 

species occurred.
94 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

LOW SHRUB SERIES

Pink Mountainheath Mounds Plant Association

Phyllodoce empetriformis

SS1912 PHEM MOUNDS N = 5

Physical environment—

The pink mountainheath mounds plant association 

occurred in moist meadows at the upper terminus of glacial 

valleys above 2134 m elevation in the Eagle Cap Wilderness 

and Elkhorn Mountains. Valleys were all U-shaped, broad 

(100 to 300 m) to very broad (>300 m), with very low (<1 

percent) to moderate (1 to 3 percent) gradient. Soils were 

mounded (10 to 26 cm), often with a buried surface horizon at the bottom of the mounds and buried subsurface 

horizons throughout the subsurface layer. Surface horizons 

were typically loams, and subsurface horizons ranged from 

gravelly sandy loams to gravelly loams. Soils were well 

drained in the mounds to moderately well drained in the 

intermounds. Depth to water table ranged from 35 to greater 

than 77 cm. Soil pH was low ranging from 5.2 to 5.8 representing a typical range for ericaceous shrub communities. 

Redoximorphic features were rare.

Vegetation composition—

The vegetation composition of the pink mountainheath 

mounds plant association tends to be distinct between 

mound and intermound microsites. Mound species tend 

to be those that require slightly drier conditions, whereas 

intermound species are those that prefer slightly moister 

conditions. Some species are generalists and grow on or 

between mounds without preference.

Pink mountainheath, alpine laurel, grouse huckleberry, 

western moss heather, and alpine spicywintergreen are low 

shrub species commonly found growing on the mounds, 

only rarely growing between the mounds. Explorer’s gentian and creeping sibbaldia are herbaceous species always 

found growing on the mounds. Less common mound 

species include subalpine fleabane, alpine pussytoes, 

and woodrush. Species that may be growing on or 

between mounds include high mountain cinquefoil, 

black alpine sedge, Drummond’s rush, licorice-root, 

and Indian paintbrush.

Intermound herbaceous species include Holm’s 

Rocky Mountain sedge, Pacific onion, shootingstar, 

marsh violet, and elephanthead lousewort.

Landform environment (n = 5) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2274 2195–2439 

Plot slope (percent) 2 1–3

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–3

Valley width (m) 100–300 30–>300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 4) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 24 5–40

Gravel 0

Rock 5 1–10

Bedrock 0

Litter 51 20–85

Moss 13 5–20

Soil profile characteristics (n = 5)

Parent material Mazama ash, Eolian deposits, glacial till

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryofluvents, Dystrocryepts 

 (mounds), Cryaquepts (intermounds)

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 35–>77

Rock fragments (percent) 9 0–18

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 13 10–16

pH (n = 5) 5.54 5.20–5.82

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 49

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 20

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–3

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 3–27

Texture(s)a L, SIL

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 5–>21

Texture(s)a L, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 95

LOW SHRUB SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Meadows: ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ALVA-CASC12, ELPA6, CANI2, and CASC12. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Management considerations—

Mound development could be the result of a number of 

factors. Mounds may have been formed from frost heaving 

or eolian (wind) deposition.

Mound formation may be the result of eolian deposition 

of fines around the decumbent shrubs. Winds carrying 

airborne sediments would be slowed by the dense stems of 

pink mountainheath, alpine laurel, and grouse huckleberry 

resulting in the deposition of those sediments. Given 

enough time, mounds would form and the slight shift in 

microclimate would lend toward the success of the slightly 

more xeric shrubs on the mounds.

Eolian deposition is considered the most probable cause 

of mound formation given the buried surface horizons 

found in some of the soil profiles. Frost heaving is often 

associated with mixing of the soil horizons leading to 

a lower probability of finding an intact buried surface 

horizon.

It is plausible that soils lacking the buried horizon may 

have been formed by frost heaving, as this process of 

mound formation is well known in the subarctic (Johnson 

2004b). The exact casual agents of mound formation are 

difficult to surmise, perhaps a combination of the above 

factors have led to mound formation, perhaps none.

The moist, cryic soil mounds of this association are 

sensitive to trampling; therefore sites are vulnerable to 

horse pasturing and perennial human trails.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved evergreen

Water regime: (nontidal) saturated to temporarily flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

A number of variations on the pink mountainheath theme 

have been described throughout the Pacific Northwest 

including red mountainheath (Phyllodoce empetriformis) 

association (Kovalchik 1987); red mountain-heath 

(P. empetriformis)–Cascade huckleberry, Merten mossheather (Cassiope mertensiana)–red mountain-heath 

(Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).

Other floristically similar types include alpine laurel/

black alpine sedge (p. 92); Aleutian mountainheath 

(Phyllodoce aleutica)-moss heather (Cassiope spp.)-

huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.); Aleutian mountainheath–

western moss heather (Viereck et al. 1992).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

CAME7 Western moss heather Cassiope mertensiana 60 10 1 15

KAMI Alpine laurel Kalmia microphylla 100 8 1 20

PHEM Pink mountainheath Phyllodoce empetriformis 100 46 35 65

VASC Grouse huckleberry Vaccinium scoparium 80 10 1 15

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 40 22 5 40

ANAL4 Alpine pussytoes Antennaria alpina 60 22 10 45

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 60 8 5 10

EPILO Willowherb Epilobium 40 3 3 3

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 60 15 5 35

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 100 10 1 20

LEPY2 Alpine lewisia Lewisia pygmaea 60 6 3 10

LICA2 Canby’s licorice-root Ligusticum canbyi 40 6 1 10

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 100 11 3 25

RAPO Popular buttercup Ranunculus populago 40 2 1 3

SIPR Creeping sibbaldia Sibbaldia procumbens 100 17 3 50

VIPA4 Marsh violet Viola palustris 80 8 1 15

Grasses:

AGHU Alpine bentgrass Agrostis humilis 40 15 10 20

DAIN Timber oatgrass Danthonia intermedia 40 12 5 20

FEVI Greenleaf fescue Festuca viridula 40 6 1 10

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CANI2 Black alpine sedge Carex nigricans 80 18 5 40

JUDR Drummond’s rush Juncus drummondii 80 8 1 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.
96 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

LOW SHRUB SERIES

Miscellaneous Low Shrub Types

Labrador Tea/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Community

Ledum glandulosum/Carex scopulorum

SW0101 LEGL/CASC12 N = 1

This community was found on a floodplain of the Minam 

River in the Eagle Cap Wilderness at 2079 m. The soils 

were Cryofibrists, moderately deep to bedrock, somewhat 

poorly drained, organic sedge peat (54 cm) over a thin layer 

of loamy fine sand (3 cm). Depth to water table was 65 cm 

in mid-August and available water capacity was 14 cm/m.

The vegetation composition is remarkably similar to the 

PIEN-ABLA/LEGL with the exception of the tree species. 

Laborador tea (48 percent) forms a low shrub layer along 

with pink mountainheath (22 percent), grouse huckleberry, 

alpine spicywintergreen, and dwarf bilberry. Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge (25 percent) and Pacific onion (30 percent) 

form a thick herbaceous layer with lesser amounts of high 

mountain cinquefoil, explorer’s gentian, umber pussytoes, 

few-flowered spikerush, bluejoint reedgrass, and tufted 

hairgrass. Total forage biomass was 821 kg/ha, and wild 

ungulate use appeared to be low.

This community is self-perpetuating; the thick, acidic 

organic layer at the surface precluding the establishment 

of conifers at the site. Potential exists for the ABLA-PIEN/

LEGL plant association given an influx of fresh sediment 

that would allow for the establishment of conifer species. 

This community has not previously been described.

Shrubby Cinquefoil–Bog Birch Plant Community Type

Potentilla fruiticosa-Betula glandulosa

SS6001 POFR4-BEGL N = 2

The shrubby cinquefoil–bog birch plant community type 

occurred on high-elevation (1985 and 2351 m) dry/moist 

meadows in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. Soil great groups 

were Cryopsamments and Cryorthents. Soils were moderately well drained, very fine sandy loam to loam overlying 

sands and gravels.

Shrubby cinquefoil (avg. 63 percent) and bog birch 

(avg. 55 percent) are found growing in clumps scattered 

throughout the community with a variety of conifer 

seedlings slowly “invading” the understory. A rich 

understory of forbs and graminoids may include tufted 

hairgrass, timber oatgrass, subalpine fleabane, alpine 

meadow butterweed, falsegold groundsel, western meadowrue, slender muhly, simple bog sedge, nearlyblack sedge, 

and northern singlespike sedge, among others.

Elk and pastured horses may occasionally browse on 

shrubby cinquefoil and bog birch when the availability of 

high-quality forage is low.

A number of shrubby cinquefoil types (Crowe and 

Clausnitzer 1997; Hansen et al. 1995; Kovalchik and 

Clausnitzer 2004; Manning and Padgett 1995; Padgett et 

al. 1989, Youngblood et al. 1985) and one bog birch type 

(Hansen et al. 1995) have been described in adjacent areas. 

Two types have been described for Alaska that feature the 

two species together: shrubby cinquefoil-sweetgale-bog 

birch/black crowberry, shrubby cinquefoil-sweetgale-bog 

birch-marsh Labrador tea (Viereck et al. 1992).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 97

SITKA ALDER SERIES

Sitka Alder/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

Alnus sinuata/mesic forb

SW2113 ALSI3/MESIC FORB N = 8

Physical environment—

Sitka alder/mesic forb plant community type was found 

along typically steep (2 to 50, avg. 19 percent) streambanks 

and floodplains at moderately high elevations (1707 to 1890 

m) throughout the Eagle Cap Wilderness and Seven Devils 

Mountains. This type was never found in the Strawberry 

Mountain Wilderness where mountain alder is the ecological equivalent to Sitka alder. Valleys were typically steep 

(>8 percent); narrow (10 to 30 m); V-, U-, and troughshaped, and flat. Soils ranged from cobbles to excessively 

drained sandy loams to loams over cobbly/bouldery sands 

to loamy sands. Soils were shallow (18 cm) to deep (89 cm) 

over coarse alluvium or bedrock.

Vegetation composition—

Sitka alder forms a tall thick shrub overstory and is 

often joined by prickly currant. A rich understory of 

herbaceous species includes common cowparsnip, mountain 

sweetcicely, fragrant bedstraw, heartleaf minerslettuce, 

tall fringed bluebells, arrowleaf groundsel, claspleaf 

twistedstalk, violets, Lyall’s angelica, veiny meadow-rue, 

and blue wildrye. Brook saxifrage, enchanter’s nightshade, 

ladyfern, and drooping woodreed occur rarely at or near 

the stream edge.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Terraces and floodplains: COST4, ACGL/OSCH.

Meadows: CASC12. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: ABGR/ACGL, ABLA/VAME, 

ABLA/VASC, ABGR/ALSI3, and ABGR/VAME.

Landform environment (n = 8) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 1927 1707–1890 

Plot slope (percent) 19 2–50

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 7) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) >8 4–>8

Valley width (m) 10–30 <10–100

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 7) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–10

Bare ground 11 0–20

Gravel 3 0–10 

Rock 16 5–40 

Bedrock 0

Litter 58 35–75 

Moss 8 1–25

Soil profile characteristics (n = 8)

Parent material Quartz diorite, granite, alluvium

Great group(s) Cryofluvents, Cryorthents, Udifluvents, 

 Udorthents)

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 28–>89

Rock fragments (percent) 58 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 4 1–11

pH (n = 5) 5.63 5.20–6.40

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 0

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–9

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 0–23

Texture(s)a L, SIL, SL, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 13–55

Texture(s)a LS, SIL, SL, S, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Management considerations—

Johnson and Clausnitzer (1992) described a Sitka 

alder community type for upland sites as occurring 

on disturbance-related sites such as avalanche paths, 

stand-replacing burns, and stand-replacing tree harvest 

operations. The Sitka alder/mesic forb plant community 

Aaron Wells
98 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

SITKA ALDER SERIES

type differs in that it is found on disturbance-related sites 

along streambanks and floodplains. Sitka alder, an earlysuccessional, nitrogen-fixing species, is one of the first 

to colonize rocky streambanks and floodplains providing 

initial soil stabilization and enrichment. The Sitka alder/

mesic forb plant community type buffers streambanks 

against the effects of the powerful floods characteristic 

of steep stream reaches. The association provides shade 

and nutrient-rich litter to the stream channel. Sitka alder 

has a low tolerance for fire, but fire is infrequent in this 

moist association (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997). Possible 

successional relationships: ABLA/VAME–FLOODPLAIN, 

ABGR/ALSI3, ABGR/VAME, and ABLA/VAME.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Understory trees:

ABLA Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 50 4 3 5

Shrubs:

ALSI3 Sitka alder Alnus sinuata 100 86 70 100

RILA Prickly currant Ribes lacustre 63 8 1 20

VAME Big huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum 50 12 3 35

Forbs:

ANAR3 Lyall’s angelica Angelica arguta 63 3 3 3

ARMA18 Largeleaf sandwort Arenaria macrophylla 38 2 1 5

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 38 27 7 65

GATR3 Fragrant bedstraw Galium triflorum 100 3 1 5

GEMA4 Largeleaf avens Geum macrophyllum 38 2 1 5

HELA4 Common cowparsnip Heracleum lanatum 75 21 3 60

MECI3 Tall fringed bluebells Mertensia ciliata 63 12 1 40

MOCO4 Heartleaf minerslettuce Montia cordifolia 38 9 2 20

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 100 2 1 3

SETR Arrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis 38 3 1 5

STAM2 Claspleaf twistedstalk Streptopus amplexifolius 50 6 2 10

THVE Veiny meadow-rue Thalictrum venulosum 38 8 5 10

URDI Stinging nettle Urtica dioica 38 3 2 4

VIOLA Violet Viola L. 63 15 1 60

Grasses:

BRVU Columbia brome Bromus vulgaris 50 4 3 7

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 63 2 1 3

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) intermittently to temporarily 

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) and Kovalchick and 

Clausnitzer (2004) described Sitka alder/mesic forb types 

for the midmontane wetlands of the Blue Mountains in 

Oregon and eastern Washington, respectively.

There were no floristically similar types.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 99

SITKA ALDER SERIES

Miscellaneous Sitka Alder Types

Sitka Alder/Ladyfern Plant Association

Alnus sinuata/Athyrium filix-femina

SW2111 ALSI3/ATFI N = 2

The Sitka alder/ladyfern plant association occurred on a 

steep (12 percent) streambank and a low-gradient (1 percent) 

floodplain at approximately 1860 m elevation. Valleys were 

narrow (10 to 30 m) and moderately steep (4 to 5 percent) to 

very steep (>8 percent). The soil surface was typically rocky 

(avg. 20 percent) and partly submerged for much of the 

growing season (avg. 13 percent). Soils ranged from mosscovered boulders to moderately deep loamy sands and sands 

over gravel and cobble. Soil great groups were Cryofluvents. 

The water table ranged from the surface in early summer 

to 41 cm later in the season, and the soils remain moist 

throughout the growing season. Annual flooding is typical 

at these sites. Sitka alder (avg. 68 percent) forms a dense 

shrub layer along with prickly (avg. 14 percent) and stinking 

currant (avg. 7 percent). Ladyfern (avg. 8 percent) is always 

present along with a variety of mesic forbs including 

arrowleaf groundsel (avg. 8 percent), brook saxifrage (avg. 

16 percent), and claspleaf twistedstalk (avg. 5 percent). The 

Sitka alder/ladyfern plant association provides shade and 

nutrient-rich litter to the stream channel and buffers the 

soil during peak flow periods. Ladyfern contains filicic acid 

and may be poisonous to some classes of livestock (Walkup 

1991). Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a Sitka alder/

ladyfern plant association for midmontane northeastern 

Oregon. Other floristically similar types include: Sitka 

alder/drooping woodreed, mountain alder/ladyfern, and 

red-osier dogwood/brook saxifrage (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997); Sitka alder (Hansen et al. 1995).

Sitka Alder/Drooping Woodreed Plant Association

Alnus sinuata/Cinna latifolia

SW2112 ALSI3/CILA2 N = 2

The Sitka alder/drooping woodreed plant association 

occurred in U-shaped valleys of low (1 to 3 percent) to 

moderate gradient (4 to 5 percent) between 1677 and 1829 

m elevation. The plant association occurred on a lowgradient (2 percent) wet floodplain and a moderate-gradient 

(4 percent) seep. Soils were poorly drained loams and 

sandy loams over gravels. Redoximorphic features always 

occurred within 60 cm of the soil surface suggesting that 

the soil profile is saturated for at least part of the growing 

season. The floodplain soil water table ranged from the soil 

surface early in the summer to >64 cm near the end of the 

growing season. The water table at the seep remained at or 

near the surface (18 cm) throughout the growing season. 

Soil great groups were Udifluvents and Endoaquents, 

respectively. Sitka alder (avg. 85 percent) forms a thick 

shrub layer enveloping a diverse array of mesic forbs and 

grasses including drooping woodreed (avg. 15 percent). 

A close look at the herbaceous layer might unveil Lyall’s 

angelica, fragrant bedstraw, slender bog orchid, purple 

monkeyflower, fivestamen miterwort, arrowleaf groundsel, 

and tall mannagrass. Sitka alder converts airborne nitrogen 

into biologically useful forms resulting in the nutrientrich soils related to this and other alder types. Drooping 

woodreed is of limited value as forage for livestock (Crowe 

and Clausnitzer 1997). The Sitka alder/drooping woodreed 

plant association provides important habitat for songbirds 

and amphibians. The Sitka alder/drooping woodreed 

plant association has been described for midmontane 

northeastern Oregon riparian zones and wetlands by 

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997). Other floristically similar 

types include Sitka alder/mesic forb, mountain alder/tall 

mannagrass, and currants/drooping woodreed (Crowe 

and Clausnitzer 1997).
100 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOUNTAIN ALDER SERIES

Mountain Alder/Ladyfern Plant Association

Alnus incana/Athyrium filix-femina

SW2116 ALIN2/ATFI N = 3

Physical environment—

The mountain alder/ladyfern plant association occurred 

on a variety of landforms including a seasonal channel, 

a spring, and a gravel bar exclusively in the WenahaTucannon and North Fork Umatilla Wilderness. Elevations 

ranged from 700 to 1000 m. Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) 

described this type occurring at moderate elevations 

(avg. 1273 m). Valleys ranged from low (1 to 3 percent) to 

moderate (4 to 5 percent) gradient, flat and V- and troughshaped. Sample site slopes were always low (1 percent). 

Soils were poorly drained, with low available water capacity 

(1 to 7 cm/m) and high percentage of rock fragments. Soil 

textures ranged from water-worked gravels to silt loams 

over loams and loamy sands. Redoximorphic features were 

rare. Water flows over the surface during spring and early 

summer, and the soil profile remains moist/wet year round.

Vegetation composition—

Mountain alder forms a dense tall shrub layer along with 

red-osier dogwood, stinking currant and prickly currant. 

Coniferous species from adjacent plant communities 

sometimes shade this association.

Ladyfern, always present, is joined by a diverse chorus 

of herbaceous species that may include largeleaf avens, 

common cowparsnip, seep monkeyflower, arrowleaf 

groundsel, starry false Solomon’s seal, tall mannagrass, 

Dewey sedge, and common horsetail.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: 

PSME/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: PSME/mixed shrub.

Landform environment (n = 3) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 894 744–976

Plot slope (percent) 1 NA

Aspect Mostly southerly

Valley environment (n = 3) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–5

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–300

Valley aspect Mostly southerly

Soil surface cover (n = 3) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 10 0–20

Bare ground 5 0–10

Gravel 0 0–1

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 61 35–83

Moss 23 5–40

Soil profile characteristics (n = 3)

Parent material Alluvium

Great group(s) Endoaquents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 35–83

Rock fragments (percent) 64 27–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 4 1–7

pH (n = 2) 7.73 6.97–8.48

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 9

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 33

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–8

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 0–9

Texture(s)a SIL, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 20–>65

Texture(s)a L, SL, LS

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Management considerations—

Mountain alder is a nitrogen-fixing, early colonizing 

species, able to withstand long-term anaerobic conditions 

(USDA NRCS 2002b). Mountain alder provides shade, 

soil stability, and nitrogen-rich litter to streams and rivers 

but is of limited value to wild and domestic ungulates as 

a browse species. Ladyfern contains filicic acid and may 

be poisonous to some classes of livestock (Walkup 1991). 

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 101

MOUNTAIN ALDER SERIES

The mountain alder/ladyfern plant association is of limited 

forage value to livestock.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

ALIN2 Mountain alder Alnus incana 100 82 60 100

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 100 10 5 20

RIHU Northern black currant Ribes hudsonianum 67 23 5 40

RILA Prickly currant Ribes lacustre 67 4 2 5

Forbs:

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 67 10 10 10

GATR2 Threepetal bedstraw Galium trifidum 67 3 1 5

GEMA4 Largeleaf avens Geum macrophyllum 100 6 3 10

HELA4 Common cowparsnip Heracleum lanatum 100 9 5 15

MIGU Seep monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus 67 1 1 1

MOCO4 Heartleaf minerslettuce Montia cordifolia 100 19 3 30

RAUN Woodland buttercup Ranunculus uncinatus 67 5 5 5

RUOC2 Western coneflower Rudbeckia occidentalis 67 3 2 3

SETR Arrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis 67 1 1 1

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 67 10 5 15

STAM2 Claspleaf twistedstalk Streptopus amplexifolius 67 4 3 5

TITR Threeleaf foamflower Tiarella trifoliata 67 6 2 10

URDI Stinging nettle Urtica dioica 67 3 3 3

Grasses:

FESU Bearded fescue Festuca subulata 67 20 5 35

GLEL Tall mannagrass Glyceria elata 67 16 2 30

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 100 30 10 50

Ferns and horsetails:

ATFI Ladyfern Athyrium filix-femina 100 17 5 25

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 100 5 1 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a mountain 

alder/ladyfern plant association for midmontane northeastern Oregon riparian areas and wetlands.

Floristically similar types include: red-osier dogwood/

ladyfern (p. 121), mountain alder/Dewey sedge (p. 105); 

Sitka alder/ladyfern, mountain alder/Dewey sedge (Crowe 

and Clausnitzer 1997).
102 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOUNTAIN ALDER SERIES

Mountain Alder–Red-Osier Dogwood/Mesic Forb Plant Association

Alnus incana-Cornus stolonifera/mesic forb

SW2216 ALIN2-COST4/MESIC FORB N = 3

Physical environment—

The mountain alder–red-osier dogwood/mesic forb plant 

association occurred on low-elevation (726 to 1189 m) 

floodplains throughout the Wenaha-Tucannon and North 

Fork Umatilla Wilderness. Valleys ranged from low (1 to 

3 percent) to moderate (4 to 5 percent), V-, and troughshaped. Sample site slopes were slightly steeper than those 

of ALIN2/ATFI ranging between 1 and 3 percent (avg. 

2 percent). Soils ranged from cobbles to very-extremely 

gravelly/cobbly loams and loamy sands over silt loams and 

cobbles. Annual flood/scour events are typical at these sites 

during peak runoff.

Vegetation composition—

Mountain alder and red-osier dogwood compose a doghair tall shrub layer. Other shrubs include common snowberry and Lewis’ mock orange. Moister versions of this 

type may also include prickly currant in the tall shrub layer. 

Grand fir seedlings may inhabit the understory layers.

Common horsetail is always present in the typically 

sparse understory. Common cowparsnip, largeleaf avens, 

Lyall’s angelica, blue wildrye, and Dewey sedge are some 

of the more common herbaceous species present. Ladyfern, 

small-fruit bulrush, and inflated sedge occur rarely 

(constancy <40 percent) and at low abundance (<5 percent) 

in the wettest portions of the landform. The mountain 

alder–red-osier dogwood plant association is generally 

drier than the mountain alder/ladyfern and mountain 

alder/tall mannagrass plant associations.

Landform environment (n = 3) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 986 726–1189

Plot slope (percent) 2 1–3 

Aspect Mostly southerly

Valley environment (n = 3) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–5

Valley width (m) 100–300 10–300

Valley aspect Mostly southerly

Soil surface cover (n = 3) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–5

Bare ground 10 1–15

Gravel 6 2–10

Rock 18 5–25

Bedrock 0

Litter 35 5–50

Moss 28 0–80

Soil profile characteristics (n = 3)

Parent material Alluvium

Great group(s) Udifluvents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 47–77

Rock fragments (percent) 63 41–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 4 1–5

pH (n = 2) 6.11 5.84–6.37

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 0–12

Texture(s)a L, LS, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 40–>65

Texture(s)a SL, LS, cobble

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 103

MOUNTAIN ALDER SERIES

Management considerations—

Mountain alder is a nitrogen-fixing, early colonizing 

species, able to withstand long-term anaerobic conditions 

(USDA NRCS 2002b). Mountain alder and red-osier dogwood provide shade, soil stability, and nutrient-rich litter to 

streams and rivers, but mountain alder is of limited value 

to wild and domestic ungulates as a browse species. 

Red-osier dogwood, on the other hand, is relatively 

unpalatable to livestock but will be browsed when 

more desirable forage species are lacking (Crowe and 

Clausnitzer, 1997). Mule deer are heavy browsers of leaves 

and sprouts of red-osier dogwood in summer and light 

browsers in fall and winter. Elk browse red-osier dogwood 

in winter. See Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997: 135) for more 

details regarding management consideration for the mountain alder–red-osier dogwood/mesic forb plant association.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Understory trees:

ABGR Grand fir Abies grandis 67 6 1 10

Shrubs:

ALIN2 Mountain alder Alnus incana 100 75 25 100

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 100 45 35 60

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 67 23 15 30

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 67 35 30 40

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 67 18 5 30

Forbs:

ACRU2 Red baneberry Actaea rubra 67 1 1 1

ANAR3 Lyall’s angelica Angelica arguta 67 3 1 5

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 67 6 1 10

GEMA4 Largeleaf avens Geum macrophyllum 67 2 1 2

HELA4 Common cowparsnip Heracleum lanatum 67 2 1 3

MECI3 Tall fringed bluebells Mertencia ciliata 67 8 1 15

MOCO4 Heartleaf minerslettuce Montia cordifolia 67 8 1 15

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 67 2 1 3

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 67 3 1 4

Sedges and other grasslikes 

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 67 12 3 20

Ferns and horsetails:

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 100 6 2 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently 

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a mountain 

alder–red-osier dogwood/mesic forb plant association for 

midmontane riparian areas of northeastern Oregon.

Floristically similar types include mountain alder/Dewey 

sedge (p. 105); mountain alder/Dewey sedge, mountain 

alder/common snowberry (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
104 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOUNTAIN ALDER SERIES

Miscellaneous Mountain Alder Types

Mountain Alder/Tall Mannagrass Plant Association

Alnus incana/Glyceria elata

SW2215 ALIN2/GLEL N = 2

The mountain alder/tall mannagrass plant association 

occurred in the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness on 

a moderate-gradient (3 percent) floodplain and steep 

headwater spring (12 percent) between 1921 and 2287 m. 

Soils were typically moderately deep (50 to 100 cm) to deep 

(>100 cm) to the water table, and redoximorphic features 

were common. Annual flooding is common during peak 

runoff, and the soils remain moist/wet throughout the 

growing season. Soil great groups were Cryofluvents and 

Endoaqualfs.

Mountain alder (avg. 90 percent) forms a thick tall shrub 

layer sometimes accompanied by stinking currant (avg. 35 

percent). Tall mannagrass (avg. 19 percent) is always present 

along with common cowparsnip, arrowleaf groundsel, and 

common horsetail. Muskflower, drooping woodreed, and 

big-leaved sedge may occur in the wettest portions of the 

landform. Tall mannagrass is a rhizomatous grass, with 

high tolerance for anaerobic conditions, low drought and 

fire tolerance, and high palatability to wild and domestic 

ungulates. Given the low average cover of tall mannagrass 

in this association, the forage potential is limited. Crowe 

and Clausnitzer (1997) described a mountain alder/tall 

mannagrass plant association for midmontane northeastern 

Oregon. Other floristically similar types include willow/

mesic forb, currants/tall mannagrass, Sitka alder/drooping 

woodreed (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).

Mountain Alder/Common Horsetail Plant Association

Alnus incana/Equisetum arvense

SW2117 ALIN2/EQAR N = 1

The mountain alder/common horsetail plant association 

occurred along a narrow (about 3 m wide), moderately 

steep (5 percent) streambank, along Big Wall Creek in the 

Umatilla National Forest at 854 m elevation. Soils were 

cobbly loams over extremely cobbly sands and cobbles. 

Soils were Endoaquents. At the time of sampling (late June), 

the water table was lower than 50 cm, but signs of spring 

flooding were evident.

Mountain alder (90 percent) forms a thick tall shrub layer 

strongly overhanging the stream channel. Common horsetail (25 percent) is always present in the diverse herbaceous 

layer. Wet species such as tall mannagrass, Creeping 

spikerush, arrowleaf groundsel, and American speedwell occur along the stream edge, whereas drier species 

including pioneer violet, woodland buttercup, and western 

mountain aster occur higher on the streambank.

Common horsetail slows floodwaters, reduces erosion, 

and improves water quality for salmonid species by acting as a nutrient and sediment filter. Crowe and Clausnitzer 

(1997) described a mountain alder/common horsetail plant 

association for midmontane riparian zones and wetlands 

of the Blue Mountains.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 105

MOUNTAIN ALDER SERIES

Mountain Alder–Common Snowberry Plant Association

Alnus incana-Symphoricarpos albus

SW2211 ALIN2-SYAL N = 1

The mountain alder-common snowberry plant association 

occurred on a low-gradient (1 percent) floodplain of the 

North Fork Asotin Creek in the Umatilla National Forest at 

854 m elevation. Soils were silt loam and sandy loam over 

gravel and had a shallow water table (33 cm). Soils were 

Udifluvents.

Mountain alder (30 percent) and common snowberry 

(55 percent) head the lineup of a diverse shrub layer including water birch, oceanspray, red-osier dogwood, Lewis’ 

mock orange, and prickly currant. The herbaceous layer 

consists of a number of mesic forbs and grasses including 

pioneer violet, heartleaf minerslettuce, threepetal bedstraw, 

enchanter’s nightshade, heartleaf arnica, and drooping 

woodreed.

Common snowberry will resprout from rootstock 

following fire, but fire is rare in this moist association. 

Common snowberry is a highly palatable and much 

preferred browse species for wild and domestic ungulates. 

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a mountain aldercommon snowberry plant association for midmontane 

riparian zones and wetlands of the Blue Mountains.

Mountain Alder/Dewey Sedge Plant Community Type

Alnus incana/Carex deweyana

SW2118 ALIN2/CADE9 N = 2

The mountain alder/Dewey sedge plant community 

type occurred on a low-gradient (1 percent) cobble bar 

and streamside spring in the Wenaha-Tucannon wilderness between 823 and 884 m elevation. The soil surface is 

flooded in the spring but typically dries up following spring 

runoff. Soils ranged from cobbles to organic loams and 

silt-loams.

Mountain alder (88 percent) forms a dense tall shrub 

layer accompanied by red-osier dogwood, and thimbleberry. 

The herbaceous layer consists of a number of mesic forbs 

and grasses, including Dewey sedge (8 percent), heartleaf 

minerslettuce, common cowparsnip, stinging nettle, and 

ladyfern in the wettest portions of the landform.

The duration and extent of soil water retention represent 

the key environmental factors that distinguish ALIN2/

GLEL from ALIN/CADE9. Unlike tall mannagrass, 

Dewey sedge has low tolerance for anaerobic soil conditions, but is moderately drought tolerant (USDA NRCS 

2002b). Dewey sedge, a tuft-forming species, is fire tolerant, 

and will regenerate strongly after light/moderate ground 

fires. Dewey sedge is of low forage value to domestic and 

wild ungulates. Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described 

a mountain alder/Dewey sedge plant community type 

for mid-montane riparian zones and wetlands of the Blue 

Mountains. Other floristically similar types include mountain alder–red-osier dogwood/mesic forb (p. 102), mountain 

alder/ladyfern (p. 100), red-osier dogwood/ladyfern (p. 121); 

mountain alder–red-osier dogwood/mesic forb (Crowe and 

Clausnitzer 1997).
106 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Water Birch/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

Betula occidentalis/mesic forb

SW3112 BEOC2/MESIC FORB N = 13

Physical environment—

The water birch/mesic forb plant community type 

was found on floodplains, terraces, steep streambanks, 

and swales between 402 and 1006 m in stream valleys 

throughout Hells Canyon. Plot WW4801, was found on a 

floodplain at 1723 m in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. Canyons 

were typically V- or trough-shaped and low (1 to 3 percent) 

to high (6 to 8 percent) gradient. Soils were typically welldrained very to extremely gravelly/cobbly sands to silt 

loams, but also included rocky alluvium with very little 

soil development. Annual flooding in spring was common, 

and the water table remains within the rooting zone of 

water birch for much of the year.

Vegetation composition—

Clumps of water birch, the branches reaching skyward, 

form a dense canopy over a diversity of shrub species 

including Lewis’ mock orange, chokecherry, Rocky 

Mountain maple, black hawthorn, common snowberry, 

netleaf hackberry, red-osier dogwood, alder-leaved 

buckthorn, and blue elderberry. Poison ivy can often 

be found in the lower shrub layer.

A rich herbaceous layer may include enchanter’s 

nightshade, mountain sweetcicely, starry false Solomon’s 

seal, stinging nettle, blue wildrye, Dewey sedge, and 

scouringrush horsetail. Weedy species, including chervil, 

cleavers, perfoliated minerslettuce, cheatgrass, ripgut 

brome, Kentucky bluegrass, and common chickweed, 

are often found in the herbaceous layer at the expense 

of the above-mentioned species.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Terraces and floodplains: CRDO2/MESIC FORB, 

SYAL. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: CERE2/AGSP, AGSP/ASCU5, RHGL/

AGSP, CELE3, GLNE/AGSP, FEID/KOCR, 

ARTRV/AGSP, and various other AGSP types.

Landform environment (n = 13) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 676 402–1723

Plot slope (percent) 10 <1–40 

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 13) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–>8

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–>300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 13) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–15

Bare ground 8 0–45

Gravel 9 0–70

Rock 13 0–60

Bedrock 0

Litter 58 25–95

Moss 7 0–40

Soil profile characteristics (n = 11)

Parent material Serpentine, basalt, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Ustifluvents, Udifluvents, Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 42–91

Rock fragments (percent) 49 5–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 6 1–14

pH (n = 8) 6.99 6.13–8.48

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 42

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 8

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–10

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 2–>50

Texture(s)a L, LS, SI, SIL, SL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 31–58

Texture(s)a L, LS, S, SCL, SL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 107

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Management considerations—

The relatively open understory of the water birch/mesic 

forb plant community type makes this type highly preferred 

by cattle for forage, resting, and shade. Overuse is common, 

and in a similar trend, overgrazing of the water birch/

mixed mesic forb plant association results in weedy species prevailing within the herbaceous and low shrub layers. 

Lacking the thick shrub layer common to other shrub types 

in the canyon country, streambanks are highly susceptible 

to erosion and damage from trampling. Forage values are 

typically low (<168 kg/ha) for this association in its present state, but the potential exists for increasing forage value 

given proper grazing management. Managers and landowners may want to consider a few years rest from grazing followed by short-term grazing in spring and early summer.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Water birch/mesic forb types have been described 

for riparian/wetland sites of midmontane northeastern Oregon (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), southwestern 

Idaho (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001), Nevada and eastern 

California (Manning and Padgett 1995), and Utah and 

southeastern Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989).

Floristically similar types include black cottonwood/

mountain alder–red-osier dogwood (p. 102); white alder/

water birch (Crawford, 2003).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 46 14 5 30

BEOC2 Water birch Betula occidentalis 100 72 30 95

CERE2 Netleaf hackberry Celtis reticulata 46 11 1 25

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 46 13 1 30

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 92 16 1 40

PRVI Chokecherry Prunus virginiana 53 9 1 40

RHRA6 Poison ivy Rhus radicans 76 13 1 40

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 46 9 2 25

Forbs:

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 69 18 1 55

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 69 16 3 50

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 46 15 1 60

TAOF Dandelion Taraxacum officinale 46 1 1 3

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 46 8 1 25

Ferns and horsetails:

EQHY Scouringrush horsetail Equisetum hyemale 46 8 1 40

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.
108 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Red-Osier Dogwood Plant Association

Cornus stolonifera

SW5112 COST4 N = 9

Physical environment—

The red-osier dogwood plant association was found on 

steep, rocky floodplains and streambanks throughout the 

lower elevations of the study area. Sample sites occurred in 

mostly moderate (4 to 5 percent) to very steep (>8 percent) 

gradient, V-shaped valleys. Often soils were undeveloped, 

usually consisting of alluvial gravels and cobbles and sometimes covered with a thin (<30 cm) veneer of sand or loam. 

More developed soils were typically well-drained, shallow 

(<50 cm), very gravelly/cobbly sandy loams to silt loams 

overlying cobble/boulder beds. The water table is within the 

rooting zone of red-osier dogwood throughout most of the 

year.

Vegetation composition—

A rich shrub layer featuring red-osier dogwood is often 

accompanied by Rocky Mountain maple, Lewis’ mock 

orange, thimbleberry, water birch, and prickly currant. 

Various coniferous seedlings may be found scattered in 

the understory.

The sparse herbaceous layer might include Fendler’s 

waterleaf, common cowparsnip, enchanter’s nightshade, 

Canadian white violet, western meadow-rue, blue wildrye, 

tall mannagrass, and horsetails.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: 

CERE2, ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB, 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN, 

and PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN. 

Adjacent upland types: 

Sideslopes: PSME/HODI, ABGR/ACGL–PHMA5, 

ABGR/CARU, and various AGSP types.

Landform environment (n = 9) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 793 424–1128

Plot slope (percent) 10 1–35 

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 9) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) >8 1–5, >8

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–100

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 9) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 5 0–30

Bare ground 10 0–60

Gravel 3 0–10

Rock 8 0–20

Bedrock 0

Litter 27 2–76

Moss 43 <1–90

Soil profile characteristics (n = 9)

Parent material Basalt, alluvium

Great group(s) Endoaquents, Endoaquepts, Udifluvents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–78

Rock fragments (percent) 54 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 7 1–17

pH (n = 6) 6.99 5.6–7.6

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 41

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 11

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–19

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 8–18

Texture(s)a L, SIL, SL, cobble, gravel

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 2–>28

Texture(s)a LS, SICL, SIL, SL, cobble, gravel

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 109

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Management considerations—

Total dry herbaceous biomass ranged from 112 to 2576 

(avg. 1187) kg/ha. The range of herbaceous biomass is 

obviously highly variable and depends on the density of 

the red-osier dogwood canopy, the gradient of the site, and 

the soil texture (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997). Red-osier 

dogwood is relatively unpalatable to livestock but will be 

browsed when more desirable forage species are lacking. 

Mule deer are heavy browsers of leaves and sprouts of redosier dogwood in summer and light browsers in fall and 

winter. Elk browse red-osier dogwood in winter.

Red-osier dogwood is an important early colonizer species on rocky bars and streambanks throughout its range. 

The red-osier dogwood association buffers the effects of 

flooding on streambanks thus reducing erosion, and provides shade and high-quality litter to the stream channel. 

See Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997: 152) for more details 

regarding management consideration for the red-osier 

dogwood plant association.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Although a variety of red-osier dogwood types have been 

described for adjacent riparian areas (see below) the redosier dogwood association described above is more similar 

(based on ordering a Bray/Curtis similarity matrix) to other 

shrub types (red-osier dogwood/ladyfern, Rocky Mountain 

maple/mountain sweetcicely, mountain alder/Dewey sedge, 

thimbleberry, mallow ninebark) described in this classification than it is to red-osier dogwood types from surrounding classifications, including the red-osier dogwood types 

described for midmontane riparian zones and wetlands of 

the Blue Mountains found in Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997). 

This suggests that although red-osier dogwood is a widespread species, the particular assemblage of plants that make 

up the red-osier dogwood association are unique, most likely 

a result of the large number of sample plots that were located 

in the environmentally distinct Hells Canyon.

Red-osier dogwood types from adjacent riparian and 

wetland classifications include Pacific willow/red-osier dogwood (Crawford 2003); red-osier dogwood plant association, 

red-osier dogwood/brook saxifrage (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997); red-osier dogwood plant association (Diaz and 

Mellon 1996); red-osier dogwood community type (Hansen 

et al. 1995); red-osier dogwood plant association, red-osier 

dogwood (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001); red-osier dogwood/common snowberry, red-osier dogwood/mesic forb, 

red-osier dogwood/ladyfern, red-osier dogwood/horsetail 

(Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004); Cornus sericea (red-osier 

dogwood) community type, Cornus sericea-Salix community type (Manning and Padgett 1995); Cornus stolonifera

(red-osier dogwood)/Heracleum lanatum (common cow

parsnip) (Padgett et al., 1995); Cornus stolonifera/

Heracleum lanatum; Cornus stolonifera/Galium triflorum 

(fragrant bedstraw) (Youngblood et al. 1985).

Floristically similar types include red-osier dogwood/

brook saxifrage, western serviceberry (Crowe and 

Clausnitzer 1997); red-osier dogwood/ladyfern, Rocky 

Mountain maple, common snowberry (Kovalchik and 

Clausnitzer 2004).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum Torr. 66 10 1 15

COST4 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera 100 52 21 100

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 66 10 5 12

RUPA Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus 44 30 1 50

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 44 21 2 40

Forbs:

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 55 7 1 15

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 33 1 1 1

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 33 2 1 3

Ferns and horsetails:

EQHY Scouringrush horsetail Equisetum hyemale 66 3 1 7

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.
110 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Black Hawthorn/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

Crataegus douglasii/mesic forb

SW3111 CRDO2/MESIC FORB N = 17

Physical environment—

The black hawthorn/mesic forb plant community type 

was found on low to midelevation (579 to 1232 m) floodplains, terraces, steep streambanks, and a moist meadow. 

Valley types included low (1 to 3 percent) to high (6 to 8 

percent) gradient V- and trough-shaped and flat canyons. 

Landform slope ranged from 1 to 6 percent on floodplains, 

terraces, and meadows to 4 to 85 percent on streambanks. 

Soils were poorly drained to moderately well drained, 

gravelly/cobbly loams and silt loams in the surface layers 

to loams and clays in the subsurface layers. Water flows 

over the surface most or part of the year, and the soil profile 

remains moist/wet for the entire growing season. Black 

hawthorn, a drought-intolerant species, requires slightly 

higher soil moisture content or less intense solar radiation 

exposure than common snowberry, a more drought-tolerant 

species.

Vegetation composition—

Black hawthorn forms a tangled tall shrub layer with 

common snowberry frequently present. Other shrub species 

sometimes present at low abundance include Lewis’ mock 

orange, western serviceberry, Rocky Mountain maple, 

mallow ninebark, currants, and poison ivy.

A diverse understory of mesic forbs and grasses includes 

enchanter’s nightshade, blue wildrye, mountain sweetcicely, 

Canadian white violet, Dewey sedge, and scouringrush 

horsetail. Heavy grazing may lead to the prevalence 

of weedy species such as cleavers, chervil, perfoliated 

minerslettuce, dandelion, and lesser burdock.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: PSME/ACGL-PHMA–

 FLOODPLAIN and ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PIPO/SYAL, ABGR/ACGL, and 

various bluebunch wheatgrass types.

Landform environment (n = 17) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 830 579–1232

Plot slope (percent) 8 <1–85

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 17) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 1–>8 

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–>300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 17) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–15 

Bare ground 5 0–60

Gravel 0

Rock 2 0–5

Bedrock 0

Litter 75 39–95

Moss 16 0–47

Soil profile characteristics (n = 17)

Parent material Mazama ash, basalt, alluvium

Great group(s) Endoaquands, Haplustolls, Hapludalfs, 

 Haplustands, Ustifluvents, Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 23–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 15 0–36

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 12 6–19

pH (n = 15) 6.48 5.11–7.01

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 25–45

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 18

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–7

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 9–81

Texture(s)a C, L, LS, S, SICL, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 26–>79

Texture(s)a C, CL, L, LS, S, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 111

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Management considerations—

Black hawthorn foliage is readily eaten by livestock 

although stout thorns discourage heavy browsing (Habeck 

1991). Common snowberry is browsed by deer, elk, and 

cattle. It is a nutritious species for cattle late in the season 

but probably sustains the least damage if grazed in spring. 

Common snowberry reproduces by rhizomes and can 

increase or decrease following heavy grazing depending 

on the season and yearly moisture condition (Snyder 1991). 

Mallow ninebark is little browsed by livestock and wild 

ungulates (Habeck 1992).

Although the aboveground parts of black hawthorn are 

killed by even low-intensity fires, some plants may survive 

and resprout from the root crown. Fire can be used to reduce 

or contain a black hawthorn population (Habeck 1991). 

Fires of low to moderate intensity will generally cause 

snowberry to sprout vigorously from its rhizomes. Severe 

fires may kill snowberry plants (Snyder 1991). Mallow 

ninebark is fire resistant and will resprout vigorously from 

horizontal rhizomes following fire (Habeck 1992).

Black hawthorn is a valuable source of food and cover for 

wildlife. Fruits are eaten by blue and sharp-tailed grouse, 

mule deer, and small mammals. The dense branching in 

a hawthorn thicket provides good nesting for black-billed 

magpies and thrushes, long-eared owls, and other birds. 

Mice, voles, deer, and birds use hawthorn for hiding and 

thermal cover (Habeck 1991). Snowberry provides good 

nesting cover for small mammals and many birds, including 

ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and various songbirds. The 

fruits are eaten by quail, pheasant, grouse, and other 

animals (Snyder 1991). (The above three paragraphs were 

taken from Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997.)

Total dry herbaceous biomass ranged from 112 to 2577 

(avg. 1077) kg/ha. The black hawthorn/mixed mesic forb 

plant community type often occupy long narrow, stretches 

along streams on the benchlands of Hells Canyon providing 

important travel corridors, bedding, feeding, and watering sites for wildlife in an otherwise harsh and forbidding 

environment.

The black hawthorn/mesic forb plant association has the 

potential to shift to the common snowberry plant association given a reduction in soil moisture combined with 

fire. Intense shading and dense thickets can result in black 

hawthorn inhabiting these sites for long periods, often until 

a disturbance event, such as a fire, shifts the competitive 

advantage to other species.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) saturated to temporarily flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crawford (2003) described two black hawthorn types 

for the Columbia River basin: black hawthorn/common 

snowberry and black hawthorn/Woods’ rose. Crowe and 

Clausnitzer (1997) described a black hawthorn type for the 

midmontane wetlands of the Blue Mountains in Oregon. 

Lastly, Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described a black 

hawthorn/Douglas spirea type for eastern Washington.

Floristically similar types include Rocky Mountain maple 

(p. 114).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 100 86 40 100

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 70 11 1 25

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 94 20 1 50

Forbs:

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 64 44 1 90

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 64 9 1 50

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 82 21 1 70

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 82 16 1 60

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 52 11 3 30

VICA4 Canadian white violet Viola canadensis 41 11 1 50

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 58 18 1 85

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CADE9 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana 41 10 1 40

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.
112 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Common Snowberry Plant Community Type

Symphoricarpos albus

SM3110 SYAL N = 6

Physical environment—

The common snowberry plant community type occurred 

on floodplains and terraces throughout the deep canyons of 

the study area (400 to 1200 m). Valley types included low (1 

to 3 percent) to high (6 to 8 percent) gradient V- and troughshaped and flat canyons. Soils are moderately well-drained 

gravelly/cobbly sands and loams in the surface layers to 

loams and silty-clay loams in the subsurface layers. The soil 

surface is flooded in the spring but typically dries up following spring runoff. Subsurface soils do not retain significant amounts of moisture throughout the year. Sample sites 

occurred in areas fully exposed to intense solar radiation.

Vegetation composition—

Common snowberry monopolizes the tall shrub layer and 

may occasionally be overtopped by tall shrub species at low 

abundance including black hawthorn, Lewis’ mock orange, 

Wood’s rose, oceanspray, Rocky Mountain maple, netleaf 

hackberry, and mallow ninebark. The shrub layer is often so 

thick that regeneration of conifers is rare.

Cleavers is always found in the typically sparse understory, and is often accompanied by enchanter’s nightshade, 

starry false Solomon’s seal, mountain sweetcicely, brittle 

bladderfern, common cowparsnip, Canada thistle, chervil, 

Kentucky bluegrass, and Dewey sedge.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: CERE2, 

POTR15/ALIN2-COST4, CRDO2/MESIC FORB, 

EQAR, and ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PSME/ACGL-PHMA5, PIPO/AGSP, 

various AGSP types.

Landform environment (n = 6) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 817 442–1223

Plot slope (percent) 3 1–7

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 6) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 1–8

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–>300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 6) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 13 0–75

Gravel 0

Rock 7 0–15

Bedrock 0

Litter 64 15–95

Moss 16 0–60

Soil profile characteristics (n = 6)

Parent material Alluvium

Great group(s) Hapludalfs, Udifluvents, Ustifluvents, 

 Udorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 91–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 26 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 11 1–15

pH (n = 5) 6.45 5.63–7.25

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–6

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 5–9

Texture(s)a L, S, SCL, SL, cobbly loam

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 5–>26

Texture(s)a CL, L, LS, SICL, SL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 113

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Management considerations—

Common snowberry is a highly palatable and much 

preferred browse species for wild and domestic ungulates, especially later in the season (USDA NRCS 2002b). 

However, overuse of the common snowberry floodplain 

plant association can result in weedy species such as 

cleavers, chervil, Kentucky bluegrass, Canada thistle, and 

perfoliated minerslettuce overtaking the herbaceous layer. 

Common snowberry reproduces mainly by rhizomes and 

may increase or decrease following heavy grazing, depending on the season and moisture conditions of the soil (Crowe 

and Clausnitzer 1997).

High-intensity fires may kill common snowberry, whereas 

low to moderate fires tend to cause vigorous resprouting 

from rhizomes. The thick shrub layer and abundant berries 

provide nesting and feeding habitat for songbirds and small 

mammals. Intense shading by snowberry and dense thickets 

can result in common snowberry occupying these sites for 

long periods, often until a disturbance event, such as a fire 

or flood, shifts the competitive advantage to other species.

The common snowberry plant community type has 

the potential to shift to black hawthorn/mixed mesic forb 

given an increase in soil moisture content combined with 

disturbance. Conversely, the black hawthorn/mixed mesic 

forb plant association has the potential to shift to the 

common snowberry plant association given a reduction 

in soil moisture combined with moderate-intensity fire. 

Possible successional trajectories include PSME/SYAL, 

PIPO/SYAL, POTR15/SHRUB, CRDO2/MESIC FORB, 

ALIN2-SYAL.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) saturated to temporarily flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described a common 

snowberry community type for eastern Washington.

There are no floristically similar types.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

CRDO2 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 50 9 6 10

HODI Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 50 22 5 40

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 50 28 25 30

ROWO Woods’ rose Rosa woodsii 50 27 2 40

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 100 64 40 90

Forbs:

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 66 12 1 20

CIAR4 Canada thistle Cirsium arvense 50 2 1 3

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 100 9 1 25

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 50 9 3 15

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 50 8 3 10

SMST Starry false Solomon’s seal Smilacina stellata 66 11 5 20

Grasses:

POPR Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 50 6 3 10

Ferns and horsetails:

CYFR2 Brittle bladderfern Cystopteris fragilis 50 5 1 10

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.
114 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Rocky Mountain Maple Plant Community Type

Acer glabrum

HD01 ACGL N = 7

Physical environment—

The Rocky Mountain maple plant community type 

occurred on moderate to steep (2 to 15 percent) terraces, 

streambanks, and abandoned channels throughout the 

lower reaches of the Blue Mountains (524 to 1079 m). 

Valleys were typically moderate (4 to 5 percent) to high 

(6 to 8 percent) gradient and V-shaped or flat. Rocky 

Mountain maple is often found growing up between 

moss-covered boulders with very little soil development. 

When soil development was evident, soils were typically 

well-drained, very to extremely gravelly/cobbly sands to 

loams over boulders.

Vegetation composition—

Rocky Mountain maple forms the tall shrub layer 

and is often accompanied by Lewis’ mock orange at 

low abundance. Western serviceberry, black hawthorn, 

oceanspray, common snowberry, and blue elderberry 

may also be found in the tall shrub layer. White spirea, 

thimbleberry, and poison ivy are characteristic of the low 

shrub layer.

Mountain sweetcicely is usually found in the typically 

sparse herbaceous layer along with enchanter’s nightshade, blue wildrye, Alaska oniongrass, Dewey sedge, 

and scouringrush horsetail. Less common are heartleaf 

arnica, feathery false Solomon’s seal, manyflower tonella, 

and California brome. Disturbance-related species include 

chervil, cleavers, perfoliated minerslettuce, and ripgut 

brome.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Terraces and floodplains: 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN, 

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PIPO/AGSP, ABGR/ACGL, GLNE/AGSP, 

and various bluebunch wheatgrass types.

Landform environment (n = 8) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 745 524–1079

Plot slope (percent) 6 2–15

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 8) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 4–8 

Valley width (m) 10–30 <10–300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 8) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 2 0–10

Gravel 1 0–5

Rock 20 0–65

Bedrock 0

Litter 31 13–70

Moss 45 15–82

Soil profile characteristics (n = 8)

Parent material Basalt, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Haplustands, Udorthents, Ustifluvents, 

 Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) >40

Rock fragments (percent) 60 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 6 1–16

pH (n = 5) 6.30 5.93–7.08

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–6

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 1–5

Texture(s)a L, LS, S, SICL, SIL, SL, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 11–>18

Texture(s)a L, LS, S, SL, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 115

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Management considerations—

Deer and elk will browse at these sites, but the steep 

nature and undulating boulder-strewn surface preclude 

high use by cattle. A variety of birds including rufous-sided 

towhee, Lazuli buntings, winter wrens, and grouse feed on 

the abundant fruits found in the shrub layer. Squirrels and 

chipmunks feed on the winged seeds of Rocky Mountain 

maple. Rocky Mountain maple is fire tolerant and will 

resprout vigorously from rootstocks following fires (USDA 

NRCS 2002b). Flooding is rare, and fire may represent the 

most important natural disturbance influencing these sites. 

Light ground fires, not livestock grazing, may be the principal disturbance factor leading to the establishment of weedy 

species in the herbaceous layer of steeper sites. Possible 

successional trajectories include PSME/ACGL-PHMA5-

SYAL and ABGR/ACGL.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently 

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described a Rocky 

Mountain maple series for eastern Washington that features 

a variety of Rocky Mountain maple known as Douglas 

Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum Torr. var. douglasii 

(Hook.) Dippel). The Douglas Rocky Mountain maple 

series is similar environmentally to the Rocky Mountain 

maple plant community type.

