Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

1959 Quarterly Administrative reports

Introductory Note By Thomas L. Wright and Jennifer S. Nakata

Compiled By Jennifer S. Nakata

Summary 13

January, February, and March 1959

By Jerry P. Eaton and Harold L. Krivoy

Summary 14

April, May, and June 1959

By Jerry P. Eaton and Harold L. Krivoy

Summary 15

July, August, and September 1959

By Jerry P. Eaton and Harold L. Krivoy

 Draft of

Summary 16

October, November, and December 1959

By Harold L. Krivoy, Michael P. Lane, and Jerry P. Eaton 

Open-File Report 2007-1319

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark D. Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007

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INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Summaries have been published in the current format since 1956. The Quarterly 

Summaries (1956 through 1973) and the Annual Summaries (1974 through 1985) were originally published as Administrative Reports. These reports have been compiled and published as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports. 

The quarterly reports have been combined and published as one annual summary. All the summaries from 1956 to 

the present are now available as .pdf files at http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod.

The earthquake summary data are presented as a listing of origin time, depth, magnitude, and other location parameters. Network instrumentation, field station sites, and location algorithms are described. Tilt and other deformation 

data are included until Summary 77, January to December 1977. From 1978, the seismic and deformation data are 

published separately, due to differing schedules of data reduction. 

There are eight quarters—from the fourth quarter of 1959 to the third quarter of 1961—that were never published. 

Two of these (4th quarter 1959, 1st quarter 1960) have now been published, using handwritten notes of Jerry Eaton 

(HVO seismologist at the time) and his colleagues. The seismic records for the remaining six summaries went back to 

California in 1961 with Jerry Eaton. Other responsibilities intervened, and the seismic summaries were never prepared.

Chronology

The following Kïlauea eruption chronology covers the two recent reports and the six missing quarters:

Location Beginning Date Ending Date Comment

Kïlauea Iki crater (Kïlauea’s summit) 11/14/1959 12/20/1959 19 eruptive episodes

Kapoho (lower east rift zone) 1/13/1960 2/18/1960 4 eruption stages

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 2/24/1961 2/24/1961 Intermittent activity during 

uninterrupted inflation following the 1960 eruption

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 3/22/1961 3/25/1961 Same as above.

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 7/10/1961 7/17/1961 Same as above.

Heiheiahulu (middle east rift zone) 9/22/1961 9/25/1961 First historical east rift eruption at this location

The 1959-1960 eruptions were among two of the most spectacular Kïlauea eruptions. The HVO staff was kept busy 

with acquisition of unusually high quantities of instrumental data and observations of the two sequences, which 

were separated by less than one month. Even with a year’s interval before the beginning of the summit-east rift sequence in 1961, the staff never caught up, and the seismic records were set aside for later study. 

A total of 1,672 earthquakes—1,106 for 1960 and 566 for 1961—are part of HVO’s cataloged database. The annual 

listings have been appended to the 1st Quarter Report of 1960 and to the 4th Quarter Report for 1961. The number of 

earthquakes is probably low, biased toward the larger magnitudes. The entire HVO catalog, including 1960 and 1961, 

is accessible from the ANSS CATALOG SEARCH site at http://www.ncedc.org/anss/catalog-search.

 Thomas L. Wright and Jennifer S. Nakata 
UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY

SUMMARY 13

January-March 1959

by

J o P. Eaton and H~ L. Krivoy

Observatory Staff

Geology:

G. D. Fraser

C', K. Wentworth

Geochemistry:

W. U. Ault

K. J. Murata (Scientist-in-Charge)

G. Kojima

R. T. Okamura

July 1963

Geophysicsg

Jo Po Eaton

H. Lb Krivoy

Support~

Jo Co Forbes

W~ H~ Francis

B.~ J, Loucks

A, Yamamoto
HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY SUMMARY 13

Preface

~~-.s

The gradu.al improvement of instruments and techniques ernployed

in recording events at Hawaiian volcanoes necessitates an occasional

revision of the content and format of this summary 0 In such.revision

a compromise is sought between the need to summarize current data as

fully as possible and the desirability of maintaining continuity in

the type of data reported and the nature of its presentation6

In Sumnlary 9 the local earthquake statistical sunllnary was rTlodified

to eliminate its arbitrary dependence on the obsolete seismograph at

the Whitney station, and the summary of tilting at Kilauea caldera was

modified to permit a simpler, more useful presentation of the data,

Revisions incorporated into the present summary (13) again involve

local earthquakes and tiltinge, To permit the reporting of epicenters

of local earthquakes with the added precision made possible by recent

improvements in the seismograph network, epicenter locations will now

be given in terms of geographic coordinates; and the map (figo 2) has

been provided with latitude and longitude guides~ The pattern of

tilting around Kilauea caldera delineated by the· newly developed

liquid-level tiltmeter bases* will also be displayed in summaries

covering quarters during which measurements are rnade~ Weekly indications of tilting at the Whitney station will be -discontinued, for they

have proved to be so strongly dependent on vagaries of temperature and

rainfall as to be generally unreliable as an index to the swelling and

shrinking of the volcano 0

This summary also describes seismogt'aph installations operated by

the UoS, Geological Survey in Hawaii, Changes in the network will be

reported in the summary covering the quarter during which they occur.

and the entire network will be redescl"ibed in the sUlllmary covering the

first quarter of each year g

Measurements made during the first week of February at tilt bases

around Kilauea caldera revealed that the ground surface had tilted

outward from the south edge of the caldera since October 1958c From a

maximum rate of about 3 microradians per month at Uwekahuna and Summer

Camp, tilting decreased rapidly at greater distances from the caldera v

*J. P. Eaton, A portable water-tube tiltmeter, Seism~ Soc~ Arner~

Bull., v. 49, no. 4, pt 301-316, October 1959~

1
Tilting at Uwekahuna vault during the first quarter of 1959 was

rather erratic and did not reflect the gentle swelling of the Kilauea

summit indicated by the tilt bases around the caldera 0

More than l~OOO earthquakes were recorded at Uwekahuna during

January~ About 400 of these originated at very shallow depths beneath

Kilauea calderae On January 5 and 6 about 600 small to moderate earth~

quakes and several hours of accompaijying tremor from a source about 60

km deep and 10 km northeast of the.caldera were registered by seismo~

graphs around the summit of Kilauea and at Hilo," Although 29

earthquakes of this swarm were of magnitude 2~5 or larger, none was

felte

The largest e.arthquake in the Hawaiian region during January

occurred beneath the sea about 125 km south of Honolulu at 20015~ N,.

157055' W, on January 12 at OlhOSffi o Although its magnitude was ~oO,

it was not felt~

An earthquake with a magnitude of only lc6 which originated at a

very shallow depth beneath Kilauea.caldera was felt at the caldera at

16hllm on January 29~ A magnitude 2~9 earthquake from an epicenter

about 12 km east-northeast of Apua Point was felt in Hila at OSh33rn

on January 30~

Only 175 earthquakes were recorded at Uwekahuna during February~

marking a sharp decline in the number of shallow earthquakes beneath

the caldera¢

At 23h29m on February 9 a magnitude 3 0 5 earthquake from a source

about 5 km south of the caldera and 10 krn deep was felt at Kilauea

caldera and at Hiloo

On the evening of February 19 three earthquakes from an origin

about 12 krn northeast of Apua Point and 5 km deep were felt at

scattered points over most of the island of Hawaiic The first of these

earthquakes, with a magnitude of 4~O, occurred at 19h58m: It was

followed. at 20hOOm• by a magnitude 4:.5 earthquake, the largest earth~

quake in the Hawaiian region during February, which was felt at least

as far away as Honokaa~ The third earthquake. with a magnitude of 3 t S,

occurred at 20h3SmQ

The number of earthquakes recorded at Uwekahuna declined to 130

for Marchr Five of these were felto

At OSh32rn on March 5 a magnitude 3,5 earthquake from a focus 5 krn

deep and 10 krn north-northwest of Apua Point was felt from the vicinity

of the Desert seismograph station to Hilo~

2
The earthquake felt in Capt~ Cook at 16h45m on March 6 originated

beneath th.e oc'ean about 15 km west of Keahole Point: Its m.agnitude was

"+.0.

An earthquake with a magnitude of 3~5 from a source 5 km southeast

of Waikii and 15 km deep \AlaS felt at Pohakuloa at 04h26m on March g"

At 07h4Srn on March 12 a magnitude 4~O earthquake with an epicenter 10

km southeast of Honokaa and a focal depth of about 15 kIn was felt at

Kukuihaele (10 km northwest of Honakaa)~

The earthquake which was felt at Kilauea caldera and Capt~ Cook

at 07h49ffi on March 17 emanated from a focus 10 km southeast of

Mokuaweoweo and 5 km deep~ Its magnitude was 3~5c

Briefly, this quarter may be summarized as a period of continuing,

slow inflation of the summit of Kilauea~ The swarm of tiny shallow

earthquakes beneath Kilauea caldera which was so pronounced in January

declined greatly during February and March,:,

Tilting of the .&!:.ound around Kilauea.caldera

Tilting of the ground around the summit of Kilauea is monitored

daily by a short~base water-tube tiltrneter in Uwekahuna vault t and at

irregular intervals it is measured on a regional scale by means of a

network of field tilt bases and a portable water-tube tiltmeter

(tables 1 and 2): The attitude of the ground surface at each tilt

base is reported in terms of north=south and east--west tilt coordi=

nates, Both coordinates at each station were arbitrarily set equal to

500 when measurements at that station were bugun~ Increasing tilt

coordinates correspond to northward and eastward tilting of the earth~s

surface, that is, to a relative subsidence toward the north and east:

A l-unit change in coordinate corresponds to a l--micrf)x'adian (1 Tnm per

krn) tilt in the direction indicated~

Events recorded by the U~S~ Geological Survey seismograph network

. i.n Hawaii fall into two categoriesi local earthquakes and tremor

originating in the region of the Hawaiian Islands~ usually within 100

km of the Observatory, and distant earthquakes originating farther

than 3,000 km from Hawaii~ As an index of seismic activity at

Hawaiian volcanoes~ weekly totals of earthquakes with magnitudes of

2c5 or greater~ earthquakes with magnitudes less than 2~5, and minutes

of continuous tremor~ all recorded on the HVO~l seismograph at

Uwekahuna t are reported in table 3c Earthquakes of magnitude 205 or

greater are generally sufficiently well recorded to be located; they

are listed individually in table 4~ Data on identifiable phases from

distant earthquakes are listed in table 5:

Locations of t:be seismograph stations are shown on figure 2!. and

essential data on the stations are given in table 6:

3
Table 1.--Ti1t coordinates at Uwekahuna vault, January-March 1959

Date N-S E-W Date N-S E-W ..

Jan. 4 511 455 Feb. 22 506 456

11 513 457 Mar. 1 504 458

18 508 457 8 505 459

25 504 4·58 15 507 460

Feb. 1 506 456 22 507 464

8 504 457 29 511 466

15 504 458

4
Table 2.--Tilt coordinates and changes at tilt bases around Kilauea caldera (see fig. 

Tilt base Date Tilt coordinates Direction and rate ··Date 

(location) (1959) of tilting since la

N-S E-W last reading read

(10-6 rad/mo) : (19

Uwekahuna Feb. 2 543.9 472.7 3.3 N. w. Oct. 

(19°25.5' N., 155°17.4' w.)

Tree Molds Feb. 5 508.6 499.. 0 2.2 N. 7° w. . Oct. 

(19°26.3' N. , 155°17.3' w. )

Summer Camp Feb. 8 508.4 427.1 3.. 1 N. 77° E. Oct. 

(19°24.6' N. , 155°15.6' w.)

Sand Spit Feb. 8 505.1 494.1 2.4 49° W.. Oct .. 

(19°24.1' N. , 155°16.8' w.)

Ka1ihipaa Feb. 9 495.9 503.3 0·9 So 42° E.. Octo 

(19°21.4' N. , 155°15.3' w. )

Keamoku Mar. 2 500.0 500.. 0 --- --------- -----

(19°25.1' N., 155°19.0' w. )

Kamokukolau Mar. 4 500.0 500.0 --- ----

(19°22.7' N., 155°16.6' W.. )

:
• Kam C

.KN

J----I

TILTING RATE 2.5)( 10- 6 RADIANS/ MONTH N

-----5KM I~r

Figure l.--Tilting of 'the ground around Kilauea caldera. Oct. 6. 1958.

to Feb. 6. 1959. The vector depicting tilting at a given tilt

base points in the direction of maximum relative subsidence and

has a length proportional to the rate of tilting during the

measurement interval. Closed circles represent field tilt bases;

open circles, short-base water-tube tiltrneters.

6
Table 3.--Local earthquakes and tremor recorded by the HVO-1

seismograph at Uwekahuna, January-March 1959

Week Number of earthquakes Minutes of

beginning continuous

Magnitude Z2. 5 Magnitude <2.5 tremor

Jan. 4 33 ca. 700 cae 400

11 1 57 106

18 0 115 14

25 4 84 68

Feb. 1 1 37 3

8 L~ 45 0

15 5 39 30

22 3 40 0

Mar. 1 2 23 0

8 4 35 33

15 2 32 0

22 5 18 64

29 3 26 0

'-:-" .

--_-.-.....-........._~--
Table 4.--Local earthquakes- recorded by seismographs of the U.S. Geological Surve

January-March 1959

[Except for smaller earthquakes of special interest, only earthquakes with

magnitudes of 2.5 or greater are listed. Time is Hawaiian standard]

Date Time Magnitude Epicenter Rem

h m s . Latitude Longitude Des.cription

- -

N W

Jan. 1 18 36 00 2.5 19°21' 155°56' 5 km SW of Hookena------- abou

2 00 19 39 2.8 19°25' 155°26' 10 km NW of D-esert- Depth ab·ou

seismograph.

2 04 15 08 2.8 19°29' 155° 56' 5 km SSW of Kea1akekua--- Do.

3 03 04 35 2. ·5 19°26' 155°56' 4 km WNW of Honaunau----- Depth abou

3 18 25 38 2.9 19°26' 155°16' Beneath NE rim of 30 km deep

Kilauea caldera.

5 07 35 17 2.6 19°33' 1550 39' 10 km NW of Mokuaweoweo-- At shallow 

5 15 41 34 2·5 19°29' 155°13' 10 km NE of Uwekahuna---- Depth abou

of seve

small ea

this sou

5 16 25 26 2·9 --do--- -----do------------------ Do .

5 16 35 31 2.5 --do"",-=- ---do--- Doo

J 18 00 10 2,5 a.-do .... .c .... ..,do ..... -= Doo
Table 4. --Local earthquakes recorded by seismographs of-the-'lt;·S'. Geological- SUTV

January-March 1959--Continued

Date Time Magnitude Epicenter Rem

h ill s Latitude Longitude Description

-

N W

Jan. 5 18 07 22 2.6 19°29' 155°13' 10 km NE of Uwekahuna---- Depth-abou

of seve

. _0 s-mald o:e

thios sou

5 19 30 42 3·2 --do--- ---do--- -----do------------------ ·oDo.

5 20 55 13 2.7 --do--- ---do--- -----do------------------ .Do.

5 21 13 04 2.8 --do--- ---do---

5 22 03 46 2.5 --do--- ---do--- -----do------------------ Do

5 22 09 04 2.5 --do--- ---do--- -----do------------------ Do

5 22 33 17 2.5 --do--- ---do--- -----do------------------ Do

5 22 34 03 2.5 --do--- ---do.... -- Do

5 22 54 53 2·9 --do--- ---do--- -----do------------------ _Do 

5 23 01 02 2·9 --do--- ---do--- -----do------------------ Do

0.

6 00 21 24 2.°5 --do--- ---do=-- -----do------------------ Doo

6 02 39 24 3.0 --do--.... --....do-.., .... -----do------------------ Do

6 04 01 32 2c7 ..:--do-.... c= .... - Doc
Table 4.--Lofal earthquakes recorded by seismographs of the UoSo Geological Survey,

1959--Continued

Date Time Epicenter Remarks

'.-

h m s Latitude Longitude Description - - ...

N W

Jan., 6 04 09 21 2('9 155013 ' 10 km NE of Uwekahuna.... c=- Depth about 

One of se

hundred sm

earthquak

this sour

5-6(\

6 04 25 13 --.-do--... - ...-do---- Do(\

6 04 35 18 2 f1 5 -.a-do--- -c=-do-...-- Doo6 05 13 03 ---do-...,,- DO<l

6 05 46 49 2t.9 ---do--- ae--do---- DOt6 06 36 26 2c8 ---do--.... ---doo=oc=:_-. DOb

6 06 42 17 2t>5 -c=-do--c= -.--do-...-.- Doo

6 10 38 20 2n5 ---do--=> --.... do--.c=c:=> ... DOn

6 11 50 24 2('8 -eoe...doe-=o= C31'--do...,.-c=- 00<,

6 12 08 35 3,6 20 0 45 U 155°32 9 120 km east of Hanal) Depth about 

Mauie
Table 4o--Local earthquakes recorded by seismographs of the UcSe Geological-Survey,

January-March

Date Time M.agnitude Epicenter Remark

h rn s Lat-ituae. Longitude bescription

- - -

_.-- N - W

Jan" 6 13 20 54 205 19°29' 155°13' 12 krn NE of Depth about 

6 14 51 12 2()7 .,. ..-do.-_.... ....,.,-do---- Doo

6 19 03 14 2c7 .....to::t=doc..-- _cc-do... --c::>... DOe

7 17 37 43 205 19°26' 155°28 V 10 km SW of Mauna Loa Depth about 

seismographc

10 08 58 32 31'2 19°19 i 155°10 g 7 km NNE of Apua Point=-- At shallow

12 01 05 15 4{.0 200 15 v 157°55 v 125 km south of Depth about 

Honoluluo

26 00 36 43 190 24 w 1550 29 w 13 km NW of Desert .Depth about 

seismograph()

29' 16 10 45. 1<.6 190 25{? 155°17' Felt at Kilauea At shallow d

30 01 16 17 2,,7 190 22{1 1550 25 i 5 km NW of Desert Depth about 
Table 4 f) --Local earthquakeas recorded. by .seismographs of the U() So Geological Survey,

January-March

Date Time Epicente·r Remarks '.

h m· s Latitude Description - - -

...

N W

Jane 30 05 32 41 2()9 155°07' 12 km ENE of Apua Point!' Depth about 

Felt in Hilon

Febtl 5 13 28 12 2 0 7 20°00' 10 km east of KamuelaC::>C:::OeD Depth about 

9 23 28 51 305 19°21; 155017 i 5 km south of Outlet Depth about 

seismographc Felt at

Kilauea caldera and

Hi10fl

10 14 01 44 206 19023 tl 155025 i 7 km NW of Desert Depth about 

seismograph f'.

10 19 10 27 2(\5 190 13 v 155013 v 5 km SW of Apua Point=---- Doc

13-' 02 30 40 2tl5 19°22' 155°19 9 5 km SW of Outlet Dot.

seismographr-
Table earthquakes recorded by seismographs of the UcSo Geological Survey,

January-March 1959a:>-Continued

Date Time Magnitude Epicenter Remarks

h m s -

.,....

Latitude Longitude Description

Feb, I? 19 50 53 15 km west of Keahole

Pointt'

Depth about 

19 19 58 01

I

; I I

19 i 20 I. 00 ! 28

1 9 20 I 3 I 04

:0 161 0: I08

26 00 10 27

28°" 00 24 17

28 , 06 i 54 54

-.."...do-.--

....

_

..

---do-... aoo

.".,,,,,,,,_odo---

12 km NE of Apua Depth about 

Felt at scattered

points over the

Island of Hawaii

Cook 8 Honokaa 8

Hilo, Hawaii National

Park) "

50 km west of Depth about 

60 km west of Kealakekua Depth about 

Bayt>

7 krn west of At shallow 

20 km west of Uwekahuna Depth about 
Table 4.--Local seismographs of the U.S. Geological Survey.

Januarx-Marclil959';'-Corrtinued

...

Date Time .EpicenteJ' Remar

.- -

h m ·s Latitude Description

- .. -

."

·N 'W

Mar. S 05 32 10. 3.5 19°20' 155°13' lO'xm NNW of Apua Depth 

Felt from Kapapala (10

km SW of Desert seisto Hilo&

6 16 45 lS 4.0 19°44 9 150°12' 15 km west of Keahole Depth 

Point a Felt at

Cook 0

J :

9 04 25 305 190 50 ' 155°38' 5 km ·SE of Waikii. Felt Do.

v at Pohakuloa.

:

9 10 16 33 2.8 19°22 ' iS5026' 7 km NW of Desert Depth abou

.' ,

10 21 08 58 2 e 5 190 23' 155°20' 7 km sw of Uwekahuna Doo

on SW .1'ift zone of

Kilauea.

12 07 44 S5 20°01' 155°25' 10 km SE of Honokaa. Depth abou

Felt at Kukuihaele (lo'i

km NW of Honokaa).

17 07 49 07 3.5 19°24' 155°32' 10 km SE of·Mokuaweoweo Depth abou

calde"X'8o Felt at

Kilauea caldera and

Ca.pt. Cook.
Table earthquakes recorded by seismographs of the Geological Survey.

January-March 1959--Continued

-=arav _4Awa_24SU - 

Date Time Magnitude Epicenter Remark

h rn s Latitude Longitude Description ... - ...

N W

Mart' 21 05 37 31 2c7 19°26' 155°33' 7 km SE of Mokuaweoweo Depth about 

- -

22 00 40 19 19°26' 155°16 ' Beneath NE rim of 35 km deep()

Kilauea calderac

22 00 58 01 2(>6 19°26' 155°30' 20 km west of Uwekahuna- At shallow

24 01 16 52 2c;6 19°23' 155°16 v 2 km east of Outlet Depth about 

seismographr

25 07 27 14 2.,7 200 02 v 1550 25 i 8 km SE of Depth about 

25 12 51 13 3eO 19°14' 155°11 w 3 km south of Apua DOr

Pointe

29 10 52 31 206 19°23' 2 km west of Outlet Depth about 

seismograph 0

30 01 39 01 19°12' 155°33' 15 km north of Naalehu-- At shallow 
[T~mes are reported in Greenwich civil time, which is 10 hours faster

than Hawaiian standard time>: A "c" following the time of P indicates

that the first motion was·a compression; a ltd",. that it was a dila..."

tation, Station symbols, locations, and instrumentation are presented

in table 6. Locations of epicenters, origin times, focal depths, and

magnitudes are from the notices of Preliminary Determination of

Epicenters published by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey~]

Jan, 5 .......

M Z

o z

D Z

u z

iP 09:56:03.1 c

iP 09:56:02.5 c

iP 09:56:01~6 c

iP 09:56:02~5 c

M Z

o z

D Z

u z

eP 21:28:45~6 c

eP 21:28:44.7 c

iP 21:28:44~7 c

u PEZ eS 10:03:35 Hi Z

U PEZ eR 10:11:07

171-1/2° E~t 220 S~. 09:46:42

Loyalty Is. region

Magnitude 6-1/2 to 6-3/4

" I _ ..til; ,

Jan. 13

25"., 1 / 20 S ~, 1.800

South of Fiji Is~

h = 500

I~agnitude 6-1/2

~~

Jan:> 16

13-1/2° N., 1460 Et' 01:15:25

Mariana Is.

l"1agnitude 6-3/1+

u PEZ eR 01:41:16

Jan. 13 -~""'~""'.~..

1"1 Z eP Ol:38:16~4

D Z.1 e 01:38:16,,7

U Z eP 01:38:20 .. 6

U PEZ eS 01: lt3 29

U p--n

_ LlJ eR 01:47;36

go N~t 33-1/2° W., 08:34:08

Costa Rica region

h = 100

o z eP 08:45:20.7 52° Ne~ 1710 W~t 01:31:25

Fox Is~ Aleutian Is~

h :: 60

16
Table 5.--Distant e~r~r~ua~~~--Continued

ll!a

eP 20:28:18~.7

eR 20:37~26

e 19:52:29,,4

e 05:18:23~8

eP 05:18:23~1

iP 05~18g2306

iP 0 5 ti 5 5 : 4 2 9

Jan~ 26 l

ipP 05:18g46 c 9

Jan~, 29 .!'t'_.l.~"'·.l·"-

52° N~! 1740 W~~ 20~21:27

Andr~anof 1St Aleutian Is~

Magnitude 5~3/4 to 6

,Jan" 24 ~~l""

u z

u z

16a l/2° S~t 174-1/2° We' 05~48z27

Samoa Is~ regi.on

H = 300

o z

D Z

15° N~t 92-1/2° W~t 19:42:20

Mexico-Guatemala border

Hagnitudt;} 6--1/ L~

o z

Hi Z

D Z

37-1/20 Nt. 1410 Eo, 05~08:35

Coast of Honshu, Japan

h = 100

u

Hi Z

M Z

. &3 l"

\

I;

340 N., 1420 E.• 05:10:25

Coast of Honshu t Japan

Magnitude 6-3/4 to 7

.~~

Jant 16

M Z T 17:37

0 Z T 17:37

D Z T 17:37

U Z T 17:37

Hi Z T 17:37

Ha Z T 17:36

520 N •• 131-1/20 w.

Queen Charlotte 1st.

Jan • 22 ......... $

M Z eP 05:20:11.3

0 Z e 05:20:15.9

D Z e 05:20:10,9

U Z eP 05:20:13.7 c

U PEZ iP 05:20:13.5 d

U PEZ is 05:28:06

U PEN eQ 05:33:36

U PEZ iR 05:36:02

Hi Z eP 05:21:04.8 d

Ha Z e 05:21:04.8

17
U PEE

M Z

o z

Jane 30 _.-..,;:W"!~.

iP 00:28:38.5

iP 00:28:37.6

c

c

M z

Jano 30 -,...

is 22~34:19

D Z iP 00:28:38.5 c U PEZ iR 22:41:59

U Z iP 00:28:38.3 c

U PEZ eR 00:42:52

44° N~, 1440 E~, 22:16~47

Hokkaido, Japan

Magnitude 6-1/4

Hi Z iP 00:28:38.6 c

100 S .• 1610 E~, 00:19:25

Solomon Is~

Magnitude 6-3/4

6-1/2° S~. 126° E6' 03:56:12

Banda Sea

h = 150

Ha Z iP 00:28:38,6 c

_JanCl 30 ... _--

M Z

o z

,~,

Feb 2

iP 04:08:18~1 d

iP 04:08~18~5 d

M Z iP 18:18:49.6 d

o z iP 18:18:49.2 d

M Z

Febll 5

iP 01 :12 01 0 9

D Z

u Z

iP 18:18:48.3 d

iP 18:18:49~5 d

o z

D Z

iP 01:12:0204

iP 01:12:0207

Hi Z iP 18:18:51.9 d

Hi Z iP 01:12

Ha Z iP 18:18:55.0 d

u PEZ

1

31° S.• 1790 Wit 18:09:02 J Alaska Peninsula

Kermadec lSi I h - 100

-_.....---...J..an-.-3..0-_...._--.-._~~....... __i_.... ......I ..I ............~--~~~

-=._- t

i

44° N•• 1440 E~t 20:38:58

Hokkaido, Japan t

Magnitude 5-3/4 to 6 t

~.-c.._-"'---""··"'·---·f

18
Table 5.--Distant e~r!p9..uak~--Continued

:eel • • &. •• -"",1l • ..At

Feb. 6 ~..-...

M Z iP 14:40:03.1 c

0 Z iP 14:40:03.6 c

D Z iP 14:40:03.7 c

U Z iP 14:40:03.1 d

U Z i 14:40:l8.0

U Z Tmax 15:18:42

U PEZ eS 14:45:49

U PEZ eR 14:48:48

Hi Z eP 14:40:02.2 c

Hi Z i 14:40:16.6

Ha Z eP 14:39:49.1 c

Ha Z i 11-1- : 40 : 04 41 8

Ha Z Tmax 15:16:25

51-1/2° Nt. 175-1/2° W., 14:33:02

Andreanof Is. Aleutian Is.

Magnitude 6

19

11_.A'tIW'W....... I I 1 I . ""_SI ... Feb 7 -.nlr~.....

