BAT3

 Analyzer: Real-Time Data Display and Interpretation 

Software for the Multifunction Bedrock-Aquifer 

Transportable Testing Tool (BAT3

) 

By Richard B. Winston and Allen M. Shapiro 

Open-File Report 2007–1105 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 
U.S. Department of the Interior 

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Mark D. Myers, Director 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 

Revised and reprinted: 2007 

For product and ordering information: 

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod 

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS 

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, 

its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: 

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov 

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS 

Suggested citation: 

Winston, R. B., and Shapiro, A. M., 2007, BAT3

 Analyzer: Real-time data display and interpretation software 

for the multifunction Bedrock-Aquifer Transportable Testing Tool (BAT3): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 2007-1105, 65 p. 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual 

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. 

ii
Contents 

Abstract................................................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................1

Overview of the BAT3

 Analyzer ........................................................................................................................................3

Installing and Starting the BAT3

 Analyzer ......................................................................................................................4

Windows, Menus, and Icons............................................................................................................................................5

Opening and Saving Data Files ........................................................................................................................................8

Data Display Window ........................................................................................................................................................9

Updating Data During Testing........................................................................................................................................10

Sensor Windows ..............................................................................................................................................................11

Temperature ..................................................................................................................................................................11

Barometric Pressure....................................................................................................................................................12

Downhole Transducers ...............................................................................................................................................12

Flow Rate........................................................................................................................................................................12

Formatting the Time Axis on Charts ..............................................................................................................................13

Zooming and Panning Charts .........................................................................................................................................13

Formatting Other Chart Attributes .................................................................................................................................14

Saving and Printing Chart Images.................................................................................................................................14

Applying Calibrations to Raw Data................................................................................................................................15

Saving and Loading a Conversion Setup File ..............................................................................................................18

Creating, Saving, and Loading a Calibration Library..................................................................................................18

Units Conversion Calculator...........................................................................................................................................20

Calibrating Sensors..........................................................................................................................................................21

Example of Calibrating a Transducer............................................................................................................................24

Estimating Hydraulic Properties of a Test Interval.....................................................................................................25

Example of Estimating Hydraulic Properties of a Test Interval................................................................................31

Predicting Hydraulic Responses ...................................................................................................................................37

Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................37

References Cited ..............................................................................................................................................................38

Appendix 1: File Structure of the Raw Data File (*.dat) .............................................................................................40

Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................40

Appendix 2: File Structure fo the Interpreted Data File (*.idf)..................................................................................41

Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................42

Appendix 3 : Conversion Setup File (*.suf)...................................................................................................................44

Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................45

Appendix 4: Calibration Library File (*.cvl)...................................................................................................................46

Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................46

Appendix 5: Calibration Files (*.cal) ..............................................................................................................................48

Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................48

Appendix 6: Parameter Value Files (*.pv).....................................................................................................................49

Example ..........................................................................................................................................................................50

Appendix 7: Theoretical Background for Estimating Hydraulic Properties of Test Intervals.............................53

Single-Hole Hydraulic Tests in Fractured Rock ......................................................................................................53

iii
Fluid-Injection Tests.....................................................................................................................................................55

Fluid-Withdrawal Tests................................................................................................................................................56

Steady-State Flow.....................................................................................................................................................57

Transient Flow - Confined Aquifer .........................................................................................................................58

Transient Flow - Semi-Confined Aquifer with Leakage .....................................................................................59

Transient Flow - Dual-Porosity Aquifer ................................................................................................................60

Pressurized-Slug Tests................................................................................................................................................61

Hydraulic Tests with a Free-Water Surface............................................................................................................62

Fluid-Withdrawal Tests............................................................................................................................................62

Slug Tests...................................................................................................................................................................64

Figures 

1. Initial appearance of the BAT3 Analyzer. ................................................................................................................5

2. Data Display window. .................................................................................................................................................9

3. Data Conversion dialog box.....................................................................................................................................16

4. New Calibration dialog box......................................................................................................................................20

5. Units Conversion Calculator. ...................................................................................................................................21

6. Field Calibration dialog box......................................................................................................................................23

7. Model Choices tab of the Model Parameters dialog box...................................................................................27

8. Known Values tab of the Model Parameters dialog box....................................................................................28

9. Model Parameters tab of the Model Parameters dialog box. ...........................................................................29

10. Plot Controls tab of the Model Parameters dialog box. ......................................................................................30

11. BAT3 window with Data Display, Downhole Transducers, and Flow Rate windows for example of 

estimating hydraulic properties from a fluid-injection test................................................................................34

12. Model Values chart showing results from a steady-state radial flow model and measured responses of 

the middle-zone transducer from a fluid-injection test. .....................................................................................36

Tables 

1. Units of display for flow meters, barometers, and pressure transducers. .....................................................17

2. Check measurements for pressure transducers during testing with the Multifunction BAT3. ..................24

3. Fluid injection tests recorded in the Raw Data file 01_339A.DAT.....................................................................33

iv
v

Conversion Factors 

Inch/Pound to SI 

Multiply By To obtain 

Length 

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) 

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) 

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) 

yard (yd) 0.9144 meter (m) 

Volume 

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) 

gallon (gal) 0.003785 cubic meter (m3) 

cubic inch (in3

) 0.01639 liter (L) 

cubic foot (ft3

) 28.32 cubic decimeter (dm3) 

cubic foot (ft3

) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3) 

Flow rate 

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s) 

cubic foot per day (ft3/d) 0.02832 cubic meter per day (m3/d) 

gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s) 

gallon per day (gal/d) 0.003785 cubic meter per day (m3

/d) 

Pressure 

atmosphere, standard (atm) 101.3 kilopascal (kPa) 

bar 100 kilopascal (kPa) 

inch of mercury at 60oF (in Hg) 3.377 kilopascal (kPa) 

pound-force per square inch 

(lbf/in2

) 

6.895 kilopascal (kPa) 

pound per square inch (lb/in2

) 6.895 kilopascal (kPa) 

Hydraulic conductivity 

foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day (m/d) 

Transmissivity 

foot squared per day (ft2

/d) 0.09290 meter squared per day (m2/d) 

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: 

°F=(1.8×°C)+32 

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: 

°C=(°F-32)/1.8 
BAT3

 ANALYZER: REAL-TIME DATA DISPLAY AND 

INTERPRETATION SOFTWARE FOR THE 

MULTIFUNCTION BEDROCK-AQUIFER 

TRANSPORTABLE TESTING TOOL (BAT3

) 

By Richard B. Winston and Allen M. Shapiro 

Abstract 

The BAT3 Analyzer provides real-time display and interpretation of fluid pressure responses 

and flow rates measured during geochemical sampling, hydraulic testing, or tracer testing 

conducted with the Multifunction Bedrock-Aquifer Transportable Testing Tool (BAT3) (Shapiro, 

2007). Real-time display of the data collected with the Multifunction BAT3 allows the user to 

ensure that the downhole apparatus is operating properly, and that test procedures can be modified 

to correct for unanticipated hydraulic responses during testing. The BAT3

 Analyzer can apply 

calibrations to the pressure transducer and flow meter data to display physically meaningful values. 

Plots of the time-varying data can be formatted for a specified time interval, and either saved to 

files, or printed. Libraries of calibrations for the pressure transducers and flow meters can be 

created, updated and reloaded to facilitate the rapid set up of the software to display data collected 

during testing with the Multifunction BAT3

. The BAT3 Analyzer also has the functionality to 

estimate calibrations for pressure transducers and flow meters using data collected with the 

Multifunction BAT3 in conjunction with corroborating check measurements. During testing with 

the Multifunction BAT3

, and also after testing has been completed, hydraulic properties of the test 

interval can be estimated by comparing fluid pressure responses with model results; a variety of 

hydrogeologic conceptual models of the formation are available for interpreting fluid-withdrawal, 

fluid-injection, and slug tests. 

Introduction 

The Multifunction BAT3 is a borehole testing apparatus that can be used to collect groundwater samples for geochemical analyses and conduct various types of hydraulic and tracer tests in 

bedrock boreholes (Shapiro, 2007). The Multifunction BAT3

 can be used to isolate discrete 

intervals of bedrock boreholes for testing, using two pneumatic borehole packers; the spacing 

between the two packers defines the test interval in the borehole. The borehole packers are inflated 

to form a hydraulic seal against the borehole wall, and equipment located between the packers is 

used to either inject or withdraw water in conducting hydraulic or tracer tests, or to collect water 

samples for geochemical analyses. A complete discussion of the downhole components of the 

Multifunction BAT3 and their operation is given in Shapiro (2007). 

1
The Multifunction BAT3

 is equipped with various sensors and data-acquisition equipment 

(Shapiro, 2007). The data-acquisition sensors include three flow meters to monitor the rates of fluid 

injection or withdrawal, three pressure transducers to monitor the fluid pressure in the test interval, 

as well as above and below the test interval in the borehole, and a pressure transducer to monitor 

barometric pressure. The Multifunction BAT3

 uses a Campbell Scientific data logger to monitor 

and store the responses from the data-acquisition sensors, and the software that accompanies the 

Campbell Scientific equipment is used to access the data logger from a laptop computer and 

download the data from the data logger to the computer. The Campbell Scientific software can be 

configured to download the data from the data logger as it is collected during testing in the 

borehole, and save it to a file on a laptop computer. 