Floristically similar types include black hawthorn/

mesic forb (p. 110), thimbleberry (p. 123).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

ACGL Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 100 74 20 100

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 87 23 10 35

SYAL Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 50 10 2 20

Forbs:

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 50 30 3 70

CIAL Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina 50 2 1 3

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 75 16 2 40

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 87 10 1 25

OSCH Mountain sweetcicely Osmorhiza chilensis 75 8 3 15

Grasses:

ELGL Blue wildrye Elymus glaucus 62 3 2 5

MESU Alaska oniongrass Melica subulata 50 5 1 10

Ferns and horsetails:

EQHY Scouringrush horsetail Equisetum hyemale 50 2 1 3

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.
116 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Netleaf Hackberry/Brome Plant Community Type

Celtis reticulata/Bromus spp.

SD5612 CERE2/BROMU N = 14

Physical environment—

The netleaf hackberry/brome plant community type is 

very common on low-elevation (393 to 643 m) terraces of 

Hells Canyon. Sample sites were typically located near the 

mouths of tributary streams as they flowed into the Snake 

River. Valleys were typically low (1 to 3 percent) to very 

high (6 to 8 percent) gradient and V-, trough-, or boxshaped. Soils were well drained, rocky, and moderately 

coarse textured. A typical soil might consist of an organic 

horizon (0 to 30 cm) over a thin (<10 cm) loamy surface 

horizon, below which is a deep (20 to 100 cm), very 

gravelly/cobbly loam subsurface layer often ending in 

bedrock or boulders. The water table, although deep, 

remains available to hackberry throughout the year.

Vegetation composition—

Netleaf hackberry creates a thick overstory layer with 

Lewis’ mock orange thoughout. Chokecherry, blue elderberry, oceanspray, common snowberry, and black hawthorn 

may also occur in the tall shrub layer. Poison ivy and snow 

currant may be found in the low shrub layer.

The herbaceous layer is often completely composed of 

exotic brome grasses, chervil, cleavers, and perfoliated 

minerslettuce. Various native, mesic species often occur 

scattered throughout including mountain sweetcicely, 

waterleaf, manyflower tonella, brodiaea, tapertip onion, 

and blue wildrye.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: ALRH2/SHRUB, SYAL. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: CERE2/AGSP, RHGL/AGSP, GLNE/ASGP, 

AGSP/POSA12, and FEID/AGSP.

Landform environment (n = 14) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 502 393–643

Plot slope (percent) 14 2–54

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 14) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 1–>8 

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–100

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 14) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 0

Gravel 2 0–30

Rock 5 0–30

Bedrock 1 0–6

Litter 83 47–95

Moss 5 0–30

Soil profile characteristics (n = 14)

Parent material Basalt, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Haplustands, Haplustolls, Ustifluvents, 

 Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 70–114

Rock fragments (percent) 42 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 7 1–16

pH (n = 13) 6.76 4.72–7.83

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–30

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 9–56

Texture(s)a CL, L, LS, S, SIL, SL, extremely cobbly

 sandy loam, cobbles

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 8–102

Texture(s)a L, LS, S, SIL, SL, extremely cobbly/

 bouldery sand, cobbles

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 117

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Management considerations—

Johnson and Simon (1987) described a similar plant 

association in uplands sites associated with seepage and on 

stream tearraces of Hells Canyon. The netleaf hackberry/

brome plant community type differs from the netleaf 

hackberry/bluebunch wheatgrass association in that mesic 

shrubs and herbs are present in the former.

These sites tend be heavily impacted by livestock and 

humans because of their location in the riparian zone where 

water availability and a cooler microenvironment temper 

the high summer temperatures. Also, travel is much easier 

along low-gradient canyon bottoms relative to the steep 

sideslopes charateristic of Hells Canyon. Livestock and 

humans take advantage of the shade provided at these sites 

by the thick shrub layer, often the only escape from the sun 

available in the hot, dry lower reaches of Hells Canyon. 

Continual disturbance of the soil surface has perpetuated 

exotic and weedy species such as cheatgrass, chervil, and 

poison ivy.

Fires encourage cheatgrass, which is not only fire tolerant 

but can alter the natural fire cycle, negatively impacting 

native species such as bluebunch wheatgrass (USDA NRCS 

2002b). In the absence of disturbance, these sites would 

most likely resemble the netleaf hackberry/bluebunch 

wheatgrass association of Johnson and Simon (1987) with 

high coverage of mesic rather than xeric forbs and an 

absence of cheatgrass. The netleaf hackberry/brome plant 

community type represents a disclimax association in 

valley bottoms of Hells Canyon.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently 

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Miller (1976) first described a netleaf hackberry community type for Hells Canyon similar to the association 

described above with cheatgrass and a “multitude” of 

disturbance species occupying the understory. JankovskyJones et al. (2001) noted that although no netleaf hackberry 

types were sampled in southwestern Idaho they expected 

such types to occur. Crawford (2003) described a netleaf 

hackberry/Lewis’ mock orange type with cheatgrass always 

found in the understory.

Floristically similar types include Lewis’ mock orange/

mesic forb (p. 118).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

CERE2 Netleaf hackbery Celtis reticulata 100 72 45 95

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 78 23 1 60

RHRA6 Poison ivy Rhus radicans 64 13 5 40

SACE3 Blue elderberry Sambucus cerulea 42 10 1 25

Forbs:

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 92 47 3 85

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 85 25 1 70

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 50 14 5 30

Grasses:

BRRI8 Ripgut brome Bromus rigidus 42 38 5 85

BRTE Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum 35 46 3 85

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.
118 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Lewis’ Mock Orange/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type

Philadelphus lewisii/mesic forb

SM3001 PHLE4/MESIC FORB N = 9

Physical environment—

The Lewis’ mock orange/mesic forb plant community 

type occurred on floodplains, terraces, streambanks, and 

abandoned channels mostly below 762 m (Plot WW5621, 

854 m). Sample sites occurred exclusively in Hells Canyon 

near the mouths of tributaries to the Snake River. Sample 

sites were moderate (4 to 5 percent) to very high (6 to 8 

percent) gradient and mostly V-shaped valleys with troughshaped and flat valleys occurring as well. Soils were excessively drained and ranged from moss-covered boulders to a 

thin veneer of silt loam over cobbles/boulders.

Vegetation composition—

The multiple stems of Lewis’ mock orange create an 

arborlike canopy with scattered netleaf hackberry, Rocky 

Mountain maple, blue elderberry, western serviceberry, and 

red-osier dogwood throughout the tall shrub layer. Poison 

ivy is often found in the low shrub layer.

Mesic species such as common cowparsnip, mountain 

sweetcicely, blue wildrye, Dewey sedge, and scouringrush 

horsetail tend to occur at low constancy and abundance in 

the herbaceous layer. Weedy species prevail at these sites 

including cleavers, chervil, perfoliated minerslettuce, cheatgrass, ripgut brome, and Kentucky bluegrass. Common St. 

Johnswort, an invasive species in Oregon, was found in the 

herbaceous layer of this association. Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: CERE2/BROMU, 

ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PSME/HODI, PIPO/HODI, RHGL/AGSP, 

FEID-AGSP/PHCO10, AGSP-POSA12/PHCO10, 

and other AGSP types.

Landform environment (n = 7) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 540 354–854

Plot slope (percent) 8 2–20

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 7) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 4–5 4–>8 

Valley width (m) <10 >10–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 7) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–10

Bare ground 4 0–20

Gravel 2 0–5

Rock 16 0–40

Bedrock 2 0–10

Litter 53 2–100

Moss 19 0–85

Soil profile characteristics (n = 7)

Parent material Alluvium, colluvium, basalt

Great group(s) Ustifluvents, Ustorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 66–>100

Rock fragments (percent) 64 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 5 1–16

pH (n = 3) 7.13 6.80–7.60

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) NA

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 0

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–5

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 1–8

Texture(s)a L, SIL, SL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 9–>84

Texture(s)a L, LS, SL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 119

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Management considerations—

The Lewis’ mock orange/mixed mesic forb plant community type occurred in stream valleys of Hells Canyon with 

historical or present-day ranching activity including Eureka 

Creek, Downey Gulch, Jones Creek, Pittsburg Creek, 

Hominy Creek, and Two Corral Creek. Lewis’ mock orange 

is a highly palatable browse species for domestic and wild 

ungulates and will resprout from rootstock following low to 

moderate disturbance. Constant trampling has smothered 

out other shrub seedlings at these sites, and perpetuated 

Lewis’ mock orange and poison ivy in a positive feedback 

cycle. The prevalence of weedy herbaceous species is the 

result of past or current overgrazing; mesic forbs were trampled, allowing a competitive advantage to agressive species 

like chervil and cheatgrass. In the absence of grazing, these 

sites would likely have succeeded to netleaf hackberry or 

Rocky Mountain maple plant associations. Lewis’ mock 

orange has low tolerance to fire, but often will resprout from 

rootstock following low- to moderate-intensity fires.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: scrub-shrub wetland

Subclass: broad-leaved deciduous

Water regime: (nontidal) temporarily to intermittently 

flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crawford (2003) described a Lewis’ mockorange/common snowberry type for the Columbia River basin in 

Washington. Jankovsky-Jones (2001) described a Lewis’ 

mock orange association for southwestern Idaho with a 

combination of mesic forbs similar to the Lewis’ mock 

orange/mesic forb plant community type described here.

Floristically similar types include: netleaf hackberry/

brome (p. 116).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

CERE2 Netleaf hackbery Celtis reticulata 66 16 1 35

PHLE4 Lewis’ mock orange Philadelphus lewisii 100 55 6 90

RHRA6 Poison ivy Rhus radicans 44 7 1 20

Forbs:

ANSC8 Chervil Anthriscus scandicina 77 27 1 65

GAAP2 Cleavers Galium aparine 77 6 1 10

MOPE3 Perfoliated minerslettuce Montia perfoliata 44 12 2 30

URDI Stinging nettle Urtica dioica 44 4 3 5

Grasses:

AGSP Bluebunch wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum 44 6 1 15

BRRI8 Ripgut brome Bromus rigidus 33 27 10 50

BRTE Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum 44 35 25 60

POPR Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 55 7 1 15

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.
120 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Miscellaneous Tall Shrub Types

Twinberry Honeysuckle/Common Ladyfern Plant Community

Lonicera involucrata/Athyrium filix-femina

SW0102 LOIN5/ATFI N = 1

This community was found along steep streambanks 

(15 percent) of a narrow (2 m), steep (>8 percent), forested 

headwater stream in the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness 

at 1875 m. The soils fell into the Cryofluvents great group. 

Soils were deep, well-drained, very cobbly sandy loams to 

loams over extremely cobble coarse sands.

Twinberry honeysuckle occurred at low abundance 

(15 percent) along with Greene’s mountain ash, prickly 

currant, rock spirea, and trace amounts of thimbleberry 

and grouse huckleberry. Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine 

were overhanging the community from adjacent uplands. 

Ladyfern (25 percent) and Canadian burnet (25 percent) 

inhabit the herbaceous layer along with a variety of 

other herbaceous species at lower abundance including 

willowherb, fringed grass of Parnassus, Columbian 

monkshood, western columbine, twistedstalk, arrowleaf 

groundsel, and brook saxifrage, among others.

Twinberry honeysuckle is highly palatable to wild 

and domestic ungulates making this community highly 

important for food and water in the Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness where high-quality food and water are difficult 

to find later in the season. This community is also important for streambank stability along these steep streams that 

are characterized by powerful spring flood events. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: PSME/VASC. 

This type has not previously been described.

Water Birch/Wet Sedge Plant Community Type

Betula occidentalis/Carex

SW3113 BEOC2/WET SEDGE N = 2

The water birch/wet sedge plant community type was 

found growing in sunny seeps and springs on stream 

terraces in low-gradient (1 to 3 percent), flat valleys of 

the Umatilla National Forest. Soil great groups were 

Endoaquepts. Soils were poorly drained loams to silt loams 

over sandy loam.

Scattered water birch (avg. 38 percent) and mountain 

alder (avg. 9 percent) occur throughout the spring 

with a thick understory of big-leaved sedge (avg. 75 

percent). Largeleaf avens, Dewey sedge, ladyfern, seep 

monkeyflower, and leafy white orchis are characteristic 

understory species. Kentucky bluegrass always occurred 

at low coverage (1 percent).

These rich spring sites offer cover and water for small 

mammals and grouse, habitat for amphibians, and a diversity of flowers for butterflies.

The water birch/wet sedge plant community type has not 

previously been described in adjacent riparian areas. Crowe 

and Clausnitzer (1997) described a water birch/wet sedge 

plant community for midmontane northeastern Oregon. 

Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001) described a single occurrence 

of water birch/Lewis’ mock orange that featured a trace of 

big-leaved sedge in the herbaceous layer. Floristically similar types include red-osier dogwood/ladyfern (p. 121) and 

mountain alder/big-leaved sedge (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 121

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Water Birch/Reed Canarygrass Plant Community

Betula occidentalis/Phalaris arundinacea

SM41 BEOC2/PHAR3 N = 1

This community was found in a swale at 695 m elevation 

along Crooked Creek in the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness. 

The soils were Endoaquents. Soils were shallow, welldrained sandy loam over cobbles. The swale was flooded 

in spring but slowed to a trickle in summer with standing 

water in the channel. Water birch (80 percent) was rooted 

on the streambanks overhanging and shading the seasonal 

channel. Other shrubs include Lewis’ mock orange, stinking currant, streambank wild hollyhock, and red-osier dogwood. Reed canarygrass (40 percent) was rooted along the 

streambanks and in standing water. Other herbaceous species include enchanter’s nightshade, male fern, threepetal 

bedstraw, leafy white orchis, common cowparsnip, waterleaf, woodland buttercup, Canadian white violet, Dewey 

sedge, western coneflower, and oxeye daisy.

Reed canarygrass is an aggressive, rhizomatous species 

native to North America. It is considered a noxious weed 

or invasive species throughout the Western United States 

(Whitson et al. 1996). Reed canarygrass is a facultative 

wetland species throughout the Pacific Northwest (USDA 

NRCS 2002b). Owing to its aggressive nature, reed 

canarygrass often takes over large areas, crowding out other 

species and reducing species diversity. The strong rhizomes 

of reed canarygrass help maintain streambank integrity, and 

the dense stems slow overland flow and act as a filter for 

nutrients and sediment. Reed canarygrass is moderately fire 

tolerant and is most suitable for grazing early in the season 

before the seed heads form. Moderate disturbance levels 

may actually increase species diversity in areas where reed 

canarygrass has formed thick monocultural stands. The 

community provides food and shelter for many species of 

birds and small mammals.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation type: 

Floodplains: ALRU2/SYAL/CADE9. 

The water birch/reed canarygrass plant community has 

not previously been described. Hansen et al. (1995) and 

Crawford (2003) described a reed canarygrass habitat type 

and association, respectively. Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001) 

noted the occurrence of reed canarygrass in similar communities, but no samples were taken of this type.

Red-Osier Dogwood/Ladyfern Plant Association

Cornus stolonifera/Athyrium filix-femina

SW4133 COST4/ATFI N = 2

The red-osier dogwood/ladyfern plant association 

occurred in a shady spring on a stream terrace in a flat 

valley and on the sides of a steep, seepy box canyon in the 

Umatilla National Forest. Soil great groups were Hapludalfs 

and Udorthents. Soils ranged from poorly drained organics over clay to poorly drained silt loams over extremely 

cobbly sands to sandy loams. Both sites were constantly 

supplied with cold, well-aerated water that saturated the soil 

throughout the summer.

Red-osier dogwood (avg. 60 percent) occurs with a 

variety of shrubs including mountain alder, thimbleberry, 

water birch, black hawthorn, prickly currant, and devilsclub. Ladyfern (avg. 40 percent) is always found in the 

rich herbaceous layer, its elegant fronds unfurling from 

perennial rhizomes in early summer. Other characteristic 

herbaceous species include enchanter’s nightshade, starry 

false Solomon’s seal, largeleaf avens, waterleaf, seep 

monkeyflower, heartleaf minerslettuce, brook saxifrage, 

twistedstalk, stinging nettle, false bugbane, bearded fescue, 

tall mannagrass, maidenhair, and brittle bladderfern.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: 

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3–FLOODPLAIN. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABGR/mixed shrub. 

Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described a red-osier 

dogwood/ladyfern type for eastern Washington. Other 

floristically similar types include mountain alder/ladyfern 

(p. 100), water birch/wet sedge (p. 120); Sitka alder/ladyfern, mountain alder/ladyfern, and red-osier dogwood/

brook saxifrage (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
122 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Pacific Ninebark Plant Community

Physocarpus capitatus

SM1901 PHCA11 N = 1

The Pacific ninebark community was found on an artificial levee, along a restored section of Thomas Creek in the 

North Umatilla Wilderness at 890 meters. The soils were 

Udorthents. Soils were deep, well-drained gravelly sandy 

loam over very gravelly loamy coarse sand with a 10-cmthick organic cap.

The levee was crowded with Pacific ninebark (95 percent) 

and a generous coverage of common snowberry (40 percent) 

in the lower shrub layer. A variety of other shrubs were also 

present, including alder-leaved buckthorn, Rocky Mountain 

maple, western serviceberry, Lewis’ mock orange, red-osier 

dogwood, Oregon boxleaf, and thimbleberry. Grand fir 

seedlings were present in the understory. The herbaceous 

layer, consisting exclusively of forbs, featured Fendler’s 

waterleaf (40 percent) along with fairybells, British 

Columbia wildginger, dutchman’s breeches, and starry 

false Solomon’s seal.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation type: 

Abandoned channels: POTR15/SYAL. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: PSME/ACGL. 

This community has not previously been described.

Mallow Ninebark–Common Snowberry Plant Community Type

Physocarpus malvaceus–Symphoricarpos albus

SM1111 PHMA5-SYAL N = 2

The mallow ninebark-common snowberry plant 

community type was found on steep (7 and 75 percent) 

streambanks in the bench lands of Hells Canyon (915 and 

1204 m). Soil great groups were Paleustalfs. Soils were 

shallow, well-drained loam over clay loam to silty clay 

loam.

Mallow ninebark (avg. 43 percent) and common snowberry (avg. 15 percent) are joined by western serviceberry, white spirea, thimbleberry, oceanspray, black 

hawthorn, and red raspberry, forming a thick shrub layer. 

Characteristic herbaceous species include heartleaf arnica, 

yellow avalanche-lily, cleavers, perfoliated minerslettuce, feathery false Solomon’s seal, manyflower tonella, 

American vetch, Ross’ sedge, and brittle bladderfern.

The mallow ninebark plant community type may be the 

result of stand-replacing fires in PSME/ACGL-PHMA5-

SYAL floodplain stands (Johnson and Clausnitzer 1992). 

Mallow ninebark is highly fire tolerant and will resprout 

vigorously following fire. The strong roots and thick 

stems slow overland flow and hold streambanks together, 

thus reducing soil erosion following fire. Possible successional relationships include PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–

FLOODPLAIN. The highly competitive nature of mallow 

ninebark may result in this community type persisting for 

many years on these steep streambanks.

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PIPO/SYAL, PSME/SYAL. 

Johnson and Simon (1987) described a mallow ninebarkcommon snowberry for upland slopes in the WallowaSnake Province, but it has not previously been described 

for riparian/wetland areas. Floristically similar types 

include thimbleberry (p. 123), black hawthorn/common 

snowberry (Crawford 2003), and western serviceberry 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 123

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Thimbleberry Plant Community Type

Rubus parviflorus

SM5912 RUPA N = 3

The thimbleberry plant community was found on lowelevation (579 to 1128 m) terraces in Hells Canyon. Sample 

sites were located in low (1 to 3 percent)- to high (6 to 8 

percent)-gradient V-shaped valleys. Soils ranged from 

Entisols, including excessively drained bouldery colluvium, 

to Paleustalfs, consisting of well-drained, moderately deep 

sandy loams to clay loams. Water table ranged from shallow 

(42 cm) to moderately deep (92 cm).

Thimbleberry (avg. 95 percent) forms a thick overstory 

and is often joined on the edges of the community by 

Rocky Mountain maple and Lewis’ mock orange. The 

thick overstory results in a scattered, but rich, understory 

of forbs, including cleavers, chervil, perfoliated minerslettuce, enchanter’s nightshade, waterleaf, and mountain 

sweetcicely. Graminoids include Dewey sedge, Columbia 

brome, and pinegrass. Ferns and horsetails may include 

male fern, western brakenfern, and scouringrush horsetail.

Thimbleberry is a highly fire-tolerant shrub species that 

resprouts quickly from aggressive rhizomes. The dense 

rhizomes and thick stems slow overland water flow and hold 

streambanks together, thus reducing soil erosion following 

fire. The thick, berry-producing stands provide food and 

cover for small mammals and birds as well as black bears. 

These sites are early seral and may develop over time into 

the ACGL or CRDO2/FORB plant association.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation type:

Floodplains and terraces: BEOC2/MESIC FORB. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PSME/ACGL-PHMA, PIPO/SYAL. 

The Thimbleberry plant community type has not been 

previously described. Floristically similar types include 

Rocky Mountain maple (p. 114) and mallow ninebark–

common snowberry (p. 122).

Barton’s Raspberry Plant Community

Rubus bartonianus

SM5001 RUBA N = 1

This community was found on a steep (30 percent) 

floodplain of a high-gradient stream (>8 percent) in Hells 

Canyon. Barton’s raspberry (85 percent) was growing 

between boulders, forming a dense shrub canopy approximately 2 m tall. Trace amounts of Pennsylvania pellitory, cleavers, manyflower tonella, Oregon cliff fern, and 

cheatgrass occurred throughout the understory. Barton’s 

raspberry is endemic to Hells Canyon, growing only on the 

slopes, and in the drainages between Hells Canyon Dam 

and Steep Creek (Carrey et al. 1979). Barton’s raspberry 

was first discovered in 1933 at Battle Creek by one of the 

first settlers in the canyon, Lenora Barton.

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes and cliffs: GLNE, GLNE/AGSP. 

The Barton’s raspberry plant community has not 

previously been described.
124 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

OTHER TALL SHRUB SERIES

Himalayan Blackberry Plant Community

Rubus discolor

SM5002 RUDI2 N = 1

This community was found on a floodplain of Big 

Canyon Creek in Hells Canyon at 360 m elevation. Soils 

were Ustifluvents. Soils were excessively well-drained 

loams over extremely gravelly/cobbly loamy sands. Depth 

to water table was 64 cm, and the available water capacity 

of the soil was 5 cm/m. Himalayan blackberry (90 percent) 

forms an almost impenetrable shrub layer guarded by thick, 

sharp thorns. Red-osier dogwood, poison ivy, Lewis’ mock 

orange, netleaf hackberry, and rock clematis occur scattered 

throughout the blackberry patch. Climbing nightshade, 

ripgut brome, and bluebunch wheatgrass make up the 

sparse understory.

Himalayan blackberry is an introduced species in the 

United States. Its aggressive rhizomes can take over areas 

quickly following disturbance by fire or flooding. Dense 

thicket-forming blackberry stems help maintain streambanks, provide shade and woody debris to the stream channel, and supply habitat for small mammals. Blackberries are 

a highly preferred food item for black bears and many bird 

species.

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes and cliffs: GLNE, GLNE/AGSP. 

Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001) noted the occurrence of 

Himalayan blackberry at riparian sites in southwestern 

Idaho, but no samples of this type were taken.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 125

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Aquatic Sedge Plant Association

Carex aquatilis

MM2914 CAAQ N = 7

Physical environment—

The aquatic sedge plant association occurred along highelevation (2067 to 2409 m) floodplains, lake edges, and 

wet meadows. One site occurred at 823 m along a rocky 

stream edge, in a 4- to 5-percent-gradient flat valley, in the 

Umatilla National Forest. High-elevation sites occurred 

in broad (>100 m), U-shaped valleys of low (<3 percent) 

gradient. High-elevation soils were very poorly drained 

peat. Depth to water table ranged from the surface to 40 cm 

late in the season. The low-elevation soil was composed of 

inundated alluvial gravels and cobbles.

Vegetation composition—

Aquatic sedge forms a veritable monoculture of stout 

stems anchored to the soil with dense rhizomatous roots. 

Other species occur infrequently and at low abundance 

including bladder sedge, Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge, 

tufted hairgrass, common horsetail, high mountain cinquefoil, western mountain aster, and alpine shootingstar. 

Watercress was found growing at the low-elevation site.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Low-elevation terraces: PIPO/SYAL–FLOODPLAIN, 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN. 

High-elevation floodplains and meadows: 

ELPA6, CASC12, CANI2, DECE. 

Lake edges: CAUT. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Footslope and sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Landform environment (n = 7) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 1995 823–2409

Plot slope (percent) 1 0–2

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 7) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 1–5

Valley width (m) 100–300 30–300

Valley aspect Northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 7) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 35 0–65

Bare ground 9 0–60

Gravel 0

Rock 4 0–30

Bedrock 0

Litter 45 10–70

Moss 7 0–25

Soil profile characteristics (n = 7)

Parent material Peat, alluvium

Great group(s) Cryofibrists, Cryohemists, Cryosaprists, 

 Endoaquents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–40 

Rock fragments (percent) 14 0–100

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 37 1–49 

pH (n = 2) 6.07 5.83–6.30

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 30

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 15

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 7–28

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 7–28

Texture(s)a S, fibric, hemic, sapric

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 3–>22

Texture(s)a Sapric

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
126 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged from 560 to 3080 (avg. 1681) 

kg/ha. Elk and deer use is moderate to high. Livestock 

grazing is typically not an issue at high-elevation sites, 

whereas at more moderate elevations livestock grazing can 

become an issue. Livestock grazing and horse pasturing 

is prohibited within 30 m of subalpine lakes in wilderness 

areas; therefore, when this association occurs along 

lakeshores it should see no livestock use. Aquatic sedge may 

be grazed late in the season (August-September) when soils 

have dried out (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997). Grazing when 

soils are wet will eventually lead to soil erosion and a shift 

in species composition to forbs and Kentucky bluegrass.

The thick sod-producing rhizomes of aquatic sedge 

provide soil stability to streambanks and floodplains, and 

the dense stems slow floodwaters and filter sediments 

acting as an important nutrient filter in headwater streams. 

The dense stems also provide habitat and forage for small 

mammals, amphibians, waterfowl, and other birds including 

sandhill cranes, green-winged teals, common snipes, 

common yellowthroat, red-winged blackbirds, and lesser 

yellow legs (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997). Overhanging 

vegetation provides hiding places for trout.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) permanently flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Aquatic sedge types have been described throughout the 

Western United States including midmontane northeastern 

Oregon (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), Montana (Hansen 

et al. 1995), central Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), eastern 

Washington (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004), Nevada 

and eastern California (Manning and Padgett 1995), 

Utah and southeastern Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989), Alaska 

(Viereck et al. 1992), and eastern Idaho-western Wyoming 

(Youngblood et al. 1985). Hansen et al. (1995) described a 

two-phase aquatic sedge habitat type, a wetter aquatic 

sedge phase and a slightly drier tufted hairgrass phase. 

The aquatic sedge plant association described here is 

most similar to the aquatic sedge phase.

Floristically similar types include woodrush sedge 

(p. 142).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Grasses:

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 42 7 1 15

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAAQ Aquatic sedge Carex aquatilis 100 74 55 85

Ferns and horsetails:

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 42 2 1 3

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 127

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Physical environment—

The bladder sedge plant association occurred on seepy 

slopes, swales, and lake edges throughout the upper reaches 

(1966 to 2354 m) of the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Seven Devils 

and Elkhorn Mountains. Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) 

described this type on similar landforms from 1177 to 

2277 m throughout the Blue Mountains. Sample sites were 

located in low-gradient (<3 percent), U- and trough-shaped 

valleys.

Available water capacity of soils varied depending on 

landform. Available water capacity of lake edge soils averaged 49 cm/m, and the water table was at or near the surface 

for most of the growing season. Available water capacity of 

soils in seeps and swales averaged 16 cm/m. Seep and swale 

soils were poorly drained, organic loams to silty clay loams, 

and depth to water table was mostly from the surface to 66 

cm. The depth to water table for one site in a swale was 89 

cm, with redoximorphic features occurring in every soil 

horizon. That particular soil had a slowly permeable silty 

clay loam surface horizon that retained water at the surface 

during the early growing season.

Vegetation composition—

Bladder sedge forms a near monoculture with occasional 

occurrences of common horsetail, seep monkeyflower, 

glaucus willowherb, and mountain bentgrass.

Bladder Sedge Plant Association

Carex utriculata

MM2917 CAUT N = 7

Landform environment (n = 7) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2096 1966–2354

Plot slope (percent) 4 0–1

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 7) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–3 

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–>300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 7) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 24 0–45

Bare ground 5 0–20

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 59 20–95

Moss 9 0–30

Soil profile characteristics (n = 7)

Parent material Peat, alluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquepts, Cryosaprists, Endoaqualfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–89

Rock fragments (percent) 1 0–4

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 29 13–49

pH (n = 2) 5.82 5.07–6.57 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 18

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 14

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–>4

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 27–49

Texture(s)a CL, L, SCL, SICL, sapric

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 25–>46

Texture(s)a CL, SICL, SIL, SL, sapric

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: JUBA, CAMI7, 

CACA4, CASC12, SABO2/CASC12, DECE.

Seeps: PIEN/EQAR. 

Lake edges: CAAQ. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.
128 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Bladder sedge types have been described for many of 

the Western States including the Columbia River basin 

(Crawford 2003), midmontane northeastern Oregon 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), Montana (Hansen et 

al. 1995), central Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), eastern 

Washington (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004), Nevada 

and eastern California (Manning and Padgett 1995), 

Utah and southeastern Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989), 

Alaska (Viereck et al. 1992), and eastern Idaho–western 

Wyoming (Youngblood et al. 1985).

Hansen et al. (1995) described a three-phase bladder 

sedge habitat type, the wettest being the bladder sedge 

phase where other species are often sparse or absent. The 

intermediate aquatic sedge phase finds aquatic sedge and 

bladder sedge co-occurring. Lastly, the tufted hairgrass 

phase, the driest of the three, finds significant amounts of 

tufted hairgrass and Baltic rush throughout. The bladder 

sedge association described here is most similar to the 

bladder sedge phase.

Floristically similar types include buckbean (Crowe 

and Clausnitzer 1997).

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged from 168 to 3136 (avg. 1829) 

kg/ha. Elk and deer use is low to moderate. Livestock grazing is typically not an issue at high-elevation sites, whereas 

at more moderate elevations livestock grazing can become 

an issue. Livestock grazing and horse pasturing is prohibited within 30 m of subalpine lakes in wilderness areas; 

therefore, when this association occurs along lakeshores it 

should see no livestock use. Bladder sedge may be grazed 

late in the season (August-September) when soils have 

dried out and upland vegetation becomes less palatable 

(Kovalchik 1987). Grazing when soils are wet can lead to 

soil erosion, and an eventual shift to forbs and Nebraska 

sedge or Baltic rush, at lower elevations (<1900 m), and 

mesic forbs and smallwing sedge at higher elevations.

The thick sod-producing rhizomes of bladder sedge provide soil stability to streambanks and floodplains, while 

the dense stems slow floodwater/overland flow and filter 

sediments acting as an important nutrient filter in headwater 

streams. The dense stems also provide habitat and forage for 

small mammals, amphibians, and waterfowl.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) permanently flooded to saturated.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

EPGL Glaucus willowherb Epilobium glaberrimum 28 10 10 10

MIGU Seep monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus 28 8 5 10

Grasses:

AGVA Mountain bentgrass Agrostis variabilis 28 3 3 3

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAUT Bladder sedge Carex utriculata 100 86 65 100

Ferns and horsetails:

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 28 20 15 25

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy 

cover in plots in which the species occurred.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 129

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: SABO2/CASC12, 

EQAR, ALIN2/GLEL, SALIX/CAVE6. 

Lake edges: ELBE, CAAQ.

Lakes: SPAN2. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Inflated Sedge Plant Association

Carex vesicaria

MW1923 CAVE6 N = 5

Physical environment—

The inflated sedge plant association occurred along 

high-elevation (1933 to 2348 m) lakeshores in the Eagle 

Cap and Strawberry Mountain Wilderness and the Seven 

Devils Mountain Range. Sample sites occurred mostly in 

low-gradient (<3 percent), U-shaped basins. Crowe and 

Clausnitzer (1997) described this type as occurring between 

933 and 1933 m elevation in wet basins, floodplains, and 

along pond edges. Soils were very poorly drained organic 

sedge peat to sandy clays with a thin organic veneer (≤10 

cm). Water table ranged from the surface to 33 cm, and 

redoximorphic features were common.

Vegetation composition—

Inflated sedge forms a thick monocultural stand with 

scattered forbs and graminoids throughout. Forbs include 

northern and threepetal bedstraw, plantainleaf buttercup, 

and narrowleaf bur-reed. Grasses include alpine bentgrass, 

shortawn foxtail, bluejoint reedgrass, tufted hairgrass, 

and tall mannagrass. Sedges may include widefruit sedge, 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge, and meadow sedge.

Landform environment (n = 5) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2228 1933–2348

Plot slope (percent) 3 0–9

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 5) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1, 4–5

Valley width (m) 100–300 30–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 5) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 30 0–75

Bare ground 3 0–10

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 0

Moss 59 25–100

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Peat

Great group(s) Cryorthents, Cryosaprists, Epiaqualfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–33 

Rock fragments (percent) 0

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 22 14–46

pH (n = 2) 6.08 5.94–6.22 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 15–23

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 50

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–10

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 3–>15

Texture(s)a SCL, hemic, sapric

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 10–>28

Texture(s)a C, S, SC, hemic, sapric

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells Aaron Wells
130 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged from 1344 to 1792 (avg. 

1568) kg/ha. Elk and deer use is generally low. Livestock 

grazing and horse pasturing is prohibited within 30 m of 

subalpine lakes in wilderness areas; therefore, when this 

association occurs along lakeshores it should see no livestock use. The dense stems also provide habitat and forage 

for small mammals, amphibians, waterfowl, and shorebirds 

including common snipes and lesser yellowlegs.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

GABO2 Northern bedstraw Galium boreale 20 25 25 25

GATR2 Threepetal bedstraw Galium trifidum 20 5 5 5

RAAL Plantainleaf buttercup Ranunculus alismifolius 20 1 1 1

ROCU Curvepod yellowcress Rorippa curvisiliqua 20 1 1 1

SPAN2 Narrowleaf bur-reed Sparganium angustifolium 20 10 10 10

Grasses:

AGHU Alpine bentgrass Agrostis humilis 20 5 5 5

ALAE Shortawn foxtail Alopecurus aequalis 20 1 1 1

CACA4 Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis 20 1 1 1

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 20 1 1 1

GLEL Tall mannagrass Glyceria elata 20 1 1 1

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAEU2 Widefruit sedge Carex eurycarpa 40 4 3 5

CAPR7 Meadow sedge Carex praticola 20 1 1 1

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 20 3 3 3

CAVE6 Inflated sedge Carex vesicaria 100 81 65 100

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Inflated sedge types have been described for most of 

Oregon and eastern Washington (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997, Kovalchik 1987, Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).

There are no floristically similar types.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 131

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Few-Flowered Spikerush Plant Association

Eleocharis pauciflora

MW4911 ELPA6 N = 14

Physical environment—

The few-flowered spikerush plant association occurred 

in high-elevation (2067 to 2348 m) headwater basins on 

wet meadows and steep springs throughout the Eagle Cap 

Wilderness and Elkhorn Mountains, with one occurrence in 

the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness. Valleys were typically U-shaped glacial valleys with low (<3 percent) gradient. Two plots occurred in trough-shaped valleys of low (1 

to 3 percent) to high (6 to 8 percent) gradient. Soils were 

very poorly drained, typically deep (50 to >100 cm) organic 

sedge peat over bedrock. Soils were often submerged 

throughout the growing season and had high available 

water capacity (avg. 32 cm/m).

Vegetation composition—

Few-flowered spikerush occurs in water paths (Kovalchik 

1987), while Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge and sphagnum 

moss often occur on slightly drier hummocks (10 to 20 cm).

Other hummock species include alpine shootingstar, 

high mountain cinquefoil, tinker’s penny, willowherb, 

alpine meadow butterweed, elephanthead lousewort, Idaho 

licorice-root, tufted hairgrass, and slender muhly. Aquatic 

sedge sometimes co-occurs with few-flowered spikerush in 

the wettest portions of the plot.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: CASC12, CANI2, 

ALVA-CASC12, SABO2/CASC12, PIEN/CASC12, 

DECE, PHEM MOUNDS, CALU7, CAJO, CAIL. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes and footslope: ABLA/VASC, and 

various ABLA and PIAL types.

Landform environment (n = 14) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2237 2067–2348

Plot slope (percent) 2 <1–4

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 14) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–3, 6–8 

Valley width (m) 30–100 30–>300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 13) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 27 0–90

Bare ground 11 0–40

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 21 0–63

Moss 35 0–92

Soil profile characteristics (n = 14)

Parent material Mazama ash, granite, quartz diorite, peat

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryofibrists, Cryohemists, 

 Haplocryands, Cryaqualfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–70

Rock fragments (percent) 0

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 32 13–46

pH (n = 9) 5.63 5.20–6.05 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 10–25

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 21

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 5–>100

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 5–>100

Texture(s)a SIL, SL, fibric, hemic, sapric

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 3–>45

Texture(s)a SIL, SICL, hemic, sapric

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
132 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged between 251 and 1991 

(avg. 869) kg/ha, although Kovalchik (1987) pointed out 

that the palatability of few-flowered spikerush is low. Elk 

and deer use is moderate to high in these meadows, but is 

generally concentrated in adjacent drier associations such 

as Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge and black alpine sedge. 

Horse pasturing opportunities are low owing to the wet 

nature of this association. Wranglers should look to adjacent 

drier associations for good pasture. The wet nature of this 

association also makes it prime amphibian habitat. Fewflowered spikerush is self-perpetuating by creating a thick, 

acidic, organic soil (Kovalchik 1987). Given a continuous 

source of water, the ELPA6 plant association may represent 

climax ecological status in headwater basins of northeastern 

Oregon. The potential exists for this type to eventually 

dry out enough for other species to move in and initiate 

the formation of more complex soils. Possible successional 

trajectories include CANI2, DECE, and CASC12.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) intermittently exposed to 

seasonally flooded.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Few-flowered spikerush types have been described 

throughout the Western United States including midmontane northeastern Oregon (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), 

Montana (Hansen et al. 1995), central Oregon (Kovalchik 

1987), eastern Washington (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 

2004), Nevada and eastern California (Manning and 

Padgett 1995), and Utah and southeastern Idaho (Padgett 

et al. 1989).

Floristically similar types include woodrush sedge 

(p. 142) and star sedge (p. 149 and Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 71 8 1 60

Sedges and other grasslikes:

ELPA6 Few-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 100 70 40 95

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 133

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Small-Fruit Bulrush Plant Association

Scirpus microcarpus

MM2924 SCMI2 N = 4

Physical environment—

The small-fruit bulrush plant association occurred on 

floodplains, swales, and seasonal channels located between 

756 and 915 m elevation in the canyon country of the 

Umatilla National Forest, to as high as 1921 m in a southfacing meadow of the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness. 

These sites were typified by annual floods and perennial 

soil moisture. Valleys were low (1 to 3 percent) to moderate 

(4 to 5 percent) gradient, trough-shaped and flat. Some soils 

had an organic layer overlying mineral soil, were shallow 

(to alluvium) to deep, poorly to somewhat poorly drained, 

loams to silt loams over clay loam to silty clay loam. 

Available water capacity averaged 29 cm/m, and depth to 

water table ranged from the surface to >97 cm.

Vegetation composition—

Small-fruit bulrush coverage ranged between 40 and 95 

percent. Scattered forbs and graminoids occurred throughout including willowherb, largeleaf avens, muskflower, 

leafy white orchis, water speedwell, water whorlgrass, 

bluejoint reedgrass (>1900 m), weak alkaligrass, saw-beak 

sedge, bladder sedge, swordleaf rush, and common horsetail. Aquatic sedge occurred at the swale and seasonal 

channel sites, which were characterized by standing water 

throughout the growing season.

Landform environment (n = 4) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 1096 756–1921

Plot slope (percent) 10 2–18

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–5

Valley width (m) 10–30 10–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 4) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 19 15–25

Bare ground 4 0–10

Gravel 5 3–5

Rock 10 5–15

Bedrock 0

Litter 40 15–55

Moss 23 10–40

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Basalt, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Endoaqualfs, Fluvaquents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–>97

Rock fragments (percent) 2 0–7

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 29 12–46

pH (n = 3) 6.19 6.10–6.30 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 6–37

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 75

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–14

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 13–15

Texture(s)a CL, L, S, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 16–>51

Texture(s)a L, LS, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
134 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Low-elevation floodplains and terraces: 

ABGR/ACGL–FLOODPLAIN, ALIN2/CADE9, 

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5–FLOODPLAIN, 

ALIN2/SCCY.

High-elevation floodplains and meadows: 

CACA4, ALIN2/GLEL. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: PSME/mixed shrub, 

PIPO-LAOC/mixed shrub.

Management considerations—

Small-fruit bulrush is not a preferred food item of ungulates, and very little evidence of ungulate activity was 

observed in this association. However, the meadows adjacent to this association may be very important to ungulates. 

The swales and seasonal channels often associated with this 

type provide important breeding grounds for amphibians 

and habitat for salmonid fry.

The dense, aggressive rhizomes and rapidly spreading 

seeds of small-fruit bulrush lend to its ability to quickly 

establish on freshly deposited sediments and begin the 

initial stages of soil stabilization. Furthermore, the thick 

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

EPGL4 Fringed willowherb Epilobium glandulosum 75 2 1 5

MIMO3 Muskflower Mimulus moschatus 50 3 1 5

Grasses:

PUPA3 Weak alkaligrass Puccinellia pauciflora 50 15 5 25

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAAM10 Big-leaved sedge Carex amplifolia 25 1 1 1

CAAQ Aquatic sedge Carex aquatilis 50 14 3 25

CALA13 Smooth-stemmed sedge Carex laeviculmis 25 1 1 1

CAST5 Saw-beak sedge Carex stipata 50 1 1 1

CAUT Bladder sedge Carex utriculata 25 15 15 15

ELEOC Spikerush Eleocharis 25 1 1 1

ELPA3 Creeping spikerush Eleocharis palustris 25 5 5 5

JUBA Baltic rush Juncus balticus 25 5 5 5

JUEN Swordleaf rush Juncus ensifolius 50 2 1 3

SCMI2 Small-fruit bulrush Scirpus microcarpus 100 66 40 95

Ferns and horsetails:

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 75 20 5 40

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in 

plots in which the species occurred.

stands of mature small-fruit bulrush slow floodwaters and 

filter sediments providing an important ecological service 

by keeping gravel beds silt free for salmonid runs. Smallfruit bulrush is moderately fire tolerant and will resprout 

vigorously following low- to moderate-intensity fires but 

may be killed by high-intensity fires. Possible successional 

trajectories: ALIN2/SCCY (observed, but not described in 

this classification effort).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) permanently flooded to saturated

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Small-fruit bulrush types have been described for midmontane northeastern (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997) and 

central Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), eastern Washington 

(Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004), Utah and southeastern 

Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989), and Alaska (Viereck et al. 1992).

Floristically similar types include bluejoint reedgrass and 

woolly sedge (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 135

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Miscellaneous Wet Graminoid Types

Widefruit Sedge Plant Association

Carex eurycarpa

MM2913 CAEU2 N = 1

The widefruit sedge plant association occurred on a 

lake edge in the Seven Devils Mountains at 2317 meters 

elevation. Soils were Cryopsamments. Soils were very 

poorly drained, and a thin organic layer was overlying 

loamy fine sand and fine sand. Depth to water table was 

37 cm, and available water capacity was 15 cm/m. The site 

was inundated by lake water in spring and the soil profile 

remained saturated throughout the summer. Widefruit 

sedge occurred on hummocks at 45 percent coverage 

throughout the site. Other species present were sheep 

sedge, few-flowered spikerush, weak alkaligrass, high 

mountain cinquefoil, threepetal bedstraw, and violets. Total 

forage biomass was 1008 kg/ha. Deer and elk use of this 

community appeared to be low. The palatability of widefruit 

sedge to wild and domestic ungulates is unknown.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Lake edges and lakes: CAVE6, SPAN2, ABLA/VAME.

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/SPIRA, EPAN2. 

Kovalchik (1987) described a widefruit sedge type for 

central Oregon.

Mud Sedge Plant Association

Carex limosa

MM2928 CALI7 N = 1

The mud sedge plant association was found on the edge 

of Lily Pad Lake at 2265 m in the Seven Devils Mountains. 

Soil great groups were Cryohemists. The soil was very 

poorly drained, organic sedge peat over fine sandy loam. 

The soil surface was inundated in spring and remained 

saturated throughout the year. Mud sedge (60 percent) 

forms a monocultural stand among patches of bare soil and 

standing water. Total forage biomass was 645 kg/ha. Elk 

and deer use appeared to be low with most browsing on 

adjacent willows. The wet nature of this site makes it ideal 

amphibian habitat.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Lakes: NUPO2.

Lake edges: CAUT.

Forested basins: PIEN/CASC12. 

Mud sedge types have been described by Padgett 

et al. (1989), Hansen et al. (1995), and Kovalchik and 

Clausnitzer (2004).
136 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Sierra Hare Sedge Plant Association

Carex leporinella

MM2927 CALE9 N = 4

The Sierra hare sedge plant association occurred in highelevation (2204 to 2546 m) wet meadows, a swale, and along 

a lake edge in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. All sites occurred 

in U-shaped, low-gradient valleys. Soils were Cryaquepts. 

Soils were poorly drained, silt loams to sandy clays. Depth 

to water table ranged from the surface early in the season to 

41 cm in late summer. Redoximorphic features were present in all soils sampled. Available water-holding capacity 

ranged from 9 to 17 (avg. 13) cm/m.

Sierra hare sedge (avg. 86 percent) forms a near monoculture often co-occurring with Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

Sedge (avg. 5 percent). Other species include: darkthroat 

shootingstar, aquatic sedge, and spikerush.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: CASC12, CANI2, 

KAMI/CANI2, SABO2/CASC12, and 

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN. 

The Sierra hare sedge plant association has not 

previously been described.

Lakeshore Sedge Plant Association

Carex lenticularis

MM2919 CALE8 N = 1

This association occurred on a steep (10 percent) spring 

above a high-gradient (>8 percent) headwater stream in the 

Strawberry Mountain Wilderness at 2104 m. The soil was 

poorly drained, very fine sandy loam over very gravelly 

loam. The water table was perched in the upper 32 cm of 

soil, and the available water capacity was 9 cm/m.

Lakeshore sedge (40 percent) and tall mannagrass (40 

percent) abound. The graminoid-rich herbaceous layer 

includes woodrush, Jones’, and smallwing sedge, fewflowered spikerush, swordleaf rush, and woodrush. Forbs 

include tinker’s penny, monkeyflower, arrowleaf groundsel, 

and brook saxifrage. Total forage biomass was 1904 kg/ha. 

Wildlife use is high at these springs especially late in the 

season when water is difficult to find.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains: SETR-MILE2, ALIN2/GLEL, RUOC2.

Adjacent upland type: ABLA/CAGE2. 

Lakeshore sedge types have been described by Crowe 

and Clausnitzer (1997) and Diaz and Mellon (1996) for 

midmontane riparian/wetlands of northeastern Oregon 

and northwestern Oregon, respectively.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 137

WET GRAMINOID SERIES

Big-Leaved Sedge Plant Association

Carex amplifolia

MM2921 CAAM10 N = 2

The big-leaved sedge plant association occurred in lowgradient (<2 percent) springs of the Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness (2024 m) and the Umatilla National Forest 

(805 m). Sample sites occurred in low-gradient (<3 percent), trough-shaped valleys. Soils were Endoaqualfs and 

Haplosaprists. Soils were poorly drained, organic-rich 

loams to silt loams over clays.

Big-leaved sedge (avg. 30 percent) and tall mannagrass 

(avg. 50 percent) occur in approximately equal abundance 

forming a dense graminoid cover over an array of forbs and 

graminoids including willowherb, American speedwell, 

threepetal bedstraw, leafy white orchis, muskflower, seep 

monkeyflower, ladyfern, Pacific onion, arrowleaf groundsel, 

swordleaf rush, and brown sedge. This type is floristically 

similar to water birch/wet sedge association with the 

exception of water birch.

The big-leaved sedge plant association is selfperpetuating with dense rhizomes excluding the 

establishment of trees and shrubs. Water birch could 

potentially occur at these sites given a disturbance 

resulting in patches of bare mineral soil.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and terraces: 

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3–FLOODPLAIN.

Meadows: 

RUOC2, ALIN2/GLEL. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/CAGE2. 

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a big-leaved 

sedge plant association for the midmontane riparian/

wetlands of northeastern Oregon that is similar to the 

type described above.

Floristically similar types include tall mannagrass 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).
138 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

Carex scopulorum

MS3111 CASC12 N = 38

Physical environment—

The Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge plant association is 

a common association throughout the upper reaches (1900 

to 2600 m) of the Blue Mountains Province occurring 

in moist/wet meadows, springs, floodplains, and swales. 

Sample sites occurred in low-gradient (typically <3 percent), U-, V-, and trough-shaped valleys. Landform slope 

was mostly less than or equal to 2 percent; when slope was 

greater than 2 percent a perennial source of water, such as a 

spring or lateral seepage, was present supplying a continual 

flow of water to the site.

Soils were poorly drained with an often thick (30 to 

65 cm) organic layer overlying deeper loams to silty clay 

loams. Coarse-textured soils, sands and loamy sands, are 

typical of fluvially active sites such as floodplains and 

springs. Available water capacity of the soils ranged from 

7 to 49 cm/m. Sites with available water capacity below 

20 cm/m typically had a perennial source of water available from a spring, lateral seepage, or shallow water table. 

Depth to water table ranged from 0 to 102 cm and often was 

perched above an impervious soil horizon. Redoximorphic 

features were common throughout.

Vegetation composition—

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge forms a thick, robust 

herbaceous layer, its dense rhizomes aggressively monopolizing resources. High mountain cinquefoil, alpine meadow 

butterweed, and alpine shootingstar commonly co-occur 

with Holm’s sedge. Few-flowered spikerush commonly 

occurs in the wettest portions of these sites, sometimes 

at high abundance.

Landform environment (n = 38) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2212 1945–2579

Plot slope (percent) 3 0–15

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 32) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–>8

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–>300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 33) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 6 0–45

Bare ground 8 0–35

Gravel 1 0–5

Rock 1 0–4

Bedrock 0

Litter 46 0–90

Moss 31 0–95

Soil profile characteristics (n = 35)

Parent material Mazama ash, sedge peat, granite, 

quartz diorite, alluvium

Great group(s) Endoaqualfs, Cryofluvents, Cryaquands, 

 Cryohemists, Cryofluvents, Cryofibrists, 

 Cryorthents, Haplocryands, Cryosaprists, 

 Cryaquepts, Cryaquents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–>102

Rock fragments (percent) 4 0–35 

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 19 7–49

pH (n = 25) 5.64 4.76–6.32 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 13–52

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 37

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–65

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 5–>104

Texture(s)a CL, SICL, SIL, SL, LS, 

 S, fibric, hemic, sapric

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 3–>72

Texture(s)a CL, SICL, SCL, SIL, SL, 

 LS, S, fibric, hemic, sapric

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 139

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Other species occur scattered throughout and may include 

Pacific onion, licorice-root, Sierra shootingstar, tufted hairgrass, explorer’s gentian, elephanthead lousewort, American 

bistort, and sheep sedge.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: ALIN2/GLEL, SCMI2, 

CAMU7, ALVA-CASC12, ELPA6, PIEN/CASC12, 

SABO2/CASC12, VERAT, CALU7, DECE, CAPR5, 

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN, PHEM 

MOUNDS, CAAQ, CANI2, CAUT.

Lakes: SPAN2. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes and footslopes: ABLA/VASC, 

ABLA/VAUL, and various ABLA-PIAL types.

Management considerations—

Elk and deer can often be seen grazing in the large, 

open meadows characteristic of this association. The total 

forage biomass ranged from 504 to 2724 (avg. 1447) kg/ha. 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge is moderately palatable 

to domestic and wild ungulates. As grazing pressure 

increases, the competitive advantage shifts toward forbs, 

with a consequent increase in forb cover. Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge is highly fire tolerant (USDA NRCS 2002b) 

and will resprout from underground rhizomes following all 

but the most intense fire, although fire is rare in this moist 

community. Dense rhizomes hold soil tenaciously often 

leading to undercut streambanks, a favorite hiding place 

for trout. Possible successional trajectories: PIEN/CASC12, 

PIEN-ABLA/LEGL, CACA4, SABO2/CASC12, SACO2/

CASC12, ELPA6, CAAQ.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge plant association has 

been described for riparian/wetland sites in midmontane 

northeastern Oregon (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), central 

Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), eastern Washington (Kovalchik 

and Clausnitzer 2004); Montana (Hansen et al. 1995), and 

Nevada and eastern California (Manning and Padgett 1995). 

Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) also described a sawtoothed sedge (Carex scopulorum var. prionophylla) type, 

a variety of Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge. Floristically 

similar types include Pacific onion–Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge (p. 152).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 47 16 1 75

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 60 10 1 35

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 63 10 1 60

Sedges and other grasslikes: 

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 100 65 25 95

ELPA6 Fewi-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 50 25 2 75

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.
140 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Northern Singlespike Sedge–Brook Saxifrage–Spring Plant Association

Carex scirpoidea–Saxifraga arguta

MS2113 CASC10–SAAR13–SPRING N = 4

Physical environment—

The northern singlespike sedge-brook saxifrage–spring 

plant association was found along small, steep (2 to 18, 

avg. 9.5 percent), headwater springs in the Strawberry 

Mountain Wilderness. Sample sites were located between 

1909 to 2262 m in low (1 to 3 percent)- to high (>8 percent)-

gradient, V- and trough-shaped valleys. Soils ranged from 

cobbly/bouldery streambanks to somewhat poorly drained, 

moderately deep, silt loam to clay loam over very gravelly 

loamy sand to sandy loam. Depth to water table ranged 

from surface flow to greater than 68 cm, with water being 

continually supplied to the soil by perennial springs. 

Redoximorphic features were common.

Vegetation composition—

Northern singlespike sedge occurs throughout with brook 

saxifrage growing directly along the spring channel(s). 