M Z iP 09:48:43~8 c

H Z i 09:48:57 0 8

0 Z iP 09:48:43/10 c

0 Z i 09~48:5701

D Z iF 09 : Lt8 : 43 (I 6 c

D Z i 09:48:57 e 5

U Z eP 09:48:42~8 d

U Z i 09:48:56 0 7

U FEZ iP 09:48:42 c O c

U PEE is 09:58:23~8

U PEN is 09:58:26~6

U PEZ is 09:58:27~8

U PEN iG 10:08:29

U PEZ iR 10:11:11

Hi Z iP 09:48:42.;2 d

Ha Z eP 09~48:52~1 c

I.~O S. 81-1/2° WII , 09:36:51

Coast: of Peru

~lagni tude 7-1/4

__"liCk .................................'Il:!J •• ImlllWu .UlIlJ"'~
~~~lMf~."~.ec~..,....it/'(l~""M<,,.,...·.,'.•~Mtlllii I __ n J: ."'~,"~~9!li~""",~lllIlIl\M;""~~_~~~lII&'.~ -S.,;i

Feb. 7 J Feb~ 9 ~"'IU/,llIt'Il'!' t -"'''''''':I~rrMJo'''.:'k40·.

M Z iF 10:21:22.0 d

0 Z iP 10:21:22.6 d

D Z iP 10:21:22.0 d

U Z iP 10:21:24.1 d

Hi Z iP 10:21:24.1

11a Z iP 10:21:15.9 d

160 N. t 1460 E •• 10:11:39

Mariana Is.

!m ..- I. Ina

Feb. 8 ..(---

M Z iP 05:54:13.2 c

0 Z iP 05:54:13.0 c

U Z iP 05:54:13.5 c

Hi Z iP 05:54:16.7 c

Ha Z iP 05:53:19.8 c

23() S •• 1800 t 05:46:15

South of Fiji

h = 600

- ............_..~~........

M Z eP 04 : 49 28 ;.9

0 Z eP 04:49~3303

D Z e 04:49:34 c 3

U Z iP 04:49:33~2

Hi Z eP 04:49 :28.0

50-1/2° N•• 177-1/2° Wg • 04:42~33

Andreanof Is 0 Aleutian ISb

Feb\) 9 ,.. "'Wcfa1ll

M Z eP 21:22:5509

0 Z e 21:22:55Q6

D Z e 21:22:55.5

U PEZ eR 21:38:37

Hi Z iP 21:22:57 0 6

Hi Z epP 21:23~18~1

Ha Z eP 21:22~53~5

5° S~, 154° E., 21:13~18

Solomon 15/\

h = 100

20
...M .....N~..-:t•.• UlliUflClll'l:w~:.'l'~::'II¥"";;~• ..t...~"JtMt~r.m'''''''''Ii'!¥}I''''''''_''''"",,*,-ftl~'''''''~''W., ....ttw';;;'''.~I''~'l1'''"''!l:''''~'''')''''~'''.,t''''iliTJ''ilitl«'''''':L:I~,~",

Feb co 11 Feb. 23

M Z

o z

iP 14:16:5o_4 c

iP 14:16:49.5 c

U PEZ eR 02:26:05

5-1/2° S~, 1500 Eo, 01:58~38

New Britain

16° N., 97° W" 13:52:13

Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico

Magnitude 6

...,..

Feb 0 23

53~1/2° No, 1590 E~, 10:31:14

Kamchatka

h ::: 100

U PEZ

Feb. 11 ___._1

eR 21:53:39

M Z iP 10:39:53,,6

15° S., 173-1/2° W., 21:36:46

Samoa Is. region

Feb. 15 -.......,..~1fCimltWlP

H Z

Febt:. 27

eP 21:07:43,,1

U PEZ eR 04:59:12 lJ PEZ eR 21:28:13

59-1/2° S't 26° W" 04:42:35

Sandwich Is.

Magnitude 6-3/4

27-1/2° Nt, 129 0 E~, 20~56~30

Ryukyu Is.

Mar II 1 ... 111 .B

Feb • 17 ..,......,............

M Z iP 12:09:52.1 c

0 Z iP 12:09:53.0 c

D Z iP 12:09:53.1 c

U '-' £.1 eP 12:09:52.7 d

U PEZ is 12:1S:21

lJ PEE iQ 12:16:59

U PEZ iR 12:17:08

51-1/2° NIi , 171° W. t 12:03:05

Fox Is. , Aleutian Is.

Magnitude 6 to :6-1/4

..~'

21

M Z

U Z

U PEZ

U PEN

eP 17:00:33Q6

iP 17:00:3502

eP 17:00:38

e::; 17~lO~OO

iQ 1 7 ; 18 tl~l,

iR 17:21:55

iP 17:00:39.5

iF 17:00:33,,7
Mar. 3 .·..,..__"f"tr.... ~:a~ _ Mar" 19

Ha Z Tmax 00:09:41 u PEZ eR 09:13;20

37-1/2° N., 122° W., 23:27:15

Coast of California

Magnitude 4.9

350 Nn, 360 Wf't 08:25~32

North Atlantic

Magnitude 6-1/4

u PEZ eS 01:47:32 u PEN

Marc 23 "~,,,_,

eQ 07:26:43

u

u

PEN

PEZ

eQ 01:53:10

iR 01:56:20

40 0 N,t 1180 W~t 07:10:22

Western Nevada

Magnitude 6-1/4

7° N., lL~5° E. 't 01: 29: 07

Caroline Is.

Magnitude 6

u PEZ eR 1'7:45;17

Mar. 17 ""~.~.I(A:.'4K.,)

34° N~ t 1420 E~, 17:18:24

Coast of Honshu, Japan

20° S., 178-1/2° W~, 19:47~07

Fiji 1St

Magnitude 5-3/4 to 6

h = 600

M Z eP 08:36:27.8

0 Z iF 08:36:26.2 d

D Z iP 08:36:25.5 d

U Z eP 08:36:26 d

U PEZ eP 08:36:27 d

U PEZ eR 09:01:37

Hi Z eP 08:36:27.4- c

Hi Z

Mar~ 28 ~,~-",,-

iP 19:54:40 0 2

Mar. 31 u.nrMltlsl~p

15° S~t 1730 W" 07:20:45

27-1/2° N. t 1300 E., 08:25:22

Ryuku Is.

Magnitude 5-3/4 to 6

u PEE eQ 07:38:45

Samoa Is~

Magnitude 6

~'~".ii:-o-lt"':';J~·;;~·':....un"""'I...a-~~·!"~.;~t1I,\""«"~~4I!i·~"Jl"i·"", .........__~:O'~.l~' ~~nnD . rw AftJl'@ 1IlJ' .. i!t .eN .~

~~'tI~.H.'n· "~d'!P«D_I,~"""IiHm.."!«'l"'~n'8....,.w_{.:Jt&lilI"t _~~\~IlRaaJ""'"~lIIftn~~~

22
10' -+------ J

I.' -+---------~

I"·

EXPLANATION

• S.llm09laph Station

• Town or locality

10 1& Mil..

10 1& 20 25 tt,....,.,.

Contour int.rval 1,000 f••t

O"u'" i. fIl.Oft ... '.v,1

To,•.,.,Il.. b, US G••lo.leol Sun...

Laupoho.hO. --i 20.

eo,.

K"-.hl

,---------------------+-----------I'·

Figure 2.--Map of the Island of Hawaii showing seismograph stations

operated by the Geological Survey and localities mentioned in the

text. Epicenters of local earthquakes are given in terms of

geographic coordinates. which are indicated at the edges of the

map.

23
__

.. ,,"' , ......... Al:tUde '1M, ,l" • '0" EqUiPmen

i \ m) (Z. vertical; N.. 'n'or

Station

19°25.4' .155°17.6'1 1,240 I Long-period Press':'Ewing: 

(Hawaiian Volcano J i I j (seismometer and galvano

Observatory) • I I r I and 90 se

f ! I. Short-period Sprengnether: 

ij 5. £ 

i I., i HVO-l: f i i Short-base liquid-level ti

Ma.una J' 2 i 

Loa·...- --".,..".--- UO' M 19° 29 .. 8' i '" r t,J ,u I Remote recordi,ng HVO-= 2 Z

a ;;

Outlet-=,-.-c,----..---I 0 119023 ,4' ..·.l.,. 1550 16.9'(.', ...'-.: Remote recording Z

f! I Short-base ti

Desert,.. .. --ti D ![190 20.2' "155°23. 3W i 815 i Remote recording HVO-2: Z

N ''}.. p" f t N 19°24.9' 1550 17.0'1 1,115 I Remote recording HVO-2: Z

W . 19°25.9' 1155015<.7" 1,210 t,!.l

I I I I Short-base liquid-level til

B:iio,.--..-----------f Hi i 19°43.2' i 1550 05 0 3',1 20 I N, E. Op

.. Sister Thecla at St .. Jos

I

I:,.. I School.

f I
rv

U'l

Station

Kamuela- _ex - - - - ...--

Haleakala, Maui----

Symbol

Na

Fa

Ka

Ko

Ha

Location Altitude

(rn)

above se--

level

205

205

815

495

2,090

Equipment

(Z, vertical; N, nor

E, east-west

Joucks--Omori: N, E;'

period 3 seconds). Oper

Mr. 'Alfred Kahakua at Na

School.

oucks-Omori: N, E; {seism

period 3 seconds}. Oper

Mr. Kongo Kimura at Paho

oucks.... Omori: N, E;

period 3 Oper

T. C. Mills at Waime

(seismometer period 9 se

Operated by Mr. Howard 

Konawaena School.

HVO-l: z.

Wood-Anders on ; N E., Ope

the staff of Hawaii Nati

at Haleakala, Maui.

1/ HVO-,l is a moving-coil, hinged, seismograph with seismometer 

galvanometer periods of Overdamping of both seismometer and galvanometer is 

control the strong galvanometer reaction. This seismograph has a peak magnification of 

at a period of 0.25 Recording is on photographic papert
2/ HVO-2 is

a moving-coil, vertical-component seismograph with

a seismometer perio

0.8 seconde Its signal is transmitted over telephone wires to the Hawaiian Volcano Obs

where it is recorded on smoked paper. The response of this seismograph is similar to th

HVO-l. Records from these seismographs at the

Mt 0, and

D stations are recorded on

a 3-

drum to permit an accurate comparison of arrival times at these stations.
UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY

SUMMARY 14

April~June 1959

by

J o Po Eaton and Ho Lo Krivoy

Observatory Staff

Geology:

Go Do Fraser

Co Ko Wentworth

Geochemistry:

Wo Uo Ault

Ko J o Murata (Scientist-in-Charge)

G~ Kojima

Ro To Okamura

July 1963

Geophysics:

J. Po Eaton

HI) L. Krivoy

Support:

J. Co Forbes

Wo Ho Francis

Bo J o Loucks

Ao Yamamoto
HAWAIIAN VOLCANO 013SLRVATORY SUMMARY 14

By J. P. ~aton and H. L. Krivoy

Releveling of tilt bases around Kilauea caldera in late April and

early May disclosed that the pattern of tilting around the caldera

during February, March. and April was somewhat more complicated than

during the preceding few months. Tilting rates were moderate at all

stations, averaging about 4 microradians per month. with a maximum of

10.3 at Sand Spit and a minimum of 1.1 at Uwekahuna. All stations

except Uwekahuna and Tree Molds. both on the northwest rim of the

caldera, tilted away from an east-northeast to west-southwest axis

just southeast of the caldera. Moderate tumescence along this a~is

and a slight re1ative collapse along the northwest rim of the caldera

are suggested by the tilt pattern.

During/April. 138 earthquakes were recorded at Uwekahuna. Three

of these. with magnitudes between 2 and 2.5. occurred beneath the

summit of Kilauea at depths of 10 to 30 km.

The largest earthquake in.the Hawaiian region during April came

from a focus 35 km deep and 20 krn east of the summit of Haleakala

volcano on Maui at l7h34m on April 24. It has a magnitude of 3.58

No earthquakes were reported felt during Aprili

Only 137 earthquakes were recorded at Uwekahuna during May, and

none was reported felt.

On May 5 a small swarm of tiny. deep earthquakes accompanied by

about 4 hours of very weak spasmodic tremor stemmed from a zone about

10 km north of Kilauea caldera and.55 km deep. The largest of.these

earthquakes occurred at 17h51m and had a magnitude of only 2.2. About

60 distinct earthquakes from this swarm appeared on the Mauna Loa

seismograph. '

At 14h2Sm on May 7 a magnitude 3.1 earthquake originated about

5 km southwest of Halemaumau at a depth of about 30 km. The largest

earthquake in Hawaii during May originated about 3 km southwest of

Halernaumau at a depth of .about 30 km at 06h3Sm on the 20th. Although

it had a magnitude of 3.5. it was not reported felte

The number of earthquakes recorded at Uwekahuna declined to 95

during June. Five of these. with magnitudes between 2 and 2.5.

occurred beneath the summit region of Kilauea at depths ranging from

15 to 30 km,
Four earthquakes were felt in Hawaii during Juneo The earthquake

felt on Maui at 04h31m on June 3 originated beneath the sea about 5 km

east of Huelo Pointo Its magnitude was 3 0 30 A magnitude 2 0 8 earthquake that occurred about 5 krn northwest of the Desert seismograph at

21h26m on June 9 was felt at Kilauea caldera o An earthquake from a

focus 15 krn deep beneath the southwest end of Mokuaweoweo caldera at

20hOlm on June 24 was felt from Kilauea caldera to Capto Cook a It had

a magnitude of 3 0 7 0

The largest earthquake in the Hawaiian region during June originated

beneath the sea about 50 km west of Milolii at l2hl7m on the 26tho It

had a magnitude of 4 0 2 and was fe~t in Capto Cook 0

Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera

Tilting of the ground around the summit of Kilauea is monitored

daily by a short-base' wat"er-tube tiltrnete'r in, Uwekahuna vault. and at

irregular intervals it is measured,on a regional scale'by means of a

network of field tilt bases and a portable water-tube tiltmeter (tables

land 2)0 The attitude of the ground surface at each tilt base is

reported in terms of north~south and east-west tilt coordinates 0 Both

coordinates at each station were arbitrarily set equal to 500 when

measurements at that station were beg6n o ' Increasing tilt coordinates

correspond to northward and eastward tilting of the earth's surface,

that is, to a relative subsidence toward the north and east o A I-unit

change in coordinate corresponds to a 1 microradian (1 mm per km) tilt

in the direction indicated 0

Seismic summary

Events recorded by the UoS o Geological Survey seismograph network

in Hawaii fall into two categories~ local earthquakes and tremor

originating in the region of the Hawaiian Islands, usually within 100

km of the Observatory, and distant earthquakes originating farther than

3,000 km from Hawaii o As an index of seismic activity at Hawaiian 1

volcanoes, weekly totals of earthquakes with magnitudes of 2 0 5 or,

gr~ateri earthquakes with magnitudes less than 205, and minutes 9£

continuous tremor, all recorded on the HVO-l seismograph at Uwekahuna,

are reported in table 3 0 Earthquakes of magnitude 2 0 5 or greater are

generally sufficiently well recorded to be located; they are listed

individually in table 4 0 Data on.identifiable phases from distant c

earthquakes are listed in table 50

Locations of the seismograph stations are shown on figure 2; and

essential data on the stations were given in Summary 13, table 60

2
Table l,,--Tilt coordinates at .Uwekahuna vault, April-June. 1959 I • t I - _

Date N-S E-W Date N-S E-W

~,l':~",~

/~pr. 5 512 464 M'ay 24 515 470 ...., ,

12 512 466 31 515 469

19 513 468 June 7 515 466

26 513 469 14 515 470

May 3 513 471 21 515 474

10 515 469 28 518 474

17 514 471

JiU8'l" I ILl - - ..... ..

3.
Table 2o==Ti£! coordinates changes. at tilt. bases around Kilauea caldera (see fiSo 

=-ssa.... I

Tilt base Date Tilt coordinates Rate and direction D

(location) (1959 ) of tilting since 

reading r

N...S Et=W (10"'!6 rad/mo) (

'-

Uwekahuna

(19°25 0 5' No. 155°17 0 4' Wo) Apro 27 544 0 2 46908 1 0 1 No 84° Wo F

Tree Molds

(19°26 0 3' No, 155°1703' Wo) Apr 0 28 502Ql 498 0 7 20 4 So 2° We F

Summer Camp

(19° 24 0 6 t . NOt 1550 15 0 6 i WG) May 4 7 528 0 0 3 0 3 No 5° Eo F

Sand Spit

(19°24 0 1' No, 155°16 0 8' We) May 4 53101 482 0 8 10 0 0 No 23° Wo re

Kalihipaa

(190 21 0 4ij NOt 155°1503' W0) Apr o 28 48703 502 0 4 3 0 4 So 6° Wo F

Keamoku

(19°25 0 1' Not 1550 19 0 0 v Wo) May 12 512 0 8 498 b 6 5 0 4 No 6° Wo M

Kamokuko1au

(19°22 0 7' No, 155°16 0 6' Wo ) May 5 489 n 2 50605 601 So 31° Eo M
ss

-KN

-HP

t---t

TILTING RATE 2.5 l( 10- 6 RADIANS/ MONTH N

------5KM ------I f.

Figure 1.--Ti1ting of the ground around Kilauea caldera, Feb. 6, 1959,

to May 5, 1959. The vector depicting tilting at a given tilt

base points in the direction of maximum relative subsidence and

has a length proportional to the rate of tilting during the

measurement interval. Closed circles represent field tilt bases;

open circles, short-base water-tube tiltmeters.

5
·.,,:ti·.'tiW\~,~tt:~~-'-;)·":·~·'~''''~!''l;-''~·.• '·,·~ • ~~ .,• •."'J \r~ &..0:'1'

Week Number of earthquakes Minutes of

:ieginning continuous

'Magnitude ~,2 0 5 Magnitude 2 c. 5 tremor

""'~ ... .... -/nlti.', """l"4~.~{.rat

..\.pril 5 1 30 0

12 2 ! 21 0

J

19 2 1 37 0

26 1 29 9

May 3 2 35 240

10 0 24 0

17 2 31 10

24 4 27 0

31 2 20 4

June 7 3 17 0

14 1 24 10

21 4 20 0

28 1 14 25

6
Table 4 o<==Local ... earth uakes of the U6 So Geolo ical Surve

[Except for smaller earthquakes of only earthquakes with

magnitudes of 2-05 or greater are listedo time is Hawaiian standard]

Date Time Magnitude Epicenter Rema

"h m s .Lat..o No Longo We Description 

-

Apr o 4 07 -23 18 .2 0 8 19°26' 155°27' 10 km SW o of Mauna Loa Depth abo

.- seismograph 0 -.

Aprc, 5 00 10 09 3 0 3 20°54' 154°57 i About 130 km No of Hilo=== Depth abo

Apr 0 12 23 49 28 208 19°20' 155°14' 8 km SEo of the Outlet Depth abo

seismograph"

Apr o 13 17 38 30 2 0 5 19°27 i 155°26' 7 km SWo of Mauna Loa Depth abo

seismograph 0

Apr 0 20 10 31 42 2 7 19°59" 155°27' 12 km So of Depth abo

Apr 0 24 17 33 50 3 0 5 200 43 11 156°03 ff 20 km Eo of summit of Depth abo

Haleaka1a. Mauio

Apr o 28 15 19 55 3 0 1 20°02' 155°30' 8 km SSW o of Depth abo

May 7 14 21 37 301 190 22 tt 155°18' 3 km SW o of the Outlet Depth abo

seismograph 0

May 7 15 16 38 2 0 5 19°44; 155°23' 15 km Eo of Depth abo

May 20 06 35 00 3 0 5 19°23' 155°19 R 3 km SW o of Halernaumauc=o=== 30 km dee
Table earthquakes recorded by seismographs of the UoS o Geological _Surve

Date Time Magnitude Epicenter Rem

h m s Lato No Longo Wo Description .- c..

May 23 11 35 03 208 19°20' 155°50' West flank of Mauna Loa Depth ab

about 25 km SW o of

Mokuawe owe 0 0

May 24 15 28 27 3 0 0 19°10' 156°20 i About 45 km Wo of "Milo1ii= Depth ab

May 24 19 59 25 2 0 7 19°21' 1550 34 w 13 krn o So of Mokuaweoweoc== Depth abMay 26 08 41 03 3 G O 19°59' 155°40' 5 km So of Kamuela--·-.-.===..., Depth ab

May 26 08 41 02 2 0 6 200 11 fl 155°31' 20 km NEo of Kamuela--=c==>-- Depth ab

June 3 04 31 29 3 0 3 20°55' 156°10' 5 km Eo of Huelo Point, Depth ab

Mauio Felt on the

island of Mauio

June 6 OS" 08 28 3:)4 20003 t 155°40' 5 km No of Kamuela beneath 35 km dee

the summit region of

Kohala Mountain 0:

June 7 20 41 01 205 19°05 ' 155°24' Beneath sea 20 km"Eo of Depth abo

Naalehu 0

June 7 21 21 05 2 0 7 19°26' 155°28' 10 km SW c of Mauna Loa Depth abo

seismograph 0

June 9 21 25 50 2 0 8 190 23ij 155°25' 5 km NW o of Desert Depth abo

graph 0 Felt at Kilauea

caldera 0
Table earth uakes hs,of the Geolo ical Surve

.........................

June 16

h m s -

....

09 06 15

Description

19°24', '1550 28' 10 km NW o of Desert

seismograph 0

Rema

Depth ab

to

June 22

June 24

June 25

June 26

14 28 09

20 01 18

16 11 30

12 16 34

19'?19 V 155°45' 10 km No of Puu 0 At shallo

155°36' At SW o end of Mokuaweoweo Depth ab

caldera 0 Felt from

Kilauea caldera to Capt 0

Cooko

155°31' 7 km of Depth ab

156°22' 50 krn Wo of Miloliio Felt Depth ab

in Cooke

June 28 02 52 57 1550 56! Kealakekua fault at

Kealakekua Bayo

At'shallo
[Times are reported in Greenwich civil time, which is 10 hours faster

than Hawaiian standard timet A "e" following the time of P indicates

that the fi~st motion was a compression; a "d." that it was a dilatation~ Station symbols, locations. and instrumentation were presented

in Summary 13, table 6. Locations of epicenters, origin times, focal

depths, and magnitudes are from the notices of Preliminary Determination

of Epicenters published by the U~So Coast and Geodetic Survey]

Apr 0 1

Hi z

!apr 0 6

M z iP 14:25:33 0 9

18-1/2° S~t 169° W.

14:48~34c

New Hebrides Iso

h about 200 km o

o

D

u

z

z

z

iP 14~25:3307

iP 14~25~3301

Apr 0 1

Hi z iP 23g43:2000

u PEN is 14g36~14

U PEN ~SS 14:42:00

6° So, 154° Ec,

23:33:45 6

Solomon rSt)

h about 100 krn o

Apr o 5

u

u

Hi

PEN

PEZ

z

eQ 14:48:40

eR 14~53~46

eP 14:25~3501

15-1/2° S~. 167-1/2° Eo

21~05:54o

New Hebrides Iso

h about 100 km e

10° SOt 120-1/2° Eo

14g12:36 o

Sumba Iso

Magnitude 6-1/40

M

o

u

z

z

z

eP 21:14:44.1 Ha Z

Apro ..8

M Z

iP 14:25:22 0 2

iP 01:32:38 0 3 d

Apr 0 5 o z

Hi

u

u

PEN eQ 23~54~30

PEZ eR 23g58~OO

D Z

u z

Hi Z

eP Ol~32:3605 d

iP 01g32:4005 c

5-1/2° Se, 146° Eo

23~29:25o

Near north coast of New Guineao

10

Ha Z eP 01:32:42~8 d
Table 5~--Distant earthquakes--Continued _M

Apr c 8--Continued

32-1/2° So, 179-1/2° Eo

01:23~26G

Kerrnadec Is. region 0

h about 400 krn()

Magnitude 6 to 6-1/4 0

Apro 11

M

o

D

z

z

z

iP 11~40:5104

Apr o 9

U PEZ eR 07:20:20

1° S." 128° E~

11:28g50

Spice Iso

36° S (\ t 77° E.

06 : 18 34 0

Kerguelen IS e region 0

Apr e 12

M Z

U PEZ eR 15:56:38

eS 15:44~26

z eP 15:34~0907

z

u PEE

M

U PEZ eS lO~12:56

u

U Z eP 10g04~2806

Hi Z

17-1/2° Nt, 95° Wo

09~54:51c

Mexicoo Damage at Cordoba 0

h about 100 'km 0

Magnitude 6-1/40

U PEZ eR 10:20:30

Apl' o 9

U PEN eQ 18:06:18

U PEZ eR 18:08:23

7° Not 82° W~

17:36:10e

South of Panama~

Magnitude 6-1/4 to 6-1/2 e

Apr 0 10

M Z iF 05:55~5301 d

0 Z iP 05:55~53eO d

D Z iP 05:55:52 0 1 d

U Z iP 05:55:53 tJ l d

Hi Z iP 05:55~56~6 d

4-1/2° So, 1340 Eo

15:22g33 o

Near coast of New Guinea o

h about 100 km8

25° So, 178-1/2° E~

05g47g34 o

South of Fiji Iso

h about 600 km e

Hi Z eP 15:34g10 0 5.

11
Table 5 o --Distant earthguakes--Continued II _

Apr o 12

M Z eP 21:01:30 0 3

0 Z eP 21:01:29 6 8

D Z eP 21:0l~2go9

U Z iP 21g0l~3007

U PEZ eS 21:07:27

U PEZ iR 21~11:09

Hi Z iP 21:01~35e1

15-1/2° So, 173° Wo

20:54~OOo

Samoa IS e region 0 Felt

at Apiao

Magnitude 6 to 6-1/4 0

Apr 0 14

U PEZ eR 03:12:07

24° NOl 109-1/20 Wo

02~53:04()

Gulf of Ca1ifornia o

Magnitude 5-1/4 to 5-1/20

Apr~ 14

M Z iP 07~27~4801

0 Z iP 07:27~4807

D Z iF 07g27g49 0 3

U Z iP 07:27~4800

Hi Z iP 07g27:4506

57-1/20 Nf,I • 1550 W0

07~20~28o

Alaska Peninsulao

h about 60 km<t

Apr 0 15

U PEZ eR 00:40:52

41-1/2° NO l 143° Eo

OO:15~21o

Near south coast of Hokkaido ,

Japan 0

Apro 16

M Z iP 07:35:36,,1 d

0 Z iP 07:35:35.,8 d

D Z e 07g35g3501

U Z iF 07:35g3509 d

Hi Z iP 07:35:38 0 4 d

23-1/20 So, 1790 Ee

07:27:27 0

South of Fiji Is~

h about 550 kmo

Aprt) 16

M Z iP 16g23:53 0 9

0 Z iP 16~23:5402

D Z e 16~23:5303

U Z eP 16:23~5307

U PEZ eR 16:40~31

Hi PEZ eP 16~23:54~8

12-1/2° Net 1430 Es

15:13~56o

Mariana Iso region 0

h about 100 km o

Magnitude 6-1/2 0

12
Apr o 18 ~1,2.-~Cont.inued

4-1/2° S~. 153-1/2° E~

06:18~OO~

New Ireland regiono Felt at

Londolovit and Rabaul o

h about 100 km~

Hi z iP 06:27:37 0 1 6° S~. 149~1/2° Eo

03:27:52"

New Britain$ Felt at Kandrian

and Walindio

h about 100 km o

Magnitude 60

56° N. t 162~1/2° Wo

12~42g50o

Bristol Bayo

Apr 0 19

U PEZ eR 08:09:30

45° SO" 82° W6

07~26:15o

Pacific Oceano

Magnitude 6 0

M

D

z

z

iP 12:50:00 0 8

Apr" 19 Apr o g

M z iP 15:10:52 0 8 M z iPn 11:03:21 0 1

o z iP 15:10:52 0 9 o z iPn 11~03~22G7

D z D z iPn 11:03:23 0 1

u z eP 15:10g52 0 3 'u z

u PEZ eR 15:20~59 u z

Z Tmax 11:39~Z2

Z e 11:02:19

58° No, 152-1/2° Wo

15~03;26o

Near Kodiak Iso, Alaska o

Magnitude 6-1/4 0

u

Hi

Hi z iPn 11:03~1908

U PEZ eSS 03:50:25

U PEE eS 03:46~15

Ha Z Tmax 11:37~29

Z Trnax 11:39:13

Ha z

Hi

Hi eP 03:28g02 0 4

Apro 20

u

u

PEN eG Q3g50:01

FEZ eR 03~55:37

54° No, 1670 We

10:55:05e

Fox ISct Aleutian Iso

Magnitude 6~

13
Table Se--Distant earthquakes~~Continued

Apro 22 Apro 26

U PEZ eR 21:02:38 0 Z iP 20:52:0909 c

36-1/2° So t 97-1/2° Wo D Z iP 20:52:09 0 4 c

20:26:46t)

Pacific Oceane U Z iP 20~52:0905 d

Magnitude 5-3/4 to 60

U PEZ iP 20g52~0903 c

Apr o 24

U PEZ ipP 20~52:37

U PEZ eR 10:02:21

U PEZ isP 20:52~46

11-1/2° NG • 86-1/2° W.

09~31:33o U FEZ ePP 20:54:44

Near coast of Nicaraguao

Magnitude 6-1/4 to 6-1/2 0 U PEZ is 21:01~44

Apr o 24 U PEZ iPS 21:02:22

M Z iP 18:07:3903 d U PEZ eSS 21~06:02

I

0 Z iP 18:07:38.6 d U PEN iG 21:09:40

D Z iP 18:07:37 0 5 d U PEZ iR 21:14:50

U Z iP 18:07:38 0 2 c Hi Z iP 20:52:09~8 c

U PEZ iP 18:07:38 0 5 c Hi N eS 21:01:40

U PEN is 18:15:24e2 Ha Z iP 20:52:03 v O c

U PEZ eSS 18:19~O3 Ha N eS 21~01~31

U PEZ iR 18~29:05 25° No. 122-1/2° Eo

20:40:38c

Hi Z eP 18:07:4002 c Near northeast coast of Formosa 0

Two killed and minor damage

Ha Z eP 18:07:44- 0 5 c at Taipeio

h about 150 kmo

31° SOt 1780 We Magnitude 7-1/2 to 7-3/4 r ~

17:57:58 0

Kermadec Iso Apre 27

Magnitude 6-3/4 to 7 0

M Z eP 10~00~17f'O

0 Z eP 10:00:17t.5

0: 14
Table 5o~-Distant earthquakes-~Continued 11

Apr o 27--Continued Apr o 28--Continued

D Z eP lO:00~1407 150 No. 93° Wo

11:09:30.

U Z eP 10:00:17 0 4 Mexico-Guatemala bordero

Magnitude 6-1/2 to 6~3/4o

Hi Z eP lO:00~1902

May 1

70 So, 1290 Eo

09~48:09o Hi Z iF 15:06:57 0 4

Banda Sea o

5° So. 154 0 Eo

Apr" 27 14:56:57 0

Solomon Iso region~ Felt

M Z iP 12:59:29 0 7 at Londolovit and Rabau10

h about 60 km o

0 Z iP 12g59~2g~7

May 3

U Z eP 12g59~2609

U PEZ eR 05: 11': 33

1/20 So, 1240 Eo

12:47:270 12-1/20 Net 87-1/2° We

Celebes regiono 04:41:241) .

h about 200 km o Near coast of Nicaraguao

Felt at San Vicente. El

Apr 0 28 Salvador~

h about 100 kID I

M Z iP 11:19~3geO d

Max ..!!:.

0 Z iF 11:19:38 c l d

M Z iP 07~24:2106 d

D Z iP 11:19:38 0 7 d

0 Z iP 07:24:2205 d

U Z iP 11:19~3803 d

D Z iP 07:24:2209 d

U PEZ iP 11~19:3705 c

U Z iF 07~24:2204 d

U FEZ is 11g27~5200

U PEZ iP 07~24:2204 d

U PEZ eSS 11~31~46

·u Z ePn 07~27:0101

U PEN eG 11~34~24

U PEN is 07~31~15

U PEZ iR 11g36g49

U PEN eSS 07g34~OO

Hi Z ipl 11:19g36 0 8 d

U FEZ iSSS 07g34:56

Ha Z iP 11:19:47 0 9 d

U PEE iQ 07:35:00

15
Table 5o-~Distant.earthquakes~-Continued

~ay ~--Continued May 5--Continued

- U PEZ iR. 07g36~49 U Z eP 19~l3:0702

U Z Tmax 08g17~24 U PEZ eS 19~20:23

Hi Z iP 07g24g21 0 0 d U PEZ eR 19~26g14

Hi Z ePn 07~27~O7 530 Not 1590 Eo

19~04~16o

Hi E eS 07g31:26 Kamchatka aftershock 0

Magnitude 6

Hi E eQ 07:35~40

May 5

Hi N iR 07g37~36

M Z iP 17:36g45 0 3

Hi Z Tmax 08g16~42

0 Z iP l7~36g4407

Ha Z iP 07:24g10 0 2 d

Hi Z iP 17~36g4808

Ha Z iPF 07:26g09 0 6

18° SOt 179 0 Wft

Ha Z ePn 07:26:43 17:29:26

Fiji Iso

Ha Z ePPP 07:26;47 h about 600 kmo

Ha N eS 07~31:05 May 7

Ha E eQ 07g35~12 U PEZ eS OOg21~50

Ha N iR 07g36~51 U PEZ iR OO~30~27

Ha Z Tmax 08g22g02 3-1/2° So 148.-1/2° Eo

OOg03g24~

52-1/2° Not 159-1/20 Eo Bismarck Sea o

07g15g42~ Magnitude 6 to 6-1/4 0

Near east coast of Kamchatka;

1 killed and 13 injured o May 7

h about 60 kmo

Magnitude 80 U FEZ eR 11:44:15

May 5 3.-1/2° SOt 1500 Eo

11g17:16~

M Z eP 19 13 g04 () 4 Bismarck Seao

D Z eP 19g13~0500

16
May 7

Table 5 e --Distant. earthquakes--Continued

May 12--Continued

8-1/2° So. 123-1/2° Eo

20~22:41o

Flores Iso

May 8

M Z eP 11g43:30 0 8

0 Z eP 11:43:30 e O

D Z eP 11g43~3106

U PEZ eS 11~50:35

U PEZ iR 11:56:37

53-1/2° Nf) • 160-1/2° Ee

11:34:50 0

Near east coast of Kamchatka o

h about 60 km,

Magnitude 6 0

May 10

U PEZ eR 00:24:35

45° N() t 149° Eo

23g57g09 (May 9) 0

Kurile Iso

May 12

M Z eP 05g05~55<)4

0 Z eP 05:05:54 0 9

D Z eP 05g05:53 0 7

U PEZ eP 05~O5:49

U PEN is 05~12:36

U PEE iQ 05~15g51

U PEZ iR 05:17:56

17

M z iP 20:35:18 0 1 Hi N eR 05:17:42

54-1/2° No. 1680 Eo

04:57~35o

l<omandorskie Iso

Magnitude 6-1/20

May 12

U PEZ eS 21:53:05

U PEZ iR 21~56~34

Ha Z Tmax 22g24~15

51-1/2° No. 1770 Wo

21:40:22 0

Andreanof Iso, Aleutian Iso

May. 12

M Z eP 22:07:10,,7

0 Z eP 22:07:10 0 9

D Z eP 22:07:11 0 8

U PEZ is 22;12:36

U PEZ iR 22~16:12

Ha Z Trnax 22~43:45

51-1/2° No, 177° Wo

21~59:56o

Andreanof Iso, Aleutian Is,

Magnitude 6 0

May 14

U PEZ eR 07:39~06

35-1/2° No, 24-1/2° Eo

06:36g57"

Crete II

Magnitude 6-1/2e
May 14

Table 5e--Distant.ea: th uakes--Continued

May 16--Continued

PEZ eS 09:49:52 u PEZ iR 06:41:35

u PEZ iR 09:56:46 u Z Tmax 07:25:37

4-1/2° So, 153-1/2° Eo

06:16:230

New Britain 0 Felt at Karoola.

Taliligap and Rabau10

h about 60 km o

MagnitU.de 6-3/4 0

190 8(1' 1700 Eo

09~33~22t}

New Hebrides Iso

May 14

U PEZ eS 12:05:45

J U PEZ iR 12:12:37

190 So, 1700 Eo

11~49:20o

New Hebrides Iso

Hi Z

Ha Z

Ha Z

iP 06:26~0105

eP 06:26:00

Tmax 07:25:26

23° S(I, 1140 We

00:50:030

South Pacific Oceano

May 14

U PEZ eS 13:35:51

U PEZ iR 13:42:47

190 Se. 170° E"

13:19:32 0

New Hebrides Is~

May 2~

M

o

z

Z

eP 01:00:05 0 1

eP 01:00:03 0 6

May 16

M

o

D

z

Z

z

eP 06:26:01,,0

eP 06~26:0103

eP 06:26:0018

May 20

M

o

D

z

z

z

iF 11~36:0500

eP 11:36~0508

iP 11:36:05 0 4

u

u

PEZ eP 06:25:58

PEE is 06:33:50

32-1/2° No, 136-1/2° Eo

11:26:28 0

South of Honshu, Japan 0

h about 450 km o

u

U

u

PEZ eSS 06:37:11

PEN iQ ·06:39:46

PEZ iSSS 06~40:11

18

Mal: 20

M

o

z

z

iF 19:44:32~5 c

iP 19:44:33 e1 c
Table 5o--Distant earthquakes~-Continued

May 20--Continued May 24--Continued

D z u Z iP~ l9~27:0602 d

u z eP 19:44~3300 c u PEZ iP 19:27:07 d

u PEZ eR 19959~07 u PEZ ipP 19927g35

Hi z u PEN is 19~34~48

44-1/2° No, 149° Eo

19:35:03 e

Ku~ile Iso

u

u

PEN isS 19:35:24

FEZ eSS 19:38g28

May 21

U PEZ eR 07:07~42

u

u

PEN iG 19940:35

PEZ iSSS 19:40~48

52~1/2° NOt 170-1/2° Wo

06:5l:40 a

Fox Is 0 t Aleut ian Is 0

U PEZ iR 19:42:57

Hi Z iP 19:27:04 6 4 d

May 21 Ha Z eP 19:27:13.2 c

28° So, 69° Wo

11:34:23 0

Northern Chile Argentina

bordere

h about 60 kmG

Magnitude 6 0

Hi

u

u

u

Z eP 11:47:47 0 1

PEZ ePS 12:00:11

PEZ eSS 12:05:17

PEZ eR 12~17:23

17-1/2° No, 97° Wo

19:17g40 o

Oaxaca, Mexico. 5 killed,

10 injured. and minor

property damageo Felt

also in Mexico CitYo

h about 100 km o

Magnitude 6-3/4 to 7 G

May 26

U Z eP 04~24:1002

U PEZ eR 04:44:48

May 24

M z iP 19:27~0609 d

Hi Z

Ha Z

eP 04:24:09 0 9

eP 04g24:01 0 7

o

D

z

z

iF 19~27:0602 d

iP 19:27~0609 d

19

27-1/2° No, 126-1/2° Eo

04:13;010

Ryukyu Iso regiono

h about 100 kIno

Magnitude 6-1/2 to 6-3/4 6
Table 56~-Distant earthquakes-~Continued

May 29 May 31--Continued

M Z iP 10:51:53 0 6 c 6c.l/2° So. 155° Eo

09~28:09o

0 Z iP 10:51:53 0 2 c Solomon Iso

Magnitude 6-1/2 0

D Z eP 10:51:52 0 4- c

June 1

U Z iP 10~51~5303 c

U PEZ eP 17:16:45

U PEZ iP 10:51:54 0 3 c

U PEZ eS 17:24:25

U PEZ ipP 10:52:16 e 8

U PEZ eSS 17~28~O9

U PEZ is, rO:59:42

U PEZ iR 17~31g39

U PEN eQ 11~03:26

6-1/2° So. 155-1/2° Eo

U PEZ iSSS 11:05:01 17:07g23 0

Solomon Iso

U PEZ iR 11:07:40 h about 100 km e

Hi Z iF 10:51:56 6 3 c June 2

Ha Z iP 10:51~5509 c U FEZ eR 01:17

Ha Z epP 10:52~22 31-1/2° No, 131-1/2° Ef)

OOg47~17o

19° So, 169-1/2° Eo Near coast of Kyushu. Japane

10:42:48 0

New Hebrides Iso June 2

h about 60 km o

Magnitude 6-1/20 U PEZ eR 03:44:49

May 31 25° SOt 176° Wo

03~23g12o

0 Z eP 09 ': 37 : 39 7 Tango Iso region 0

D Z eP 09:37:38 0 9 June 2

U PEZ iF 09:37:41 U PEZ eR 05~19g29

U FEZ is 09:45~16 21° No. 121-1/2° E~

04~57~18o

U PEZ eSS 09:49:06 Baton Iso regiono

U PEZ iR 09:52g37

U PEE eQ 09:54:37

20
Table 5o--Distapt eartpquakes~-Continued

June 3 June 14"'..Continued

U PEZ eR 05:59~09 Hi Z iP OOg25:06 0 5 c

52-1/2° Ne , 170° Wo Hi Z ipP 00:25:38 0 4

05:43~28o

Fox Iso, Aleutian Iso Hi Z Trnax 02:08~00

June 5 Ha Z iP 00:25:1704 d

U PEZ eR 2l:07~35 Ha Z epP 00:25:49 0 9

12° No, 86-1/2° Wo Ha Z Tmax 02:09:29

20:37:15 0

Near coast of Nicaraguao 20~1/2° So, 68° Wo

h about 100 km o 00g11g57 o

Southwestern Bolivia~ 1 killed

June 14 and minor property damage

in northern Chi1eo

M Z iP 00:25:09.8 c h about 100 km.

Magnitude 7-1/4 to 7-1/2 6

0 Z iP 00:25:09 0 1 c

June 14

D Z iP OO:25~O9()4 c

M Z eP 21:10:57 0 1

U Z iP 00:25:10 0 0 c

0 Z eP 21:10~56c6

U PEZ iP 00:25:10 d

23-1/2° So, 179-1/2° We

U PEZ ipP 00:25:38 21:02:320

Tonga Iso regiono

U PEZ iPP 00:28:34 h about 300 krn o

U PEZ iPPP 00~29g34 J·une 15

U PEE is 00g35g38 M Z iP 02~50:3407

U PEE isS 00:36:40 0 Z iF 02~50:3500

U PEZ eSP OO~42:29 D Z iP 02~50:3406

U PEN eQ OO~48~59 25° No, 122-1/2° Eo 02g38~48o

U PEZ iSSS OOg49:41 Near northeast coast of

Forrnosao

U PEZ iR OO:54g36

21
Table So--Distant earthquakes~~Continued

U FEZ eR 20g52~53

Hi Z eP 20g42g20 e 6

June 18~~Continued

June 19

eQ 14:50~53

eR 22~34:08

eP 14~15~0401

PEN

FEZ

u

27-1/2° No, 111° Wo 20~34g40o

Gulf of California 0

17 0 So. 177° Wo

14g06:50 o

Fiji Iso

Hi Z

39° No, 119° Wo

14g35:02 o

Western Nevada o Felt in

Nevada and eastern Ca1ifornia o

Magnitude 6-1/4 0

11-1/2° So, 167° Eo 22~11~51o

Santa Cruz Iso

u

54° No. 1610 Eo

15~58~38o

Near east coast of Kamchatkao

Magnitude 6~1/2 to 6~3/4 {sie)o

June 21

June 22

June 23

June 18

U PEZ eR 07~26g09

55° ,So, 129° Wo

06~50~45o

Pacific Ocean()

June 18

M Z iP 15~40~lOo9

0 Z iP 15:40~11e8

D Z iP 15g40~1107

U Z eP 15g40~1100