In conducting hydraulic tests, tracer tests or geochemical sampling with the Multifunction 

BAT3

, it is advantageous to monitor flow rates during hydraulic testing and the responses of 

pressure transducers as tests are being conducted. The software described in this report, referred to 

as the BAT3 Analyzer, is designed to display flow rates and fluid pressure responses as testing is 

conducted with the Multifunction BAT3

. Visualizing the responses from the sensors in real time 

allows the user to ensure that the downhole apparatus is operating properly, and that test procedures 

can be modified to correct for unanticipated hydraulic responses arising from borehole conditions. 

The BAT3 Analyzer can also be used to interpret the hydraulic responses in the test interval and 

estimate hydraulic properties of the formation by comparing fluid pressure responses with model 

results; several hydrogeologic conceptual models can be used in interpreting the data, including, 

confined, leaky, and dual-porosity aquifers. This report describes the installation of the BAT3

Analyzer, its functionality, and its operation with the data-acquisition equipment of the 

Multifunction BAT3. This report assumes a basic knowledge of the skills needed to find and access 

files on a Windows operating systems, as well as the skills needed in operating a mouse for 

maneuvering in applications on a Windows operating system. 

This report is organized as a reference manual. It is not intended as a document that will be 

read sequentially at one sitting prior to using the BAT3 Analyzer. For a first-time user of the BAT3

Analyzer, it is highly recommended that after reading this introductory material, the user should 

direct his attention to the summary of capabilities built into the BAT3 Analyzer that is given in the 

section “Overview of the BAT3

 Analyzer” on page 3, the installation procedures given in the 

section “Installing and Starting the BAT3

 Analyzer” on page 4, the procedures for opening and 

manipulating data files in the section “Opening and Saving Data Files” on page 8, and the section 

“Applying Calibrations to Raw Data” on page 15, which gives the procedures for converting the 

data collected from the sensors employed with the Multifunction BAT3

 to physically meaningful 

units. These sections of the document will provide the user with the rudiments of operating the 

BAT3

 Analyzer for the purpose of collecting and visualizing data during the operation of the 

Multifunction BAT3

. 

The remainder of the report gives details on formatting the data charts, printing and saving 

the data charts, procedures for interpreting the data to estimate hydraulic properties of the intervals 

tested, and time-saving operations that allow rapid setup of the BAT3

 Analyzer prior to collecting 

data from the sensors attached to the Multifunction BAT3

. As more familiarity is gained with the 

rudimentary operation of the BAT3

 Analyzer, the user should consult the appropriate sections of 

this document listed in the Contents. Also, because this document is written as a reference manual, 

it contains some degree of redundancy, so that the document does not have to be read sequentially. 

2
In addition, frequent references are made to sections and page numbers where related information 

can be found. 

Overview of the BAT3 Analyzer 

The sensors (pressure transducers and flow meters) used by the Multifunction BAT3 to 

monitor hydraulic responses during testing are wired to a Campbell Scientific data logger (Shapiro, 

2007). The data logger monitors the responses of the sensors at a predetermined interval and stores 

the data internally. The data logger is connected to a laptop computer, and the software that 

accompanies the Campbell Scientific equipment downloads data from the data logger to a data file 

on a laptop computer. Connections between the laptop computer and the data logger, and the 

programs needed to operate the data logger for the sensors attached to the Multifunction BAT3

 are 

discussed in Shapiro (2007). 

To display and interpret data from the flow meters and pressure transducers during testing 

conducted with the Multifunction BAT3, the BAT3 Analyzer operates simultaneously with the 

Campbell Scientific software on the laptop computer that is connected to the Campbell Scientific 

data logger used by the Multifunction BAT3

 for data acquisition. The BAT3 Analyzer reads data 

from a designated file on the laptop computer at a predetermined interval and displays the data. The 

BAT3 Analyzer expects a prescribed format for the data listed in the data file. Shapiro (2007) 

discusses the format of the data files collected by the Campbell Scientific software. An explanation 

of the data file created by the Campbell Scientific data logger used for data acquisition by the 

Multifunction BAT3 is also discussed in Appendix 1 of this report. 

The BAT3

 Analyzer also can be used to display and interpret data in files that have been 

collected previously. In this situation, the Campbell Scientific software does not need to be 

operating. The BAT3 Analyzer can read an existing data file, provided that it has the proper format. 

The BAT3 Analyzer reads and performs operations on what is referred to as a Raw Data

file. The “raw” data are the measured responses of the sensors (transducers and flow meters) as 

they are collected by the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3. For example, the 

responses from the pressure transducers, measured in millivolts (mv), and the frequency of the flow 

meters, measured in Hertz (Hz), are recorded and stored by the data logger, and downloaded 

automatically from the data logger to a data file on the laptop computer. Calibrations for these 

sensors relating the millivolt response to pressure, and the flow meter frequency to a flow rate are 

not programmed into the data-acquisition programs used by the Multifunction BAT3

. Calibrations 

applied to the various sensors are regarded as interpretations applied to the “raw” data. The BAT3

Analyzer reads and performs operations on the “raw” data, but does not alter the “raw” data file. 

The BAT3 Analyzer can apply calibrations to the “raw” data to display the data in terms of 

physically meaningful values, and can save the interpreted data in a separate Interpreted Data file. 

During testing with the Multifunction BAT3, the data from the sensors can be displayed with the 

BAT3

 Analyzer using assumed calibrations, or factory, laboratory, or field calibrations. If updated 

calibrations are provided at a later time, the “raw” data file can be revisited and the updated 

calibrations can be applied. 

The BAT3 Analyzer is designed so that displays and interpretation of the data collected with 

the Multifunction BAT3 can be setup quickly and easily. The BAT3 Analyzer has the following 

functionality: 

3
• The digital records and graphical displays of the sensor responses can be shown as a function of 

time for all or part of the data set 

• Calibrations for the sensors can be applied to the “raw” data to display sensor responses as 

physically meaningful values 

• Data files with calibrations applied to the “raw” data can be saved for later use and 

interpretation 

• Calibrations of pressure transducers and flow meters can be conducted from selected 

measurements in the Raw Data files 

• Libraries of calibrations for sensors used by the Multifunction BAT3 can be created, saved, and 

updated, and then reloaded into the software 

• Combinations of sensor calibrations frequently used to interpret pressure transducers and flow 

meter responses can be created, saved and reloaded 

• Interpretations of transducer responses to pumping, fluid-injection and slug tests can be 

conducted using various hydrogeologic conceptual models of the formation to estimate 

hydraulic properties of the test interval 

• Graphical displays of data and model results can be saved to files, or printed 

Installing and Starting the BAT3 Analyzer 

The BAT3 Analyzer is designed to operate on computers with the Windows 2000, or XP 

operating systems. The laptop computer used in conjunction with testing with the Multifunction 

BAT3 should have minimum system requirements of 1.7 megabytes free disk space, a monitor 

resolution of at least 1024 pixels by 768 pixels, and a mouse or other pointing device. 

The BAT3 Analyzer consists of two files: BAT3.exe and BATMODEL.dll. To install the 

software, the user should run the installation program for the BAT3 Analyzer. The installation 

program will prompt the user for a disk storage location to place the files needed for executing the 

BAT3

 Analyzer. The icon for the BAT3.exe file is . Double-clicking on BAT3.exe file, or the 

icon, starts the software. A shortcut to the software can be placed on the Desktop window, and in 

the Start Menu of the computer; the user is prompted during the installation to conduct these 

operations. 

Other files installed with the BAT3

 Analyzer include BAT3.chm, and TeeUser7.chm, 

which are help files that can be called from within the software. The file BAT3_Lab.cvl is a library 

of calibrations that are used to convert the sensor responses to physically meaningful values. The 

calibration library is a compilation of factory and laboratory calibrations for the pressure 

transducers, flow meters, and the barometric sensors that are used with the Multifunction BAT3. 

This calibration library is updated periodically to reflect updates in the calibrations. Also, files 

01_339A.DAT and 01_339_inj.suf contain data and calibrations used in this report for the purpose 

of illustrating the operations of the BAT3

 Analyzer. 

4
Windows, Menus, and Icons 

When the BAT3 Analyzer is started, the appearance will be similar to that shown in figure 1. 

The rectangular area used by the program is the “main” program “window,” or BAT3 window. At 

startup, there are 5 smaller windows within the BAT3 window. One of these windows is a table 

that displays the digital data (Data Display) from the sensors used by the Multifunction BAT3. The 

other four windows are sensor windows displaying charts of the data plotted as a function of time. 

The sensor windows include Downhole Transducers, Flow Rate, Temperature, and Barometric 

Pressure. The Downhole Transducers chart displays the responses of the three downhole pressure 

transducers. The Flow Rate chart displays the fluid-injection or fluid-withdrawal rate from flow 

meters attached to the Multifunction BAT3, and the Temperature and the Barometric Pressure

charts display the panel temperature and the barometric pressure, respectively, from sensors located 

at the data-acquisition device used by the Multifunction BAT3. Moving the cursor over the Data 

Display window or one of the sensor windows, and clicking the left mouse button will make that 

window the active window in the BAT3 window. 

Figure 1. Initial appearance of the BAT3

 Analyzer. 