Various conifer seedlings can be found throughout the 

understory, and overstory trees may be hanging over the 

spring from adjacent uplands. Alpine laurel, whortleberry, 

and western moss heather are sometimes found scattered 

throughout the community.

A diverse understory of forbs and graminoids characterized by Pacific onion, elephanthead lousewort, explorer’s 

gentian, alpine meadow butterweed, and few-flowered spikerush is typical of lower gradient (≤4 percent) sites. Fringed 

grass of Parnassus, Canadian burnet, arrowleaf groundsel, western featherbells, and leafy white orchis are more 

prominent at higher gradient sites (>4 percent). The presence of woodrush sedge is indicative of disturbance, including grazing by wild and domestic ungulates. Other species 

include felwort, alpine and Sierra shootingstar.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: owing to 

the narrow nature of these springs, there were no adjacent 

riparian types. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes and ridges: ABLA/ARCO9, ABLA/VASC, 

ABLA-JUOC, PSME-ABGR/duff.

Landform environment (n = 4) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2088 1909–2262

Plot slope (percent) 10 2–18

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 4) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) >8 1–5, >8

Valley width (m) 10–30 10–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 4) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 19 15–25

Bare ground 4 0–10

Gravel 5 3–5

Rock 10 5–15

Bedrock 0

Litter 40 15–55

Moss 23 10–40

Soil profile characteristics (n = 4)

Parent material Basalt, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquents, Cryofluvents, Cryaqualfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–>68 

Rock fragments (percent) 51 30–75 

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 8 3–14

pH (n = 3) 6.01 5.72–6.17 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 6–37

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 75

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–14

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 13–15

Texture(s)a CL, L, S, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features None

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 16–>51

Texture(s)a L, LS, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 141

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged from 896 to 1400 (avg. 

1148) kg/ha. These sites are important foraging and watering holes for wildlife ranging from ruffed grouse to elk 

and deer. In some instances, these sites represent the only 

perennial water available for miles around.

 Northern singlespike sedge is highly fire tolerant (USDA 

NRCS 2002b) and will resprout vigorously following fire, 

which can be quite common in the dry southwestern portion of the Blue Mountains. The strong roots of northern 

singlespike sedge and brook saxifrage are important for soil 

stability along these steep springs. As long as the springs 

continue to flow, this association represents climax vegetation at these sites.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The northern singlespike sedge-brook saxifrage–spring 

plant association has not previously been described. A 

floristically similar type is Pacific onion–Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge (p. 152).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Shrubs:

KAMI Alpine laurel Kalmia microphylla 50 3 3 3

VAMY2 Whortleberry Vaccinium myrtillus 50 2 1 3

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 100 11 5 20

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 50 4 3 5

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 100 10 3 20

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 75 5 5 5

HADI7 Leafy white orchis Habenaria dilatata 100 4 3 5

LICA2 Canby’s licorice-root Ligusticum canbyi 75 3 1 5

MIGU Seep monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus 50 6 3 10

PAFI3 Fringed grass of Parnassus Parnassia fimbriata 100 8 5 10

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 100 5 3 10

SAAR13 Brook saxifrage Saxifraga arguta 100 4 1 10

SASI10 Canadian burnet Sanguisorba sitchensis 100 8 3 15

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 50 10 5 15

SETR Arrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis 100 4 1 10

STOC Western featherbells Stenanthium occidentale 100 3 1 5

SWPE Felwort Swertia perennis 75 4 3 5

Grasses:

AGTH2 Thurbers’ bentgrass Agrostis thurberiana 50 3 1 5

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 75 8 5 15

GLEL Tall mannagrass Glyceria elata 50 3 1 5

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CALU7 Woodrush sedge Carex luzulina 75 8 5 15

CASC10 Northern singlespike sedge Carex scirpoidea 100 40 20 50

ELPA6 Few-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 50 15 10 20

JUME3 Mertens’ rush Juncus mertensianus 50 2 1 3

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.
142 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Woodrush Sedge Plant Association

Carex luzulina

MM2916 CALU7 N = 10

Physical environment—

The woodrush sedge plant association occurred on 

high-elevation (1945 to 2229 m) floodplains and moist/

wet meadows. One site was located at 1640 m along the 

Minam River in the Eagle Cap Wilderness. Sample sites 

were located in mostly low-gradient (<3 percent), U- and 

trough-shaped valleys. One exception was Lake Creek in 

the Elkhorn Mountains, which had a very high (>8 percent) 

gradient. Meadow soils were typically poorly drained, deep 

(>50 cm), organic sedge peats. Available water capacity of 

meadow sites averaged 33 cm/m. The soils of the floodplain 

type were organic-rich silt loams over sand. Floodplain 

soil available water capacity was 14 cm/m. Depth to water 

table ranged from the surface to 114 cm, and redoximorphic 

features were common.

Vegetation composition—

Woodrush sedge is prominent in the herbaceous layer and 

is joined by few-flowered spikerush and aquatic sedge in 

wetter portions of the site. A careful look at the understory 

will reveal a diversity of forbs and graminoids, including 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge, Pacific onion, alpine 

and Sierra shootingstar, explorer’s gentian, elephanthead 

lousewort, Canadian burnet, hooded ladies’-tresses, alpine 

meadow butterweed, tufted hairgrass, slender muhly, and 

alpine timothy.

Landform environment (n = 10) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2099 1640–2229

Plot slope (percent) 3 <1–9

Aspect Mostly southerly

Valley environment (n = 8) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–3, >8

Valley width (m) 30 – 100 30–300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 10) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 3 0–20

Bare ground 7 0–50

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 30 0–75

Moss 60 20–98

Soil profile characteristics (n = 10)

Parent material Mazama ash, peat, alluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryaquents, Cryaquepts, 

 Cryofibrists, Cryohemists

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–114

Rock fragments (percent) 1 0–6 

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 29 11–46

pH (n = 6) 6.00 5.66–6.20 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 10–45 

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 40

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–>106

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 15–106

Texture(s)a LS, SIL, fibric

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 13–60

Texture(s)a SI, SIL, SL, sapric

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 143

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: 

CAUT, PIEN-ABLA/CASC12, CASC12, 

ELPA6, ALVA-CASC12, CACA4, DECE, 

CAPR5, ABLA/VAME, CAJO, SACO2/CASC12, 

and VERAT. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Management considerations—

Total forage biomass ranged from 747 to 2987 (avg. 1734) 

kg/ha. Elk and deer use ranges from low early on to high 

later in the season after the soils have dried out a bit. The 

wet nature of these sites make them especially important 

habitat for amphibians. Woodrush sedge is considered an 

increaser, and this association may represent disturbed versions of the Holm’s Rocky Mountian sedge, few-flowered 

spikerush, or aquatic sedge plant associations (Kovalchik 

2004). The potential exists for a shift back to the above 

plant associations with a decrease in disturbance frequency 

or intensity.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a woodrush 

sedge plant association for the midmontane riparian/wetlands of northeastern Oregon. The association described 

above extends the range and extent of this type in the Blue 

Mountains.

Floristically similar types include aquatic sedge (p. 125), 

few-flowered spikerush (p. 131), tufted hairgrass (p. 148), 

and Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 50 4 1 13

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 60 10 1 40

DOJE Sierra shootingstar Dodecatheon jeffreyi 40 1 1 1

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 40 1 1 1

HADI7 Leafy white orchis Habenaria dilatata 40 1 1 1

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 40 10 1 35

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 50 2 1 3

POBI6 American bistort Polygonum bistortoides 40 2 1 3

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 40 4 1 10

SASI10 Canadian burnet Sanguisorba sitchensis 50 5 1 20

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 70 4 1 15

SPRO Hooded ladies’-tresses Spiranthes romanzoffiana 40 1 1 1

Grasses:

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 70 17 1 70

MUFI2 Slender muhly Muhlenbergia filiformis 90 18 1 80

PHAL2 Alpine timothy Phleum alpinum 40 1 1 1

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAAQ Aquatic sedge Carex aquatilis 40 25 10 50

CAJO Jones’ sedge Carex jonesii 40 2 1 3

CALU7 Woodrush sedge Carex luzulina 100 61 20 95

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 90 7 1 20

ELPA6 Few-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 90 18 1 60

LUCA2 Field woodrush Luzula campestris 50 2 1 5

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.
144 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Black Alpine Sedge Plant Association

Carex nigricans

MS2111 CANI2 N = 11

Physical environment—

The black alpine sedge plant association occurred in 

moist, headwater meadows above 2134 m elevation in the 

northern and central Blue Mountains. Valley types ranged 

from low-gradient (<3 percent), U- and trough-shaped, and 

flat to one high-gradient (6 to 8 percent) trough-shaped valley. Soils were moderately well drained, moist throughout 

the growing season, and lack the thick organic cap common to the Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge plant association. Soils may be briefly inundated just following snowmelt 

but dry out early in summer. Available water capacity 

ranged between 11 and 17 (avg. 14) cm/m corresponding to 

medium-textured, fine sandy loam to clay loam soils. The 

water table ranged from 13 to 69 cm, and redoximorphic 

features were common.

Vegetation composition—

Black alpine sedge forms a thick sod with Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge often growing along the slightly moister 

edges of the association. Scattered forbs and graminoids 

include Idaho licorice-root, explorer’s gentian, alpine 

meadow butterweed, high mountain cinquefoil, yellow 

Wallowa Indian paintbrush, tufted hairgrass, sheep sedge, 

and Drummond’s rush. Few-flowered spikerush is sometimes found growing in wet depressions scattered throughout the association. The black alpine sedge plant association 

often occurrs on the slightly higher, drier margins of 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge and few-flowered spike 

rush meadows.

Landform environment (n = 11) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2282 2177–2409

Plot slope (percent) 2 <1–7

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 11) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) <1 <1–3, 6–8 

Valley width (m) 30–100 10–300 

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 10) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 0

Bare ground 3 0–10

Gravel 0

Rock 4 0–40

Bedrock 0

Litter 62 5–90

Moss 17 1–50

Soil profile characteristics (n = 11)

Parent material Mazama ash, quartz diorite, sedge peat

Great group(s) Cryaquands, Cryaquents, Cryaquepts, 

 Cryofluvents, Cryohemists, Haplocryalfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 13–69 

Rock fragments (percent) 1 0–8 

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 14 11–17 

pH (n = 9) 5.52 4.92–6.21 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 13–30 

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 64

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–8

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 5–57

Texture(s)a L, LS, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 10–>80

Texture(s)a L, LS, SIL, SCL, SI, SIC, SICL, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 145

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: 

ELPA6, ALVA-CASC12, PHEM MOUNDS, 

CALU7, CACA4, ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–

FLOODPLAIN, CASC12, SABO2/CASC12, KAMI/

CANI2, SALIX/CACA4.

Springs and seeps: ELPA6, CASC12. 

Lake edges: CAAQ. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes and footslope: ABLA/VASC.

Management considerations—

Forage values ranged from 215 to 1680 (avg. 1007) kg/ha. 

Elk and deer use is fairly high in these meadows, although 

Kovalchik (1987) commented that the palatability and forage value of black alpine sedge is unknown but assumed 

to be moderately low. Black alpine sedge forms a fairly 

resilient sod layer that can withstand moderate trampling by 

wild and domestic ungulates and backpackers. Overuse can 

result in increased prevalence of forbs and an increase in 

bare ground; therefore, concentrated use should be avoided. 

Rather, managers should encourage diffuse recreational use 

throughout this association. The dense rhizomes of black 

alpine sedge provide soil stability to the banks of the many 

small, meandering rivulets characteristic to these headwater basins. Possible successional trajectories include PHEM 

MOUNDS, KAMI/CANI2, and ABLA/VASC.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) saturated to temporarily flooded. 

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Black alpine sedge types have been described for central 

Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), eastern Washington (Kovalchik 

and Clausnitzer 2004), and Alaska (Viereck et al. 1992). 

Kovalchik (1987) further described a Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge-black alpine sedge-tufted hairgrass type 

that may also be present in northeastern Oregon but was 

not encountered in this classification effort.

Floristically similar types include tufted hairgrass (p. 

148) and sheep sedge (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 27 9 1 25

ANAL4 Alpine pussytoes Antennaria alpina 36 6 1 20

ASOC Western mountain aster Aster occidentalis 36 5 2 15

CACH16 Yellow Wallowa Indian paintbrush Castilleja chrysantha 54 1 1 1

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 27 9 1 15

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 72 4 1 10

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 72 12 1 40

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 81 22 1 70

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 72 9 1 25

SPRO Hooded ladies’-tresses Spiranthes romanzoffiana 27 1 1 1

Grasses:

DAIN Timber oatgrass Danthonia intermedia 36 3 1 10

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 45 4 1 6

MUFI2 Slender muhly Muhlenbergia filiformis 27 8 2 20

PHAL2 Alpine timothy Phleum alpinum 27 1 1 1

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CAIL Sheep sedge Carex illota 54 7 1 30

CAJO Jones’ sedge Carex jonesii 27 11 1 30

CANI2 Black alpine sedge Carex nigricans 100 48 20 70

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 90 12 1 25

ELPA6 Few-flowered spikerush Eleocharis pauciflora 27 20 5 30

JUDR Drummond’s rush Juncus drummondii 63 2 1 5

LUCA2 Field woodrush Luzula campestris 27 1 1 1

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in which the 

species occurred.
146 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Association

Calamagrostis canadensis

GM4111 CACA4 N = 8

Physical environment—

The bluejoint reedgrass plant association occurred in 

high-elevation (1921 to 2287 m) moist meadows and stream 

terraces throughout the Blue Mountains. Sample sites 

occurred in U- and trough-shaped and flat valleys of very 

low (<1 percent) to moderate (4 to 5 percent) gradient. 

Soils were moderately well-drained, gravelly loams to silt 

loams often over a slowly permeable layer of sandy clay 

loam to clay loam. A thick, dry, sod often overlies the 

mineral soil. Available water capacity ranged from 9 to 23 

(avg. 14) cm/m. Depth to water table was typically deep 

(>50 cm), and redoximorphic features were uncommon.

Vegetation composition—

Bluejoint reedgrass forms a dense stand often joined by 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge along slightly moister edges 

of the association. The thick sod layer of accumulated rhizomes atop mineral soil excludes a diverse forb understory.

Scattered forbs and graminoids may include high mountain cinquefoil, Columbian monkshood, willowherb, hairy 

arnica, largeleaf avens, muskflower, alpine meadow butterweed, violets, and smallwing sedge.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: 

SCMI2, ALIN2/GLEL, CANI2, 

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN, CAUT, 

SALIX/CAUT, SABO2/CASC12, CAVE6. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC.

Landform environment (n = 8) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2132 1921–2287

Plot slope (percent) 2 <1–5

Aspect Mostly northerly

Valley environment (n = 8) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 1–5 

Valley width (m) 100–300 <10, 30–>300

Valley aspect Mostly northerly

Soil surface cover (n = 8) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 2 0–10

Bare ground 8 0–25

Gravel 0

Rock 0

Bedrock 0

Litter 73 50–100

Moss 15 0–50

Soil profile characteristics (n = 8)

Parent material Mazama ash, quartz diorite, peat

Great group(s) Cryaquepts, Cryofluvents, Cryorthents, 

 Haplocryalfs

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 10–>97

Rock fragments (percent) 7 0–26 

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 14 9–23 

pH (n = 7) 5.34 4.64–6.13 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 10–19 

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 38

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–20

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 9–48

Texture(s)a CL, L, LS, SIL, SL, hemic

Redoximorphic features Depletions

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 39–65

Texture(s)a CL, L, LS, SCL, SICL, SIL, SL

Redoximorphic features Depletions, iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 147

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Management considerations—

Forage biomass values ranged from 821 to 2576 (avg. 

2068) kg/ha. Bluejoint reedgrass is a preferred food item 

of wild ungulates, but palatability varies from moderate to 

high depending on the season (Hansen et al. 1995). These 

sites are relatively resilient to grazing pressure given the 

strong rhizomes, thick sod, and the fact that soil surface layers are wet for only short periods after melt-off. Sustained 

high levels of grazing can result in breakup of the sod layer 

and a shift to forbs and other graminoids. These sites provide habitat for small mammals including voles, deer mice, 

weasels, and snowshoe hares. Bluejoint reedgrass has low 

fire tolerance and may be completely destroyed by moderate- to high-intensity fires capable of burning the dry sod 

layer. This association is self-perpetuating and may represent climax ecological status in moist subalpine meadows 

unless a disturbance event(s) shifts the balance to other 

species.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

Bluejoint reedgrass types have been described for midmontane northeastern Oregon (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997), Montana (Hansen et al. 1995), eastern Washington 

(Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004), Utah and southeastern 

Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989), and Alaska (Viereck et al. 1992).

There are no floristically similar types.

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

ACCO4 Columbian monkshood Aconitum columbianum 37 15 3 40

EPGL4 Fringed willowherb Epilobium glandulosum 37 4 3 5

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 75 12 3 30

VIOLA Violet Viola 50 6 1 10

Grasses 

CACA4 Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis 100 72 20 90

Sedges and other grasslikes 

CAREX Sedge Carex 37 9 1 20

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge Carex scopulorum 62 18 10 30

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.
148 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Miscellaneous Moist Graminoid Types

Tufted Hairgrass Plant Association

Deschampsia cespitosa

MM1912 DECE N = 3

The tufted hairgrass plant association occurred in moist 

meadows between 2079 and 2216 m elevation in the Eagle 

Cap Wilderness. Sample sites were located in low-gradient 

(1 to 3 percent), U- and trough-shaped valleys. Soils were 

Cryaquepts. Soils were somewhat poorly drained loam to 

silt loam surface layers over clay loam to silty clay loam 

subsurface layers.

Tufted hairgrass (avg. 63 percent) occurs in bunches 

throughout the community. Other species include high 

mountain cinquefoil, willowherb, alpine meadow butterweed, Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge, and bladder sedge. It 

is best to graze the tufted hairgrass association from mid to 

late summer. It is relatively tolerant of grazing, but a high 

level of grazing can result in a shift in species composition 

to the detriment of tufted hairgrass.

 Tufted hairgrass types have been described throughout 

the Western United States including midmontane northeastern Oregon (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), Montana 

(Hansen et al. 1995), central Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), eastern Washington (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004), Nevada 

and eastern California (Manning and Padgett 1995), Utah 

and southeastern Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989), and eastern 

Idaho-western Wyoming (Youngblood et al. 1985).

Floristically similar types include black alpine sedge (p. 

144), woodrush sedge (p. 142) and Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge-black alpine sedge-tufted hairgrass association 

(Kovalchik 1987).

Basin Wildrye Plant Community Type

Elymus cinereus

GB7111 ELCI2 N = 1

The basin wildrye community type was found on a 

terrace of Murderers’ Creek in the Malheur National 

Forest at 994 m elevation. Soils were Haplustalfs. The 

soil was shallow to alluvium, well-drained silt loam over 

silty clay loam. Available water capacity was 19 cm/m. 

Grasses are the primary life form consisting of clumps 

of basin wildrye (40 percent) with annual brome grasses 

(20 percent) and Kentucky bluegrass (10 percent) interspersed between clumps. Creeping bentgrass, western 

needlegrass, and timothy were found at low abundance 

(≤5 percent). Trace amounts of Wood’s rose, common 

snowberry, thistle, teasel, western coneflower, common yarrow, prickly lettuce, and red clover were found 

throughout. Total forage biomass was 1398 kg/ha. Basin 

wildrye is a high-protein forage species for wild and domestic ungulates. Ideally, grazing of this community is delayed 

until fall when the protein content is highest and damage 

to the elevated growing point is minimized (USDA NRCS 

2002b). Basin wildrye is also an important erosion control 

species and helps maintain soil integrity. The presence of 

weedy species suggests past or present grazing influences 

at this site. In fact, cow trails were found throughout the 

terrace.

Crawford (2003) described three basin wildrye types 

for the Columbia River basin: basin wildrye/clustered field 

sedge, basin wildrye-saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), basin 

wildrye/cheatgrass.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 149

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Star Sedge Plant Community Type

Carex muricata

MS3112 CAMU7 N = 3

The star sedge plant community type occurred in 

moist/wet headwater basins of the Elkhorn and Strawberry 

Mountains. Soil great groups were Cryofibrists and 

Cryohemists. Soils were typically poorly drained sedge 

peats, with an average available water capacity of 41 cm/m.

Star sedge (avg. 68 percent) forms a thick stand with fewflowered spikerush (avg. 23 percent) occurring in the wetter 

portions of the community. Alpine and Sierra shootingstar, 

alpine meadow butterweed, leafy white orchis, tufted hairgrass, aquatic sedge, and Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge are 

often found scattered throughout the community.

Total forage biomass ranged from 523 to 1897 (avg. 

1195) kg/ha. Deer and elk use is moderate to high in 

these meadows, especially in the Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness where, late in the season, water and highquality forage are scarce.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Meadows: CALU7, ALVA-CASC12, SCMI2, CAUT, 

PIEN/CASC12, DECE, CAAQ. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC. 

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a similar 

community type for the midmontane riparian/wetlands 

of the Blue Mountains. Floristically similar types include 

few-flowered spikerush (p. 131).

Jones’ Sedge Plant Community

Carex jonesii

MM2933 CAJO N = 1

The Jones’ sedge plant community was located along 

a seep in the high-gradient (6 to 8 percent) headwaters of 

the North Fork John Day River in the Elkhorn Mountains 

at 2287 m. Soil great groups were Cryaquands. Soils were 

somewhat poorly drained silt loams over granite parent 

material with iron oxide concentrations throughout the 

subsurface layers (24 to 50 cm).

Jones’ sedge (60 percent), Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

(25 percent), and few-flowered spikerush (5 percent) make 

up the thick graminoid layer. Trace amounts of woodrush 

sedge, alpine leafybract aster, high mountain cinquefoil, and 

tinker’s penny occurred throughout.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Seeps: ELPA6, CANI2. 

This community has not previously been described.
150 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Nebraska Sedge Plant Community Type

Carex nebrascensis

MM2912 CANE2 N = 1

The Nebraska sedge plant community type was found on 

a seepy floodplain along the east fork of Pine Creek in the 

Wallowa-Whitman National Forest at 1985 m elevation. Soil 

great groups were Cryofluvents. The soil was shallow to 

alluvium, poorly drained loam to silt loam over gravelly 

fine sandy loam.

Nebraska sedge (75 percent), Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge (15 percent), and tufted hairgrass (15 percent) form a 

thick graminoid cover. Other species including weak alkaligrass, alpine timothy, Columbian monkshood, northern 

bedstraw, Pacific onion, largeleaf avens, high mountain 

cinquefoil, and alpine meadow butterweed occurred at low 

abundance throughout the site. Total forage biomass was 

1624 kg/ha. Nebraska sedge provides high-quality forage 

for wild and domestic ungulates and is resistant to moderately high levels of grazing (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).

Nebraska sedge types have been described throughout 

the Western United States including the Columbia River 

basin (Crawford 2003), midmontane northeastern Oregon 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), Montana (Hansen et al. 

1995), southwestern Idaho (Jankovsky-Jones, 2001), central 

Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), Nevada and eastern California 

(Manning and Padgett 1995), Utah and southeastern Idaho 

(Padgett et al. 1989), and eastern Idaho-western Wyoming 

(Youngblood et al. 1985). The occurrence described above 

may represent the upper elevational range of this type in the 

Blue Mountains.

Brown Sedge Plant Community

Carex subfusca

MM2930 CASU6 N = 1

The brown sedge plant community was found on a 

steep (12 percent) seepy slope in the upper reaches of the 

East Fork of Canyon Creek in the Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness at 2104 m. Soil great groups were Cryofluvents. 

Soils were moderately deep, somewhat poorly drained, 

very gravelly/cobbly loams over boulders. Available water 

capacity of the soil was 9 cm/m. Redoximorphic features 

occurred within the upper 20 cm of the soil profile.

Brown sedge (60 percent), the principal herbaceous species, is joined by tall mannagrass (20 percent), widefruit 

sedge (30 percent), woodrush sedge, spikerush, Baltic rush, 

and alpine bentgrass. Forbs included fringed willowherb, 

threepetal bedstraw, monkeyflowers, American speedwell, 

and arrowleaf groundsel. Total forage biomass was 3808 

kg/ha. Wildlife use is high at these springs, especially late 

in the season when water is difficult to find.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Spring: RUOC2, ALIN2/GLEL. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC, ABLA/ANMA, 

FEVI/LUPIN. 

The brown sedge plant community has not previously 

been described.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 151

MOIST GRAMINOID SERIES

Smallwing Sedge Plant Community Type

Carex microptera

MM2929 CAMI7 N = 1

The smallwing sedge plant community type was found 

on a seepy terrace of the North Fork Imnaha River in the 

Eagle Cap Wilderness at 1966 m. Soil great groups were 

Cryorthents. The soil was deep, well-drained loam over 

sandy loam. The water table was deeper than 1 m and the 

available water capacity of the soil was 12 cm/m.

Smallwing sedge (65 percent) forms a thick herbaceous 

cover intermingled with a diversity of forbs and grasses, 

including slender cinquefoil, glaucus willowherb, Virginia 

strawberry, American speedwell, falsegold groundsel, 

western needlegrass, and California brome. Species 

indicative of grazing pressure include Kentucky bluegrass 

(15 percent), bearded wheatgrass (5 percent), common 

yarrow (15 percent), and Canada thistle (5 percent). The 

terrace was located near a popular camping spot, and 

evidence of horse pasturing was found throughout.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Seeps: CAUT, 

Floodplains and terraces: JUBA. 

Smallwing sedge types have been described by 

Youngblood et al. (1985) and Padgett et al. (1989).

Baltic Rush Plant Community Type

Juncus balticus

MW3912 JUBA N = 1

The Baltic rush plant community type was found on 

a seepy terrace of the North Fork Imnaha River in the 

Eagle Cap Wilderness at 1966 m. Soil great groups were 

Cryorthents. The soil was deep, well-drained, sandy loams 

to loams over very gravelly/cobbly loamy sand. Available 

water capacity of the soil was 6 cm/m. Baltic rush (90 

percent) forms a thick sward of wiry stems through which 

grows an array of forbs and graminoids including slender 

cinquefoil, falsegold groundsel, tall bluebells, monkeyflowers, common horsetail, smallwing sedge, western 

needlegrass, and California brome. Species indicative of 

grazing pressure include Kentucky bluegrass (5 percent), 

common yarrow (3 percent), and Canada thistle (15 percent). The terrace was near a popular camping spot and 

evidence of horse pasturing was found throughout.

Baltic rush is resilient to grazing pressure owing to its 

low palatability to ungulates, strong rhizomatous roots, 

and rapid growth rate (USDA NRCS 2002b). Baltic rush 

has nitrogen-fixing capabilities, stabilizes streambanks, 

and acts as a filter for sediment and nutrients.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Seeps: CAUT.

Floodplains and terraces: CAMI7. 

Baltic rush types have been described throughout 

the Western States including the Columbia River basin 

(Crawford 2003), midmontane northeastern Oregon 

(Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997), Montana (Hansen et al. 

1995), southwestern Idaho (Jankovsky-Jones et al. 2001), 

Nevada and eastern California (Manning and Padgett 

1995), Malheur National Forest, Oregon (Padgett 1981), 

Utah and southeastern Idaho (Padgett et al. 1989), and 

eastern Idaho-western Wyoming (Youngblood et al. 1985). 

The occurrence described above may represent the upper 

elevational range of this type in the Blue Mountains.
152 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

FORB SERIES

Pacific Onion-Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association

Allium validum-Carex scopulorum

FW7111 ALVA-CASC12 N = 20

Physical environment—

The Pacific onion-Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge plant 

association occurred at high-elevation (2000 to 2400 m) 

moist/wet meadows, springs, and floodplains of the Eagle 

Cap Wilderness, Strawberry Mountain Wilderness, and 

Elkhorn Mountains. Sample sites were located in very low 

(<1 percent)- to very high (>8 percent)- gradient, U-, V-, and 

trough-shaped valleys. Landform slope ranged from <1 to 

30 (avg. 7 percent). When slope was greater than 2 percent, 

a perennial source of water, such as a spring or lateral seepage, was present supplying a continual flow of water to the 

site.

The surface was often covered by a thick (10 to 35 cm) 

organic horizon. Soil texture was almost exclusively silt 

loam in the surface and subsurface layers with a few occurrences of coarse sands to loams. Soils were poorly drained 

with a shallow (surface) to moderately deep (>60 cm) water 

table. Redoximorphic features were very common.

Vegetation composition—

Pacific onion forms a dense herbaceous layer with Holm’s 

Rocky Mountain sedge scattered throughout. Arrowleaf 

groundsel tends to fill in for Holm’s sedge at sites with 

slopes greater than 6 percent.

Other species include alpine shootingstar, explorer’s 

gentian, elephanthead lousewort, high mountain cinquefoil, 

alpine meadow butterweed, licorice-root, brook saxifrage, 

tufted hairgrass, woodrush sedge, black alpine sedge, and 

common horsetail.

Landform environment (n = 20) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2233 2034–2424

Plot slope (percent) 7 0.5–30

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 18) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) 1–3 <1–>8 

Valley width (m) 30–100 <10–>300

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 16) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 4 0–20

Bare ground 6 0–20

Gravel 3 0–15

Rock 3 0–15

Bedrock 0

Litter 28 3–75

Moss 52 10–90

Soil profile characteristics (n = 20)

Parent material Mazama ash, granite, quartz diorite, 

 peat, alluvium, colluvium

Great group(s) Cryorthents, Cryofluvents, Cryaquepts, 

 Haplocryands, Cryaquands, Cryohemists, 

 Cryosaprists, Cryofibrists, Hapludands, 

 Dystrocryepts

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 15–>60

Rock fragments (percent) 6 0–66 

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 20 5–48

pH (n = 15) 5.90 5.16–6.96 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 10–60 

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 40

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0–>50 

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 7–53

Texture(s)a SIL, L, SL, LS, fibric, hemic

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 7–>74

Texture(s)a CL, SIL, L, SL, fibric

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 153

FORB SERIES

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains and meadows: 

CASC12, CAMU7, SCMI2, CAUT, 

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL–FLOODPLAIN, 

ELPA6, CANI2, PHEM MOUNDS, CALU7, 

SABO2/CASC12, SALIX/MESIC FORB, 

ALSI3/MESIC FORB. 

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes and footslope: ABLA/VASC, ABLA/VAUL, 

various ABLA/PIAL types.

Management considerations—

Pacific onion is not adapted to coarse-textured soils, 

such as sands and loamy sands, as evidenced by the 

strong affinity to silt-loam and organic soils. The ALVACASC12 plant association may shift to the CASC12 plant 

association given an influx of coarse sediments into a site. 

Forage values ranged from 502 to 3871 (avg. 1542) kg/

ha. Deer and elk use is typically high in these meadows, 

but not necessarily in this association. These sites are 

particularly important for wildlife in the Strawberry 

Mountain Wilderness where watering holes are few and 

far between late in the season. Many of these sites are 

unsuitable for camping and horse pasturing owing to the 

wet organic soils. Wranglers should look to slightly drier, 

more resilient meadows, such as bluejoint reedgrass, Holm’s 

Rocky Mountain sedge, and willow/mesic forb adjacent to 

the ALVA-CASC12 association for pasturing opportunities. 

The dense stems of Pacific onion trap silt very effectively, 

making this association an important nutrient filter for steep 

headwater streams.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) permanently flooded [springs 

and seeps] to saturated [meadows].

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The Pacific onion-Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge plant 

association has not previously been described. Crowe and 

Clausnitzer (1997) described a Pacific [swamp] onion community type in their midmontane wetland guide to northeastern Oregon that, based on the community description, 

fits into the Pacific onion-Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge 

plant association.

Floristically similar types include Holm’s Rocky 

Mountain sedge (p. 138), northern singlespike sedgebrook saxifrage (p. 140), and Holm’s Rocky Mountain 

sedge (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

ALVA Pacific onion Allium validum 100 69 30 100

DOAL Alpine shootingstar Dodecatheon alpinum 55 5 1 20

ERPE3 Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus 45 12 1 50

GECA Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa 50 12 1 30

LITE2 Idaho licorice-root Ligusticum tenuifolium 45 1 1 2

PEGR2 Elephanthead lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica 65 4 1 20

POFL3 High mountain cinquefoil Potentilla flabellifolia 55 12 1 40

SECY Alpine meadow butterweed Senecio cymbalarioides 45 10 1 50

Grasses:

DECE Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa 45 18 1 60

Sedges and other grasslikes:

CANI2 Black alpine sedge Carex nigricans 40 7 1 25

CASC12 Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Carex scopulorum 75 7 1 20

Ferns and horsetails:

EQAR Common horsetail Equisetum arvense 40 8 1 25

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots in 

which the species occurred.
154 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

FORB SERIES

Arrowleaf Groundsel-Purple Monkeyflower Plant Association

Senecio triangularis-Mimulus lewisii

FW4214 SETR-MILE2 N = 11

Physical environment—

The arrowleaf groundsel-purple monkeyflower plant 

association occurred on steep (3 to 25, avg. 11 percent) 

floodplains, rocky bars, and streambanks along highelevation (2049 to 2424 m) cascading streams throughout 

the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness, and Seven Devils Mountains. Valleys were 

mostly high-gradient (>6 percent), narrow (<30 m), V-, 

U-, and trough-shaped. Soils ranged from exposed cobble/

boulder bars, to moss-covered boulders, to very gravelly/

cobbly sandy loams to sandy clay loams overlying rocky 

alluvium. A continuous flow of cold, well-aerated water 

is supplied to the plant roots throughout the year.

Vegetation composition—

The stream provides the canvas upon which an impressionist’s palette of colors explodes across a boulder-strewn 

channel. Arrowleaf groundsel and purple monkeyflower 

are typically rooted on rocky streambanks and midstream 

boulders. Brook saxifrage is often found growing below 

arrowleaf groundsel and purple monkeyflower along the 

stream edge.

Other species include Columbian monkshood, fringed 

grass of Parnassus, common cowparsnip, fivestamen 

miterwort, muskflower, seep monkeyflower, drooping 

woodreed, and tall mannagrass.

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Sideslopes: ABLA/VASC, ABLA/CAGE2, 

and ABGR/VASC.

Landform environment (n = 11) Mean Range

Elevation (m) 2163 2049–2424

Plot slope (percent) 11 3–25

Aspect All

Valley environment (n = 11) Mode Range

Valley gradient (percent) >8 1–>8 

Valley width (m) <10 <10–100

Valley aspect All

Soil surface cover (n = 11) Mean Range

Submerged (percent) 23 0–50

Bare ground 7 0–32

Gravel 6 0–22

Rock 20 0–40

Bedrock 0

Litter 13 0–30

Moss 25 0–85

Soil profile characteristics (n = 10)

Parent material Alluvium

Great group(s) Cryaquents, Cryorthents

Mean Range

Water table depth (cm) 0–65

Rock fragments (percent) 70 18–100 

Available water capacity of pit (cm/m) 5 1–18

pH (n = 4) 6.07 5.76–6.60 

Depth to redoximorphic features (cm) 30 

Occurrence of redoximorphic features 10

 (percentage of soils)

Surface organic layer (cm) 0 

Surface layers

Thickness (cm) 8–>30

Texture(s)a L, SICL, SIL, SL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features Iron oxide concentrations

Subsurface layers 

Thickness (cm) 0–41

Texture(s)a L, SICL, SL, cobble, boulders

Redoximorphic features None

a See “Soil Texture Codes” section.

Aaron Wells
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 155

FORB SERIES

Management considerations—

The arrowleaf groundsel-purple monkey flower plant 

association provides soil stablility and shade to steep, headwater streams. In lower gradient streams, fish take refuge 

under overhanging vegetation provided by this association. 

Forage biomass ranges from 485 to 2203 (avg. 1170) kg/ha. 

These sites receive low to moderate impact from browse 

animals for most of the year, but can provide very important 

feeding and watering habitat later in the season, especially 

in the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness. Fires are infrequent at these wet sites. In the event of a fire, the community structure of this association would not be significantly 

altered (Kovalchik 1987). Possible successional trajectories 

include: PIEN-ABLA/SETR.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service wetlands classification—

System: palustrine

Class: emergent wetland

Subclass: persistent

Water regime: (nontidal) seasonally flooded to saturated.

Adjacent riparian/wetland classifications—

The arrowleaf groundsel-purple monkeyflower plant 

association has not previously been described. Arrowleaf 

groundsel types have been described for riparian/wetland sites in midmontane northeastern Oregon (Crowe 

and Clausnitzer 1997), Montana (Hansen et al. 1995), and 

central Oregon (Kovalchik 1987), but purple monkeyflower 

is noticeably absent from each of these types. Kovalchik 

and Clausnitzer (2004) described a Lewis monkeyflower 

(Mimulus lewisii) type that is similar to the arrowleaf 

groundsel-purple monkeyflower association but features 

purple monkeyflower as the indicator species and arrowleaf 

groundsel only occasionally occurring at low abundance.

Other floristically similar types: brook saxifrage, 

drooping woodreed (Crowe and Clausnitzer 1997).

Principal species CON COV MIN MAX

Percent

Forbs:

MILE2 Purple monkeyflower Mimulus lewisii 90 18 2 60

SAAR13 Brook saxifrage Saxifraga arguta 72 24 3 50

SETR Arrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis 100 41 10 85

Grasses:

CILA2 Drooping woodreed Cinna latifolia 54 5 1 10

Sedges and other grasslikes:

JUME3 Mertens’ rush Juncus mertensianus 27 1 1 1

Note: CON = percentage of plots in which the species occurred; COV = average canopy cover in plots 

in which the species occurred.
156 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

FORB SERIES

Miscellaneous Forb Types

Narrowleaf Bur-Reed Plant Association

Sparganium angustifolium

WL0108 SPAN2 N = 3

The narrowleaf bur-reed plant association was found 

growing in subalpine lakes of the Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness and Seven Devils Mountains. Sites were located 

in 0.5 to 3 m of water, and the community was growing out 

of organic lake sediments.

Narrowleaf bur-reed (avg. 72 percent) can be readily 

seen at the water surface, a thin leaf lying flat on top of the 

water with a stem standing straight up supporting a burlike flower. Bolander’s quillwort (avg. 33 percent) is often 

present and is completely submerged, growing at the lake 

bottom. In shallow sections of this association, bladder or 

Rocky Mountain Pond-Lily Plant Association

Nuphar polysepala

MT10 NUPO2 N = 2

inflated sedge may be found growing alongside narrowleaf 

bur-reed.

The narrowleaf bur-reed plant association provides 

cover for trout and habitat for tadpoles and other 

amphibians. The narrowleaf bur-reed plant association 

has not previously been described.

Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004) described a burreed association for eastern Washington that featured 

simplestem bur-reed (Sparganium erectum L.), small 

bur-reed (S. natans L.), or other bur-reed species, but 

Bolander’s quillwort was absent from this type.

The Rocky Mountain pond-lily plant association was 

found growing in subalpine lakes (2226 and 2265 m) of 

the Seven Devils Mountains. Rocky Mountain pond-lily 

(avg. 45 percent) is rooted in organic substrates at the lake 

bottom with broad leaves and yellow flowers floating at the 

surface. Occasionally, pondweed, and in shallow sections 

of this association, few-flowered spikerush occur with 

Rocky Mountain pond-lily. The Rocky Mountain pondlily plant community type provides cover for trout and 

habitat for tadpoles and other amphibians. Kovalchik 

and Clausnitzer (2004) described an Indian pond-lily 

(Nuphar polysepala) association for eastern Washington, 

and Viereck et al. (1992) described a Nuphar polysepalaPotamogeton type for Alaska. A floristically similar type 

is pondweed (Kovalchik and Clausnitzer 2004).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 157

FORB SERIES

Common Cattail Plant Community

Typha latifolia

MT8121 TYLA N = 1

The common cattail plant community was found in a 

swale associated with Lightning Creek in Hells Canyon 

National Recreation Area at 707 m elevation. Soil great 

groups were Endoaqualfs. Soils were very poorly drained 

sandy loams to silt loams over sandy clays to silty clays. 

Depth to water table was 65 cm, and available water 

capacity of the soil was 15 cm/m. Common cattail (25 

percent) was scattered thoughout the plot with a continuous 

cover of low-growing common horsetail. The rich 

herbaceous layer included heartleaf bittercress, enchanter’s 

nightshade, giant goldenrod, rough bluegrass, watercress, 

big-leaved sedge, smallwing sedge, and saw-beak sedge. 

Teasel and common St. Johnswort were also present at 

low abundance and are indicative of the cattle activity 

in the area. Common cattail and common horsetail slow 

floodwaters, thus reducing erosion, and act as a nutrient 

and sediment filter. Muskrats and Canada geese feed on the 

stems and roots of common cattail (USDA NRCS 2002b). In 

the spring, red-winged blackbirds are often heard cackling, 

red and black fluttering against green and brown. Common 

cattail types have been described by Crowe and Clausnitzer 

(1997), Hansen et al. (1995), Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001), 

and Kovalchik and Clausnitzer (2004).

Common Cowparsnip-Blue Wildrye Plant Community

Heracleum lanatum-Elymus glaucus

SW3124 HELA4-ELGL N = 1

This community occurred on a steep (8 percent), seepy 

floodplain of a high-gradient (>8 percent) tributary to the 

West Fork Wallowa River in the Eagle Cap Wilderness 

at 1683 m elevation. The soil was shallow loam over 

granite bedrock. Common cowparsnip (60 percent) and 

blue wildrye (60 percent) occurred in equal proportions 

throughout the floodplain. Engelmann spruce (5 percent) 

occurred scattered across the landform with the occasional 

twinberry honeysuckle. Herbaceous species include tall 

fringed bluebells, heartleaf bittercress, stinging nettle, 

fragrant bedstraw, western mountain aster, bluejoint 

reedgrass, drooping woodreed, and smallwing sedge. 

Total forage biomass was 896 kg/ha. This community 

has not previously been described. A floristically similar 

type is sand ryegrass (Elymus arenarius)-cow parsnip 

(Heracleum lanatum) (Viereck et al. 1992).
158 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

FORB SERIES

False Hellebore Plant Community Type

Veratrum spp.

FW51 VERAT N = 3

Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997) described a similar type for 

the midmontane Blue Mountain wetlands. The same naming 

convention has been adapted here owing to the difficulty 

in differentiating Veratrum californicum (California false 

hellebore) from V. viride (green false hellebore), both of 

which occur in the Blue Mountains. Sites were located 

in dry/moist basins and on a stream terrace between 

1662 and 2253 m. Soil great groups were Cryaquents and 

Cryorthents, respectively. Soils were well-drained, mediumtextured loams to clay loams over sands. Depth to water 

table ranged from 42 cm to greater than 1 m.

False hellebore (avg. 30 percent) stands out against the 

more diminutive species one might expect to occur in these 

meadows. A closer inspection will reveal a rich herbaceous 

layer that may include alpine leafybract aster, common cowparsnip, heartleaf minerslettuce, arrowleaf groundsel, tall 

bluebells, smallwing sedge, burdocks, duncecap larkspur, 

and mountain tansymustard, among others.

These sites are often indicative of areas that have experienced present or past overgrazing (Crowe and Clausnitzer 

1997). Vegetation potential at these sites, given suitable soil 

moisture, may be common cowparsnip-blue wildrye, tufted 

hairgrass, or Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge.

Manning and Padgett (1995) and Padget et al. (1989) 

described Veratrum californicum (California false 

hellebore) types for Nevada/eastern California and 

Utah/southeastern Idaho, respectively. A floristically 

similar type is bluejoint reedgrass (p. 146).

Western Coneflower Plant Community Type

Rudbeckia occidentalis

FS8101 RUOC2 N = 2

The western coneflower plant community type occurred 

in high-elevation (2104 and 2159 m) moist meadows and 

floodplains of the Eagle Cap and Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness. Soils were Cryorthents. Soils were shallow, 

moderately well-drained, cobbly silt loams. Western 

coneflower (avg. 25 percent) co-occurs with a variety 

of forb and graminoid species. The western coneflower 

plant community commonly occurs throughout the Blue 

Mountains in areas of present or past overgrazing. Often, 

this type occurs in areas where down-cutting of the stream 

has lowered the water table and soils have dried out and 

compacted. Vegetation potential at these sites, given 

suitable soil moisture, is most likely ALSI3/MESIC 

FORB, ALIN2/GLEL, ALVA-CASC12, or CASC12.

Adjacent riparian/wetland vegetation types: 

Floodplains: SETR/MILE2, ALIN2/GLEL.

Springs: CALE8. 

Adjacent upland vegetation type: ABLA/CAGE2.

Johnson (2004a) described a western coneflower-cluster 

tarweed community for alpine uplands of northeastern 

Oregon similar to the western coneflower plant community 

type described here. A floristically similar type is Mertensia 

ciliata (tall fringed bluebells) (Padgett et al. 1989).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 159

FORB SERIES

White Sagebrush Plant Community Type

Artemisia ludoviciana

SD01 ARLU N = 1

This community type occurred on a steep (25 percent) 

cobble bar associated with a high-gradient (>8 percent) 

tributary to East Eagle Creek in the Eagle Cap Wilderness 

at 1695 meters. White sagebrush was growing in loamy 

coarse sand between cobbles and boulders. Scattered forbs 

and grasses include western coneflower, Rocky Mountain 

goldenrod, nettleleaf horsemint, boreal sweetvetch, tall 

fringed bluebells, snowbed draba, tasselflower brickellbush, 

and western needlegrass. Total forage biomass was 1120 kg/

ha. White sagebrush provides food and cover for deer, elk, 

sage grouse, rabbits, chipmunks, and other small mammals 

(USDA NRCS 2002b). Cattle will also browse on white 

sagebrush. This community is resilient to grazing owing to 

the rocky soils and rapid growth of white sagebrush.

Adjacent upland vegetation types: 

Meadows and sideslopes: CAHO5, ABGR/VASC.

Potential successional trajectories: SAEX.

White sagebrush types have been described for the 

Columbia River basin and southwestern Idaho by Crawford 

(2001) and Jankovsky-Jones et al. (2001), respectively.
160 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

Acknowledgments

I thank the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest for the 

financial support provided to complete this classification. 

Elizabeth Crowe and Rodrick Clausnitzer supplied a 

classification of the midmontane wetland plant associations 

of the Blue Mountains. The midmontane classification 

provided the impetus for this extension into the deep 

canyon and subalpine riparian zones and wetlands of the 

Blue Mountains. I thank Elizabeth Crowe for collecting 

the first half of the data used in the classification. After 4 

years, without her efforts, I would only be halfway through 

the data collection process rather than preparing for the 

completion of this work. I thank Charles Johnson, Region 6 

plant ecologist for more than 20 years and mentor to many 

a “budding” ecologist, for providing logistical support 

for the field sampling effort and his participation on my 

advisory committee. I thank Dave Swanson (USFS Region 

English Equivalents

When you know: Multiply by: To find:

Millimeters 0.0394 Inches

Centimeters (cm) 0.394 Inches

Meters (m) 3.28 Feet

Meters 1.094 Yards

Kilometers (km) 0.6215 Miles

Hectares (ha) 2.47 Acres

Square meters (m2) 10.76 Square feet

Square kilometers (km2) 0.386 Square miles

Kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) 0.893 Pounds per acre

Square meters per hectare (m2/ha) 4.37 Square feet per acre

Centimeters per meter 0.12 Inches per foot

Bar 14.5 Pounds per square inch

Soil Texture Codes

Texture code: Texture explained:

C Clay

CL Clay loam

CS Clayey sand

ECS Extremely cobbly sand

FSCL Fine sandy clay loam

FSL Fine sandy loam

L Loam

LCS Loamy coarse sand

LS Loamy sand

S Sand

SC Sandy clay

SCL Sandy clay loam

SI Silt

SICL Silty clay loam

SIL Silt loam

SL Sandy loam

VFSL Very fine sandy loam

6 Ecologist) for his helpful comments, and for sticking with 

this publication through to completion. I thank my major 

professor Dr. Dave Roberts, and Dr. Janis Boettinger at 

Utah State University for their advice and open-door policy 

throughout the preparation of this document. I thank two 

outside reviewers: Tom Demeo (USFS Region 6 Regional 

Ecologist), and Bernard Kovalchik for their review and 

helpful comments. I thank my field technicians, Brittany 

Steele and Rich Mator, for their hard work and high spirits 

throughout many long days in the field. I thank the many 

people who aided our travels into the wilderness whether 

by truck, jetboat, or horseback including Roy Lombardo, 

John Hollenbeck, Ricky Thompson, and Daarla Seymour. I 

thank Rob Johnson and the Utah State University RS-GIS 

Laboratory for creating a map of the study area. Lastly, I 

thank my family and friends for their support and laughter 

that makes it all worthwhile.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 161

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164 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

Glossary

alluvium—Sediments deposited on land by streams 

and rivers.

alluvial fan—A low, outspread mass of loose materials or 

rock material, commonly with gentle slopes, shaped like 

an open fan or a segment of a cone, deposited by a stream 

(best expressed in semiarid regions) at the place where it 

issues from a narrow mountain or upland valley; or where 

a tributary stream is near or at its junction with the main 

stream (USDA NRCS 2002a).

alpine—The area above the upper limits of (erect) 

tree growth.

anaerobic—A condition characterized by the absence of 

free oxygen.

aquatic ecosystem—The stream channel or lake bed, the 

water, and the vegetative communities associated with 

them, forming an interacting system.

aquic (soil moisture regime)—A reducing regime in a soil 

that is virtually free of dissolved oxygen because it is saturated by water (USDA NRCS 1998).

available water capacity (AWC)—An estimate of the 

water available to plants between permanent wilting point 

and field capacity after hydric soils have been drained by 

gravity.

average cover—The average percentage of canopy cover of 

a species for the sample stands where it was recorded. For 

example, a vegetation type may be composed of 12 sample 

stands, but a particular species may be present in only 5 of 

those stands. The average cover for that species is calculated as the average canopy cover in those five stands.

bank or streambank—The sloping land bordering a 

channel. The bank has a steeper slope than the bottom 

of the channel and is usually steeper than the land 

surrounding the channel.

bar, cobble bar, gravel bar, or rocky bar—A general 

term for a ridgelike accumulation of sand, gravel, or other 

alluvial material formed in the channel, along the banks, 

or at the mouth of a stream where a decrease in velocity 

induces deposition: e.g. a channel bar or a meander bar 

(USDA NRCS 2002a).

basal area—The area of the cross section of a tree trunk 

4.5 ft above the ground, usually expressed as the sum of 

tree basal areas in square feet per acre.

basin—A depression or hollow in the land surface 

surrounded by higher ground.

bog—A soil/vegetation complex in which the upper 

part is living plant tissue gradually changing to partially 

decomposed plant tissue (peat) in the lower part. Usually 

saturated, relatively acid, and dominated at ground level 

by mosses. Bogs may be either forested or open. They are 

distinguished from swamps and fens by the dominance of 

mosses and the presence of peat deposits.

boulder—Rock fragments greater than 600 mm (24 in) 

in diameter.

browse—Shrubby or woody forage used especially by 

big game.

canyon—A long, deep, narrow, very steep-sided valley with 

high and precipitous walls in an area of high local relief.

channel—An open conduit either naturally or artificially 

created that periodically or continuously contains moving 

water, or that forms a connecting link between two bodies 

of standing water.

cirque—A steep-walled, half bowl-like recess or hollow, 

crescent-shaped or semicircular in plan, commonly situated 

at the head of a glaciated mountain valley or high on the 

side of a mountain, and produced by the erosive activity of 

a mountain glacier (USDA NRCS 2002a).

classification—The orderly arrangement of objects according to their differences and similarities.

clay—Soil particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter.

climax—Climax has been defined as the kind of plant 

community that will come to occupy a site under existing 

hydrology (flooding regime and mean annual water table 

depth ranges), soils (parent material, particle size, chemistry), microclimate and fluvial surface. It is the “stable state” 

where change in the vegetation is minimal over time and 

competition is so great from prevailing species that “invaders” are excluded and “increasers” are held to low levels. 

The plant association is the climax plant community on a 

site. 

climax species—A species that is self-regenerating, in the 

absence of change in the hydrology, soils, and microclimate 

(see above definition) with no evidence of replacement by 

other species.

cobble—Rock fragments greater than 75 mm (3 in) and less 

than 250 mm (10 in) in diameter.

colluvial—Pertaining to material transported and deposited 

by gravitational action and local unconcentrated runoff on 

and at the base of steep slopes.

colluvium—Unconsolidated earth material deposited on 

and at the base of steep slopes by direct gravitational action 

and local unconcentrated runoff.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 165

common—When relating to plant coverage any species 

having a canopy coverage of 5 percent or more in a stand.

constancy—The percentage of sample stands in which each 

species occurs.

cover, canopy cover—When relating to plant species, cover 

is the area covered by the generalized outline of an individual plant’s foliage, or collectively covered by all individuals 

of a species within a stand or sample area. Canopy coverage 

is expressed as a percentage of the total area of the plot.

cryic (soil temperature regime)—Soils in this temperature 

regime have a mean annual temperature lower than 8 °C but 

do not have permafrost (USDA NRCS 1998).

depauperate—An unusually sparse coverage of undergrowth vegetation. This condition usually develops beneath 

an especially dense forest canopy, often on sites having a 

deep layer of duff.

disturbed—Directly or indirectly altered, by humans, 

from a natural condition, yet retaining some natural 

characteristics.

diversity—The number of species in a community, and 

their relative abundances, per unit area or volume.

ecological status—The degree of departure of the current 

vegetation from climax. Cause of departure is not considered; therefore, ecological status may include, but is not 

limited to, the concept of range condition. The only consideration is the difference in species density and composition 

between existing and climax vegetation. Three classes are 

used: climax/late seral, mid seral, and early seral.

ecosystem—A complete interacting system of organisms 

and their environment.

ecotone—A boundary between adjacent plant communities.

edaphic—Owing to soil or topography rather than general 

climate.

emergent vegetation—Dominated by erect, rooted, 

herbaceous angiosperms that may be temporarily to 

permanently flooded at the base but that do not tolerate 

prolonged inundation of the entire plant.

entisol—Those soils that normally have little or no evidence 

of pedogenic processes, and are subsequently 

very little developed.

ephemeral stream or spring—A stream, reach of a stream, 

or spring that flows for only part of the year, generally 

coinciding with contributions from melting snow or 

seasonal subsurface sources.

erosion—The wearing away of the land surface by running 

water, waves, moving ice and wind, or by such processes as 

mass wasting and corrosion.

flood storage—The process by which peak flows (from 

precipitation, runoff, groundwater discharge, etc.) enter a 

wetland and are delayed in their downslope journey.

fluvial—Pertaining to or produced by the action of a 

stream or river.

fluvial surface(s)—The various land surfaces associated 

with the riparian zone such as active and inactive floodplains, active channel shelves, streambanks, and overflow 

channels.

floodplain—The nearly level plain that borders a stream 

and is subject to inundation under flood-stage conditions. 