U PEZ eP 15:40~1205

U PEN ePcS 15:46~49

U PEZ is 15~47:18

U PEE iQ 15~51~29

U FEZ iR 15~53:23

Hi Z iP 15~40~lOo3

54° Not 161° Eo

15~31~25o

Near east coast of Karnchatkao

Magnitude 6-1/4 to 6-1/2 (sic)o

June 18

M Z iP 16:07g23 0 8

0 Z iF 16g07g24 0 9

D Z iP 16~07~2408

U FEZ iR 16~20~O9

Hi Z eP 16:07:20 0 9

22
Table 5o --Distant earthquakes~-Continued

June 25 June 28

U PEZ eR 07g3l~48 M Z iP 19:56:07 0 4

62° NG • 27-1/2° Wa 0 Z iP 19:56:0708

06~46g55o

South of Iceland 0 D Z iP 19~56:0702

June 27 U Z iP 19:56:08 0 4

M Z iP 19914~15eO d U PEZ is 20:06:27

0 Z iP 19:14:14 0 6 d U PEZ eR 20~23~34

D Z iP 19:14:13 0 8 d Hi Z iP 19g56:09 0 3

U Z iP 19:14:14 0 7 d Ha Z iP 19~56g0505

U PEZ iP 19:14:140 7 d 9-1/2° SOt 122-1/2° Ec

19943~22o

U PEZ epP 19:14~49 Sawoe Sea o

U PEZ esP 19:15g11 June 29

U PEN is 19;22:04 U PEZ eP 07:25:44

U PEN isS 19:23g04 U PEE eS 07~33:41

U PEZ eSS 19:25~52 U PEZ eR 07:41~20

U PEN eQ 19~27g48 7° So, 155-1/2° Eo

07~16g07o

U PEZ eR 19930g48 Solomon Iso

Magnitude 6 to 6-1/40

Hi Z iP 19~14g1704 c

June 29

Ha Z iP 19g14:20 0 8 c

M Z iP 13~31:3105 d

33° So. 179° Wo

19~04g270 0 Z iP 13:31:31 0 6 d

South of Kermadec Iso

h ab,out 100 km o D Z iP 13:31:30 0 6 d

Magnitude 6-3/4 c

U Z iF 13g31:31 0 7 d

23
Table 5o~=Distant earthquakes--Continued

34° SOt 1790 Wo

lO:23g17

South of Kermadec Iso

June 29=~Continued

6° No l26~1/2° Eo

13g19g47 o

Near south coast of Mindanao o

Philippine Iso

h about 150 km o

24

June 30

M

o

z

z

eP lO~33~l201

iP 10~33;1105
Kolopona

Apuo Point

20·

Cape

.Kumukahi

Contour interval 1,000 feet

EXPLANATION

10 1511111••

Oolum i, mean ..0 'e.e'

• Seismoc;Jraph Station

• Town or locality

TOPoQ,ophy by US Geolooicol Sur.ey

Laupahoehoe -+- _

19· -.+---------......... ,------------------------+--""""'------ 19-

20· --+------

Figure 2.--Map of the Island of Hawaii showing seismograph stations

operated by the Geological Survey and localities mentioned in

the text. Epicenters of local earthquakes are given in terms

of geographic coordinates, which are indicated at the edges of

the map.

25
UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY

SUMMARY 15

July-September 1959

by

J. P. Eaton and Ho L. Krivoy

Observatory Staff

Geology:

D. H. Richter

C. K. Wentworth

Geochenlistry:

W. U. Ault

K. J. Murata (Scientist-in-Charge)

G. Kojima

R. T. Okamura

July 1963

Geophysics·:

J.• P II Eaton

H. L. Krivoy

Support:

J. C. Forbes

W. H. Francis

B. J. Loucks

A. Yamamoto
HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY SUMMARY 15

By Jo Po Eaton and Ho Lo Krivoy

Tilt bases around the Kilauea summit tilted generally inward toward

the south rim of Kilauea caldera between early May and rnid~Augusto

Rates of tilting were quite small at all stations~ averaging slightly

less than 1 microradia~permonthi with a maximum of 104 microradians

per month at Sand· Spit and Kamokukolau and a minimum of· 0 CJ 5 micro~

radian per month at Kalihipaao Comparison of the present pattern of

tilting (figc 1) with that from October 1958 to February 1959 (Summary

13) reveals a striking contrast 0 rhe present tilt vectors are almost

exactly reversed with respect to corresponding vectors of the earlier

epoch; and present tilting rates average only about 1/3 those of the

earlier epocho Even Sand Spiti) which appeared to be anomalous during

the October to February epoch because it tilted toward the caldera

while other stations tilted away~ reversed. v From May to August it

tilted outward from the caldera while other stations tilted toward the

caldera 0

Gentle subsidence of the summit of Kilauea in response to a slow

escape of magma from a reservoir beneath the south rim of the caldera

is suggested by the present tilt patterno Keamoku~ a new tilt base~

failed to conform to the pattern set by the rest of the stations and

tilted northward away from the southwest rift zone adjacent to the

caldera 0 Possibly~ magma moving from the sub~summit reservoir into the

southwest rift zone is responsible for this apparent anomaly 0

Of the 107 earthquakes recorded at Uwekahuna during JUly~ 3 were

reported felto The first of these occurred near Kealakekua at 02h19m

on July 10 and was felt in Capto Cook 0 Its magnitude was only 2 0 00

The second was somewhat larger~ with a magnitude of 300~ and it was

also felt in Capt 0 Cooke It originated at a shallow depth near Hookena

at lSh27m on July 29 0 The magnitude 3c5 earthquake which was felt at

Kilauea caldera on July ~t1. at lSh44m was the largest Hawaiian earth.....

quake of the rnonth~ It originated at a focus 5 kIn south of Mokuaweoweo

caldera and 30 km deepo

An interesting group of moderately deep earthquakes with magnitudes

of 2~6 to 3 0 5 occurred.at scattered points on a broad ring around

Kilauea "olcano at an average distance of a.bout 35 km from Kilauea

caldera~ In order of occurrence these earthquakes were~

July 7, 15h41m2ls~ 8 km south of Bilo and 40 km deep;

July 13 t Ogh S2mOls 27 km south· of Cape KUInukahi and 15 krn deep;

July 13, 22h21mOOs~ 22 krn east of Naalehu and 25 km deep;

July 28, 16h51mOls~ 10 km southeast of Kalapana and 10 km deep;

July 31, lSh43m5Ss t 5 km south of Mokuaweoweo and 30 km deepo
On June 30~ 1959 3 Dv H~, Richter arrived from Denver to join the

Observatory staff as Geologist to replace G~ D0 Fraser~ who returned

to Denver on July 26~ 1959 0

From August 14 to August 20 a great swarm of small earthquakes

and many hours of accompanying spasmodic tremor emanated from a zone

a few kilometers nOI'th of Kilauea caldera and about 52 km beneath the

surface of the earth v About 29 400 distinct earthquakes were recorded

on the Desert seismograph~ which obtained the clearest record of the

swarm 0 Spasmodic tremor was strong enough during the first day to

mask.man~ earthquakes o After about 40 hours tremor diminished markedlYt

and ~t d~ed out altogether during the last half of the swarmo

Earthquakes of the swarm were divided into two familiesg (1)

those for which the first arrival at Hilo followed that at Uwekahuna

by less than 1 0 6 seconds and (2) those for which it followed by le6

seconds or more o An analysis of 26 of the largest earthquakes of the

first family disclosed that the P wave reached Uwekahuna first~ 7 0 5

seconds after the earthquake occurred 0 Arri.val times of P at other

stations minus its arrival time at Uwekahuna were as follows~ Outlet~

+OQl sec~; Desert~ +O~4 secc; Mauna Loa~ +0,4 sec c ; Hilo 9 +103 secc;

Haleakala~ +16 04 secG These data fixed the focus of this group of

quakes at 19 0 29 v Nos 1550 18 v Wcs at a depth of 54 km~ A similar

analysis of 28 earthquakes of the second family indicated that P

reached Uwekahuna 6 0 9 seconds after the origin time o Additional times

required for P to reach other stations were~ Outlet 9 +0 0 1 sec~; Mauna

Loa t +0~4 seco; Desert~ +0 0 5 seco; Hilo~ +1 0 8 sec~; Haleakala t +16 0 7

sec o These data placed the focus of the second family of earthquakes

at 190 28 v Nv~ 1550 19 Q WU at a depth of 49 km g about 5 km above and 2

km southwest of the focus of the first family of quakeso

In the computation of both foci the Mauna Loa arrival times were

corrected by ~OQ3 sec~ to allow for a delay at that station revealed

by a study of distant earthquake P phasesG

Actually~ the two families graded into one another; and the two

foci should serve only to indicate the apparent dimensions of the

region from which they emanated~ This region is clearly distinct from

that which produced a similar swarm of deep earthquakes and spasmodic

tremor in January 1959~ however (Summary 13)~ It lies about 10 krn

above and 10 km west of the source of the January disturbance~

As a result of the swarm of deep earthquakes the number of earth=

quakes recorded at Uwekahuna during August rose to 2~314; but only

three were felto The first t which had a magnitude of 3~4 and was

felt in Captu Cook and Kealakekua~ originated 20 km west of Keahole

Point at 16h13m on August 12; The second~ with a magnitude of 4 c O

was the largest earthquake in Hawaii during August~ It occurred 8 km

south of Kalapana at a depth of about 45 km at 13hSSm on August 18 and

was felt at Kilauea caldera and Hilo~ The third was reported felt

2
only in Hilo u It originated 4 km north of Keanakolu at 03h06m on

August 25 and had a magnitude of 3 0 5c

During Augus~seven earthquakes with magnitudes of 1~8 to 2g8

occurred at depths ranging from 20 to 32 k~ beneath the summit of

Kilauea; none of these was feltv

The number of earthquakes recorded at Uwekahuna during September

fell to 1460 The magnitude 4 0 0 earthquake from a shallow focus 3 km

west of Kalalua Crater at 14hSOm on September 18, which was felt at

Kilauea caldera and Hilo~ was both the largest earthquake and the

only earthquake felt in Hawaii during the month o

Two magnitude 2 0 0 earthquakes originated at depths of about 30 km

beneath the summit region of Kilauea in early September v

One earthquake in August and four in September augmented the group

of moderately deep earthquakes which occurred around Kilauea during

July at a distance of about 35 km from the calderac, These earthquakes

were:

Aug" lSi 13hS4mSSs i 8 knl south of Kalapana and 45 km deep;

Septc l~ 21h22m16s~ 15 krn north of Hila and 50 km deep;

Sept~ 12& 07h44m21s~ 14 km south of Hila and 25 km deep;

Septo 13, 18h31m25s~ 10 km southeast of Naalehu and 35 km deep;

Septo 18 9 llh05m54s~ 10 km west~southwest of Hila and 40 km deep~

In mid~September the North Pit seismograph began to record a swarm

of tiny, shallow earthquakes originating very near the northeast rim of

Halemaumauo From its commencement about September 17 until September

24, the swarm averaged about 60 earthquakes per day~ From September 24

unti~ the end of the month it averaged about 85 earthquakes per day~

~arthquakes of the swarm were so small and originated ~o near the North

Pit seismograph that no more than one earthquake in 10 recorded at that

station could be' detected on the Outlet seismograph less than 3 km awayc

For the largest quakes i amplitudes recorded at Outlet were only about

l/lOOth of those recorded at North Pit~

Tilting of the ground around the summit of Kilauea is monitored

daily by a short-base water~tube tiltmeter in Uwekahuna vault~ and at

irregular intervals it is measured on a regional scale by means of a

network of field tilt bases and a portable water·~tube tiltmeter (tables

1 and 2), The attitude of the gro1lnd surface at each tilt base is

reported in terms of north-south and east~west tilt coordinates~ Both

coordinates at each station were arbitrarily set equal to 500 when

measurements at that station were begun( Increasing tilt coordinates

correspond to northward and eastward tilting of the earthYs surface~

3
Aug.

19

26

2

518

518

519

4

466

471

467

467

469
.

Tilt base l Date Tilt coordinates I. Rate and direction D

(location) t (1959 ) of tilting since l

:.' --::i l E-Vi last reading re

V. N-S ( (1

f.i rad/mo) I ;

.

,... "'.li: . :'S;:"!. _., ..... .. 'JI .- '"

i

! J

(19°25.5' N. , 1550 17.4 ' W ) ! Aug 0 13 543,,3 f 471GO 0.4 f s. 54° Ec

f J

I i f Tree Molds

t I I (19°26.3'

NI)' 155°17.3'

W•. ) 14 49ge7 498.5

0 .. 7 (

S.. 5° WCl ! Ap

f i(, f

..

Summer Camp f, f •

j ,.

I Augr-

, ! N .. , 155°15.-6' We) 15 f;" 525 .. 2 0.,8 C; i· Ma

I, t

IAug,

f \-

Sand Spit ! i I

(19°24.1 f NO' So 155°16,,8'

W 15 527c-4 i 485,,8 f i So 38° Ec

,

Ma}

IAug.

r I j

i I ! Kalihipaa j. (19°21 .. 4 I' Nft , 1550 15 .. 3 t W" ) 14 t 501,,0 oC's !: NC' 44° W"

IApr

I ( I t r

I I' Keamoku II

"

I (19°25.1 t N" t 155°190:0'

W ) Aug,. 17 516«.1 1,,1 N., 17°

Wo r May

Kamokukolau

(19°22.,7'

Nf o , 155°16.,6'

WCo) Aug., 16 1('4 No 5° We, filay 

------- -'- 
eM

" Kal

00

tKom

~TM~

6 W

UWEKAHUNA

\Keo %;

\~s /0 \.

cP 0\0

o

-KN

........... TILTING RATE 2.5 J( ICf 6 RADIANS/ MONTH N

~5KM ----.1~r.

Figure 1.--Ti1ting of the ground around Kilauea caldera, May 5, 1959,

to Aug. 15, 1959. The vector depicting tilting at a given tilt

base points in the direction of maximum relative subsidence and

has a length proportional to the rate of tilting during the

measurement interval. Closed circles represent field tilt bases;

open circles, short-base water-tube tiltmeters.

6
that is, to a relative subsidence toward the north and east o A l-unit

change in coordinate corresponds to a l-rnicroradian (1 mm per km) tilt

in the direction indicatedo

Seismic summfrX

Events recorded by the UyS~ Geological Survey seismograph network

in Hawaii fall into two categories~ 'local earthquakes and tremor

originating in the region of the Hawaiian Islands, usually within 100

km of at least one seismograph i and distant earthquakes originating

farther than 3,000 krn from Hawaiio As an index of seismic activity at

Hawaiian volcanoes. weekly totals of earthquakes with magnitudes of

2.5 or greater, earthquakes with magnitudes less than 205» and minutes

of continuous tremor, all recorded on the HVO-l seismograph at

Uwekahuna, are reported in table 3 u Earthquakes of magnitude 2~5 or

greater are generally sufficiently well recorded to be located; they

are listed individually in table 4~ Data on identifiable phases from

distant earthquakes are listed in table 50

Locations of the seismograph stations are shown on figure 2; and

essential data on the stations were given in Summary 13, table 60

7
Week Number of earthquakes Minutes of

beginning ."V.....b!tI_IIl.. .......~·jI:~· ~~~lIll"'~:&''-'.1Il:1:."t#"''(j._ continuous

Magnitude ~2 t 5 Magnitude (2. 5 tremor 'l'hclb~\'IR'ItCl :.l!_U~~~i.~~ ~~".Mli~

July 5 3 29 56

12 3 21 8

19 1 20 0

26 3 24 29

Aug. 2 t 0 20 0

I

9 35 1,345 1,815 t

(

16 i 13 852 555

J

23 I 1 36 4

30 3

I 22 0

Sept. 6 2 29 0 I

13 5 37 0

20 1 35 0

27 1 35 34

8
[Except for smaller earthquakes of special interest, only earthquakes with

magnitudes of 2.5 or greater are listedr Time is Hawaiian standard]

Depth abo

Depth abo

Depth abou

Depth abou

. At shallow 

f Depth abou

I10 km SW. of I" Depth abou

JWest coast of Hawaii near • At shallow 

Hookena" Felt in Capt c' j

¥ Cook'i

5 km S, of Mokuaweoweo Depth abou

caldera, Felt at Kilaue Ii

caldera,.

3.·5

'"*_Uj" "--T'" ·- ;' ---...... I _., .-,.",_e. 1-=· _.

Date Time Hagnitude Epicenter Remar

lsi Lat'. I

.. i -'--',T-1--1.-..,.-- --... . _ _,----_.--.

July 7 t. 15 iJ 41 I 21 2.6 I 19°39' 155°04' 8 km S. of Hi1o-----------1 40 km dee

8 112140 551 2, 5 !19°22' 1155026' (7 , Depth abo

S 14 56 36 i 2.7 II: 19°27' 1155

0 24'! 5 km S, of Mauna Loa I I . t i

I l i ! t

10 i 02 19 17

f 2 , 0 •..• , iNear Kealakekua · Felt in

f'

t I ,caPt" Cook - .

12 III 37' 16

1 2. 9 19°15' i 155°33' i10 kIn NW < of Pahala-------

13 09 52 01 I 2 · 6 i 19°17 ' '1511- 0 47'

f 27 km S. of Cape Kumukahi13 22 ;; 21 00 3.0 f 19°03' 155°23' 22 km E. of Naalehu-------

f f i. 20°03.' 19 00 It 9 2 5 i r i !

28 16 (51 011 3 .

0 I",:',· 19°17 ' I

29 5 fj 27 29 I 3 0

J.. W,,; ft

,

18 43· 54 I

'I' I Iij

Table earth uakes Geolo ical Surve

15

15

15

15

Time Magnitude

2.9

2.8

3.13.1

Epicenter

Lat. N. Long. W.

KM 54.

KM 54e

KM 49 ..KM 49«>

KM 49 •.

KM

KM 49.

KM 54"

KM

KM 49.

KM

KM 49

KM 49c

Description

Remar
Table

4 .. by.

.. I '.. .. .. !:: -. .·n

Date Time I Magnitude Epicenter

b

m s Lat. N.

W.. Description f

- -

-

;,:

..-

a

Aug. 15 09 08 39

I

2.5 1 KM 49 .. I ! tl

15 09 19 06 2.8

I g KM 54. i;

!

i:

! I i 15 ; 17 01 56 2 •. 5 KM I i I

15 17 22 16 2.8 KM 49 .. i tt

r,

15 19 31 52 3.0 I KM 49 .. j-..

f

;1 j

15 19 35 59 2.-9 KM 540:. I1!

f

58 2r8 KM 541: It 15 19 14

gt;

fl

15 20 42 09 3.2 KM ti'

!

15 20 48 56 .!l 2.8 KM 49.

f , I'\If

I 15 21! 39

1

11 I t KM 49.

i i

38 i I 15 t 221 25

1

2.5 KM 49 .. i

r.

39

1

f

23

1 15 52 2 .. 5 KM 49 .. 1 N

r. l6 01

1

r 34 1 311 2,,8 KM 54"

I

f

?J

I 16 011 56 19 2r5 KM 54"

I

I i 16 03J 341 41 2.5 KM 54 ..' :i

I
Table 4.--Lopal earthsuakef Geological Survey,

JUtl-September

Date Time Magnitude Epicenter Remark

h Ul S Lat40 N. Long. w. Description

- - -

Aug. 16 07 05 42 j 2.5 KM 54.

16 oa l 29 30 2tt5 KM 4ge I

16 10 I 47 46 2$6 19°22' 1550 16' 5 km SE .. of Outlet 20 km dee

17 00 46 39 1 2.5 KM 54 fl

17 02 02 34 KM 54fl

17 02 13 56 287 KM 54.,

17 02 33 48 2.8 KM 540

17 I 22 04 45 2.9 KM 540

18 04 34 3s1 2.5 KM 49,. f

I i

18

f

13 54 50 4.0 19°17' 154°57' 8 km S .. of Depth abo

Felt at Kilauea caldera

and Hiloo

25 03 06 16 3r,5 19°57' 4 km Nr. of Keanakolur> Depth abo

i Felt in Hiloc. r I

22,1

,'1

t

Sept", 1 21 16

1

2,,8 190 51 1r i 155OQ4 v -, 15 krn N e, of Hi ... 50 km dee

I i, I f 2 06 48 2,,5 190 00f. 10 km N. of South Point Depth abo

1 I £ 

I I , on the Kahuku,faultr i I K
Table

4 () --Local r.ecorded. by seismographs of

U :Sf!:' Geoloaica1 Survey t

'-

..

f Date Time ! t-1agrlitude .Epicenter Rema

.i!!

'I" t

h Lat.

m s i Description

- I -' ........

.. f

,

1 Sept .. 5 23 33 51 t 2.5 19°18' 155°53' 10 km s. of Hookena------- Depth ab

•

11

I

22 55 01 i 3 .. 0 18°57' ! 1560 43' (lOa km vi of South Point-- Depth ab

4.:

i i

!1550 03 '

__ \14 12 07 44 I 21 2 .. 5 19°36 ' knl Sf' of Hilo--oe----.---- Depth ab

i !

I18 I I I 13 31 t 25 2.,4 18°59' 1155°32' 10 km SEO' of Naalehu------- Depth ab

i i. I I r t

14- l 07 i 01 27 i 2 .. 6 20°06' [ 155°50'

7 km of Kawaihae-...----.=ew-- Depth ab

f! t ...

j'

; 14 23 57 r- i 3 .. 3 19°4S t 157°59' 170 km of Depth ab

.L:> I I

-.r 10 50 2'" i 2t.9 19°49' .LO L I i 155° 55' 5 km S., of Kiholo Depth abo

I

18 11 05 541 190 41 f j 155°10' 10 km WSW., of Hi10-'"- -= -= r-. 0,- Depth abo

I I J I j 18 141 50 I 04 i 19°24t' f 155°06' 3 km \'1 .. of Kalalua Craterf' At shallo

j t ! Felt at Kilauea caldera

f f t t P f. i) i i and Hilo., Ii

I t I ; '-E i HI t I r 20 16

J 07l 20'5 19°28' i 155°53' 5 km of Capt" Cook on Depth abo

I f

I I i Kealakekua fault"

i I.-' .-:..
Table 5o~-Distant ear~hquakes

[Times are reported in Greenwich civil time, which is 10 hou~s faster

than Hawaiian standard timeo A ftc" following the time of P indicates

that the first motion was a.compression; a '''d,u that it was a dila..,

tation o Station syrnbols i locations •. and instrumentation were presented

in Summary 13 1 table 6 0 Locations of epicenters. origin times, focal

depths 9 and magnitudes are from the notices of Preliminary Determination

of Epicenters published by the UoSo Coast and Geodetic Survey]

• 7Y

July 2 July 3-~Continued

M Z iP 11~41:5007 c U PEE iQ 18~15~38

0 Z iP 11g4lg49 0 8 c U PEZ iR l8~16g44

U Z iP 11g41g49 0 7 d 16° So t 1730 Eo

17g55~53o

Hi Z iP 11g41g5205 c New Hebrides Islands r.egiono

Magnitude 6=1/20

20° So. 178-1/20 Wo

11g34:20o July 6

Fiji Islands o

h about 650 kmo U PEZ e 09~22~52

July 3 M Z epPP 09g29~27

U PEZ iP 18g03~5104 U PEZ esPP 09g30g24

U PEZ is 18g10g47 U PEZ eSP 09g35~24

16° SOt 1730 Eo U PEZ esSP 09~39~26

17g55g10o

New Hebrides Islands regiono U PEZ esSS 09g44g28

Magnitude 6-1/2 0

Hi Z e 09g23g09

July 3

26~1/2° So, 610 Wo

M Z eP 18g04g30 0 6 d 09g10~17o

Chuco Province. Argentina 0

0 Z eP 18g04g29 0 6 d h about 600 kmo

Magnitude 6a=3/4 o

U Z eP lB~04g31

July 6

U PEZ iF IBg04g3101 d

U PEE ePS 09g48~38

U PEZ is 18:11g27

U PEE esSP 09:52~30

U PEZ iSS 18g14g54

U PEZ esSS 09g57g38

15
Table 5.--Distant earthquakes--Continued

July 6--Continued Ju1.l 11

26-1/2° So, 61..1/2° W() U PEZ eR 05~15:29

09~23~21o

Chuco Province, Argentina 0 July 11

h about 600 kmt)

Magnitude 6--3/4 to 7 0 U PEZ eR 13g02~19

July 9 37° So t 79° Eo

12601g39 6

M Z eP 16~18g2900 Indian Oceano

Magnitude 6-1/4 to 6-1/20

M Z epP 16 :19 :- 05 •0

JUly 12

M Z esP 19~19~1405

M Z eP 00g32~0405

0 Z eP 16~18~2905

0 Z eP OO:32~0209

0 Z esP 16~19~15~3

Hi Z iP 00~32g0507

D Z eP 16g18~2907

19-1/2° So. 177-1/2° Wo

D Z esP 16:19:15 Q 7 OO~24:22o

Fiji Islands regiono

U Z eP 16~18:3006 h about 400 km o

Magnitude 6-1/4 e

U PEZ eP 16~18:31

July 13

U PEZ isP 16:l9~11

M Z iP 12:35:39 0 2 c

U PEZ esPP 16~22:50

M Z ipP 12:35:49 0 5

U PEZ eS 16~29~54

0 Z iP 12:35~3907 c

U PEZ esPS 16~31~18

0 Z ipP 12g35~5004

U PEZ eSS 16~35~50

D Z iP 12:35:40 0 9

U PEZ iR 16~48g20

D Z ipP 12:35:5008

Hi Z eP 16g18:28 0 0

U Z iP 12:35~3900 c

Ha Z eP 16:18:38 0 0

U Z ipP 12:35~4905

20-1/2° S" I 68° Wo

16:05:18& U Z ePn 12~36:5406

Chile~Bolivia bordero

h about 100 kmo U Z Tmax 13:13~12

Magnitude 6-3/4 0

U PEZ eP 12~35:3901 d

16
Table 5 o --Distant.earthquakes--Continued

July l3--Continued July 18-~Continued

u

u

PEZ

PEZ

ePP 12g37~OO

is 12:41:12

12~18:35o

Off. coast of Vancouver. British

Columbia 0

u

u

Hi

PEE

PEZ

z

iQ 12g42g57

iR 12~44~30

July 18

M

o

z

z

Hi Z ipP 12:35~4803 u z

Hi Z

Ha Z

ePn l2~36:5208

eP 12~35g2501 c

Hi Z

Ha Z

52° No, 172-1/2° W~

12:28:45t'

Andreanof Islands, Aleutian

Islands 0

Magnitude 6-1/2.

19:29~22o

Fiji Islands region o

Ha Z

Ha Z

ipP 12~35:3401

Tmax 13:11:23

July 18

M

M

M

z

z

z

iP 20g06:54~0 d

ipP 20~07:33e7

July 14

u PEZ eR 08:56:31

o

o

z

z ipP 20:07:33 0 8

51-1/2° No, 172° WG

08:40~48o

Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands c

o

D

z

Z

isP 20g07g47,,7

16-1/2° So, 1730 Eo

13:00:24 0

New Hebrides Islands regiono

h about 100 km o

July 14

u

u

July 18

u

PEZ

PEZ

PEN

eS 13:15:53

eR 13:21~25

eL 12~35

17

D

D

u

u

u

u

u

u

u

z

z

z

Z

PEZ

PEZ

PEZ

PEN

PEZ

ipP 20~07:3408

isP 20:07:47 0 0

iP 20~06:5606 c

ipP 20~07:3305

iP 20~06~55a6 d

ipP 20~07~31$6

is 20:16:48

isS 20:17:49

iSS 20:21:09
Table 5o--Distant earthquakes--Continued

JUly 18--Continued JUly 19--Continued

u PEN iSSS 20:25:14 Ha Z iP 15:19:01 0 9

U PEZ

Hi Z

Hi Z

Ha Z

iR 20:31g27

iP 20:06:5606 d

ipP 20:07:34 0 2

iP 20:06:49 0 5 d

15° SOt 70-1/2° Wo

15g06g10 o

Peruo Felt in Northern Chileo

h about 200 km o

Magnitude 7.

JU1,i 20 .-

Ha Z ipP 20:07:27.8 M z iP 17:01:41 0 6

15-1/2° Ne • 120-1/2° E~

19:54:450

Luzon, Philippine Islands. felt6

h about 150 kmC)

Magnitude 6-1/2 to 6-3/4 t

July 19

o z

D Z

u z

Hi Z

iP 17:01:4001

iP 17:01~40f)7

iP 17:01~43e9

u z eP 15~18:51 Ha Z eP 17:01:4508

u

u

u

PEZ

PEZ

PEZ

iP 15:18:52.0

epP 15~19:54

esP 15:20:07

23-1/20 SOt 179° Eo

16:53:38~

Fiji Islands region~

h about 600 km"

U PEN esSS 15:36~56

U PEZ epPP 15~23g17

u

u

u

U

FEZ

PEN

PEN

PEN

ePP 15:22~26

is 15:29~30

isS 15~31:04

eSS 15:35:28

July 21

M

o

u

u

u

z

Z

PEZ

PEZ

PEZ

iP 07~52g0507

eP 07:52:12

is 07:59:26

iR 08~05:32

u

u

PEN

PEZ

iG 15~42~09

iR 15:49:09

14-1/2° S~t 167-1/20 E&

07:43g13 o

New Hebrides .Islandso

Magnitude 6-1/40

Hi Z

Hi Z

iP 15:18:54 0 2

epP 15~19:47G5

18

Table 5~--Distant earthquakes--Continued

July 24--Continued Auge 7--Continued

u PEN eS 01:35:13 Hi Z Tmax 22:31:30

u PEN iQ 01:36:54 Ha Z Tmax 22:30:15

Hi Z

u

u

PEZ eR 01:38:09

Z Tmax 02:04

eP 01:29:4802

56-1/2° N•• 154° Wo

21:45:26 0

Kodiak Island~

M,agnitude 5 e

41° No, 125-1/2° Wo

01:23:09.

Off coast of Northern California.

Felt at Humboldt County.

Magnitude 5-3/4.

Ha Z

eR 01:08:41

iF OO:56~1909 c

eQ 01:07:11

iP 00:56:1ge5 c

eS 01:03:07

eP 00:56:19.9

iP 00:56:20 0 0 c

ipP OOg56:29.4

epP 00:56:29.5

ipP 00:56:29 0 8

ipP 00:56:29 0 9

z

PEZ

PEN

PEN

z

z

z

z

z

z

M

D

o

M

Hi Z

D

o

u

u

u

u

eP 01:29:51 0 7

eP 08:09:52~1

eQ 01:36:59

eQ 01:37:06

eP 08:09:51 0 1

Trnax 02:03:49

Tmax 02:05:25

z

Z

o z

M

u

Hi Z

Hi Z

Ha Z

Ha Z

Aug. 4

20-1/20 S•• 1780 Wo

08:02:17.

Fiji Islands regiont

h about 600 krn~

55° N~, 162-1/2° Eo

00:47:38&

Near east coast of Kamchatka.

Magnitude 6-1/2.

Ha Z

eS 09:56:47

PEZ eR 10:00:37

PEZ

u

u

Augc} 8

eR 22:02~31

eS 21:08:47

z Trnax 22:31:20

PEZ

FEZ

u

u

u

Aug" 7

20
Table 5o --Distant earth~uakes--Continued

Aug 0 9

M

o

D

z

z

z

iP 20:38g36.2

iP 20:38:36 0 0

iP 20:38:3501

Aug 0 14--Continued

0°, 125-1/2° Eo

04:39:07 0

Molucca Pass,age 0

Aug 0 15

u

u

u

z

PEZ

PEZ

eP 20:38:35,1

is 20:46:15

eR 20:52:39

M

o

D

z

z

z

eP 09:09:00 e 4 c

eP 09:09:0006 c

eP 09:09:00&0 c

Hi Z iP 20:38:38,,9 u z eP 09:09:0002 d

10° So, 161° Eo

20:29:28&

Solomon Islands.

h about 100 kIno

Ha Z

Hi Z

Auge 12

u

u

u

u

u

z

FEZ

PEN

PEE

PEZ

eP 10:06:22c.2

eP 10:06:16

is 10:12:39 0 0

eQ 10:15~11

10:15:56

u

u

u

u

u

U

PEZ

PEE

PEE

PEN

PEN

PEZ

iP 09:08:59 0 5 c

is 09:18:52

iPPS 09:19:45

iSS 09:23:25

iQ 09:28:11

eR 09:32:31

iP 09:09:0106 c

iP 09:09g06.4 c

U PEZ

Hi Z

Ha Z

iR lO~17:11

eP 10~06:1608

eP 10:06:27 0 8

23° No, 121° Eo

08g57:04 o

Formosa; 16 killed, many injured

and extensive property damage.

Magnitude 6-3/4 to 7.

16-1/2° So, 177-1/2° We

09:58:22.

Fiji Islands regione

Magnitude 6-1/2 0

Aug 0 14

u

u

u

PEZ

PEZ

PEZ

eP 01:01:0305

eS 01:08:44

eR 01:15:51

M

o

Z

z

iF 04:51:24 0 2

eP 04:51:24 e 4

21

21° So, 1690 Eo

00:51:400

Loyalty Islands regioDo

Magnitude 6 0
Table 5e--Distant earthquakes--Continued

AuS· 16 Aug 0 18--Continued

Hi Z iF 10:01:110 7 22-1/2° No. 122° Eo

00:34:03.

18° So. 178° w. Near east coast of Formosa 0

09:53~52. h about 200 kmo

Fiji Islands.

h about 350 kIno Augo !8

Aug. 17 M Z eP 06:45:31 0 3

M Z eP 21:14:17 6 3 c 0 Z iP 06:45:30 0 2 d

0 Z eP 21:14:17.2 c D Z iP 06:45:3162 d

D Z eP 21:14:16 0 6 c U Z iP 06:45:31.5 d

U Z iP 21:14:18 e 4 d U PEZ iF 06:45:3105 c (d)

U PEZ iP 21:14:18 6 7 d U PEZ is 06:52:13

U PEN e 21:21:11 U PEZ iSS 06:55:43

U PEE is 21:22:02 U FEN iG 06:56:11

U PEZ iSS 21:25:49 U FEZ iR 06:57:45

U PEN iQ 21~26:58 Hi Z iP 06:45g29~8 d

U PEZ iR 21:29:19 Hi E eS 06:52:10

Hi Z eP 21:14:1901 c Hi N eQ 06:55~16

Ha Z iF 21:14:16el c Ha Z iP 06:45g2B.3 c

7-1/2° So. 156° Eo Ha E eS 06:52:06

21:04:40.

Solomon Is1andso Ha N eQ 06:55:53

Magnitude 7 to 7-1/4~

Ha N eR 06:58:13

~~go 18

44°55' Nu, 111°05' Wo

M Z eP OO:45:33 e 8 06:37:15000

Hebgen Lake, Montana; many

0 Z eP 00:45:34.3 killed and injured; major

property damage G

D Z eP 00:45:3308 Magnitude 7.1 6

22
Table 5.--Distant earthq~akes--Continued

M

a

D

z

z

z

iP 15:34:23 0 0 c

iP 15:34:23 0 0 c

iF 15:34x24 0 1 c

Augo 20--Continued

.70 So, 85° We

07:18:34 0

Off coast of Peru o

Aug. 21

u z eP 15:34:22.2 d u PEN ePPS 08:28~26

u PEZ iP 15:34:22 0 8 d u PEZ eR 08:44:33

u

u

u

PEN

PEN

PEN

is 15:41:06

iSS 15:44:21

eQ 15:45:58

50-1/2° So. 139-1/2° Eo

08g03g15o

Indian Ocean south of Australiao

Magnitude 5-3/4 to 6.

Hi Z

u PEZ iR 15:46:58

eP 15:34:19.4 d

Augo 21

U PEZ eR 10:19:18

44°53' No. 110°44' W.

15:26:06 0 5.

Hebgen Lake aftershock o

Magnitude 6-1/2 0

50-1/2° So. 140° E.

09:37:49 0

Indian Ocean south of Australia.

Ha Z

Aug. 19

iP 15:34:20.4 d

Aug 0 24

M Z

o z

iP 15:50:540 8 d

iP 15:50:54 0 6 d

44°54' N~. 111°38' Wo

04:04:03.0.

Hebgen Lake aftershocko

Magnitude 6.

Hi Z

u

Aug. 20

M

o

PEZ

z

z

eR 04:23:51

eP 07:30:13.7

eP 07~30:1207

D

u

u

u

u

z

z

PEZ

FEZ

PEZ

iP 15:50:53.8 d

eP 15~50:5400 c

iP 15:50:54 0 0 c

eS 15:58:29

eR 16:05:57

iF 15:50:57 0 2 c

D z eP 07:30:14.2

Ha Z iP 15:50:54 0 6 c

u z eP 07:30:13 0 4

23

10-1/2° So. 161-1/2° Eo

15:41:40 0

Solomon Islands foreshocke
Table 56--Distant earthquakes--Continued

Ii

Aug. 24 Aug" 26--Continued

M Z iP 21:40:01()O c D Z iF 08:35:24 0 1 c

0 Z iP 21:40:00<\7 c D Z ipP 08:35:3501

D Z iP 21:39:59()2 U Z iF 08~35~2303

U Z eP 21:39:5905 c U Z ipP 08:35:34 0 9

U PEZ eP 21:39:58 c U PEZ iP 08:35:23.7 c

U PEN e 21:47:01 U PEZ is 08:43~23

U PEN is 21:47:39 U PEN iG 08:50:00

U PEZ eSS 21:51:06 U PEZ iR 08.52:15

U FEZ iR 21:53:59 Hi Z iP 08:35:21.5 c

Hi Z iP 21:40:02 6 2 d Hi Z ipP 08:35:33 0 1

Ha Z iP 21:40:00.5 d Ha Z iP 08:35:28 e 4 d

10-1/2° So t 1610 Eo Ha Z ipP 08:35:39.2

21:30:46 0

Solomon Islands. 180 No. 94-1/2° Wo

Magnitude 7e 08:25:30 b

Vera Cruz, Mexico; 14 killed.

Aug 0 24 many injured. and extensive

property damage throughout

U PEZ eS 23:49:13 Tehuantepec Isthmuso

Magnitude 6-3/4 0

U PEZ eR 23:55~19

Aug 4) 26

10-1/2° So, 1610 Eo

23:32:23. U PEZ eP 10:34:45

Solomon Islands aftershock o

U PEZ is 10:40:43

Augo 26

U PEN iQ 10:42:41

M Z iF 08:35:23 0 9 c

U FEZ eR 10:44:18

'M Z ipP 08:35:36.0

U Z Trnax 11:13:31

0 Z iP 08:35:23.3 c

Hi Z iQ 10:42:48

0 Z ipP 08~35:3501

Hi Z Tmax 11:13:15

24
Table 5.--Distant earth~uakes--Continued

Aug. 26--Continued

45° Set 80-1/2° W.

13:36:50.

Off coast of southern Chile.

51° No, 1320 W.,

10:27:41(1

Queen Charlotte Islands regiono

go S., 158° Eo

02:37:00

Solomon Islands.

h about 150 km o

AUio 28--Continued

17° So, 1670 E c

15:52:10.

New Hebrides Islands 0

Augf) 29

U PEZ eR 03:45:11

03:21:07 II

Solomon Islands region,

Augo 29

M Z iF 17g15:20 0 8 d

a z iF 17:15:2103 d

D Z iP 17:15:21.3 d

U Z iP 17:15:20e5 d

U PEZ iF 17:15:2106 d

U FEZ is 17:25:27

U FEZ eSS 17:30:47

U PEN eG 17:36:41

U PEZ eR 17:40:11

Hi Z iP 17:15:20.7 d

Ha Z iP 17:15:12e6 d

52° No, 106-1/2° Eo

17:0-3:100

Lake Baikal, USSR o

Magnitude 6-1/2 to 6cm 3/4 o

Aug 0 30

U PEZ eR 22:45:30

36-1/20 So. 78-1/2° Eo

21:45:07 0

Indian Oceane

eQ 10:42:38

eR 03:01:41

eR 14:20:21

iP 12:15:51 0 7

iP 12:15:49 0 4

Tmax 11:12:55

PEZ

PEZ

Ha Z

Ha Z

u

Hi Z

u z

u

Augo 27

Aug. 28

AUio 28

63-1/2° No, 149° W"

12:07:44 0

Central A1aska e Felt at College

and Fairbankso

Augo 28

U Z eP 16:01:44 0 3

U PEZ eP 16:01:43

U PEZ eS 16:09:01

U PEZ eR 16:15:41

25
Sept. 3

Table 5~--Distant earthquakes--Continued I _

Sept t) 5

M z iP 06:40:0685 u PEZ eR 16:08:43

o

D

u

z

z

z

iP 06:40:06 0 4

eP 06:40:06.3

1° N•• 129° Eo

15:34:44~

Halmahera aftershocko

Sept 0 5

u

u

u

u

u

PEZ

PEN

PEZ

PEN

PEZ

iP 06:40:06.3

eS 06:50:37

eSS 06:56:03

eG 07:01:35

eR 07:05:31

u

Sept. 5

M

o

D

PEZ

z

z

z

eR 21:45:45

iP 23:12:2207

iP 23:12:2107

eP 23:12:20 e 8

4-1/2° So, 123° Eo

06:27:300

Celebes Islands.

Sept. 3

u z

Hi Z

Ha Z

iP 23:12:21 0 4

iP 23:12:24 0 6

iP 23:12:26.7