The BAT3 window and the 5 windows it contains can be resized by clicking and dragging 

the edges or corners of the window. A window can be minimized by clicking the minimize button 

 in the upper left corner of the window. A minimized window will be reduced to an icon and 

caption at the bottom of the main window or onto the Windows Taskbar together with “restore”, 

“maximize” and “close” buttons. Clicking the restore button on a window that has been 

minimized or double-clicking on its caption restores it to its previous position. A window can be 

5
maximized by clicking the maximize button in the upper right corner of the window. A 

maximized window will fill the entire available area in the main window or on the Windows 

desktop. Clicking the close button in the upper right corner of the window closes the window. 

Closing the BAT3 window of the program causes the program to terminate. Closing one of the 

smaller windows causes it to disappear; however, it can be shown again by selecting the 

corresponding item under the Graphs menu. 

Buttons on the toolbar also assist the placement of the open windows in the BAT3 window. 

The buttons , , and will respectively cascade, tile horizontally, or tile vertically the open 

windows to fill the space of the BAT3 window. After clicking one of these buttons, further 

adjustments in the size of the windows can be obtained by clicking and dragging either the edges or 

corners of the windows. 

A toolbar is available above the main program window. The toolbar has a series of buttons 

that represent frequently used menu items. Above the toolbar in the main program window are 

various menus. The menus and the items listed under each menu are listed below. In the list below, 

if a menu item has an image next to it, clicking the button on the toolbar with the same image has 

the same effect as selecting the menu item. 

• File 

• Open 

• Save 

• Save As Image 

• Exit 

• Graphs 

• Data Display 

• Transducer 

• Flow Meter 

• Barometer 

• Temperature 

• Use Previously Interpreted Data 

• Go to Bottom 

• Tools 

• Units Conversion 

• Model Parameters 

6
• Format 

• Starting Time / Update Interval 

• Format Chart 

• Calibrate 

• Calibrate 

• Choose Calibrations 

• Window 

• Cascade 

• Tile Horizontally 

• Tile Vertically 

• Minimize All 

• Restore All 

• Data Display 

• Downhole Transducers 

• Flow Rate 

• Barometric Pressure 

• Temperature 

• Help 

• Contents 

• About 

If the Flow Rate chart is the active window, an additional menu will be displayed with the 

following title and menu items: 

• Charts 

• Show Two Flow Meters 

If the Barometric Pressure chart is the active window and a data file has been opened, an 

additional menu will be accessible with the following title and menu items: 

• Time for Barometer Chart 

• Set Starting and Ending Times 

• Use Same Times as Other Charts 

If the Temperature chart is the active window and a data file has been opened, an 

additional menu will be accessible with the following title and menu items: 

7
• Time for Temperature Chart 

• Set Starting and Ending Times 

• Use Same Times as Other Charts 

For the remainder of this document, parts of the discussion of the BAT3 Analyzer will be 

printed in bold type. When describing menu items, a vertical line is used to separate menu items 

from submenu items. For example, choosing the Open submenu item from the File menu item 

would be printed as File|Open. In addition, the names of windows, buttons, and dialog boxes that 

appear in the BAT3 Analyzers will also be denoted by bold type. 

Opening and Saving Data Files 

The BAT3 Analyzer is designed to monitor and interpret data from sensors used during 

testing in boreholes with the Multifunction BAT3 (Shapiro, 2007). If display and interpretation is to 

be conducted during testing with the Multifunction BAT3, then the data file created by the 

Campbell Scientific software and downloaded to the laptop computer must be opened by the BAT3

Analyzer. The data file created by the Campbell Scientific software has a file extension of “dat”, 

for example, 01_339A.DAT. Files with the extension “dat” are Raw Data files; the structure of 

data in the “dat” files is given in Appendix 1. 

The BAT3 Analyzer also can open files previously operated on by the BAT3 Analyzer, 

where calibrations have been applied to the “raw” data collected from the Multifunction BAT3

. 

These data files, referred to as Interpreted Data files have the file extension ”idf”, for example, 

01_339A.idf. The “idf” files contain the “raw” data, the calibrations applied to the “raw” data, the 

interpreted data, and the physical units associated with the interpreted data. The structure of the 

“idf” files is given in Appendix 2. 

To open a data file, select File|Open or click the Open File button . If a data file is 

already open, the user will be asked whether to save the existing data in the BAT3

 Analyzer as an 

Interpreted Data file. Next the user must select the data file from the dialog box; the user may 

have to browse the disk space of the computer for the location of the appropriate data file. After 

clicking Open on the dialog box, the user will be asked whether or not to reset all “conversions” to 

their default values; “conversions” are the application of calibrations for the various sensors that 

convert the “raw” data to physically meaningful values. A complete discussion of converting “raw” 

data to physically meaningful values is presented in the section “Applying Calibrations to Raw 

Data” on page 15. The data in the file that has been opened is then displayed in the five windows: 

Data Display, Downhole Transducers, Flow Rate, Barometric Pressure and Temperature. 

If an “idf” file is opened, the user can choose to use the sensor calibrations originally 

applied to the data, or apply different sensor calibrations to the raw data. This choice can also be 

made from the Graphs menu or by clicking on the Interpreted data button . 

After viewing and operating on either a “dat” or “idf” file, the user can save the data as an 

“idf” file, which will contain the original data plus information on how the data were converted 

from the “raw” data to physically meaningful values. To save the data as an “idf” file, choose 

8
File|Save or click the Save button to save the data. The user must specify the name and disk 

location of the file to be saved. 

Data Display Window 

The Data Display window (fig. 2) contains a table of all the data from the file opened by 

the BAT3 Analyzer. Not all of the data, however, needs to be displayed in the sensor windows 

containing the charts of the time-varying sensor responses. The data displayed in the sensor charts 

is adjusted by using the Format|Format Chart menu item or the Format Chart button . (see 

section “Formatting the Time Axis on Charts” on page 13 and “Formatting Other Chart Attributes” 

on page 14). The user can choose not to display the Data Display window in the BAT3 window by 

selecting the Graphs|Data display menu item or clicking on the Data Display button on the 

toolbar. 

Figure 2. Data Display window. 

The Data Display window can also be minimized by using the minimization button at 

the upper right of the Data Display window. With this operation, the Data Display window is 

minimized, and the title bar of the window appears in the lower corner of the BAT3 window of the 

application. The maximization button on the upper right of the Data Display window enlarges 

the Data Display window so that it fills the entire BAT3 window of the application; with this 

operation, the sensor windows are covered by the Data Display window. 

The size of the Data Display window can also be adjusted in the BAT3 window of the 

BAT3

 Analyzer. Moving the cursor to a corner or edge of the Data Display window, and 

depressing the left mouse button and dragging, resizes the Data Display window. The vertical and 

horizontal scroll bars on the Data Display window can be used to view the table of data values. 

Scrolling to data in the table associated with a specific date and time can also be conducted by first 

moving the cursor over a window associated with a particular sensor and clicking the left mouse 

button to make it the active window. Moving the cursor directly over the data curve at the desired 

time and then clicking the left mouse button changes the Data Display window so that the 

corresponding data are visible in the Data Display window. 

9
The number of rows in the table in the Data Display window is equal to the number of data 

points in the file opened by the BAT3

 Analyzer. If testing with the Multifunction BAT3 is being 

conducted, and the BAT3

 Analyzer is set to update the Data Display and sensor windows as the 

data is recorded, the number of rows in the Data Display window will increase. Using the mouse 

to depress the Down-Arrow button will force the Data Display window to scroll down to the 

bottom of the table as data are collected, so that the most recently collected data are visible on the 

last row of the table. The same operation can be conducted by using the Graphs|Go to bottom 

menu item. 

 The table in the Data Display window has 9 columns. The first column is a counter, the 

second column gives the date and time associated with the sensor values listed in the remaining 

columns. Column 3 is the panel temperature (in degree Celsius) of the Campbell Scientific data 

logger used by the Multifunction BAT3 for data acquisition. Columns 4 through 9 give the 

responses of the barometric pressure sensor, the three downhole pressure transducers, and the two 

flow meters. The units associated with the sensor responses will depend on whether calibrations 

have been applied to the various sensors. A discussion of applying calibrations to the various 

sensors is given in the section “Applying Calibrations to Raw Data” on page 15. 

The values in the cells of the table in the Data Display window cannot be edited, but the 

contents of an individual cell in the table can be copied and then pasted into other applications or 

into a location in the BAT3

 Analyzer that accepts numerical input. For example, the Model 

Parameters dialog box requires the entry of various physical quantities to estimate the hydraulic 

properties of the interval being tested with the Multifunction BAT3

, and some of those physical 

quantities need to be taken from the Data Display window; a further discussion of the estimation of 

hydraulic properties of the test interval using the Model Parameters dialog box is given in the 

section “Estimating Hydraulic Properties of a Test Interval” on page 25. The contents of a 

particular cell in the table of the Data Display window is copied by first moving the cursor over the 

Data Display window and clicking the left mouse button to make it the active window. The 

particular cell in the table is then found by using the scroll bars, and the cursor is moved over the 

contents of the cell in the table. Clicking the left mouse button once makes the cell the active cell, 

and clicking the left mouse button again highlights the contents of the cell. Using control-c copies 

the contents of the cell to the system clipboard; control-v pastes the contents of the cell to an 

appropriate location either in the BAT3 Analyzer or another application. 