It is usually a constructional landform built of sediment 

deposited during overflow and lateral migration of the 

streams (USDA NRCS 2002a).

forage—The aboveground biomass (air-dried kilograms per 

hectare) of all grasses, sedges, and forbs; no allowance is 

made for proper use factors. 

foraging/feeding—Collection or consumption of food, 

gravel, or necessities for nutrition.

forb—Any herbaceous plant, usually broad leaved, that is 

not a graminoid.

forbs (vegetation key)—Adiantum pedatum, Allium 

validum, Artemisia ludoviciana, Equisetum arvense, 

Heracleum lanatum, Menyanthes trifoliata, Mimulus 

lewisii, Nuphar polysepala, Rudbeckia occidentalis, 

Saxifraga arguta, Senecio triangularis, Sparganium 

angustifolium, Typha latifolia, Veratrum spp., Veronica 

americana.

forest or forested—An area of the Earth’s surface, greater 

than or equal to 1/10 acre, with at least 10 percent cover 

of primary or subordinate overstory tree species. Forest or 

forested does not include areas with overhanging tree limbs. 

geomorphology—The science that treats the general configuration of the Earth’s surface; specifically the study of the 

classification, description, nature, origin, and development 

of landforms and their relationships to underlying structures 

and of the history of geologic changes as recorded by these 

surface features.

glacial till—Unsorted and unstratified glacial drift, 

generally unconsolidated, deposited directly by a glacier 

without subsequent reworking by water from the glacier.
166 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

gradient (valley gradient)—The slope of the valley floor 

in percent:

very low Less than 1 percent

low 1–3 percent

moderate 4–5 percent.

high 6–8 percent

very high Greater than 8 percent

graminoid—Grass or grasslike plant, such as bluegrass 

(Poa), sedge (Carex), and rush (Juncus) species.

gravel—Rock fragments greater than 2 mm (0.1 in) and 

less than 75 mm (3 in) in diameter.

groundwater—Subsurface water in porous strata within 

the zone of saturation.

habitat type—All the land capable of producing similar 

plant communities at climax.

herbaceous—Nonwoody vegetation, such as grasses and 

forbs.

hydric soils—Soils that form under conditions of 

saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the 

growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the 

upper part (USDA NRCS 2002a).

indicator species—Indicator species are plants that 

designate thresholds of environmental change along 

gradients (Johnson 2004a).

krummholz—Trees dwarfed and twisted because of severe 

climate (wind, low temperature, etc.) at the high-elevation 

limits of forest development.

lacustrine—Permanently flooded lakes and reservoirs, 

whose total area exceeds 8 ha (19.8 acres) or whose 

maximum depth exceeds 2 meters at low water.

lakeshore—Land on or near a lake between the ordinary 

high-water mark and low-water mark.

landform—Any element of the landscape characterized 

by a distinctive surface expression, internal structure, 

or both, and sufficiently conspicuous to be included in a 

physiographic description.

low elevation—The elevation range between sea level and 

the midmontane zone. Note: The upper limit of this region 

varies with microclimatic conditions and may extend above 

the base of adjacent foothills.

low shrub—A woody plant, which at maturity is usually 

less than 1 m (~3 ft) tall, and generally exhibits several 

erect, spreading, or prostrate stems and has a bushy 

appearance; e.g., pink mountainheath (Phyllodoce 

empetriformis) or shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruiticosa).

low shrubs (vegetation key)—Artemisia cana, Artemisia 

tridentata var. vaseyana, Kalmia microphylla, Ledum 

gladulosum, Phyllodoce empetriformis, Potentilla fruiticosa

meander—A meander is one of a series of sinuous loops, 

with sine wave form, in the course of a stream channel. 

Meandering stream channels commonly have cross sections 

with low width-to-depth ratios, fine-grained bank materials, 

and low gradient.

moderate elevation (midmontane)—A zone identified by 

characteristic vegetation, which does not extend below the 

upper elevation of adjacent foothills or into the subalpine. 

The boundary between the midmontane and subalpine 

zones varies considerably from one geographical region 

to another and with microclimatic conditions.

microsites—Relatively small, scattered areas on a landform 

having environmental conditions uncharacteristic of the 

landform at large. 

mineral soil—Soil composed of predominantly mineral 

rather than organic materials.

moist graminoids (vegetation key)—Agrostis diegoensis, 

Agrostis stolonifera, Alopechurus pratensis, Calamagrostis 

canadensis, Carex jonesii, Carex laeviculmis, Carex 

luzulina, Carex microptera, Carex muricata, Carex 

nebrascensis, Carex nigricans, Carex praegracilis, Carex 

scirpoidea, Carex scopulorum, Carex sheldonii, Carex 

subfusca, Cinna latifolia, Deschampsia cespitosa, Elymus 

glauca, Juncus balticus, Poa pratensis, Puccinellia 

pauciflora

moist meadow—A meadow, or part of a meadow, in which 

the soils are not completely saturated for any part of the 

year; or if so, saturated for only a short period early in the 

growing season. 

moraine—A rounded ridge, hill, or mound of rubble left 

behind by a retreating glacier.

natural—primarily composed of native biota, and 

occurring within a physical system that has developed 

through natural processes without human intervention.

organic loam—A generalized name for soils having more 

than 12 percent organic particles in addition to clay, silt, 

and sand.

organic soil—Soil composed of at least 12 percent or more 

organic carbon if the mineral fraction contains 60 percent 

or less clay; or at least 18 percent organic carbon if the mineral fraction contains more than 60 percent. Equivalent to 

Histosol in soil taxonomy.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 167

other tall shrubs (vegetation key)—Acer glabrum, 

Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula occidentalis, Celtis reticulata, 

Cornus stolonifera, Lonicera involucrata, Philadelphus 

lewisii, Physocarpus spp., Ribes spp., Rubus bartonianus, 

Rubus discolor, Rubus parviflorus, Symphoricarpos albus. 

palustrine—Tidal and nontidal wetlands dominated by 

trees, shrubs, persistent emergents, and emergent mosses 

or lichens where salinity owing to ocean derived salts is 

below 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt); also included are wetlands without such vegetation, but with all of the following 

characteristics: (1) area less than 8 hectares; (2) active wave 

formed or bedrock shoreline features lacking; maximum 

water depth less than 2 m at low water; (3) ocean-derived 

salinity less than 0.5 ppt.

peat—Unconsolidated soil material consisting largely of 

decomposed or only slightly decomposed organic mater 

accumulated under conditions of excessive soil moisture.

moss peat—Peat soil composed of partially 

decomposed sphagnum or other mosses.

sedge peat—Peat soil composed of partially 

decomposed sedges, bulrushes, rushes, etc.

woody peat—Peat soil composed of partially 

decomposed wood.

perched water table—Zone of saturated soil that lies above 

a zone of unsaturated soil within 200 cm of the soil surface. 

Also called episaturation. 

perennial stream—A stream that runs aboveground 

throughout its length and throughout the year.

permanently flooded—Water covers the land surface 

throughout the year in all years.

pioneer plants—Herbaceous annual and seedling perennial 

plants that colonize bare areas as a first stage in secondary 

succession.

plant association—As defined by Kovalchik (1987): “an 

assemblage of native vegetation in equilibrium with the 

environment on a specific fluvial surface.” The implication 

is that as the environment (water regime, soils, etc.) changes 

through time, the vegetative potential shifts. 

plant community—An assemblage of plants living together 

and interacting among themselves in a specific location.

plant community type—A set of plant communities with 

similar structure and floristic composition that are seral in 

nature and often follow directly from a disturbance event 

(fire, flooding, etc.). Assuming a constant environment over 

a given time, a plant community type will undergo a natural 

shift in floristic composition through plant succession.

point bar—One of a series of low, arcuate ridges of sand 

and gravel developed on the inside of a growing meander 

by the slow addition of individual accretions accompanying migration of the channel toward the outer bank (USDA 

NRCS 2002a).

primary overstory tree—A tree whose crown is positioned 

in the uppermost canopy layer in a forest.

redoximorphic concentrations—Nodules, concretions, 

soft masses, pore linings, and other features resulting from 

the accumulation of iron or manganese oxide. An indication 

of chemical reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation (USDA NRCS 2002c). 

redoximorphic depletions—Low-chroma zones from 

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination of iron 

and manganese oxide and clay has been removed. These 

zones are indications of the chemical reduction of iron 

resulting from saturation (USDA NRCS 2002c). 

redoximorphic features—Redoximorphic concentrations, 

redoximorphic depletions, reduced matrices, a positive reaction to alpha, alpha-dipyridyl, and other features indicating 

the chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese 

compounds resulting from saturation (USDA NRCS 2002c). 

reduced matrix—A soil matrix that has low chroma in situ 

because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). The chemical 

reduction results from nearly continuous wetness. The 

matrix undergoes a change in hue or chroma within 30 

minutes after exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III) 

(USDA NRCS 2002c).

rhizome—A creeping underground stem from which 

aerial stems arise.

rhizomatous—Bearing rhizomes.

riparian zone (ecosystem)—Riparian zones are defined 

more specifically as the strip of land along streams or 

rivers that is affected by stream processes (flooding, 

sedimentation, etc.) and that, in turn, affects stream 

structure and function.

rock fragments—Any pieces of rock larger that 2 mm 

located in a soil profile including gravels (2 to 75 mm), 

cobbles (75 to 250 mm), stones (250 to 600 mm), and 

boulders (>600 mm).

root crown—The persistent base of an herbaceous perennial. Also used in this book as the top of the root system of 

a shrub from which multiple aerial stems arise.

rootstock—A thickened root that can branch and from 

which aboveground stems arise. 
168 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

saturated—The substrate is inundated with water to the 

surface for extended periods during the growing season, but 

surface water is seldom present.

scarce—When relating to plant coverage in the vegetation 

key, any species that is absent or has a canopy coverage of 

less than 1 percent.

seasonal channel—A stream channel that contains running 

water only in spring during the annual flood event. Often, 

standing water remains in the lowest sections until the next 

flood event.

seasonally flooded—Surface water is present for extended 

periods especially early in the growing season, but is absent 

by the end of the season in most years. When surface water 

is absent, the water table is often near the land surface. (See 

also semipermanently flooded.)

sediment—Solid material, both mineral and organic, that 

is in suspension, is being transported, or has been moved 

from its site of origin by water and has come to rest on the 

Earth’s surface.

sedimentary (rock)—A consolidated deposit of clastic 

particles, chemical precipitates, or organic remains 

accumulated at or near the surface of the Earth under 

“normal” low temperature and pressure conditions. 

Sedimentary rocks include consolidated equivalents of 

alluvium, colluvium, drift, and eolian, lacustrine, marine 

deposits; e.g., sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, clay-stone, 

shale, conglomerate, limestone, dolomite, coal, etc. (USDA 

NRCS 2002a).

seep—An area, generally small, where water percolates 

slowly to the ground surface. For water, it may be considered as a seepage spring, but it is used in some cases for 

flows too small to be considered as springs (USDA NRCS 

2002a).

seral—Refers to species or communities that are 

eventually replaced by other species or communities 

within a successional sere.

shrub—A woody plant that at maturity is usually less 

than 6 m (20 ft) tall and generally exhibits several erect, 

spreading, or prostrate stems and has a bushy appearance; 

e.g., mountain alder (Alnus incana) or Booth’s willow 

(Salix boothii).

silt—Soil particles between 0.02 mm and 0.002 mm in 

diameter; as a textural class, a mixture of 20 to 50 percent 

sand, 30 to 80 percent silt, and 10 to 30 percent clay-sized 

particles.

spring or groundwater spring—An area where groundwater flows onto the Earth’s surface.

stand—An existing plant community that is relatively 

uniform in composition, structural, and site conditions; 

thus, it may serve as a local example of a community type 

or association.

stolon—An elongate, creeping stem on the surface of 

the ground.

stoloniferous—Bearing stolons.

stone—Rock fragments greater than 250 mm (10 in) and 

less than 600 mm (24 in) in diameter.

stream channel—The hollow bed where a natural body of 

surface water flows or may flow (USDA NRCS 2002a).

subalpine—The elevational region, identifiable by 

characteristic vegetation, between the midmontane and 

alpine zones. The boundaries between these zones vary 

considerably from one geographical region to another 

and with microclimatic conditions.

subordinate overstory tree—A tree whose crown is 

positioned slightly below the uppermost canopy layer 

of a forest.

succession—The progressive changes in plant communities toward a steady state. Primary succession begins on a 

bare surface not previously occupied by plants, such as a 

recently deposited gravel bar. Secondary succession occurs 

following disturbances on sites that previously supported 

vegetation.

swale—A microtopographical depression (typically less 

than 50 cm deep) on a floodplain that retains water longer 

than surrounding, slightly higher soil surfaces.

sward (turf)—A covering of grass or grasslike plants, 

with its matted roots, forming the surface of a grassland, 

meadow, etc.

tall shrub—A woody plant, that at maturity is usually 

greater than or equal to 1 m (~3 ft) and less than 6 m (20 ft) 

tall, and generally exhibits several erect, spreading, or prostrate stems and has a bushy appearance; e.g., water birch 

(Betula occidentalis) or netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata).

terrace or stream terrace—One or a series of platforms 

in a stream valley, flanking and more or less parallel to 

the stream channel, originally formed near the level of the 

stream, and representing the remnants of an abandoned 

floodplain, streambed, or valley floor produced during a 

former state of fluvial erosion or deposition (i.e., currently 

very rarely or never floods, inactive cut and fill or scour and 

fill processes) (USDA NRCS 2002a).
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 169

topography—The relative positions and elevations of the 

natural or manmade features of an area that describe the 

configuration of its surface.

tree—A woody plant that at maturity is usually 6 m 

(20 ft) or more in height and generally has a single trunk 

unbranched to about l m (3 ft) above the ground and a 

more or less definite crown.

understory tree—A tree with a diameter at breast height 

(4.5 ft) less than 5 in.

upland—Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the 

alluvial plain or low stream terrace.

ustic (soil moisture regime)—A soil in which moisture is 

limited but is present at a time when conditions are suitable 

for plant growth (USDA NRCS 1998).

valley—An elongate, relatively large, externally drained 

depression of the Earth’s surface.

vegetation type—A general term referring to plant associations, plant community types, and plant communities.

volcanic—Pertaining to the structures, rocks, and landforms produced by volcanic action.

water path—Used in the description of bogs such as the 

few-flowered spikerush association to describe shallow, 

wide depressions in which water collects and flows during 

periods of high water. These are not streambeds (Kovalchik 

1987).

water table—The depth below which the ground is 

saturated with water. The depth to standing water.

weathering—All physical and chemical changes produced 

in rocks or other deposits at or near the Earth’s surface by 

atmospheric agents with essentially no transport of the 

altered material. These changes result in disintegration 

and decomposition of the material.

wet graminoids (vegetation key)—Carex amplifolia, 

Carex aquatilis, Carex canascens, Carex cusickii, Carex 

eurycarpa, Carex lanuginosa, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex 

lenticularis, Carex leporinella, Carex limosa, Carex 

nudata, Carex simulata, Carex stipata, Carex utriculata,

Carex vesicaria, Eleocharis bella, Eleocharis palustris,

Eleocharis pauciflora, Glyceria elata, Scirpus microcarpus.

wet meadow—A meadow, or part of a meadow, in which 

the soil is completely saturated for most to all of the year.

wetland—Lands within or adjacent to, and hydrologically 

influenced by, streams, rivers, lakes, meadows, and seeps 

(Cowardin et al. 1979)

wetland/riparian species (hydrophytes)—Plant species 

occurring within the wetland/riparian zone. Obligate 

species require the environmental conditions within the 

wetland zone. Facultative species tolerate the environmental 

conditions but may also occur away from the wetland zone.

xeric (soil moisture regime)—In areas of a xeric moisture 

regime, the soil moisture, in normal years, is dry in all parts 

for 45 or more consecutive days in the 4 months following 

the summer solstice and moist in all parts for 45 or more 

consecutive days in the 4 months following the winter solstice (USDA NRCS 1998).
170 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A: Total Species List

A listing of all plant species encountered during the field sampling effort including Code—the USDA 

Plants code (USDA NRCS 2002b); Scientific Name—Latin name, including author epithet, of each species 

following Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973); Common Name—a common name for each species.

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code

Code Scientific name Common name

Trees:

ABGR Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. grand fir

ABLA Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. subalpine fir

ACNE2 Acer negundo L. boxelder

ALRH2 Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. white alder

ALRU2 Alnus rubra Bong. red alder

BEPAS Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg. heartleaved paper birch

JUNI Juglans nigra L. black walnut

JUOC Juniperus occidentalis Hook. western juniper

LAOC Larix occidentalis Nutt. western larch

PIAL Pinus albicaulis Engelm. whitebark pine

PICO Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. lodgepole pine

PIEN Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann spruce

PIPO Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson ponderosa pine

POTR15 Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ex Hook. black cottonwood

PRAM Prunus americana Marsh. American plum

PRAV Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry

PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas-fir

ROPS Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust

TSME Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. mountain hemlock

Shrubs:

ACER Acer L. maple

ACGL Acer glabrum Torr. Rocky Mountain maple

ACGLD4 Acer glabrum Torr. var. douglasii (Hook.) Dipple Douglas Rocky Mountain maple

ALIN2 Alnus incana (L.) Moench mountain alder

ALSI3 Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. Sitka alder

AMAL2 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer western serviceberry

ARCA13 Artemisia cana Pursh silver sagebrush

ARTRV Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle mountain big sagebrush

ARUV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. kinnikinnick

BEAQ Berberis aquifolium Pursh hollyleaved barberry

BEGL Betula glandulosa Michx. bog birch

BEOC2 Betula occidentalis Hook. water birch

BERE Berberis repens Lindl. Oregon grape

BETUL Betula L. birch

CAME7 Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don western moss heather

CASSI3 Cassiope D. Don moss heather

CELE3 Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. curl-leaf mountain mahogany

CERE2 Celtis reticulata Torr. netleaf hackberry

CESA Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh redstem ceanothus

CHME Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br. ex D. Don) Spreng. little prince’s pine

CHUM Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. pipsissewa

CLCO2 Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray rock clematis

CLEMA Clematis L. clematis

CLLI2 Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. western white clematis

COST4 Cornus stolonifera Michx. red-oiser dogwood

CRDO2 Crataegus douglasii Lindl. black hawthorn

EMNI Empetrum nigrum L. black crowberry

GAHU Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. alpine spicywintergreen

GLNE Glossopetalon nevadense Gray spiny greasebush

HODI Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. oceanspray

HODU Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) Heller rock spirea

KAMI Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller alpine laurel

KAOC Kalmia occidentalis Small western laurel

LEDE5 Ledum decumbens (Ait.) Lodd. ex Steud. marsh Labrador tea

LEGL Ledum glandulosum Nutt. Labrador tea
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 171

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

LIBO3 Linnaea borealis L. twinflower

LOCI3 Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. orange honeysuckle

LOIN5 Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng. twinberry honeysuckle

LOUT2 Lonicera utahensis S. Wats. Utah honeysuckle

MEFE Menziesia ferruginea Sm. rusty menziesia

MYGA Myrica gale L. sweetgale

OPHO Oplopanax horridus Miq. devilsclub

PAMY Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Oregon boxleaf

PHCA11 Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze Pacific ninebark

PHEM Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don pink mountainheath

PHLE4 Philadelphus lewisii Pursh Lewis’ mock orange

PHMA5 Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze mallow ninebark

POBA2 Populus balsamifera L. balsam poplar

POFR4 Potentilla fruticosa auct. non L. shrubby cinquefoil

PRAR3 Prunus armeniaca L. apricot

PRCE Prunus cerasus L. sour cherry

PRDO Prunus domestica L. European plum

PREM Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. bitter cherry

PRUNU Prunus L. plum

PRVI Prunus virginiana L. chokecherry

QUGA4 Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon white oak

RHAL2 Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. Cascade azalea

RHGL Rhus glabra L. smooth sumac

RHPU Rhamnus purshiana DC. alder-leaved buckthorn

RHRA6 Rhus radicans L. poison ivy

RIBES Ribes L. currant

RICE Ribes cereum Dougl. wax currant

RICO Ribes cognatum Greene stream currant

RIHU Ribes hudsonianum Richards. stinking currant

RIIN2 Ribes inerme Rydb. whitestem gooseberry

RIIR Ribes irriguum Dougl. Idaho gooseberry

RILA Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. prickly currant

RIMO2 Ribes montigenum McClatchie gooseberry currant

RINI2 Ribes niveum Lindl. snow currant

RIWO Ribes wolfii Rothrock Wolf’s currant

ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. dwarf rose

RONU Rosa nutkana K. Presl Nootka rose

ROSA5 Rosa L. rose

ROWO Rosa woodsii Lindl. Woods’ rose

RUBA Rubus bartonianus M.E. Peck Barton’s raspberry

RUBUS Rubus L. blackberry

RUDI2 Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees Himalayan blackberry

RUID Rubus idaeus L. red raspberry

RULA Rubus laciniatus Willd. cutleaf blackberry

RULE Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray whitebark raspberry

RUPA Rubus parviflorus Nutt. thimbleberry

SAAR27 Salix arctica Pallas arctic willow

SABA3 Salix barclayi Anderss. Barclay’s willow

SABE2 Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb’s willow

SABO2 Salix boothii Dorn Booth’s willow

SACE3 Sambucus cerulea Raf. blue elderberry

SACO2 Salix commutata Bebb undergreen willow

SADR Salix drummondiana Barratt ex Hook. Drummond’s willow

SAEA Salix eastwoodiae Cockerell ex Heller Eastwood willow

SAEX Salix exigua Nutt. coyote willow

SAFA Salix farriae Ball Farr’s willow

SAGE2 Salix geyeriana Anderss. Geyer willow

SALA5 Salix lasiandra Benth. Pacific willow

SALA6 Salix lasiolepis Benth. arroyo willow

SALE Salix lemmonii Bebb Lemmon’s willow

SALIX Salix L. willow

SAMBU Sambucus L. elderberry

SAMY Salix myrtillifolia Anderss. blueberry willow

SAPL2 Salix planifolia Pursh planeleaf willow
172 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

SARA2 Sambucus racemosa L. red elderberry

SARI2 Salix rigida Muhl. rigid willow

SASC Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. Scouler’s willow

SASI2 Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. Sitka willow

SATW Salix tweedyi (Bebb ex Rose) Ball Tweedy’s willow

SAWO Salix wolfii Bebb Wolf’s willow

SHCA Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. russet buffaloberry

SOAU Sorbus aucuparia L. European mountain ash

SOSC2 Sorbus scopulina Greene Greene’s mountain ash

SPBE2 Spiraea betulifolia Pallas white spirea

SPDE Spiraea densiflora Nutt. ex Greenm. rose meadowsweet

SPDO Spiraea douglasii Hook. Douglas spiraea

SPIRA Spiraea L. spirea

SYAL Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake common snowberry

SYOR2 Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray mountain snowberry

TABR2 Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific yew

VACA13 Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. dwarf bilberry

VACCI Vaccinium L. blueberry

VAME Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr. big huckleberry

VAMY2 Vaccinium myrtillus L. whortleberry

VASC Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville grouse huckleberry

VAUL Vaccinium uliginosum L. bog blueberry

Forbs:

ABCA Abronia carletonii Coult. & Fisher Carleton’s sand verbena

ACCO4 Aconitum columbianum Nutt. Columbian monkshood

ACMI2 Achillea millefolium L. common yarrow

ACRU2 Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. red baneberry

ADBI Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. American trailplant

AGAST Agastache Clayton ex Gronov. giant hyssop

AGAU2 Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene orange agoseris

AGOSE Agoseris Raf. agoseris

AGUR Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze nettleleaf horsemint

ALAC4 Allium acuminatum Hook. tapertip onion

ALVA Allium validum S. Wats. Pacific onion

AMLY Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. tarweed fiddleneck

AMRE2 Amsinckia retrorsa Suksdorf Menzies’ fiddleneck

ANAL4 Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. alpine pussytoes

ANAR3 Angelica arguta Nutt. Lyall’s angelica

ANEMO Anemone L. anemone

ANMA Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. western pearly everlasting

ANMI3 Antennaria microphylla Rydb. littleleaf pussytoes

ANPI Anemone piperi Britt. ex Rydb. Piper’s anemone

ANRA Antennaria racemosa Hook. raceme pussytoes

ANSC8 Anthriscus scandicina (Weber ex Wiggers) Mansf. chervil

ANTEN Antennaria Gaertn. pussytoes

ANUM Antennaria umbrinella Rydb. umber pussytoes

APAN2 Apocynum androsaemifolium L. spreading dogbane

APIACF Apiaceae carrot family

AQFL Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. yellow columbine

AQFO Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. western columbine

AQUIL Aquilegia L. columbine

ARAM2 Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. clasping arnica

ARCH3 Arnica chamissonis Less. Chamisso arnica

ARCO9 Arnica cordifolia Hook. heartleaf arnica

ARCTI Arctium L. burdock

ARDI2 Arabis ×divaricarpa A. Nels. (pro sp.) spreadingpod rockcress

ARFU3 Arnica fulgens Pursh foothill arnica

ARGL Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. tower rockcress

ARLA8 Arnica latifolia Bong. broadleaf arnica

ARLO6 Arnica longifolia D.C. Eat. spearleaf arnica

ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. white sagebrush

ARMA18 Arenaria macrophylla Hook. largeleaf sandwort

ARMI2 Arctium minus Bernh. lesser burdock

ARMO4 Arnica mollis Hook. hairy arnica
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 173

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

ARNIC Arnica L. arnica

ARPA13 Arnica parryi Gray Parry’s arnica

ARSE2 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. thymeleaf sandwort

ASAL2 Aster alpigenus (Torr. & Gray) Gray tundra aster

ASAL7 Astragalus alpinus L. alpine milkvetch

ASCA11 Astragalus canadensis L. Canadian milkvetch

ASCA2 Asarum caudatum Lindl. British Columbia wildginger

ASCH2 Aster chilensis Nees Pacific aster

ASCO3 Aster conspicuus Lindl. eastern showy aster

ASCU5 Astragalus cusickii Gray Cusick’s milkvetch

ASEA Aster eatonii (Gray) T.J. Howell Eaton’s aster

ASFO Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. alpine leafybract aster

ASMO3 Aster modestus Lindl. giant mountain aster

ASOC Aster occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray western mountain aster

ASPR Asperugo procumbens L. German-madwort

ASRO Astragalus robbinsii (Oakes) Gray Robbins’ milkvetch

ASTER Aster L. aster

ASTERF Asteraceae aster family

ASTRA Astragalus L. milkvetch

BASA3 Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. arrowleaf balsamroot

BICE Bidens cernua L. nodding beggartick

BRDO Brodiaea douglasii S. Wats. largeflower triteleia

BRGR Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. tasselflower brickellbush

BRHO Brodiaea howellii S. Wats. Howell’s triteleia

BRHY2 Brodiaea hyacinthina (Lindl.) Baker white brodiaea

BRODI Brodiaea Sm. brodiaea

CABI2 Caltha biflora DC. Howell’s marshmarigold

CABU2 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. shepherd’s purse

CACH16 Castilleja chrysantha Greenm. yellow Wallowa Indian paintbrush

CACO6 Cardamine cordifolia Gray heartleaf bittercress

CACU7 Castilleja cusickii Greenm. Cusick’s Indian paintbrush

CALE4 Caltha leptosepala DC. white marsh marigold

CALLI6 Callitriche L. water-starwort

CALOC Calochortus Pursh mariposa lily

CALTH Caltha L. marsh marigold

CAMI12 Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. giant red Indian paintbrush

CAMPA Campanula L. bellflower

CAOL Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. little western bittercress

CARDA Cardamine L. bittercress

CARDU Carduus L. plumeless thistle

CARH4 Castilleja rhexiifolia Rydb. splitleaf Indian paintbrush

CARO2 Campanula rotundifolia L. bluebell bellflower

CARYOF Caryophyllaceae pink family

CASTI2 Castilleja Mutis ex L. f. Indian paintbrush

CEAR4 Cerastium arvense L. field chickweed

CENU2 Cerastium nutans Raf. nodding chickweed

CERAS Cerastium L. mouse-ear chickweed

CEVI3 Cerastium viscosum auct. non L. sticky chickweed

CEVU Cerastium vulgatum L. 1762, non 1755 big chickweed

CHHY Chenopodium hybridum auct. non L. mapleleaf goosefoot

CHLE80 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. oxeye daisy

CHTE2 Chorispora tenella (Pallas) DC. crossflower

CIAL Circaea alpina L. enchanter’s nightshade

CIAR4 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle

CICA6 Cirsium canovirens (Rydb.) Petrak graygreen thistle

CIDO Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose western water hemlock

CIRSI Cirsium P. Mill. thistle

CIUN Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. wavyleaf thistle

CIVU Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. bull thistle

CLME Claytonia megarhiza (Gray) Parry ex S. Wats. alpine springbeauty

CLUN2 Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth queen’s cup beadlily

COAR4 Convolvulus arvensis L. field bindweed

COCA13 Cornus canadensis L. bunchberry dogwood

COCA5 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Canadian horseweed
174 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

COGR4 Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl. grand collomia

COLI2 Collomia linearis Nutt. tiny trumpet

COMA4 Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. summer coralroot

COOR Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. hare’s ear mustard

COPA3 Collinsia parviflora Lindl. maiden blue eyed Mary

CRFR2 Cryptantha fragilis M.E. Peck clearwater cryptantha

CRUCIF Cruciferae mustard family

CYOF Cynoglossum officinale L. gypsyflower

DEDE2 Delphinium depauperatum Nutt. slim larkspur

DELPH Delphinium L. larkspur

DEOC Delphinium × occidentale (S. Wats.) S. Wats. (pro sp.) duncecap larkspur

 [barbeyi × glaucum]

DERI2 Descurainia richardsonii O.E. Schulz mountain tansymustard

DICU Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman’s breeches

DIHO3 Disporum hookeri (Torr.) Nichols. drops of gold

DISM2 Disporum smithii (Hook.) Piper largeflower fairybells

DISPO Disporum Salisb. ex D. Don fairybells

DISY Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. teasel

DITR2 Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) Benth. & Hook. f. roughfruit fairybells

DOAL Dodecatheon alpinum (Gray) Greene alpine shootingstar

DODEC Dodecatheon L. shootingstar

DOJE Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte Sierrra shootingstar

DOPU Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. darkthroat shootingstar

DRCR2 Draba crassifolia Graham snowbed draba

DRST2 Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Alaska draba

EPAL Epilobium alpinum L. p.p. pimpernel willowherb

EPAN2 Epilobium angustifolium L. fireweed

EPGI Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook. stream orchid

EPGL Epilobium glaberrimum Barbey glaucus willowherb

EPGL4 Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. fringed willowherb

EPHA Epilobium halleanum Hausskn. glandular willowherb

EPILO Epilobium L. willowherb

EPLA Epilobium latifolium L. dwarf fireweed

EPMI Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Lehm. chaparral willowherb

EPPA2 Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray tall annual willowherb

EPWA3 Epilobium watsonii Barbey Watson’s willowherb

ERAS2 Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. sanddune wallflower

ERCO6 Erigeron coulteri Porter large mountain fleabane

ERGR9 Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh yellow avalanche-lily

ERIGE2 Erigeron L. fleabane

ERPE3 Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene subalpine fleabane

ERPH Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane

ERSP4 Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. aspen fleabane

FRASE Frasera Walt. green gentian

FRSP Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. elkweed

FRVE Fragaria vesca L. woodland strawberry

FRVI Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia strawberry

GAAP2 Galium aparine L. cleavers

GAAS3 Galium asperrimum Gray Mexican bedstraw

GABI Galium bifolium S. Wats. twinleaf bedstraw

GABO2 Galium boreale L. northern bedstraw

GAHU2 Gayophytum humile Juss. dwarf groundsmoke

GALIU Galium L. bedstraw

GAMU2 Galium multiflorum Kellogg shrubby bedstraw

GATR2 Galium trifidum L. threepetal bedstraw

GATR3 Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw

GEAL3 Geum aleppicum Jacq. yellow avens

GEBI2 Geranium bicknellii Britt. Bicknell’s cranesbill

GECA Gentiana calycosa Griseb. explorer’s gentian

GEMA4 Geum macrophyllum Willd. largeleaf avens

GENTI Gentiana L. gentian

GEPU2 Geranium pusillum L. small geranium

GERAN Geranium L. geranium

GEUM Geum L. avens
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 175

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

GEVI2 Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex C.A. Mey. sticky purple geranium

GIAG Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. scarlet gilia

GICO2 Gilia congesta Hook. ballhead ipomopsis

GILIA Gilia Ruiz & Pavón gilia

GOOB2 Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. western rattlesnake plantain

HABEN Habenaria Willd. bog orchid

HACKE Hackelia Opiz stickseed

HADI7 Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. leafy white orchis

HAMI Hackelia micrantha (Eastw.) J.L. Gentry Jessica sticktight

HASA Habenaria saccata Greene slender bog orchid

HAUN Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) S. Wats. slender-spire orchid

HEBO Hedysarum boreale Nutt. boreal sweetvetch

HELA4 Heracleum lanatum Michx. common cowparsnip

HEMI7 Heuchera micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl. crevice alumroot

HEUCH Heuchera L. alumroot

HIAL2 Hieracium albiflorum Hook. white hawkweed

HIERA Hieracium L. hawkweed

HIGR Hieracium gracile Hook. slender hawkweed

HYAN2 Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schlecht. tinker’s penny

HYCA4 Hydrophyllum capitatum Dougl. ex Benth. ballhead waterleaf

HYDRO4 Hydrophyllum L. waterleaf

HYFE Hydrophyllum fendleri (Gray) Heller Fendler’s waterleaf

HYFON Hypericum formosum Kunth var. nortoniae (M.E. Jones) Norton’s St. Johnswort

 C.L. Hitchc.

HYFOS Hypericum formosum Kunth var. scouleri (Hook.) Coult. Scouler’s St. Johnswort

HYOC Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. Wats.) Gray western waterleaf

HYPE Hypericum perforatum L. common St. Johnswort

HYPER Hypericum L. St. Johnswort

ILRI Iliamna rivularis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene streambank wild hollyhock

ISBO Isoetes bolanderi Engelm. Bolander’s quillwort

LAAM Lamium amplexicaule L. henbit deadnettle

LABI Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. tall blue lettuce

LABIAF Labiatae mint family

LACO3 Lapsana communis L. common nipplewort

LACTU Lactuca L. lettuce

LANE3 Lathyrus nevadensis S. Wats. Sierra pea

LAPA5 Lathyrus pauciflorus Fern. fewflower pea

LASE Lactuca serriola L. prickly lettuce

LATHY Lathyrus L. pea

LEGUMF Legumaceae pea family

LEMI3 Lemna minor L. common duckweed

LEPY2 Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) B.L. Robins. alpine lewisia

LICA2 Ligusticum canbyi Coult. & Rose Canby’s licorice-root

LICO6 Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. heartleaf twayblade

LIGR Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose Gray’s licorice-root

LIGUS Ligusticum L. licorice-root

LILIAF Liliaceae lily family

LIPA5 Lithophragma parviflorum (Hook.) Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray smallflower woodland-star

LISTE Listera R. Br. ex Ait. f. twayblade

LITE2 Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Wats. Idaho licorice-root

LOCO6 Lotus corniculatus L. birdfoot deervetch

LODI Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance fernleaf biscuitroot

LOMAT Lomatium Raf. desertparsley

LOPU3 Lotus purshianus F.E. & E.G. Clem. American bird’s-foot trefoil

LULE3 Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl. ex Lindl. velvet lupine

LUPIN Lupinus L. lupine

LUPO2 Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. bigleaf lupine

LYAL Lychnis alba P. Mill. bladder campion

LYAN2 Lycopodium annotinum L. stiff clubmoss

LYCO Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. rose campion

LYUN Lycopus uniflorus Michx. northern bugleweed

MAGR3 Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate grassy tarweed

MAVU Marrubium vulgare L. horehound

MEAL2 Melilotus albus Medik. yellow sweetclover
176 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

MEAR4 Mentha arvensis L. wild mint

MECI3 Mertensia ciliata (James ex Torr.) G. Don tall fringed bluebells

MELU Medicago lupulina L. black medick

MENTH Mentha L. mint

MEOF Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. yellow sweetclover

MEPA Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don tall bluebells

MEPI Mentha ×piperita L. (pro sp.) [aquatica × spicata] peppermint

MERTE Mertensia Roth bluebells

METR3 Menyanthes trifoliata L. buckbean

MIGR Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene slender phlox

MIGU Mimulus guttatus DC. seep monkeyflower

MILE2 Mimulus lewisii Pursh purple monkeyflower

MIMO3 Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. muskflower

MIMUL Mimulus L. monkeyflower

MINU Microseris nutans (Hook.) Schultz-Bip. nodding microceris

MIPE Mitella pentandra Hook. fivestamen miterwort

MIPR Mimulus primuloides Benth. primrose monkeyflower

MIST3 Mitella stauropetala Piper smallflower miterwort

MITEL Mitella L. miterwort

MOCO4 Montia cordifolia (S. Wats.) Pax & K. Hoffmann heartleaf minerslettuce

MONTI Montia L. minerslettuce

MOOD Monardella odoratissima Benth. mountain monardella

MOPA2 Montia parvifolia (Moc. ex DC.) Greene littleleaf minerslettuce

MOPE3 Montia perfoliata (Donn ex Willd.) T.J. Howell perfoliated minerslettuce

MOSI2 Montia sibirica (L.) T.J. Howell Siberian minerslettuce

MOUN3 Monotropa uniflora L. Indianpipe

MYMI Myosotis micrantha auct. non Pallas ex Lehm. strict forget-me-not

MYOSO Myosotis L. forget-me-not

NEPA Nemophila parviflora Dougl. ex Benth. smallflower nemophila

NUPO2 Nuphar polysepala Engelm. Rocky Mountain pond-lily

OSCH Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arn. mountain sweetcicely

OSMOR Osmorhiza Raf. sweetcicely

OSOC Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. western sweetcicely

PAFI3 Parnassia fimbriata Koenig fringed grass of Parnassus

PAPE5 Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania pellitory

PEBR Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. bracted lousewort

PEFRP Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. sweet coltsfoot

PEGL5 Penstemon globosus (Piper) Pennell & Keck globe penstemon

PEGR2 Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. elephanthead lousewort

PENST Penstemon Schmidel beardtongue

PEPA3 Pedicularis parryiGray Parry’s lousewort

PEPA29 Penstemon payettensis A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. Payette beardtongue

PERA Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. ex Benth. sickletop lousewort

PHCO10 Phlox colubrina Wherry & Constance Snake River phlox

PHHA Phacelia hastata Dougl. ex Lehm. silverleaf phacelia

PLLA Plantago lanceolata L. narrowleaf plantain

PLMA2 Plantago major L. common plantain

PLSC2 Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnston Scouler’s popcornflower

POAR7 Potentilla arguta Pursh tall cinquefoil

POBI6 Polygonum bistortoides Pursh American bistort

POBI7 Potentilla biennis Greene biennial cinquefoil

POCU6 Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese knotweed

PODI2 Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. varileaf cinquefoil

POFL3 Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. ex Torr. & Gray high mountain cinquefoil

POGL9 Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. sticky cinquefoil

POGR9 Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. slender cinquefoil

POLA4 Polygonum lapathifolium L. curlytop knotweed

POLEM Polemonium L. Jacob’s-ladder

POLYG4 Polygonum L. knotweed

POOC2 Polemonium occidentale Greene western polemonium

POOV2 Potentilla ovina Macoun ex J.M. Macoun sheep cinquefoil

POPH Polygonum phytolaccifolium Meisn. ex Small poke knotweed

POPU3 Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. Jacob’s-ladder

POTAM Potamogeton L. pondweed
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 177

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

POTEN Potentilla L. cinquefoil

POVI3 Polygonum viviparum L. alpine smartweed

PRVU Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal

PTAN2 Pterospora andromedea Nutt. woodland pinedrops

PYAS Pyrola asarifolia Michx. liverleaf wintergreen

PYMI Pyrola minor L. snowline wintergreen

PYROL Pyrola L. wintergreen

PYSE Pyrola secunda L. sidebells wintergreen

RAAC3 Ranunculus acris L. tall buttercup

RAAL Ranunculus alismifolius Geyer ex Benth. plantainleaf buttercup

RAES Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlecht. Eschscholtz’s buttercup

RANUN Ranunculus L. buttercup

RAOC Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. western buttercup

RAPO Ranunculus populago Greene popular buttercup

RARE3 Ranunculus repens L. creeping buttercup

RAUN Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don woodland buttercup

ROCU Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bess. ex Britt. curvepod yellowcress

RONA2 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek watercress

RUAC2 Rumex acetosa L. garden sorrel

RUCR Rumex crispus L. curly dock

RUMEX Rumex L. dock

RUOB Rumex obtusifolius L. bitter dock

RUOC2 Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. western coneflower

RUOC3 Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. western dock

RUPA5 Rumex patientia L. patience dock

RUSA Rumex salicifolius Weinm. willow dock

SAAM3 Saussurea americana D.C. Eat. American saw-wort

SAAR13 Saxifraga arguta auct. non D. Don brook saxifrage

SAIN4 Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. wholeleaf saxifrage

SAMI3 Sanguisorba minor Scop. small burnet

SAOR2 Saxifraga oregana T.J. Howell Oregon saxifrage

SASA Sagina saginoides (L.) Karst. arctic pearlwort

SASI10 Sanguisorba sitchensis C.A. Mey. Canadian burnet

SAXIF Saxifraga L. saxifrage

SCAN2 Scleranthus annuus L. German knotgrass

SCLA Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh lanceleaf figwort

SECY Senecio cymbalarioides Buek alpine meadow butterweed

SEDUM Sedum L. stonecrop

SEFO Senecio foetidus J.T. Howell tall groundsel

SEIN2 Senecio integerrimus Nutt. lambstongue ragwort

SENEC Senecio L. ragwort

SEPS2 Senecio pseudaureus Rydb. falsegold groundsel

SESE2 Senecio serra Hook. tall ragwort

SEST2 Sedum stenopetalum Pursh wormleaf stonecrop

SETR Senecio triangularis Hook. arrowleaf groundsel

SIAC Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. moss campion

SIAL2 Sisymbrium altissimum L. tall tumblemustard

SIME Silene menziesii Hook. Menzies’ campion

SINO Silene noctiflora L. nightflowering silene

SIOR Sidalcea oregana (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray Oregon checkerbloom

SIPR Sibbaldia procumbens L. creeping sibbaldia

SMILA Smilacina Desf. false Solomon’s seal

SMRA Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. feathery false Solomon’s seal

SMST Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. starry false Solomon’s seal

SOCA6 Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod

SODU Solanum dulcamara L. climbing nightshade

SOGI Solidago gigantea Ait. giant goldenrod

SOLID Solidago L. goldenrod

SOMU Solidago multiradiata Ait. Rocky Mountain goldenrod

SOSP Solidago spathulata DC. Mt. Albert goldenrod

SPAN2 Sparganium angustifolium Michx. narrowleaf bur-reed

SPCA5 Sphenosciadium capitellatum Gray woollyhead parsnip

SPER Sparganium erectum L. simplestem bur-reed

SPNA Sparganium natans L. small bur-reed
178 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

SPRO Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. hooded ladies’-tresses

STAM2 Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. claspleaf twistedstalk

STCA Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. northern starwort

STCR2 Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. curled starwort

STELL Stellaria L. starwort

STLO Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. longleaf starwort

STLO2 Stellaria longipes Goldie longstalk starwort

STME2 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed

STOB Stellaria obtusa Engelm. Rocky Mountain chickweed

STOC Stenanthium occidentale Gray western featherbells

STREP3 Streptopus Michx. twistedstalk

SWPE Swertia perennis L. felwort

SYMI Synthyris missurica (Raf.) Pennell tailed kittentails

TAOF Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers common dandelion

TARAX Taraxacum G.H. Weber ex Wiggers dandelion

THAL Thalictrum alpinum L. alpine meadow-rue

THALI2 Thalictrum L. meadow-rue

THOC Thalictrum occidentale Gray western meadow-rue

THVE Thalictrum venulosum Trel. veiny meadow-rue

TITR Tiarella trifoliata L. threeleaf foamflower

TOFL Tonella floribunda Gray manyflower tonella

TRCA Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail false bugbane

TRDU Tragopogon dubius Scop. yellow salsify

TRIFO Trifolium L. clover

TRLA14 Trollius laxus Salisb. American globeflower

TRLA6 Trientalis latifolia Hook. broadleaf starflower

TRLA8 Trifolium latifolium (Hook.) Greene twin clover

TRLO Trifolium longipes Nutt. longstalk clover

TROV2 Trillium ovatum Pursh Pacific trillium

TRPE3 Trillium petiolatum Pursh Idaho trillium

TRPR2 Trifolium pratense L. red clover

TRRE3 Trifolium repens L. white clover

TRWO Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm. cow clover

TYLA Typha latifolia L. common cattail

UMBELF Umbelliferae carrot family

URDI Urtica dioica L. stinging nettle

VALO Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat. Lewiston cornsalad

VASI Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Sitka valerian

VEAM2 Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. American speedwell

VEAN2 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. water speedwell

VECA2 Veratrum californicum Dur. California false hellebore

VECU Veronica cusickii Gray Cusick’s speedwell

VEPE2 Veronica peregrina L. neckweed

VERAT Veratrum L. false hellebore

VERON Veronica L. speedwell

VESE Veronica serpyllifolia L. thymeleaf speedwell

VETH Verbascum thapsus L. common mullein

VEVI Veratrum viride Ait. green false hellebore

VEWO2 Veronica wormskjoldii Roemer & J.A. Schultes American alpine speedwell

VIAD Viola adunca Sm. hookedspur violet

VIAM Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. American vetch

VICA4 Viola canadensis L. Canadian white violet

VICIA Vicia L. vetch

VIGL Viola glabella Nutt. pioneer violet

VIMA2 Viola macloskeyi Lloyd small white violet

VIOLA Viola L. violet

VIOR Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz. darkwoods violet

VIPA4 Viola palustris L. marsh violet

XETE Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. common beargrass

ZIEL2 Zigadenus elegans Pursh mountain deathcamas

Grasses:

AGAL3 Agrostis alba auct. non L. redtop

AGCA2 Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. bearded wheatgrass

AGDI Agrostis diegoensis Vasey thin bentgrass
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 179

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

AGEX Agrostis exarata Trin. spike bentgrass

AGHU Agrostis humilis Vasey alpine bentgrass

AGIN5 Agropyron inerme (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Rydb. beardless wheatgrass

AGRE2 Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. quackgrass

AGROP2 Agropyron Gaertn. wheatgrass

AGROS2 Agrostis L. bentgrass

AGSC5 Agrostis scabra Willd. rough bentgrass

AGSP Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. bluebunch wheatgrass

AGST2 Agrostis stolonifera L. creeping bentgrass

AGTE Agrostis tenuis Sibthorp colonial bentgrass

AGTH2 Agrostis thurberiana A.S. Hitchc. Thurber’s bentgrass

AGVA Agrostis variabilis Rydb. mountain bentgrass

ALAE Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. shortawn foxtail

ALPR3 Alopecurus pratensis L. meadow foxtail

ANOD Anthoxanthum odoratum L. sweet vernalgrass

AREL3 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& K. Presl tall oatgrass

BRAN Bromus anomalus Rupr. ex Fourn. nodding brome

BRBR5 Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. rattlesnake brome

BRCA5 Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. California brome

BRCI2 Bromus ciliatus L. fringed brome

BRJA Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. Japanese brome

BROMU Bromus L. brome

BROR2 Bromus orcuttianus Vasey Orcutt’s brome

BRPA3 Bromus pacificus Shear Pacific brome

BRRI8 Bromus rigidus Roth ripgut brome

BRSE Bromus secalinus L. rye brome

BRST2 Bromus sterilis L. poverty brome

BRSU2 Bromus suksdorfii Vasey Suksdorf’s brome

BRTE Bromus tectorum L. cheatgrass

BRVU Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear Columbia brome

CAAQ3 Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. water whorlgrass

CACA4 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. bluejoint reedgrass

CALAM Calamagrostis Adans. reedgrass

CAPU Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. purple reedgrass

CARU Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. pinegrass

CILA2 Cinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb. drooping woodreed

DAGL Dactylis glomerata L. orchardgrass

DAIN Danthonia intermedia Vasey timber oatgrass

DECE Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. [orthographic variant] tufted hairgrass

DEEL Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro slender hairgrass

DISP Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene saltgrass

ELCI2 Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr. basin wildrye

ELGL Elymus glaucus Buckl. blue wildrye

FEAR3 Festuca arundinacea Schreb. tall fescue

FEID Festuca idahoensis Elmer Idaho fescue

FEOC Festuca occidentalis Hook. western fescue

FEPR Festuca pratensis Huds. meadow ryegrass

FESTU Festuca L. fescue

FESU Festuca subulata Trin. bearded fescue

FEVI Festuca viridula Vasey greenleaf fescue

GLEL Glyceria elata (Nash ex Rydb.) M.E. Jones tall mannagrass

GLGR Glyceria grandis S. Wats. American mannagrass

GLST Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. fowl mannagrass

GLYCE Glyceria R. Br. mannagrass

KOCR Koeleria cristata auct. p.p. non Pers. prairie Junegrass

MESM Melica smithii (Porter ex Gray) Vasey Smith’s melicgrass

MESP Melica spectabilis Scribn. purple oniongrass

MESU Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Alaska oniongrass

MUAN Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc. foxtail muhly

MUFI2 Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb. ex S. Wats.) Rydb. slender muhly

PHAL2 Phleum alpinum L. alpine timothy

PHAR3 Phalaris arundinacea L. reed canarygrass

PHPR3 Phleum pratense L. timothy

POA Poa L. bluegrass
180 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

POACF Poaceae grass family

POBU Poa bulbosa L. bulbous bluegrass

POCO Poa compressa L. Canada bluegrass

POCU3 Poa cusickii Vasey Cusick’s bluegrass

POLE2 Poa leptocoma Trin. marsh bluegrass

PONE2 Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey Wheeler bluegrass

POPA2 Poa palustris L. fowl bluegrass

POPR Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass

POSA12 Poa sandbergii Sandberg’s bluegrass

POSC Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. ex Vasey pine bluegrass

POTR2 Poa trivialis L. rough bluegrass

PUPA3 Puccinellia pauciflora (J. Presl) Munz weak alkaligrass

STIPA Stipa L. needlegrass

STOC2 Stipa occidentalis Thurb. ex S. Wats. western needlegrass

TRCA21 Trisetum canescens Buckl. tall trisetum

TRCE2 Trisetum cernuum Trin. tall trisetum

TRSP2 Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter spike trisetum

TRWO3 Trisetum wolfii Vasey Wolf’s trisetum

Grasslikes:

CAAB2 Carex abrupta Mackenzie abruptbeak sedge

CAAM10 Carex amplifolia Boott big-leaved sedge

CAAQ Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. aquatic sedge

CAAR2 Carex arcta Boott northern cluster sedge

CAAT3 Carex athrostachya Olney slenderbeak sedge

CAAU3 Carex aurea Nutt. golden sedge

CABA3 Carex backii Boott Back’s sedge

CABI10 Carex bipartita All. twotipped sedge

CACA11 Carex canescens L. silvery sedge

CACA12 Carex capillaris L. hairlike sedge

CACO11 Carex concinnoides Mackenzie northwestern sedge

CACU5 Carex cusickii Mackenzie ex Piper & Beattie Cusick’s sedge

CADE9 Carex deweyana Schwein. Dewey sedge

CADI6 Carex disperma Dewey soft-leaved sedge

CAEU2 Carex eurycarpa Holm widefruit sedge

CAGE2 Carex geyeri Boott elk sedge

CAHE7 Carex hendersonii Bailey Henderson’s sedge

CAHO5 Carex hoodii Boott Hood’s sedge

CAIL Carex illota Bailey sheep sedge

CAJO Carex jonesii Bailey Jones’ sedge

CALA11 Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. slender sedge

CALA13 Carex laeviculmis Meinsh. smooth-stemmed sedge

CALA30 Carex lanuginosa auct. non Michx. woolly sedge

CALE8 Carex lenticularis Michx. lakeshore sedge

CALE9 Carex leporinella Mackenzie Sierra hare sedge

CALEL Carex lenticularis Michx. var. lenticularis densely-tufted sedge

CALI7 Carex limosa L. mud sedge

CALU7 Carex luzulina Olney woodrush sedge

CAMI7 Carex microptera Mackenzie smallwing sedge

CAMU7 Carex muricata L. star sedge

CANE2 Carex nebrascensis Dewey Nebraska sedge

CANI2 Carex nigricans C.A. Mey. black alpine sedge

CANU5 Carex nudata W. Boott torrent sedge

CAPA14 Carex pachystachya Cham. ex Steud. chamisso sedge

CAPA18 Carex parryana Dewey Parry’s sedge

CAPR4 Carex praeceptorium Mackenzie early sedge

CAPR5 Carex praegracilis W. Boott clustered field sedge

CAPR7 Carex praticola Rydb. meadow sedge

CARA6 Carex raynoldsii Dewey Raynolds’ sedge

CAREX Carex L. sedge

CARO5 Carex rossii Boott Ross’ sedge

CARO6 Carex rostrata Stokes beaked sedge

CASA10 Carex saxatilis L. rock sedge

CASC10 Carex scirpoidea Michx. northern singlespike sedge

CASC12 Carex scopulorum Holm Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 181

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-1—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by USDA Plants Code (continued)

Code Scientific name Common name

CASCP Carex scopulorum Holm var. prionophylla (Holm) L.A. Standley saw-leaved sedge

CASH Carex sheldonii Mackenzie Sheldon’s sedge

CASI2 Carex simulata Mackenzie short-beaked sedge

CASP5 Carex spectabilis Dewey showy sedge

CAST5 Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. saw-beak sedge

CASU6 Carex subfusca W. Boott brown sedge

CASU7 Carex subnigricans Stacey nearlyblack sedge

CAUT Carex utriculata Boott bladder sedge

CAVE6 Carex vesicaria L. inflated sedge

ELBE Eleocharis bella (Piper) Svens. delicate spikerush

ELEOC Eleocharis R. Br. spikerush

ELPA3 Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes creeping spikerush

ELPA6 Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link few-flowered spikerush

JUBA Juncus balticus Willd. Baltic rush

JUBR3 Juncus brachyphyllus Wieg. tuftedstem rush

JUCO2 Juncus confusus Coville Colorado rush

JUDR Juncus drummondii E. Mey. Drummond’s rush

JUEF Juncus effusus L. common rush

JUEN Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. swordleaf rush

JUFI Juncus filiformis L. thread rush

JUME3 Juncus mertensianus Bong. Mertens’ rush

JUNCU Juncus L. rush

JUPA Juncus parryi Engelm. Parry’s rush

KOSI2 Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mackenzie simple bog sedge

LUCA2 Luzula campestris (L.) DC. field woodrush

LUHI4 Luzula hitchcockii Hämet-Ahti Hitchcock’s smooth woodrush

LUPA4 Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. smallflowered woodrush

LUZUL Luzula DC. woodrush

SCCY Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth woolgrass

SCIRP Scirpus L. bulrush

SCMI2 Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl small-fruit bulrush

Ferns and horsetails:

ADPE Adiantum pedatum L. maidenhair

ATFI Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ladyfern

BOVI Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern

CYFR2 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. brittle bladderfern

DRAU8 Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thellung mountain woodfern

DRFI2 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott male fern

EQAR Equisetum arvense L. common horsetail

EQHY Equisetum hyemale L. scouringrush horsetail

EQLA Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun smooth horsetail

EQPA Equisetum palustre L. marsh horsetail

EQUIS Equisetum L. horsetail

EQVA Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D.M.H. Mohr variegated scouringrush

GYDR Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman oakfern

POMU Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl western swordfern

PTAQ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn western brackenfern

WOOR Woodsia oregana D.C. Eat. Oregon cliff fern

Mosses:

SPHAG2 Sphagnum L. spagnum moss
182 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name

Common name Code Scientific name

Trees:

American plum PRAM Prunus americana Marsh. 