15° So, 175-1/2° We

21:48:56 0

Fiji Islands regiono

u PEZ eSS 22:06:47 18° So, 178-1/2° Wo

23:04:00 c

Fiji IslandsQ

Septc 6

1° No, 129° E.

06:07:380

Halmahera Island regionc

5-1/2° No, 126-1/2° E~

OO~27:59o

Near south coast of Mindanao,

Phillippine Islandse

Sept. 5

M

o

u

u

u

z

z

PEN

PEN

PEZ

eP 06:19~3403

eP 06:19:34 e 7

ePPS 06:30:03

eQ 06:39:05

eR 06:41:36

26

M

o

u

Septo 8

u

z

z

z

PEZ

iP 00:39:57,3

eP 00:39:57.2

eP 00:39:57.2

eR 14:25:27
Table 5.--Distant earthquakes--Continued . -

Seet, 8--Continued

47° N" 1520 E.

22:56:34.

Kurile Islands.

13:12:04.

South Atlantic Ocean about 700

miles east of Bouvet Island.

42-1/2° N" 142-1/2° E.

19:19:39.

Hokkaido, Japan; felt at Hiroo.

Obihiro, Kushiro t and Urakawa.

Septu' 10

M Z iP 05:44:41.9 d

0 Z iP 05:44:41.8 d

D Z iP 05:44:41.0 d

U Z eP 05:44:42.8

U PEZ eS 05:52:56

U PEZ eSSS 05:58:41

U PEZ eR 06:00:21

Hi Z iP 05:44:44.1 c

Ha Z iP 05:44:40.7 c

6-1/2° S., 154-1/2° E.

05:35:04.

Solomon Islands.

Sept. 10

u PEZ eR 07:29:31

3° S. 146-1/2° E.

07:01:45.

Bismarck Sea.

Sept. 12

U PEE is 11:42:00

U PEZ iR 11:49:39

9-1/2° S. t 1560 E.

11:24:27.

Solomon Islands region.

Sept. 14

U Z eP 13:24:40.3

U FEZ eS 13:31:35

U PEZ eR 13:38:01

Hi Z eP 13:24:36.7

Sept. ,

12

U PEZ eSKS 02:04:15

U PEZ eSS 02:12:25

U PEZ isSS 02:12:46

U PEZ eSSS 02:16:11

U PEN eQ 02:18:51

U PEZ iR 02:21:51

20° SOt 68° W.

01:41:03.

Southern Bolivia.

h about 150 km.

Sept. 12

eP 23:05:42.0

eP 23:05:42.5

PEZ eR 19:44:39

z

D z

M

u

Sept. 8

27
Table 5 ~..,-Distant earth~uakes--Continued

Septe 14--Continued Septo 14...-Continued

24° SOt 176-1/2° Wo Ha Z iP 14;19:02 0 0 c

13:15:490

Tonga Islands region. Ha Z ipP 14~19~2003

Magnitude 5-3/4 to 6<1

Ha N eS 14g26g14

Septo 14

Ha E eR 14~34g03

M Z iP 14~18:56()7 d

28-1/2° So, 1770 Wo

M Z ipP 14:19:16.4 14:09:390

Kermadec Is1ands~ Felt on

0 Z iP 14~18:5601 d Raoul e

Magnitude 7-3/4C1

0 Z ipP 14~19:1508

Sept 0 14

D Z eP 14~18:55tol d

M Z eP 17~15:2908

D Z ipP 14~19~1409

0 Z eP 17:15:29 0 4-

U Z iP 14:18~56eO d

D Z e 17:15:24 0 7

U Z ipP 14:19:14 0 4-

U Z eP 17:15:31 0 3

U PEZ iP 14:18:52 0 9 d

U PEN is l7~23g00

U FEZ i 14~18:5602

U PEZ eR 17~30g01

U PEZ ipP 14:19~O7

Hi Z iP 17~15g32Q9

U PEN is 14~26~28

Ha Z e 17~15g4902

U PEE eScS 14:28:47

29° So, 176-1/2° Wo

U PEE iG 14~30~41 17~O6~15(.

Kermadec aftershock o Felt on

U PEZ iR 14:33:11 Raoul 0

Hi Z iP 14~18:5802 c Sept.l'. 114

Hi Z ipP 14~19~1608 M Z eP 22:33:17 0 7

Hi N eS 14:26~31 0 Z eP 22~33:1605

Hi E eQ 14:31g35 U PEZ eP 22:33:18

Hi N eR 14:38~45 U PEN is 22:40:39

28
Table 5o --Distant earthguakes--Continued

Sept. 14--Continued Septo 15

U PEZ eR 22g47:27 M Z iP 11:13:20 0 2 c

29° S I) , 177° Wo M Z iScP 11~17:3803

22:23~53l)

Kermadec aftershock~ Felt on 0 Z iP 11g13:1906 c

Raoul.

Magnitude 6-1/20 0 Z iScP 11:17:37 0 7

Septe 15 D Z eP 11:13:20.1 c

M Z iP 06:08:58 0 3 U Z iF 11:13:19 0 1 c

0 Z iP 06:08:57 0 1 U PEE is 11:19:33

U Z eP 06:08:53 0 4 U PEE iScS 11:22:18

U PEZ iP 06:08~54Cl4 Hi Z iP 11:13:216 8 c

U PEE is 06:16:22 Ha Z iP 11:13:25.1 c

U PEE iScS 06:18:53 21-1/2° SG, 179-1/2° W"

11:05:33 0

U PEZ iSS 06:19~55 Fiji Islands regiono

h about 600 krno

U PEE eQ 06:20:11 Magnitude 6-1/2 0

U PEZ iR 06:23:45 Sept 0 16

Hi Z eP 06g08:59 0 2 U PEN is 16:13~45

Hi E eS 06:16~20 U PEZ eR 16:21:11

Hi E eQ 06:24~39 28-1/2° So. 1760 Wo

15g57~03e

Hi N eF" 06~28~03 Kermadec aftershock6

Magnitude 5.... 3/4 to 6 6

Ha Z iP 06:08~5908

Septo 17

Ha N eS 06~16~29

U PEN eS 14:52:47

Ha N eQ 06:22:35

U PEZ eR 15~OO:31

28-1/2° So. 1770 Wo

05:59~42o

Kerrnadec aftershocke Felt on

Raoul.

Magnitude 6-1/2 to 6-3/4 0

29

28~1/2° So, 1760 WO

14~36:11G

Kerrnadec aftershock o

Magnitude 5-3/4 to 6 0
Table 5o--Distant ear~hquakes--Continued

Sept" 17 Sept. 25

u PEZ eR 22:32:11 M z eP 02:48:45.6 d

Sept. 20

57-1/2° SOt 24° We

12:01:1l~

Sandwich Islands.

30-1/2° SOt 114° Wo

22:14:40.

Gulf of California.

Magnitude 5-1/4.

U PEZ

c

eR 03:11:28

iP 02:48:46.1 d

eS 02:58:38

eP 02:48:45 0 3 d

iP 02:48:4501 d

iP 02:48:45

eSS 03:02:51

z

z

PEE

z

PEZ

PEZ

PEZ

o

D

22° N' t 122-1/2° Eo

02:36:48.

Near east coast of Formosa.

u

u

u

u

u

Sept. 26

eR 13:00:31

eS 06:25:15

eR 06:32:35

eQ 06:30:27

PEZ

PEN

PEZ

u

u

u

Sept. 18

13-1/2° SOt 11-1/2° Wo

06:07:59.

Pacific Ocean north of Easter

Island.

Hi E

Z Tmax 09:02:31

Z Tmax 09:02:30

eP 08:27:42.4

iP 08:27:40 e 6

z Trnax 09:02:35

z

z

M

M

D

o

o

eQ 06:32:49

u z Trnax 07:16:16

Sept. 21 u PEN eS 08:32:50

u PEZ eR 02:37:11 u PEN eQ 08:34:30

Hi Z

9-1/2° S.t 149° Eo,

02:08:28«)

Near coast of New Guinea. Felt

on Wanigellae

u

u

PEZ iR 08:35:40

Z Tmax 09:02:45

eP 08:27:34 0 4

Hi N eQ 08:35:35

Hi Z Tmax 09:02:11

30
Table 5G--Distant earthquakes--Continued

Sept. 26--ContiIlued Sept. 30

Ha Z iP 08:27:37.7 M Z iP 20:35:1503 d

Ha Z Tmax 09:02:08 0 Z iP 20:35:15,,1 d

43-1/2° No, 128-1/2° w. D Z iP 20:35:13 0 9 d

08:20:510

Off coast of Oregon. U Z iF 20:35:14 0 7 c

Sept. 29 U FEZ eS 20:43g55

U Z eP 15:41:18.0 U PEZ eR 20:50;30

U PEZ eP 15~41:16.0 Hi Z eP 20:35~1704 d

U PEN is 15:48:44 Ha Z eP 20:35:16 0 6 d

U PEZ eR 15:54:50 18° S(). 1680 E.

20:25:58.

29° So, 176-1/2° w. New Hebrides Islands 0 Felt at

15:31:57 0 Port Vila and Vateo

Kermadec Islands. Magnitude 6-1/20

Magnitude 6-1/2 to 6-3/4 0

31
Upolu Point

EXPLANATION

• Seismooraph Station

• Town or locality

Contour int.rval 1,000 f••t

TOP0910pllW bw uS GeolOllcol Sur.ey

Laupaho.hoe ------+-------- 20.

Cope

K",,"*ohl

Kolopana

Apuo Point

(-----------------------+----------I.·

Figure 2.--Map of the Island of Hawaii showing seismograph stations

operated by the Geological Survey and localities mentioned in

the text. Epicenters of local earthquakes are given in terms of

geographic coordinates, which are indicated at the edges of the

map.

32
UNITIID STATES

DEPAR1MENT OF THE rnTF'~IOR

GEOLOGICAL SlJRVEY

HAWAIIAN VOlCANO SUMMARY

SUMMARY 16

October, November and December, 1959

by

Harold L. Kr1vay, Michael P. Lane and Jerry P. Eaton

IB6ued~ 1965

I

I

\

Observatory Staff

Geology:

n·H.Hichter

C.K.Wentworth

Geochemistry:

W.U.Auit

K.J.~ata (Scientist-in-charge)

G.KoJima

R. T·. Okamura

Geophysics:

J.P.Eaton

H.L.Krivoy

Support:

J.C.Forbes

W.H.Francis

B.J.Loucks

A.Yamamoto (Adminstrative

Clerk)

I

J
Contents

Page

X Prefatory Note--------------------------------------------------

'I Summary of activities-------------------------------------------

Introduction----------------------------------------------

, Pre-eruption events---------------------------------------

Seismological tracking of the eruptive process------------

Logistics during the 1959 eruption of Ki1auea-Iki---------

Deep seismic swarm----------------------------------------

Recent history of deep earthquake swarms------------------

Instrumentation and earthquake-reporting------------------

Non-eruption events during the quarter--------------------

Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera--------------------

Seismic summary-------------------------------------------------

Persons or agencies reporting Ufelt" earthquakes during the

quarter-------------------------------------------------------
Illustrations

Page

'" Figure 10 Map of the island of Hawaii showing seismograph

stations and localities mentioned in the text---------

./2ao Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera

between August 15 and October 16, 1959----------------

2bo Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera between

October 16 and November 13, 1959----------------------

./---2co Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera

between November 13 and December 3, 1959--------------

/2do Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera between

December 3 and December 30, 1959----------------------

/' A. Map of the Kilauea summit region showing: number of

events, depth, date for each deep swarm in recent

recording history of Hawaii---------------------------

,:")B. Detailed map of the Kilauea summit region (G. A. Mcdonald)

to show historic flows and features with reference to

the 1959 Kilauea-Iki outbreak vents------------------

?C. Copy of U.S.G.S. topographic sheets (1961) which shows

changes in topography and culture due to the 1959

eruption of Kilauea-Iki------------------------------
Tables

.I Table 10 Tilt coordinates at Uwekahuna Vault-------------------------

v 2a-2d. Tilt coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea

caldera---------------------------------------------------

t/" 3. Number of earthquakes and minutes of tremor recorded

on seismographs around Kilauea caldera-------------------

~3ao Local earthquakes and tremor recorded by the HVO-l

seismograph at Uwekahuna, October, November,

~4.

and December) 1959----------------------------------------

Local earthquakes recorded by seismographs of the

UoS. Geological Survey-----------------------------------

Distant earthquakes----------------------------------------

Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing

horizontals at Uwekahuna Vault during the Kilauea-Iki

eruption ------------------------------------------------

~Bo Abstracts from original reading sheets for the deep

swarm between December 11 and December 14, 1959---------

c. Recent history of deep earthquake swarms-------------_- _

XD. Earthquake counts compared according to instrument type---
j

/f

,

I

I

;

(

J

J Contents

Page

Prefatory Note -------------------------------------------------------- Summary of activities -~e~-bh~eRe~e~~e8~-6~ffl~efr1-----------------·~----

Introduction -------------------~---~-------~-~---------~-~--~~--~­

Pre-eruption events------~-~--------------------------------------- Seismo16gical tracking of the eruptive process _

Logistics during the 1959 eruption of Kilauea-Iki -----------------

Deep seismic swarm ------------------------------------------------ Recent history of deep earthquake swarms -------------------------- Instrumen"tition and, earthquake.:;;eportin~------------------------- > ~- ~.tA.~,-:JA t:'t>'.-VhQ ..... v~ _ - .'- - -.- ... - .',

Tilting of the ground around Kilauea £aldera ------------------,--------

Seismic summary ------------------------------------------------------- Persons or agencies reporting "felt" earthquakes during the quarter

Illustrations

Figure 1.

'2a1t

2b.

2d.

Map of the island of Hawaii showing seismograph stations and

localities mentioned in the text ---------~--------------- Tflting ot t"he".gr"ound" ai"ound Kilauea- calcfer'a betwee"n " "-

August 15 and' October 16, 1959 ---------------------------

Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera between

, .Oc~obe!.16- a,!.d Nov.eml?er, 13,_ 1959 ----.-----.:--------------~-

Tilting of the ground around Kilauea caldera between -;;;;r---

November 13 and December 3, 1959 ------------------------- Tilting nf the ground around Kilauea caldera between

December 3 and December 30 1959 ------------------------- .. -' - - - .'. -.- -" ,

Figure 'A. "~ap of the Kilauea summit region showing: numb~r of events,

depth, date --- for ~ach deep'swarm in recent recordirig

history ....of~Hawaii.---------------------------------------------- ... _ • ••• I ••

Figure '~.

Figure C.

Detailed map of the Kilauea summit region (G.A.Macdonald) ~o

,show historic flows and fe~tures with reference to the

1959 Kilauea-Iki outbreaK vents. -------------------------------

Copy of U.S.G.S. topographic sheets (1961) which shows changes

in'topo'graphy and cuit'ure cltJe t'c)" the 1959 e'ruption of·' K'ilaueaIki. ----------------------------------------------.-------------

Tables

Table 1 •

""

,.

3.

3a.

4.

5.

Table A.

Table ~.

Ti 1t coordinates at Uwekahuna Vault ------------------.------- v

Tilt coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea caldera: .........

(2a, .2b, 2c,and 2d, on four pages) ----------------------~--­ Number ~f earthquakes and minutes of tremor recorded·on

seismographs around Kilauea caldera ------------------------- Local earthquakes and tremor recorded by the HVo-l seismograph

at Uwekahuna, October, November and Decernber 1959.---------:..-

Local earthquakes xm9xmi~~tRsx~fxtxHm~x recorded by seismngraphs

of the U. S. Geological Survey -----------.-------------------

Distant earthquakes ---------~------------.------------------­ Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals

·at Uw~kahuna Vault d~ring the Kilauea-Iki eruption ---------- Abstracts from original reading sheets for the deep swarm between

December 11 a,nd December 14, 1959 ----------------------------
Table c.

Table D.

Recent history of deep earthquake swarms ---------------------

Earthquake counts compared according to instrument type ------
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

Summary 16

• .I.

Preface

It is important for the reader to notice that this Summa~ 16, for

October, November and December of 1959, is actually being issued in 1965.

All modern summaries, starting with 24, have been circulated or are in

press; the gap between 16 and 24 is being filled now.

The gap in chronological sequence of this series was caused largely

by the extreme activity of Hawaiian volcanoes which began in November, 1959

with the eruption of K11auea-Iki. And there have been surface lava flows

from Kilauea every year (excepting 1964) since then, as well as varied

seismic storms and crises.

I~~~~~ ~ismic and volcanic events between 1959 and 1965,

the staff of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory grew in experience as

well as in numbers. Also many changes and improvements in instrumentation

took place in that period. It would be foolish to blind ourselves to

this broader understanding and general amelioration. And so this Summary

16, and the others lip to Summary 24, will certainly reflect this "anned~

vision." It should, however, not be confused with prevision; in writing

Summariesgl6 through 23 we will be guided by our knowledge of eruptions II 'I and earthquakes yet to come. But in mentioning these events in a context

of earlier chronology, we mean to avoid giving any manifestation of a

prescience we neither have, nor claim to possess.

!n the present Summary we have attempted an hybrid reportage ---

using formats, tables, etc. which were used in Summary 15 --- but also

consciously starting a transition toward the style, format and content

in vogue by the time of Summary 34. To complicate this attempt at

evolution, we are confronted by the unique events of 1959/60 and by

the need to ~tilize entirely new graphical and tabular methods for their

complete a~d orderly representation.

If there is any confusion, therefore, in the continUity or

interpretation of Summaries 16 through 23, the reader is urged to

consult both Summaries 15 and 24; or he is invited to write for

information to:

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Hawaii
/.,

PR.EFATORY NOTE

It is important for the reader to notice that this Summary 16, for

October, Noyember and December of }959, is actually being issued in 1966~

All modern summaries, starting ;~~~heencirculated or are in , 1~-

press; the ~ap between 16 and 24 iR hei~~ ~il1ed now.

The gap in chuonolo~ical sequence 9f this series Ras caused larRely

by the extreme activity of Hawaii~n volcanoes which be~an in November,

1959'with the eruption of Kilauea-Iki. And there have been surface lava

flows as well as vanted seismic storms and crises eveey yea0"xcep t 19~

Rince then.

/

In the present Summary l-le have' attempted' R'n hybrid reportage

" using formats, tables, etc. which were used in ~U~1marv 15 --- but also .~~

cons~iou'sly startinR a transition to't·,ard the styl(~.: form.~ t and content

in vogue by the time of Summary 3Lr~' To'complicate t·r,~.S attempt at

evolution, we are confronted hy the'uniq~~ events of 1959/60 and by

the' need to utilize entirelv newg'raph}cal and tabular methods for , .'

" ,

~heir complete ~nd orderly repres~ritati?n.'

-

I

'. .~

If there is any confusion, therefore, i~ the continuity or

.'interpretation of Summaries 16 th,rough 23, the reader i's urged to

I'

consult both 5ummaries 15 and 24; ',or h,e ';1S invited to write for I

information to:

Hawniian, Volcano Ob8ervatory

I "
Chronological Su~ry

During this quarter workers at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory had the

opportunity to study and to sample a very remarkable eruption in Kilauea-Iki,

a collapse feature near the summit of Kilauea. Many useful accounts of the

Kilauea-Iki eruption have already been published although the most definitive

report is still being finalized. Thus we shall attempt to give 8 brief review

of major events in a style and sequence which will not be too repetitive of

earlier publications and also which will not detract from the forthcomi.ng

Professional Paper.

A partial list of references is aR follows:

1. Ault, W. u., 1960, Geochemical research during the 1959-60 activity of

Kilauea Volcano: Geochemical News, p. 1-5.

2. Eaton, J. P., 1962, Crustal structure and volcanism in Hawaii in Crust

of the Pacific Basin: Geophys. Mon. 6, p. 13-29.

3. Eaton, J. P., and Murata, K. J., 1960, How volcanoes grow: Science,

v. 1;2, no. 3432, p. 925-938.

4. Eaton, J. P., and Wentworth, C. K., 1962, The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

in Thrum's Annual "All About Hawaii" (1961 ed.): p.35-44.

5. Macdonald, G. A., 1961, Volcanology: Science, v. 133, no. 3454, p. 67;-679.

6. Richter, D. H., 1963, Volcano observations: Am. Geophys. Union Trans.,

v. 44, no. 2, p. 505-507.

7.. Richt.er, Donald H., and Eaton, Jerry P.,~The 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea

volcano: The New Scientist, v. 7, p. 994-997.

In the third quarter of 1959 (Su~ry 15) small, inward tilting was

measured at Kilauea tilt bases. Thus measurements around October 16, 1959

(Fig. 2a) revealed a radical change in the pattern; gentle collapse was

replaced by gentle re-inflation. Tilt measurements made before the eruption

of 14 November (Fig. 26) showed about five times the previous rate of inflationtilt. In the short article for The New Scientist#(reference 7, above) Richter

and Eaton illustrate this tilt trend in their Figure 2. That illustration

shows the same results depicted by Figures 2c and 2d in the following text.

Figure 2c shows the collapse coincident with the Ki1auea-Iki eruption; 2d shows

the re-inf1ation of the summit storage zone which actually began early in the

Kilauea Iki eruption.

* On Page 7 of Summa~ 24 are plotted 7-day averages of tilt recorded East-West

and ~~~h-South by the short base, liqu4d-level tiltmeter in Uwekahuna Vaulte

This~llustrates the history of tilt measurements at Uwekahunaj it starts

in July of 1956 and is plotted till August, 1962. The deformation described

above is shown and also its relationship to tilt cycles before and after

Kilauea-Iki. .

I

-
The daily tilt readings in Table I, if plotted, reveal a curve similar

to that shown in the New Scientist article and one which might be more indicative

of day-by-day deformation.

Thu~, Kilauea before the eruption in Ki1auea-Iki displayed an increasing

rate of shallow lava storage. Seismically there was little of note except for

a greater and greater number of events recorded at the North Pit sei.smometer.

In Table :3 these events are counted under the heading "Kilauea cald~ra, shallow."

It can be seen in Table 3 that this count reached a high of 800 quakes on

October 24 and then the count decreased to reach 90 on November 1, 1959. Thereafter the count rose sharply; by November 8 the number could only be estimated,

by November 12 it exceeded 2000 events in a 24-hour period.

This activity had not been previously observed in Hawaii -- probably

because there had never been such a sensitive instrument so fortuitously

located. In the present case it is noteworthy that similar instruments at

Uwekahuna and Outlet -- within 3 km of North Pit failed to show more than

1~ of the thousands of small, shallow events. These therefore are assumed

to come from failure of the inflating floor of Kilauea caldera, from Halemau~u

itself, and from the nearb,Y 1954 rupture zone which lies at the head of the

east rift and which leads to Kilauea-Iki and the "chain-of-craters."

The largest quake recorded in October was magnitude 4.4 on October 4, 1959.

It was located beneath the offshore portion of Haleaka1a's east rift and was

felt by residents of east Maui.

Three other quakes of magnitude 3.4 were recorded during the month but

were not reported felt. Of these, the quake of 03-10-03.5 on 21 October was

interesting in that it took place only 30 km south of Honolulu and seemed

relatively. deep.

Other unusual quakes in October were 8S follows:

A. 3 Oct., 15-36-08.0 M =3.2 h I:: 50

This deeper event was located 25 km east of Pahoa in a region

where shallow, east-rift quakes are more common.

B. 16 Oct., 03-37-37.0 M = 3.0 h ca 30

This event was located 35 km N. of the Haleakala seismograph.

c. 25 Oct., 01-43-14.2 M= 2.9 h ca 8

This quake was similar in location to the "felt" event of October~ de~cribed above. Earthquakes from this offshore source

are remote from the Kilauea seismic network and so their location

is tentative. But the general region -- north of Kohala and east

of Haleakala has produced many quakes since 1956.

2
~Jring the first 13 days of November, 1959, the following large,

unuRlJsl and/or felt quakes took place:

A. 6 Nov., 11-14-33.4 M I: 3.1 h = 5

This event 4 km N. of the Desert station was in the Kaoiki

Fault system which separates Mauna Loa and Kilauea.

B. 11 Nov., 07-22-52.3 M I:: 4.0 h Ie 13

This is an unusual quake from an offshore epicenter 200 km

south of Oahu and 300 west of Mauna Loa station.

c. 12 Nov., 00-21-12.2 K I: 3.2 h = 15

I~~~J~ 00-31-22.5 M c 3.2 h = 15

These two events from an epicenter 11 km SE of Naalehu were

almost replicas of each other; t~e exception lay in a reversal

of first-motion direction at the Hilo seismometer.

D. 12 Nov., 18-04-36.7 M =2., h I: 3

13 Nov., 01-00-46.6 M = 1.4 h c 8

Both of these smaller quakes originated at shallow depth

beneath Kilauea's summit and they were felt in the summit

area.

It should be observed that many small events are listed in Table 4;

magnitude 2.5 has hitherto been regarded as a cutoff point for use in this

listing. Because of the Kilauea-Iki eruption, however, we have tried to

locate and list all readable events which preceed 14 November. There

seemed to be no seismic indication during October that an eruption was

near(eicept for the thousands of events recording at North Pit. These

circumstances, together with tilt results, kept the staff of HVO and the"

interested public in 8 high 'state of expectation during October.

Thea state of public and official alert continued into November heightened

by increased tilt and shallow seismic activity. The felt quakes during the

afternoon of November 14 added to the general excitement, and by the time of

the outbreak that evening, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the Uwekahuna

overlook were already crowded with U.S.G.S. staff members, National Park

personnel and tourists -- all scanning and searching the dark vista.

3
Introduction

During this <1uarter,: workers at Ha'va.iian Volcano Ohservatory,'

had the uni~ue opportunity to study'and to sample a very remarkable eruption

i.n Kilauea';""'Iki, a collnpse feature' near the SUMMit of Kilauea. Many useful

!

accounts of the Kilauea-Iki eruption have alreRdy heen pu~lished, althou~h

the mORt definit ive report is still hein~" final ized. In this summary,

therefore, ~ajor events will be reviewed in a style anrl sequence which

will not be too repetitive of earlier puhlications, and also which will

not detract from the forthcoming P~ofessional Paper~

In the course of the seismic and volcanic events betweert

1959 and 1966, the staff of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory grew in

experience as well as in numbers :. Also many changes and improvements

in 'instrumentation took place in that l1eriod. And so this 8urnmarv 16

and the others up to Summary 24, \~il1 ref~lect a sort of "armed vision."

It should, however, not be confuse4 with prevision; in writing

Summaries 16 through 23 \ve will be'; guiped by our Y~nowledge of eruptions'

.and earthquakes "yet to come. t1 But in ment ion~~ng these events in a l'

/

context of earlier chronology, we~ean to avoid giving any manifestation
Pr~-~r~tion.events

In the third q~arter of lq~9 (Summary 15), small

inward tilting (collapRe) wa~ measured at Kilauea tilt bases.' Thus,

measurements around October 16, lQ5q (fig. 2a, tnble 2a) revealed

a change in the pattern~ gentle collapse wa~ replaced hy gentle

inflation. Tilt measurements made just prior to the eruption of

November 1~, 1959 (fig. 2b, tRble 2b) showed about five times the

previous rate of inflationary tilt. Richter and Eaton (1960, fig.2)

illustrated this tilt trend and sho~~ed the same results depicted by

figures 2~'and 2d of this Summary. The collapse coincident with the

Kilauea-Iki eruption is shown 'on figure 2c, and the reinflation of

the summit stora~e zone (which actudl1~, begCln early in the KilaueaIki eruption) is shown on figure 2d.

"The history of tilt measurements at Uwekahuna, "in 11\70 Summa.ry

24 (Krivoy and others, 1961, t>.7, fig.2) illustrated the deformation

,

described above, and also its relationship to tilt cycles before and

after Kilauea-Iki. The daily ~ilt readings in table 1, if plotted,

reveal a curve similar to that: shown by Richt~r and Eaton (1960), and

one which is more indicative of day-by-day ,deformation.

In general, therefore, th~re was 'evidence to show an increasing

rate of shallow lava storagebtheneath Kilauea prior to the eruption

in Kilauea-Iki.

/
I

I

-! ~'.-\.} ~~ There was little to note seismically in this period except for an

increasing number of events recorded at the North Pit seismometer.

These events are recorded (trtblc 3) under the ~e<ldin{! "Kilauea

Caldera, shallo~". If Thi~ count, reached R ht~h of 800 quakes on

October 24 hut decrertsed to <)0 by ~~oveMher 1, 1959 (tahle 3).

The count rose sharply therenfter: bv Nnvcmher R the number could

only be estimated, and hv November 1~ it exceeded 2,nnn events per , \

24-hour period .

. Such micro-earthqunke activity had not heen previously observed

in Hawaii -- prohably because there hnd never heen ~uch a sensitive

\

instrument so fortuitously located. Seismometers located at

IJwekahuna an.d Outlet, within 3 krn of North Pi.t'l failed to show

more tban 1 percent of the thou~ands' of small shallow events.

Therefore -these events are assumed to, come from failure of the

inflating floor of Kilauea caldera, from Halemaumau ttself, and

from the nearhy 1954 eruption fissure zone which lies at the

head of the east rift leading, ·to Kilauea-Iki rtnd the "chain.-ofcraters."

The thousands of events recorded at North ?it and the tilt

findings Ikept the 8taff of t~e.Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the

interested public in a high state of expectation during October.

An e.a'rthquake of magnitude !~. 4 occur~d on October 4, 1959, '\

beneath the offshore portion of Haleakala's eAst rift and was felt

by residents of enRt ~aui. This w~s the ]nr?pst quake recorded

for. the month. Three events of magnitude 3.4 were also recorded

hut were not reported felt. Of thef;e, th~ qunkc of 03:10:NiX 03.5

on October 21 was interesting ·in that it took ?lace only 30 km

I

/M~~~'; HD,~;lUi;·:~i~~>:t:,.e~~::~~pep. L,~

/
An unusually deep quake (h=S0) wns recorned at 15:3~ on October 3 from

an eoicenter 25 krn enst of 'Pahoa. This M:lf!nitude 3.2 event came,

therefore., from an epicentral lo~nt ion ~'Jhere shallow quakes are more

common. On 16 October at 03:37;. a magnitude 3.0 earthquake occured

at a depth of about 30 km and a location ahout 35 km north of the

station at Haleakala, Maui. At 01:43 on Octoher 25, an earthquake

of R km dppth and 2.9 maRn! tune ,''os locnted close to the fel t

event of 4 Octoher described nbove. Earth~unke5 from this offshore

source are'remote from the Kilauea seismic network and so their location

is tentative. But the ~eneral rc~ion --- north of Koha~a and east

of Haleakal~ --- has produced many ~~nkes since 1956.

unusual and/or felt quakes took place; At 11:14:33.4 on November 6

a ,magnitude 3.1 quake occurred at a depth ofS km about 4 km north

of the Desert seismometer in t6~ Kaoiki Fault system which separates

Mauna Loa and Kilauea. At 0!:·22:52.'3,l on 'November 11, an unusual

quake of magnitude 4.0 originat~d f~om an offshore epicenter ZgO km

south of Oahu and 300 km west of Mauna T"oa station. A depth of

13 km is assumed for this event;··'

On November 12 at 00:21:12.2 and 00:31:22.5 two almost identical

quakes originated at 15 km depth and 11 km sOl1thea!=;t of Naalehu. Beth

quakes were measured as 3.2 magtlitude: they \a1ere lIep1icas of each other

with the sole expeption of a reversal of first-motion direction at the . ,1:' T --i.. ·... t,e . j"~

RHo; seismometer. C''f:'!tAlIJ''l...,..e Itt,! ~>(~A"+d L;""17<.{/~,!/,f:A,:;~:'/
At }R:04:36.7 on Novernher 12 and at Ol~00:46.6 on the 13th. shallow

earthquakes of magnitudes 2.3 rind 1.4 respectivelv, ori2inated beneath

Kilauea's summit. These were remark~hl~ because they were reported felt

despite their small sixe. In th~s re~nrcl it should be ohserved that

Table 4 --~ once restricted to ~hrth~uake~ of mRRnitude 2.5 or greater

ha~ beetr'~xpanded in scope so ai to list and describe all interpretable

events regardless of Bi~e.

vfuat was true of Octoher, 1959 can also he said of the fir8t

13 days of November --- there seemed to be no seismic indication that