Updating Data During Testing 

The BAT3 Analyzer can operate simultaneously with the data acquisition equipment of the 

Multifunction BAT3

, so that as data are collected (and stored on the laptop computer), the BAT3

Analyzer reads the newly acquired data and updates the table in the Data Display window and the 

charts of the sensor responses. The frequency with which the BAT3 Analyzer checks for newly 

acquired data is specified using the Format|Starting Time / Update Interval menu item or 

clicking on the Starting Time / Update Interval button . In the dialog box, the user enters the 

update frequency (in seconds), or uses the arrow keys to change the update frequency. 

The update frequency specified in the BAT3

 Analyzer does not affect the frequency with 

which data are collected using the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3. The 

method of changing the frequency of data acquisition of the Multifunction BAT3

 is discussed in 

10
Shapiro (2007). In many applications of the Multifunction BAT3

, measurements from the sensors 

are collected once every 30 seconds. The time interval for the update frequency specified in the 

BAT3 Analyzer should be smaller than the time interval associated with the data acquisition from 

the Multifunction BAT3

 to ensure that data are recognized by the BAT3 Analyzer soon after they are 

collected and downloaded to the laptop computer. The default value for the update frequency in the 

BAT3

 Analyzer is 5 seconds. 

Sensor Windows 

The BAT3 Analyzer graphically displays the data from the sensors attached to the 

Multifunction BAT3

 in sensor windows within the BAT3 window. Upon starting the BAT3

Analyzer, sensor windows are displayed for Temperature, Barometric Pressure, Downhole 

Transducers, and Flow Rate. The user can choose not to display a particular sensor window in the 

BAT3 window by selecting Transducer, Flow Meter, Barometer or Temperature, from the 

Graphs menu item, or clicking on the button on the tool bar that corresponds to a particular sensor. 

The buttons on the tool bar have the following appearance , and from left to right 

they correspond to the Downhole Transducers, Flow Rate, Barometric Pressure and 

Temperature windows. Selecting the menu item or the button for a particular sensor window acts 

to toggle the visibility of the associated sensor window. 

Moving the cursor over a particular sensor window and clicking the left mouse button 

makes that window the active window in the application. The size of the active sensor windows 

can be changed by moving the cursor to the corner or edge of window and clicking and dragging 

with the left mouse button to alter the dimensions of the window. The charts in the sensor window 

are resized as the sensor window is resized. Sensor windows can also be minimized by using the 

minimization button at the upper right of the window. With this operation, the sensor window is 

minimized, and the title bar of the window appears in the lower corner of the BAT3 window of the 

application. The maximization button on the upper right of the sensor window enlarges the 

sensor window so that it fills the entire BAT3 window of the application; with this operation, the 

maximized sensor window covers the Data Display window and the other sensor windows visible 

in the application. 

Temperature 

The Temperature window displays a chart of the panel temperature on the Campbell 

Scientific data logger in degrees Celsius as a function of time. Because the panel temperature may 

not change as frequently as the other sensors attached to the Multifunction BAT3

 during downhole 

testing, the time axis of this sensor window can be set independently of the other sensor windows. 

Moving the cursor over the Temperature window and clicking the left mouse button makes this 

window the active window. With the Temperature window as the active window, selecting the 

menu item Time for Temperature Chart|Set Starting and Ending Times allows the user to 

specify the limits of the time axis independently of the other sensor windows. Choosing this option 

displays a dialog box for selecting the limits of the time axis. The choices in the dialog box are 

discussed in the section “Formatting the Time Axis on Charts” on page 13. Alternatively, the user 

can select the menu item Time for Temperature Chart|Use Same Times as Other Charts with 

the Temperature window as the active window. This option makes the time axis on the chart of 

the temperature versus time the same as the time axes of the other charts on the other sensor 

windows. 

11
Barometric Pressure 

The Barometric Pressure window displays the response of the barometric pressure sensor 

mounted on the data-acquisition panel of the Multifunction BAT3. The time axis of this sensor 

window can be set independently of other sensor windows in the same way as the Temperature

window. The barometric sensor used in the Multifunction BAT3

 is described in Shapiro (2007). The 

“raw” data from the barometric sensor is given in millivolts. Upon opening the BAT3 Analyzer, no 

calibrations are applied to the raw data from the various sensors. Thus, the response of the 

barometric sensor by default is displayed in millivolts. A calibration that converts the millivolt 

response of the barometric sensor to physically meaningful values can be applied so that the chart 

on the Barometric Pressure window displays physically meaningful units. The section “Applying 

Calibrations to Raw Data” on page 15 discusses the application of calibrations for the various 

sensors to convert raw data to physically meaningful units. 

Downhole Transducers 

The Downhole Transducers window displays charts of the upper, middle and lower 

transducers used in the Multifunction BAT3

. The pressure transducers used in the Multifunction 

BAT3 are discussed in Shapiro (2007). The middle transducer corresponds to the test interval 

between the two inflatable packers in the Multifunction BAT3. The upper transducer corresponds to 

the fluid pressure measured above the top packer in the downhole apparatus, and the lower 

transducer corresponds to the fluid pressure measured below the bottom packer in the downhole 

apparatus. The raw data from the transducers are given in millivolts. Upon opening the BAT3 

Analyzer, no calibrations are applied to the raw data from the various sensors. Thus, the response 

of the transducers by default is displayed in millivolts. A calibration that converts the millivolt 

response of the transducers to physically meaningful values can be applied so that the chart on the 

Downhole Transducers window displays physically meaningful units. The section “Applying 

Calibrations to Raw Data” on page 15 discusses the application of calibrations for the various 

sensors to convert raw data to physically meaningful units. 

Flow Rate 

The Flow Rate window displays the response of the flow meters used by the Multifunction 

BAT3

 to measure the rate at which fluid is injected into the test interval or the rate at which fluid is 

pumped from the test interval. For fluid injection tests conducted with the Multifunction BAT3

, two 

flow meters are available to measure a wide range of fluid injection rates; see Shapiro (2007) for 

the specifications of the flow meters used for fluid-injection testing. Therefore, for fluid-injection 

testing with the Multifunction BAT3

, it is useful to display charts of the responses of both flow 

meters on the Flow Rate window. For fluid-withdrawal testing, only a single flow meter is used to 

monitor the pumping rate. With the menu item Chart|Show Two Flow Meters checked, charts for 

two flow meters are displayed on the Flow Rate window. If this menu item is not checked, then 

only one flow meter is displayed. Selecting the menu item Chart|Show Two Flow Meters acts to 

switch between one and two flow meter charts appearing on the Flow Rate window. If the 

responses of only one flow meter are displayed, the first flow meter in the data string is assumed to 

be the operational flow meter (see Appendix 1 for the structure of the Raw Data file). 

The raw data from the flow meters used with the Multifunction BAT3

 are given as a 

frequency measured in Hertz (Hz). Upon opening the BAT3 Analyzer, no calibrations are applied to 

the raw data from the various sensors. Thus, the responses of the flow meters by default are 

12
displayed in Hz. A calibration that converts the Hz to physically meaningful values can be applied 

so that the chart on the Flow Rate window displays physically meaningful units. The section 

“Applying Calibrations to Raw Data” on page 15 discusses the application of calibrations for the 

various sensors to convert raw data to physically meaningful units. 

Formatting the Time Axis on Charts 

The time axis of the sensor windows can be adjusted so that only portions of the data are 

displayed, rather than the entire data in the data file opened by the BAT3 Analyzer. Formatting the 

time axis is conducted by selecting Format|Starting Time / Update Interval menu item or 

clicking on the Starting Time / Update Interval button . This operation opens a dialog box, 

where the user specifies the starting and ending times for the time axis on the sensor windows in 

one of three ways. 

1. Use first time in data set: The data in the sensor windows are plotted starting with the first 

time in the data file. The user can specify the number of minutes to plot after the first time in 

the data file by entering a value in the Number of minutes to plot box, or using the arrow 

buttons to increase or decrease the value appearing in this box. Entering zero in the Number of 

minutes to plot box will result in all of the data being plotted. 

2. Specify duration only: For this option, the user specifies the data to be plotted in the time 

interval (given in minutes) prior to the time of the last data read in the file. This option is useful 

for monitoring the results of tests as they are being conducted. As data are being downloaded 

from the data logger to the laptop computer, the BAT3

 Analyzer reads the Raw Data file and 

updates the sensor windows to include only the last data collected in the time interval specified 

by the user. 

3. Specify starting time and duration: For this option, the user specifies both the starting time 

for the display and the duration, in minutes, to be plotted. This option is useful for visualizing 

the data for a specific time interval, for example, examining the data for a specific test or time 

interval after testing has been completed.

The time axes for the sensors displayed on the Temperature and Barometric Pressure

windows can be set independently using the Time for Temperature Chart menu item when the 

Temperature window is the active window, or the Time for Barometer Chart menu item when 

the Barometric Pressure window is the active window. If the Set Starting and End Times menu 

item is checked under this menu items, the time axis will not be updated when the charts on the 

Downhole Transducers and Flow Rate windows are updated using the Format|Starting Time / 

Update Interval menu item. If the Use Same Time as Other Charts menu item is checked for the 

Temperature and/or Barometric Pressure windows, updating the charts using the 

Format|Starting Time / Update Interval menu item will result in the time axes of the charts for 

the temperature and/or barometric pressure being updated as well. 