Black cottonwood POTR15 Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ex Hook. 

Black locust ROPS Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

Black walnut JUNI Juglans nigra L. 

Boxelder ACNE2 Acer negundo L.

Douglas-fir PSME Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco 

Engelmann spruce PIEN Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. 

Grand fir ABGR Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. 

Heartleaved paper birch BEPAS Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg.

Lodgepole pine PICO Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. 

Mountain hemlock TSME Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. 

Ponderosa pine PIPO Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson 

Red alder ALRU2 Alnus rubra Bong. 

Subalpine fir ABLA Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 

Sweet cherry PRAV Prunus avium (L.) L. 

Western juniper JUOC Juniperus occidentalis Hook. 

Western larch LAOC Larix occidentalis Nutt. 

White alder ALRH2 Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. 

Whitebark pine PIAL Pinus albicaulis Engelm. 

Shrubs:

Alder-leaved buckthorn RHPU Rhamnus purshiana DC. 

Alpine laurel KAMI Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller 

Alpine spicywintergreen GAHU Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. 

Apricot PRAR3 Prunus armeniaca L. 

Arctic willow SAAR27 Salix arctica Pallas 

Arroyo willow SALA6 Salix lasiolepis Benth. 

Balsam poplar POBA2 Populus balsamifera L. 

Barclay’s willow SABA3 Salix barclayi Anderss. 

Barton’s raspberry RUBA Rubus bartonianus M.E. Peck 

Bebb’s willow SABE2 Salix bebbiana Sarg.

Big huckleberry VAME Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr. 

Birch BETUL Betula L. 

Bitter cherry PREM Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. 

Black crowberry EMNI Empetrum nigrum L.

Black hawthorn CRDO2 Crataegus douglasii Lindl. 

Blackberry RUBUS Rubus L. 

Blue elderberry SACE3 Sambucus cerulea Raf. 

Blueberry VACCI Vaccinium L. 

Blueberry willow SAMY Salix myrtillifolia Anderss. 

Bog birch BEGL Betula glandulosa Michx. 

Bog blueberry VAUL Vaccinium uliginosum L. 

Booth’s willow SABO2 Salix boothii Dorn 

Cascade azalea RHAL2 Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. 

Chokecherry PRVI Prunus virginiana L. 

Clematis CLEMA Clematis L. 

Common snowberry SYAL Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake 

Coyote willow SAEX Salix exigua Nutt. 

Curl-leaf mountain mahogany CELE3 Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.

Currant RIBES Ribes L. 

Cutleaf blackberry RULA Rubus laciniatus Willd. 

Devilsclub OPHO Oplopanax horridus Miq. 

Douglas Rocky Mountain maple ACGLD4 Acer glabrum Torr. var. douglasii (Hook.) Dipple

Douglas spiraea SPDO Spiraea douglasii Hook.

Drummond’s willow SADR Salix drummondiana Barratt ex Hook. 

Dwarf bilberry VACA13 Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. 

Dwarf rose ROGY Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. 

Eastwood willow SAEA Salix eastwoodiae Cockerell ex Heller

Elderberry SAMBU Sambucus L. 

European mountain ash SOAU Sorbus aucuparia L. 

European plum PRDO Prunus domestica L. 

Farr’s willow SAFA Salix farriae Ball 

Geyer willow SAGE2 Salix geyeriana Anderss.

Gooseberry currant RIMO2 Ribes montigenum McClatchie 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 183

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Greene’s mountain ash SOSC2 Sorbus scopulina Greene 

Grouse huckleberry VASC Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville 

Himalayan blackberry RUDI2 Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees 

Hollyleaved barberry BEAQ Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

Idaho gooseberry RIIR Ribes irriguum Dougl. 

Kinnikinnick ARUV Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. 

Labrador tea LEGL Ledum glandulosum Nutt. 

Lemmon’s willow SALE Salix lemmonii Bebb 

Lewis’ mock orange PHLE4 Philadelphus lewisii Pursh 

Little prince’s pine CHME Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br. ex D. Don) Spreng. 

Mallow ninebark PHMA5 Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze 

Maple ACER Acer L. 

Marsh Labrador tea LEDE5 Ledum decumbens (Ait.) Lodd. ex Steud.

Moss heather CASSI3 Cassiope D. Don

Mountain alder ALIN2 Alnus incana (L.) Moench 

Mountain big sagebrush ARTRV Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle

Mountain snowberry SYOR2 Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray 

Netleaf hackberry CERE2 Celtis reticulata Torr. 

Nootka rose RONU Rosa nutkana K. Presl 

Oceanspray HODI Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. 

Orange honeysuckle LOCI3 Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. 

Oregon boxleaf PAMY Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. 

Oregon grape BERE Berberis repens Lindl. 

Oregon white oak QUGA4 Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.

Pacific ninebark PHCA11 Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze 

Pacific willow SALA5 Salix lasiandra Benth. 

Pacific yew TABR2 Taxus brevifolia Nutt. 

Pink mountainheath PHEM Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don 

Pipsissewa CHUM Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. 

Planeleaf willow SAPL2 Salix planifolia Pursh

Plum PRUNU Prunus L. 

Poison ivy RHRA6 Rhus radicans L. 

Prickly currant RILA Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. 

Red elderberry SARA2 Sambucus racemosa L. 

Red raspberry RUID Rubus idaeus L. 

Red-oiser dogwood COST4 Cornus stolonifera Michx. 

Redstem ceanothus CESA Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh 

Rigid willow SARI2 Salix rigida Muhl. 

Rock clematis CLCO2 Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray 

Rock spirea HODU Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) Heller 

Rocky Mountain maple ACGL Acer glabrum Torr. 

Rose ROSA5 Rosa L. 

Rose meadowsweet SPDE Spiraea densiflora Nutt. ex Greenm. 

Russet buffaloberry SHCA Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. 

Rusty menziesia MEFE Menziesia ferruginea Sm. 

Scouler’s willow SASC Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. 

Shrubby cinquefoil POFR4 Potentilla fruticosa auct. non L. 

Silver sagebrush ARCA13 Artemisia cana Pursh

Sitka alder ALSI3 Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. 

Sitka willow SASI2 Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. 

Smooth sumac RHGL Rhus glabra L. 

Snow currant RINI2 Ribes niveum Lindl. 

Sour cherry PRCE Prunus cerasus L. 

Spiny greasebush GLNE Glossopetalon nevadense Gray 

Spirea SPIRA Spiraea L. 

Stinking currant RIHU Ribes hudsonianum Richards. 

Stream currant RICO Ribes cognatum Greene 

Sweetgale MYGA Myrica gale L.

Thimbleberry RUPA Rubus parviflorus Nutt. 

Tweedy’s willow SATW Salix tweedyi (Bebb ex Rose) Ball

Twinberry honeysuckle LOIN5 Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng. 

Twinflower LIBO3 Linnaea borealis L. 

Undergreen willow SACO2 Salix commutata Bebb 

Utah honeysuckle LOUT2 Lonicera utahensis S. Wats. 
184 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Water birch BEOC2 Betula occidentalis Hook. 

Wax currant RICE Ribes cereum Dougl. 

Western laurel KAOC Kalmia occidentalis Small 

Western moss heather CAME7 Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don 

Western serviceberry AMAL2 Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer 

Western white clematis CLLI2 Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. 

White spirea SPBE2 Spiraea betulifolia Pallas 

Whitebark raspberry RULE Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray 

Whitestem gooseberry RIIN2 Ribes inerme Rydb. 

Whortleberry VAMY2 Vaccinium myrtillus L. 

Willow SALIX Salix L. 

Wolf’s currant RIWO Ribes wolfii Rothrock 

Wolf’s willow SAWO Salix wolfii Bebb 

Woods’ rose ROWO Rosa woodsii Lindl. 

Forbs:

Agoseris AGOSE Agoseris Raf. 

Alaska draba DRST2 Draba stenoloba Ledeb. 

Alpine leafybract aster ASFO Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. 

Alpine lewisia LEPY2 Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) B.L. Robins. 

Alpine meadow butterweed SECY Senecio cymbalarioides Buek 

Alpine meadow-rue THAL Thalictrum alpinum L. 

Alpine milkvetch ASAL7 Astragalus alpinus L. 

Alpine pussytoes ANAL4 Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. 

Alpine shootingstar DOAL Dodecatheon alpinum (Gray) Greene 

Alpine smartweed POVI3 Polygonum viviparum L. 

Alpine springbeauty CLME Claytonia megarhiza (Gray) Parry ex S. Wats. 

Alumroot HEUCH Heuchera L. 

American alpine speedwell VEWO2 Veronica wormskjoldii Roemer & J.A. Schultes 

American bird’s-foot trefoil LOPU3 Lotus purshianus F.E. & E.G. Clem. 

American bistort POBI6 Polygonum bistortoides Pursh 

American globeflower TRLA14 Trollius laxus Salisb. 

American saw-wort SAAM3 Saussurea americana D.C. Eat. 

American speedwell VEAM2 Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. 

American trailplant ADBI Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. 

American vetch VIAM Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. 

Anemone ANEMO Anemone L. 

Arctic pearlwort SASA Sagina saginoides (L.) Karst. 

Arnica ARNIC Arnica L. 

Arrowleaf balsamroot BASA3 Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. 

Arrowleaf groundsel SETR Senecio triangularis Hook. 

Aspen fleabane ERSP4 Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. 

Aster ASTER Aster L. 

Aster family ASTERF Asteraceae

Avens GEUM Geum L. 

Ballhead ipomopsis GICO2 Gilia congesta Hook. 

Ballhead waterleaf HYCA4 Hydrophyllum capitatum Dougl. ex Benth. 

Beardtongue PENST Penstemon Schmidel 

Bedstraw GALIU Galium L. 

Bellflower CAMPA Campanula L. 

Bicknell’s cranesbill GEBI2 Geranium bicknellii Britt. 

Biennial cinquefoil POBI7 Potentilla biennis Greene 

Big chickweed CEVU Cerastium vulgatum L. 1762, non 1755 

Bigleaf lupine LUPO2 Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. 

Birdfoot deervetch LOCO6 Lotus corniculatus L. 

Bitter dock RUOB Rumex obtusifolius L. 

Bittercress CARDA Cardamine L. 

Black medick MELU Medicago lupulina L. 

Bladder campion LYAL Lychnis alba P. Mill. 

Bluebell bellflower CARO2 Campanula rotundifolia L. 

Bluebells MERTE Mertensia Roth 

Bog orchid HABEN Habenaria Willd. 

Bolander’s quillwort ISBO Isoetes bolanderi Engelm. 

Boreal sweetvetch HEBO Hedysarum boreale Nutt. 

Bracted lousewort PEBR Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 185

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

British Columbia wildginger ASCA2 Asarum caudatum Lindl. 

Broadleaf arnica ARLA8 Arnica latifolia Bong. 

Broadleaf starflower TRLA6 Trientalis latifolia Hook. 

Brodiaea BRODI Brodiaea Sm. 

Brook saxifrage SAAR13 Saxifraga arguta auct. non D. Don 

Buckbean METR3 Menyanthes trifoliata L.

Bull thistle CIVU Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 

Bunchberry dogwood COCA13 Cornus canadensis L. 

Burdock ARCTI Arctium L.

Buttercup RANUN Ranunculus L. 

California false hellebore VECA2 Veratrum californicum Dur.

Canada goldenrod SOCA6 Solidago canadensis L. 

Canada thistle CIAR4 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 

Canadian burnet SASI10 Sanguisorba sitchensis C.A. Mey. 

Canadian horseweed COCA5 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. 

Canadian milkvetch ASCA11 Astragalus canadensis L. 

Canadian white violet VICA4 Viola canadensis L. 

Canby’s licorice-root LICA2 Ligusticum canbyi Coult. & Rose 

Carleton’s sand verbena ABCA Abronia carletonii Coult. & Fisher 

Carrot family APIACF Apiaceae

Carrot family UMBELF Umbelliferae

Chamisso arnica ARCH3 Arnica chamissonis Less. 

Chaparral willowherb EPMI Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Lehm. 

Chervil ANSC8 Anthriscus scandicina (Weber ex Wiggers) Mansf. 

Cinquefoil POTEN Potentilla L. 

Clasping arnica ARAM2 Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. 

Claspleaf twistedstalk STAM2 Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. 

Clearwater cryptantha CRFR2 Cryptantha fragilis M.E. Peck 

Cleavers GAAP2 Galium aparine L. 

Climbing nightshade SODU Solanum dulcamara L. 

Clover TRIFO Trifolium L. 

Columbian monkshood ACCO4 Aconitum columbianum Nutt. 

Columbine AQUIL Aquilegia L. 

Common beargrass XETE Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. 

Common cattail TYLA Typha latifolia L. 

Common chickweed STME2 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. 

Common cowparsnip HELA4 Heracleum lanatum Michx. 

Common dandelion TAOF Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers 

Common duckweed LEMI3 Lemna minor L. 

Common mullein VETH Verbascum thapsus L. 

Common nipplewort LACO3 Lapsana communis L. 

Common plantain PLMA2 Plantago major L. 

Common selfheal PRVU Prunella vulgaris L. 

Common St. Johnswort HYPE Hypericum perforatum L. 

Common yarrow ACMI2 Achillea millefolium L. 

Cow clover TRWO Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm. 

Creeping buttercup RARE3 Ranunculus repens L. 

Creeping sibbaldia SIPR Sibbaldia procumbens L. 

Crevice alumroot HEMI7 Heuchera micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl. 

Crossflower CHTE2 Chorispora tenella (Pallas) DC. 

Curled starwort STCR2 Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. 

Curly dock RUCR Rumex crispus L. 

Curlytop knotweed POLA4 Polygonum lapathifolium L. 

Curvepod yellowcress ROCU Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bess. ex Britt. 

Cusick’s milkvetch ASCU5 Astragalus cusickii Gray

Cusick’s Indian paintbrush CACU7 Castilleja cusickii Greenm. 

Cusick’s speedwell VECU Veronica cusickii Gray 

Dandelion TARAX Taraxacum G.H. Weber ex Wiggers 

Darkthroat shootingstar DOPU Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. 

Darkwoods violet VIOR Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz. 

Desertparsley LOMAT Lomatium Raf. 

Dock RUMEX Rumex L. 

Drops of gold DIHO3 Disporum hookeri (Torr.) Nichols. 

Duncecap larkspur DEOC Delphinium ×occidentale (S. Wats.) S. Wats. (pro sp.) [barbeyi × glaucum]
186 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Dutchman’s breeches DICU Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

Dwarf fireweed EPLA Epilobium latifolium L. 

Dwarf groundsmoke GAHU2 Gayophytum humile Juss. 

Eastern showy aster ASCO3 Aster conspicuus Lindl. 

Eaton’s aster ASEA Aster eatonii (Gray) T.J. Howell 

Elephanthead lousewort PEGR2 Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. 

Elkweed FRSP Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. 

Enchanter’s nightshade CIAL Circaea alpina L. 

Eschscholtz’s buttercup RAES Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlecht. 

Explorer’s gentian GECA Gentiana calycosa Griseb. 

Fairybells DISPO Disporum Salisb. ex D. Don 

False bugbane TRCA Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail 

False hellebore VERAT Veratrum L. 

False Solomon’s seal SMILA Smilacina Desf.

Falsegold groundsel SEPS2 Senecio pseudaureus Rydb. 

Feathery false Solomon’s seal SMRA Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. 

Felwort SWPE Swertia perennis L. 

Fendler’s waterleaf HYFE Hydrophyllum fendleri (Gray) Heller 

Fernleaf biscuitroot LODI Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance 

Fewflower pea LAPA5 Lathyrus pauciflorus Fern. 

Field bindweed COAR4 Convolvulus arvensis L. 

Field chickweed CEAR4 Cerastium arvense L. 

Fireweed EPAN2 Epilobium angustifolium L. 

Fivestamen miterwort MIPE Mitella pentandra Hook. 

Fleabane ERIGE2 Erigeron L. 

Foothill arnica ARFU3 Arnica fulgens Pursh 

Forget-me-not MYOSO Myosotis L. 

Fragrant bedstraw GATR3 Galium triflorum Michx. 

Fringed grass of Parnassus PAFI3 Parnassia fimbriata Koenig 

Fringed willowherb EPGL4 Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. 

Garden sorrel RUAC2 Rumex acetosa L. 

Gentian GENTI Gentiana L. 

Geranium GERAN Geranium L. 

German knotgrass SCAN2 Scleranthus annuus L. 

German-madwort ASPR Asperugo procumbens L. 

Giant goldenrod SOGI Solidago gigantea Ait. 

Giant hyssop AGAST Agastache Clayton ex Gronov. 

Giant mountain aster ASMO3 Aster modestus Lindl. 

Giant red Indian paintbrush CAMI12 Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. 

Gilia GILIA Gilia Ruiz & Pavón 

Glandular willowherb EPHA Epilobium halleanum Hausskn. 

Glaucus willowherb EPGL Epilobium glaberrimum Barbey 

Globe penstemon PEGL5 Penstemon globosus (Piper) Pennell & Keck 

Goldenrod SOLID Solidago L. 

Grand collomia COGR4 Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl. 

Grassy tarweed MAGR3 Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate

Graygreen thistle CICA6 Cirsium canovirens (Rydb.) Petrak 

Gray’s licorice-root LIGR Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose 

Green false hellebore VEVI Veratrum viride Ait. 

Green gentian FRASE Frasera Walt. 

Gypsyflower CYOF Cynoglossum officinale L. 

Hairy arnica ARMO4 Arnica mollis Hook. 

Hare’s ear mustard COOR Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. 

Hawkweed HIERA Hieracium L. 

Heartleaf arnica ARCO9 Arnica cordifolia Hook. 

Heartleaf bittercress CACO6 Cardamine cordifolia Gray 

Heartleaf twayblade LICO6 Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. 

Heartleaf minerslettuce MOCO4 Montia cordifolia (S. Wats.) Pax & K. Hoffmann 

Henbit deadnettle LAAM Lamium amplexicaule L. 

High mountain cinquefoil POFL3 Potentilla flabellifolia Hook. ex Torr. & Gray 

Hooded ladies’-tresses SPRO Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. 

Hookedspur violet VIAD Viola adunca Sm. 

Horehound MAVU Marrubium vulgare L. 

Howell’s marshmarigold CABI2 Caltha biflora DC. 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 187

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Howell’s triteleia BRHO Brodiaea howellii S. Wats. 

Idaho licorice-root LITE2 Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Wats. 

Idaho trillium TRPE3 Trillium petiolatum Pursh 

Indian paintbrush CASTI2 Castilleja Mutis ex L. f. 

Indianpipe MOUN3 Monotropa uniflora L. 

Jacob’s-ladder POLEM Polemonium L. 

Jacob’s-ladder POPU3 Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. 

Japanese knotweed POCU6 Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. 

Jessica sticktight HAMI Hackelia micrantha (Eastw.) J.L. Gentry 

Knotweed POLYG4 Polygonum L. 

Lambstongue ragwort SEIN2 Senecio integerrimus Nutt. 

Lanceleaf figwort SCLA Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh 

Large mountain fleabane ERCO6 Erigeron coulteri Porter 

Largeflower fairybells DISM2 Disporum smithii (Hook.) Piper 

Largeflower triteleia BRDO Brodiaea douglasii S. Wats. 

Largeleaf avens GEMA4 Geum macrophyllum Willd. 

Largeleaf sandwort ARMA18 Arenaria macrophylla Hook. 

Larkspur DELPH Delphinium L. 

Leafy white orchis HADI7 Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. 

Lesser burdock ARMI2 Arctium minus Bernh. 

Lettuce LACTU Lactuca L. 

Lewiston cornsalad VALO Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat. 

Licorice-root LIGUS Ligusticum L. 

Lily family LILIAF Liliaceae

Little western bittercress CAOL Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. 

Littleleaf minerslettuce MOPA2 Montia parvifolia (Moc. ex DC.) Greene 

Littleleaf pussytoes ANMI3 Antennaria microphylla Rydb. 

Liverleaf wintergreen PYAS Pyrola asarifolia Michx. 

Longleaf starwort STLO Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. 

Longstalk clover TRLO Trifolium longipes Nutt. 

Longstalk starwort STLO2 Stellaria longipes Goldie 

Lupine LUPIN Lupinus L. 

Lyall’s angelica ANAR3 Angelica arguta Nutt. 

Maiden blue eyed Mary COPA3 Collinsia parviflora Lindl. 

Manyflower tonella TOFL Tonella floribunda Gray 

Mapleleaf goosefoot CHHY Chenopodium hybridum auct. non L. 

Mariposa lily CALOC Calochortus Pursh 

Marsh marigold CALTH Caltha L. 

Marsh violet VIPA4 Viola palustris L. 

Meadow-rue THALI2 Thalictrum L. 

Menzies’ campion SIME Silene menziesii Hook. 

Menzies’ fiddleneck AMRE2 Amsinckia retrorsa Suksdorf 

Mexican bedstraw GAAS3 Galium asperrimum Gray 

Milkvetch ASTRA Astragalus L. 

Minerslettuce MONTI Montia L. 

Mint MENTH Mentha L. 

Mint family LABIAF Labiatae

Miterwort MITEL Mitella L. 

Monkeyflower MIMUL Mimulus L. 

Moss campion SIAC Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. 

Mountain deathcamas ZIEL2 Zigadenus elegans Pursh 

Mountain monardella MOOD Monardella odoratissima Benth. 

Mountain sweetcicely OSCH Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arn. 

Mountain tansymustard DERI2 Descurainia richardsonii O.E. Schulz 

Mouse-ear chickweed CERAS Cerastium L. 

Mt. Albert goldenrod SOSP Solidago spathulata DC. 

Muskflower MIMO3 Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. 

Mustard family CRUCIF Cruciferae

Narrowleaf bur-reed SPAN2 Sparganium angustifolium Michx. 

Narrowleaf plantain PLLA Plantago lanceolata L. 

Neckweed VEPE2 Veronica peregrina L. 

Nettleleaf horsemint AGUR Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze 

Nightflowering silene SINO Silene noctiflora L. 

Nodding beggartick BICE Bidens cernua L. 
188 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Nodding chickweed CENU2 Cerastium nutans Raf. 

Nodding microceris MINU Microseris nutans (Hook.) Schultz-Bip. 

Northern bedstraw GABO2 Galium boreale L. 

Northern bugleweed LYUN Lycopus uniflorus Michx. 

Northern starwort STCA Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. 

Norton’s St. Johnswort HYFON Hypericum formosum Kunth var. nortoniae (M.E. Jones) C.L. Hitchc.

Orange agoseris AGAU2 Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene 

Oregon checkerbloom SIOR Sidalcea oregana (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray 

Oregon saxifrage SAOR2 Saxifraga oregana T.J. Howell 

Oxeye daisy CHLE80 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. 

Pacific aster ASCH2 Aster chilensis Nees 

Pacific onion ALVA Allium validum S. Wats. 

Pacific trillium TROV2 Trillium ovatum Pursh 

Parry’s arnica ARPA13 Arnica parryi Gray 

Parry’s lousewort PEPA3 Pedicularis parryiGray

Patience dock RUPA5 Rumex patientia L. 

Payette beardtongue PEPA29 Penstemon payettensis A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. 

Pea LATHY Lathyrus L. 

Pea family LEGUMF Legumaceae

Pennsylvania pellitory PAPE5 Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. 

Peppermint MEPI Mentha ×piperita L. (pro sp.) [aquatica × spicata] 

Perfoliated minerslettuce MOPE3 Montia perfoliata (Donn ex Willd.) T.J. Howell 

Philadelphia fleabane ERPH Erigeron philadelphicus L. 

Pimpernel willowherb EPAL Epilobium alpinum L. p.p. 

Pink family CARYOF Caryophyllaceae

Pioneer violet VIGL Viola glabella Nutt. 

Piper’s anemone ANPI Anemone piperi Britt. ex Rydb. 

Plantainleaf buttercup RAAL Ranunculus alismifolius Geyer ex Benth. 

Plumeless thistle CARDU Carduus L. 

Poke knotweed POPH Polygonum phytolaccifolium Meisn. ex Small 

Pondweed POTAM Potamogeton L. 

Popular buttercup RAPO Ranunculus populago Greene 

Prickly lettuce LASE Lactuca serriola L. 

Primrose monkeyflower MIPR Mimulus primuloides Benth. 

Purple monkeyflower MILE2 Mimulus lewisii Pursh 

Pussytoes ANTEN Antennaria Gaertn. 

Queen’s cup beadlily CLUN2 Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth

Raceme pussytoes ANRA Antennaria racemosa Hook. 

Ragwort SENEC Senecio L. 

Red baneberry ACRU2 Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. 

Red clover TRPR2 Trifolium pratense L. 

Robbins’ milkvetch ASRO Astragalus robbinsii (Oakes) Gray 

Rocky Mountain chickweed STOB Stellaria obtusa Engelm. 

Rocky Mountain goldenrod SOMU Solidago multiradiata Ait. 

Rocky Mountain pond-lily NUPO2 Nuphar polysepala Engelm. 

Rose campion LYCO Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. 

Roughfruit fairybells DITR2 Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) Benth. & Hook. f.

Sanddune wallflower ERAS2 Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. 

Saxifrage SAXIF Saxifraga L. 

Scarlet gilia GIAG Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. 

Scouler’s popcornflower PLSC2 Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnston

Scouler’s St. Johnswort HYFOS Hypericum formosum Kunth var. scouleri (Hook.) Coult.

Seep monkeyflower MIGU Mimulus guttatus DC. 

Sheep cinquefoil POOV2 Potentilla ovina Macoun ex J.M. Macoun 

Shepherd’s purse CABU2 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. 

Shootingstar DODEC Dodecatheon L.

Shrubby bedstraw GAMU2 Galium multiflorum Kellogg 

Siberian minerslettuce MOSI2 Montia sibirica (L.) T.J. Howell 

Sickletop lousewort PERA Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. ex Benth. 

Sidebells wintergreen PYSE Pyrola secunda L. 

Sierra pea LANE3 Lathyrus nevadensis S. Wats. 

Sierrra shootingstar DOJE Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte 

Silverleaf phacelia PHHA Phacelia hastata Dougl. ex Lehm. 

Simplestem bur-reed SPER Sparganium erectum L.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 189

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Sitka valerian VASI Valeriana sitchensis Bong. 

Slender bog orchid HASA Habenaria saccata Greene 

Slender cinquefoil POGR9 Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. 

Slender hawkweed HIGR Hieracium gracile Hook. 

Slender phlox MIGR Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene 

Slender-spire orchid HAUN Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) S. Wats. 

Slim larkspur DEDE2 Delphinium depauperatum Nutt. 

Small burnet SAMI3 Sanguisorba minor Scop. 

Small bur-reed SPNA Sparganium natans L.

Small geranium GEPU2 Geranium pusillum L. 

Small white violet VIMA2 Viola macloskeyi Lloyd 

Smallflower miterwort MIST3 Mitella stauropetala Piper 

Smallflower nemophila NEPA Nemophila parviflora Dougl. ex Benth. 

Smallflower woodland-star LIPA5 Lithophragma parviflorum (Hook.) Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray

Snake River phlox PHCO10 Phlox colubrina Wherry & Constance

Snowbed draba DRCR2 Draba crassifolia Graham 

Snowline wintergreen PYMI Pyrola minor L. 

Spearleaf arnica ARLO6 Arnica longifolia D.C. Eat. 

Speedwell VERON Veronica L. 

Splitleaf Indian paintbrush CARH4 Castilleja rhexiifolia Rydb. 

Spreading dogbane APAN2 Apocynum androsaemifolium L. 

Spreadingpod rockcress ARDI2 Arabis ×divaricarpa A. Nels. (pro sp.) 

St. Johnswort HYPER Hypericum L. 

Starry false Solomon’s seal SMST Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. 

Starwort STELL Stellaria L. 

Stickseed HACKE Hackelia Opiz 

Sticky chickweed CEVI3 Cerastium viscosum auct. non L. 

Sticky cinquefoil POGL9 Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. 

Sticky purple geranium GEVI2 Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex C.A. Mey.

Stiff clubmoss LYAN2 Lycopodium annotinum L. 

Stinging nettle URDI Urtica dioica L.

Stonecrop SEDUM Sedum L. 

Stream orchid EPGI Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook. 

Streambank wild hollyhock ILRI Iliamna rivularis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene 

Strict forget-me-not MYMI Myosotis micrantha auct. non Pallas ex Lehm. 

Subalpine fleabane ERPE3 Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene 

Summer coralroot COMA4 Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. 

Sweet coltsfoot PEFRP Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq.

Sweetcicely OSMOR Osmorhiza Raf. 

Tailed kittentails SYMI Synthyris missurica (Raf.) Pennell 

Tall annual willowherb EPPA2 Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray 

Tall blue lettuce LABI Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. 

Tall bluebells MEPA Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don 

Tall buttercup RAAC3 Ranunculus acris L. 

Tall cinquefoil POAR7 Potentilla arguta Pursh 

Tall fringed bluebells MECI3 Mertensia ciliata (James ex Torr.) G. Don 

Tall groundsel SEFO Senecio foetidus J.T. Howell 

Tall ragwort SESE2 Senecio serra Hook. 

Tall tumblemustard SIAL2 Sisymbrium altissimum L. 

Tapertip onion ALAC4 Allium acuminatum Hook. 

Tarweed fiddleneck AMLY Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. 

Tasselflower brickellbush BRGR Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. 

Teasel DISY Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. 

Thistle CIRSI Cirsium P. Mill. 

Threeleaf foamflower TITR Tiarella trifoliata L. 

Threepetal bedstraw GATR2 Galium trifidum L. 

Thymeleaf sandwort ARSE2 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 

Thymeleaf speedwell VESE Veronica serpyllifolia L. 

Tinker’s penny HYAN2 Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schlecht. 

Tiny trumpet COLI2 Collomia linearis Nutt. 

Tower rockcress ARGL Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. 

Tundra aster ASAL2 Aster alpigenus (Torr. & Gray) Gray 

Twayblade LISTE Listera R. Br. ex Ait. f. 

Twin clover TRLA8 Trifolium latifolium (Hook.) Greene 
190 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Twinleaf bedstraw GABI Galium bifolium S. Wats. 

Twistedstalk STREP3 Streptopus Michx.

Umber pussytoes ANUM Antennaria umbrinella Rydb. 

Varileaf cinquefoil PODI2 Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. 

Veiny meadow-rue THVE Thalictrum venulosum Trel. 

Velvet lupine LULE3 Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl. ex Lindl. 

Vetch VICIA Vicia L. 

Violet VIOLA Viola L. 

Virginia strawberry FRVI Fragaria virginiana Duchesne 

Water speedwell VEAN2 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 

Watercress RONA2 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek 

Waterleaf HYDRO4 Hydrophyllum L. 

Water-starwort CALLI6 Callitriche L. 

Watson’s willowherb EPWA3 Epilobium watsonii Barbey 

Wavyleaf thistle CIUN Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. 

Western buttercup RAOC Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. 

Western columbine AQFO Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. 

Western coneflower RUOC2 Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. 

Western dock RUOC3 Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. 

Western featherbells STOC Stenanthium occidentale Gray 

Western meadow-rue THOC Thalictrum occidentale Gray 

Western mountain aster ASOC Aster occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray 

Western pearly everlasting ANMA Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. 

Western polemonium POOC2 Polemonium occidentale Greene 

Western rattlesnake plantain GOOB2 Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. 

Western sweetcicely OSOC Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr.

Western water hemlock CIDO Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose 

Western waterleaf HYOC Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. Wats.) Gray 

White brodiaea BRHY2 Brodiaea hyacinthina (Lindl.) Baker 

White clover TRRE3 Trifolium repens L. 

White hawkweed HIAL2 Hieracium albiflorum Hook. 

White marsh marigold CALE4 Caltha leptosepala DC. 

White sagebrush ARLU Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

Wholeleaf saxifrage SAIN4 Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. 

Wild mint MEAR4 Mentha arvensis L. 

Willow dock RUSA Rumex salicifolius Weinm. 

Willowherb EPILO Epilobium L. 

Wintergreen PYROL Pyrola L. 

Woodland buttercup RAUN Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don 

Woodland pinedrops PTAN2 Pterospora andromedea Nutt. 

Woodland strawberry FRVE Fragaria vesca L. 

Woollyhead parsnip SPCA5 Sphenosciadium capitellatum Gray 

Wormleaf stonecrop SEST2 Sedum stenopetalum Pursh 

Yellow avalanche-lily ERGR9 Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh 

Yellow avens GEAL3 Geum aleppicum Jacq. 

Yellow columbine AQFL Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. 

Yellow salsify TRDU Tragopogon dubius Scop. 

Yellow sweetclover MEAL2 Melilotus albus Medik. 

Yellow sweetclover MEOF Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. 

Yellow Wallowa Indian paintbrush CACH16 Castilleja chrysantha Greenm. 

Grasses:

Alaska oniongrass MESU Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. 

Alpine bentgrass AGHU Agrostis humilis Vasey 

Alpine timothy PHAL2 Phleum alpinum L. 

American mannagrass GLGR Glyceria grandis S. Wats. 

Basin wildrye ELCI2 Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr. 

Bearded fescue FESU Festuca subulata Trin. 

Bearded wheatgrass AGCA2 Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. 

Beardless wheatgrass AGIN5 Agropyron inerme (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Rydb. 

Bentgrass AGROS2 Agrostis L. 

Blue wildrye ELGL Elymus glaucus Buckl. 

Bluebunch wheatgrass AGSP Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. 

Bluegrass POA Poa L. 

Bluejoint reedgrass CACA4 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 191

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Brome BROMU Bromus L. 

Bulbous bluegrass POBU Poa bulbosa L. 

California brome BRCA5 Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. 

Canada bluegrass POCO Poa compressa L. 

Cheatgrass BRTE Bromus tectorum L. 

Colonial bentgrass AGTE Agrostis tenuis Sibthorp 

Columbia brome BRVU Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear 

Creeping bentgrass AGST2 Agrostis stolonifera L. 

Cusick’s bluegrass POCU3 Poa cusickii Vasey

Drooping woodreed CILA2 Cinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb. 

Fescue FESTU Festuca L. 

Fowl bluegrass POPA2 Poa palustris L. 

Fowl mannagrass GLST Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. 

Foxtail muhly MUAN Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc. 

Fringed brome BRCI2 Bromus ciliatus L. 

Grass family POACF Poaceae

Greenleaf fescue FEVI Festuca viridula Vasey 

Idaho fescue FEID Festuca idahoensis Elmer 

Japanese brome BRJA Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. 

Kentucky bluegrass POPR Poa pratensis L. 

Mannagrass GLYCE Glyceria R. Br. 

Marsh bluegrass POLE2 Poa leptocoma Trin. 

Meadow foxtail ALPR3 Alopecurus pratensis L.

Meadow ryegrass FEPR Festuca pratensis Huds. 

Mountain bentgrass AGVA Agrostis variabilis Rydb. 

Needlegrass STIPA Stipa L. 

Nodding brome BRAN Bromus anomalus Rupr. ex Fourn. 

Orchardgrass DAGL Dactylis glomerata L. 

Orcutt’s brome BROR2 Bromus orcuttianus Vasey 

Pacific brome BRPA3 Bromus pacificus Shear 

Pine bluegrass POSC Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth. ex Vasey 

Pinegrass CARU Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. 

Poverty brome BRST2 Bromus sterilis L. 

Prairie Junegrass KOCR Koeleria cristata auct. p.p. non Pers. 

Purple oniongrass MESP Melica spectabilis Scribn. 

Purple reedgrass CAPU Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. 

Quackgrass AGRE2 Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. 

Rattlesnake brome BRBR5 Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. 

Redtop AGAL3 Agrostis alba auct. non L. 

Reed canarygrass PHAR3 Phalaris arundinacea L. 

Reedgrass CALAM Calamagrostis Adans. 

Ripgut brome BRRI8 Bromus rigidus Roth 

Rough bentgrass AGSC5 Agrostis scabra Willd. 

Rough bluegrass POTR2 Poa trivialis L. 

Rye brome BRSE Bromus secalinus L. 

Saltgrass DISP Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene

Sandberg’s bluegrass POSA12 Poa sandbergii

Shortawn foxtail ALAE Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. 

Slender hairgrass DEEL Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro 

Slender muhly MUFI2 Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb. ex S. Wats.) Rydb.

Smith’s melicgrass MESM Melica smithii (Porter ex Gray) Vasey 

Spike bentgrass AGEX Agrostis exarata Trin. 

Spike trisetum TRSP2 Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter 

Suksdorf’s brome BRSU2 Bromus suksdorfii Vasey 

Sweet vernalgrass ANOD Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 

Tall fescue FEAR3 Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

Tall mannagrass GLEL Glyceria elata (Nash ex Rydb.) M.E. Jones 

Tall oatgrass AREL3 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& K. Presl 

Tall trisetum TRCA21 Trisetum canescens Buckl. 

Tall trisetum TRCE2 Trisetum cernuum Trin. 

Thin bentgrass AGDI Agrostis diegoensis Vasey

Thurber’s bentgrass AGTH2 Agrostis thurberiana A.S. Hitchc. 

Timber oatgrass DAIN Danthonia intermedia Vasey 

Timothy PHPR3 Phleum pratense L. 
192 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX A

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Tufted hairgrass DECE Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. [orthographic variant]

Water whorlgrass CAAQ3 Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. 

Weak alkaligrass PUPA3 Puccinellia pauciflora (J. Presl) Munz 

Western fescue FEOC Festuca occidentalis Hook. 

Western needlegrass STOC2 Stipa occidentalis Thurb. ex S. Wats. 

Wheatgrass AGROP2 Agropyron Gaertn. 

Wheeler bluegrass PONE2 Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey 

Wolf’s trisetum TRWO3 Trisetum wolfii Vasey 

Grasslikes:

Abruptbeak sedge CAAB2 Carex abrupta Mackenzie 

Aquatic sedge CAAQ Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. 

Back’s sedge CABA3 Carex backii Boott 

Baltic rush JUBA Juncus balticus Willd. 

Beaked sedge CARO6 Carex rostrata Stokes

Big-leaved sedge CAAM10 Carex amplifolia Boott 

Black alpine sedge CANI2 Carex nigricans C.A. Mey. 

Bladder sedge CAUT Carex utriculata Boott 

Brown sedge CASU6 Carex subfusca W. Boott 

Bulrush SCIRP Scirpus L. 

Chamisso sedge CAPA14 Carex pachystachya Cham. ex Steud. 

Clustered field sedge CAPR5 Carex praegracilis W. Boott

Colorado rush JUCO2 Juncus confusus Coville 

Common rush JUEF Juncus effusus L. 

Creeping spikerush ELPA3 Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes 

Cusick’s sedge CACU5 Carex cusickii Mackenzie ex Piper & Beattie

Delicate spikerush ELBE Eleocharis bella (Piper) Svens.

Densely-tufted sedge CALEL Carex lenticularis Michx. var. lenticularis

Dewey sedge CADE9 Carex deweyana Schwein. 

Drummond’s rush JUDR Juncus drummondii E. Mey. 

Early sedge CAPR4 Carex praeceptorium Mackenzie 

Elk sedge CAGE2 Carex geyeri Boott 

Few-flowered spikerush ELPA6 Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link 

Field woodrush LUCA2 Luzula campestris (L.) DC. 

Golden sedge CAAU3 Carex aurea Nutt. 

Hairlike sedge CACA12 Carex capillaris L. 

Henderson’s sedge CAHE7 Carex hendersonii Bailey 

Hitchcock’s smooth woodrush LUHI4 Luzula hitchcockii Hämet-Ahti 

Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge CASC12 Carex scopulorum Holm 

Hood’s sedge CAHO5 Carex hoodii Boott 

Inflated sedge CAVE6 Carex vesicaria L. 

Jones’ sedge CAJO Carex jonesii Bailey 

Lakeshore sedge CALE8 Carex lenticularis Michx. 

Meadow sedge CAPR7 Carex praticola Rydb. 

Mertens’ rush JUME3 Juncus mertensianus Bong. 

Mud sedge CALI7 Carex limosa L. 

Nearlyblack sedge CASU7 Carex subnigricans Stacey 

Nebraska sedge CANE2 Carex nebrascensis Dewey 

Northern cluster sedge CAAR2 Carex arcta Boott 

Northern singlespike sedge CASC10 Carex scirpoidea Michx. 

Northwestern sedge CACO11 Carex concinnoides Mackenzie 

Parry’s rush JUPA Juncus parryi Engelm. 

Parry’s sedge CAPA18 Carex parryana Dewey 

Raynolds’ sedge CARA6 Carex raynoldsii Dewey 

Rock sedge CASA10 Carex saxatilis L. 

Ross’ sedge CARO5 Carex rossii Boott 

Rush JUNCU Juncus L. 

Saw-beak sedge CAST5 Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. 

Saw-leaved sedge CASCP Carex scopulorum Holm var. prionophylla (Holm) L.A. Standley

Sedge CAREX Carex L. 

Sheep sedge CAIL Carex illota Bailey 

Sheldon’s sedge CASH Carex sheldonii Mackenzie 

Short-beaked sedge CASI2 Carex simulata Mackenzie 

Showy sedge CASP5 Carex spectabilis Dewey

Sierra hare sedge CALE9 Carex leporinella Mackenzie 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 193

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A-2—Total species sorted in alphabetical order by common name (continued)

Common name Code Scientific name

Silvery sedge CACA11 Carex canescens L. 

Simple bog sedge KOSI2 Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mackenzie 

Slender sedge CALA11 Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh.

Slenderbeak sedge CAAT3 Carex athrostachya Olney 

Smallflowered woodrush LUPA4 Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. 

Small-fruit bulrush SCMI2 Scirpus microcarpus J.& K. Presl 

Smallwing sedge CAMI7 Carex microptera Mackenzie 

Smooth-stemmed sedge CALA13 Carex laeviculmis Meinsh. 

Soft-leaved sedge CADI6 Carex disperma Dewey 

Spikerush ELEOC Eleocharis R. Br. 

Star sedge CAMU7 Carex muricata L. 

Swordleaf rush JUEN Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. 

Thread rush JUFI Juncus filiformis L. 

Torrent sedge CANU5 Carex nudata W. Boott 

Tuftedstem rush JUBR3 Juncus brachyphyllus Wieg. 

Twotipped sedge CABI10 Carex bipartita All. 

Widefruit sedge CAEU2 Carex eurycarpa Holm 

Woodrush LUZUL Luzula DC. 

Woodrush sedge CALU7 Carex luzulina Olney 

Woolgrass SCCY Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth 

Woolly sedge CALA30 Carex lanuginosa auct. non Michx. 

Ferns and horsetails:

Brittle bladderfern CYFR2 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. 

Common horsetail EQAR Equisetum arvense L. 

Horsetail EQUIS Equisetum L. 

Ladyfern ATFI Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth 

Maidenhair ADPE Adiantum pedatum L. 

Male fern DRFI2 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

Marsh horsetail EQPA Equisetum palustre L. 

Mountain woodfern DRAU8 Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thellung

Oakfern GYDR Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman 

Oregon cliff fern WOOR Woodsia oregana D.C. Eat. 

Rattlesnake fern BOVI Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. 

Scouringrush horsetail EQHY Equisetum hyemale L. 

Smooth horsetail EQLA Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun 

Variegated scouringrush EQVA Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D.M.H. Mohr

Western brackenfern PTAQ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

Western swordfern POMU Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl 

Mosses:

Spagnum moss SPHAG2 Sphagnum L.
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 194

Appendix B: Complete Constancy and Average Cover of All Species Present (style adopted from Hansen et alConstancy (CON) refers to the percentage of sample stands in which each species occurs. Average cover (COV) refers to the the average percentage canopy cover of a species for the sample stands where it was recorded. For example, a composed of 12 sample stands, but a particular species may be present in only 5 of those stands. The average cover for that species is calculated acover in those five stands. Life form (LF) codes: PO = primary overstory tree, SO = subordinate overstory tree, U = understory tree, S = shrub, F = forb, G = grass, GL = grasAppendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Subalpine Fir-Engelmann Spruce/Labrador Tea-Floodplain Plant Association (ABLA/LE) • Grand Fir/Black Hawthorn/Dewey Sedge Plant Association • Subalpine Fir-Engelmann Spruce/Rusty Menziesia-Floodplain Plant Association (ABLA/ME) • Grand Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple-Floodplain Plant Associat

• Subalpine Fir/Big Huckleberry-Floodplain Plant Association (ABLA/VA) • Douglas-Fir/Rocky Mountain Maple–Mallow Ninebark–Floo• Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association (PIEN/CA) • Douglas-Fir/Common Snowberry-Floodplain Plant Associat• Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir/Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant Association (PIEN/SE) • Ponderosa Pine/Common Snowberry-Floodplain Plant Asso• Grand Fir/Pacific Yew/Twinflower-Floodplain Plant Association (ABGR/TA)Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/

N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ABGR PO — — — — — — — — — — 100 54 20 75 75 35 4 

ABLA PO 85 14 100 20 100 24 16 10 77 24 — — — — — — — 

ALRH2 PO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

ALRU2 PO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 7 — 

LAOC PO — — — — 33 20 — — — — — — — — — — 4 

PIAL PO 14 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PICO PO — — 66 12 — — 33 3 22 6 — — — — — — — 

PIEN PO 100 10 100 27 100 42 83 29 55 18 — — — — — — — 

PIPO PO — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 16 6 22 

POTR15 PO — — — — — — — — — — — — 40 60 33 12 4 

PSME PO — — — — — — — — — — 20 15 20 40 50 21 83 

ABGR SO — — — — — — — — — — 40 13 60 23 33 10 — 

ABLA SO 71 10 33 5 33 5 16 3 55 5 — — — — — — — 

ALRH2 SO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 2 — 

ALRU2 SO — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — 8 5 — 

BEPAS SO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 10 — 

PIAL SO 14 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PICO SO — — — — — — 50 2 — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN SO 28 4 — — 33 20 50 10 55 4 — — — — — — — 

PIPO SO — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 4 16 2 22 

POTR15 SO — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 8 1 — 

PSME SO — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 20 1 16 7 43 

TABR2 SO — — — — — — — — — — 100 24 — — — — — 

ABGR U — — — — — — — — — — 100 13 80 5 91 10 9 

ABLA U 100 18 100 5 100 30 83 6 77 9 — — — — — — — 

ALRU2 U — — — — — — — — — — 20 4 — — — — — 

BEPAS U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 10 — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 195

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued)Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

BEPAS U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 10

—

JUOC U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

PIAL U 28 2 —

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PICO U —

—

—

—

—

— 50 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PIEN U 42 3 100 33 100 48 66 4 77 7 40 10

—

— 8 2 —

PIPO U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 2 13 

POTR15 U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 8 1 4 

PSME U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 16 1 35 

TSME U —

—

—

— 33 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ACGL S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 6 20 5 91 22 91 

ALIN2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 15

—

— 9 

ALSI3 S 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 4 —

—

—

—

—

AMAL2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 80 3 80 6 91 5 83 

ARUV S —

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BEAQ S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 38

—

— 8 5 —

BEOC2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

— 16 9 43 

BERE S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 20 2 25 1 22 

BETUL S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

CHME S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CHUM S —

—

—

— 33 3 —

—

—

— 20 2 —

—

—

—

—

CLCO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 5 4 

CLLI2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

COST4 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 40 7 41 7 26 

CRDO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 2 100 41 50 4 52 

GAHU S 42 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HODI S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 60 5 20 1 75 12 83 

KAMI S 14 1 —

—

—

— 16 1 11 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

KAOC S —

—

—

—

—

— 16 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LEGL S 100 55 33 10 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LIBO3 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 100 14

—

—

—

—

—

LOCI3 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 8 4 

LOIN5 S 28 1 —

— 100 5 —

— 55 5 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

LOUT2 S 14 3 66 4 66 5 —

— 22 1 40 3 —

— 8 2 —

MEFE S 14 4 100 73

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

PAMY S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 40 3 —

— 8 3 —

PHCA11 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 30

—

PHEM S 85 7 33 10

—

— 33 6 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHLE4 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 4 60 26 83 12 83 

PHMA5 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 6 57 

PRVI S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 22 

RHPU S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 80 12 20 1 58 10 61 

RHRA6 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 6 4 

RIBES S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 2 20 2 —

— 17 

RICE S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 15

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 196

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

RICO S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 10 4 

RIHU S 14 5 — — 33 3 — — 11 20 — — — — 8 1 — 

RIIR S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16 2 17 

RILA S — — — — 100 9 16 1 55 10 80 4 40 2 33 5 17 

RIMO2 S — — — — — — — — 11 3 — — — — 8 10 17 

RINI2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

ROGY S 14 1 — — — — — — — — 60 4 40 6 33 4 17 

RONU S — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 3 16 3 17 

ROSA5 S — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — 13 

ROWO S — — — — — — — — — — 40 20 — — 16 13 26 

RUID S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 4 

RULE S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9 

RUPA S — — — — 33 10 — — — — 40 23 60 13 58 4 48 

SACE3 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16 5 13 

SACO2 S 28 6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SAEX S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SAFA S — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — — — — 

SALA5 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SALIX S — — — — — — 33 1 11 1 — — — — — — — 

SAMBU S — — — — — — — — 22 6 — — — — — — — 

SHCA S — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — — — — 

SOAU S — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — 8 3 — 

SOSC2 S — — — — 33 5 — — — — 20 2 20 25 — — — 

SPBE2 S — — — — 33 10 — — — — — — — — 25 1 57 

SPIRA S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SYAL S — — — — — — — — — — 60 38 100 33 100 41 87 

SYOR2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VACA13 S 14 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VACCI S — — — — — — — — 11 3 — — — — — — — 

VAME S 14 2 — — 100 33 16 1 — — — — — — — — — 

VASC S 85 13 100 30 33 1 50 3 66 10 — — — — — — — 

VAUL S — — 66 15 66 13 33 30 11 1 — — — — — — — 

ACCO4 F 28 1 — — 33 5 16 15 77 9 — — — — 8 1 — 

ACMI2 F 14 1 — — 33 3 33 3 33 2 — — 20 1 16 3 22 

ACRU2 F — — — — — — — — 22 1 20 1 20 1 8 3 9 

ADBI F — — — — — — — — — — 80 6 60 1 66 2 26 

AGUR F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 8 1 9 

ALVA F 28 3 — — — — 50 2 33 38 — — — — — — — 

AMLY F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

ANAL4 F 14 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ANAR3 F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — 16 1 4 

ANEMO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 — 

ANMA F — — — — — — 16 1 22 3 — — — — — — — 

ANPI F — — — — — — — — — — 100 3 20 3 16 1 9 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 197

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued)Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ANRA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANSC8 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 

ANTEN F —

—

—

— 33 10

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANUM F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

APAN2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

AQFL F —

—

—

— 33 10

—

— 11 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AQFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 1 20 5 —

—

—

—

—

ARAM2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARCH3 F 14 1 —

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARCO9 F 14 1 66 3 66 13

—

— 55 3 40 3 20 3 41 5 61 

ARGL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARLA8 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARLO6 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARLU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARMA18 F —

—

—

— 33 1 —

— 22 1 40 3 20 3 41 2 4 

ARMI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 

ARMO4 F 14 1 —

—

—

— 16 10 22 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARNIC F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARSE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASAL2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASCA11 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASCA2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 60 8 20 2 25 6 —

ASCO3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 2 26 

ASEA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 8 1 —

ASFO F —

—

—

— 33 3 —

— 44 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASMO3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

ASOC F 14 3 —

— 33 2 16 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASTER F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

BASA3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRDO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRODI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CABI2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CABU2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

CACH16 F 28 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACO11 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 5 —

—

—

CARDU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CEAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CEVU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

CHLE80 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

CIAL F —

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

— 40 21 40 10 58 3 61 

CIAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 3 —

CIRSI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 4 

CIVU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 1 —

—

—

CLEMA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 198

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

CLME F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

CLUN2 F 14 5 — — 66 3 — — — — 80 9 — — 33 2 4 

COCA13 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 35 — — — — — 

COMA4 F — — — — — — — — — — 40 1 — — — — — 

COPA3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 4 

CRFR2 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 3 20 1 — — — 

CRUCIF F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 4 

CYOF F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 8 1 22 

DELPH F — — — — — — — — 11 5 — — — — — — — 

DICU F — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — 4 

DIHO3 F — — — — — — — — — — 60 8 — — 66 7 4 

DISM2 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — — — 

DISPO F — — — — — — 16 1 — — — — — — — — — 

DISY F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 4 

DITR2 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 40 4 — — 22 

DOAL F 14 2 — — — — 83 1 11 1 — — — — — — — 

DOJE F 28 18 — — — — 50 1 22 10 — — — — — — — 

EPAL F — — — — — — 50 9 33 1 — — — — — — — 

EPAN2 F 28 1 66 1 100 2 16 1 44 3 — — — — — — 13 

EPGI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 — 

EPGL F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — — — — 

EPGL4 F — — — — 33 1 — — 11 3 — — 20 1 — — — 

EPILO F — — — — — — 16 1 22 3 — — — — — — — 

ERCO6 F — — — — 33 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ERGR9 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 17 