an eruption was near, except for the thousnnds of events recording at

KKKXXXKXXXHXXHX~XXHHXXH~XIHX*~MXXeMX~HHIIHXIMXXXMI~KXXKXKMXHXXM~~MKXXXIMK

These circumstances, however, caused the stAte of puhlic and official

alert to continue into Novembet. The felt ~uakeR during the afternoon

of November 14 ~dded to the general excitement, and by the time of

the outbreak that evening, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the

Uwekahuna'Overlookwere already··~rowded with U.S.C._S. staff members,

all scanning and searChing,/

.'\,;.,..,~~~."'rt~!I~ ._..::-,,-.-r:-...

Park personnel and tourists

,. i 7 7 l ,(,(.~\ .1 ,', £t. ~,

alark vista.

/ .

I

l I

i

; ,-, i

i .

t__

i '.
I

Seismol@@ical tracking of the eruptive nrocess

A three-component set of fJr'eRs-Ewin~ seismometers (15-secon~ seismometetd

and 90-~econd galvanometers) re'c'ordin~' optica'llv at 15 mm per minute, has , . . .

been used continuously KIKHHXXXHHKX~ ~MXX~ ~nd with no change ~n~ physi~al

characteristics since January 1~5R. These in~truments have been ~ital

to the study of distant earthq~~~e5, ann also have responded usefully

to some local events and to haro~etric pressuYe chan~es. i

The present evaluation of the 1959-60 records shows a corre~ation

between 'certain features of volca"nism and instapllity of the Pre~s-

" cL" ~~ I

Ewin~ traces. The autho~first'observed tlrl19' ~Mile phenomenon during

\

the eruptive events of 1961

I

I

and it was correctly interpreted $S

I

J

I

tilt-induced. This same sort of tilt "storm" has been recognize~ as Oil s~ -I

I r~. ~~

a premonitory feature of lava movements both surficial and sUb-surface",~tk.t,

In fact, the Press-8wing "depart-ures!! would serve to give several hours

of warning in the case of incipl~nt volcanism. Such use of the data

\

would require electronic develo~mentso that a visible recording was

.', I

always ava~lable, and so that a,':\warning signal might be generated to

I

alert. the bbservatory staff~ ;/ ~i ~.

Many related events are l~~ted in chronological order in Table A I

I

in genet~l keyed to a qualitative appraisal of Press-Ewing behavior. 1

I

Table A/starts with November 14;',l9~9;,but, i~stahility was firstl

noted in the records of Novemb~r 8. This instability took the form , \ I I

I ' i

of warldeting o~ the spot at per.~ods of abO\lt 20 minutes. Most obvious

on the east-west component, it continued through November 9, 10, 11 and

12 but was either small or else not present on the records of 13lNovember,

Il ":,
..

.

I

By January of 1958 11 three-component set of Press-Ewing seijsmometers -, .. .', I

ware operat iona 1. Th-eae-h.a,v.,e been used continuously since then with no

change in physical characteristics; 90-second galvanometer1s and 15-

second seismometers, recording optically at 15 mm/minute. These, instruments

have been vital to our study· of distant earthquakes and:have gi~en useful , I

responses to some local events and to barametric pressure charg~s.

During the eruptive events of 1961, the author observed imp!ortant

correlations between certain features of volcanism and instabilfity of the

Press- Ewing ~~~: These were correctly interpreted as t ilt- induced

departures and all Kilauea eruptive events (as well as some apparent subsurface lava movements) have been indexed by the recorded long-period

response of the Press-Ewings in the Uwekahuna vault. Whe~ the evaluation

of the old 1959/60 records was resumed (in 1964) the same phenomena were

noted. The following schedule, therefore, lists many related e~ents in

chronological order -- in general, keyed to a qualitative appraisal of

Press-Ewing behaviour. Other sources of information were the o~iginal logs

of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, a National Park report -- '~Report of

Eruption in Kilauea-Iki", the text of the forthcoming professional paper,

'''The 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea, and the Pess'e. wi author's p~rsonal notes,

recollections and record-analysls. I

The following review commences with 14 November, 1959. It 'should be

noted in Table III, however, that Press-Ewing instability was first noted

on November 8, 1959., This wandering of about 20-minute period was....-~Is,­

active on the east-west component; it continued through the 9th, 10th, 11th,

and 12th of November; but was reduced in amplitude on 13 November 1959'.

~--------tI
••••••••• - J

.""

Table A. --Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horiiontals at Uwekahuna 

correlation with other observations during the Kilauea-Iki eruption of 

Date Time

(1959) From ·-To

Nov. 14 14:15 14:20

14 14:48

'"

14 20:02 -----

......_-,

-------

Press Ewing

5"-/,

Strong tilt records on horizontals.

Summit collapse indicated. ,

--"

Other sou

First of about d

Kilauea -Iki premon

Tremor increase indi

start of eruption;

p

!I Other sources include the-original logs of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory; a rep

the Hawaii National Fark, "Report of the Eruption in the test of t

forthcoming professional paper on the 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea-Ikij the __ 

personal notes, recollections, and record analyses. I t))1./rD-

I :.

\' r'
Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals at Uwekahu

and their correlation with other observations during the Kilauea-Iki eruption 

Nov. 14, 1959 -

14:15 to 14:20

Press-Ewing Evidence

Strong south-west tilt records on horizontals. Summit

collapse indicated.

Other 

14:48

20:02

20:08

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - first of abo

Kilauea-Iki 

tremor incre

start of eru

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kilauea-Iki 

Nov. 21, 1952 - - - MOderate NNW tilt takes place.

19:25

End of tremo

time for end 

Nov. 26, 1959

16:34

16:35

16:47

Nov. 29, 1959

21:47

21-:4&-----

Dec. 4, 1959

01:00

02:57

Strong WNW tilt on horizontal P-E

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Reported by 

end of fount

flow. End o

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tremor ends 

instruments.

- Official end 

Strong WNW tilt" (inflation)-- simil-ar to II.

(start of Phase IV)

- - - - - - Given as star

reports.

Occasional s

by Rangers.
Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals at Uwekahu

and their correlation with other observations during the Kilauea-Iki eruption 

Press-Ewing Evidence Other S

50-100' repo

- - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "increased o

Rangers.

09:45 to 11:20

"all morning" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(no special action near 9:00 a.m.)

09:10 Good indication of modest SE tilt

(collapse of summit) on Press Ewings

Dec. 5, 1959

0):26

Slight N-tilt and large W-ti1t. Seems gradual but persists

for 2 hours of overwriting. Thus strong inflation

indicated beneath north-central portion of Kilauea Caldera.

03:27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Official re

settled over 

Phase IV.

Dec. 6, 1959

06: 14

06:05

Gratuitous tilt between phases IV and V.

Start of two large north-tilts (on PE-N)

lasting 1/2 hour. Important inflation beneath

Halemaumau implied.

Start of same process on the E-W; west-tilt

two distinct surges which lasts 1/2 hour.

Tremor· on 

t® - 1 

o - 3/2 

N - ov

{D, ML, not 

pp 

Ar rHG nM

n?£Mbl<. ..

-Dec. 6, 1959 Ph.8se V_ star_t_, lndic.atedQn _suQtle_,_"

gradual east- tilt (collapse) shown as slight. •. -

widening between adjacent lines.

Dec. 7, 1959 Strong west-tilt begins at 00:21 and persists (slightly

north). Showing inflation of center of Kilauea Caldera End of Phase 
Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals at Uwekahu

and their correlation with other observations during the Ki1auea-Iki eruption 

00:24

00:32

Press-Ewing Evidence Other 

Listed on "o

- - - - Professional 

in error.

Dec. 8, 1959

02:45

02:45

0;:00, 04:00

°5: 00, 06:00

Another big W-ti1t starts at exactly 02:45, crosses over

and covers the next hour-line.

Official end 

- Widening PE lines to indicate east tilt or deflation - - - Tremor on Z 

charge very 

05:03.

8 Dec. 1959

around 1;:00

16:53 - - - -

16:53

20:12

20:12

On E/W Press Ewing only, gentle but persistent E-ti1t

which widens spaces between lines for one hour.

Immediate demonstration of strong west-tilt (slightly

north) i.e.: supposed inflation beneath north-central

caldera.

Phase VII st

"Suddenly at 

roared to 85

End of Phase 

21:05 to

23:00

-- -:.

PE-E/W wide spaces = east tilt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "Fountain sto

good "band" o

23:00 

Dec. 10, 1959 - - - Power outage in Uwe Vault 12:20 to 21:11
Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals at Uwekah

and their correlation with other observations during the Kilauea-Iki eruptio

15:15

Press-Ewing Evidence Other 

- - - - - Subtle start 

Dec. 11, 1959

02:00

02: 10 ±

02:40

03:30

- - - - Activity pic

Widening of spaces begins and implies east-tilt and

increased eruptivity.

Ftns. to 700 

Spatter Ridg

(Dec. 10, '59) Starting around 21:20 only on PE-Z about one hour of ca.28osecond waves (13 cycles in one hour». Probably a barometric

phenomenon due to testing?

Strong west-tilt (slightly north) in the usual manner.

" II Takes one hour to recover or catch up.

- - - - - - "Official" s

Dec. 11, 1959

10:48

08:14 to

10:48

Dec. 13, 1959

05:08

06:25

ca. 06:;0

by 07:00

1;:40

Dec. 14, 1959

07:45 to

10:40

11:00

11 :01

(No PE change)

Spacing increases in a direction to imply east-tilt,

caldera collapse and increased outpouring.

- Typical west-tilt deflection of Press-Ewing E/W

Strong east-tilt starts with spaces wider than ever at - -

the "starts" so-far studied.

Feeble start 

- Rolling boil 

Ft. betw. 10

- Offician end 

Slow start o

"Ftn. roared 

(to 1100 ft. 
Schedult of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals at Uwekahu

and their correlation with other observations during the Kilauea-Iki eruption 

Press-Ewing Evidence Other S

Dec. 15, 1959

19:30 - - - - - - - - -

15:;6

Dec. 15, 1959

06:11

ca. 06:25

10:25

10:27 to

10:28

(20:00)

19:55

21:28

21:;0

22:35

- - - Strong west-tilt in the usual manner for end of phase - - - Also "officia

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gentle start 

in minutes.

Very strong east-tilt begins and seems to last 1/2 hour.

Also around 07:00, south-tilt becomes apparent on the

N-S instrument.

- - - - - Official end 

- Usual WNW tilt shows strongly. (Wide spacing in E-W

immediately after 10:28 inflation shows collapse on

the heels of the usual west-tilt). (This might be

the start of storage in the east-rift).

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - First sighted 

jetting to 10

Strong east-tilt on E/W pinpoints start of strong action.

At the same time (roughly) there is subtle south tilting

shown on N/S.

Start of strong west-tilt (north, too subtle to copy).

- - Official end 

Slight "bobble" on E/W, P-E coincides with end of noise

and rapid backflow whirlpool.

Dec. 16, 1959 (During phase XIII)

13:35 - - - - - - - - - "Rapidly hit 

few minutes"

Indicates east-tilt at ca. 13:45 which persists 1/2 hour.

Also compression of lines shows slight south-tilt.

- •

..... _-_-.--- •. _-_ - •. .,,-.- -- ...... _ - __
Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals at Uwekahu

and their correlation with other observations during the Kilauea-Iki eruption 

Press-Ewing Evidence Other 

16:35

17:19

17: 19

17:20

Good, strong cross-over on E/W to show west-tilt.

- Weak indication of north-tilt.

Fountain c

XIII appea

Official en

- - - - - - - Approximat

Phase XIV.

Collapse shown on PE-E, only.

Start of west-tilt on PE-E.

Small west tilt.

Start of large west tilt which persists 1/2 hour.

- - - - 1900 ft. f

- - - - Surges beg

- - - - - Official en

- - - - - - - - Spatter ob

flow for tw

- - - - Sudden pick

- Large east tilt.

(No special change)

Dec. 17. 1959

02: 15

02:32

04:01

04:02

11:10

1;:5;

13:55

14:05

14:41

15:18

15:29

15:32

Dec. 19. 1959

02:40

03: 1;

06: 14 to

06:15

06:16

Gentle sta

1500 ft. d

(03: 251 ).

East tilt readily apparent on EW P-E, and faint south

t-ilt implied--o-n----Nls. --- ----- ----t" _

Strong west tilt on EW, P-E small, but visible on N-S.

- - - Abrupt end 

-- -,------ -----,---.. ---- ---- -------.. ----,---- ---- ----- - ....-.--.. _-_...----.-... -'.,..... -.'C'"r-:- ..... ..---------;"'..-----_
Schedule of tilt-induced departures of the Press-Ewing horizontals at Uwekahu

and their correlation with other observations during the Kilauea-Iki eruption 

Phase XVII. Has no tilt ramifications on the Press-Ewings, although the record changed abou

roughly the time of phase ending. Also no Z tremor seen during this Phase.

Up to, and including Jan. 8, Press-Ewing E/W has no overt or sudden departures. As of the r

11, 12, and 13, as many as 10 departures daily showed east- or collapse-tilt. At this time 

observable.

Jan. 14, 1960. Either no suspicious tilt on P-E or too much earthquake noise to read it.

Jan. 30, 1960. West-stop reached on Press Ewing E/W... i.e., east-tilt has taken its toll.
I

,

, "

" J,t

',~ ·A/ftlJ o..U' t~:~ V'l

t•."- ~/V U

Scientific Investigation{((Juring the Ki lauea-Iki Eruption

hL.J. .~ ,~'- IJ.? J

\) ... ~.:P 'v

As one inter-nat iona 1 atte~t ~on to aCAt])~3 vo 1can ism, the~e ,

C(.dIrL-\ c~ IA) /IJi;" tJ!..' ..e . eed I t1 otJll e1~ humah b.:3hav lour under such c i rcumstance~ ,'.: " I

protect i ond ·of the ci v I I I an popu IaCj and. conduct of the

/ ';

necessary sc i entIfie invest i gat i ons~,•.; 1t ~eems val i d, therefore, to add to th i 5 i· '

goowing I Iterat.re --- If only for t~e gutdance and Information of future workers

, / " , J

at the HawaJ ran Volcano Observatory. '~"

A telegram sent by the HVO scientist:~'(n-charge, H::.J.Murata to--our :Branch Chief '\

'\

(Field Geochemistry and Petrology) i~ 'Washlhgton D.C., Wi I 11am'T~ Pecora, wi' I

I

I' ,

introduce the theme. "An eruption o'f Ki lauea volcano started Saturjd,y night,

I

Nov. 14, in Ki lauea-Iki, a pit cratef" immediately adjacent to the siummit

caldera. After first breaking out on a wide front, the lava is now issuing

f rom a s Jng Ie Iarge vent ina fiery ,'"f,t?unta i,n 700 feet high. It is ian awesome

sight, especially at night. We are so occupied that we must beg off giving

a detal led account at this time."

The foregol n9 on Iy vague I'y suggests, 'the great act i vi ty undertaken by workers

at the U. S. G. S., Hawa i ian Vo Icano Observatory and by the emp loyees of the

National Park Serv Ice ;thI s was an activity SCh~d~_.1 eg..,.s:..~p Iete I y by nature

., ~"'~ 1

so that after a few weeks of dramaft~'erup+lon equally dramatic quiet,

Iife on the Summit of Ki lauea became"~ beautiful, ,sleepless blur of unreal ity.

A primary condideration was for th~;wel I-bein~ and convenience of the thousand~

of visitors who came from Hawai I ,J~er iSlands, of the State and from the mainland

I •

to witness this breath-taking naturaJ:wonder. Durlng the' first ph~se of the

outbreak it became difficult to use the Crater-Rim R6ad where it passed behind

the main /Ki lauea-Iki vent. For the '~~rly phases of the eruption the Hawaii

National Park crew was ~bl'~ to fre~'the ~~ad of ash once the pha5~s subsided. , I

But the job soon got to be too great-for'avai lable, road equipment (a sma I I

.If' .. ·• - I I

'I1/ I. I· .

,h. ;," ., ' ~i

•• ,I I ,I. tf.
I

i

road grader had to be rescued itself) and the fal I-out hi" now known as

Puu Pauai was at lowed to grow. It now covers parts of the old Crater Rim

road with over 100 feet of ash and, ·(1 re-founta'i n ag Iut i nate. I

AIso eventua I IY I

covered was a pleasant pi en i c area" ca I 'e~ ','Summer Camp." Th is area, wh i ch

includes the water-tube tl It base iisted by the same Marne, now lies under !

twenty or thirty feet of ash and is.part ~f the Devastation Trai Ii area

where a wooden cat-walk permits toorists'to Inspect tree-molds anp other

features of Ki lauea-Iki volcanism.

Thus, the Kl\auea-Ikl eruption provided a serious traffic problem for

the Par~ Service~nger staff. Eventually. this was handled by settinQ

up a OAkoy patt~rn Ol~fiC in which visiting vehicles were turned

j

at Thurston Lava Tube (j~st ~est of'~BM 391~ at the eastern extremity

of Kilaue Iki crater. See Flgure,C,~.) On'the return ttip (westward)

toward Park Headquarters, they wer:e permi,tted ,to' par.k and to view

the eruption from a railed overlook near· 8M 3874. This kJl4.r, therefore,

became the rna i'n view Ing po i nt for' the thousands of tourists who vis ited..

i·.. I

I

l

I

the Park during the eruption. It w·as J·us,t: about one ki lometer from the I . .

oJ ~~/ -tv£, rna in founta in; it~t&4 ~a~ un-b locked v! ew of founta inl.,' wh i ch I/.IJ

at tlim~s ~oa red to

. 2,', OOOfe~tj ~~~~~~fJ~~~ IJ .4r:td._\ n the· fO"-R~ r::Q.. -S:~Q ¥Q"'~g .

'-)"r(...4.., ~. QN. fN~L'~ .... . I aya ' akA oJ "i I aaeai-1 k1f r ,.",--[

A .~OU At this main overlook, therefore, rational Park taturalls"!>wa's almost I'

on QJ i' I t»'b duty. The Ir notes of' founta I n he i ghts and the' r co Ior f i Irn

footage/and sti I I photography~ were to prove vital Iinks In piecing mogether - \ -

the comp Iete story of the eruptt on~. Ii As 'soon as the Ki Iauea-I kt founta in

began to demonstrate a proclivity fpr unheard of heights, Park Service

and Geological Survey officials consulted to set safety 'standards. It was

decided to evacuate tourists from the main overtook whenever the measured

r •. , •

fountain h~\i9hi exceeded, 1000 ft',:.;hiS was later raised to I,zqo feet when
1000 I I I

o

II

1000 I

2000 I

3000 I4000 FEET I
the deepening lava lake.

I

,

/

/

we' began to get more blase. prob.. ab I V b1cau,~e~tr~de wi dds pers isted

V,'t 1 ":'Au k,·~,·4" 9([ ~tJ throughout the eruption carrie~e'ruPtion debris over ,the Kau

~O~~ Desert to the south and southwest of the main vent,V~t.~"le '1 '.

ash fa I lout was ever exper i ence~f at the rna i nv is i tor over look. Neverthe Iass

\I \t,(O\'4?,' . " .

~were evacuated at times according to the criteria of fountain height

and also when the adjacent trees and shrubs were dried and ignited by t

,..S~..A- tit1-\"cv{..

Just north of the main Kilauea-Iki vent, on the north rim o+~~crater,

were other trai Is and possible 'oyerlooks. These were within 1,500 feet

of the main vent. And it is a .tribute to the vigi lance of Park Rangers

that no visitors were injured on··the several occasions when the fountain

deflected and plastered large a,teas of that north rim with MMMM bomas and

molten spray.lt is a tribute to~some g6ddess of chance that no scientist

b~ park official or official press observer ever ·suffered more than slight '. ~t~'v~~ damage. .AI though we a I I had to r,ui a"fJyt 6" IIIeo III , 88eeos i eo Ii3 from wind

changes or from increased fountains.

A~_~PSYChOIOgiCal hazara early in the eruption was caused by lowflying aircraft which flocked i~ from Oahu~t~/~I~~/tM~/~fd~tl~~i To

those of us working within the crater, the noise of their engines suggested .. ' .

., imm'nent, new volcanism right uDder our feet. To flight passengers the

trip might have given a sensatl';>-". of f,lying ~hrough the field of fire of

\

an arti Ilery 'piece~ At any rat,~> such'overf.l ights were discontinued by

FAA order a~ter seyeral Instances of wlndshield breakage and other .,._....v.. I \

damage;t; t?vq'CA'-6Cff

:.'."

.;......

i.

/'b

i·

;\' I \

1 I
i

1

i,

,

;

•

i

,.'

1Ii

.I

I

The foregoing should suffice to show, in a brief and general way, the

rather hectic and carnival atmosphere 6f a ~ypical Hawaiian eruption. It

is important to stress that many~uf the international guides to evacuation

I

and protection of the 'populace simply do not apply in Hawaii where the

I

problem Is the reverse --- the Inflow of large numbers of tourists. < \, ~11 t I W~~~

From Tab.les 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d It can be reckoned that 24 basesl were tj<::;f,;. ,

0-V~/_' rr;i)i/;"~ occupied using the water tube tf Itmeter during the quarter. These are '_ fJ V~I

\ I i ,f~v~~ done after djark and requ ire a tea'm' of four men. Each 5 i n9 Ie ocqupat ion

takes ~n av~rage of two hours. ~hus It ~an be seen that a greaf deal

of time needed to be devoted to the basic material of this summary by

\'1

people ~Iready working double shifts at both routine and emerge~cy

i

duties. the ti It crew always consisted 6f Eaton and Krivoy as readers.

As note~e'~per and va I ve-man, dut'y. was rotated among other members of

the staff~ J.C.Forbes, Akira Ya~~moto, W.H.Francis and B.J.Loucks~ were

l

the most frequently tap~ed for t~,is duty. ~"8h D.H.Richter~ W.U.Ault,

K.J.Murata, G.KoJlma and R.T.Okamura either joined the tilt parJlon

eccasions, 'or else took on some other task which freed some other

staff member for the function.

I

The,flrst task seriously .undertaken after the outbreak in Kf lauea-Iki

was the att~mpt to col ledt gase~, and vapours. Most of the people at HVO

had a hand in that and we worked 'onder the direction of geochemist W.U.Ault. /

I

Figure Bw i ',I' 9 iva some idea of the number and Iocat i on of the :or i gina I

outbreak vents. Where these laY~'paral~el to the Crater Rim Road, thick

clouds ~'5 751 'Ie rose up the 5 'lopes of Ki I auea-I k i Crater and

swirled over the road. Most of the staff; therefore, spent co~siderable I

time going back and forth to this location with a variety of e~acuBted

f~asks supplred by Wayne Ault and George KoJ~ma. The most obvious

constituent of these gas clouds was

502 with some Slight ' admix~ure
...._-

"Oeb

p.V.

Spdtter CO'lf'

Bpdd",d cmd"'" .##-

-t'

--

•

...,_ Ai Jv

I

\S

- Hawa!l1ia.tlonaIP

.

. ".' ,c.. -

,/1////1'· ,".

..<" '. ""

1'//'//'..".. , ... I /f(/ ,> .. ', " \.

. ,'.-',": "'\\1 /;//.// .' j' '" , \'\\, ",':, , Lava flow of 1919 , . . . " .:' : " \j

I '/;. , " '" .. 0' _\ "", " '. ',", _": I

,/'/,' / ". " .. . "'-.;: - ,I i /. ',':- . ... 1\. '\\ z:;" '/ ,: ", '.. . '. B r l / , '- '.. \. / '? " : " ' . '. '.f ' ".' 0 t.. - - ,.;1\.\, '. . 4090' , CI' - " • \ \ 1\ ", 0 . pJ \.;, / il

.. t ... , c. ) oJ ,,' r )') ,'- _ _ __ ," : _', ''',

J I ( '\L'·. . .-/ / " '\ .j, \ "

..... \ r' . /'-

, - HawaIIan VOlcano. Observatory '-., ..... __ ;" '-) ,\/

J J.\.\\(L" .y'1 t' ••.. // (' :( / It '. '--- " ./ ...-,.-j .' -, ) ,I <.-;.> . .-:::-.1 . .X, \

r--- ! :)1t,·,· ..., \ . 1'1[""" ',Iv '" J --,' (::":'. "", .........../ ',/ -r/ " ,'J. ',' ' \(r-/ ../

/ .-../ I '/1- ' .. ' "'. \/ /

i j- r--- '" _.'" . '\.. }( r ' ..... " ---

.......
EXPLANATION

Lava flow of May 31. 

Zones of cracking formed 

the 1954 eruptio'"

Trace of eruptive

Cinder and spatter cones and r

-' "

Lava flows of 1832. 1868. 1877

500

.--'----

KEANAKAKOI CRATER

...)

.,.i

:r CQ:

o

ZI \....

-.I' Ii:: ::lj I.... ;:1/«

'----/

®"-T i J\ '..Y I /

';, -<-.- .-...-/ II

-"3500 !

1000 o

I L

Contour interval 50 f

(25 feet or floor of Halem

Durlan I.S m,·an s.f} /,

::::0..

-. -... 

J-op()gr1!Phi.c_". SJ. 

surveyed 1913. 1922: revised fro

?
I of H S.\ It was found to be too, clumsy to use gas masks; wet handkerchiefs 2 ' I

were prefJrred. The investigators were usually able to park on the side

of the road away from the crater where they could work without protection

and with only moderate discomfort. The practise then was to cpver nose

.' \ 'I I

I

and mou'th with a wet cloth and 'to dash over to the edge of thei road wh i ch

was also the edge of the crater, to plunge the collecting flask into the

most obVious gas and vapour cloud, t~ break the vacuum seal and final IV

~o re-seal the vessel and retreat for another flask.

,Resu'ts of these stud ies of t·he gas phase wi I I be discussed If n the

forthcoming Professional Paper.' The techniques described above could be

U~ used only during the earliest hours and days of the eruption; ,~Ki lauea- i

!

Iki settled down to a single ~oaring vent it imposed such a strong pattern

of air circulation that no sampl ing wes possible except over the orifice. i

I

In the course of the eruption'a"few gas samples were attempted by the

expedient of flights through the ~a~,rising vapour column. Some gas

I

co I Iect ions were made f rom the ,vent and f rom the grow i ng cinder cone

between phases of the eruption., Thoughtw~i was given to the possibi Itty

of erecting a collecting tram although this was not carried\out during I

,the Ki lauea-Iki eruption. Such a device was completed for sampl fng

gasses in HaleMaumau during 1960, and another was operated in 1961 which

I

Jack Murata erganized the laboratory faci Iities which permitted him

ran on !wires above the main Halemaumau vent~. I

!

to run rapid stl~ca determinat1ons. And during the Ki lauea-Iki and

Kapopo eruptions, the staff supplied him with freshly collected, timed

and dated samples which represented what was probably the mos~ complete

. . i

chemIca I and mInera 'og lea' rec<?rd of c;!n erupt 1on° anywhere in jthe wor Id. I

The'perslstence of single vents --- both at KI lauea~lkl and at Kapoho 0

:" I
made such samples more meaningful 'and easier to obtain. At Ki lauea-Iki wef

were al I 'armed with sample bags and could easi Iy drive along Crater Rim ~oad,

observe fresh samples fal ling on ~he road, and make collections with reasonable

impunity. At night, freshness could be attested by glowing interiors; at times , . , I

fingers were burned and sample bags were charred. To supplementlthls hourly

sample sufte, the fal I-out cone ~rid the~ lake surface were sampled whenever

possible.

As often as was possible, temperature measurements were made using two

I

Leeds and ,Northrup opt i ca I pyrome·ters. These were used by groups of two

or three peop Ie who passed the py'rometers f rom man to man i n order to get

;

as much confirmation as possible;'of the lava temperature in any particular

!

fountain and at any particular tl~e. Other measurements involve~ the lava

obtained

production of each phase. These data w~re .J(.'ri>t.R'tA' by Don Richter who

made level and transit runs Into Ki lauea-Iki crater leaving monuments at

j ·kn~wn. elex.aa!iOnS~~ ~.·· •. ,,:.'1'2:.j~.,'t·~..e-~ . . ~1i4·4.-vie ~n j 1i~~./1J ~/tt r; ~1:·tLL{'·-e. ~~-U(.~~, (

Othef erupt i on dut i es i nc I uded. dea Ii'ngs with.the pub II c, the press and I

,'. with officials of both local and'·federal g<Dvernments. Once the eruption

I

; , ..

.,

t '

.

....

. broke out/the Observatory went on a 24-hour basis; ~erson was needed

to shange the smoked-paper se I smog rams wh I ch, often" f i I I ed I n th~ee or

four hours; another person was ne~ded .t6 ans~e~ the phones ~nd keep a

log of the activities and whereabouts of the staff. Many of these functions

were ably handled by volooteers, J~Jletfe/~e~fw0ffMt/~~~le~~/'~r~etMrs.Chester , I

I • I

Wentwqrth and Mrs. Burt Loucks. :'Observatory workers were very apprec i 'at i ve of I

emergency snacks which turned up, out in the field thanks to some unknown Park

Service, USGS or Volcano Community wife.

Thousands of feet of c~l~r 16mm. movie fi 1m were expended wf~h most everyone

['11/6 ""'. I

taking a turn with th~ Bell and Howe I I. Hundreds of 4x5 black and white

photos we~e made of ea,ry· conce I/~ab Ie scene and f rom every poss I b I e ang Ie •

I .. -- _._._ ..

" .

,~ .,~.~: I
I

/

A pip portable tape-recorder was used to record eruption sounds:

fountains roaring, a hornito hissing, splatter and ash falling', etc.

I Although we did not have synchronous recording of sound and fil1m, the

mag~etic tapes were used with considerable effect by the film !laboratories

I

I

where actual recordings were dupbed'into eruption footing for !the movie

1959-60 Eruption of Kilauea.

We went through the motions of using a vertical Askania magneto~eter

soon after the eruption broke out. Although there was a magn~tic traverse

which crossed Kilauea and part of Mauna Loa, it was far from Kilauea Iki.

Furthermore no one on the sta61 had had sufficient preparition in work \

on Kilaue~ to permit the establishment of a better traverse. lAs is typical

/ I ,r- in other igneous settings, slight changes in tripod level or docation .

can cause excursions of thousands of gammas in the reading. ~hus care,

\ "i

patience and experience are vital in. any study of the Blbsolu~e field

or of transients in such an·environment. jt was found to be very hard

to read, the magnetometer near·.. t·he vent due to mechanical agitation of

the ba~ance caus~d by earth tiemor. After a few trials t~ magnetometer

was put aside. In the six yea~s since the Kilauea Iki erupti~n some

scant; use of magnetometers has been made usually to study;the terrain

such as Kilauea-Iki.

effect of steep banks and/or the cooling and thickening of hot lava lakes

The Hawaii Institute of Geophysics has flown I I

crude, prelimmBary magnetic traverses over the Hawaiian volcanoes. ~ut

tM:ll~ no one ha;s ~the magnetomet,er< as an. aid i\n outlining sub-surface lava

1

pockets.Nor have they used magnetic transients as a clue to underground

lava motio~ such as is hinted'Bt by tremor, tilt and deformation in

general.

~efore the end of 1959, a poitable World-Wide gravimeter was in .

j

use to compile a gravity map/of Kilauea (Krivoy and Eaton, 1961). In;

I

I ,/
I

I

the intervening years, gravity maps have been completed for Hawaii, as well

as for other major islands of the state. Some attempt has been made to I

I

tepeat traverses using the drift-free LaCoste-Romberg. ~ut it seems I

,likely that in gravity, as well as in geo-magnetism, sensitiv:e, low-drift,

continuous-recDrding devices might prove most instructive: regarding

volcano-dynamism in Hawaii. I" ...

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Tilting of the gro:J11o. :around Kilal1ea caldera. --Tilting of the ground