Zooming and Panning Charts 

Data displayed in the charts of the sensor windows also can be changed by “zooming” and 

“panning” the charts. To zoom into a portion of the data on a specific chart, the chart is selected by 

moving the cursor over the chart of interest and clicking with the left mouse button, to make it the 

13
active chart. Zooming into a portion of the chart is conducted by depressing the left mouse button 

and dragging the cursor diagonally to define the limits associated with a rectangular box. After 

releasing the left mouse button, this action zooms in on the portion of the chart in the box that was 

outlined with the cursor. Both the horizontal (time) and the vertical axes are rescaled for the 

selected chart. The axes of the other charts are unaffected by this action. 

Panning is conducting by clicking on the chart of interest, to make it the active chart, and 

then depressing the right mouse button and moving the cursor on the chart to translate the data 

along the horizontal (time) and vertical axes. This operation does not change the scale associated 

with the horizontal (time) and vertical axes, and it only affects the chart of interest. Further 

information on zooming and panning charts can be found in the Help files. 

After zooming or panning a particular chart, the chart can be reformatted so that the time 

axis conforms with the time axes of the other charts by using the Format|Starting Time / Update 

Interval menu item or clicking on the Starting Time / Update Interval button . The time axes 

on all the charts in the sensor windows can be specified using the options discussed in the section 

“Formatting the Time Axis on Charts” on page 13. 

Formatting Other Chart Attributes 

The BAT3 Analyzer allows the user to format almost all the attributes of the charts on the 

sensor windows. To format the chart attributes, the user selects the Format|Format Chart menu 

item or the Format Chart button , and then selects the chart of interest in the dialog box. This 

operation brings up a dialog box with Chart and Series tabs for the sensor of interest. Controls on 

the Series tab allows the user to change the appearance of the data on the chart, for example, the 

color and thickness of the line representing the data, the appearance of data points and other 

features. Controls on the Chart tab allow the user to change the appearance of the axes, the 

background color of the chart, the maximum and minimum limits for each axis and other features. 

Additional information on the formatting of charts can be obtained by clicking the Help button on 

the dialog box used to format the chart. The user may also click on the Help Question Mark on 

the upper right corner of the dialog box. Moving the Help Question Mark to a control on the 

dialog box and then clicking on the item shows the help window associated with that item. 

Saving and Printing Chart Images 

Images of the charts in the sensor windows can be saved to a file or printed from the BAT3

Analyzer. The menu command File|Save as image opens a dialog box for the user to select a chart 

appearing in one of the sensor windows. The user is then prompted to name the image file and 

select its storage location. The user must also choose the format for the image file. The default 

format is the “Enhanced Windows Metafile” with the file extension “emf”; however, the user may 

also specify another format for the image file, either a Windows Metafile with file extension 

“wmf”, or a bitmap file, with the file extension “bmp”. 

Images of a chart can also be exported to a file by using the menu item Format|Format 

Chart and specifying a particular data chart in the Format Charts dialog box. Clicking on the 

Chart|General tab for the chart under consideration, and then clicking on the Export button will 

result in a dialog box appearing where a file type needs to be specified. The user can then choose to 

14
copy the chart to the system clipboard or save the chart to a file using the appropriate buttons on the 

Export TeeChart dialog box. If the chart is to be saved to a file, the user will then be prompted to 

name the file and select its storage location. 

Charts appearing in a sensor window can also be sent to a printer from within the BAT3

Analyzer. After selecting the menu item Format|Format Chart and specifying a particular data 

chart, the user should select the Chart|General tab of the dialog box, and then click the Print 

Preview button. Another dialog box appears with a preview of the chart to be printed. 

Modifications in the print appearance can be made using the controls in this dialog box, and the 

chart can be sent to a printer by clicking the Print button. 

Applying Calibrations to Raw Data 

The BAT3 Analyzer reads a data file that is collected and downloaded to a laptop computer 

by the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3. The responses of the barometer and 

transducers attached to the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3

 are measured and 

recorded in millivolts, and the responses of the flow meters are measured and recorded in Hz. 

Factory, laboratory, or field calibrations are required to convert these responses to physically 

meaningful values. By default the BAT3

 Analyzer does not apply conversions to the “raw” data 

read from the data file, and by default the charts of data on the sensor windows are given in the 

units of the “raw” data. The BAT3 Analyzer, however, can apply calibrations to the “raw” data and 

display a table of the digital information and charts in the sensor windows in physically meaningful 

units. The application of calibrations to the “raw” data, however, does not alter the data file that is 

read by the BAT3

 Analyzer. Thus, if the calibrations that are applied to the data need to be 

modified, the original data collected by the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3

can still be accessed. 

To apply calibrations to the “raw” data read by the BAT3

 Analyzer and to choose the units 

in which the data should be displayed, the user must select the Calibrate|Choose Calibrations

menu item or click the Choose Calibration button . Performing this operation opens the Data 

Conversion dialog box (fig. 3). In the Data Conversion dialog box, the user can enter numerical 

values that change the “raw” data to physically meaningful units, as well as specify the units that 

should be displayed on the charts in the sensor windows. There are two sections on the Data 

Conversion dialog box; the top section of the dialog box contains tabs that refer to the various 

sensors used by the Multifunction BAT3

. The bottom section of the dialog box contains pull down 

menus for choosing the units of display for the barometer, flow meters and transducers. The bottom 

section of the Data Conversion dialog box also contains buttons for (1) creating, storing, 

reloading, and editing sensor calibrations, and (2) saving and reloading sets of calibrations used by 

Multifunction BAT3. The later two functions of the Data Conversion dialog box are discussed in 

the sections “Saving and Loading a Conversion Setup File” on page 18, and “Creating, Saving, and 

Loading a Calibration Library” on page 18. 

15
Figure 3. Data Conversion dialog box. 

The calibrations for the various sensors that are used by the Multifunction BAT3

 have linear 

relations between their measured quantities (for example, mv or Hz) and their associated physically 

meaningful units. The calibration is generally written as 

Y = A X + B 

where X is the measured quantity in mv for the barometer and the pressure transducers, and Hz for 

the flow meters, A and B are the multiplier and offset, respectively, that converts the measured 

value to physically meaningful units given by Y. The units of B are the same as the units of Y, and 

the units of A are the units of Y divided by the units of the measured quantity (mv or Hz). 

In the Data Conversion dialog box, the user must first choose the units for display of 

the barometer, flow meters, and pressure transducers in the bottom part of the Data 

Conversion dialog box. These are the units that will be displayed on the charts of the sensor 

windows. Table 1 gives a list of the units that can be used in displaying barometric pressure, the 

flow rate measured through the flow meters, and the pressure transducers. The units for display do 

not have to be the same as the units in which the calibration is defined. For example, the calibration 

for the barometer may use values of A and B that convert mv to barometric pressure in millibars; 

however the units of display on the sensor window for barometric pressure may be given in 

atmospheres, inches of mercury, or other units (see table 1). The BAT3

 Analyzer automatically 

converts from the units associated with the calibration to the units of display for the sensor window. 

Moving the cursor to the tab for a sensor on the top of the Data Conversion dialog box and 

clicking with the left mouse button will show the current conversion information for that sensor. To 

convert the “raw” data to physically meaningful values for display on the Data Display window 

and the sensor windows, the user must specify the multiplier and offset in the appropriate boxes for 

each of the sensors, as well as specifying the units associated with the conversion. The default 

values for the multiplier and offset are set to one (1) and zero (0), respectively. The multiplier, 

offset, and units of the calibration can be entered manually, or they can be loaded from a 

Calibration Library file, or from a previously stored Setup file of conversions for the sensors. 

Additional details about using conversion Setup files and calibration libraries are given in the 

sections “Saving and Loading a Conversion Setup File” on page 18, and “Creating, Saving, and 

Loading a Calibration Library” on page 18. 

16
Table 1. Units of display for flow meters, barometers, and pressure transducers. 

Flow Meters Barometers Pressure Transducers 

Hz 

m3

/s 

m3

/min 

m3

/hr 

ft.3

/s 

ft3

/min 

ft3

/hr 

gallons/s 

gallons /min 

gallons /hr 

mv 

Pascals 

Kilopascals 

atmospheres 

Bars 

Millibars 

cm of Mercury 

Inches of Mercury 

Pounds per square inch 

m of water (15 degrees C) 

feet of water (15 degrees C) 

mv 

cm 

m 

km 

in 

ft 

mi 

The multiplier and offset for the sensors that accompany the Multifunction BAT3 are given 

in Shapiro (2007). The calibrations given in Shapiro (2007) are from factory or laboratory 

calibration. Updates to these calibrations will be given in the calibration library file BAT3_Lab.cvl

that is distributed with the BAT3

 Analyzer. The user can also enter calibrations conducted under 

field conditions, and update the calibration library with such calibrations. The section “Calibrating 

Sensors” on page 21 describes the application of the BAT3

 Analyzer in performing the field 

calibration of sensors, and the section “Creating, Saving, and Loading a Calibration Library” on 

page 18 provides information on creating and saving new calibrations for later use in the BAT3

Analyzer. 