ERPE3 F 57 2 33 1 — — 33 8 66 6 — — — — — — — 

ERSP4 F — — — — — — 16 3 — — — — — — — — — 

FRVE F — — — — 66 6 — — — — 60 3 20 1 25 2 35 

FRVI F 14 1 — — — — — — 33 5 — — — — — — 4 

GAAP2 F — — — — — — — — 11 3 20 3 — — 41 6 74 

GABI F — — — — 33 1 16 1 — — — — — — — — — 

GABO2 F — — — — — — 16 1 11 1 — — — — — — — 

GALIU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9 

GATR2 F — — — — — — — — — — 60 4 100 3 33 2 26 

GATR3 F — — — — 33 10 — — 22 1 — — — — — — — 

GECA F 85 4 33 1 — — 33 2 22 2 — — — — — — — 

GEMA4 F 14 1 — — 33 1 16 1 11 1 20 1 — — 16 4 9 

GEPU2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GEVI2 F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — — — — 

GOOB2 F — — — — 33 5 — — — — 40 2 20 1 16 3 13 

HABEN F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 — 

HACKE F — — — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

HADI7 F 14 1 — — — — — — 22 2 — — 20 1 — — — 

HASA F 28 1 — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — 8 1 — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 199

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued)Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

HAUN F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HELA4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 44 8 —

— 20 1 33 3 13 

HEUCH F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

— 4 

HIAL2 F —

—

—

— 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 9 

HIERA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 2 17 

HYAN2 F —

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYCA4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

HYFE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 9 

HYFON F 14 1 —

—

—

— 16 1 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYPE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 13 

HYPER F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 4 

ILRI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

LABI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 3 —

LACTU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

LANE3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

LASE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

LATHY F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 5 17 

LEGUMF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LICA2 F 14 1 —

— 33 1 50 3 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

LICO6 F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LIGR F 14 1 —

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LIGUS F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

LILIAF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

LIPA5 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LISTE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 4 —

— 20 1 —

—

—

LITE2 F 42 2 —

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LODI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUPIN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

LUPO2 F 14 1 —

— 100 6 16 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LYAL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 

LYAN2 F 14 1 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LYCO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

MEAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

MECI3 F —

—

—

— 66 8 33 1 55 12

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MENTH F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

MEOF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

MEPA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 5 —

—

—

— 8 1 —

MIGR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 

MIGU F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MILE2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 33 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIMO3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

— 20 2 —

— 4 

MINU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIPE F 14 2 33 1 —

— 83 3 22 20 20 1 —

—

—

— 4 

MIPR F —

—

—

— 33 1 16 8 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 200

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

MIST3 F 14 1 — — 33 3 — — 33 6 — — — — 8 3 4 

MITEL F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — — — — 

MOCO4 F 14 1 33 1 — — — — 33 10 60 6 20 1 33 4 26 

MOPE3 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 10 20 3 16 2 74 

MOSI2 F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — 20 1 — — 4 

MOUN3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 — 

OSCH F — — — — 33 5 — — 22 1 100 7 80 1 66 4 65 

OSMOR F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

OSOC F — — — — — — — — 22 3 — — 40 3 8 1 9 

PAFI3 F 14 2 — — 33 10 — — 66 4 — — — — — — — 

PEGL5 F 28 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PEGR2 F 14 1 — — — — 50 2 11 1 — — — — — — — 

PERA F — — — — 66 2 — — 22 2 — — — — — — — 

POBI6 F — — — — — — 33 1 11 3 — — — — — — — 

POFL3 F 71 17 — — 33 1 100 6 11 1 — — — — — — — 

POGL9 F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — 8 1 4 

POPU3 F — — — — 33 3 16 1 44 2 — — — — — — — 

PRVU F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 8 1 — 

PTAN2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 — 

PYAS F 14 15 — — 33 3 — — — — 20 1 — — — — — 

PYSE F 14 10 66 7 100 9 33 1 66 1 20 1 — — — — — 

RAUN F — — — — 33 3 16 1 — — 20 1 — — — — 13 

RUAC2 F — — — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

RUCR F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

RUOC2 F — — — — — — — — 33 4 — — 40 2 16 1 — 

SAAM3 F — — — — 33 10 — — 11 1 — — 20 1 — — — 

SAAR13 F 14 1 — — — — 16 3 77 7 — — — — — — — 

SASI10 F — — — — — — 66 8 22 4 — — — — — — — 

SECY F 42 2 — — — — 33 3 — — — — — — — — — 

SEIN2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

SENEC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

SEPS2 F — — — — — — — — 22 4 — — — — — — — 

SEST2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SETR F 28 3 — — — — 33 13 100 26 — — — — — — — 

SIAL2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

SIME F — — — — — — — — 11 3 — — — — — — — 

SINO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 13 

SIOR F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

SMRA F — — — — — — — — — — 40 11 40 3 16 3 91 

SMST F 14 1 — — 33 1 — — — — 100 19 40 20 91 16 17 

SODU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

SOLID F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

SOSP F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — — — — 

STAM2 F 14 5 — — 66 3 16 1 44 2 20 1 — — 16 1 4 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 201

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued)Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

STCA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 

STCR2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

STELL F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

STLO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

— 8 10

—

STME2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

— 26 

STOC F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

SWPE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

TAOF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 2 —

—

—

— 8 1 22 

TARAX F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

THALI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 

THOC F —

—

—

— 33 1 —

— 55 18 20 1 60 25 33 1 30 

THVE F —

—

—

— 66 18

—

— 11 35

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TITR F 14 15

—

— 66 13

—

—

—

— 80 6 —

— 8 5 —

TOFL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 3 26 

TRCA F —

—

—

— 33 1 16 1 11 3 20 1 40 1 8 1 —

TRDU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 13 

TRIFO F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 2 —

— 20 1 —

—

—

— 4 

TRLA6 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 2 —

TRLA8 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

TRLO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

TROV2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

— 8 1 13 

TRPE3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

TRPR2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TRRE3 F —

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

TRWO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

UMBELF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

URDI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

— 33 2 13 

VASI F —

—

—

— 33 25

—

— 44 4 —

—

—

—

—

— 4 

VEAM2 F —

—

—

— 33 1 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 4 

VECU F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VERAT F 14 2 —

—

—

— 16 1 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

VERON F —

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VESE F 14 1 —

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VETH F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 8 1 9 

VEVI F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEWO2 F 28 1 —

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIAD F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

VIAM F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 35 

VICA4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 60 5 20 15 25 5 39 

VIGL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 6 40 1 33 2 4 

VIOLA F 42 2 33 3 66 10 50 4 44 1 20 1 40 3 41 6 26 

VIOR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIPA4 F 14 3 —

—

—

— 16 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

XETE F 14 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 202

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

OVZIEL2 F — — — — — — — — 11 1 — — — — — — — 

AGEX G — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 8 1 — 

AGHU G 14 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AGROS2 G — — — — — — 33 2 11 1 — — — — — — — 

AGSC5 G — — — — — — 16 1 — — — — — — — — — 

AGSP G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ANOD G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AREL3 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 4 

BRAN G — — — — — — — — 11 3 — — — — — — — 

BRBR5 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

BRCA5 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

BRCI2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 3 — 

BROMU G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

BROR2 G — — — — — — — — — — 40 9 20 3 — — 4 

BRPA3 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 2 — 

BRRI8 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

BRTE G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 13 

BRVU G 14 1 — — 33 25 — — 22 4 60 9 20 5 41 3 30 

CAAQ3 G — — — — — — 16 5 — — — — — — — — — 

CACA4 G 28 30 — — 66 7 16 1 11 1 — — — — — — — 

CAPU G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CARU G — — — — 33 5 — — — — — — — — — — 9 

CILA2 G — — — — — — — — 22 3 — — — — — — 4 

DAGL G — — — — — — 16 1 — — 20 1 20 15 16 1 13 

DAIN G 28 2 — — 33 1 16 10 — — — — — — — — — 

DECE G 28 1 — — — — 66 3 — — — — — — — — — 

DEEL G — — — — — — 16 1 — — — — — — — — — 

ELGL G 14 1 — — 33 1 33 10 22 3 20 1 60 9 66 4 65 

FEID G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

FEOC G — — — — — — — — 11 1 40 3 20 1 16 3 48 

FESTU G — — — — 33 3 — — — — — — — — — — 4 

FESU G — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 60 18 25 9 13 

FEVI G — — — — — — 16 3 — — — — — — — — — 

GLEL G 14 5 — — 33 20 16 1 11 4 — — 20 1 — — 9 

GLST G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 5 — 

MESM G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 5 — 

MESU G — — — — — — — — — — 20 20 40 3 50 11 22 

MUFI2 G — — — — — — 16 1 — — — — — — — — — 

PHAL2 G 14 1 — — 33 1 33 3 — — — — — — — — 4 

PHPR3 G — — — — — — 16 1 — — 20 1 — — — — 4 

POA G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 1 22 

PONE2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4 

POPA2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 8 2 — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 203

Appendix B-1—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued)Type ABLA/LE ABLA/ME ABLA/VA PIEN/CA PIEN/SE ABGR/TA ABGR/CR ABGR/AC PSME/N 7 3 3 6 9 5 5 12 23 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

POPR

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

— 39 

PUPA3

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TRCA21

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 40 16 10 26 

TRCE2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 13 

CAAM10 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 4 —

—

—

CAAQ GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 22

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CABA3 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 

CABI10 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CADE9 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 4 100 12 50 3 39 

CADI6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAGE2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 50 10 35 

CAHE7 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 4 —

CAIL GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAJO GL 14 1 —

—

—

— 33 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CALA13 GL 14 40

—

— 33 30

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CALE9 GL 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CALU7 GL 42 2 —

—

—

— 16 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAMI7 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 8 1 —

CAMU7 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CANI2 GL 28 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAPA14 GL 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAREX GL

—

—

—

— 33 5 —

— 11 1 —

—

—

— 8 10 9 

CARO5 GL

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

— 22 8 20 3 —

—

—

— 17 

CASC12 GL 71 27

—

— 33 6 100 62 11 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAUT GL 28 1 —

— 33 6 16 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELPA6 GL 28 4 —

—

—

— 33 28

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUDR GL 28 1 —

—

—

— 66 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUEN GL 14 2 —

— 33 1 16 1 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUFI GL

—

—

—

— 33 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUME3 GL

—

— 33 1 —

— 33 1 11 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUCA2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 

LUHI4 GL 14 10 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUPA4 GL 28 4 —

— 33 1 16 1 —

— 20 3 —

—

—

—

—

ADPE FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

ATFI FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 2 20 5 25 1 17 

CYFR2 FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 5 20 1 25 1 52 

DRAU8 FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

— 4 

DRFI2 FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 5 —

—

—

EQAR FH 14 60

—

— 33 60 33 2 22 4 —

—

—

— 8 1 —

EQHY FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 41 3 30 

GYDR FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 1 —

—

—

—

—

POMU FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 22 1 40 3 —

— 25 4 —

PTAQ FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 5 20 2 16 4 13 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 204

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Engelmann Spruce/Common Horsetail Plant Association (PIEN/EQ) • Red Alder/Common Snowberry/Dewey Sedge Pla• Lodgepole Pine/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Community (PICO/CA) • White Alder/Blackberry Plant Community Type (A

• Ponderosa Pine/Black Hawthorn Plant Community (PIPO/CR) • White Alder/Mesic Shrub Plant Community Type 

• Black Cottonwood/Mountain Alder-Red-Osier Dogwood Plant Association (POTR15/AL) • Arctic Willow Plant Association (SAAR27)

• Black Cottonwood/Common Snowberry Plant Community Type (POTR15/SY) • Booth’s Willow/Inflated Sedge Plant Community (• Black Cottonwood/Rocky Mountain Maple Plant Community Type (POTR15/AC) 

Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ABGR PO — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — — 

ABLA PO — — 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ALRH2 PO — — — — — — 14 5 — — — — — — 100 68 92 

ALRU2 PO — — — — — — — — — — 50 25 — — — — — 

BEPAS PO — — — — — — — — — — — — 40 18 — — — 

PICO PO — — 100 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN PO 100 25 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIPO PO — — — — 100 20 14 2 — — 50 15 — — — — — 

POTR15 PO — — — — — — 85 27 100 49 100 43 — — 33 20 23 

PSME PO — — — — — — — — — — — — 40 4 — — 7 

ABGR SO — — — — — — 14 10 — — — — — — — — — 

ALRH2 SO — — — — — — — — 20 50 — — — — — — 61 

ALRU2 SO — — — — — — — — — — 50 5 20 35 — — — 

JUNI SO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

PICO SO — — 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN SO — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIPO SO — — — — 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 

POTR15 SO — — — — — — 42 8 60 14 100 8 — — — — 3 

PRAV SO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11 

ABGR U — — — — — — 28 12 — — 50 1 60 5 — — 3 

ABLA U 100 10 100 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ALRH2 U — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — 33 15 30 

ALRU2 U — — — — — — — — — — — — 40 6 — — — 

BEPAS U — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — — 

PIAL U — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PICO U — — 100 6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN U — — 100 4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIPO U — — — — — — 14 5 20 4 50 1 40 2 — — 3 

POBA2 U — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — — — — — 

POTR15 U — — — — — — 71 10 60 1 100 2 — — — — 19 

PRAV U — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — 3 

ROPS U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

ACER S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

ACGL S — — — — 100 1 71 11 — — 100 1 80 3 33 20 30 

ALIN2 S — — — — — — 57 17 — — — — — — — — — 

ALSI3 S — — — — — — 14 10 — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 205

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

AMAL2 S —

—

—

— 100 3 85 6 60 3 50 4 40 2 66 6 23 

BEOC2 S —

—

—

— 100 15 28 38

—

—

—

— 40 12

—

— 15 

BERE S —

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

CERE2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 30 

CESA S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CHUM S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CLCO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 3 

CLLI2 S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 8 20 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ST4 S —

—

—

— 100 5 85 20 20 1 —

— 60 10

—

— 53 

CRDO2 S —

—

—

— 100 30 71 13 80 35 100 63 60 18 33 20 50 

GAHU S —

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HODI S —

—

—

— 100 3 42 5 80 7 50 50 60 5 33 15 30 

KAMI S —

— 100 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LOCI3 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

MEFE S —

— 100 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHEM S —

— 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHLE4 S —

—

—

— 100 6 71 27 80 38 100 22 100 39 100 4 96 

PHMA5 S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 4 60 4 50 2 —

—

—

— 3 

POBA2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

—

—

— 3 

PRAR3 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

PRCE S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

PRDO S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

PRUNU S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

PRVI S —

—

—

— 100 10 14 22 40 20 50 3 20 1 33 5 26 

RHAL2 S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RHGL S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

RHPU S —

—

—

— 100 10 28 4 40 2 50 1 80 13 66 3 50 

RHRA6 S —

—

—

— 100 40 42 27 20 15

—

—

—

— 66 8 34 

RIBES S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 20 1 50 4 20 1 —

— 3 

RICE S 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RICO S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 

RIHU S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 2 —

—

—

— 20 5 —

—

—

RIIR S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 

RILA S 100 3 —

—

—

— 28 1 —

—

—

— 40 8 33 5 15 

RIMO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

RINI2 S —

—

—

— 100 2 28 13 20 8 —

—

—

—

—

— 15 

ROGY S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 7 20 5 —

— 3 

RONU S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

ROSA5 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 10

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

ROWO S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 60 7 50 1 —

—

—

— 23 

RUBA S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

RUBUS S —

—

—

—

—

— 14 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 

RUDI2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 66 72 3 

RUID S —

—

—

—

—

— 28 3 —

—

—

—

—

— 66 1 3 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 206

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

RULA S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 70 7 

RULE S — — — — — — 14 1 — — 50 1 — — — — 11 

RUPA S — — — — 100 3 57 19 — — 50 4 80 19 — — 30 

SAAR27 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SABO2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SACE3 S — — — — — — 28 2 — — — — — — 33 10 19 

SACO2 S 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SAFA S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SALIX S — — — — — — 14 3 — — — — — — 33 3 — 

SAMBU S — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

SARI2 S — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — 20 1 — — — 

SASC S — — — — — — 28 4 — — — — — — — — — 

SASI2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

SPBE2 S — — — — — — 14 3 20 5 50 1 20 3 — — 3 

SPDE S — — 100 25 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SYAL S — — — — — — 57 14 100 18 100 50 100 20 — — 23 

VASC S — — 100 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ACCO4 F 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

ACMI2 F — — — — — — 14 1 40 1 — — — — — — 23 

ACRU2 F 100 3 — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

ADBI F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — 7 

AGAST F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

AGUR F — — — — — — 14 2 20 1 — — — — — — 19 

ALVA F 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AMRE2 F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

ANAR3 F — — — — — — 14 2 — — — — — — — — 3 

ANEMO F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

ANMA F 100 3 — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

ANPI F — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — — — — — 

ANSC8 F — — — — 100 5 14 10 40 53 — — — — 66 18 57 

APAN2 F — — — — — — 14 2 — — — — — — — — — 

AQFO F — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — — — — — 

ARCH3 F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

ARCO9 F — — — — — — 14 2 — — 50 10 20 1 — — 11 

ARLU F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — 3 

ARMA18 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — — 

ARMI2 F — — — — 100 5 28 16 40 1 — — — — 66 18 34 

ASAL2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ASAL7 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ASCA2 F — — — — — — 14 3 — — 50 2 — — — — 3 

ASCH2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

ASCO3 F — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — — — — — 

ASFO F 100 3 — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

ASMO3 F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 207

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ASPR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASTER F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 2 20 1 —

— 20 1 —

— 3 

BRODI F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACH16 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACO11 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

CAOL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASTI2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CIAL F —

—

—

— 100 3 28 8 20 1 50 1 100 6 33 3 30 

CIAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

CIRSI F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 1 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 15 

CIVU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

CLEMA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

CLUN2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

COAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

COGR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

COOR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 —

CRUCIF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

CYOF F —

—

—

— 100 1 28 1 40 2 50 1 —

—

—

— 30 

DEOC F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 8 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

DIHO3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

DISY F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 30 

DITR2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

— 3 

DOAL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPAN2 F —

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 3 

EPGI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

EPGL F 100 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPGL4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

EPILO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

— 3 

ERIGE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ERPE3 F —

— 100 4 —

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

FRVE F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 3 —

— 50 1 20 1 —

—

—

GAAP2 F —

—

—

— 100 5 57 5 100 15 50 1 —

— 66 18 76 

GAAS3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

GALIU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 60 2 —

—

—

GATR2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 1 20 1 50 1 20 3 —

— 3 

GATR3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GEAL3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

GECA F —

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GEMA4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 5 —

—

—

— 40 2 —

— 7 

GERAN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

GEUM F 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

HADI7 F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HAMI F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

HELA4 F 100 3 —

—

—

— 28 2 40 4 50 1 80 4 —

— 26 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 208

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

HEUCH F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

HIAL2 F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

HYCA4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

HYFE F — — — — — — 14 1 — — 50 1 — — 33 5 34 

HYPE F — — — — — — 28 1 — — — — — — — — 15 

HYPER F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — 3 

LAAM F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

LABI F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

LABIAF F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — 7 

LACO3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 

LASE F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — 11 

LATHY F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

LEGUMF F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

LICA2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

LIPA5 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 

LITE2 F — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

LOCO6 F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

LOMAT F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

LYAL F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11 

LYUN F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

MAGR3 F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

MEAR4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 

MECI3 F — — — — — — 28 1 — — — — — — — — — 

MEOF F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

MEPI F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

MERTE F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

MIGU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

MIMO3 F 100 5 — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — 7 

MIPE F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

MIST3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 40 1 — — — 

MITEL F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 

MOCO4 F — — — — — — 14 2 20 1 50 3 80 7 — — 15 

MOPE3 F — — — — 100 1 — — 40 11 — — — — 66 9 76 

MOSI2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

MYOSO F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

OSCH F 100 1 — — 100 1 14 1 40 8 50 1 60 1 66 5 34 

OSOC F — — — — — — 14 20 — — 50 1 60 2 — — — 

PAFI3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PAPE5 F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — 11 

PEGR2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PENST F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

POBI7 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

POCU6 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

POFL3 F — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 209

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

POGL9 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

POGR9 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

POLA4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

POLYG4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 

POTEN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

— 3 

PRVU F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PYSE F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RANUN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

RAUN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

— 3 

RUCR F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUMEX F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 11 

RUOB F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

RUOC2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 4 —

— 50 1 40 1 33 10

—

RUPA5 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 3 

RUSA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 

SAAR13 F 100 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SCAN2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

SCLA F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SECY F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SEDUM F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

SESE2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 2 40 2 50 2 —

—

—

—

—

SETR F 100 20

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SIAL2 F —

—

—

— 100 1 —

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 7 

SIME F —

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SINO F —

—

—

— 100 1 14 2 20 2 —

—

—

—

—

— 15 

SMRA F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 1 40 11 100 3 40 1 —

— 7 

SMST F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 6 40 6 50 1 80 4 —

— 7 

SODU F —

—

—

— 100 1 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 66 10 46 

SOLID F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 6 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

STCR2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

STELL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

STME2 F —

—

—

— 100 1 —

— 40 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

TAOF F —

—

—

— 100 1 14 1 20 1 —

— 20 1 —

— 19 

THOC F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 3 20 1 —

— 20 1 —

— 7 

THVE F 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TOFL F —

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 

TRCA F —

—

—

—

—

— 28 6 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TRDU F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 7 

TRIFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 

TROV2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 1 20 1 —

—

—

TRRE3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

URDI F —

—

—

—

—

— 42 1 —

—

—

— 60 2 33 15 69 

VEAM2 F 100 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VERON F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 210

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

VETH F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

VIAM F — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

VICA4 F — — — — 100 60 14 60 20 15 100 7 20 5 — — 34 

VICIA F — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — — — — — 

VIGL F — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — 60 3 — — — 

VIOLA F — — 100 2 — — — — 20 2 — — 20 1 33 5 7 

ZIEL2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AGSC5 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

AGTH2 G 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AREL3 G — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

BRCA5 G 100 3 — — — — 14 10 — — — — — — — — 7 

BRJA G — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

BROMU G — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — 

BROR2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 

BRRI8 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 66 10 3 

BRTE G — — — — 100 50 14 2 20 2 — — — — — — 30 

BRVU G 100 3 — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — 7 

CACA4 G — — — — — — 14 5 — — — — — — — — — 

CILA2 G 100 1 — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

DAGL G — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — 40 2 33 1 11 

DECE G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ELCI2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

ELGL G — — — — 100 1 71 5 100 4 100 3 80 8 100 6 57 

FEOC G — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

FESU G — — — — — — 14 3 — — 50 1 40 6 — — 3 

GLEL G 100 15 — — — — 14 3 — — — — — — 33 3 — 

GLYCE G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

MESU G — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 15 — — — 

PHAL2 G — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — 

PHAR3 G — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — 20 10 — — — 

PHPR3 G — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

POA G — — — — — — 14 3 20 10 — — — — — — 7 

POPR G — — — — 100 3 57 4 60 30 — — 60 2 — — 26 

STOC2 G — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — 

TRCA21 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 

CAAM10 GL — — — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — 3 

CAAR2 GL — — — — — — 14 1 20 1 — — — — — — — 

CABA3 GL — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — — — — — 

CADE9 GL — — — — 100 1 71 4 40 1 50 1 100 10 — — 61 

CAGE2 GL — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — 40 2 — — — 

CAHO5 GL — — — — — — 14 1 20 3 — — — — 33 5 — 

CAIL GL — — 100 8 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAMI7 GL — — — — — — 28 1 20 1 — — — — — — — 

CANI2 GL — — 100 8 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 211

Appendix B-2—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type PIEN/EQ PICO/CA PIPO/CR POTR15/AL POTR15/SY POTR15/AC ALRU2/SY ALRH2/RU ALRH2

N 1 1 1 7 5 2 5 26 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

CAPR4 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAREX GL 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

CARO5 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASC12 GL

—

— 100 70

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASU7 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAUT GL 100 15 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAVE6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELPA6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUDR GL

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUCA2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

— 20 1 —

—

—

ATFI FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 14 2 —

—

—

— 60 4 —

— 15 

CYFR2 FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

— 15 

DRFI2 FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 7 

EQAR FH 100 85

—

—

—

— 28 50 20 1 —

— 20 3 33 5 26 

EQHY FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 42 2 —

—

—

— 60 2 33 1 46 

EQLA FH

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EQPA FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

EQVA FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GYDR FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

POMU FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

PTAQ FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 3 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 212

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Willow/Aquatic Sedge Plant Association (SAL/CAA) • Undergreen Willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association (SA• Booth’s Willow/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association (SABO2/CAS) • Drummond’s Willow/Arrowleaf Groundsel Plant Community (SADR/SE)

• Willow/Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Association (SAL/CAC) • Lemmon’s Willow/Mesic Forb Plant Community (SALE/MF)

• Willow/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type (SAL/FO) • Coyote Willow Plant Association (SAEX)

• Farr’s Willow/Pacific Onion Plant Community (SAFA/AL) • Sitka Willow/Common Horsetail Plant Community (SASI2/EQ)• Undergreen/Willow/Bladder Sedge Plant Community Type (SACO/CAU)Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ABGR U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ABLA U — — 10 3 — — 30 5 — — — — 40 2 — — 100 

JUOC U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN U — — — — 25 3 20 4 — — — — — — — — 100 

POTR15 U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PSME U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ROPS U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ALIN2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ALSI3 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

BEGL S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CLLI2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

COST4 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CRDO2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

KAMI S — — — — 25 1 10 5 — — — — — — — — — 

LEGL S — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 2 — — — 

LOIN5 S — — — — — — 10 2 — — — — — — — — 100 

PHEM S — — — — — — 10 20 — — — — — — — — — 

PHLE4 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

POFR4 S 50 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RHPU S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RIHU S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

RIIR S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RILA S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

RIMO2 S — — — — — — 10 4 — — — — — — — — — 

ROWO S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RUBUS S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SABA3 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SABO2 S 100 49 100 70 50 72 50 65 100 18 — — — — — — — 

SACO2 S — — 10 10 50 75 40 44 — — 100 50 100 61 — — 100 

SADR S — — — — — — 20 75 — — — — — — 100 80 — 

SAEX S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

SAFA S 50 60 — — — — — — 100 60 — — — — — — — 

SALA5 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SALA6 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SALE S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

SALIX S — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

SAMY S — — — — — — 10 85 — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 213

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

SARI2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SASI2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 20

—

—

—

SAWO S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SHCA S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SYAL S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VACA13 S —

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VACCI S —

—

—

— 25 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VASC S —

—

—

—

—

— 20 12

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ACCO4 F —

— 10 1 —

— 30 12

—

—

—

— 40 2 —

— 100 

ACMI2 F 100 1 —

—

—

— 20 6 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

AGAU2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

AGUR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ALVA F —

—

—

—

—

— 40 12 100 80

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANAL4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANAR3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 20 8 —

—

—

— 40 4 —

— 100 

ANMA F —

—

—

—

—

— 20 2 —

—

—

— 20 10

—

—

—

ANMI3 F —

—

—

— 25 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANTEN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

ANUM F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

APIACF F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AQUIL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARCH3 F —

— 10 1 50 1 20 1 100 1 —

— 40 1 —

—

—

ARDI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARLA8 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARLO6 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARLU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARMA18 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARMO4 F —

— 10 1 —

— 10 1 —

—

—

— 40 6 —

—

—

ARNIC F —

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

— 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

ARPA13 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASAL7 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASCH2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASEA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASFO F —

— 20 14

—

— 30 14

—

—

—

— 20 10

—

— 100 

ASMO3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

ASOC F 50 1 —

— 25 5 40 9 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASRO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASTER F —

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASTRA F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CABI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACH16 F —

— 20 1 25 1 20 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

CACO6 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

CACU7 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAMI12 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 214

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

CARH4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CARO2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CASTI2 F — — 10 5 — — 20 1 — — — — — — — — — 

CERAS F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CHHY F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CHLE80 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIAL F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIAR4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CICA6 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIDO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIRSI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIVU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

COCA5 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

COGR4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CRUCIF F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CYOF F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

DISY F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

DOAL F 50 1 20 6 — — 70 5 — — — — 20 1 — — — 

DOJE F — — 10 30 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

DOPU F — — — — — — — — — — 100 15 — — — — — 

EPAL F — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — 

EPAN2 F — — — — — — 10 5 — — — — — — — — 100 

EPGL F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

EPGL4 F — — — — 25 1 10 3 — — — — — — 100 3 — 

EPILO F — — 10 3 25 1 10 3 — — — — — — — — — 

EPLA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

EPPA2 F — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — — — 

ERAS2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ERIGE2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ERPE3 F — — 30 2 75 10 20 6 — — — — 40 2 — — — 

ERSP4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

FRASE F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

FRVE F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

FRVI F — — — — — — 20 6 — — — — — — — — — 

GAAP2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GAAS3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GABI F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

GABO2 F — — 10 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GATR2 F — — — — 25 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

GATR3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

GECA F — — 40 5 50 1 40 18 — — — — 20 3 — — — 

GEMA4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

GEUM F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GIAG F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 215

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

GICO2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GILIA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HABEN F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HAMI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HASA F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

— 40 1 100 3 —

HELA4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

HIERA F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYAN2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 8 —

—

—

HYFON F —

—

—

— 25 8 50 6 —

—

—

— 40 1 —

—

—

HYFOS F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYOC F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYPE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ILRI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LASE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LATHY F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LICA2 F —

— 20 6 —

— 40 9 —

— 100 3 —

—

—

— 100 

LILIAF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LITE2 F 50 1 40 2 100 5 40 3 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

LOCO6 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LOPU3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUPO2 F —

—

—

— 25 1 20 3 —

—

—

— 40 2 —

— 100 

MEAL2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MEAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MECI3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 30 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

MEPI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIGU F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MILE2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

— 40 1 —

—

—

MIMO3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 1 100 10

—

MIPE F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

— 40 2 —

—

—

MIPR F —

— 10 2 —

— 10 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

MITEL F —

—

—

—

—

— 20 6 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MOCO4 F —

—

—

— 25 3 30 14

—

—

—

— 20 2 —

—

—

MONTI F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MYOSO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PAFI3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 30 7 100 1 100 10 40 1 —

— 100 

PEGL5 F —

—

—

—

—

— 30 2 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

PEGR2 F —

— 20 1 50 1 80 2 —

— 100 5 40 1 —

—

—

PENST F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PEPA29 F —

—

—

— 25 60

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHHA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PLLA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PLMA2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POFL3 F —

— 60 11 100 12 90 23 100 1 —

— 100 3 —

— 100 

POLYG4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 216

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

POVI3 F 50 1 — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — — — 

PRVU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PYAS F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

RAAL F — — — — 25 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

RANUN F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RAOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RAPO F — — — — — — 10 3 — — — — — — — — — 

RARE3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RAUN F — — — — — — 10 3 — — — — — — — — — 

RUCR F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RUOC2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RUPA5 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SAAM3 F — — — — — — 10 5 — — — — — — — — 100 

SAAR13 F — — — — — — 40 2 — — — — — — — — 100 

SCLA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SECY F 100 2 40 16 25 5 70 16 100 20 100 20 80 4 — — — 

SEPS2 F — — — — — — 10 20 — — — — — — — — — 

SESE2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SETR F — — 10 1 25 1 40 7 — — — — 20 20 100 20 100 

SIAC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SINO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SIPR F — — — — — — 20 10 — — — — — — — — — 

SOCA6 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SODU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SOLID F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SOMU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SPCA5 F — — — — — — — — — — 100 3 — — — — 100 

SPRO F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

STCA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

STCR2 F — — 10 5 — — 10 3 — — — — — — — — — 

STLO2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — 

TAOF F — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — 

THALI2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 20 2 — — — 

THOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

THVE F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

TRCA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

TRDU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRIFO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRPR2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRRE3 F — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — 

URDI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VERAT F — — 10 1 — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — 

VERON F — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — 

VESE F — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 217

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

VETH F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEWO2 F —

— 10 1 25 1 20 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

VIMA2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIOLA F —

— 30 12 50 2 40 8 —

—

—

— 60 3 100 10 100 

VIOR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIPA4 F —

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ZIEL2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 —

— 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

AGAL3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGCA2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGHU

G

—

— 10 10 50 2 20 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGIN5

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGROS2

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

— 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

AGSC5

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGST2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGTE

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

AGTH2

G

—

— 10 1 25 3 10 5 —

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

AGVA

G

—

— 10 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRBR5

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRCA5

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 5 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

BRCI2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

BRJA

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BROR2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRTE

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACA4

G

—

— 10 5 100 66 30 6 —

—

—

— 40 16

—

— 100 

CILA2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 8 100 3 —

DAIN

G

—

— 20 12 25 1 30 6 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

DECE

G 50 1 30 4 75 5 60 13 100 15 100 3 20 45

—

—

—

ELCI2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELGL

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 36

—

— 100 

FEID

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

FEPR

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

FEVI

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GLEL

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

KOCR

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MUAN

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MUFI2

G

—

— 10 5 —

— 30 11

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHAL2

G

—

— 10 1 75 1 50 1 —

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

PHAR3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHPR3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POA

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POCO

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POLE2

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POPA2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 218

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

POPR G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRSP2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRWO3 G — — 10 5 50 1 40 4 — — — — 20 1 — — — — 

CAAB2 GL — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

CAAQ GL 100 70 10 5 — — 10 25 — — — — 20 3 — — — — 

CAAR2 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAAU3 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CACA12 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAHO5 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAIL GL — — 10 10 25 5 10 5 — — — — 20 1 — — — — 

CAJO GL — — — — — — 20 6 — — — — 20 1 — — — — 

CALA30 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CALE9 GL — — 10 15 — — 10 1 — — — — 20 5 — — — — 

CALU7 GL — — 20 3 — — 20 1 — — 100 10 — — — — — — 

CAMI7 GL — — — — — — 10 12 — — — — 40 1 — — — — 

CANE2 GL — — 10 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CANI2 GL — — 10 1 — — 10 5 — — — — — — — — — — 

CAPA18 GL — — 10 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAPR4 GL — — 20 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAPR7 GL — — — — 25 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAREX GL — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — 100 

CASA10 GL — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — 

CASC10 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CASC12 GL 50 1 100 62 100 12 80 11 100 15 100 15 100 56 100 3 — — 

CAST5 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAUT GL — — 20 6 50 6 10 1 — — 100 80 — — — — — — 

ELPA3 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ELPA6 GL 50 3 40 26 25 10 10 1 — — — — 20 30 — — — — 

JUBA GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

JUCO2 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

JUDR GL — — 20 4 — — 10 5 — — — — 40 1 — — — — 

JUEF GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

JUEN GL — — — — — — — — — — — — 40 1 — — — — 

JUME3 GL — — 10 10 — — 20 2 — — 100 10 — — — — 100 

JUNCU GL — — — — — — 10 10 — — — — — — — — — 

JUPA GL — — — — — — 10 2 — — — — — — — — — 

LUCA2 GL — — 10 1 — — 20 1 — — — — 20 1 — — — 

LUPA4 GL — — — — — — 10 3 — — — — — — — — — 

LUZUL GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 

SCIRP GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SCMI2 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ATFI FH — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CYFR2 FH — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 219

Appendix B-3—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types (continued) Type SAL/CAA SABO/CAS SAL/CAC SAL/FO SAFA/AL SACO/CAU SACO/CAS SADR/SE SALE/

N 2 10 4 10 1 1 5 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

EQAR FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 30

—

— 100 10 60 2 —

— 100 

EQLA FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

EQVA FH 100 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 220

Appendix B-4—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Sitka Alder/Ladyfern Plant Association (ALSI3/AT) • Mountain Alder/Common Horsetail Plant Association (ALIN2/EQ)

• Sitka Alder/Drooping Woodreed Plant Association (ALSI3/CI) • Mountain Alder–Common Snowberry Plant Association (ALIN2-SY)

• Sitka Alder/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type (ALSI3/FO) • Mountain Alder/Dewey Sedge Plant Community Type (ALIN2/CA)

• Mountain Alder/Ladyfern Plant Association (ALIN2/AT) • Red-Osier Dogwood/Ladyfern Plant Association (COST4/AT)

• Mountain Alder/Tall Mannagrass Plant Association (ALIN2/GL) • Red-Osier Dogwood Plant Association (COST4)

• Mountain Alder–Red-Osier Dogwood/Mesic Forb Plant Association (ALIN2-CO)

Type ALSI3/AT ALSI3/CI ALSI3/FO ALIN2/AT ALIN2/GL ALIN2-CO ALIN2/EQ ALIN2-SY ALIN2/

N 2 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ABGR PO — — — — — — 33 5 — — — — — — — — — 

ABLA PO 50 5 — — 13 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN PO — — — — 13 10 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ABGR SO — — — — 13 14 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ALRH2 SO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PSME SO — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 10 — — — 

TABR2 SO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ABGR U — — 50 1 25 5 33 1 — — 67 6 — — 100 2 50 

ABLA U 100 6 50 1 50 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN U 50 1 50 1 25 1 33 5 — — — — — — — — — 

PIPO U — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PSME U — — — — — — — — — — 33 6 — — 100 1 — 

TSME U — — — — 13 15 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ACGL S — — — — — — — — — — 33 2 — — 100 1 — 

ALIN2 S — — — — — — 100 82 100 90 100 75 100 90 100 30 100 

ALSI3 S 100 68 100 85 100 86 — — — — — — — — — — — 

AMAL2 S — — — — — — 33 3 — — — — 100 1 100 1 — 

BEOC2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 35 — 

BERE S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — 

CERE2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CHUM S — — — — 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

CLLI2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

COST4 S — — — — — — 100 10 — — 100 45 — — 100 4 100 

CRDO2 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 3 — 

HODI S — — — — — — 33 10 — — 33 4 100 3 100 20 50 

LIBO3 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

LOIN5 S 50 15 — — 13 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 

LOUT2 S 50 1 — — 25 4 — — — — 33 1 — — — — — 

OPHO S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PAMY S — — — — 13 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PHCA11 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 

PHLE4 S — — — — — — 33 5 — — 67 23 100 3 100 4 50 

PHMA5 S — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — 100 1 — 

PRVI S — — — — — — 33 5 — — 33 2 — — — — — 

RHPU S — — — — — — — — — — 33 7 — — — — — 

RHRA6 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RIBES S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 221

Appendix B-4—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type ALSI3/AT ALSI3/CI ALSI3/FO ALIN2/AT ALIN2/GL ALIN2-CO ALIN2/EQ ALIN2-SY ALIN2/N 2 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

RIHU S 100 7 —

— 13 4 67 23 50 35

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

RIIR S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

RILA S 100 14

—

— 63 8 67 4 —

— 33 2 —

— 100 2 —

RIMO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RINI2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RIWO S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

ROGY S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 100 1 —

—

—

ROSA5 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

ROWO S —

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

— 33 25

—

—

—

— 50 

RUBUS S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

RUDI2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUID S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

— 100 1 —

RULE S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

— 50 

RUPA S 100 3 —

— 13 1 33 60

—

— 67 35

—

—

—

— 100 

SABO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SACE3 S —

—

—

— 13 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SAEX S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

SARI2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SASC S 50 3 —

— 13 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SASI2 S —

— 50 3 13 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SOAU S —

—

—

— 25 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SOSC2 S —

—

—

— 13 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SPBE2 S —

—

—

— 13 5 —

—

—

— 33 2 100 1 100 4 —

SYAL S —

—

—

—

—

— 33 20

—

— 67 18 100 1 100 55 50 

VAME S 50 3 —

— 50 12

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VASC S —

—

—

— 13 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VAUL S 50 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ACCO4 F 100 3 50 1 38 12

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

ACMI2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

— 33 1 100 3 —

— 50 

ACRU2 F —

—

—

— 13 20 33 2 —

— 67 1 —

—

—

—

—

ADBI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGUR F —

—

—

— 13 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANAR3 F —

— 100 7 63 3 33 3 50 20 67 3 100 1 —

— 50 

ANMA F —

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANPI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

ANSC8 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AQFL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

AQFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

ARCO9 F —

—

—

— 25 4 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

ARLU F —

— 50 1 13 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARMA18 F —

—

—

— 38 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARMI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARNIC F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 222

Appendix B-4—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type ALSI3/AT ALSI3/CI ALSI3/FO ALIN2/AT ALIN2/GL ALIN2-CO ALIN2/EQ ALIN2-SY ALIN2/N 2 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ASCA2 F — — — — — — 33 8 — — — — — — — — 50 

ASEA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ASFO F 50 3 50 1 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ASMO3 F — — — — — — 33 2 — — — — — — — — — 

ASOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 10 — — — 

ASTER F — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — 50 

BRHO F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — 

CACO6 F 50 10 50 1 — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — 

CALOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — 

CARDA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 

CEAR4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — 

CHLE80 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 15 — — — 

CIAL F — — 50 5 38 27 67 10 50 3 67 6 — — 100 5 50 

CIAR4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIDO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIRSI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CLUN2 F — — — — 13 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 

COLI2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 

COMA4 F — — — — 13 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

DICU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 

DIHO3 F — — — — — — 33 2 — — — — — — — — 50 

DISPO F — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — — 

DISY F — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — 50 

DITR2 F — — — — — — 33 3 — — — — — — — — — 

DOJE F — — — — — — — — 50 1 — — — — — — — 

EPAL F 50 1 50 3 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

EPAN2 F — — — — 25 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

EPGL F — — 50 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

EPGL4 F — — 50 1 — — 33 15 100 3 — — — — — — — 

EPILO F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 3 — — — 

ERPE3 F — — — — 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ERPH F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 10 — — — 

FRVE F — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — 100 1 50 

FRVI F — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — 

GAAP2 F 50 3 — — — — 33 10 50 10 33 5 100 5 — — — 

GAMU2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 3 — — — 

GATR2 F — — — — — — 67 3 — — 33 1 — — 100 6 50 

GATR3 F 50 10 100 3 100 3 — — 50 10 — — — — — — — 

GEMA4 F 50 3 50 1 38 2 100 6 50 1 67 2 100 1 100 1 100 

HABEN F — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — 

HACKE F — — — — 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

HADI7 F — — 50 1 — — 33 10 — — — — — — — — — 

HAMI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 223

Appendix B-4—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type ALSI3/AT ALSI3/CI ALSI3/FO ALIN2/AT ALIN2/GL ALIN2-CO ALIN2/EQ ALIN2-SY ALIN2/N 2 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

HASA F —

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HELA4 F 50 1 50 30 75 21 100 9 100 14 67 2 —

—

—

— 100 

HEMI7 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

HEUCH F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HIAL2 F —

—

—

— 25 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HIGR F —

—

—

— 13 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYDRO4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

HYFE F —

—

—

— 25 8 —

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

— 50 

HYPE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYPER F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ILRI F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LABI F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LABIAF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LASE F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LATHY F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

LEGUMF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

LEMI3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LICA2 F —

—

—

— 25 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LIGR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 4 —

—

—

—

—

LIPA5 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

LISTE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LULE3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

MEAL2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MEAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MECI3 F —

—

—

— 63 12

—

—

—

— 67 8 —

—

—

— 50 

MELU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

MEPA F —

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MEPI F —

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIGU F —

— 50 1 —

— 67 1 50 1 —

— 100 15

—

—

—

MILE2 F 50 3 100 3 —

—

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIMO3 F —

— 50 3 —

— 33 3 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIPE F —

— 100 2 25 2 33 3 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 50 

MIPR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIST3 F 50 10

—

—

—

— 33 25 50 1 —

—

—

— 100 1 50 

MOCO4 F 100 1 100 18 38 9 100 19

—

— 67 8 —

— 100 11 100 

MOPA2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

MOPE3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

OSCH F 100 4 50 3 100 2 33 2 —

— 67 2 100 3 100 1 100 

OSOC F —

—

—

— 13 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PAFI3 F —

— 50 1 13 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POPU3 F —

—

—

— 25 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POTEN F —

—

—

— 13 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PRVU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 224

Appendix B-4—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type ALSI3/AT ALSI3/CI ALSI3/FO ALIN2/AT ALIN2/GL ALIN2-CO ALIN2/EQ ALIN2-SY ALIN2/N 2 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

PYAS F — — — — 13 20 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PYMI F — — — — 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PYROL F — — — — 13 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PYSE F — — — — 13 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

RAOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RAUN F — — — — — — 67 5 — — — — 100 10 100 1 50 

RONA2 F — — 50 1 — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — 

RUCR F — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — 100 3 — — — 

RUOC2 F — — 50 2 13 5 67 3 — — — — — — — — 50 

SAAR13 F 100 16 50 1 25 2 — — 50 15 — — — — — — — 

SCLA F — — — — 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

SEIN2 F — — — — 13 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

SESE2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SEST2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 3 — — — 

SETR F 100 8 100 6 38 3 67 1 100 9 — — 100 3 — — 50 

SINO F — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — — 

SIOR F 50 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SMRA F — — — — — — 33 2 — — 33 15 — — — — — 

SMST F — — — — 13 1 67 10 50 3 33 3 100 5 100 1 — 

SOCA6 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SODU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

STAM2 F 100 5 50 1 50 6 67 4 — — — — — — — — — 

STCR2 F — — 50 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

STLO F — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — 

TAOF F — — — — 13 1 — — — — 33 1 100 10 — — 50 

THOC F — — — — 25 4 33 3 — — — — — — — — — 

THVE F — — — — 38 8 — — — — — — — — — — — 

TITR F 50 5 — — 13 1 67 6 — — — — — — — — — 

TOFL F — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — — 

TRCA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 

TROV2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRPE3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRRE3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — 50 

URDI F — — — — 38 3 67 3 50 20 — — — — 100 2 100 

VASI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — 

VEAM2 F — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — 100 15 — — — 

VERAT F — — — — 13 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 

VERON F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 3 — — — 

VESE F 50 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 

VETH F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VEWO2 F — — 50 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VICA4 F — — — — 13 5 33 15 — — 33 5 — — — — 50 

VIGL F — — 50 1 25 4 33 2 — — — — 100 20 100 3 — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 225

Appendix B-4—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type ALSI3/AT ALSI3/CI ALSI3/FO ALIN2/AT ALIN2/GL ALIN2-CO ALIN2/EQ ALIN2-SY ALIN2/N 2 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

VIOLA F 100 2 50 5 63 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIOR F —

—

—

— 13 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGRE2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 2 —

—

—

—

—

AGROS2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

AGST2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGTH2

G

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AREL3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

BRCA5

G

—

— 50 1 13 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BROMU

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

BRRI8

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRSU2

G

—

—

—

— 13 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRTE

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRVU

G 50 1 —

— 50 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

CAAQ3

G

—

— 50 5 —

— 33 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACA4

G

—

— 50 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CILA2

G 50 5 100 15 25 1 —

— 100 9 —

—

—

— 100 8 —

DAGL

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

DEEL

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELGL

G

—

— 50 4 63 2 33 2 —

— 67 3 —

—

—

— 50 

FEAR3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 15

—

—

—

FEOC

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

FESU

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 67 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GLEL

G 100 6 100 3 —

— 67 16 100 19 33 5 100 5 —

—

—

MESU

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

PHAR3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHPR3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POA

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

POPA2

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 20

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

POPR

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 10 100 1 —

PUPA3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

TRWO3

G 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAAM10 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAAQ GL

—

— 50 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAAR2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CADE9 GL

—

— 50 3 13 1 100 30 50 1 67 12

—

— 100 75 100 

CAGE2 GL

—

—

—

— 13 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAHO5 GL

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAJO GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CALA13 GL 50 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CALU7 GL

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAMI7 GL

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

CANU5 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAPR7 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 226

Appendix B-4—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type ALSI3/AT ALSI3/CI ALSI3/FO ALIN2/AT ALIN2/GL ALIN2-CO ALIN2/EQ ALIN2-SY ALIN2/N 2 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

CAREX GL 50 5 —

— 13 3 —

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

CARO5 GL

—

—

—

— 13 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CARU GL

—

—

—

— 13 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASH GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 8 —

—

—

—

—

CASU6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAUT GL

—

— 50 5 —

—

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAVE6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

ELPA3 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 10

—

—

—

JUBA GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 10

—

—

—

JUEN GL

—

— 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUNCU GL

—

—

—

— 13 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

LUCA2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

LUPA4 GL

—

—

—

— 25 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

SCMI2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 5 33 1 100 5 100 1 —

ADPE FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ATFI FH 100 8 50 1 13 4 100 17

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

— 100 

CYFR2 FH

—

—

—

— 13 1 33 3 —

— 33 1 —

— 100 1 50 

DRFI2 FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EQAR FH

—

— 50 10

—

— 100 5 100 6 100 6 100 25 100 1 —

EQHY FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 —

— 33 1 —

—

—

— 50 

EQLA FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

EQPA FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

GYDR FH 50 5 —

—

—

— 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POMU FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PTAQ FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 227

Appendix B-5—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Water Birch/Wet Sedge Plant Community Type (BEOC/WS) • Rocky Mountain Maple Plant Community Type (ACGL)

• Water Birch/Reed Canarygrass Plant Community (BEOC/PH) • Pacific Ninebark Plant Community (PHCA11)

• Water Birch/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type (BEOC/FO) • Mallow Ninebark-Common Snowberry Plant Community Type (PHMA5)

• Black Hawthorn/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type (CRDO/FO) • Netleaf Hackberry/Brome Plant Community Type (CERE/BR)

• Common Snowberry Plant Community Type (SYAL) • Lewis’ Mock Orange/Mesic Forb Plant Community Type (PHLE/FO)

Type BEOC/WS BEOC/PH BEOC/FO CRDO/FO SYAL ACGL PHCA11 PHMA5 

N 2 1 13 17 6 8 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

ALRH2 PO

—

—

—

—

—

— 6 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

ALRU2 PO

—

— 100 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PSME PO

—

—

—

—

—

— 6 5 17 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

ALRH2 SO

—

—

—

— 8 15

—

—

—

— 13 20

—

—

—

—

JUNI SO

—

—

—

— 8 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PIPO SO

—

—

—

—

—

— 6 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POTR15 SO

—

—

—

— 8 6 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PRAM SO

—

—

—

— 8 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PSME SO

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 17 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

TABR2 SO

—

—

—

—

—

— 6 2 —

— 13 1 —

—

—

—

ABGR U —

—

—

—

—

— 6 1 17 1 13 5 100 3 —

—

ALRH2 U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LAOC U —

—

—

— 8 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PIEN U —

—

—

— 8 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POTR15 U —

—

—

— 8 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PSME U —

—

—

— 8 3 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ROPS U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ACGL S 50 3 —

— 46 14 23 6 33 9 100 74 100 20 50 5 

ALIN2 S 100 9 —

— 7 13

—

— 16 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

AMAL2 S 50 5 —

— 38 6 35 7 33 8 25 6 100 10 100 9 

BEOC2 S 100 38 100 80 100 72

—

— 16 10

—

—

—

—

—

— 

BERE S —

—

—

— 7 3 17 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CERE2 S —

—

—

— 46 11 17 9 33 8 12 3 —

—

—

— 

CLCO2 S —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

CLLI2 S —

—

—

— 23 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

COST4 S —

— 100 3 38 5 5 4 16 20 25 6 100 10

—

— 

CRDO2 S 50 10

—

— 46 13 100 86 50 9 25 20

—

— 50 10 

HODI S 50 5 100 1 23 37 35 14 50 22 37 18

—

— 50 10 

LIBO3 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

PAMY S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 5 100 3 —

—

PHCA11 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 95

—

—

PHLE4 S —

— 100 10 92 16 70 11 50 28 87 23 100 15

—

— 

PHMA5 S 50 3 —

— 7 2 23 6 33 14 12 6 —

— 100 42

POFR4 S —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PREM S —

—

—

— 7 2 5 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PRVI S —

—

—

— 53 9 23 10

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

— 

RHGL S —

—

—

— 7 1 —

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 

RHPU S —

—

—

— 38 11 5 3 16 2 25 5 100 20

—

— 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 228

Appendix B-5—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type BEOC/WS BEOC/PH BEOC/FO CRDO/FO SYAL ACGL PHCA11 PHMA5 

N 2 1 13 17 6 8 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

RHRA6 S — — — — 76 13 35 8 16 10 37 4 — — — — 

RIBES S 50 3 — — 7 1 29 4 — — — — — — — — 

RICE S — — — — — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — 

RIHU S — — 100 10 — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RIIN2 S — — — — — — 5 3 — — — — — — — — 

RIIR S — — — — 7 1 5 3 16 1 — — — — — — 

RILA S — — — — 15 2 5 3 16 15 12 20 — — — — 

RIMO2 S — — — — 7 3 — — — — 12 3 — — — — 

RINI2 S — — — — 15 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

ROGY S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RONU S — — — — — — 11 10 16 5 — — — — — — 

ROSA5 S — — — — — — 11 6 — — 12 1 — — — — 

ROWO S 50 15 — — 23 15 17 2 50 27 12 3 — — — — 

RUDI2 S — — — — 7 1 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

RUID S — — — — 7 3 5 10 16 3 — — — — 50 5 

RULA S 50 10 — — — — — — — — 12 10 — — — — 

RULE S 50 3 — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

RUPA S — — — — 23 21 11 10 16 5 37 15 100 3 50 25 

SACE3 S — — — — 38 5 35 8 33 11 25 10 — — — — 

SALE S — — — — — — 5 3 — — — — — — — — 

SARA2 S — — — — — — 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

SARI2 S — — — — 7 3 — — — — — — — — — — 

SHCA S — — — — 7 5 — — — — — — — — — — 

SPBE2 S — — — — 15 2 5 5 — — 25 7 — — 100 20 

SYAL S 50 5 — — 46 9 94 20 100 64 50 10 100 40 50 15 

ACCO4 F — — — — — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — 

ACMI2 F — — — — 38 8 11 2 16 3 12 1 — — 50 3 

ACRU2 F — — — — — — 5 1 16 3 12 3 — — — — 

ADBI F — — — — — — 5 1 16 5 12 3 — — — — 

AGUR F — — — — — — 5 3 16 5 12 1 — — 50 1 

ALAC4 F — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

AMRE2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ANAR3 F 50 5 — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

ANPI F 50 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ANSC8 F — — — — 69 18 64 44 33 65 50 30 — — — — 

APAN2 F — — — — — — — — — — 12 1 — — 50 3 

AQFO F — — — — — — — — 16 3 — — — — — — 

ARCO9 F — — — — — — 17 16 16 1 25 16 — — 100 28 

ARGL F — — — — — — — — 16 5 — — — — — — 

ARLU F — — — — 7 1 — — — — 12 2 — — — — 

ARMA18 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 3 

ARMI2 F — — — — 23 2 29 1 16 5 12 5 — — — — 

ARSE2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ASCA2 F 50 3 — — — — — — — — 12 10 100 10 — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 229

Appendix B-5—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type BEOC/WS BEOC/PH BEOC/FO CRDO/FO SYAL ACGL PHCA11 PHMA5 

N 2 1 13 17 6 8 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

ASCO3 F —

—

—

— 7 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASFO F 50 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASTER F —