around the summit of Kilauea' is monitored daily by a short-base watertube tiltmeter in Uwekahun~ Vault, and at irregular intervals it is

measured on a regional scale by means of a network of field tilt bases and ia

portable water-tube tiltnl~ter. The attitude of the ground surface a each:

tilt base is reported in terms of north-south and east-west tilt coordinat~s.

Both coordinates at each station were arbitrarily set equal to 500 when

measurements at that station 'tlere begun. Increasing tilt coordinates

ccrr~spond to northward a~d ~astward tilting of the earth's surface, i.e.,

to a relati.-ve subsidence t,oward the north and east. A one -l.lllit change in

coordinate corresponds to iilting of 1 microradian (1 mm per km) in

tne directicn indicated.

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Table 1. --Tilt coordinates at Uwekahuna Vault October, November, and Decernber,

[These data are usually reported on a basis of 7-day averages. Dates and

coordinates in parenthesIs reflect ad(led detail irltroduced because of

rapid, changes during this :eruption period. ]

· i

~, .. ~.

J

Date N-S E-W Date N-S E-W

Oct. (1) (522) (462) Nov. 15 513 445

4 523 460 (18) (511) (449)

(7) (523) (461) 22 506 484

11 523 459 (25) (506) (480)

(14) (522) (461) 29 509 461

18 523 460 Dec. (2 ) (510) (453)

(21) (524) (459) 6 514 441

25 523 455 (9) (517) (432)

(28 ) (524) (454) 13 523 428

r-lov. 1 523 , 451 (16) (531) (425)

(4) (523) (453) 20 538 428

8 520 449 (23) ( 540) (428)

(11) (518) (448) 27 542 430

(30) (546) (432) i

I

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1.1

f
Fourth quarter, 1959

Table 2a.--Ti1t coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea caldera (See tilt dia

Tilt base Date Tilt coordinates Rate (10- 6 rad/mo) 

and direction of 

N-S E-W tilting since 

last reading

Uwekahuna Oct. 12 546.9 468.2 2.3 N38°w 

5.5'N, 155°17.4''')

Tree Molds 13 501.5 498.1

1

0·9 N13°W 

6.3 'N,

Summer Camp 16 519.8 529·5 2.3 N64°E 

4.6'N,

Sand Spit 16 525.3 483.7 1.4 s46°w 

4.1'N, 155 )

Kalihipaa 13 488.6 500.7 0.15 w 

1.4 'N, 155 ) ,

Keamoku 20 515.4 493.3! 1·9 S81°W 

5.1 'N, 155°19 )

Kamokuko1au 19 488.6 505.8 2·5 I S3°W 

2.7'N. 155°16.6''')

( 19°2

( 19°2

( 19°2

{ 19°2

( 19°2

( 19°2 .J/,) "I " •

- {19 °2

Table 2b .--Ti1t coordinates and at bases around Kilauea caldera (See tilt 

Uwekahuna Nov. 10 552.8 464.9 7.0 N2C)°W 

Tree Molds 12 509·5 496.4 8.2 N12°W 

531.0

_________

J5 ·5 N38°E

Sand Spit 13 527·5 473.9 11.8 N78°w 

Kalihipaa "12 501.7 1.8 S34°E 

I
Fourth quarter, 1959

Table 2c.--Tilt coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea caldera (See tilt dia

Tilt base Date Tilt coordinates Rate (10-6 rad/mo) 

and direction of 

N-S E-W tilting since 

last reading

Uwekahuna Dec. 1 535.7 464.1 23.3 S,oW 

Tree Molds 2 504.7 490.1 11·9 S53°W 

Sand Spit 4 545.0 469.9 25.7 N13°W 

Ka1ihipaa 2 486.7 501.8 0.5 SlOoE 

Keamoku 4 504.9 496.7 7.4 S17°E 

) Kamokukolau 3 479.2 500.9 7.1 s28°w 

/'

(tlflill

I

Table 2d.--Ti1t coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea caldera (See tilt dia

Uwekahuna Dec. 28 570.5 447.1 42.7 N25°W 

Tree Molds 28 516.2 488.2 13.4 N9°W 

Sand Spit 31 605.8 467-7 67.7 N2°W 

__0- _________ 

Kalihipaa 29 471.3 509·0 19.0 S25°E 

Keamoku 31 543.8 469.8 44.7 N42°W 

/ih ),J: ) Kamokukolau ;0 414.1 535.6 81.9 S27°E 

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2.~.lcr6 RADIANS/M'ONTH N

AUG 15,1959 - OCT 16, 1959 . . r I~

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Figure 2a.-- Ti Iting ~of the ground aroun,d Ki lauea cal,dera, Au·gust 15 to

Octo~er 16, 1959. The vector depicting:: ti It'i·ng at a given tilt base

'; ~6iri~s in the dir~ction of maximum ~relatiVe subsidence a~d has;a

'I ength "proporti o'na I to 'the rate of Iti Iti ng durfng. th~, measurement :

interval. 'Clo,sed circles_represent,' field ·ti I.t ,bases; open clr¢les,

short-base~Iw'a'ter.;..tube , t I I tmeters. ' ,. :.i " \..", >, '. : ' ".; " . j.

. " '0 :1" ..•.• " I

a ~-. '. ' .... - ,.' I

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Figore 2b.-- Tilting of the grou~d around Ki lauea caldera, October 16 to

November 13, ·J959. The vector depicting ti iting at a·given1ti It base

points In the ~irection of maximum re'lative subsidence and has a

'.Iength p·roportional. to the rate of ti Iting during the ,measurement

interval. Closed circles represent fie'ld tilt bas~s; op~n circles,

, short-base water-tube .t i I tmeters •. AI I fie I d bases were not 9ccup,i ed

beca~se of the ,start of the 1959 :eruptton in' Ki la'uea-Iki the' even·rng

of Nov.ember' 1 ,:,. 1959. I I I,

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25 x 10.6 RADIANSI MONTH N

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3, 1959 ' .. .---- I~ ".' 5KM

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Figure 2c.-- Ti Iting of the ground around Ki laue~ cal'dera,' Novem~er 13 to

. December 3, ~959. The vector depicting ti Iting at a ~iven ti It base

P9.,!nts in the d.irection of maxlmum··relative subsidence and has a

. lehgth proportional to the rate of ~i Iting during the ~easurement

inte~val. Closed Circles repre~ent field ti It bas~s~, open ~ircles,

shortabase water-tube.:t,ittmeters~, The ti It base· .at' ·Summer Camp .(SC)

was occup i ed fo.r th~ 1ast time on' October '16 :,' 1959; i'n, the Fourse·"

o~ the·.Kllauee..... kl .eruptlon It was covered by ab~~t thirty Ifeet'~:'

h . • " :.~ I~:': "1' '

as. , . ' '.. '.; ,",", .... " . "~,,

i: ': .:"I" !': '~": :" . .': .",~.\ .'::'; .1:

db j 5
--_._---

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TILTING RATE 25 x 10- 6 RADIANS/MONTH N

.DEC 3, 1959 - DEC 30, 1959 .

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Figure. 2d.-- Ti Itlng of the ground arouflld' Ki lauea c"lder'a~ December! 3 to .

December 30, 1959 • .The' vector dep I ct i n9 til t I ng .at a· given t i il t base

.poI nts. I n the direction of maximum fe I'af i ve sl1bs i dence and 'has~ a

length proportional .to the rate of,tllting duri~g th~ mea.sureniient

.1 nter-va I. ' C.losed eire I es reptesen,t, fie I d t I I t bas'e~ ';,.op~n ,'c 1r~' as,

short"-base' water-tube t 1'.tmeters. ',' t ,. i·-

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IA.f'· ,,)..,,·W

y:w., --"'Y.?</'~t ~'e

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+fi vtt,· --fu~WtP

M"I'>~4ti1' :" ' I,,I: ~"I,i· _,,~, T~" '---, (2"'/)' {_.' ~v~d

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SwAeff)

Deep seismlc(storm]

A very farge swarm of deep.quak'e's',with associated tremor

began during the afternoon of December", 1959. This swarm

ceased during the night of De6ember 14 after~ a total of 4,500

se~arate events had been counted (or estimated conservatively,)

on the Desert seismograms.

• I'

During the swarm, eruptive'·phases IX and X took place In

there Is a brief description o~f:,a deep' swarm from a source 10 km

,

;,

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: on page 2,

-;Jt.:":.~~_••:-:-(,-,,- ...... :-~--:.-'

",: ~- ..... ..

, .~ .:j (~.'::-"': f: .; : 1-': '-" "- r" "i~' ~,;·._7:~"..:- .~ ': ',,, ..

, In the Chronological Summary ~+ 'HVO Summary 13

northeast of Kilauea caldera at a depth of about 60 km. That

swarm ~ontlnued for two days (Janua~:5 a~d~, 1959) and added J!

up to some 600 separa~e events. Of these, 29 were magnituee 2.

• I

recorded on the USGS Kilauea summit network~ Thls,swarm consisted

of about 2,400 Individual events; 45 were'greater than magnltudl

1.5; none was felt although the largest was magnitude 3.4. _._ T

This seismic sto~~~~ August, 1959 semmed to represent two

KI I ~Dea- f k I. ~~~tf And lhus,' m,any evehts ·CQU I d on I y be counted i g

I

!

or greater, although none was t~lt.' The largest was magnitu~e ~.2.

h T

Between August 14th and August 20, 1959, another deep swarm

and could not be timed, because of excess 'background "noise."

S~Ch noise was In the form of ~~u~tlo~ tr~mor, deep tremor (Wlt~ , " I 'I'

the first 2,000 recorded quakes) andlor confusion caused by ! .. ,J

quakes recording two or three:perminute and' Interfering wtth .u.U.ttt~~vl-vAt A I .. ' .. , I -' . '

events on adjacent traces.

1"'- '. I

deep ,fam lit as wh Ich graded Int,o' one another \'and w'ere recodded i n

no spec'i a I .~~der • One of thes~ f am ii" es be~~ fira depth of 54

k~}~~d Ian .'ePlcenter 7 km nort~ of Uwekahuna; the second family

[!r.;;;~ a 1ocat Ion 5 km NNW of: .Uwekahuna and a depth of 49 km.

The deep August swarm Is rapor-ted 1n 's.wmmarY IS
\. t

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The first deep quake which co~ld be timed on summit seismpgrams

I

took p Iace, at IOh06m on 12 Decembe~, 1959. The fo Ilow i n9 schedu 1e ii s an

.

,

attempt to oomplete the record by describing a chronology of deep e~ ents

/

which could\~e read and/or tImed.

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. ·:t :Po ,;.... k.~---·,t ·,,;··-r'T·- -,--~~..,~(~..;~;&.~:,~*",;. ~r.:i~":-"~!# it ".:-.~~ , .. ~.,

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-----.----_.. -, -~---~---....,---,-_.-_._., --.~'-;'-- -~~

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, 'to
14 eLE;:8

ABSTRACTS FROM OR IGt'NALtRfi'AD I NG SHEETS FOR' THE

'/ DEEP SWARM BETWEEN .Decemb~r II and December 14

i

Ca 21:00, p-travel-tlme

decreases to 7.9 sec

Dec.11 Ca 14:00 = start of

tremor and deep quakes

P-travel-time (when

discernible) 8.4 to 8.6

seconds.

Ca 16:00 faint tremor is seen

Ca 11/00 1,700 quakes a~pear in

tremor of inc4easmmg a1pl itude.

P-travel time varies frJm ~.5 (7.5)

to 6~7 sec; the sma 1lar !value at

22:00 record change' i

DESERT (4,500 total)

/'

.' .

'..

MAUt·JA LOA ------ (4,300 total)

I

Ca 22:50, p-travel-tlme

decreases to 7.5 sec

or less.

22:39 to 04:20 (2nd.record)

p-travel-time 7.0 to 7.5 sec.

Dec.12 some ev~nts of magnitude 3 &4

Instances of both UP and DOWN

first-motion

04:26 to 10:02, 6.7 to 7.0 sec

Both UP and DOWN first-mot ion'.

10:06 = first readable quake

1(3 : 08 to I3: 32, 6. 9 to 7. 0 sec'

13:36 to 18:52, 6~8 to 7.1 s~c

Both UP and D6WN first-mot I o~·'~

18:58 to 03:55, 6.8'to 7.3 sec

Dec.13 04:06 to 13:20, fewer deep events

+ eruption tremor.

13: 25 to 00: 46, 6.6 to 7.0 se.e

Dec.14 p~-travel-time. Flrst-motlo~.

not easily seen.

00:51 to 12:52 de~p quakes In·

erupt' on tremor no 1sa. 6. 8 t·b~··

7.1 sec. ~~travel-tlme.

22:50 to 06:45, where vfsible, first

motion is down and p·+r~vel-time is

.' between 6.4 and 7.3 sec1nds.

06:50 to 13:02, p-travel-time bet.eem

6.4 and 7.0 seconds.

" ,

. "

13:07 to 18:49, 6.4 to .7 seconds

-r ll,. ,

18:54 to 04:07, 6.3 to 6.8 seconds

04:17 to 15:06,6.4 to 6.7 seconds,

first-motion mixed, UP and DWWN.

15: 10 to 03:45, 6.4 to 6.7 seconds

and mixed UP and DOWN ~irst-motion.

03: 52 to '17 :00, fewer d ep events

Dec.15

12:55 to 02:47, fewer deep

events of 6.1 to 1.1 sec P-.:"·

tr~vel-tlme.

'I,· I.'

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,.' I

I •

17:05 to 06:07, deep qu kes decrease

shar1p'I y .In number.

I"

, 11 I'

'~-
ABSTRACTS FROM 8~rGtNAL READING SHEETS FOR

THE DEEP SWARM ,BETWEEN December--i I and 14tg.

I

Maui :*Z becomes"active"after 20:00

----but no time markslon record.

However, S-P is measureable

on 3 ev ants and ~I I are UP

first-~otion. 18~1 and 18.2

seconds S-P is about 24.8 or

24.9 seconds p-tr~vel-time.

I

,HMO(Oahu) dows not sh~w emtijer

deep quakes or tremor.

I

U~ekahuna: readings on deep ev&nts

blocked hy tremorlof Phase IX.

Maui :*by the mor~ing I f December 13,

NO fur·ther deep events seen on

Maul record.

OUTLET

Dec. I I 17: 10 to 06: 51 (I 2/ I2) ca' I30 I

e~ents counted. In the +~w

cases where first-motlonls

seen, it is always UP. P~traveltimes are between 6.2 and""','1.0 sec / '.

Dec.12 06:57 to 21 :32, first-motion

UP, when readable. P-travel-time

between 6.4 and 6.8 seconds.

21:45 to 07:07, deep events

eonfus~d by eruption of Phase IX'

Dec.13 Tremor of Phase IX blocks al I

earthquake readings

UWEKAHUNA,et

Tremor and deep quake

ca 16:00 but spot is

active and faint to b

after 18:30

be~d>m

00

r'ead

r)ec.14 Tremor from Phase IX, Phase X !

and bursts of tremor between

these two phases + fewer\deep

events --- al I factors reduce

the value of, Outlet record .for

tht s study., .

, /:

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* a total of 21 deep events wera

large enough to record on the

M~UI records;[ of these only

three were clear enough to

use .for some Ii dea of $-P

time and for p-first-motion. , I·

!

i

I

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.... --- ._~-~---.., ._-------~,......- --

I I f

Ii': . 'I! .

"t-~--- - - . :;.-:--~_,-._._- _.---~--:._-..... ~, -.-.'
Figure A. -- Epicentral locations of six separate deep 5~ismic swarms

from 1958 to 1960. Arrows ledd from one epicentral region to the npxt

in chronological order. Data givEn are: ntunber of events, depth and

date. ~ase map used is standard Kilauea tilt plat as per Figure 2. I

/

/
Instrumentation and earthquake-reporting

In the seven days from the 4th. of October, 1959 to the 11th. a number of

earthquakes took place in Hawaii and were recorded with varying acuity at

different sites and by different instruments of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

network. This period of time is selected for convenience; also it irepresents

"nonnal" background seismicity in that 0 1y a single

seismic anomaly contributes to "th;ll background. Tlle following ache ule will

list the features which we wish to illustrate.

Instrument Name Number of Events Counted Installation

Uwekahuna - Z 60 hi-gai~ vertical

Mauna Loa - z 57 hi-gaiq vertical

I

Outlet Z 61 hi-gai~ vertical

Desert Z 54 hi-gain vertical

North Pit Z 2,680 hi-gain vertical

NaalehU, E & N 1 lo-gai~ mechanical

Kealakekua, E &N 2 hO~izo~~al p~ndulae

I

I

Waimea, E & N 1 " itt " I

I

Pahoa, E & N I 1 91 in ff

Hilo - Z 10 hi-gain vertical

I

I

I

In the week reviewed above, 17 lex: al earthquakes were chosen for

study, location and analysis; these were judged to be well-enough recorded

60 as to perm~t accurate location. It can be seen that mechanical seismographs

contributed Itttle during this particular week. Perhaps a period could be

. found which portrayed mechanical recording in a more favourable light. But

the opposite has, usually been found to be true; the mechanical i~strumentB

prOVide pooi~-ttmed and poorly-recorded data on about 10% of q~kes large

enough for location. And in extreme cases - by comparison with iocal

swarms such as recokded on North Pit above, they record less tha~ 1% of

events oountable on the records of more sensitive instruments lodated at

more fortuitous sites. i

Specifical~, the low gain (magnification about lOX) dras4'ical~

limited· the amount of information contributed by mechanical hori ontals.

Low-gain,combindd with horizontal polarization made first-motion ."p" questionable

in all but the largest quakes; a general rule-of-thmmb was that '~the mechanicals

would not record quakes unless they were~ felt in the ~ediate 'town where

the instrument was located; and if the quakes were felt near the iinstrument site,

the instrument would perforce be dismantled." All of these prob~ems were~

vast~ more comp~icated at stationsg such as Konawaena, Waimea aq.d Pahoa. ~~e

first two reqllire; half a day for travel time alone. Thus per1od~c visits tor

care and cleaning were not frequent enough, and special trips atittmes of

emergency were out of the question. I

Ear~ in the 1950's when experimental short-period, high-gain

----------1--I
vertical seismometers proved their practicality and acuity, the slow

transition to electr()r#,i~¢tt¢ dynamic recording was begun. Hilo and

Maui were the first Ilon-Kilauea station so converted. In Decem"Qer of

this present quarter Konawaena was compitetft~ abandoned; the ancilent

mechanicals there had deteriorated beyond repair. Unfortunately, it

was not till 1964 that a more modern system was installed at Kona.

Eventually all mechanical, horizontal pend~ were replac~d with

high-gain instruments; such changes will be described in the appropriate

summaries. In some cases (Pahoa and NaalehU) it was sufficient 'to

block off Windows, erect partitions, re-build piess and essentially uo

use the same bUilding for electro-dynamic/optical-recording installations.

In Watmea it was discovered that the low-gain si!e was adjacent ,to a

heavily travelled vehicular road~ay. 1his did not disturb the original

seismograph, but it ruled out any simple conversion; the new in~trument

at Waimea waB moved several miles away. I

rrhis is the painful and happy story of modernization at lIVo. We

hope it will always be in progress but wish to point out that it was

most radical in the decades 1950 and 1·960•

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EXPLANATION

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e"'hf "'''- '.000 .... ... ..... ,.........., ., w ...

,__- ---------~I__---""__l.-I.·

••••

I

1

I

I

I

Figure l.--Map of the island of H~wa1i showing se~smograph st~t1ons

operated by the Geological Survey and localities mentione~ in the

text. Epicenters of earthquakes are given in terms of ge~graph1c

coordinates, which are indicated at the edges of the map. I

...-........----"-

....

-".-....----

...

-

..... • _ •••~_•• < .........--__..... --~.-~' ,,_••q 'f.' ...... II .' ".e:;r IY .•..,....."._- .. " .. ;0;:04i(! .•. • U4 Cf' P(" ,I 4' 'OUT. aswa. '"
/

,

Table 3.--Number of earth uakes and minutes of tremor recorded most! on seismo ra 

U, M, 0, D, and N around Kilauea caldera

Categories: Ha1emaumau rock slides -- which are detected by the characteristic record they produce 

seismograph; shallow earthquakes in the Kilauea caldera region -- again, seen and coun

North Pit record; shallow earthquakes along the SW. rift zone of Kilauea and the adjac

Kaoiki fault system - these are recorded most efficiently on the Desert (D) seismograp

the eastern half of Kilauea's east rift zone - detected by residents in or 

graph at that town or by -portable-met-er in the- neighborhood; earthquakes at 

and roughly beneath Kilauea caldera - these are determined by character and by relativ

the Kilauea seismic net; other notable seismic events -- such as tremor, teleseism or 

volcano systems (see Fig. 1) are briefly noted in this final column.

Data appearing in this table concern events which experiencJseismologists can glean "

records. Table 3, therefore, is an attempt at a daily record of the history of 

it presents more detailed statistics than 3A (which it will replace in Summary 17) and 

and more general than Table 4.

Tremor

( in minutes) Earthquakes

Date

( 1959)

Inter- Hale- Kilauea SW. rift Lower

Deep mediate Shallow maumau caldera and east Kilauea

slides shallow Kaoiki rift 15 to km depth 

i

Oct. 1 I 75 2 

I

2 5 I 130 4 I 

I .0; 

3

-

5 §t 

--- ._- -- -, ------ t ( 

-l---- - -- - -.J- 4 3 j - 260--- t

410 I i 

5 I - _.- 1 i I 

I J I ii I

-

!

I

.

I I ; I J i 

1 j I I
Tremor

(in minutes) Earthquakes

Date

(1959 ) ;

lnter- Hale- Kilauea SW. rift Lower

Deep mediate Shallow maumau caldera and east Kilauea

slides shallow Kaoiki rift 15 to 30 km depth 

--

-

-- ---

- -- -- f---- - 

Oct. 6 380 . 4 - - - - ---- KItrt JQ 7 ---..

7 32 340 

8 380 5 f / (Sf ..-

9 430 3;&MI 13 

10 36 480 2 1 

+

39
Lower Kilauea" .

east 15 to 50 km

rift ...---dep-th------

Hale- Kilauea

maumau caldera

slides__ shall-ow

Deep

Date Tremor Earthquakes

( 1959) .....)r.--__ ""-' """"' "-__"""" 1-- 

Intermediate Shallow

rrct II RNi z2 I - /-(¥l J.l.S- -7- - / - A

ocr /2 2

-------J--------------+-----f------+-----t---_t-------r---- 

I - 

...._- - .------.-- 1-------

-- --_.__..._--- -----

/ 3 

_._-- ......._--

.._-----1>----._----- ._. _

-3

J I '2. /", 'I" ,-,I L,/

... --. -.--.--.. -.----.-------f--..--.------ -.---..- -..--..- --------

Jb ---.

-..

_

..---.- ... _-_.._--.._--.---_._- '.. .._-- -' - .. _-- ----- -- ---_ ..-_.---

_

.. ....,._..__.---._-- _.._-- - ... -----. -....,.-_..

()C -r: /'!

r! ," -r- I ' ,

'.,J L I '-f -' - --

/9

-----1---------------.--.--.----1-------1-..---. -- . - .---- -...---

.._-- _.__ .- _.----.-_.. -.-..--.--------

C,LT· /5

------------------------.---------......-----..---------.------1-----.-.-

2 ,A/Al, 2·.5 C' 3

.. .._._------_--...-_. - -. -"

.._------""'" . " ._----_._-----. --- ._--- _._.

------+--._----_..-._..-- .._--- -..-- .. _._--_._.---

.."._----_._._------- -.._---_._...- '---. 7

-_. .... --.------ - --

9

/ 8L {::' 

/--,- 

/ -- 

c:'cr: 23

.. ..............._,....,--•• - -. __ .._----....-.•_.--. _ ...,-..-..--_ ..... p.

,'.J

.t::..- / 

.,c,c:. >/:

C'
Kilauea

15 to 50 km

depth--

Lower

east

ri-ft

Deep l

Date Tremor Earthquakes

( 1959) Inter- Hale- Kilauea SW. rift

mediate Shallow caldera and

slide-s sh-allow Kaoiki

ocr 7(;,

C,· ,I :: 7

7S{3

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Earthquakes

--;----- ---.- .. - ._---------

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Deep

1-------------------

Date Tremor

( 1959) ....-;;-:-::-----r---=:-----:--;.-:-,--=----r----:=-=-=-_-_-r- 

Inter- Hale- Kilauea SW. rift Lower Kilauea

mediate Shallow maumau caldera and east 15 to 50 km 

slides depth _

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----

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Deep 

Date Tremor Earthquakes

( 1959) __ __..-:::;:-_-:-=---,r---::--__r----::::-:-::--__ 

Inter- Hale- Kilauea SW. rift Lower Kilauea

mediate Shallow maumau caldera and east 15 to 50 km

slides Kaotki rift- - depth

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/-- (;.$ ·-SjdUJW

Tl'(iMP£' tJA/ p;r

//11/]) 01/ rL.E r .k,>£CDK];)5

Deep

Date Tremor Earthquakes

( 1959) Inter- Hale- Kilauea SW. rift Lower Kilauea

mediate Shallow maumau caldera and east 15 to 50 km

ShClllow _Ka.oiki rift- -----dep-th--

)Jov,2'1

Nov, 25' £:1fl..?1/()II IKt::Jt101<, FKill")

PJ.lAsE Z .blltl/6 Jf'(!,itl4Ij

.1 tJ tl ''13 =..;TAI:"'Jr "t='_ N() v, c(:;J , .f' -r ... 1 rl</i"'MJ/2 £ 1,- v(J,1{)N

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--------_.. ------------.------_.. -- 

(Ilf)IJ. 2.q ZI: 47 eN C: (,.(; if. "it. ri'Vtre IY1 :pVt' 3>
Deep 

Date Tremor Earthquakes

( 1959) Inter- Hale- Kilauea SW. rift Lower Kilauea

mediate Shallow maumau caldera and east 15 to 50 km

slides shallow Kaoiki ri_ft dep.th-- -

JOt)

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--1----------4-
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l-..-l.iD In i s-)---_--t-__-t-__--

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medjate rnau

filau

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sk!IPtu /«/(,;.1>-

i-;JGr C/J 20D Qt!AK£"S- ----

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ektJPf/()1J l-Pi£MDi' eIJ):>S

----t-- .__ .. .. 

Earthquakes

__

6 czst

_

15 t-o- 5-0

_

shallov Kaoiki ri ft kITi, derJth

Date

(1959)

-.........._-.:-.- --- - ._---••• _-- __• ---- -"- --'- ._:._-- - - ->..... ,.•• -.-- - .....::- _:.:-- 

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7 /(i)' 1l/,4()O 00:::-' 1/ S-- e /1/ hI::'

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@ Ol .. pf//J::-t:.

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2 I ;00 fo () /,' 00 :

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9. to / -::: K? t l 4L IJ 

I: S€ PLA

Ot

C,4 -55-t>-{fJ---

K.flt .

I4.lir v £,.,..bJ

Date

(1959 ) Tremor " 1 l- . (in minutf:s )--..------11---- ._._ . Earthquakes

Deep Inter- ShaJ.lov Hale 1< 0 ---+- 'l)auec' SW.riftl LovJ·'")r , 1-'-'-----

medj ate rn c; U (' d1 oJ (' y. _ {-- I .C _ \..L -. dUe a

-' •. . '.- ,/ C b 15 to 50

nlci U shallo\! Kaoil'l· rIo .r..,. k l 'h

.

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-

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J
_

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ell 20

---;-------

i_nTrernor Hi i n 1 . .. Denp I t -----. .... .__ ... _..- ,__ EaTthquakes

.. n '£1'- -_------tl-. .

rnediate. . · lq Iaue1 _

'

S\N •.r ,1° 1:,.+1l' LOVr'er ----I-'V· caLler, (, ,.\.lIauea

·shan C" . f,'-" f'dst IS to

, J. O.L k 1 .ri f t ....., . ..C - . kJfi

,

(i L1J " . '0' ,Sl..h

Date

(1959 )

0:2' if; JZ: 2';-=

5'9. .

SHAL-LoW 7REMOR..'

/z :b"3 it>

IJI .N;,1A}vf£5

5 HIt-LL.OW TIlt?#-\ 0 tt..

1'1:53; DF

PHASE $

21 ao -:;-

61/JJ) () r PW'S£ nr

j?R rj PIf "qJ TieMOt<,.,,
()t

-'-'--

..

. !

I

I

I

Tremor I Earthquakes G. n 'nli

me:Jj 2tC mall c;-lJde-T< L ccst l:J to

miW Ji ovl Kaoiki d it kill, dC-J,tll

slJde. I

CA 02: 00 -=- S'/W( ---1-_Z_0_..---,. S----------------------- __.3:;_KAI_.I/?_

T K..rE.Ato·fC

I sr,l;i(r

PtllrsE:1J.!L L k'Rurnu

'R€"AAOR . : .'

/7: 2/ :=. :PRAMl\riC

GNJ) 0 F wr:

D2:50 TD O'l;OIf-=

d)1J R,4n t,)lJ 0 F PHA-Sf;

R·up TIOA)

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r?J: 5"7 fD /5: at,=

of fHIJSe

G-RuPTI()W

L)atc

)

:Dee. 11

-----------
l)ale

(195;) )

ItI. D3;1t) -;

OF -PHAsE

,.:.xvc:u E AUP/lbtJ

2-fI!'NVr€"

I/N F

T R. i /I) R.. (G IV J) 0",

$ v t=:A c.. £:

TrIG-ReA f rtl<.

TRGMoR Ct!;vnAlII'6s

./ILL AlEX, :DAY.

1/
Date-

(1959 ) i n

__

-t ._l ,_-+--__ hqu ak es I Deep nter- J1 LI 1 ..... Lower t Kilauea 0 a. OV ra C L v

mediate 1:1<'1) c:ddEI< t, (:2',·:; E: to ':)0

-- -- 'rnBU hall ov Kaoll: i rfTt kIYI" cicll-JLh

sljdc:,

Oth

/ UI,

AJG" ',« 

'-I --. 

1(11" I TRAIL

: 1.= :5; F'A

I

I F

The:: are the f

e "Pali" systems 

r@ may be t ef resul t of exc

present cas --- or they may 

summit star ge is at a high 

a the rift ne(s); when such 

only smal amounts of lava 

a a

I

- ----------.._-........

SIIALLOIAJ

.'R.r:MO . elv '...

;<£Col< DS) 2 of.M .

Cl)uTI;V1)(J (,IS ) S lfl1UO

of very-poorly-locat

of Kilauea's un-butt

of the summit storag

of unknown, outside

slippage can enhance

(from outside causes

zone conduits, and t
Ot

'----_._-----------

Earthquakes

cal dC? Ledst 1 t 0 0

'shallo'l Kaoiki ;- ri-rf,' - kIll, depth

Trernoy

(in lni nutes)

Deep Shallov Hale

rned j ate fnCJ U

-fltc-liJ

f)ate

(1959 )

t;3li1ALl,. ,SHALL()W, j

'-1"1<£ M

J1I :'2 S" +0 ',5"': JS" ==

II/TEAM/TreNT Sv12,T3

OF :Q.€GP rR£_ol(

r

130

I

I

I

f"AGr 

I-iIJ LEPi r<.Ji LA 

z..-z... z. 1'-::- S. FL

/ Ka17',/1£

I :: S E ,
--

-. I J J Earthquakes In llnnUl.'c·-u-' - .

__

------1- ..- ..

__

Deep ,::,hal '., 1 H 1 ov v . 1 -1';· .Tllr -4-'II I '" ,.. J ";vI·...1 t l :') -... (] I. medlatc (lldU calc'Ce'"" L Cc.:,.. __

[(<-loiki rlf{' kJl" cierJth

slide. ,

l)ate

(1959) .

26'

------

$/,fAtLoW

27 VfRYt.\.l'Af{ oR

0"JA13L£. .

-_....... ........\'_._-.-.....- ........._-------..--...-..:

)2,0. , 15' 3() _

SMALL

__

/ $. F LA

'Z.;r LrJCllJE'1< 

I - €. Pi

f(

v's ,13L.G

100 zs jf 1-: :5# Ft./)

I : j<tM S'3 .>

;

I J<h] 20) S
Date

(1959 )

Trcrnor Earthqu£Jkes

(in

DECpInte r - ]-.1-0..... v-Ha-'1-0-.-of-I<-i-l f"1

1

LOV"00 Kil aueo .

rnedi c1tC rriciU c2St to 50

nlD·\j -- "-. -sft;J J} ev

*

dO i k 1 . i'f'rt .'kiT)-) .'-cfc:-1 It.h--

I

1

---

'-

Oth

__

---.--:....--.--..-

-- -,_.._--------_._---

__

- - - 1------------

----- IS-

--- -- ---"-- -

--------

----

I/O

'-Iff -.... -

Vi,? -- -'--

. ,t

.35' / !

-

I
Table 3a*.--Local earthquakes and tremor recorded by the HVO-l

I

I

I

I

I

I

\

I

seismograph

i I

'J;, "

at Uwekahillla, in October, IiTovemoer, and December of 1959

Week Number of earthquakes

beginning Greater than Greater than

magnitude 2.5 magnitude 2.5

Oct. 4 8 52·

11 4 80

·18 3 - 155

25 3 48

Nov. 1 2 82

8 7 . 350

15

22

29

Dec. 6

13

20

27 -·31

4

2

5

CA 150

CA 13

8

11

50**

214**

183**

CA 1150**

CA 170**

90

59

Minutes of continuous tr~mor

32 (deep)

36 (deep)

39 (deep)

4 (deep)

24 (deep)

35 (deep)

300 (shallow, pre -e.rup )

Continuous tremor during

Phase I.

Continuous erution tremor

until 11/21/59. \

Continuous shallow tremor \

except for eruption \

I

tremor, Phases II and I~.

Continuous shallow tremor I

except eruption tremor

Phase IV. I

I

Continuous plus eruption III

tremor Phases V, VI, VIlli

and VIII. I

Continuous shallow tremor :

plus eruption tremor :

Phases IX, X, XI, XII, X~II,

XIV, XV and XVI.

Six days of light, shallow:

tremor, qUiet on 11/26/5~.I

I

I

I

I

I

1

I·

,

i

* In future summaries the weekly statistical count (represented by 3a) will

no longer be presented. It will be -replaced by t~he daily counting

Schedule as per taclle 3, abo~re.

Conservative count; eruption trenlor could mask many small events.
.....

....

.\

Table 4.-·-Local earthquakes recorded by seismographs of the U.S. Geological Survey,

October, November, and

Entries for a given quake are: date, origin time (Hawaiian Standard Time), magnitude, dep

and felt report or other comments. Usually the list consists of all events of magnitud

in this summary all clearly readable events are located and listed because of possible 

between seismicity and surface volcanism starting 14 November 1959.

-10- the following list deep quakes belonging to a swarm will be listed by depth as "KM 45", 

- The first entry only will give epicentral data unle-ss-these change.

In Summary 24 "Kaoiki" was introduced as a symbol for listing any of a family of quakes wi

19°24'N., 155°24'W., h =3 to 8 km. This symbol is used in the following list.

The locrtl events listed in Table 4 are described as caiefully as pos

to size, depth and coordinates. In addition there is included a ve

location related to prominent or to seismograph instal

sho\tJn on the M:.1p of Ha\.Jaii Island in 1.
--- ---191>9

.

-----------T"""---y---

cJRIG/'A/

Time

. Re

t:;rllCI<
-----¥----'-------.

h m s

Date Time Depth Epicenter 

-- 1_· •. ••

-Iat.N. Descrition t':rHEI(
Time

.,-;-;.. .