The units of display in the sensor window for the three pressure transducers used by the 

Multifunction BAT3

 are units of length (see table 1). After choosing the desired units of length, the 

user must then choose for each transducer the reference datum associated with the transducer 

calibration, and the units associated with the calibration, which is also given in units of length; the 

units of length for the display on the sensor window does not have to be the same as the units of 

length associated with the calibration. The three choices for the reference datum associated with the 

transducer calibration are (1) depth to water below a given datum, (2) height of water above the 

transducer, and (3) elevation above a given datum. The user must enter values for the multiplier and 

offset that correspond with the reference datum in the appropriate boxes for each transducer. 

The transducers that are supplied with the Multifunction BAT3

 have been calibrated under 

laboratory conditions. The multiplier and offset for each transducer is defined with the reference 

datum being the height of water above the transducer sensor. The user can alter the offset of the 

transducer calibrations to define them with respect to another datum. These calibrations are 

discussed in Shapiro (2007) and a Calibration Library file, BAT3_Lab.cvl, giving these 

calibrations has been prepared for use with the BAT3

 Analyzer. 

The transducers that are used with the Multifunction BAT3

 are absolute pressure 

transducers, which implies that when these transducers are removed from water they measure 

atmospheric pressure. Consequently, to obtain the fluid pressure when the transducer is placed in 

water, the barometric pressure must be subtracted from the measured pressure response. Associated 

with each transducer calibration in the Data Conversion dialog box is a checkbox that needs to be 

checked to correct the transducer response for barometric pressure. The BAT3

 Analyzer uses the 

17
measured barometric pressure to correct the measured transducer response to obtain the fluid 

pressure. 

In defining the calibrations and entering the multiplier and offset for each sensor, the user 

needs to ensure that the calibration that is used corresponds to the sensor that is actually connected 

to the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3. There are multiple transducers and 

multiple flow meters that can be supplied with the Multifunction BAT3

, depending on the 

application. The serial number associated with a given sensor should be checked against the serial 

number defined in the Calibration Library file. 

Field calibrations of the various sensors used by the Multifunction BAT3 can also be 

conducted by the user, and this information can be entered by the user into the appropriate boxes in 

the Data Conversion dialog box, as well as creating or updating the Calibration Library file. The 

section “Calibrating Sensors” on page 21 discusses the capabilities of the BAT3

 Analyzer in 

performing sensor calibrations. Shapiro (2007) also discusses the field calibration of transducers 

and flow meters. The section “Creating, Saving, and Loading a Calibration Library” on page 18

discusses how Calibration Library files can be updated and saved for future use. 

Saving and Loading a Conversion Setup File 

The same sensors are frequently used from day to day when testing with the Multifunction 

BAT3

. Therefore, the same calibrations (multipliers and offsets) for the various sensors in the Data 

Conversion dialog box will need to be entered in setting up the BAT3 Analyzer to display data as it 

is being collected. To facilitate the rapid setup of the BAT3 Analyzer to display data during testing 

with the Multifunction BAT3

, the BAT3 Analyzer can save the setup of the Data Conversion dialog 

box as a Setup file, so that it can be reloaded at another time. The Setup file contains the 

multipliers and offsets for the various sensors, the controls for correcting the pressure transducers 

for barometric pressure, and the units in which the various sensors are displayed on the sensor 

windows. The description and an example of a Setup file are given in Appendix 3. 

To save the configuration of the Data Conversion dialog box, the user must move the 

cursor to the button Save current setup on the bottom of the Data Conversion dialog box and 

click with the left mouse button. This will prompt the user to enter the name and file location of the 

Setup file to be saved. The Setup file name will have the extension “suf”. 

To load an existing Setup file, the user must enter the Data Conversion dialog box by 

selecting the Calibrate|Choose Calibrations menu item or clicking on the Choose Calibration

button . Clicking with the left mouse button on the Load setup button on the bottom of the 

Data Conversion dialog box will prompt the user to choose the location and filename of an 

existing Setup file. Performing this operation configures the Data Conversion dialog box with the 

information in the Setup file. 

Creating, Saving, and Loading a Calibration Library 

There are multiple transducers, barometers, and flow meters that can be used with the 

Multifunction BAT3. Depending on the application, transducers and flow meters can be removed 

and replaced with other transducers and flow meters. The BAT3 Analyzer has the capability of 

18
creating, saving, and loading a Calibration Library file that contains the calibration information 

for sensors that are used with the Multifunction BAT3

. The format of the Calibration Library file 

is described in Appendix 4. The calibrations for the various sensors listed in the Calibration 

Library file can also be updated, if the calibration is known to change. The BAT3

 Analyzer allows 

the user to load the calibration library and then select the calibrations that correspond to the sensors 

attached to the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3

, or to edit the calibration 

associated with a particular sensor, if the calibration for that sensor is to be replaced or updated. 

Calibrations can be created in either the Data Conversion dialog box, or using the 

calibration capability of the BAT3 Analyzer. The calibration capability of the BAT3 Analyzer is 

discussed in the section “Calibrating Sensors” on page 21. To create a new calibration for a sensor 

in the Data Conversion dialog box, the user clicks on the New calibration button on the bottom of 

the Data Conversion dialog box. This opens a New Calibration dialog box (fig. 4), where the user 

must choose the type of sensor, the units associated with the conversion, and the multiplier and 

offset for the calibration. In addition, the user must specify a calibration name. This name should be 

unique to a particular sensor. For example, there are several transducers that have a range of 100 

pounds per square inch (psi) that can be used with the Multifunction BAT3

. To distinguish the 

calibrations for each of these transducers, the range of the transducer and the serial number of the 

transducer are used in the calibration name. There is also space provided on the New Calibration

dialog box to enter a short description of the calibration and the sensor, for example, the date of the 

calibration, and other distinguishing information about the sensor. After this information is entered, 

clicking the OK button temporarily stores the new conversion in active memory of the software 

application, and the user is returned to the Data Conversion dialog box. To permanently save the 

new calibration to a file, which would be available for use in the BAT3

 Analyzer at a later time, the 

user must click on the Save calibration library button. This action prompts the user to define a file 

location and a file name for the Calibration Library file, with the file extension “cvl”. 

An existing Calibration Library file can be loaded in the active memory of the BAT3

Analyzer to facilitate setting up the Data Conversion dialog box. To load a Calibration Library

file, the user must open the Data Conversion dialog box and click on the Load Calibration 

Library button. The user is then prompted to open a Calibration Library file. Prior to choosing 

calibrations from the Calibration Library file, the user must first define the display units on 

the bottom of the Data Conversion dialog box for the various sensors in units other than those 

associated with the raw data. The user then selects a calibration name from the pull-down menu 

associated with each sensor. Choosing a specific calibration from the pull-down menu will 

automatically place the attributes of that conversion into the appropriate boxes in the Data 

Conversion dialog box. 

Calibration Library files that have been loaded into the active memory of the BAT3

Analyzer can also be updated. Updating could involve adding a new calibration or editing an 

existing calibration. Adding a new calibration is discussed in the paragraphs above. Editing an 

existing calibration for a particular sensor is conducted by clicking on the Edit calibrations button 

on the bottom of the Data Conversion dialog box, which opens the New Calibration dialog box. 

From the pull-down menu of calibration names, the user chooses the calibration name. The 

information about the calibration name is then shown in the New Calibration dialog box, including 

the sensor type, the units of the calibration, the multiplier, and offset, and the description of the 

calibration. After modifying any of these parameters, clicking the OK button returns the user to the 

19
Data Conversion dialog box. The user can also save the updates to a newly named calibration, by 

modifying the name in New calibration name edit box in the New Calibration dialog box. If a 

new calibration has been added to the Calibration Library file, the user should click on the Save 

calibration library button on the Data Conversion dialog box to ensure that the new calibration 

has been saved. 

Figure 4. New Calibration dialog box. 

A Calibration Library file has been prepared for the sensors that can be shipped with the 

Multifunction BAT3

. Included in this file are calibrations for spare transducers, barometers and 

flow meters that may also be used with the Multifunction BAT3

. This Calibration Library file is 

named BAT3_LAB.cvl, and it is included with the distribution of the BAT3

 Analyzer. In setting up 

the Data Conversion dialog box, the user should check the serial numbers of the sensors attached 

to the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3

 and choose the appropriate calibration 

name. 

Units Conversion Calculator 

A Units Conversion Calculator is supplied in the BAT3 Analyzer as a convenience to the 

user (fig. 5). The Units Conversion Calculator calculates the equivalent value for a specific 

parameter in different units. Conversions are available for length, volume, time, volumetric flow 

rate, pressure, transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, and inverse time. The 

calculated values can be copied into the system Clipboard, and then pasted into other applications 

20
or other locations in the BAT3

 Analyzer. For example, the calculated values can be pasted into 

appropriate cells in the Model Interpretation window. To use the Units Conversion Calculator,

the user selects the menu item Tools|Units Conversion or clicks the Units Conversion button . 

Figure 5. Units Conversion Calculator. 