—

—

— 7 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASTERF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

BASA3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRDO F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

BRGR F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRHY2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CABU2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

CAOL F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CARDA F —

—

—

— 7 6 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CEAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 3 

CERAS F —

— 100 1 —

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CEVI3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CHLE80 F —

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CHTE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CIAL F —

— 100 5 30 12 64 9 66 12 50 2 —

— 50 5 

CIAR4 F 50 1 —

— 7 3 —

— 50 2 —

—

—

—

—

— 

CIRSI F —

—

—

— 15 1 —

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

CIUN F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CIVU F —

—

—

— 7 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CLUN2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 10

—

—

—

—

COPA3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

CYOF F —

—

—

— 30 2 11 1 16 1 12 1 —

—

—

— 

DICU F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 3 16 1 —

— 100 15

—

—

DIHO3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 35 100 10

—

—

DISY F —

—

—

— 23 2 5 1 —

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

DITR2 F —

— 100 1 7 1 5 1 —

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

EPAN2 F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

EPGL F 50 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPGL4 F 50 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPILO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

ERAS2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

ERGR9 F —

—

—

— 7 5 —

— 16 3 —

—

—

— 100 6 

ERIGE2 F —

— 100 3 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

FRVE F —

—

—

— 7 3 5 10 16 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

GAAP2 F —

— 100 3 69 16 82 21 100 9 75 16

—

— 50 10 

GALIU F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GATR2 F —

— 100 10

—

— 17 9 16 3 12 3 —

— 50 5 

GATR3 F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GEAL3 F —

— 100 1 —

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GEBI2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 11 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

GEMA4 F 100 12

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

GEPU2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 230

Appendix B-5—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type BEOC/WS BEOC/PH BEOC/FO CRDO/FO SYAL ACGL PHCA11 PHMA5 

N 2 1 13 17 6 8 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

GOOB2 F — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

HADI7 F 50 15 100 5 — — 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

HAMI F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

HEBO F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

HELA4 F — — 100 10 7 2 5 3 33 6 — — — — — — 

HIERA F — — — — — — 5 1 16 1 — — — — 50 5 

HYCA4 F — — — — 15 1 5 5 — — — — — — 50 3 

HYFE F — — — — 7 3 29 9 — — 25 10 100 40 — — 

HYPE F — — — — — — 11 1 — — 12 1 — — — — 

HYPER F — — 100 3 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

ILRI F — — 100 3 — — — — 16 1 — — — — — — 

LABI F 50 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

LAPA5 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 5 

LASE F — — — — 15 1 11 1 — — 12 1 — — — — 

LATHY F — — — — — — 5 3 — — 12 1 — — 50 3 

LIGR F — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

LILIAF F — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

LODI F — — — — — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — 

LYAL F — — — — 15 3 — — — — — — — — — — 

LYCO F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

MAVU F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

MEAR4 F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

MECI3 F — — — — — — 5 3 33 3 12 1 — — — — 

MEOF F — — — — 7 5 — — — — — — — — — — 

MEPI F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

MIGR F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 3 

MIGU F 50 10 — — 23 1 5 3 — — — — — — — — 

MIMUL F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MIST3 F — — — — — — — — 16 3 — — — — — — 

MOCO4 F — — 100 10 — — — — — — 12 3 — — — — 

MOPE3 F — — 100 1 46 15 82 16 50 9 87 10 — — 50 15 

MOSI2 F — — — — 7 1 — — 16 3 — — — — — — 

MYMI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

NEPA F — — — — — — 5 15 16 3 — — — — — — 

OSCH F — — — — 38 11 52 11 50 8 75 8 — — 50 5 

OSMOR F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

OSOC F — — 100 5 7 10 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

PAPE5 F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

PENST F — — — — 7 1 — — — — 12 1 — — — — 

PLSC2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

POAR7 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1 

POGR9 F — — — — — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — 

PRVU F — — 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RANUN F — — — — 7 1 — — 16 1 — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 231

Appendix B-5—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type BEOC/WS BEOC/PH BEOC/FO CRDO/FO SYAL ACGL PHCA11 PHMA5 

N 2 1 13 17 6 8 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

RAUN F 50 3 100 10

—

— 5 5 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

RONA2 F —

—

—

— 7 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUAC2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

RUCR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUMEX F —

—

—

— 7 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUOC2 F —

— 100 5 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SAIN4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

SAXIF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

SESE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

SIAL2 F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

SIME F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

SINO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

SIOR F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SMILA F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SMRA F —

—

—

— 38 1 23 3 16 1 25 4 —

— 50 10 

SMST F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 3 66 11 12 10 100 5 —

—

SODU F 50 5 —

— 30 2 5 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SOMU F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

STAM2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

STCA F 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

STME2 F —

—

—

— 23 19 17 8 16 5 25 2 —

—

—

— 

SYMI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

TAOF F —

— 100 1 46 1 29 2 33 3 12 1 —

—

—

— 

THALI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

THOC F —

—

—

— 7 1 17 6 —

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

TOFL F —

—

—

— 15 10 29 7 16 3 25 5 —

— 100 12 

TRCA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

TRDU F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 16 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 

TRIFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TROV2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 11 8 16 3 —

—

—

— 50 5 

TRPE3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 15 16 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

TRPR2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

TRRE3 F —

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

UMBELF F —

—

—

—

—

— 5 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

URDI F —

— 100 1 38 1 29 3 33 8 —

—

—

—

—

— 

VALO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VASI F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEAM2 F 50 3 —

— 15 1 5 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEAN2 F —

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEPE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VERON F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VETH F —

—

—

— 7 1 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIAM F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 8 

VICA4 F —

— 100 5 15 18 41 11

—

— 12 5 —

—

—

— 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 232

Appendix B-5—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type BEOC/WS BEOC/PH BEOC/FO CRDO/FO SYAL ACGL PHCA11 PHMA5 

N 2 1 13 17 6 8 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

VICIA F — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

VIOLA F 50 1 — — 15 14 11 3 — — — — — — — — 

AGCA2 G — — — — — — — — — — 12 2 — — — — 

AGSC5 G — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

AGSP G — — — — — — — — — — 12 5 — — — — 

BRCA5 G — — — — — — 17 3 — — 25 3 — — — — 

BROMU G — — — — — — 5 10 16 10 — — — — — — 

BROR2 G — — — — — — — — — — 12 5 — — — — 

BRRI8 G — — — — 23 13 11 12 — — 25 8 — — — — 

BRSE G — — — — 7 5 — — — — — — — — — — 

BRST2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

BRTE G — — — — 30 14 11 12 16 30 12 5 — — — — 

BRVU G — — — — 7 10 17 2 — — — — — — — — 

CARU G — — — — — — 5 25 — — — — — — — — 

DAGL G — — — — 15 3 11 2 33 3 — — — — — — 

ELCI2 G — — — — 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — 

ELGL G 50 5 — — 46 8 58 18 16 5 62 3 — — — — 

FEID G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

FEOC G — — — — — — — — 16 15 12 1 — — — — 

FEPR G — — — — — — 5 2 — — — — — — — — 

FESU G 50 5 — — 15 5 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

GLEL G 50 20 — — 7 5 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

MESU G — — — — — — 11 12 16 15 50 5 — — — — 

PHAR3 G — — 100 40 — — 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

PHPR3 G — — — — 7 3 — — — — — — — — — — 

POA G — — — — 7 1 5 10 — — — — — — — — 

POBU G — — — — — — — — — — 12 3 — — — — 

POCO G — — — — — — 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

POPR G 100 1 — — 38 11 17 5 50 6 25 8 — — — — 

POSC G — — — — — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — 

TRCA21 G — — — — — — 11 8 16 1 12 1 — — — — 

TRCE2 G — — — — — — 5 15 — — — — — — — — 

CAAM10 GL 100 75 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CABA3 GL — — — — 7 3 5 5 — — 12 3 — — — — 

CACO11 GL — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

CADE9 GL 100 18 100 15 30 21 41 10 33 6 37 2 — — — — 

CAGE2 GL — — 100 1 7 20 5 1 16 15 12 6 — — — — 

CALA13 GL — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 

CAREX GL 50 3 — — 7 1 5 5 — — — — — — — — 

CARO5 GL — — — — — — 5 1 16 5 — — — — 50 20 

JUBA GL 50 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SCCY GL 50 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SCMI2 GL 50 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ATFI FH 100 16 — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 233

Appendix B-5—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type BEOC/WS BEOC/PH BEOC/FO CRDO/FO SYAL ACGL PHCA11 PHMA5 

N 2 1 13 17 6 8 1 2 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

BOVI FH

—

—

—

— 7 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CYFR2 FH

—

—

—

— 7 1 11 2 50 5 37 1 —

— 50 20

DRFI2 FH

—

— 100 5 7 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EQAR FH 50 60 100 3 7 1 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EQHY FH

—

— 100 3 46 8 23 5 —

— 50 2 —

—

—

—

EQLA FH

—

—

—

— 15 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EQPA FH 50 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EQUIS FH

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POMU FH 50 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PTAQ FH

—

—

—

— 7 3 17 6 —

— 12 1 —

— 50 15

WOOR FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

—
234 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX B

Appendix B-6—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: 

• Twinberry Honeysuckle/Ladyfern Plant Community (LOIN/AT)

• Thimbleberry Plant Community Type (RUPA)

• Bartonberry Plant Community (RUBA)

• Himalayan Blackberry Plant Community (RUDI2)

• Alpine Laurel/Black Alpine Sedge Plant Association Plant Association (KAMI/CA)

• Pink Mountainheath Mounds Plant Association (PHEM)

• Labrador Tea/Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Community (LEGL/CA)

• Shrubby Cinquefoil–Bog Birch Plant Community Type (POFR-BE)

Type LOIN/AT RUPA RUBA RUDI2 KAMI/CA PHEM LEGL/CA POFR-BE

N 1 3 1 1 4 5 1 2

SPECIES LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV

PICO PO 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

PIEN PO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 3

PSME PO 100 10 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

PIEN SO — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

ABLA U — — — — — — — — 25 1 20 3 — — 50 1

PICO U — — — — — — — — 50 4 — — — — — —

PIEN U — — — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — 100 4

PSME U 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

ACGL S — — 66 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

AMAL2 S — — 33 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

BEGL S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 55

CAME7 S — — — — — — — — 25 5 60 10 — — — —

CERE2 S — — — — — — 100 3 — — — — — — — —

CLCO2 S — — — — — — 100 3 — — — — — — — —

COST4 S — — — — — — 100 15 — — — — — — — —

CRDO2 S — — 33 20 — — — — — — — — — — — —

GAHU S — — — — — — — — 50 20 40 3 100 3 — —

GLNE S — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — — — —

HODI S — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

HODU S 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

KAMI S — — — — — — — — 100 29 100 8 — — — —

LEGL S — — — — — — — — 25 7 — — 100 48 — —

LOIN5 S 100 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

PHEM S — — — — — — — — 75 2 100 46 100 22 — —

PHLE4 S — — 66 9 — — 100 5 — — — — — — — —

PHMA5 S — — 33 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

POFR4 S — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 62

RHRA6 S — — 33 5 — — 100 5 — — — — — — — —

RILA S 100 10 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

RUBA S — — — — 100 85 — — — — — — — — — —

RUDI2 S — — — — — — 100 90 — — — — — — — —

RUID S — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

RUPA S 100 1 100 93 — — — — — — — — — — — —

SAAR27 S — — — — — — — — 25 3 — — — — — —

SABO2 S — — — — — — — — 50 4 — — — — — —

SACE3 S — — 33 20 — — — — — — — — — — — —

SACO2 S — — — — — — — — 25 5 — — — — — —

SALIX S — — — — — — — — 25 5 — — — — 50 3

SOSC2 S 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

SYAL S — — 33 15 — — — — — — — — — — — —

VACA13 S — — — — — — — — 50 12 20 20 100 1 — —

VASC S 100 3 — — — — — — 50 1 80 10 100 2 — —

ACCO4 F 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

ACMI2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 50 1

ACRU2 F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

ALVA F 100 1 — — — — — — 50 9 40 22 100 30 — —

ANAL4 F — — — — — — — — — — 60 22 — — — —

ANMA F 100 1 — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — — —

ANSC8 F — — 66 32 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ANTEN F — — — — — — — — 25 1 20 20 — — — —

ANUM F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 4 — —

AQFO F 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 235

APPENDIX B 

Appendix B-6—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)

Type LOIN/AT RUPA RUBA RUDI2 KAMI/CA PHEM LEGL/CA POFR-BE

N 1 3 1 1 4 5 1 2

SPECIES LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV

ARCH3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — —

ARLO6 F 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARMO4 F 100 10 — — — — — — 25 3 — — — — — —

ASAL2 F — — — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — — —

ASOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — —

ASTER F — — — — — — — — 25 4 — — — — 100 3

ASTRA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

CACH16 F — — — — — — — — 50 1 20 1 — — — —

CAMI12 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

CAMPA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

CASTI2 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — —

CIAL F — — 100 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

DOAL F — — — — — — — — 25 5 60 8 100 1 — —

EPAL F — — — — — — — — — — 20 3 — — — —

EPAN2 F 100 10 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

EPILO F — — — — — — — — 25 1 40 3 — — — —

ERGR9 F — — 33 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ERPE3 F — — — — — — — — 100 1 60 15 — — 50 5

FRASE F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

FRSP F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

FRVI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 5

GAAP2 F — — 100 8 100 1 — — — — — — — — — —

GABO2 F 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

GECA F — — — — — — — — 100 6 100 10 100 5 — —

HYFE F — — 66 9 — — — — — — — — — — — —

HYFON F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

LATHY F — — 33 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

LEPY2 F — — — — — — — — — — 60 6 — — — —

LICA2 F — — — — — — — — — — 40 6 — — — —

LITE2 F — — — — — — — — 100 2 20 1 — — 50 1

MECI3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

MIST3 F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

MOPE3 F — — 100 13 — — — — — — — — — — — —

OSCH F — — 66 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

OSMOR F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

PAFI3 F 100 5 — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — 50 1

PAPE5 F — — — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — —

PEGL5 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 2 — —

PEGR2 F — — — — — — — — 50 1 20 3 — — — —

POBI6 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — — —

POFL3 F — — — — — — — — 100 4 100 11 100 10 — —

POLYG4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

RAPO F — — — — — — — — — — 40 2 — — — —

SAAR13 F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

SASI10 F 100 25 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

SECY F — — — — — — — — 100 4 20 1 — — 50 20

SEPS2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 5

SETR F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

SIPR F — — — — — — — — 25 1 100 17 — — — —

SMST F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 3

SOLID F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 40

SOMU F — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — —

SPRO F — — — — — — — — 50 1 — — — — — —

STAM2 F 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

STOC F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

TAOF F 100 5 33 3 — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

THAL F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 30

THOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 3

TOFL F — — 33 3 100 1 — — — — — — — — — —

URDI F — — 33 15 — — — — — — — — — — — —

VECU F — — — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — — —
236 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX B

Appendix B-6—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)

Type LOIN/AT RUPA RUBA RUDI2 KAMI/CA PHEM LEGL/CA POFR-BE

N 1 3 1 1 4 5 1 2

SPECIES LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV

VERON F — — — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — — —

VEWO2 F — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — —

VIAM F — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

VIPA4 F — — — — — — — — — — 80 8 — — — —

AGCA2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

AGHU G — — — — — — — — 50 2 40 15 — — — —

AGSP G — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — — — —

BRRI8 G — — — — — — 100 5 — — — — — — — —

BRTE G — — — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — —

BRVU G 100 15 33 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

CACA4 G — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 15 — —

CALAM G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

CARU G — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

DAIN G — — — — — — — — 75 1 40 12 — — 100 3

DECE G — — — — — — — — 75 3 20 20 100 2 100 2

ELGL G — — 33 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

FEVI G — — — — — — — — — — 40 6 — — — —

MUFI2 G — — — — — — — — 25 20 — — 100 5 50 3

PHAL2 G — — — — — — — — 25 1 20 1 100 1 — —

POA G — — — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — 50 1

POACF G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

TRWO3 G — — — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — — —

STIPA G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

CAAU3 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 1

CADE9 GL — — 66 12 — — — — — — — — — — — —

CAIL GL — — — — — — — — 50 3 — — — — — —

CALU7 GL — — — — — — — — 50 6 — — — — — —

CAMI7 GL — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — — —

CANI2 GL — — — — — — — — 100 34 80 18 — — — —

CAREX GL — — — — — — 100 1 — — 20 3 — — — —

CASC10 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 10

CASC12 GL — — — — — — — — 100 18 20 5 100 25 50 1

CASU7 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 10

ELPA6 GL — — — — — — — — 50 2 — — 100 5 50 3

JUDR GL — — — — — — — — 75 1 80 8 — — — —

JUME3 GL — — — — — — — — 25 1 — — — — — —

JUNCU GL — — — — — — — — — — 20 1 — — — —

KOSI2 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 20

LUCA2 GL — — — — — — — — 50 1 20 5 — — — —

LUPA4 GL — — — — — — — — — — 20 5 — — — —

ATFI FH 100 25 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

DRFI2 FH — — 33 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

EQHY FH — — 33 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

EQLA FH — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 3

EQVA FH — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 5

PTAQ FH — — 33 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

WOOR FH — — — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — —
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 237

Appendix B-7—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Aquatic Sedge Plant Association (CAAQ) • Few-Flowered Spikerush Plant Association (ELPA6)• Widefruit Sedge Plant Association (CAEU2) • Lakeshore Sedge Plant Association (CALE8)• Bladder Sedge Plant Association (CAUT) • Small-Fruit Bullrush Plant Association (SCMI2)

• Inflated Sedge Plant Association (CAVE6) • Big-Leaved Sedge Plant Association (CAAM10)• Mud Sedge Plant Association (CALI7) • Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association (CASC12)• Sierra Hare Sedge Plant Association (CALE9)

Type CAAQ CAEU2 CAUT CAVE6 CALI7 CALE9 ELPA6 CALE8 SCMI

N 7 1 7 5 1 4 14 1 4 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ABLA U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

PIEN U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GAHU S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 7 —

—

—

KAMI S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

LEGL S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PHEM S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

SABO2 S —

—

—

— 14 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SACO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SALIX S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SAMY S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VACA13 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VASC S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

ACCO4 F —

—

—

— 14 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ACMI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

ALVA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 21 1 —

—

—

ANAL4 F 14 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ANAR3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 2 —

ARCH3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 1 100 1 —

ARMO4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASAL2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASCA2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

ASOC F 28 6 —

— 14 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASTER F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

CABI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACH16 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CALE4 F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 3 —

—

—

CALLI6 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

CALTH F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 14 6 —

—

—

CARYOF F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASTI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CERAS F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CEVU F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CIDO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CIVU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

DEDE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

DEOC F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 238

Appendix B-7—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type CAAQ CAEU2 CAUT CAVE6 CALI7 CALE9 ELPA6 CALE8 SCMI

N 7 1 7 5 1 4 14 1 4 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

DITR2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

DOAL F 28 12 — — — — — — — — — — 71 8 — — — 

DOJE F — — — — — — — — — — — — 14 3 — — — 

DOPU F — — — — — — — — — — 25 5 — — — — — 

EPAL F 14 3 100 5 — — — — — — — — 7 20 — — — 

EPAN2 F — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

EPGL F — — — — 28 10 — — — — — — — — — — — 

EPGL4 F 14 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 75 

EPILO F 14 1 — — — — — — — — — — 28 2 100 2 25 

EPMI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ERGR9 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ERPE3 F — — 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

FRVE F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

GABO2 F 14 3 — — — — 20 25 — — — — — — — — — 

GATR2 F — — 100 15 — — 20 5 — — — — — — — — — 

GECA F — — — — — — — — — — — — 21 1 — — — 

GEMA4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

GENTI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

HADI7 F — — — — 14 3 — — — — — — — — 100 2 25 

HASA F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

HAUN F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

HYAN2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 14 26 100 50 — 

HYFON F — — — — 14 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

LICA2 F — — — — 14 5 — — — — — — 7 3 — — — 

LIGR F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

LITE2 F — — 100 1 — — — — — — — — 21 2 — — — 

LUPO2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MEPI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

MIGU F 14 1 — — 28 8 — — — — — — — — 100 3 — 

MILE2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MIMO3 F — — — — 14 5 — — — — — — — — 100 20 50 

MIPE F 14 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MIPR F — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 3 — — — 

MIST3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MITEL F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MOCO4 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

NUPO2 F — — — — — — — — 100 25 — — — — — — — 

PAFI3 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PEBR F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PEGL5 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PEGR2 F 14 1 — — 14 3 — — — — — — 21 4 — — — 

POBI6 F 14 1 — — — — — — — — — — 7 1 — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 239

Appendix B-7—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type CAAQ CAEU2 CAUT CAVE6 CALI7 CALE9 ELPA6 CALE8 SCMI

N 7 1 7 5 1 4 14 1 4 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

POFL3 F 28 8 100 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 21 2 —

—

—

POLEM F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POOC2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

RAAL F 14 15

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RAPO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RAUN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

ROCU F —

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RONA2 F 28 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUCR F 14 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUOC2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

RUOC3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SAAR13 F —

—

—

— 14 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 8 —

SASA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SASI10 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

SECY F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 21 11

—

—

—

SEFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SENEC F —

—

—

— 14 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SETR F —

—

—

— 14 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 7 —

SIPR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SOSP F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SPAN2 F 14 1 —

—

—

— 20 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SPCA5 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SPRO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 28 1 —

—

—

STCA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

STCR2 F —

— 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

STELL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

SWPE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TAOF F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

TRCA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

TRIFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TRLA14 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TRLO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEAM2 F 14 1 —

— 14 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEAN2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 5 

VECU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VERAT F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VESE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VEWO2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIGL F 14 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIMA2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIOLA F —

— 100 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

VIPA4 F 14 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ZIEL2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

AGCA2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 240

Appendix B-7—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type CAAQ CAEU2 CAUT CAVE6 CALI7 CALE9 ELPA6 CALE8 SCMI

N 7 1 7 5 1 4 14 1 4 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

AGHU G — — — — — — 20 5 — — — — 7 2 — — — 

AGROS2 G — — — — 14 5 — — — — — — — — 100 5 — 

AGSC5 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AGTH2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AGVA G — — — — 28 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ALAE G — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — — — — 

CAAQ3 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

CACA4 G 14 10 — — 14 5 20 1 — — — — 14 11 100 1 25 

DAIN G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

DECE G 42 7 — — — — 20 1 — — — — 21 12 — — — 

DEEL G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

FEAR3 G 14 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

FESU G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GLEL G — — — — — — 20 1 — — — — — — 100 40 25 

GLGR G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MESP G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

MUFI2 G 14 1 — — — — — — — — — — 14 22 — — — 

PHAL2 G — — — — 14 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

POLE2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

POPA2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

POPR G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

PUPA3 G — — 100 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 

STOC2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRSP2 G — — — — 14 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRWO3 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAAM10 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

CAAQ GL 100 74 — — 14 3 — — — — 25 15 35 20 — — 50 

CACA11 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CADE9 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAEU2 GL — — 100 45 — — 40 4 — — — — — — — — — 

CAIL GL 14 20 100 10 — — — — — — — — 14 8 — — — 

CAJO GL — — — — — — — — — — — — 21 2 100 8 — 

CALA13 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 25 

CALE8 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 40 — 

CALE9 GL 14 70 — — — — — — — — 100 86 7 10 — — — 

CALI7 GL — — — — — — — — 100 60 — — — — — — — 

CALU7 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 3 100 10 — 

CAMI7 GL — — — — 14 5 — — — — — — — — 100 2 — 

CAMU7 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CANE2 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 3 — — — 

CANI2 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — 14 10 — — — 

CAPR4 GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CAPR7 GL — — 100 1 — — 20 1 — — — — — — — — — 

CAREX GL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 241

Appendix B-7—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type CAAQ CAEU2 CAUT CAVE6 CALI7 CALE9 ELPA6 CALE8 SCMI

N 7 1 7 5 1 4 14 1 4 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

CASC12 GL 28 3 —

—

—

— 20 3 —

— 75 5 71 19

—

—

—

CAST5 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 50 

CASU6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAUT GL 28 22

—

— 100 86

—

—

—

—

—

— 14 2 —

— 25 

CAVE6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 81

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELEOC GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 10

—

—

—

— 25 

ELPA3 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

ELPA6 GL 14 1 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 70 100 10

—

JUBA GL

—

—

—

— 14 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 

JUBR3 GL 14 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUDR GL

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 10

—

—

—

JUEF GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUEN GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 50 

JUME3 GL

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 7 1 —

—

—

JUNCU GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUPA GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUCA2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 2 —

SCMI2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

ATFI FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CYFR2 FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EQAR FH 42 2 —

— 28 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 75 

EQUIS FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GYDR FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POMU FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 242

Appendix B-8—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Northern Singlespike Sedge-Brook Saxifrage-Spring Plant Association (CASC-SA) • Star Sedge Plant Community Type (CAMU7)

• Woodrush Sedge Plant Association (CALU7) • Jones’ Sedge Plant Community (CAJO)

• Black Alpine Sedge Plant Association (CANI2) • Nebraska Sedge Plant Community Type (CANE2)

• Bluejoint Reedgrass Plant Association (CACA4) • Smallwing Sedge Plant Community (CAMI7)

• Tufted Hairgrass Plant Association (DECE) • Brown Sedge Plant Community (CASU6)

• Basin Wildrye Plant Community Type (ELCI2)Type CASC-SA CALU7 CANI2 CACA4 DECE ELCI2 CAMU7 CAJO CANE

N 4 10 11 8 3 1 3 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

ABLA PO 25 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PICO PO 25 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

PSME SO 25 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ABGR U 25 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ABLA U 25 3 — — — — 12 3 — — — — — — — — — 

PICO U 25 3 10 1 9 12 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PIEN U 25 3 10 4 9 1 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

CAME7 S 25 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GAHU S — — — — 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

KAMI S 50 3 — — 18 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 

PHEM S — — — — 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ROWO S — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — 

SYAL S — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — 

VAMY2 S 50 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VASC S — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

ACCO4 F 25 5 — — — — 37 15 — — — — — — — — 100 

ACMI2 F — — — — — — 25 3 — — 100 1 — — — — — 

ALVA F 100 11 50 4 27 9 12 3 — — — — — — — — 100 

ANAL4 F — — — — 36 6 — — 33 3 — — — — — — — 

ANAR3 F 25 1 10 1 — — 12 3 — — — — — — — — — 

ANMA F 25 3 — — — — 12 5 — — — — — — — — — 

ANTEN F — — — — 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ANUM F — — — — 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

ARAM2 F 25 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ARCO9 F — — — — — — 12 30 — — — — — — — — — 

ARLU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ARMO4 F 25 5 — — — — 25 2 — — — — — — — — — 

ASAL2 F 25 1 — — — — — — 33 10 — — — — — — — 

ASFO F — — 10 1 9 10 25 8 33 20 — — — — 100 10 — 

ASMO3 F — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

ASOC F — — 10 8 36 5 12 3 33 1 — — — — — — — 

ASTER F — — 20 5 9 40 — — — — — — — — — — — 

CABI2 F — — 30 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CACH16 F — — — — 54 1 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

CACO6 F — — — — — — 12 10 — — — — — — — — — 

CACU7 F — — — — — — — — 33 3 — — — — — — — 

CALTH F — — 20 3 18 37 — — — — — — — — 100 2 — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 243

Appendix B-8—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type CASC-SA CALU7 CANI2 CACA4 DECE ELCI2 CAMU7 CAJO CANE

N 4 10 11 8 3 1 3 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

CENU2 F —

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CIAR4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CIRSI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

DISY F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

DOAL F 50 4 60 10 18 1 12 3 —

—

—

— 66 9 —

—

—

DOJE F 25 3 40 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

EPAL F —

—

—

— 18 5 25 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPGL F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPGL4 F 25 1 —

—

—

— 37 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPILO F —

— 20 1 18 1 —

— 33 1 —

— 33 1 100 1 100 

EPMI F —

— 10 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

EPPA2 F —

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ERPE3 F 100 10 10 5 27 9 12 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ERSP4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

FRVI F —

— 10 1 —

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GABI F —

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

GABO2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

GATR2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GECA F 75 5 40 1 72 4 25 4 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

GEMA4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 25 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

HADI7 F 100 4 40 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 66 1 —

—

—

HELA4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYAN2 F —

— 30 2 9 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

HYFON F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LASE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

LICA2 F 75 3 —

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LIGUS F —

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LITE2 F —

— 40 10 72 12 25 13 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUPO2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

MIGU F 50 6 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MILE2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIMO3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 25 12

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIMUL F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIPR F —

— 30 14 9 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MITEL F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MOCO4 F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MONTI F —

—

—

—

—

— 12 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MOSI2 F 25 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PAFI3 F 100 8 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

PEGL5 F —

—

—

—

—

— 25 1 33 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

PEGR2 F 100 5 50 2 18 1 —

— 33 20

—

— 66 1 —

—

—

POBI6 F 25 3 40 2 9 1 —

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

PODI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

POFL3 F —

— 40 4 81 22 75 12 33 1 —

—

—

— 100 2 100 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 244

Appendix B-8—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type CASC-SA CALU7 CANI2 CACA4 DECE ELCI2 CAMU7 CAJO CANE

N 4 10 11 8 3 1 3 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

POGR9 F — — — — 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

POOV2 F 25 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

RAAL F — — — — 9 20 — — — — — — — — — — — 

RAES F — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — — — — — 

RANUN F — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

RAPO F — — — — 9 5 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

RAUN F — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

RUOC2 F 25 1 — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — 

SAAR13 F 100 4 10 1 — — 12 3 — — — — — — — — — 

SASA F 25 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SASI10 F 100 8 50 5 9 1 — — — — — — 33 1 — — — 

SECY F 50 10 70 4 72 9 25 2 66 28 — — 66 2 — — 100 

SEIN2 F — — — — — — — — 33 5 — — — — — — — 

SEPS2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SETR F 100 4 — — — — 25 12 — — — — — — — — — 

SIOR F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SIPR F — — — — 18 16 — — 33 1 — — — — — — — 

SOSP F — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — 

SPRO F — — 40 1 27 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

STLO F — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

STOC F 100 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SWPE F 75 4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TAOF F — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TITR F — — — — — — 12 3 — — — — — — — — — 

TRCA F — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

TRPR2 F — — — — — — — — — — 100 1 — — — — — 

VASI F — — — — — — 12 1 — — — — — — — — — 

VEAM2 F 25 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VECU F — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VERAT F — — — — 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

VERON F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

VESE F — — — — 18 6 — — — — — — — — 100 1 — 

VEWO2 F — — — — 9 1 12 5 — — — — — — — — — 

VIOLA F — — 10 1 9 5 50 6 — — — — — — — — — 

VIPA4 F — — — — — — 12 3 — — — — — — — — — 

ZIEL2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 — — — 

AGCA2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AGHU G — — — — 18 12 — — 33 3 — — — — 100 2 — 

AGROS2 G — — 20 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AGST2 G — — — — — — — — — — 100 5 — — — — — 

AGTH2 G 50 3 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

AGVA G — — — — 9 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 

BRCA5 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

BROMU G — — — — — — — — — — 100 20 — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 245

Appendix B-8—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type CASC-SA CALU7 CANI2 CACA4 DECE ELCI2 CAMU7 CAJO CANE

N 4 10 11 8 3 1 3 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

BRVU

G 25 5 

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CACA4

G

—

— 20 2 9 1 100 72

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

DAIN

G

—

—

—

— 36 3 —

— 33 35

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

DECE

G 75 8 70 17 45 4 12 5 100 42

—

— 66 1 —

— 100 

DEEL

G

—

—

—

— 9 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELCI2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 40

—

—

—

—

—

ELGL

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 25

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GLEL

G 50 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

MUFI2

G

—

— 90 18 27 8 12 5 —

—

—

— 33 1 100 2 —

PHAL2

G

—

— 40 1 27 1 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

— 100 2 100 

PHPR3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

POCO

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POPR

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 10

—

—

—

—

—

PUPA3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 

STOC2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 2 —

—

—

—

—

TRWO3

G

—

— 20 1 9 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAAB2 GL

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAAQ GL

—

— 40 25

—

—

—

— 33 3 —

— 66 10

—

—

—

CAAU3 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

CABI10 GL 25 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAEU2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAHO5 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 20

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAIL GL

—

— 10 5 54 7 12 15

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAJO GL

—

— 40 2 27 11

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 60

—

CALE9 GL

—

—

—

— 9 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CALU7 GL 75 8 100 61 9 3 —

—

—

—

—

— 33 25 100 3 —

CAMI7 GL

—

— 20 1 —

— 25 8 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAMU7 GL

—

— 20 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 68

—

—

—

CANE2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 12 15

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

— 100 

CANI2 GL

—

—

—

— 100 48 12 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAPA14 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAREX GL

—

— 10 5 —

— 37 9 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASC10 GL 100 40

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASC12 GL 25 3 90 7 90 12 62 18 33 15

—

— 66 6 100 25 100 

CASI2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASU6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAUT GL

—

— 30 4 —

— 12 5 33 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELEOC GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELPA6 GL 50 15 90 18 27 20 25 1 —

—

—

— 100 23 100 30

—

JUBA GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUBR3 GL

—

—

—

— 9 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUDR GL

—

— 10 1 63 2 12 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUEN GL 25 1 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

JUME3 GL 50 2 20 1 9 1 12 1 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 246

Appendix B-8—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type CASC-SA CALU7 CANI2 CACA4 DECE ELCI2 CAMU7 CAJO CANE

N 4 10 11 8 3 1 3 1 1 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON C

JUNCU GL — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

JUPA GL — — — — 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 

LUCA2 GL — — 50 2 27 1 12 3 — — — — 33 1 — — — 

SCMI2 GL — — — — — — 12 20 — — — — — — — — — 

EQAR FH — — 30 1 — — 25 2 — — — — 33 1 — — — 

EQLA FH — — 10 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 247

Appendix B-9—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: • Baltic Rush Plant Community Type (JUBA) • Arrowleaf Groundsel–Purple Monkeyflower Plant Association (SETR-MI)

• Narrowleaf Bur-Reed Plant Association (SPAN2) • Common Cowparsnip–Blue Wildrye Plant Community (HELA4-EL)

• Rocky Mountain Pond-Lily Plant Association (NUPO2) • False Hellebore Plant Community Type (VERAT)

• Common Cattail Plant Community Type (TYLA) • Western Coneflower Plant Community Type (RUOC2)

• Pacific Onion–Holm’s Rocky Mountain Sedge Plant Association (ALVA-CA) • White Sagebrush Plant Community (ARLU)

Type JUBA SPAN2 NUPO2 TYLA ALVA-CA SETR-MI HELA4-EL VERAT 

N 1 3 2 1 20 11 1 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

PIEN PO

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 3 —

—

—

—

PIEN SO

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 4 100 5 —

—

ABGR U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ABLA U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 2 27 2 —

—

—

— 

PICO U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 2 —

—

—

—

PIEN U —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 1 9 3 —

—

—

—

ACGL S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

GAHU S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

KAMI S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

LEGL S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

LOIN5 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 100 2 —

—

PHEM S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

RILA S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 9 3 —

—

—

—

SABO2 S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

VASC S —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 2 9 2 —

—

—

—

ABCA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ACCO4 F 100 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 15 8 27 7 —

— 66 6 

ACMI2 F 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

— 33 5 

AGOSE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

AGUR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ALVA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 69

—

—

—

—

—

— 

ANAL4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

ANAR3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 2 18 9 100 1 —

—

ANMA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 18 1 —

—

—

— 

AQUIL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ARCH3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 18 8 —

—

—

—

ARFU3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 

ARLU F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

—

—

— 

ARMA18 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

—

—

— 

ARMO4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 12 9 3 —

— 33 10

ARNIC F 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 9 8 —

—

—

—

ARPA13 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

ASFO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 3 —

—

—

— 100 22

ASOC F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 9 9 3 100 1 —

—

ASTER F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 24 36 3 —

—

—

— 

ASTRA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

BICE F —

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

BRGR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682 248

Appendix B-9—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type JUBA SPAN2 NUPO2 TYLA ALVA-CA SETR-MI HELA4-EL VERAT 

N 1 3 2 1 20 11 1 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

CABI2 F — — — — — — — — 5 12 — — — — — — 

CACH16 F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

CACO6 F — — — — — — 100 5 5 1 — — 100 2 — — 

CALOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CALTH F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

CAMI12 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CARH4 F — — — — — — — — 5 10 — — — — — — 

CARYOF F — — — — — — — — 10 3 27 11 — — — — 

CASTI2 F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

CIAL F — — — — — — 100 5 — — 9 7 — — — — 

CIAR4 F 100 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIRSI F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

CIVU F — — — — — — 100 3 — — — — — — — — 

CRUCIF F — — — — — — — — — — 9 1 — — — — 

DEDE2 F — — — — — — — — — — 9 1 — — — — 

DELPH F — — — — — — — — 5 3 27 14 — — — — 

DEOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 20 

DERI2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 10 

DISY F — — — — — — 100 5 — — — — — — — — 

DOAL F — — — — — — — — 55 5 — — — — — — 

DOJE F — — — — — — — — 5 5 — — — — 33 1 

DRCR2 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

DRST2 F — — — — — — — — 5 3 — — — — — — 

EPAL F — — — — — — — — 10 8 9 1 — — — — 

EPAN2 F — — — — — — — — — — 18 3 — — — — 

EPGL F — — — — — — — — — — 9 1 — — — — 

EPGL4 F — — — — — — 100 3 — — 27 12 — — — — 

EPHA F — — — — — — — — 5 3 — — — — — — 

EPILO F — — — — — — — — 30 5 36 15 — — 33 7 

EPPA2 F — — — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — 

EPWA3 F — — — — — — — — — — 9 5 — — — — 

ERCO6 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 10 

ERIGE2 F — — — — — — — — 5 1 9 5 — — — — 

ERPE3 F — — — — — — — — 45 12 18 22 — — — — 

FRVE F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

GABI F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

GAHU2 F — — — — — — — — 5 3 — — — — — — 

GATR3 F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — 100 10 — — 

GECA F — — — — — — — — 50 12 — — — — — — 

GEMA4 F 100 3 — — — — — — 5 1 18 2 100 1 33 10 

HADI7 F — — — — — — — — — — 9 1 — — — — 

HASA F — — — — — — — — 10 2 — — — — — — 

HEBO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

HELA4 F 100 1 — — — — — — — — 27 13 100 60 66 45 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 249

Appendix B-9—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type JUBA SPAN2 NUPO2 TYLA ALVA-CA SETR-MI HELA4-EL VERAT 

N 1 3 2 1 20 11 1 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

HYAN2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

HYFE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 

HYFON F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

HYPE F —

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ISBO F —

— 66 32

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

LICA2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 7 —

—

—

—

—

—

LIGUS F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 

LITE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 45 1 18 2 —

—

—

—

LUPIN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 

LUPO2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 10

—

—

—

—

MECI3 F 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 20 100 10

—

—

MEPA F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 50

MIGU F 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 27 10

—

—

—

—

MILE2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 90 18

—

—

—

—

MIMO3 F 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

— 10 3 36 8 —

—

—

—

MIPE F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 2 36 1 —

—

—

—

MIPR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 17

—

—

—

—

—

—

MIST3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 9 1 —

—

—

—

MOCO4 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 5 27 9 —

— 66 18

MONTI F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

MOOD F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

NUPO2 F —

—

—

— 100 45

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

OSOC F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 18 4 —

—

—

— 

PAFI3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 30 7 27 2 —

—

—

—

PEBR F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

— 33 1 

PEGR2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 65 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

PENST F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

POBI6 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 7 —

—

—

— 33 1 

PODI2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

POFL3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 55 12 9 3 —

— 33 2 

POGL9 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

POGR9 F 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

POOC2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 15

—

—

—

—

POPH F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

POTAM F —

—

—

— 50 2 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RAAC3 F —

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RAAL F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 13

—

—

—

—

—

—

RAPO F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 9 —

—

—

—

—

—

RAUN F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 8 9 1 —

—

—

—

RONA2 F —

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUMEX F —

—

—

—

—

— 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

RUOC2 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 18 4 —

—

—

— 

SAAM3 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 5 —

—

—

—

SAAR13 F —

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 32 72 24

—

—

—

—
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

250

Appendix B-9—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued) Type JUBA SPAN2 NUPO2 TYLA ALVA-CA SETR-MI HELA4-EL VERAT 

N 1 3 2 1 20 11 1 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

SAMI3 F — — — — — — — — 5 5 — — — — — — 

SAOR2 F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

SASI10 F — — — — — — — — 15 17 — — — — — — 

SECY F — — — — — — — — 45 10 9 3 — — — — 

SEFO F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 1 

SEPS2 F 100 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SETR F — — — — — — — — 30 18 100 41 — — 66 2 

SIPR F — — — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — — — 

SODU F — — — — — — 100 15 — — — — — — — — 

SOGI F — — — — — — 100 3 — — — — — — — — 

SOMU F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

SPAN2 F — — 100 72 — — — — — — — — — — — — 

STCR2 F — — — — — — — — — — 9 3 — — — — 

STELL F — — — — — — — — — — 18 18 — — — — 

STOB F — — — — — — — — — — 9 3 — — — — 

SWPE F — — — — — — — — 5 8 — — — — — — 

TAOF F 100 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

THOC F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 

TRIFO F — — — — — — — — 5 30 18 35 — — 33 1 

TRLA14 F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 5 

TYLA F — — — — — — 100 25 — — — — — — — — 

URDI F — — — — — — — — — — 36 2 100 10 33 15 

VASI F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

VEAM2 F — — — — — — — — 10 1 9 3 — — — — 

VECU F — — — — — — — — 10 1 9 1 — — — — 

VERAT F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — 100 30 

VERON F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

VESE F — — — — — — — — 15 4 — — — — 33 1 

VEWO2 F — — — — — — — — 15 1 — — — — — — 

VIAD F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

VIMA2 F — — — — — — — — 5 5 — — — — — — 

VIOLA F — — — — — — — — 15 6 18 1 — — 66 10 

ZIEL2 F — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 

AGEX G — — — — — — — — — — 9 3 — — — — 

AGHU G — — — — — — — — 10 6 — — — — — — 

AGROS2 G — — — — — — — — 5 2 9 2 — — — — 

AGSC5 G — — — — — — — — — — 9 1 — — — — 

AGTH2 G — — — — — — — — 10 1 — — — — 33 5 

BRCA5 G 100 10 — — — — — — — — 9 1 — — 33 3 

BROR2 G — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 33 8 

CACA4 G — — — — — — — — — — — — 100 4 33 15 

CALAM G — — — — — — — — — — 9 5 — — — — 

CILA2 G — — — — — — — — — — 54 5 100 1 — — 

DAIN G — — — — — — — — 5 1 — — — — — — 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 251

Appendix B-9—Constancy and average cover of all species present in the following types: (continued)Type JUBA SPAN2 NUPO2 TYLA ALVA-CA SETR-MI HELA4-EL VERAT 

N 1 3 2 1 20 11 1 3 

Species LF CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV CON COV 

DECE

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 45 18

—

—

—

—

—

—

DEEL

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 3 9 2 —

— 33 1 

ELGL

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 100 60 33 5 

FESTU

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

GLEL

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 36 4 —

—

—

—

MUFI2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 25 6 9 1 —

—

—

—

PHAL2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 30 2 —

—

—

—

—

— 

POLE2

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

—

—

—

POPR

G 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

POTR2

G

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

STOC2

G 100 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

TRWO3

G

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 

CAAM10 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CAAT3 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

CAHO5 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

— 33 1 

CAIL GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

CAJO GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 6 9 2 —

—

—

—

CALE9 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 3 —

—

—

—

—

—

CALU7 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 35 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

CAMI7 GL 100 5 —

—

—

— 100 3 5 15 9 5 100 2 66 4 

CANE2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 1 

CANI2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 40 7 —

—

—

—

—

—

CAPA14 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

— 

CARA6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 

CAREX GL

—

— 33 1 —

—

—

— 10 2 9 1 —

— 66 2 

CARO5 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

CASC12 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 75 7 9 5 —

— 33 2 

CAST5 GL

—

—

—

—

—

— 100 5 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

CASU6 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 33 3 

CAUT GL 100 5 33 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ELPA6 GL

—

—

—

— 50 3 —

— 30 4 —

—

—

—

—

—

JUBA GL 100 90

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUDR GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 35 1 —

—

—

— 33 1 

JUEN GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

—

—

—

JUME3 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 20 1 27 1 —

—

—

—

JUNCU GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 15 12

—

—

—

—

—

—

JUPA GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 1 —

—

—

—

—

—

LUCA2 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 10 2 —

—

—

—

—

— 

LUHI4 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 5 10

—

—

—

—

—

—

LUPA4 GL

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

—

—

—

CYFR2 FH

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 9 1 —

—

—

—

EQAR FH 100 3 —

—

—

— 100 100 40 8 18 4 —

—

—

—
252 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX C

Appendix C: Snag Attributes of Forested Vegetation Types

Snags sampled were at least 3 m in height and 8 cm in diameter. Snag condition classes are as follows:

1 = recent dead; 2 = fine branches gone, bark intact; 3 = bark loose, large branch stubs; 4 = solid buckskin 

snag; 5 = broken and rotten (following Thomas 1979).

Condition Tree diameter at breast height

Vegetation type class 8–24.9 cm 25–29.9 cm 30–37.9 cm 38–52.9 cm ≥53 cm 

Trees per hectare

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL 1 10.1 10.9 — 4.0 0.5

2 — — 3.2 — 2.7

3 — — — 5.2 —

4 20.3 — — — —

 5 — — — — —

ABLA-PIEN/MEFE 1 — — — — —

2 54.6 — — — —

3 162.8 — — — —

4 — 12.6 18.3 5.2 —

 5 — — — — —

ABLA/VAME 1 152.9 6.2 5.2 2.0 —

2 145.7 13.8 5.2 — —

3 32.9 7.6 — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

PIEN-ABLA/CASC12 1 — — — — 1.7

2 9.4 41.4 — — —

3 — — — 4.2 —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

PIEN-ABLA/SETR 1 — — — — —

2 37.8 18.5 36.6 18.3 1.2

3 20.7 18.5 — 20.0 4.4

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

PIEN/EQAR 1 — — 77.1 — 4.4

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

PICO/CASC12 1 — — — — —

2 126.7 — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3 1 — — — — —

2 14.3 — — — 10.1

3 — 25.2 — — —

4 — — — — —

5 104.0 — — — 1.2

ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9 1 — — — — —

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

ABGR/ACGL 1 13.8 — 5.4 — 2.0

2 22.7 — — 3.2 3.7

3 — — — 2.2 0.5

4 — 3.5 — — 0.5

5 1.5 — — 1.5 —
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 253

APPENDIX C 

Appendix C—Snag Attributes of Forested Vegetation Types (continued)

Condition Tree diameter at breast height

Vegetation type class 8–24.9 cm 25–29.9 cm 30–37.9 cm 38–52.9 cm ≥53 cm 

Trees per hectare

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5 1 53.6 — — — —

2 6.2 1.2 4.4 — 2.0

3 — — — — 0.5

4 — — — — —

5 — — 1.5 — —

PSME/SYAL 1 — — — — —

2 9.1 — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — 0.7 —

 5 — — — — —

PIPO/SYAL 1 161.8 6.4 — — —

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

PIPO/CRDO2 1 — — — — —

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

POTR15/ALIN2-COST4 1 — — — — —

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — 0.7

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — 0.7

POTR15/SYAL 1 — — — — 0.2

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

POTR15/ACGL 1 — — — — —

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — 0.2

 5 — — — 2.2 —

ALRU2/SYAL/CADE9 1 — — — — —

2 — — 5.2 — —

3 51.4 — 5.2 — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

ALRH2/RUBUS 1 — — — 5.2 —

2 — — — — —

3 — — — — —

4 — — — — —

 5 — — — — —

ALRH2/SHRUB 1 — — — — —

2 10.1 — — — —

3 52.4 — — 0.5 0.2

4 20.7 — 1.2 — —

5 3.5 — — — —
254 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX D

Appendix D: Down Log Attributes of Forested Vegetation Types

As was the case in Crowe and Clausnitzer (1997), the below data do not necessarily represent the 

historical range of variability of downed log amounts and distributions. In some cases the number of 

plots sampled was small and therefore inadequate for reasonable generalizations regarding downed log 

attributes of particular forested vegetation types.

Methods

Downed log data were organized by forested vegetation type. Huber’s cubic volume (Avery and Burkhart 

2002) was calculated for each log as (B1/2)L or cross-sectional area at midpoint (m2) times length (m). 

Volumes of each piece within the 2.4- by 9.1-m (21.8 m2) transect were scaled up to 1 ha (10 000 m2). 

Within each forested vegetation type, logs were organized by decay condition class (see below) and 

further organized by size class (see below). Volumes were then summed for each size class within a 

specific decay condition class for each type.

Huber’s cubic volume (HCV) was selected as the most appropriate statistic for describing the down log 

attributes owing to the incorporation of all available measures (diameter, length, number of pieces) of 

down logs into one value that is easy to calculate and interpret. For example, an 11.4-cm-diameter log, 

6 m in length, would have an HCV of 28 m3/ha, and a 46-cm-diameter log, 6 m in length, would have an 

HCV of 449 m3/ha. Similarly, an 11.4-cm-diameter log, 2.7 m in length, would have an HCV of 13 m3/ha, 

and an 11.4-cm-diameter log, 14 m in length, would have a HCV of 63 m3/ha. 

Condition Classes:

1—Bark intact, twigs present, hard, round, original color, log elevated and retains original shape

2—Bark intact, twigs absent, partly soft, round, original color, slightly sagging

3—Bark trace, few large hard pieces, round, colors faded, sagging

4—Bark absent, soft blocky pieces, round to oval, light brown to yellowish, entire log on ground

5—Soft to powdery, oval to flattened, light yellow to gray, entire log on ground

Size Classes:

1—The log does not contain a segment that is at least 15 cm in diameter for a length of at least 1.5 m.

6—The log does contain a segment that is ≥15 and <30 cm in diameter for a length of at least 1.5 m.

12—The log does contain a segment that is ≥30 and <51cm in diameter for a length of at least 1.5 m.

20—The log does contain a segment that is ≥51 cm in diameter for a length of at least 1.5 m.

Huber’s cubic volume (HCV) by condition and size class (SC)

Vegetation type Condition class HCV SC 1 HCV SC 6 HCV SC 12 HCV SC20 

Cubic meters per hectare

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL 1 143(3a

) 1011(2) 1077(1) —

2 — 573(2) — —

3 — 177(1) — —

4 — 156(2) — —

5 — — 815(1) —

PIEN-ABLA/CASC12 1 — — — —

2 125(2) — — —

3 47(4) 303(2) — —

4 24(2) 288(2) — —

 5 — 255(2) — —

PIEN-ABLA/SETR 1 69(4) — — —

2 89(4) 149(2) 627(2) —

3 130(3) 838(5) 3101(5) —

4 74(3) 437(10) 299(1) —

5 11(1) — — —

ABLA/VAME 1 14(1) — — —

2 95(2) — — —

3 35(2) 182(1) 1186(2) —

4 59(2) 113(1) — —

 5 — — — —
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 255

APPENDIX D 

Huber’s cubic volume (HCV) by condition and size class (SC) (continued)

Vegetation type Condition class HCV SC 1 HCV SC 6 HCV SC 12 HCV SC20 

Cubic meters per hectare

ABLA-PIEN/MEFE 1 61(1) — — —

2 — — — —

3 — 477(2) 2029(1) —

4 — — — —

 5 — — — —

PIEN/EQAR 1 — 126(1) 582(1) —

2 — — — —

3 — — — —

4 — — — —

 5 — — — —

PICO/CASC12 1 — — — — 2 — — — — 3 — — — —

4 — — — —

 5 — — — —

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3 1 — — — —

2 95(1) 109(1) — —

3 — 527(2) — —

4 — — 1734(3) 399(1)

5 — 340(2) 1321(2) 1006(1)

ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9 1 8(1) — — —

2 3(1) — — —

3 — — — —

4 — — 404(1) —

 5 — — — —

ABGR/ACGL 1 28(1) — — —

2 86(3) 238(2) — —

3 61(6) — 280(1) 1249(2)

4 9(2) 583(2) 2758(2) —

5 3(1) — — —

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5 1 — 89(1) — —

2 38(1) 51(1) — —

3 — — 675(1) 3764(2)

4 — 524(2) 1739(4) 4998(5)

5 — 378(3) 344(12) —

PSME/SYAL 1 — — — — 2 — 76(1) — — 3 — — — 76(1)

4 — — 446(1) — 5 13(1) — — —

PIPO/SYAL 1 — — — — 2 — — — —

3 — — — —

4 17(1) — — —

 5 — — — —

PIPO/CRDO2 1 — — — — 2 6(1) — — — 3 — — 716(1) — 4 — — — — 5 — — 100(1) —

POTR15/ALIN2-COST4 1 — — — —

2 62(3) 75(1) — —

3 207(11) 74(2) 659(2) —

4 18(3) 462(3) 235(1) 861(1)

 5 — — — —

POTR15/SYAL 1 — — — —

2 35(1) — — —

3 67(2) 80(1) — —

4 — 45(1) — —

5 — — 643(1) —

POTR15/ACGL 1 — — — —

2 14(1) — — —

3 22(1) — 171(1) — 4 — 51(1) — —

 5 — — — —
256 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX D

Huber’s cubic volume (HCV) by condition and size class (SC) (continued)

Vegetation type Condition class HCV SC 1 HCV SC 6 HCV SC 12 HCV SC20 

Cubic meters per hectare

ALRU2/SYAL/CADE9 1 — — — —

2 — — — —

3 38(3) — 799(2) —

4 — — — —

 5 — — — —

ALRH2/SHRUB 1 82(5) 250(3) 148(1) —

2 143(8) — — —

3 239(14) 422(6) 175(1) —

4 214(12) 63(1) 892(3) —

5 — 45(1) — —

ALRH2/RUBUS 1 — — — —

2 — — — —

3 — — — — 4 134(2) 156(1) — — 5 — — — —

aValues in parentheses indicate the number of individual logs of each size and condition class that were summed to 

obtain the cumulative value of HCV.
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 257

APPENDIX E 

Appendix E: Available Water Capacity of Mineral Soils By Texture

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, California Technical Note 15

Available water capacity related to soil texture

Probable range on Total

General term Texture basis of texturea permissible range

- - - - - Inches per inch - - - - - -

Fine Clay 0.12–0.15 0.12–0.17

Silty clay .13–.16 .12–.17

Sandy clay .13–.16 .12–.17

Moderately fine Silty clay loam .18–.19 .17–.19

Clay loam .17–.18 .17–.19

Sandy clay loam .17–.18 .17–.19

Medium Silt loam .15–.17 .12–.17

Loam .14–.16 .12–.17

Very fine sandy loam .14–.16 .12–.17

Moderately coarse Fine sandy loam .10–.12 .08–.12

Sandy loam .09–.11 .08–.12

Loamy very fine sand .09–.11 .08–.12

Loamy fine sand .08–.10 .08–.12

Coarse Loamy sand .06–.08 .06–.08

Very fine sand .06–.08 .06–.08

Fine sand .06–.08 .06–.08

Sand .06–.08 .06–.08

Very coarse Coarse sand and gravel .03–.06 .03–.06

Available water capacity values for each textural class should not span more than 0.03 in/in 

on SCS-SOILS-5 forms.