i;

Date

,/

Magn1- Depth

____ --(kill)

h m s

-------------_.-_.-.---------------_

lat.N.
.

-----+---J'-----

Descrition

Magni- Depth Epicenter

-tud-e .. (-kIn) - ..-....--...----------.....,-.-.------_.'-'---=-::;--- ..---------__f

lat . N• Long. .VI •

../;1--:=-. - ..g;-·43.-:-=

/. 

__qE. _. . ....

-.-=,LI1-..,;;..' K.__ -/<;J LA UEA .____ 

- N H .Q£._ 

..Vf.. !!1i

-

.....Jl1Td.... ... .. .'<i.L'L·

__

.. L

..

__

__

... _.. I-L-_ __ M_- 

Time

.------ _.. - -- _. -_. _ .... _. - .--------....__ ..... 

------

Date

19Pf

,

- '_.4 -- - _.! -_.......

2 ._

Z

__

.L1...

_

..1/:"

_____

......- ._..Q_Z__

,

'

..

__

---t . . . _.-._. .
() ('-' 0: 'r

-t-----

·_---_·_-------1

-----

.

------

.- - 

te Time }·hgni- Depth Epicenter

19&'9 --·---s-.-" tuae (km) Lat.N. Long. W. Descritif;)D 

.. t-_--+-----...--- 

_-l.ll.-! ..Q_-'"""""'t--""--'ooif--

__

J ·

__

•

___ 2, __ __

-11--.15"'128 : 2l. BI_2-L_, lL__ -4-1--_-=--=- 

...

- T "LJL_-_

-._- -- .. 1. (£$--- • -----1-----1------ -- _._-

I - I----...-.i----------·---+-'-----1----------1-------- ----....---.. -.. -....--

[ ..-_ i'- -_-_-_-_-_-_--<-'_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--+-t- -__ __- - _-_.- -_;-_-_=--_-_-_-__

L

__

. .

__

.J

__

.

---- --.------ -_.- _.-- .-------+-----.-t---..-- ..-.. ---- - ----.----:---

. _ : __ __ l------ -- 1.. - - -.---1----+--

_.

----

... -_._- ----- ----... .... 

f

..

I 1 •

... .

_

i i

- ----

....----f----·-----.------------:--.. --.. 

-_... .--- .------ ...........--_-_-__,__------.---

-

.. -_.- . -. . -i ..-- ----,----- -- 
-..•.'--!-_--_.. 

Dec.11 The deep swarm (h greater than 42 km) began to record at Hilo around 

17:30. From 18:30 to 24:00, weak to moderate spasmodic tremor lltel 

is seen. But at the time, this tremor at summit stations was so

large that identification of individual quakes was noi possible. 

Therefcbre, the following origin times and magnitudes are the beat 

paS.Sib.'e estimate...s bas.. ed.o.n Hi.IO readings alone. Assuming that greater 

.f_Qr r I_y. l nd i c;_ate---.9 reater depth!, the 

f<:>llowing depth.and estimates are based on measured p-travel- 

tImes -- also listed. It IS futther assumed that p-travel-times, 7.8, 

7.9,8.0 and 8.1 are normal variations of the final class of these ,?:-;

, _ " ..; -._ c,.o4'f !'/.-'--. 

0_ .J-2S ·c,;),Z' 7. K..

_

.I......- ... i i ff4_ .- '" 

JIOiI'

, -.'--.---- .2- 

7 I ,. 0 • , - 

Tq ·r30' ----. __.- 

- "19 : - '\ . "i. - .. ----- --_.-.---

f·--·----io

__-_._. __--- __·__...

_

..

__

--•. - 91'1 : ;'::'1-/1 .:fk . ._

_

-----. .YV!. : i 'I' " .' 

20 i32.

__

.. -r-- '!:t

__

.. . ._._... . . 

- _ .._- --.;- "- :- .._. 1: . Z"', ?;,- - .. II • # 

._-._-- -. _ -----.----- -.------

.

----- .

__ -5L..-- ._.11

-

.. _D_ -r- .

_

-----.

__

...L7'-.2J -- .----

z -

__.__

-

.. ----;'-- .. 

r----- _-,_7-, j - 

.,-..- --

Z - . . .. ---.

'I .3'. 3:. - . .

__ . 

--.---- ..... ,---; .._.._- " ... - . - 1 --,,(6 r'2· 211/.3 f

__'2:;'. :>,.?.. I -1" • _...7_!'! . -.--.- __. 

.

--- #5! _t'!L3...J. . __ __ .. __ .__._.__ _ .__ . 

..'IC&>..: _3P..L£ 'J.',fJ -=-=-- '- .2Z.

_ . __._ .._._...

; -- .- .sr

-

..

-----

2/ :5/ -.. -g-r;-,:r,,--- _--_. 

..

_

-. 6 ! -:tj,2.... 1 __,__ .__

- - JP:. 1.. !fMJ . , .--

-

.. -_- .. - 

---.. _. . '.. -- I /1.?1 t!'f) 

.--_. .:-.'2:-. _27 -.---- . .....-------__.. . 

. - _."3. t3.: OlS.!. £?-·-r--·--- - V

_

-.:=- -:.. -------.,- 'q:r ._ .. :__.

0. . ..

-----

...

-

..

, L 4a-. ./ ,; ..-- J' ..' - -.--------- .----------.- --.- - ----.----.--------. --.. _.--._ -

._ -.---" .-.--". ----.

_',---.

_

-_-'-''C.-_.' --. --:-'-.' -'---:0- -:::=- - _. . . '. :. .. . "._..• ..:. _ . _..... _. _ _
().' r

SPECIAL SECTI-ON OF TABLE IV,- SHOW ING ALL DEE-P-- SWARM- QUAKES-WH ICH--GAN BE READ A-

AT THE TIME OF RECORDINGS, SUMMIT STATIONS WERE TOO DISTURBED BY TREMOR A

.

----- OF THEIR DA,TA; HII 0 READINGS ... THE ONLY ONES 
".. -.

\

. .'

SPEC,tAL SECT ION OF TABLE I V, SHOW I NG ALL DEEP SWARM QUAKES 'WH ICH CAN' BE READ AT 

ONE (LISTED ALSO READABLE AT -S'UMM1T' 'STAT Ia-N'S; IT. WILL ·BE-'REPEATE·D IN 

MAIN CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS. -

--_.. 

Time

__

..

__ _. .__ .. . __ ._. ._. 

..

-------

tude (krn) :a

I lat.N. Long. W. Descrition 

€PTH' : P TRAveLJ rll4Af 

j _-=-:.=----------1_ - . &z 

i n"'J r I'/) /1/ 0 7 - - .....-.----- 9.Lj-' --.-- -.-- .. -.-----

-. _-...; .. _7. ... _
(j

.' -,

SPECIAL SECTION OF 'TABLE rV,-SHOWrNG ALL DEEP SWARM QUAKES WHICH CAN BE'READ AT HILO

A FEW OF THEM ALSO WERE READABLE AT THE SUMMIT:; AND THOSE WILL BE REPEATED. .

--, --_.- ._._-------- ------- ---- ._-

--

D" te Time _I _ __. _.______, _ ----- .._------.- - 

19(q -..----- tude (krn) -- . ----------. fte

him lat.N. Long. W. -" Descrition 

-.- - ----- -- ----- :.. 

----1----: l - .-- -' _.____ - 

----. i --------t- -----. t5';t2 - 

.._- _._- --1.1).. 'i&_!._ --'.' --t- q ----.-.. . g.. Q __ - .. 

.., 7 ----1'-- --- ---KM ._..._____.e::;.Q__ ... ---------...---

Ii . 1 OZ.'- . --- -T-- 2. - --. -.-----_. -. - 

__

. -.U- 1.Ltl

_

..

_ _ __

.. •

__

. .. _._

t- -- -/1 .. : ....- .z.,.. .' -...---- --.- -- . - 

L-. ··-l-ll ".?'.L_! " --- - _. 1:'0:1__.12 ..._.ii-.. 

1.... . II.

__.7,_?__ .._. __ .... -1-. - 

_.

-

... jI-. . : -Kd . .------? -----.-..- ..-

.- . (5--· -_. ;----.-----_.. 

_.- ..-- G - --_._

_ . . .!L.. !/8-..1_.J/J?, 7 ._ __ Z-:--____ _g. / 

..... II. L$!-1-.t;14-L.3.t?. ! ._._ 4.1 

j'- - ;L .;frer :'1: ?.L._ -'--_...._.. 

.. .. ..2J- ----'2-- J._.._-- _ .'-i2_.. .. ..

t: -. /.. - -_ _._-. liZ __ . _.. 

_. _ ___... . __ I/, _?-:2... I -..- Z .__ -- ,, 7.__ 2.... .... __ . .. __.__" 

- -.-. J2, .. ----- -,- ----- __._:___._·--..·.-... .._-..-_..-.....-._

._ . . . ?,£__ . - __._.--<--_-.... __ _ _ 

, 2. _f. __ _ .--. .__._... --
.' r

SPECI-AL--SECTtON-OF TA-BLE IV, SHOWING ALL DEEP SWARM QUAKES WHICH CAN BE READ

AT HILO.

------

-. . 
SPECIAL SECTION OF TABLE IV, SHOWING ALL SWARM QUAKES WHICH CAN BE READ

AT HI LO. A FEW OF THEM WERE ALSO READABLE ON IT SE I SMQGRAMS.; THOSE WILL

....--8E_- JNDLUOED-- .ItL 1:5 5T I NG- ANQ IN THE REGULAR SCHEDULE OF -TABLE IV, 'TO OO

!

__

.1-8 2/; 5/11 ,0 __ .__ -, ----- __ -_ .. _-_ .. .._1.!tt.- . - 

,

! - - - ; 18__ '19&J.?, - _ - I<:M . -Z-__.__ .__

I I 4-2,.-'

_._ i '8. 27' LH. J.l-_dL* __---=__ -_ .. ,.. X,11_. 

j -. --i '/,&1 .: ir1 ..,.:=-_. +- - .. Q- 

}" - i

! _.Oz.!!. 2. *'...- i-- ------ . i__._ ---F.:M-.lt?---....-------... -.- ..7:.8. . 

r:--------1-2 -L-.-:

__ :._.. ---- .. - -- 0- - __ __g. 

, .. ; I ; 

r--r.:.zi 1tf--::::=.o-l------::--, -"-_.__ 

--

.... --. -.-- .

__

-'dZc--

__

. ._-_ -.. 

i

__

.- zi..

__

..

__

....... ..KM:·, .Y.2..·_· 

; --" t'z, '()O : .Io.'l; 2.P·Ir! -:- - -.. ... :. ,- -.. .- ].'i 1--__0_.._

L..-- · 2,3.,1'1.: .t'f·-1- ...2...4.L- -·'.1., -. -!K.1'!l ... .. .7. 

.... "'1'1,) Z3: 3D.S'.7 ! .-.-.. 1!·----::--:l.. I'M 4Z. , L-.----.

:..-iiiJ.-'r.. _.,'.. 7;).1· WH.,cH··Q;-Ht·R_.... J3E REPE

-...../ J. "--. I.. .. ii, . I.N THE SECTION pF TH I S. TABLE. ... .. I.... 
SPECIAL SECTION OF TABLE LV, SHOWING ALL DEEP QUAKES CAN

AT HILO.

A FEW OF THEM ALSO READABLE ON SUMMIT WILL BE

.. Lsf I N THE REGl II AR SCHEnlJl

E OF TABL.E IV, TO FOLLOW.

I

t.:te l Ti:":1e Depth Epicenter

_. ,_. __ .. tude (m)

_

_ . 

, 1- ,.- I m I s -- -- - . Lat

N Long VI Ii-- -

.- ----.1 -.! - ..---a _.--L-_ •• -- • • J:)£ .'It- .c;,- --

I'; OJ j II. I 71_ .2.'.7

_ __

--.---- -.- -.---------..?# - _._._._._.-.- ...__.

__ ; {pL.-*- - _ - - 

f .. _ a/ 57! --=___ _._-- 7,8. ._.__

._... _. __ Il)j 

r---- _ZL 

t 03 :/1 J - ---..---

. 3 '57 - ""'Ii

- -]'- - ---J.. ---==-- -- -

t'..3 58:

_

.JLO _=. .. _..:::-: . --

- .-

__ .__ ._r.---__ 

. . l!:'11 ----=:-- .=

- 

-:----'1

0 8: ';;: I . - J4;1 Z . ·- .• .._.'- '-,-,

.-.' lStz----ZJ..--·r..··=---L----=- - --'.':"- --.--- --%../.,0'-- .---.--..----- 

i O· - 1 - !'-I"", 7" - --9 -.'__. 

.. ...::_ LI?-- __.._._.. .. . 

t- '--'--11 /./ 23!i! I.J- - ilZ____ g,O _ . 

: -. --' IL - - . . IV? f . - --'-"'-"-1' -'.2 ..Z-3.; Zg,/j =---+.._-==-- 0"

--

.. _- /2 ·---l-·--=-, 8'.0

_: _', /ij- .1..2.1._ 'I

Z..Y 1

__

.:- 1--.-- - +__--__ - .. . 

i _ . Z.'I_jr ::---;..-.

_

-i -,/94--- 

-

.. -

__ '.7_ ..-------r-- ----_ - --_.-2..dl.. '-"--'--'--

L ··.·-E... ._1.12*:,.. __::--+-' =- ._ --.... .. ---.--.---.--

f

·-

.... --·t-----

-

__

- E::L1.... lie-.

__

.. 8. ..

L ---.-------.-

'--', .lcJ : Y.3. . __'-c!t-

- --

--.:6.1-L._ .- ..- --...:.-.--

. - I?{) 42: _'173, - 2.-'l. . _.-__ H. . _ -=---.

- .1'.:"1

__.__-__-':.-0- _.____

1 IZI :f{){o.l __Q$·.7 . .L7._ .. - ...... f _..__.-:-: .'.__

M

__ . .,_. ... ,.,. 
----1-----------------_. _ . 

.

-

i

,

-

t

-

.. ... _._--_..:

..

- -- : --.. -- i - - _.'-'- i-'-- -

.,. ." .. , - • ...--... - ..' ..._----t-.. _-_..-. __.- ..,

i ,

. --:: -: ---- - --- i f-: 
(

. r

-_.-. -----_.----
--------- -------

--------

()

. r

-------- 
", , /.

--_._-- --_. --------

.--0. ;-, -.

--- "-"
- .--...---.. - ----------------------"!"'---------

1·!5.gn1- Depth

t'..lde em)

lat.N.

Epicenter

Long. w.
'I Table 5.-~Distant earthquakes

Times are reported in Greenwich Civil Time, which is 10 hours faster

than Hawaiian Standard Time. A "c" following the time of P indicates'

compressional first motion; a "d" indicates dilatational first motion~

Station symbols, locations, and instru.mentation will be presente'd in I

table 6, SUn;tmary 17 (the first summary of 1960). Location of ePicenttr,

origin time~, focal depths, and magnitude reported by other institutions

are taken from Seismological Bulletins MSI-226, MSI-227, and MSI-228 ·1

published by the U.S. Coast and Ge?detic Survey to cover October, i

November, and Decembe:r of 1959'. Reference will also be made to United

States Earthquakes, 1959, another publication of the U.S. Coast and r

Geodetic Survey. I

I

I

October 2, 1959

M

o

D

N

U

Hi

Ha

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

T-phase

T-phase

T-pllase

T-phase

T-phase

T-phase

T-phase

13:43-13:46

13:43-13:46

13:43-13:46

13:43-13:46

13:43-13:46

13:44-13:45

13:43-13:45

Not listed in United States Earthquakes, 1959, or in MSI-226

October 2, 1959

October 6, 1959

M Z eP '05,: 56: 48.5 c

0 Z eP 05:56:48.3 c

N Z iP ,05:: 56: 49. 0 c

U Z iP 05,: 56 :48.5 c

PEZ

PEN

. PEE

I

Start of the phenomena was about 23:22:30 (150-sec. period). (

I ,

Start of the phenomena was about 23:22:30 lOO-sec. period).

Start of the phenomena was about 23~22:30 ( 50-sec. per~od) .

Pressure pulse due to weather or to atomospheric nuclear test. I

No such events listed in United States Earthquakes, 1959, or in ~SI-226.

I

u

u

u

~nited States Earthquakes, 1959

05:44:37

0.5 0N., 122.5° E..

Celebes

h about 200 km.

I

, I
__ .4... .... _ .....

......

Table 5. --Distant earthquakes--Continued

October 15, 1959

Not listed in United States

Earthquakes) 1959 or in

lvEI-226.

October 10} 1959

M

o

z

z

iP

eP

02:15:03.4 d

02:15:03.3 d

October 19, 1959

M z iP 14:00:27.3 d

0 Z iP 26.9 d

D Z iP 27.2 d

.u Z eP 26.9 d

Hi Z iP 29.4 c

Ha Z iP 32.1 c I

I

M31-226 I

MSI-226

October 19, 1959

l4 z iP

0 Z iP

D Z eF

U Z eP

M Z iP 06:28:12.5 c

0 z eP 06:28:12.8 c

U FEZ iP 06:28:1$.0 c

U PEZ iP 7. 06:39,:26

U PEZ eR o6:55~08

u PEN iG 06:50:39

M31-226

06:15:32

0.5° N.) 120.5° E.

Celebes

Magnitude 6.5.

October 16.~ 1959

13:52:40

22.0° S., 179.5° w.

Fiji Islands Region

h about 600 km. I

I

I

I

16:14:41.. 7 d I

41.2 d

40.8 d

41.1 d

M

o

z

z

eP

eP

16:27:35.0 c

16:27:35.2 c

15:55:30

54.5° S.~ 29.0° w.

Sandvlich Islands Region.

~I-226

08:27:21

27.5° S., 1770w. Ker~adec Islands!

Magnitude 6.25. ,

kEI-226

16:14:53

6° N., 1250E.

Near south coast of Mindanao,

Philippine Islands.

October 19, 1959

October 26, 1959

i

I

I

I

I

I

i

i

Japar

!

'I

I

07:44:51.2 d

51.8 c

51.6 c

53.2 c

52 d

52:42

59:59

58:39

58:09

07:44:53.6 c

MSI·..226

07:35:12

37.5° N.~ 142.50

E.

Near east coast of Honshu,

h abo·ut 60 krn

Ma.gnit 11de 6. 5.

M Z eP

0 Z e ?

D Z e ?

U Z i ?

U PEZ eP

U PEZ is

U FEZ iR

U PEN eSS

U PEE eQ?

Hi Z .pl ..

08:36:31.7 d

08:36:31.2 d

08:43:50

08: 50:.48

Z eP

Z eP

FEN eS

PEZ eR

M

o

u

u
•

-.".

Table 5. --Distant earthquakes--Continued

,I

I

) fO···'.

j

October 26, 1959 October 29, 1959 I

I

M Z iP 10:37":45.6 d M Z iP 14:29:07.8 4

0 Z e? 45.8 d M Z ipP 23.7 4

D Z eP 46.4 d 0 Z iP 07.4 d

u Z .•-? 46.6 c I

J.. 0 Z ipP 23.7 q. Hi Z iP 44.4 c D Z eP 06.5? Id

N Z iP 07.5 q. MSI":226 N z ipP 23.7 d

u Z iP 04.3 d

10:29:09 U Z ipP 23 c 1

51.5° eN., 157.5° E. u PEZ eR? 14:43:41 I

Near east coast of Kamchatka U PEN eS 14:36:45

h about 150 km. U PEN eR 14:43:49

October 27, 1959 Hi z iP 14:29:09.9

M Z T-phase 06:53-06:55 MSI-226

0 Z T-phase 06:53-06:55 14:19:51 D Z T-phase 06:53-06:55

N Z T-phase 06:53-06:55 29.5° s. , 176.5° w.

u Z T-phase 06:53-06:55 Kerma.dec Islands

Hi Z Tmax 06:53:22 Felt on Raoul

Hi N eQ oi6 :26: 17 h about 60 km

Ha Z T,max 06:53:55 Magnitude 5.75 (Brk) .

M3I-226 October 29, 1959

06:12 :1'0( M Z iP 14:40:15.1 c

42.5° N. , 127. O~ w. 0 Z iP 15.7 c

Ofr coast of Oregon D Z iP 15.4 c

Magnitude 5-5. 2,5 (Brk) . N Z iP 15.2 c

U Z iP 14:40:15.3 c

October 27, 1959 Ha Z iP 14:41:06.3 c

Hi Z iP 11+:40:15.4 c

M Z eP? 07:01:48.3 c

0 Z eP? 48.4 c MSI-226

D Z eP? 48.8 c

U PEZ eP? 58.0 c 14:30:24 I

T] PEZ is 07:09:04 43° N., 131.0° E. I

U PEZ iR 07:15:36 China-Korea border I

U PEN iG? 07:12:49 h about 550 krc I

U Z eP 07:01:43.5 d. ivi.agnitude 6.25. I

Hi Z eP 07:01:55.8 c I

October 300' 1959 I

M31-226 I

M Z .p 07:12:21.2 c I

06: 52: 50 1.- I

0 Z eP 20.2 d 45.5° N.) -"151.0° E. I

~T Z iF 19.8 c Kurd-Ie Isl.ands !

U Z eP 20.6 c I

. h about 100 km Hi ,., iP 23.2 d I

Magrlitude 6.5. u

I
o

11:50:17

13.00B., 166.5° E~

New Hebrides Islands

h about 100 km.

MSI-227

November 5, 1959

M Z eP

0 Z eP

D Z eP

N Z eP

U Z eP

U PEZ eS?

U PEZ eR?

U PEN eS?

U PEN eR?

Ha Z iP?

Hi Z eP

T,able 5. --Distant earthquakes--Continl.led

I '

07:04:48

19° S., 177.5° w.

Fiji Islands

h about 450 km.

M31-226

Octobe~ 31, 1959

M Z iP 04:34:28.7 c

0 Z iP 28.0 c

D Z iP 28.0 c?

N Z iP 27.7 c

u Z iP 28.3 c

Ha Z iP 33.6 d

Hi Z iP 32.0 d.

October 30, 1959--Conttnued

I

I

I

-----------~~I

I

11:59:04.5 f

03.4 f

03.6 c

04.6 ?

05.9 c

12:05:57 I

12:45 I

10:52 I

12:19 I

11:59:07 ?

11:59:24.0 f

I

IYEI-226

04:27:12

16.5° S., 178.0° W.

Fiji Islands (relt at Apia)

h about 450 lcm

Magnitude 6.5-6.75. '.

20:03:32

5.50s., 151.5~ E.

New Britain, f~lt at Pomio, Karlat,

Rabaul, and Walindi.

h about 60 km !

~B.gnitude 6.75.

M31-227

November 2, 1959

z T-phase at o2:43±

13: 51~: 55

44.00 N., 140.5° E.

Near west coast of Ho~{aido, felt.

Magnitude 6.5- I

Not recorded. on. other instrument~.

Unable to locate in ~BI-227 or lin

table 2, United States Earthql1<jkes:

1959· I

November 17, 1959

M Z iP 14:04:54.1 1

0 Z iP 55.1

D Z iP 54.8 t

N z- iF? 52.6? ?

U Z iP 54.8 d

u SpZ iP 55.1

1J PEZ iP 55.2 d

U PEZ eS? 14:12:59.2

U PEN eS? 14:13:01.2 :

H' .1 Z iP 14:04:55.0 j Ha Z iP 14:04:44.8 i

M3I·-227 I

---

Ha

November 8, ~959

20:13:26.6 d

26.6 d

26.2 d

27.0 d

27.0 d

lost----------

lost----------

lost----------

Z iP

Z iP

Z iP

Z iP

Z iP

PEZ--Records

PEE--Records

PEN--Records

M

o

D

N

U

U

T]

U
~. , !'. 0

,·

l

i I

I!

i

: ;

Table 5. --Distant earthquakes--Contirlued

November 19, 1959

M Z iP 11:19:00.9 d

D Z iP 00.0 d

U 'SpZ eP 18: 58.7 d

u PEZ eP? 18:59 ?

U PEN is 11:27:23 N

U PEN • ? 1. 11:34:33 S

U PEE is 11:27:27 W

U PEE e? 11:34:35 E

Ha ;Z iP 11:+8:59 d

MSI-227 ' I

November 22, 1959

U PEN 17:00±

U PEE 17:00±

(Rayleigh (only) from due

MSI-227

16:26:34

54° B., 136° w.

South Pacific Ocean.

November 27, 1959

I

I .

rI

I

sout~)

I

I

I

I

I

November 20, 1959 I

11:08::41

5.5° S,., 146.0° E.

Near north coast of New Guinea.

Slight damage at Lae and Madang.

h about 100 km

Magnitude 7.

Ha z Tmax 00:35±

U PEN, PEE OO:OO±

(Rayleigh (only) from west)

~SI-227

23:09:23 (Nov. 26)

5.5° S., 103.0° E.

Near coast of Sumatra.

Magnitu.de 6.75.

December 2, 1959

09:34:00

1° S., 123 0E.

Celebes

.Magnitude 6.5-6.75.

M31-227

23:53:49

42.5° N., 126.5° w.

orr coast of Oregon

Not on other records.

November '22, 1959

M Z eP? 12:58:55.7 d

Hi Z eP 12:58:58.0 c

(not seen on other.records)

M31-227

---

12:47:56

3.0c S.;, 140.0° E.

Near north coast of New Guinea.

M Z iP

o Z eP

D Z iP

N Z iP

U Z iF

U PEZ eP

U FEZ eR

U PEN eS

U PEN iG

M31-228

09:46:29.9 c

30.0 c

29.2 c

29.6 c

31.0 c

31 c

10:12:11

09 :56 :31 ~T I

10:08 :11 N I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

i

I

I

I

I
..· ...L.:.._ .....

J

Table 5.--Distant earthquakes--Continued

December 5, 1959 December 14, 1959

MSI-228

December 14, 1959

M Z ipP 18:10:18.9 c

0 Z ipP 16.2 c

D Z ipP 18.7 c

u Z ipP 19.0 c

Ha Z iP 14.1 c

08:13:36

40.5° N., 126.0° w.

orr coast of northern California.

Felt in Humbolt Count~

Magnit;ude 5 (Btk).

T-phase 03:20-03:22

T-phase 03:20-03:22

lost in tremor

T-phase 03 :20-03,:22

T-phase 03 :19-031:21

iP? 23:41:07.3 ~I

ipP 13.7 d1

iP 23:41:06.2 q ipP 10.4 oj

i? 23:42:52 I

obscured by tilt arift.

I

1

z

z

z

Z

Z

z

z

z

Z

PEZ

PEE

23 :21: 56

59.5° S., 31.0° w.

Sandwich Islands

Magnitude 7.

1v:SI -228

M31-228

02:39:02 1

40.56 N., 124.0° w. I

California (felt in Humbolt Co.l)

Magnitude 4.5° (Brk).

December 22, 1959

Ha

Ha

"M

M

U

U

M

0

N

U

Ha

z T-phase 08:55-08:56

17:58:33

5.5° N:., 125.5° E.

Near s:outh coast of.Mindanao,

Philippine Isl~nds.

Felt at Davao, General Santos

and Hinazuan.

h about 200 km.

M31-228

Ha

December 14, 1959 December 24, 1959

13:20:2~.1 d

20.2 c,

28.3 d

I

i?

eP?

e?

z

z

z

MSI-228

13:08:34

9° N., 126.5° E.

Near rlorth coast of Mindanao,

Philippines.

1~

o

D

U PEZ is 22:13:10

U PEZ eR 22:16:10

U PEZ iQ 22:~9:04

U PEN iR 22:~6:oo

(Short-period records do not show

P, or it is lost in eruption

tremor. )
I

T~b1e 5. --Distant earthquakes--Continued

December

-----------------------L

27, 1959!

M z: ip? 16:01:41.2 c

0 Z ip? 42.0 c

D Z • ? 1.. 40.7 c I

U Z, 1. ° ? I, 47.5 d I

U P:EZ iP? 01-37 d

u PEZ O? 1.. 03-20

U PEZ is? 08-39

U PEZ iR? ~-49 U PEN is 08-20 I'

U PEE is 08-31

Ha Z T -phase 16:51-16:53 I

M3I-228

15:52:55

56° N.~ 162.5° E.

Near east coast of Kamchatka

Magnitude 6.75-7.

December 28, 1959

·.~ ......

M

o

D

N

U

U

U

U

Z,

Z:

Z

Z

Z

p~Z

PEZ

PEN

iP 07:29:12.0 c

eP 12.3 c

iP? 14.3 c

eP 12.3 c

~P 13.2 d

is? 36:14

iR 42:07

eS 3.6:05

MSI-228

07:20:32

52.5° N., 160° ,E.

Near southeast coast of ~amchatka

Magnitude 6. 5.
.. "~: -

_______r·· -. ------~-

i ' \ " '.. . I ~m! sending you the last of the ~'tch~'pters" in ~;the .Tal:?l.e of C'ontents.,~ Summary 16.

It (i$ probak?ly not 'v~tal to t:~e~ per,lqd unde.r discussion';.··a better place wou.ld be

Su~m?ry 17' during which quart:er seve.ral st.ati9ns were ~mPFo've~ Also: that would

be' la' g,ood time for., the ,introduct't<b9' .q't th~ ',enclosed table .c~~paring' SW rift

seIsmicity with that;on .the east 'rift as re·pres.ented on -the L';'Ovs.· the HVQ-l. i ,,' . " i. . . .. .'. ...., ,j i " • '. '.~ . ! 0

Thet

' tables'I:'have sent~·you'.prov~·Oe .~h·e mate,ri.al for a final c,hapter olf the

S~mmary. of .Activities, that is: Pe~~~eruption events. That"brief account ·could

contaIn, the. sw V$ ea'st. d.a.ta., .·..ttlt~n:g and 'd~'fo'rma~ioh' afte,f 13 Nove.rnber, an.d

sig,~lficant qual<e$ in iHawaii after l~ Nov.~ 1969". 1··- .. ' .

.~.. ~.

' .•_ ...... " .. i' :

J .'

j

. .-

I hope' you 'have ,Uw ;t,iJ:ry,e anq tntf?res,£' to ;',~;~lP f~n'~.1 i:Z'~',Sl;lriltnary 16. Itst prInting

and distribution will cert~inly e~pedite ·c'omple:tion ·o.f' 17 and-'the rest of the

, ba~k~log. I :..' J;~'::" '.. ,,:- ',;,,:-,", '~"; ,<', ',': !

::',"" .bf·· _!~j'

t~ :. '. !-.,.:;.. •

.harold fr· " ":'" ",,'::", " ; .

~'-'~

j'

. ,,' "1 .rJ . d"":A j ..... /}"Iv ;" .' , . \ '. 'I: "

.,.- '1t9'~ p'v,V'r--'; ,', ," , ' " -' " '\..-- ':" :. , .

. r I 1--- t .. ~: ,\ '(tv ' ~tiu.l..l;uZ1.,ttt<;)

/~ll ~}' (Af, ' ...;,l:J2~. )"

# (c, II-~-~ 1.< ',tI:bt ., r;~, L~: A7!,t~j

I / '~~(r::: ~:~L L:rr'~'v;J , ~_-,•..•!r
.-.

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r- . Z. . -- z,.:J • . - -.._.- ~---------.~-------.--------.~~-.. -----.------.,-.---. - -~.;;;J- .---. ---'.'

-----.. -----_.--.--:-:_--_. __ . ~----_._-~ Z- I .- z,~-_ .. .. _. __~~_-._.:_ .. .~_ .. _.

".-.. .__..._~

._._~------_._-----,_ .._._.__ . ~_._. ---_._-

IS- . .10 (---- I z · .-- .-. -.-------~.--_.------------- ....---'----- .--.-.-.-.-.. -- -,.. -- --.-----,-.---.---- -~--..--------- -.- - -.7~--, -----

__ .. ..15:': '-I-~-.----- - -Co ..___ .~~.__._.~

___ ._. 25" Jj~ . 'Pt--_J

' ~.#0. _ I 2- t/L .-~-=z<:;..l

" ....3£------------. 2 Z - ---0/---~ /5 -- .1 l/~-o--.. _4~

_~/£J .....__ . ~'I.._.. I _~a_, i..

.g:. - ----- 6--7 ~~4--,.~

'=_-~==~~ ..- . II-----.--.-.-. --';~-- ..j <2__\

II) .__. ._.__38' .~-o---- ... ---i

~.3 .. ~tJ J ~-(7----..-!

,s-= 2.s~ 2/~ j

,~~~~-~~-~~~~~~ --~----_I ~~-~I

.. £~ /()$ :I%~~-'~~ .-- Je.rry --- ··the~' abo~e is''an a-bs~tra-ct. from the notes. of 4th. qua-rter 1959 , Ius

-- some data yoa llad listed fUr the first 9 days of- 1960. What- -you~Janted -----

do was to compareL-O with the Pahoa HVO-l. Iwa'nt to add the southwest

dimension so is to show that (up to ..a--fJoi-nt i.n .time) both the east··-a~----tTt-.....-

rifts of Kilaue'a wer'e equall.y s'eismic. In fact, southwest had more acti ity on some .

da·ys. For _thepurp5~se.-0" my ~ypothesi~__I a-in lumpihg '-all local event$·o.n_,Q~§ert~ -_·jj::I,!

as southwest ri ft.'ers; this is despite the 'strong prohabllitY,j:hat some 0 them .. I, - i ,<

are Kaoiki. I could use tne table above and stop 'IIith 1·2/"31; or I ,cou d refrain, l

from mentioning ita'nd let· you make th·e comple,te 9-n,a.1Ysis,inSumrnar:y 17. Please f,

advise. To fill i.n the blanks above, sirnpl y look up the datI y INO sheet and :_~.,'

use th. e. Desert, tot.~'~lS. labelle.d.. SW "Olr.. K,-ao,l-. ki" F.aY.. l t.,·., ." .' '. ". .' '. ' ' ,.. 1)..;1..... '~.:" -.<:

-~, ,. ,~ J.} on /'. '. n1#'~(.J"": ,.,; 1'7/-., J 1~'~;'V" ~tfit,-~,. I ~·Vl·f ''!' Ii. f'(jf.tA ty1[J', .!'- A ,~.,,7.A/1' '" .»~ Col c· r '- . .'~~~ , ~~.-,,'

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71 )Op. t- 912, pill'

1:35 ))II

,,19 pll ~JIt.

2t1$ am, 1- 4!02 am'

)1 Bl E1

6,16 ..

.'! :" ~:i:" :l.:~,~;~t ~.' ~:i:~:. :...,...." .

11,10 am: I 1,SO\p-e! tl '~

3.32\,. .

6,11 .. lOt2Sam

'0" .:

'12-14-S9

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12-14-S9

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:A~'~,,' ··.. ii-13-S9

11) 12-15-59'

12-1,-59

4145 ~. ,I 9t47 pia ,

1t 00 .all,. ".C:;- , ' ,:10).

4s)S pit

1.:00 am I'

"127 .. 1~ It".. 12) 12-15-59

12--15-S9

21-48 pm !

12,23 am II It,.. 13) 12-:t.6-S9 ,~.:. ? 12..16-S9

3tJ) pm 1/ 11.-- 2r4$ p' llt) 12..17-59

12-17-59

1100 pia'

)ISS PJA!/ . lS) 12-17-59 8t12p1l~: 1 12-17-S9

12-17-59

).15 pa

21301Jft!/~1" 16.) 'l2-19-$9

10,.48 pa . ,12-19-S9

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Vol. 1

or de

CId.3

Area of

l.ke

(Acres)

1st pb_

3130 31 

314S ,yy 

JlSS ao 

)lSi bot 

318S 4S 

3190 L6l 

.3202 be 

3242 S6 

3280 66 

)20 . 78 

335S 8·8 

.3kOO 

9

3h6S 12$ 

,'.

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(Feet)

Dlptbot

lab

('eet)

--_.---

Vol_tric Progre•• of 19S9 lUauea. eruption in lil

'-ratioll

'(Hoar.)

i '

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i1II8

,'t,:'

ii-'
2.•0

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126

lJe 9.1

142 2.2 $l.O

IhS 2.3 53.3

1h2 -1.9 II, ., Sl.h'

lhS 1.6 S3.0

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3k61

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351S

3S2S

3Sl7(S)

3S2Ja

328

351

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3Ll .3&71 127 ...2.0 ,." 1&1.11 

17 )2l(2) 121 -3.9 7, J 

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phas•

1st 1100 a•••

JailS p.m.

lOtOO a•••

7:Jao p'•.••

p.-.

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.', JaOO a.li. 221(4) to 31S

p.1i.

•••• b 38S

6,')0' a.lIl. j J9S

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,7.30 a.m. 1 387(S)

9iV' •••• 2 J9la

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8.6

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137 -1.1 ", ,,, ..,

134 -2.7 ,t,,"

1111

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1$1

1$1

1h3

7th ph_

6tbph_

3533

3$30

390

378

413

379

37h

361

1i(7)

)11$ p.a.

1:OOp•••(7)

t.o

.A.12 p.,;".

211lP p.M.

to 8

11,00 p.a.

12,2) ...m. 11 h03

3.30 p.m. 13 31S

10saS a.lI.

lltS5 .... 2i

12,)) p.a. .1

/2,Jae p.m. 26

e

'7 3,)0 p.nt,.

to

e 2:4S a.m.

e ):1$ a.m.

8 12100 'DOOn

9

1

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10 ,,1) p.m. 19i(8) ,'. to Ja1J& 3S44 IS) 8.1' : S7.9 

11 18,h8 ...

11 I1t·)o .• 3/h 3SYJ ISO ..1.2 3't S6.7 

;.'

11 :121·00 noon. 1/2 la07 )S37 1$0 -0.$ \'·3 S6.2 

12 10.00 22 )82 3Sl2 1Jal ..S.S £/ij,3 SO.1 

13 7,20 a••• 211 379 .3S09 lho -.6 SO.1 

9th pbue

13 .'$,08· a•••

to- e! JSh3 1S2 7.•$ S7.6 

i): .' 1a.0· p.a.

13 :'),hS p.m. 2 39S 3S2S 1I&S -4.1 If,·D S3.S

14 ..... 181 369 3h99 136 ..s.a 48,.S 

10th ma··

llt 7:0$ ....(9) st(9) to 409 35'39 ISO 8.3 S6.e 

111 ).)6

lh h,·OS p... 1/2 1&06 3S36 lie -0 6(10) 56.2(10

.' .J,h .."

IS R:OO a.m. 16 379 3S09 140 .. SO.II 

.... .. ,.,.

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1-3/li 3S23 144 53.)

.

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.

'17:'11·s 10 a.m'.

to

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7 387 1}.I2

3S28 146 

-0.6' lW.) ';:3-.6· 

17. 7 .$0.0

17

1819

19

)tOl a.m.

,to

6,16., a.M4!t

2i 395 3S2S 145

21 378 3,S08 139

16th phase

3i hOl 3533 148 . ,.4 

19 a.m.•.

20 p.m.
....

(10) holt loth.Ph- .tbroaRb 16th pbaIIe J1() lava fi01ii8d oyer (11) r·stimated. Lay. ne...·r rose above "Black Ledge. It

(1 flo api)ree1able. O1ltpat 1lIrtU 1:So p .a:., Decellber' 11, 19$9.

roOt.noteat

AI":

(1). !hie _bel._ probabl7 occur:". large17 dtlrllag the first rev ho'U

s 

... ti."....-are ..,pJlOX1aate. fotal su¥"ace of eut polltl- va•. 2

poDll teet. . - . .. - 

'lb... tigo.... approxiJlate. Sllbai<Hmce ot east poDd vas apPl'Or

..at poDd Subaided 1rreplar17 bet1laeD lS--)O teet.

(4) Stl'oDg 1aY& extrusion oal7 d.uring last halt ot tId. period.

(S).. ·Yl8U&l .di..te eub8i.nce in porad dariJag enaption..

(6)' VolUllll ftprea- hoa end of 4th pba8e throqh the 16th ph..., have 

,,;;, t*Y01- of 'the -m.ack Ledge".

·(7)' appIWCiabl., laYa 01ltpa.t. until ):S5 p.a., Dec.-t.r 8, 1959.

lava WltU 2:)0 a.a., DeceliMr 11, lYS9.

(9) laYa output untU 10.1,.0 a ••.•, Dacellber 14, 1959. '."! •
Table B: . Eruption Statistics Compiled from Several National Park Information Relea

1959 Eruption Statistics (as of January 1, 1960)

Kilauea Iki Crater, the site of the 1959 eruption, is at the head of the SE rift zone of Ki

is less than a mile from the Kilauea summit crater. When this eruption began, lava fountains pla

outbreak about 1/2 mile long on the south wall of Kilauea Iki. Within 24 hours the activity was 

single fountain playing at the west end of the crater. All further activity centered around thi

each phase of the eruption the lake level lowered, as the crust cooled and as lava poured back in

Phase Starting Date Finishing Duration Maximum Fountain Maximum La

hour hour (hours) Height Depth 

(HST) ( feet) ( feet) 

1 20:08 Nov. 14-21 19:25 168 1,250 335 

2 01:00 Nov. 26 16:35 15-1/2 1,000 351 

3 16:45 Nov. 28-?t 21:47 29 1,700 341 

4 01:00 Dec. 4-5 09:27 32-1/2 650 395 

5 14:48 Dec. 6-7 12:23 9-1/2 1,250 403 

6 15:20 Dec. 7-8 02:45 11-1/4 800 413 

7 13:00 Dec. 8 20:12 7-1/4 1,400 411 

8 15:15 Dec. 10-11 10:48 19-1/2 1,100 414 

9 05:08 Dec. 12 13:40 8-1/2 800 413 

10 07:05 Dec. 14 15:36 8-1/2 1,100 409 

11 06:11 Dec. 15 10:25 4-1/4 1,200 405 

12 19:30 Dec. 15 21:25 2 1,100 396 

13 13:35 Dec. 16 17: 19 3-3/4 1,150 396 

14 14:15 Dec. 11 04:02 1-3/4 1,150 393 

15 11:10 Dec. 17 15:32 4-1/4 1,900* 

16 03:01 Dec. 19 06:16 3-1/4 1,500 03 

* Highest measured in Hawaii.
..

.. " -:~Or1g~nal to Jerry

Carbon to Cheater

10R U~~E IX SUMKARY lS or 16

April ~2 1961

," J

i

I :~1

.,

8 •.

,

1959

uetUation~

• 22'l-24S

Imp·act Scar.· I! !IUau.., C. K. Went,.,rth, Pacific Science,. vol. n,

n. It, Oct. 19S. : I

Volcanic &Del ~.molog1cal Conditions, RVO Slaarlea S, 6, 1J

S page. each~. I tJ~s. Geo1o~ical Surve7

TbeoJ7 ot the .. ectrOllagnetlc Sei8l1Ognph, J.P. Eaton, S.S.A.

vol. b1, p. '-7 1$, .Jan. 1951

!

Calibration c, the Short-Period Sprengnether Seiamograph, .J .p.

and PeIT7 B,e.y, S.S.A. I3ull•. , Yel. 4'1, p. 1,5-166, April 19;+1

lolcanic and: ' 1~molog1cal CoDdltiotJ.8, s,...nee 9, 10, 11, ancl 12•

-, to 13 page, ; • U.5. OeoloCical Surfty

! I

~. The tsunami ot ~rch 9, 19S1J on the Island ot Hawaii,. O.D. ! .J.P. Eaton, C. .. WentllOrtb, S.S.A. 111111., Yol. 49, p. 19-90, .J

Seismological 1 terpretat10n ot i:..rthqu~ke-Induc.d \~ater..Level

in WellS, J~~.: Eaton and l.d. r'akaaak1, S.S.!. Bull., vol.i 49,

·July 19,9 ;

A Portable l1j.~r.T\:be TUtmeter, J.P. F;aton, S.S.A. Bull., vol. 49,

p. )01-31J, October 19$9

..

19se -....-.!

I!

Kilauea Volcari+, 19S9, J.P. Eaton and D.H. Richter, Geot1Ms,

Jan-Feb., 19~" p. 24-2" and 4S. .

'lbe 19S9-60 ~t1on of IUDuea iolCllllo, D.H. Richter and J.P.

the New Se1ent~.t,t April 1960, p. 994-991 .

'11lexenollthlcl~dul@8 of the 1800-1POl Kaupulehu lava it-ow of . Volcano anj til!!' 1IIp11eation, D.H. ftichter, Proceedings of Ha.......... Acade_ ot Science, Mq 2e, 1960 (Abstract)