Calibrating Sensors 

The BAT3 Analyzer can develop calibrations for sensors used with the Multifunction BAT3

by performing a linear correlation between the “raw” data collected with the data-acquisition 

equipment of the Multifunction BAT3

 and independent check measurements, for example, 

independent measurements of flow rate, or independent measurements of the height of water above 

the transducer. Shapiro (2007) discusses the method of calibrating pressure transducers using the 

equipment supplied with the Multifunction BAT3

. Performing the check measurements for 

conducting field calibrations of the pressure transducers is recommended to check that the 

transducers are operating properly and to ensure that the proper calibrations are applied to the 

transducer data in estimating hydraulic properties of the test interval (see section “Estimating 

Hydraulic Properties of a Test Interval” on page 25). 

To perform a calibration of one of the sensors attached to the Multifunction BAT3

, the user 

must have either have a Raw Data file or an Interpreted Data file open (see the section “Opening 

and Saving Data Files” on page 8). Calibrations can be conducted while testing is still being 

conducted and the BAT3 Analyzer is updating data that are displayed. Choosing the 

21
Calibrate|Calibrate menu item or clicking the Calibrate button opens the Field Calibration

dialog box (fig. 6). The Field Calibration dialog box has two tabs, Controls and Graph. The 

Controls tab is the location where the raw data measured by the sensor are selected and the check 

measurements are entered. The Controls tab also displays the results of the least-squares estimate 

of the multiplier and offset of the linear calibration between the “raw” data and the check 

measurements. The correlation coefficient (r^2) on the Controls tab indicates the quality of the fit 

between the raw data measured by the sensor and the check measurements; a correlation coefficient 

equal to 1 indicates a perfect linear correlation between the raw data measured by the sensor and 

the check measurements (see Draper and Smith, 1968). The Graph tab displays a graph of the 

calibration showing the data points and a linear least-squares regression line between the “raw” 

data measured by the sensor and the check measurements. The chart of the calibration can be 

formatted using the Format Chart menu item on the top of the Field Calibration dialog box. 

Editing the chart attributes is conducted similarly to the editing of the charts in the sensor windows 

(see section “Formatting the Time Axis on Charts” on page 13). The chart image of the calibration 

can also be saved to a file using the File|Save as Image menu item on the top of the Field 

Calibrations dialog box. The chart of the calibration can also be printed (see section “Saving and 

Printing Chart Images” on page 14). 

To perform a calibration of a particular sensor attached to the Multifunction BAT3, the user 

selects the sensor to calibrate in the Field Calibration dialog box. The user then chooses the 

observations times, at which check measurements have been performed. For example, a check 

measurement for calibrating a pressure transducer is the measurement of the height of water above 

the transducer at the same time the raw data has been collected by the data-acquisition equipment 

of the Multifunction BAT3 (see Shapiro 2007). In calibrating transducers, it is assumed that the 

depth to the transducer sensor below a given datum (such as the top of the borehole casing) is 

known, and the depth to water in the borehole below the same datum is measured (see Shapiro 

2007). At least 2 check measurements must be made at different times with different values to 

perform a calibration, and it is best to perform multiple check measurements over the range of the 

transducer in performing the calibration. 

In conducting a field calibration of a pressure transducer that measures absolute pressure, 

the calibration must correct for the barometric pressure. Checking the box on the Field Calibration

dialog box to correct for barometric pressure requires the user to specify the calibration associated 

with the barometric sensor. A Calibration Library file can be loaded to the active memory of the 

BAT3

 Analyzer using the Load calibration library button on the bottom of the Field Calibration

dialog box. A calibration for the barometric sensor can be chosen from one of the calibrations in the 

Calibration Library file using the pull-down menu. Alternatively, the multiplier and offset for the 

barometer can be manually entered into the appropriate boxes on the Field Calibration dialog box. 

The correct units associated with the check measurements should be specified from the pull-down 

menu. Field calibrations for the flow meters and barometer can also be performed if check 

measurements for these sensors have been made. 

22
Figure 6. Field Calibration dialog box. 

After the field calibration has been conducted in the Field Calibration dialog box, the 

calibration results can be stored by clicking the New calibration button. This operation opens the 

New Calibration dialog box where the multiplier and offset from the calibration are located in the 

appropriate edit boxes. The user will need to specify the calibration name and enter a brief 

description of the calibration and the sensor, and then click the OK button. This calibration can be 

saved in a Calibration Library file. If a Calibration Library file has been loaded, it will be 

appended to the Calibration Library file that has been loaded when the calibration library is 

saved. If a Calibration Library file has not been loaded, the new calibration can be saved to a new 

Calibration Library file (see section “Creating, Saving, and Loading a Calibration Library” on 

page 18). 

23
The data used to calibrate the sensor can be saved to a Calibration file with the extension 

“cal” using the File|Save menu item in the Field Calibration dialog box. The structure of 

Calibration files is given in Appendix 5. The Calibration files only contain the data records from 

the Raw Data file that were used in performing the calibration. The Calibration files are useful in 

recording the underlying data that was used in creating a sensor calibration, which may or may not 

have been stored in a calibration library. Calibration files can be reopened by selecting File|Open

in the Field Calibration dialog box to view the underlying data used in performing a calibration. 

This operation will provide a list of only those data records used in performing the calibration. The 

Raw Data file that was used in creating the calibration does not need to be opened by the BAT3

Analyzer to observe the records used in the calibration; however, if a barometric correction was 

used in the calibration of a pressure transducer and that barometric calibration was chosen from a 

Calibration Library file, the Calibration Library file will need to be loaded into the BAT3

Analyzer by selecting the Load calibration library button on the Field Calibration dialog box. 

Example of Calibrating a Transducer 

The following example of calibrating a transducer is drawn from data collected using the 

Multifunction BAT3

. The data file 01_339A.DAT distributed with the BAT3 Analyzer is used in 

this example and it is assumed that the user has opened this Raw Data file before performing the 

steps listed in this section (see section “Opening and Saving Data Files” on page 8). During testing 

with the Multifunction BAT3

, check measurements of depth to water were made at selected times 

for the purpose of conducting a field calibration of the pressure transducers. The times and the 

associated check measurements are listed in table 2. 

Table 2. Check measurements for pressure transducers during testing with the Multifunction 

BAT3. 

Date Time Depth to Transducer* Depth to Water* 

(feet) (feet) 

5-Dec-2001 12:05:01 58.22 40.41 

5-Dec-2001 13:24:01 91.49 42.28 

5-Dec-2001 14:11:31 127.72 41.88 

5-Dec-2001 14:51:31 163.5 41.91 

5-Dec-2001 15:44:01 163.5 37.85 

*depth measured below top of surface casing extending above land surface 

The raw data from the transducers collected during these check measurements are given in data 

file 01_339A.DAT. 

Using the check measurements given in table 2 and the raw data in the file 01_339A.DAT, 

the middle transducer is calibrated by conducting the following steps. 

1. Select the Calibrate|Calibrate menu item in the BAT3

 Analyzer. 

2. Select Middle Transducer under Choose Variable. 

3. In the list labeled Observation times, check the boxes associated with times given in table 2. 

The Show Date check box can be checked to show the full date of the Observation times. 

4. Check the box labeled Correct for Barometer; the pressure transducer being calibrated 

measures absolute pressure. 

24
5. Load the conversion library BAT3_Lab.cvl by moving the cursor to the Load calibration 

library button and clicking the left mouse button. 

6. Select the stored calibration for the barometer from the pull-down menu under the calibrations 

for the barometer; the barometer used during this data collection was named CS105_Barometer. 

7. Change the Depth Units to feet using the pull-down menu. 

8. Enter values for the Depth to transducer and Depth to water for each check measurement 

listed in table 2. 

9. Click on the Graph tab to display a plot of the calibration data. 

10. Make a note of the slope (23.536) and offset (5.448) on the Field Calibration dialog box. 

11. (Optional) Create a new calibration by clicking the New calibration button and fill in the New 

calibration name and the Description of the transducer on the New Calibration dialog box, 

and then click the OK button. 

12. Click on File|Save menu item and choose a file name and a disk location to save the calibration 

data. 

The pressure transducer being calibrated in the above example is a Druck PDCR 1830 

absolute pressure transducer (Serial Number 992057). The laboratory calibration associated with 

this transducer resulted in a multiplier of 23.398 and an offset of –0.413 to convert measured 

responses of the transducer in millivolts to the height of water (measured in feet) above the 

transducer; this laboratory calibration is given in the file BAT3_Lab.cvl. The multiplier associated 

with the field calibration for this transducer varies by less than one percent in comparison to the 

laboratory value. The offset associated with the field calibration, however, is significantly different 

than the laboratory offset. This arises because the exact depth of the transducer below the datum 

during the field calibration was not used. The length of the pipe used to lower the Multifunction 

BAT3

 to a given location in the borehole was used as an estimate of the depth of the transducer 

below the datum (top of the surface casing). The exact location of the transducer in the downhole 

equipment of the Multifunction BAT3

 could be used in these calculations to achieve a more exact 

value of the offset for the pressure transducer. The offset, however, is not crucial in estimating the 

hydraulic properties of the test interval from fluid pressure responses measured during testing with 

the Multifunction BAT3

. The differences in fluid pressure responses taken at different times are 

used in these calculations, and consequently, the offset in the field calibration of the transducer is 

subtracted out of these calculations. Further information about the procedures for conducting a field 

calibration of pressure transducers using the Multifunction BAT3

 is given in Shapiro (2007). 