Where gravel or other coarse fragments are present, values for textures shown above should 

be reduced by the percentage of coarse fragments in the soil mass.

aThese figures represent the probable ranges for each textural class based only on texture. 

Soil structure, organic matter content, stratification, etc. may alter these figures but only 

within the total permissible range shown above.
258 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX F

Appendix F: Species Traits

A listing of species traits for all species encountered during the field sampling effort. The Wetland column 

reports U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6) wetland indicator 

status. All information from the USDA Plants Database (USDA NRCS 2002b).

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

ABGR TREE Abies grandis Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ABLA TREE Abies lasiocarpa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

ACNE2 TREE Acer negundo Perennial — FAC+

ALRH2 TREE Alnus rhombifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ALRU2 TREE Alnus rubra Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

BEPAS TREE Betula papyrifera var. subcordata Perennial Native to U.S. — —

JUNI TREE Juglans nigra Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — —

JUOC TREE Juniperus occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — —

LAOC TREE Larix occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

PIAL TREE Pinus albicaulis Perennial Native to U.S. — —

PICO TREE Pinus contorta Perennial Native to U.S. — FACPIEN TREE Picea engelmannii Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

PIPO TREE Pinus ponderosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUPOTR15 TREE Populus trichocarpa Perennial Native to U.S. — —

PRAM TREE Prunus americana Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — FACU

PRAV TREE Prunus avium Perennial Introduced to U.S. — —

PSME TREE Pseudotsuga menziesii Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ROPS TREE Robinia pseudoacacia Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — FACUTSME TREE Tsuga mertensiana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

ACER S Acer — — — —

ACGL S Acer glabrum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ACGLD4 S Acer glabrum var. douglasii Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ALIN2 S Alnus incana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ALSI3 S Alnus sinuata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

AMAL2 S Amelanchier alnifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

ARCA13 S Artemisia cana Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ARTRV S Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ARUV S Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUBEAQ S Berberis aquifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — —

BEGL S Betula glandulosa Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

BEOC2 S Betula occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

BERE S Berberis repens Perennial Native to U.S. — —

BETUL S Betula — — — —

CAME7 S Cassiope mertensiana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

CASSI3 S Cassiope — — — —

CELE3 S Cercocarpus ledifolius Perennial Native to U.S. — —

CERE2 S Celtis reticulata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACCESA S Ceanothus sanguineus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CHME S Chimaphila menziesii Perennial Native to U.S. — —

CHUM S Chimaphila umbellata Perennial Native to U.S. — —

CLCO2 S Clematis columbiana Perennial Native to U.S. — —

CLEMA S Clematis — — — —

CLLI2 S Clematis ligusticifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

COST4 S Cornus stolonifera Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CRDO2 S Crataegus douglasii Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

EMNI S Empetrum nigrum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

GAHU S Gaultheria humifusa Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

GLNE S Glossopetalon nevadense Perennial Native to U.S. — —

HODI S Holodiscus discolor Perennial Native to U.S. — —

HODU S Holodiscus dumosus Perennial Native to U.S. — —

KAMI S Kalmia microphylla Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

KAOC S Kalmia occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

LEDE5 S Ledum decumbens Perennial Native to U.S. — —

LEGL S Ledum glandulosum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

LIBO3 S Linnaea borealis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACULOCI3 S Lonicera ciliosa Perennial Native to U.S. — —

LOIN5 S Lonicera involucrata Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

LOUT2 S Lonicera utahensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

MEFE S Menziesia ferruginea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

MYGA S Myrica gale Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 259

APPENDIX F 

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

OPHO S Oplopanax horridus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

PAMY S Paxistima myrsinites Perennial Native to U.S. — —

PHCA11 S Physocarpus capitatus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

PHEM S Phyllodoce empetriformis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

PHLE4 S Philadelphus lewisii Perennial Native to U.S. — —

PHMA5 S Physocarpus malvaceus Perennial Native to U.S. — —

POBA2 S Populus balsamifera Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

POFR4 S Potentilla fruticosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACPRAR3 S Prunus armeniaca Perennial Introduced to U.S. — —

PRCE S Prunus cerasus Perennial Introduced to U.S. — —

PRDO S Prunus domestica Perennial Introduced to U.S. — —

PREM S Prunus emarginata Perennial Native to U.S. — —

PRUNU S Prunus — — — —

PRVI S Prunus virginiana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

QUGA4 S Quercus garryana Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RHAL2 S Rhododendron albiflorum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

RHGL S Rhus glabra Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RHPU S Rhamnus purshiana Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

RHRA6 S Rhus radicans Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RIBES S Ribes — — — —

RICE S Ribes cereum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

RICO S Ribes cognatum Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RIHU S Ribes hudsonianum Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

RIIN2 S Ribes inerme Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

RIIR S Ribes irriguum Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RILA S Ribes lacustre Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

RIMO2 S Ribes montigenum Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RINI2 S Ribes niveum Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RIWO S Ribes wolfii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ROGY S Rosa gymnocarpa Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

RONU S Rosa nutkana Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ROSA5 S Rosa — — — —

ROWO S Rosa woodsii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

RUBA S Rubus bartonianus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

RUBUS S Rubus — — — —

RUDI2 S Rubus discolor Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACURUID S Rubus idaeus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

RULA S Rubus laciniatus Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU+

RULE S Rubus leucodermis Perennial Native to U.S. — —

RUPA S Rubus parviflorus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

SAEA S Salix eastwoodiea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SATW S Salix tweedyi Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SAGE2 S Salix geyeriana Perennial Native to U.S. — —

SABE2 S Salix bebbiana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SAAR27 S Salix arctica Perennial Native to U.S. — —

SABA3 S Salix barclayi Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SABO2 S Salix boothii Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SACE3 S Sambucus cerulea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACSACO2 S Salix commutata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SADR S Salix drummondiana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SAEX S Salix exigua Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SAFA S Salix farriae Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SALA5 S Salix lasiandra Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SALA6 S Salix lasiolepis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SALE S Salix lemmonii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SALIX S Salix — — — —

SAMBU S Sambucus — — — —

SAMY S Salix myrtillifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SAPL2 S Salix planifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SARA2 S Sambucus racemosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

SARI2 S Salix rigida Perennial Native to U.S. — —

SASC S Salix scouleriana Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

SASI2 S Salix sitchensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SAWO S Salix wolfii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+
260 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX F

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

SHCA S Shepherdia canadensis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SOAU S Sorbus aucuparia Perennial Introduced to U.S. — —

SOSC2 S Sorbus scopulina Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SPBE2 S Spiraea betulifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SPDE S Spiraea densiflora Perennial Native to U.S. — —

SPDO S Spiraea douglasii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SPIRA S Spiraea — — — —

SYAL S Symphoricarpos albus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

SYOR2 S Symphoricarpos oreophilus Perennial Native to U.S. — UPL

TABR2 S Taxus brevifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUVACA13 S Vaccinium caespitosum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

VACCI S Vaccinium — — — —

VAME S Vaccinium membranaceum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

VAMY2 S Vaccinium myrtillus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

VASC S Vaccinium scoparium Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUVAUL S Vaccinium uliginosum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

ABCA F Abronia carletonii Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ACCO4 F Aconitum columbianum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ACMI2 F Achillea millefolium Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — FACU

ACRU2 F Actaea rubra Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ADBI F Adenocaulon bicolor Perennial Native to U.S. — —

AGAST F Agastache — — — —

AGAU2 F Agoseris aurantiaca Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

AGOSE F Agoseris — — — —

AGUR F Agastache urticifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ALAC4 F Allium acuminatum Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ALVA F Allium validum Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

AMLY F Amsinckia lycopsoides Annual Native to U.S. — —

AMRE2 F Amsinckia retrorsa Annual Native to U.S. — —

ANAL4 F Antennaria alpina Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ANAR3 F Angelica arguta Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ANEMO F Anemone — — — —

ANMA F Anaphalis margaritacea Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ANMI3 F Antennaria microphylla Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ANPI F Anemone piperi Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUANRA F Antennaria racemosa Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ANSC8 F Anthriscus scandicina Annual Introduced to U.S. — —

ANTEN F Antennaria — — — —

ANUM F Antennaria umbrinella Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

APAN2 F Apocynum androsaemifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — —

APIACF F Apiaceae — — — —

AQFL F Aquilegia flavescens Perennial Native to U.S. — —

AQFO F Aquilegia formosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

AQUIL F Aquilegia — — — —

ARAM2 F Arnica amplexicaulis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ARCH3 F Arnica chamissonis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ARCO9 F Arnica cordifolia Perennial Natve to U.S. — NI

ARCTI F Arctium — — — —

ARDI2 F Arabis ×divaricarpa Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

ARFU3 F Arnica fulgens Perennial Natve to U.S. — NI

ARGL F Arabis glabra Annual, biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ARLA8 F Arnica latifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACARLO6 F Arnica longifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ARLU F Artemisia ludoviciana Perennial Native to U.S. — UPL

ARMA18 F Arenaria macrophylla Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ARMI2 F Arctium minus Biennial Introduced to U.S. WY NI

ARMO4 F Arnica mollis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ARNIC F Arnica — — — —

ARPA13 F Arnica parryi Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ARSE2 F Arenaria serpyllifolia Annual Introduced to U.S. — FACU

ASAL2 F Aster alpigenus Perennial Native to U.S. — UPL

ASAL7 F Astragalus alpinus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACASCA11 F Astragalus canadensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWASCA2 F Asarum caudatum Perennial Native to U.S. — —
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 261

APPENDIX F 

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

ASCH2 F Aster chilensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ASCO3 F Aster conspicuus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ASCU5 F Astragalus cusickii Perennial Native to U.S. — —

ASEA F Aster eatonii Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

ASFO F Aster foliaceus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWASMO3 F Aster modestus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

ASOC F Aster occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ASPR F Asperugo procumbens Annual Introduced to U.S. — —

ASRO F Astragalus robbinsii Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

ASTER F Aster — — — —

ASTERF F Asteraceae — — — —

ASTRA F Astragalus — — — —

BASA3 F Balsamorhiza sagittata Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BICE F Bidens cernua Annual Native to U.S. — FACW+

BRDO F Brodiaea douglasii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRGR F Brickellia grandiflora Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRHO F Brodiaea howellii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRHY2 F Brodiaea hyacinthina Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU 

BRODI F Brodiaea — — — —

CABI2 F Caltha biflora Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CABU2 F Capsella bursa-pastoris Annual Introduced to U.S. — FACCACH16 F Castilleja chrysantha Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CACO6 F Cardamine cordifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CACU7 F Castilleja cusickii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CALE4 F Caltha leptosepala Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CALLI6 F Callitriche — — — —

CALOC F Calochortus — — — —

CALTH F Caltha — — — —

CAMI12 F Castilleja miniata Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

CAMPA F Campanula — — — —

CAOL F Cardamine oligosperma Annual, biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CARDA F Cardamine — — — —

CARDU F Carduus — — — —

CARH4 F Castilleja rhexiifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

CARO2 F Campanula rotundifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

CARYOF F Caryophyllaceae — — — —

CASTI2 F Castilleja — — — —

CEAR4 F Cerastium arvense Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

CENU2 F Cerastium nutans Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

CERAS F Cerastium — — — —

CEVI3 F Cerastium viscosum Annual Introduced to U.S. — UPL

CEVU F Cerastium vulgatum Biennial, perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU

CHHY F Chenopodium hybridum Annual Native to U.S. — NI

CHLE80 F Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Perennial Introduced to U.S. WA, WY NI

CHTE2 F Chorispora tenella Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

CIAL F Circaea alpina Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CIAR4 F Cirsium arvense Perennial Introduced to U.S. ID, MO, OR, WA, WY FACU+

CICA6 F Cirsium canovirens Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CIDO F Cicuta douglasii Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CIRSI F Cirsium — — — —

CIUN F Cirsium undulatum Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

CIVU F Cirsium vulgare Biennial Introduced to U.S. OR FACU

CLME F Claytonia megarhiza Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

CLUN2 F Clintonia uniflora Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

COAR4 F Convolvulus arvensis Perennial Introduced to U.S. ID, MT, OR, WA, WY NI

COCA13 F Cornus canadensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACCOCA5 F Conyza canadensis Annual, biennial Native to U.S. — FACU

COGR4 F Collomia grandiflora Annual Native to U.S. — NI

COLI2 F Collomia linearis Annual Native to U.S. — FACU

COMA4 F Corallorrhiza maculata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACCOOR F Conringia orientalis Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

COPA3 F Collinsia parviflora Annual Native to U.S. — NI

CRFR2 F Cryptantha fragilis Annual Native to U.S. — NI

CRUCIF F Cruciferae — — — —
262 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX F

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

CYOF F Cynoglossum officinale Annual Introduced to U.S. MT, OR, WA, WY NI

DEDE2 F Delphinium depauperatum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

DELPH F Delphinium — — — —

DEOC F Delphinium ×occidentale Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUDERI2 F Descurainia richardsonii Annual, biennial Native to U.S. — NI

DICU F Dicentra cucullaria Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

DIHO3 F Disporum hookeri Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

DISM2 F Disporum smithii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

DISPO F Disporum — — — —

DISY F Dipsacus sylvestris Biennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

DITR2 F Disporum trachycarpum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

DOAL F Dodecatheon alpinum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

DODEC F Dodecatheon — — — —

DOJE F Dodecatheon jeffreyi Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

DOPU F Dodecatheon pulchellum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

DRCR2 F Draba crassifolia Annual, biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

DRST2 F Draba stenoloba Annual, biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

EPAL F Epilobium alpinum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUEPAN2 F Epilobium angustifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

EPGI F Epipactis gigantea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

EPGL F Epilobium glaberrimum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

EPGL4 F Epilobium glandulosum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

EPHA F Epilobium halleanum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

EPILO F Epilobium — — — —

EPLA F Epilobium latifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWEPMI F Epilobium minutum Annual Native to U.S. — NI

EPPA2 F Epilobium paniculatum Annual Native to U.S. — UPL

EPWA3 F Epilobium watsonii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ERAS2 F Erysimum asperum Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ERCO6 F Erigeron coulteri Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ERGR9 F Erythronium grandiflorum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACERIGE2 F Erigeron — — — —

ERPE3 F Erigeron peregrinus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ERPH F Erigeron philadelphicus Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

ERSP4 F Erigeron speciosus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

FRASE F Frasera — — — —

FRSP F Frasera speciosa Perennial Native to U.S. — UPL

FRVE F Fragaria vesca Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

FRVI F Fragaria virginiana Perennial Native to U.S. — UPL

GAAP2 F Galium aparine Annual Native to U.S. — FACU

GAAS3 F Galium asperrimum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

GABI F Galium bifolium Annual Native to U.S. — NI

GABO2 F Galium boreale Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

GAHU2 F Gayophytum humile Annual Native to U.S. — NI

GALIU F Galium — — — —

GAMU2 F Galium multiflorum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

GATR2 F Galium trifidum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

GATR3 F Galium triflorum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

GEAL3 F Geum aleppicum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWGEBI2 F Geranium bicknellii Annual, biennial Native to U.S. — NI

GECA F Gentiana calycosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWGEMA4 F Geum macrophyllum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

GENTI F Gentiana — — — —

GEPU2 F Geranium pusillum Annual, biennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

GERAN F Geranium — — — —

GEUM F Geum — — — —

GEVI2 F Geranium viscosissimum Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

GIAG F Gilia aggregata Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

GICO2 F Gilia congesta Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

GILIA F Gilia — — — —

GOOB2 F Goodyera oblongifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUHABEN F Habenaria — — — —

HACKE F Hackelia — — — —

HADI7 F Habenaria dilatata Perennial Native to U.S. — NI
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 263

APPENDIX F 

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

HAMI F Hackelia micrantha Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

HASA F Habenaria saccata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW 

HAUN F Habenaria unalascensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC 

HEBO F Hedysarum boreale Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

HELA4 F Heracleum lanatum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

HEMI7 F Heuchera micrantha Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

HEUCH F Heuchera — — — —

HIAL2 F Hieracium albiflorum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

HIERA F Hieracium — — — —

HIGR F Hieracium gracile Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

HYAN2 F Hypericum anagalloides Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

HYCA4 F Hydrophyllum capitatum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

HYDRO4 F Hydrophyllum — — — —

HYFE F Hydrophyllum fendleri Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

HYFON F Hypericum formosum var. nortoniae Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

HYFOS F Hypericum formosum var. scouleri Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

HYOC F Hydrophyllum occidentale Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

HYPE F Hypericum perforatum Perennial Introduced to U.S. MT, OR, WA NI

HYPER F Hypericum — — — —

ILRI F Iliamna rivularis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACISBO F Isoetes bolanderi Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

LAAM F Lamium amplexicaule Annual, biennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

LABI F Lactuca biennis Annual, biennial Native to U.S. — FAC

LABIAF F Labiata — — — —

LACO3 F Lapsana communis Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

LACTU F Lactuca — — — —

LANE3 F Lathyrus nevadensis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LAPA5 F Lathyrus pauciflorus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LASE F Lactuca serriola Annual, biennial Introduced to U.S. — FACLATHY F Lathyrus — — — —

LEGUMF F Legumaceae — — — —

LEMI3 F Lemna minor Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

LEPY2 F Lewisia pygmaea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

LICA2 F Ligusticum canbyi Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

LICO6 F Listera cordata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

LIGR F Ligusticum grayi Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LIGUS F Ligusticum — — — —

LILIAF F Liliaceae — — — —

LIPA5 F Lithophragma parviflorum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LISTE F Listera — — — —

LITE2 F Ligusticum tenuifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

LOCO6 F Lotus corniculatus Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FAC

LODI F Lomatium dissectum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LOMAT F Lomatium — — — —

LOPU3 F Lotus purshianus Annual Native to U.S. — NI

LULE3 F Lupinus leucophyllus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LUPIN F Lupinus — — — —

LUPO2 F Lupinus polyphyllus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

LYAL F Lychnis alba Biennial, perennial Introduced to U.S. WA NI

LYAN2 F Lycopodium annotinum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

LYCO F Lychnis coronaria Perennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

LYUN F Lycopus uniflorus Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

MAGR3 F Madia gracilis Annual Native to U.S. — NI

MAVU F Marrubium vulgare Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU+

MEAL2 F Melilotus albus Annual, biennial, perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU 

MEAR4 F Mentha arvensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

MECI3 F Mertensia ciliata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

MELU F Medicago lupulina Annual, perennial Introduced to U.S. — FAC

MENTH F Mentha — — — —

MEOF F Melilotus officinalis Annual, biennial, perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU

MEPA F Mertensia paniculata Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

MEPI F Mentha ×piperita Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACW+

MERTE F Mertensia — — — —

METR3 F Menyanthes trifoliata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL
264 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX F

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

MIGR F Microsteris gracilis Annual Native to U.S. — FACU

MIGU F Mimulus guttatus Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

MILE2 F Mimulus lewisii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

MIMO3 F Mimulus moschatus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

MIMUL F Mimulus — — — —

MINU F Microseris nutans Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

MIPE F Mitella pentandra Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

MIPR F Mimulus primuloides Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

MIST3 F Mitella stauropetala Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

MITEL F Mitella — — — —

MOCO4 F Montia cordifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

MONTI F Montia — — — —

MOOD F Monardella odoratissima Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUMOPA2 F Montia parvifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWMOPE3 F Montia perfoliata Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

MOSI2 F Montia sibirica Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

MOUN3 F Monotropa uniflora Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

MYMI F Myosotis micrantha Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

MYOSO F Myosotis — — — —

NEPA F Nemophila parviflora Annual Native to U.S. — NI

NUPO2 F Nuphar polysepala Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

OSCH F Osmorhiza chilensis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

OSMOR F Osmorhiza — — — —

OSOC F Osmorhiza occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

PAFI3 F Parnassia fimbriata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

PAPE5 F Parietaria pensylvanica Annual Native to U.S. — FACU

PEFRP F Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

PEBR F Pedicularis bracteosa Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

PEGL5 F Penstemon globosus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

PEGR2 F Pedicularis groenlandica Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

PENST F Penstemon — — — —

PEPA3 F Pedicularis parryi Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

PEPA29 F Penstemon payettensis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

PERA F Pedicularis racemosa Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

PHHA F Phacelia hastata Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

PLLA F Plantago lanceolata Annual, biennial, perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU+

PLMA2 F Plantago major Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

PLSC2 F Plagiobothrys scouleri Annual Native to U.S. — FACW

POAR7 F Potentilla arguta Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

POBI6 F Polygonum bistortoides Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

POBI7 F Potentilla biennis Annual, biennial Native to U.S. — FACW

POCU6 F Polygonum cuspidatum Perennial Introduced to U.S. OR, WA NI

PODI2 F Potentilla diversifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

POFL3 F Potentilla flabellifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

POGL9 F Potentilla glandulosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACPOGR9 F Potentilla gracilis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

POLA4 F Polygonum lapathifolium Annual Native to U.S. — FACW+

POLEM F Polemonium — — — —

POLYG4 F Polygonum — — — —

POOC2 F Polemonium occidentale Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

POOV2 F Potentilla ovina Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

POPH F Polygonum phytolaccifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — FACPOPU3 F Polemonium pulcherrimum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

POTAM F Potamogeton — — — —

POTEN F Potentilla — — — —

POVI3 F Polygonum viviparum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

PRVU F Prunella vulgaris Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

PTAN2 F Pterospora andromedea Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

PYAS F Pyrola asarifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

PYMI F Pyrola minor Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

PYROL F Pyrola — — — —

PYSE F Pyrola secunda Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

RAAC3 F Ranunculus acris Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. MT FACWRAAL F Ranunculus alismifolius Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 265

APPENDIX F 

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

RAES F Ranunculus eschscholtzii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

RANUN F Ranunculus — — — —

RAOC F Ranunculus occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

RAPO F Ranunculus populago Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

RARE3 F Ranunculus repens Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACW

RAUN F Ranunculus uncinatus Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ROCU F Rorippa curvisiliqua Annual, biennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

RONA2 F Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

RUAC2 F Rumex acetosa Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — NI

RUCR F Rumex crispus Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACW

RUMEX F Rumex — — — —

RUOB F Rumex obtusifolius Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FAC

RUOC2 F Rudbeckia occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACRUOC3 F Rumex occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

RUPA5 F Rumex patientia Perennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

RUSA F Rumex salicifolius Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SAAM3 F Saussurea americana Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SAAR13 F Saxifraga arguta Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SAIN4 F Saxifraga integrifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SAMI3 F Sanguisorba minor Perennial Introduced to U.S. — UPL

SAOR2 F Saxifraga oregana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SASA F Sagina saginoides Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — FACWSASI10 F Sanguisorba sitchensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW 

SAXIF F Saxifraga — — — —

SCAN2 F Scleranthus annuus Annual Introduced to U.S. — UPL

SCLA F Scrophularia lanceolata Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

SECY F Senecio cymbalarioides Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SEDUM F Sedum — — — —

SEFO F Senecio foetidus Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — FACWSEIN2 F Senecio integerrimus Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

SENEC F Senecio — — — —

SEPS2 F Senecio pseudaureus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SESE2 F Senecio serra Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

SEST2 F Sedum stenopetalum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SETR F Senecio triangularis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

SIAC F Silene acaulis Perennial Native to U.S. — UPL

SIAL2 F Sisymbrium altissimum Annual, biennial Introduced to U.S. — FACUSIME F Silene menziesii Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

SINO F Silene noctiflora Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

SIOR F Sidalcea oregana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWSIPR F Sibbaldia procumbens Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SMILA F Smilacina — — — —

SMRA F Smilacina racemosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACSMST F Smilacina stellata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACSOCA6 F Solidago canadensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

SODU F Solanum dulcamara Perennial Introduced to U.S. WA FAC

SOGI F Solidago gigantea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWSOLID F Solidago — — — —

SOMU F Solidago multiradiata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

SOSP F Solidago spathulata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

SPAN2 F Sparganium angustifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SPCA5 F Sphenosciadium capitellatum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SPER F Sparganium erectum Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SPNA F Sparganium natans Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

SPRO F Spiranthes romanzoffiana Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

STAM2 F Streptopus amplexifolius Perennial Native to U.S. — FACSTCA F Stellaria calycantha Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

STCR2 F Stellaria crispa Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

STELL F Stellaria — — — —

STLO F Stellaria longifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

STLO2 F Stellaria longipes Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWSTME2 F Stellaria media Annual, perennial Introduced to U.S. — UPL

STOB F Stellaria obtusa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

STOC F Stenanthium occidentale Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW
266 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX F

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

STREP3 F Streptopus — — — —

SWPE F Swertia perennis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

SYMI F Synthyris missurica Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

TAOF F Taraxacum officinale Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — FACU

TARAX F Taraxacum — — — —

THAL F Thalictrum alpinum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWTHALI2 F Thalictrum — — — —

THOC F Thalictrum occidentale Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

THVE F Thalictrum venulosum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

TITR F Tiarella trifoliata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACTOFL F Tonella floribunda Annual Native to U.S. — NI

TRCA F Trautvetteria caroliniensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

TRDU F Tragopogon dubius Annual, biennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

TRIFO F Trifolium — — — —

TRLA14 F Trollius laxus Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

TRLA6 F Trientalis latifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACTRLA8 F Trifolium latifolium Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

TRLO F Trifolium longipes Perennial Native to U.S. — FACTROV2 F Trillium ovatum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

TRPE3 F Trillium petiolatum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

TRPR2 F Trifolium pratense Biennial, perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU

TRRE3 F Trifolium repens Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU+

TRWO F Trifolium wormskioldii Annual, perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

TYLA F Typha latifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

UMBELF F Umbelliferae — — — —

URDI F Urtica dioica Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — FAC+

VALO F Valerianella locusta Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

VASI F Valeriana sitchensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

VEAM2 F Veronica americana Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

VEAN2 F Veronica anagallis-aquatica Biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

VECA2 F Veratrum californicum Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

VECU F Veronica cusickii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

VEPE2 F Veronica peregrina Annual Native to U.S. — OBL

VERAT F Veratrum — — — —

VERON F Veronica — — — —

VESE F Veronica serpyllifolia Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — FAC

VETH F Verbascum thapsus Biennial Introduced to U.S. WA NI

VEVI F Veratrum viride Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

VEWO2 F Veronica wormskjoldii Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

VIAD F Viola adunca Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

VIAM F Vicia americana Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

VICA4 F Viola canadensis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

VICIA F Vicia — — — —

VIGL F Viola glabella Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

VIMA2 F Viola macloskeyi Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

VIOLA F Viola — — — —

VIOR F Viola orbiculata Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

VIPA4 F Viola palustris Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

XETE F Xerophyllum tenax Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ZIEL2 F Zigadenus elegans Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

AGAL3 G Agrostis alba Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACW

AGCA2 G Agropyron caninum Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACAGDI G Agrostis diegoensis Perennial Native to U.S. — —

AGEX G Agrostis exarata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

AGHU G Agrostis humilis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

AGIN5 G Agropyron inerme Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

AGRE2 G Agropyron repens Perennial Introduced to U.S. OR, WY FACU

AGROP2 G Agropyron — — — —

AGROS2 G Agrostis — — — —

AGSC5 G Agrostis scabra Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

AGSP G Agropyron spicatum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUAGST2 G Agrostis stolonifera Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

AGTE G Agrostis tenuis Perennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

AGTH2 G Agrostis thurberiana Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW 
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 267

APPENDIX F 

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

AGVA G Agrostis variabilis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ALAE G Alopecurus aequalis Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

ALPR3 G Alopecurus pratensis Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACW

ANOD G Anthoxanthum odoratum Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU

AREL3 G Arrhenatherum elatius Perennial Introduced to U.S. — UPL

BRAN G Bromus anomalus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRBR5 G Bromus briziformis Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

BRCA5 G Bromus carinatus Annual, biennial, perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRCI2 G Bromus ciliatus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

BRJA G Bromus japonicus Annual Introduced to U.S. — FACU

BROMU G Bromus — — — —

BROR2 G Bromus orcuttianus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRPA3 G Bromus pacificus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRRI8 G Bromus rigidus Perennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

BRSE G Bromus secalinus Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

BRST2 G Bromus sterilis Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

BRSU2 G Bromus suksdorfii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

BRTE G Bromus tectorum Annual Introduced to U.S. — NI

BRVU G Bromus vulgaris Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUCAAQ3 G Catabrosa aquatica Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CACA4 G Calamagrostis canadensis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CALAM G Calamagrostis — — — —

CAPU G Calamagrostis purpurascens Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CARU G Calamagrostis rubescens Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CILA2 G Cinna latifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

DAGL G Dactylis glomerata Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU

DAIN G Danthonia intermedia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

DECE G Deschampsia cespitosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW 

DEEL G Deschampsia elongata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWDISP G Distichlis spicata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ELCI2 G Elymus cinereus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

ELGL G Elymus glaucus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

FEAR3 G Festuca arundinacea Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACUFEID G Festuca idahoensis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

FEOC G Festuca occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

FEPR G Festuca pratensis Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU+

FESTU G Festuca L. — — — —

FESU G Festuca subulata Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

FEVI G Festuca viridula Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

GLEL G Glyceria elata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

GLGR G Glyceria grandis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

GLST G Glyceria striata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

GLYCE G Glyceria — — — —

KOCR G Koeleria cristata Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

MESM G Melica smithii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

MESP G Melica spectabilis Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

MESU G Melica subulata Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

MUAN G Muhlenbergia andina Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

MUFI2 G Muhlenbergia filiformis Annual Native to U.S. — FACW

PHAL2 G Phleum alpinum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

PHAR3 G Phalaris arundinacea Perennial Native to U.S. WA FACW

PHPR3 G Phleum pratense Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU

POA G Poa — — — —

POACF G Poaceae — — — —

POBU G Poa bulbosa Perennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

POCO G Poa compressa Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACU

POCU3 G Poa cusickii Perennial Native to U.S. — —

POLE2 G Poa leptocoma Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

PONE2 G Poa nervosa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUPOPA2 G Poa palustris Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

POPR G Poa pratensis Perennial Native and introduced to U.S. — FACU+

POSA12 G Poa sandbergii Perennial Native to U.S. — —

POSC G Poa scabrella Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU 

POTR2 G Poa trivialis Perennial Introduced to U.S. — FACW-
268 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX F

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

PUPA3 G Puccinellia pauciflora Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

STIPA G Stipa — — — —

STOC2 G Stipa occidentalis Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

TRCA21 G Trisetum canescens Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

TRCE2 G Trisetum cernuum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

TRSP2 G Trisetum spicatum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUTRWO3 G Trisetum wolfii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACUCAAB2 GL Carex abrupta Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CAAM10 GL Carex amplifolia Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CAAQ GL Carex aquatilis Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CAAR2 GL Carex arcta Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CAAT3 GL Carex athrostachya Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CAAU3 GL Carex aurea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CABA3 GL Carex backii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CABI10 GL Carex bipartita Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CACA11 GL Carex canescens Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CACA12 GL Carex capillaris Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CACO11 GL Carex concinnoides Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CACU5 GL Carex cusiskii Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CADE9 GL Carex deweyana Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

CADI6 GL Carex disperma Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CAEU2 GL Carex eurycarpa Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CAGE2 GL Carex geyeri Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CAHE7 GL Carex hendersonii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CAHO5 GL Carex hoodii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CAIL GL Carex illota Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

CAJO GL Carex jonesii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CALA11 GL Carex lasiocarpa Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CALA13 GL Carex laeviculmis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CALA30 GL Carex lanuginosa Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CALE8 GL Carex lenticularis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CALE9 GL Carex leporinella Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CALEL GL Carex lenticularis var. lenticularis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CALI7 GL Carex limosa Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CALU7 GL Carex luzulina Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CAMI7 GL Carex microptera Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

CAMU7 GL Carex muricata Perennial Introduced to U.S. — NI

CANE2 GL Carex nebrascensis Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CANI2 GL Carex nigricans Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CANU5 GL Carex nudata Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CAPA14 GL Carex pachystachya Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

CAPA18 GL Carex parryana Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

CAPR4 GL Carex praeceptorium Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CAPR5 GL Carex praegracilis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CAPR7 GL Carex praticola Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CARA6 GL Carex raynoldsii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

CAREX GL Carex — — — —

CARO5 GL Carex rossii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

CARO6 GL Carex rostrata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CASA10 GL Carex saxatilis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

CASC10 GL Carex scirpoidea Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU+

CASC12 GL Carex scopulorum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CASCP GL Carex scopulorum var. prionophylla Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CASH GL Carex sheldonii Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CASI2 GL Carex simulata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CASP5 GL Carex spectabilis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

CAST5 GL Carex stipata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CASU6 GL Carex subfusca Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

CASU7 GL Carex subnigricans Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

CAUT GL Carex utriculata Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

CAVE6 GL Carex vesicaria Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

ELBE GL Eleocharis bella Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

ELEOC GL Eleocharis — — — —

ELPA3 GL Eleocharis palustris Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 269

APPENDIX F 

Appendix F—Species traits (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Duration Nativity Noxious Wetlanda

ELPA6 GL Eleocharis pauciflora Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

JUBA GL Juncus balticus Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

JUBR3 GL Juncus brachyphyllus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

JUCO2 GL Juncus confusus Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

JUDR GL Juncus drummondii Perennial Native to U.S. — FACWJUEF GL Juncus effusus Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

JUEN GL Juncus ensifolius Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

JUFI GL Juncus filiformis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW+

JUME3 GL Juncus mertensianus Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

JUNCU GL Juncus — — — —

JUPA GL Juncus parryi Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC+

KOSI2 GL Kobresia simpliciuscula Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

LUCA2 GL Luzula campestris Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LUHI4 GL Luzula hitchcockii Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

LUPA4 GL Luzula parviflora Perennial Native to U.S. — FACLUZUL GL Luzula — — — —

SCCY GL Scirpus cyperinus Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SCIRP GL Scirpus — — — —

SCMI2 GL Scirpus microcarpus Perennial Native to U.S. — OBL

ADPE FH Adiantum pedatum Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

ATFI FH Athyrium filix-femina Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

BOVI FH Botrychium virginianum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

CYFR2 FH Cystopteris fragilis Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

DRAU8 FH Dryopteris austriaca Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

DRFI2 FH Dryopteris filix-mas Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

EQAR FH Equisetum arvense Perennial Native to U.S. OR FAC

EQHY FH Equisetum hyemale Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

EQLA FH Equisetum laevigatum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

EQPA FH Equisetum palustre Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

EQUIS FH Equisetum — — — —

EQVA FH Equisetum variegatum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACW

GYDR FH Gymnocarpium dryopteris Perennial Native to U.S. — FAC

POMU FH Polystichum munitum Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

PTAQ FH Pteridium aquilinum Perennial Native to U.S. — FACU

WOOR FH Woodsia oregana Perennial Native to U.S. — NI

SPHAG2 MOSS Sphagnum — — — —

aUPL = obligate upland; FACU = facultative upland; FAC = facultative; + = faculative species more frequently found in wetlands; - = facultative species 

less frequently found in wetlands; FACW = facultative wetland; OBL = obligate wetland; NI = no indicator; — = insufficient or no information.
270 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX G

Appendix G: Subspecies and Varieties

Code Layer Scientific name Common name

Subalpine Fir Series:

ABLA-PIEN/LEGL-FLOODPLAIN

ACCOC3 F Aconitum columbianum Nutt. ssp. columbianum Columbian monkshood

CASCB GL Carex scopulorum Holm var. bracteosa (Bailey) F.J. Herm. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 GECAO F Gentiana calycosa Griseb. var. obtusiloba (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. explorer’s gentian

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. largeleaf lupine

 TITRU F Tiarella trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz oneleaf foamflower

ABLA-PIEN/MEFE-FLOODPLAIN

 MEFEG2 S Menziesia ferruginea Sm. var. glabella (Gray) M.E. Peck rusty menziesia

ABLA/VAME-FLOODPLAIN

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 CACAA8 G Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. acuminata Vasey ex Shear & Rydb. northern reedgrass

 CASCB GL Carex scopulorum Holm var. bracteosa (Bailey) F.J. Herm. Holm’s Rocky Mountain sedge

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. largeleaf lupine

 RAUNP F Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don var. parviflorus (Torr.) L. Benson Idaho buttercup

 TITRU F Tiarella trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz oneleaf foamflower

Engelmann Spruce Series:

PIEN-ABLA/CASC12

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 ELGLG F Elymus glaucus Buckl. ssp. glaucus blue wildrye

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

 ERSPS F Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. var. speciosus aspen fleabane

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 PUPAM2 G Puccinellia pauciflora (J. Presl) Munz var. microtheca (Buckl.) C.L. Hitchc. weak alkaligrass

PIEN-ABLA/SETR

 ACCOC3 F Aconitum columbianum Nutt. ssp. columbianum Columbian monkshood

 ARLUI F Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. incompta (Nutt.) Keck white sagebrush

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 ELGLJ G Elymus glaucus Buckl. var. jepsonii Burtt-Davy Jepson’s blue wildrye

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 GECAO F Gentiana calycosa Griseb. var. obtusiloba (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. explorer’s gentian

 HADIL F Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Ames Sierra bog orchid

 SOSPN2 F Solidago spathulata DC. var. neomexicana (Gray) Cronq. Mt. Albert goldenrod

PIEN/EQAR

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

Grand Fir Series:

ABGR/TABR2/LIBO3-FLOODPLAIN

 TITRU F Tiarella trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz oneleaf foamflower

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

ABGR/CRDO2/CADE9

 AGEXM3 G Agrostis exarata Trin. ssp. minor (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. spike bentgrass

 TRCAO F Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail var. occidentalis (Gray) C.L. Hitchc. western bugbane

ABGR/ACGL-FLOODPLAIN

 BEPAS SD Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. subcordata (Rydb.) heartleaved paper birch

 AGEXM3 G Agrostis exarata Trin. ssp. minor (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. spike bentgrass

 LANEC F Lathyrus nevadensis S. Wats. ssp. cusickii (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. Sierra pea

 TITRU F Tiarella trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz oneleaf foamflower

 TRCAO F Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail var. occidentalis (Gray) C.L. Hitchc. western bugbane

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 271

APPENDIX G 

Appendix G—Subspecies and varieties (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Common name

Douglas-Fir Series:

PSME/ACGL-PHMA5-FLOODPLAIN

 ELGLG G Elymus glaucus Buckl. ssp. glaucus blue wildrye

 HYFOS2 F Hypericum formosum Kunth ssp. scouleri (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. Scouler’s St. Johnswort

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 SEINE F Senecio integerrimus Nutt. var. exaltatus (Nutt.) Cronq. Columbia ragwort

 VIAMT2 F Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer American vetch

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

PSME/SYAL-FLOODPLAIN

 ELGLJ G Elymus glaucus Buckl. var. jepsonii Burtt-Davy Jepson’s blue wildrye

 PONEW G Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey var. wheeleri (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. Wheeler’s bluegrass

 SIMEM F Silene menziesii Hook. ssp. menziesii Menzies’ campion

 SPBEL S Spiraea betulifolia Pallas var. lucida (Dougl. ex Greene) C.L. Hitchc. shinyleaf spirea

Ponderosa Pine Series:

PIPO/SYAL-FLOODPLAIN

 SALAC S Salix lasiandra Benth. var. caudata (Nutt.) Sudworth greenleaf willow

 LODIM F Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance var. multifidum (Nutt.) carrotleaf biscuitroot

 Mathias & Constance

 VIAMT2 F Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer American vetch

PIPO/CRDO2

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

Lodgepole Pine Series:

PICO/CASC12

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

Black Cottonwood Series:

POTR15/ALIN2-COST4

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 RUIDG S Rubus idaeus L. var. gracilipes M.E. Jones grayleaf red raspberry

 TRCAO F Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail var. occidentalis (Gray) C.L. Hitchc. western bugbane

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

POTR15/SYAL

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

POTR15/ACGL

 ELGLG G Elymus glaucus Buckl. ssp. glaucus blue wildrye

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 VIAMT2 F Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer American vetch

Red Alder Series:

ALRU2/SYAL/CADE9

 ELGLJ G Elymus glaucus Buckl. var. jepsonii Burtt-Davy Jepson’s blue wildrye

White Alder Series:

ALRH2/MESIC SHRUB

 ELGLG G Elymus glaucus Buckl. ssp. glaucus blue wildrye

 PRVIM S Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg. black chokecherry

 RUIDG S Rubus idaeus L. var. gracilipes M.E. Jones grayleaf red raspberry

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

ALRH2/RUBUS

 RUIDG S Rubus idaeus L. var. gracilipes M.E. Jones grayleaf red raspberry

Willow Series:

SAAR27

 ASALH F Aster alpigenus (Torr. & Gray) Gray var. haydenii (Porter) Cronq. tundra aster

 SAARP5 S Salix arctica Pallas var. petraea (Anderss.) Bebb alpine willow

SABO2/CASC12

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 GECAO F Gentiana calycosa Griseb. var. obtusiloba (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. explorer’s gentian

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush
272 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX G

Appendix G—Subspecies and varieties (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Common name

SACO2/CASC12

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 GECAO F Gentiana calycosa Griseb. var. obtusiloba (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. explorer’s gentian

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. largeleaf lupine

SALIX/MESIC FORB

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

 EPGLM2 F Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. fringed willowherb

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. largeleaf lupine

 VESEH4 F Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl brightblue speedwell

 VIMAM F Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. macloskeyi small white violet

SALIX/CACA4

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

SAEX

 AGCAM G Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. ssp. majus (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. slender wheatgrass

 ARCHF F Arnica chamissonis Less. ssp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire Chamisso arnica

 ARLUI F Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. incompta (Nutt.) Keck white sagebrush

 ARLUL F Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. latiloba Nutt. white sagebrush

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 CAMIM5 F Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. ssp. miniata giant red Indian paintbrush

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 HYFOS2 F Hypericum formosum Kunth ssp. scouleri (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. Scouler’s St. Johnswort

 SAEXM S Salix exigua Nutt. ssp. melanopsis (Nutt.) Cronq. coyote willow

 SALAC S Salix lasiandra Benth. var. caudata (Nutt.) Sudworth greenleaf willow

 SARIM4 S Salix rigida Muhl. var. mackenzieana (Hook.) Cronq. MacKenzie’s willow

 SAWOI2 S Salix wolfii Bebb var. idahoensis Ball Wolf’s willow

SABO2/CAVE6

 None

SALIX/CAAQ

 None

SAFA/ALVA

 None

SACO2/CAUT

 None

SADR/SETR

 None

SALE/MESIC FORB

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. largeleaf lupine

 SAEXM S Salix exigua Nutt. ssp. melanopsis (Nutt.) Cronq. coyote willow

SASI2/EQAR

 STCAB2 F Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. bongardiana (Fern.) Fern. Sitka starwort

Low Shrub Series:

KAMI/CANI2

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

PHEM MOUNDS

 CAMEG S Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don var. gracilis (Piper) C.L. Hitchc. western moss heather

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

POFR4-BEGL

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

LEGL/CASC12

 None
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 273

APPENDIX G 

Appendix G—Subspecies and varieties (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Common name

Sitka Alder Series:

ALSI3/MESIC FORB

 ACCOC3 F Aconitum columbianum Nutt. ssp. columbianum Columbian monkshood

 ARLUL F Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. latiloba Nutt. white sagebrush

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

 SEINE F Senecio integerrimus Nutt. var. exaltatus (Nutt.) Cronq. Columbia ragwort

 STAMC F Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. chalazatus Fassett tubercle twistedstalk

 TITRU F Tiarella trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz oneleaf foamflower

ALSI3/ATFI

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

ALSI3/CILA2

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

Mountain Alder Series:

ALIN2/ATFI

 EPGLM2 F Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. fringed willowherb

 TITRU F Tiarella trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz oneleaf foamflower

ALIN2-COST4/MESIC FORB

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

ALIN2/GLEL

 RIHUP S Ribes hudsonianum Richards. var. petiolare (Dougl.) Jancz. western black currant

ALIN2/EQAR

 JUBAM GL Juncus balticus Willd. var. montanus Engelm. mountain rush

 SPBEL S Spiraea betulifolia Pallas var. lucida (Dougl. ex Greene) C.L. Hitchc. shinyleaf spirea

ALIN2-SYAL

 None

ALIN2/CADE9

 TRCAO F Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail var. occidentalis (Gray) C.L. Hitchc. western bugbane

Other Tall Shrub Series:

BEOC2/MESIC FORB

 ELGLG G Elymus glaucus Buckl. ssp. glaucus blue wildrye

 RUIDG S Rubus idaeus L. var. gracilipes M.E. Jones grayleaf red raspberry

COST4

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

CRDO2/MESIC FORB

 AMALP2 S Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer var. pumila (Torr. & Gray) Schneid. dwarf serviceberry

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

SYAL

 SAINC F Saxifraga integrifolia Hook. var. claytoniifolia (Canby ex Small) Rosendahl peak saxifrage

 SIMEM F Silene menziesii Hook. ssp. menziesii Menzies’ campion

ACGL

 POGRE F Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. var. elmeri (Rydb.) Jepson combleaf cinquefoil

 TRCAO F Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail var. occidentalis (Gray) C.L. Hitchc. western bugbane

CERE2/BROMU

 LODIM F Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance var. multifidum (Nutt.) carrotleaf biscuitroot

 Mathias & Constance

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

PHLE4/FORB

 AMALP2 S Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer var. pumila (Torr. & Gray) Schneid. dwarf serviceberry

 ELGLG G Elymus glaucus Buckl. ssp. glaucus blue wildrye

 VICAR F Viola canadensis L. var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. creepingroot violet

 VEPEX F Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell hairy purslane speedwell
274 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX G

Appendix G—Subspecies and varieties (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Common name

LOIN5/ATFI

 None

BEOC2/WET SEDGE

 ASFOC F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. canbyi Gray Canby’s aster

 STCAB2 F Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. bongardiana (Fern.) Fern. Sitka starwort

BEOC2/PHAR3

 None

COST4/ATFI

 EPGLM2 F Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. fringed willowherb

 TRCAO F Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail var. occidentalis (Gray) C.L. Hitchc. western bugbane

PHCA11

 None

PHMA5-SYAL

 LAPAP2 F Lathyrus pauciflorus Fern. var. pauciflorus fewflower pea

 POARC F Potentilla arguta Pursh ssp. convallaria (Rydb.) Keck cream cinquefoil

 RUIDG S Rubus idaeus L. var. gracilipes M.E. Jones grayleaf red raspberry

 VIAMT2 F Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer American vetch

RUPA

 RUIDG S Rubus idaeus L. var. gracilipes M.E. Jones grayleaf red raspberry

 VIAMT2 F Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer American vetch

RUBA

 None

RUDI2

 None

Wet Sedge Series:

CAAQ

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

 EPGLM2 F Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. fringed willowherb

CAUT

 JUBAV GL Juncus balticus Willd. var. vallicola Rydb. valley rush

 MIGUD2 F Mimulus guttatus DC. var. depauperatus (Gray) A.L. Grant seep monkeyflower

CAVE6

 None

ELPA6

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

SCMI2

 ASFOC F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. canbyi Gray Canby’s aster

 EPGLM2 F Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. fringed willowherb

 STCAB2 F Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. bongardiana (Fern.) Fern. Sitka starwort

 TRCAO F Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail var. occidentalis (Gray) C.L. Hitchc. western bugbane

CAEU2

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

CALI7

 None

CALE9

 None

CALE8

 CALEL GL Carex lenticularis Michx. var. lenticularis lakeshore sedge

CAAM10

 GATRP3 F Galium trifidum L. ssp. pacificum (Wieg.) Piper threepetal bedstraw

 HADIL F Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Ames Sierra bog orchid

 RUOCP F Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. var. procerus (Greene) J.T. Howell western dock
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 275

APPENDIX G 

Appendix G—Subspecies and varieties (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Common name

Moist Graminoid Series:

CASC12

 ACCOC3 F Aconitum columbianum Nutt. ssp. columbianum Columbian monkshood

 AGCAM G Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. ssp. majus (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. slender wheatgrass

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 ASFOP F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. parryi (D.C. Eat.) Gray Parry’s aster

 CACAA8 G Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. acuminata Vasey ex Shear & Rydb. northern reedgrass

 CACAP4 G Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. pallida (Vasey & Scribn.) Stebbins bluejoint reedgrass

 EPGLM2 F Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. fringed willowherb

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 ERPEE F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene var. eucallianthemus Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 HYFON F Hypericum formosum Kunth var. nortoniae (M.E. Jones) C.L. Hitchc. Nortons’s St. Johnswort

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. bigleaf lupine

 MIMOM2 F Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. var. moschatus muskflower

 STOCM G Stipa occidentalis Thurb. ex S. Wats. var. minor sensu C.L. Hitchc., non (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. Dore’s needlegrass

 VESEH4 F Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl brightblue speedwell

 VIMAM F Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. macloskeyi small white violet

CASC10-SAAR13

 ASALH F Aster alpigenus (Torr. & Gray) Gray var. haydenii (Porter) Cronq. tundra aster

 CASCP2 GL Carex scirpoidea Michx. var. pseudoscirpoidea (Rydb.) Cronq. western singlespike sedge

 HADIL F Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Ames Sierra bog orchid

CALU7

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 GECAO F Gentiana calycosa Griseb. var. obtusiloba (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. explorer’s gentian

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

CANI2

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 VESEH4 F Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl brightblue speedwell

CACA4

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

 EPGLM2 F Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. macounii (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. fringed willowherb

 ERSPS F Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. var. speciosus aspen fleabane

 GATRP3 F Galium trifidum L. ssp. pacificum (Wieg.) Piper threepetal bedstraw

 RAUNP F Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don var. parviflorus (Torr.) L. Benson Idaho buttercup

 TITRU F Tiarella trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz oneleaf foamflower

DECE

 None

ELCI2

 None

CAMU7

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

CAJO

 VESEH4 F Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl brightblue speedwell

CANE2

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. largeleaf lupine

 PUPAH G Puccinellia pauciflora (J. Presl) Munz var. holmii (Beal) C.L. Hitchc. Holm’s pale false mannagrass
276 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-682

APPENDIX G

Appendix G—Subspecies and varieties (continued)

Code Layer Scientific name Common name

CASU6

GATRP3 F Galium trifidum L. ssp. pacificum (Wieg.) Piper threepetal bedstraw

CAMI7

AGCAM G Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. ssp. majus (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. slender wheatgrass

ARLUI F Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. incompta (Nutt.) Keck white sagebrush

POGRB F Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. var. brunnescens (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. slender cinquefoil

 RAUNP F Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don var. parviflorus (Torr.) L. Benson Idaho buttercup

STOCM G Stipa occidentalis Thurb. ex S. Wats. var. minor sensu C.L. Hitchc., non (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. Dore’s needlegrass

JUBA

 POGRB F Potentilla gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. var. brunnescens (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. slender cinquefoil

 JUBAV GL Juncus balticus Willd. var. vallicola Rydb. valley rush

 STOCM G Stipa occidentalis Thurb. ex S. Wats. var. minor sensu C.L. Hitchc., non (Vasey) C.L. Hitchc. Dore’s needlegrass

Forb Series:

ALVA-CASC12

 ACCOC3 F Aconitum columbianum Nutt. ssp. columbianum Columbian monkshood

 EPALL2 F Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc. milkflower willowherb

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 ERPEE F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene var. eucallianthemus Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 GECAO F Gentiana calycosa Griseb. var. obtusiloba (Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc. explorer’s gentian

 HYFON F Hypericum formosum Kunth var. nortoniae (M.E. Jones) C.L. Hitchc. Nortons’s St. Johnswort

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

 VESEH4 F Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl brightblue speedwell

 VIMAM F Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. macloskeyi small white violet

SETR-MILE2

 ARCHF F Arnica chamissonis Less. ssp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire Chamisso arnica

 EPALN F Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann’s willowherb

 EPWAO2 F Epilobium watsonii Barbey var. occidentale (Trel.) C.L. Hitchc. Watson’s willowherb

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 LUPOB3 F Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. burkei (S. Wats.) C.L. Hitchc. largeleaf lupine

SPAN2

 None

NUPO2

 None

TYLA

 None

HELA4-ELGL

 None

VERAT

 ASFOC2 F Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC. var. cusickii (Gray) Cronq. Cusick’s aster

 BRCAC2 G Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. var. californicus (Nutt. ex Buckl.) Shear California brome

 CACAP4 G Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. pallida (Vasey & Scribn.) S. bluejoint reedgrass

 MEPAB F Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don var. borealis (J.F. Macbr.) L.O. Williams northern bluebells

 VESEH4 F Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl brightblue speedwell

RUOC2

 ERPEC F Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. subalpine fleabane

 LUCAM3 GL Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. common woodrush

ARLU

 ARLUL F Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. latiloba Nutt. white sagebrush
DEEP CANYON AND SUBALPINE RIPARIAN AND WETLAND PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE MALHEUR, UMATILLA, AND WALLOWA-WHITMAN NATIONAL FORESTS 277

APPENDIX H 

Appendix H: List of Animal Species Names

Common name Scientific name

American robin Turdus migratorius

Beaver Castor canadensis

Black bear Ursus americanus

Black-billed magpie Pica hudsonia

Blue grouse Dendragapus obscurus

Canada goose Branta canadensis

Canyon wren Catherpes mexicanus

Cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

Chickadee Poecile spp.

Chipmunk Tamias spp.

Chukar Alectoris chukar

Common snipe Gallinago gallinago

Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Crow Corvus spp.

Dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis

Deer mouse Peromyscus spp.

Elk Cervus elaphus

Flycatcher Empidonax spp.

Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa

Great blue heron Ardea herodias

Green-winged teal Anas crecca

Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus

Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon

Lazuli bunting Passerina amoena

Lesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipes

Long-eared owl Asio otus

Mountain chickadee Poecile gambeli

Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus

Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus

Nuthatch Sitta spp.

Orioles Icterus spp.

Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Quail Perdix californica

Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis

Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus

Ruby-crowned kinglet Regulus calendula

Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus

Rufous-sided towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus

Sandhill crane Grus canadensis

Sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus

Snowshoe hare Lepus americanus

Song sparrow Melospiza melodia

Squirrel Tamiasciurus spp.

Steller’s jay Cyanocitta stelleri

Thrush Catharus spp.

Tree frog Pseudacris regilla

Trout Oncorhynchus spp., Salvelinus spp.

Vireos Vireo spp.

Vole Microtus spp.

Warblers Dendroica spp.

Weasel Mustela frenata

Western garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides

Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo

Willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii

Winter wren Troglodytes troglodytes

Woodpeckers Picidae family

Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia

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