~~~'A!::~e:hOO-B, Geol. Su.~ R~ .. ..._l!~!.. ...p'_~.~:~ .• 1960

: Geoche·m1cal neMareh during the 19S9-60 activ1q of Kil,~.uea. Vol aDO, 1be

. 'Geochemical 1_., p. 1..12, Dec. 1960 .

/0ccurrenc8 €,~i~1d..t1.ed wods in Hawaii All. Jour. Science, Y. 2$9, n.3,

( ~. p.' 229-2)0, .~.: 1961 . R. T. Okamura and J .C. F r as,

~~ ---~~.- -_.~ ._..~.-- .._-----~ ...

/IIVO~4~ J ~"J-) 11>0;,: .~ .~..

=.__ U~ __'_.-;7'---'. '. .. •. .',<IIi",.... ' .. · ..UMi...!..L......l •...""~·
•

Ncrn-ber 1959 - Monthly Report

An eraption or nlauea volcano started Satu.rd.ay night, Nov. 14,

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in Kilauea Iki, a pit crater 1Jmediately adjacent to the su.nit ca.ldera. I I

Atter t1rat breald.ng out on a vide front, the lava i8 now issuing from i I

a 8inale Targe vent in a tiery fountain 700 teet high. ItIis an

....c.e .icht, espec1all7 at night. We are so occupied that we II118t I I

bee ott girlng a detailed. account at thie t1ae. I

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9-1225 ..(War 1958)

Dept of Interipr ~~eological Survey

Geochemistry & Petrology Branch I

PROJECT ONTHLY REPORT

lor the period:

Se~?t • 21, 1959 To

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t ..11, 1959

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Project Number and Title. Project Leader

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REPORT -KHEN APPROPRIATE ON THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:

I. Referred samplesl completed and on hand at the end of the month. , II. Manuscripts revije.ed, memorandum and progress reports written, and 5tatu~ of manuscripts

in active preparation. !

III. Technical progr~s6 of project, signif~cant results, problems encountered.

IV • Trips. visitors t' conferences and comml. ttee tasks.

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Kilauea continues to show muc1:t ~3v.hsurface act! ~,'1 ty. It apparent~y ru1.6 reversed

1ts trend ot the pastl two months and beerus to be bulgil18 upward again.i Much

manpower (Eaton, Krlvoy, Loucks, Forbe:J, Richter, arld l-'ranc1s) is be1z{g devoted

to obtaining add1tionB.l tUtmeter CL:lt,E~ needed to e~~luate the new trel1d. Small, 1

shallow earthquak[~s are also be:tng recorded at a rata of several hundred per day

at a s1Dg1e station on the edge of li~J.anm,umau pit" l'"ne meaning of th~ae 111ghl,y

localized earthquakes, ls, at present, :.~onjectural. Eaton, Krlvoy, an I YarlBmOto

made a ground-m1c:.~ophone survey all a}'ound Halemauma.tl in an attempt t de1~ect

aDy sound fran the shallow disturbances but found none.

Richter and YUrflta prepared j).lustrations and continued writing ~!he paper

entitled ''Kinetics orl eruption alld cOl!l1)os1tion or basaltic lavas". . i i

Wentworth 1s orSan1lt1ng the Observatory rile of },;hotographs and ~ncorporatil18 into it the collection lett to the Ob~ ~rvatory by tIle late Harry o. wQod. i

Ault and Kojinll are studying the effects ot 8ml)llfler stabl1ity,scan.n1ng

~te, and sample pressure control on the sensitiVity of the mass spec~romvter.

Using liqu1d air deliVered from IIonol~Lu, they have also start.ed conc~ntn~t1ns

the minor canst1tuent~ of the gas eamftl.es by freeZing cut the maj or cdnstituents•

Okamura cont1nue~ separating c:.n.d ;·Ul8J.yz1ng 011"'lines from Mauna K a basalts.

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IV• Visitors

G. Baudette) I

G. Taylor ) U~S.G.S. Em'oute to Antarctica

Rear Admiral F. D. Foley, USN, flonolulu )

H. Sugiyama.. statistician, O€'.ul~a University) 1

L. Bj errum, ,Norwegian Geotecl"J1ica.l Inst1tute)

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Field exam1na ion of

Hawaiian basalts I

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General visit lor Observatory

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1959 ~'rom Nov 17, 1959

Dept of Interior • Geological SurYey For the period:

Geocheaiatry &Petrology Branch

PROJECT OiTHLY REPORT

Referred sampleJ completed and on hand at the end of the. month.

Manuscripts rev~e.ed, memorandum and progress reports wrltten, and stat of manuscripta

in active preparation.

Technical progr~8s of project, significant results, problems encountered.

Trips, visitors~ conferences and committee tasks.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

9-1225

(Mar 1958)

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i Ifhe eruption at lilauea Iki has developed a per1od1eit1' heretorbre not

recorded for Hawaii", "IOleanoee~ The initial week-long phase depo8i~ed about

40 million cubic ;yaH- of lava in the pit crater. The pond ot 1&.. rose hiah

enough to encroaeh 1;lpon the Tent, situated halt w&7 up the side ot the crater.

In succeeding erupttons, when the laft fountain (max. height 1, tto) quit

about 8 million cubic ,ards of the tl"8Sh lava poured back down the ~t. This

~1'r;le ot eruption and withdrawal of lava has ha'ppened 14 times to date.

Eaton and Kri"lOY by .,.ilDie prospecting have located the probabJ ah&llD"

magma chamber involved in this peculiar ge7ser-like activity. Thq ~ook advantace

of a prolonged series of deep earthcruakee to outline an area 1n the SUJIIIlit region

ot Kilauea in which ithe deep quakes were detected yery poorly or not at .~l.

Richter and Wentworth have been keeping t~ack of volumes of lava diseharged.

R1~ht6i' and Eaton are preparing a prelilllinary accotmt ot the erupti tor

Geotimes. I

Ault and Kojima i have beeIl collecting and analyzing the gaseeG 2 is eo

strong in many gas ~nts that approach is impossible ~dthottt masks. H~ eannot

be detected Aft,er I ehok~ on 502 tor a while one 1s convinced that ~2' not

H~ J i e the primary I magmat~c su11·ur gas.

Mu:aata and Okamura have been collecting lavas and determining p cent 51°2-

Arter varying ~etW88n /.6.J and Lt9.5 percerlt in the early stages. al ca has lOre

or 48SS stabiliZed at around 46.8 percent.

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