Estimating Hydraulic Properties of a Test Interval 

The Model Parameters dialog box is used to estimate hydraulic properties from the sensor 

responses recorded during testing with the Multifunction BAT3

. Fluid pressure responses from the 

middle-zone transducer (the fluid pressure transducer in the test interval) will be used to estimate 

hydraulic properties associated with the test interval. The user can identify the type of hydraulic test 

(fluid injection, pumping, or slug test) that was conducted in the test interval and choose various 

hydrogeologic conceptual models of the formation to estimate the parameter values in those 

conceptual models that best reproduce the measured fluid pressure responses. Plots of the model 

results versus the measured fluid responses in the test interval are generated and the user can alter 

25
the values of the model parameters to achieve an acceptable fit with the measured fluid pressure 

responses. 

Selecting the Tools|Model Parameters menu item or the Model Parameters button 

opens the Model Parameters dialog box (fig. 7). Prior to using the Model Parameters dialog box, 

the “raw” data must be converted to physically meaningful units using the Data Conversion dialog 

box (see the section “Applying Calibrations to Raw Data” on page 15). The Model Parameters

dialog box has 4 tabs, Model Choices, Known Values, Model Parameters, and Plot Controls. 

On the Model Choices tab, the user selects the Test type, the hydrogeologic conceptual 

Model, the Test interval type, and Model controls associated with the starting time of the model 

results. The Test type can be Pumping, Fluid injection, or a Slug test. For the interpretation of 

slug tests, the transient fluid pressure responses are interpreted in a formation that is assumed to 

behave analogously to a porous medium. For the pumping and fluid-injection tests, the user can 

choose one of the following hydrogeologic conceptual models, 

• Steady-state radial flow 

• Transient radial flow 

• Transient radial flow with quasi-steady leakage 

• Transient radial flow in a dual porosity aquifer 

The first three choices assume the fluid pressure response in the formation behaves as a 

porous medium. The final choice assumes the formation behaves as a dual porosity aquifer. The 

assumptions and the mathematical formulation for the interpretation of hydraulic tests conducted 

with these hydrogeologic conceptual models are given in Appendix 7. With the exception of the 

steady-state radial flow model, the Test interval type can be assumed to be Packed 

off/Pressurized interval or an Open interval with free surface. For example, if both packers of 

the Multifunction BAT3 are inflated, and the test interval is fluid filled, the test interval will be 

pressurized. Alternatively, the Multifunction BAT3

 can be used to test with none or only one of the 

packers inflated (Shapiro, 2007). If only the bottom packer is inflated, then the test interval in the 

borehole will have a free water surface. The hydraulic responses in a borehole with a free water 

surface will be different from those in a pressurized interval (see Appendix 7). 

The Model controls on the Model Choices tab defines the starting time of the simulation of 

the model results. The starting time is entered as the (base 10) logarithm of the starting time in units 

of seconds. For example, if the starting time of the model results is chosen to be 1 second, the value 

of zero (0) is entered; the base 10 logarithm of 1 is equal to 0. Under Model controls, the user also 

enters the Number of evaluation points per log cycle. This is the number of points in time at 

which the model results are evaluated. For example, choosing a value of 10 for this control will 

result in the model solution being evaluated at 10 evenly spaced points between 1 and 10 seconds, 

10 and 100 seconds, and so forth. 

26
Figure 7. Model Choices tab of the Model Parameters dialog box. 

On the Known Values tab of the Model Parameters dialog box, the user enters values for 

physical information that need to be specified for evaluating the model results associated with the 

test type and hydrogeologic conceptual model of the formation (fig. 8). The user must enter values 

in the boxes that are highlighted in red. The boxes that are gray are inactive for the choice of the 

Test type and Model selected on the Model Choices tab. The user may need to enter information 

into active boxes using digital information from the Data Display window. For example, values of 

the Volumetric pumping rate or Volumetric injection rate, and the Initial depth to water, 

Initial height of water above the transducer, or Initial hydraulic head above datum can be 

selected and copied from cells in the Data Display window. For example, the user would use the 

following steps to copy digital data from the Data Display window: 

1. Make the Data Display window the active window by moving the cursor over the Data 

Display window and clicking with the left mouse button. This action may hide the Model 

Parameters dialog box behind the BAT3 window. To return to the Model Parameters dialog 

box, the user should click on the Model Parameters button . 

2. On the Data Display window, navigate to the time of the data record of interest for the 

volumetric flow rate or middle-zone transducer; it is assumed that the responses of the flow 

meters and middle-zone transducer have been converted to physically meaningful units using 

the Data Conversion dialog box. 

3. Highlight the cell in the Data Display window by moving the cursor over the cell and double 

clicking with the left mouse button. 

27
4. Use control-c to copy the contents of the cell. 

5. Make the Model Parameters dialog the active window by moving the cursor over the dialog 

box and clicking with the left mouse button, or clicking on the Model Parameters button . 

Then click on the Known Values tab to make it the active window. 

6. Move the cursor over the data entry box of interest and click with the left mouse button, and 

then use control-v to paste the digital record from the Data Display window. 

Figure 8. Known Values tab of the Model Parameters dialog box. 

 The units for all of the information shown on the Known Values tab must also be 

specified. Pull-down menus are used to specify the units of the physical information entered on this 

tab. The units of the various terms do not have to be consistent; the BAT3

 Analyzer will convert the 

values into consistent units prior to making the calculations associated with the model results. 

On the Model Parameters tab (fig. 9) of the Model Parameters dialog box, the user 

specifies the assumed values of the parameters associated with the hydrogeologic conceptual model 

selected on the Model Choices tab. Only those parameters that are associated with the selected 

hydrogeologic conceptual model are active. The other data entry boxes are grayed, and their 

contents cannot be altered. The units for the parameter values on the Model Parameters tab must 

also be specified. Pull-down menus are used to specify the units of the parameters entered on this 

tab. The units of the parameters do not have to be consistent; the BAT3

 Analyzer will convert these 

values into consistent units prior to making the calculations associated with the model results. 

28
Figure 9. Model Parameters tab of the Model Parameters dialog box. 

After the physical information and model parameters have been specified for the selected 

hydrogeologic conceptual model, information on the Plot Controls tab of the Model Parameters

dialog box can be specified. 

Entries on the Plot Controls tab of the Model Parameters dialog box are used to specify 

the starting time and duration of the hydraulic test(fig. 10). A calendar is used to specify the year, 

month, day, and time associated with the starting time of the test, and the duration of the test is 

specified in minutes. These entries are used to select the fluid pressure responses of the middlezone transducer from the data file opened by the BAT3

 Analyzer for comparison with the calculated 

results of the selected hydrogeologic model and the specified model parameters. 

For the hydrogeologic conceptual models that consider transient fluid pressure responses, 

boxes can be checked on the Plot Controls tab to specify the method of displaying the calculated 

model results and the measured fluid pressure responses. For example, the (horizontal) time axis 

can be plotted as the logarithm of the elapsed time from the start of the hydraulic test. Also, the 

vertical axis can be plotted as the logarithm of the fluid pressure response (for example, height of 

water above the transducer, depth to water below a given datum, or the height of water above a 

given datum). If these boxes on the Plot Controls tab are not checked, the horizontal and vertical 

axes are plotted on a linear scale. For transient fluid pressure responses, the drawdown can also be 

plotted by checking the appropriate box; drawdown is the difference between the fluid pressure 

response at a given time during the hydraulic test and the fluid pressure response at the start of the 

test. 

29
Figure 10. Plot Controls tab of the Model Parameters dialog box. 

If the physical information in the Known Values tab has been entered, the Calculate Now

button on the bottom of the Model Parameters dialog is active. Moving the cursor over the 

Calculate Now button and clicking with the left mouse button will open a Model Values chart that 

displays the calculated results of the hydrogeologic conceptual model for the specified parameter 

values and the fluid pressure responses from the middle-zone transducer. This chart can be edited 

and printed by clicking the left mouse button on the Format Chart menu item, which will open a 

dialog box similar to that used in editing and printing charts of the various sensor windows (see the 

section “Formatting Other Chart Attributes” on page 14). The chart image can also be saved to a 

file using the Save as Image menu item. 

Depending on the comparison between the calculated model results and the measured 

responses of the middle-zone transducer, the user can choose to return to the Model Parameters

tab and alter the parameter values to adjust the calculated model results. Upon changing the model 

parameters, or any of the other physical information, the user needs to click on the Calculate Now

button to update the Model Values chart. Thus, the BAT3

 Analyzer uses a trial and error method of 

fitting model results and measured fluid pressure responses. 

The user can save the selections in the Model Parameters dialog to a Parameter Values

file. Parameter Values files have the file extension “pv”. The Parameter Values file is an ASCII 

file with the structure shown in Appendix 6. In the Parameter Values file, the selections and 

entries made in the tabs on the Model Parameters dialog are saved. Saving information in 

Parameter Values files allows the user to chronicle the various interpretations that are made from 

30
the data recorded with the Multifunction BAT3

. Moving the cursor over the Save button and 

clicking with the left mouse button opens a dialog box, where the user specifies the name and 

location of the Parameter Values file. 

The Parameter Values file includes a listing of the X and Y values plotted on the Model 

Values chart for both the calculated model results and the measured responses of the middle-zone 

transducer. The listing provided in this file can be copied into other software packages for the 

purpose of plotting the model results and the middle-transducer responses. 

Clicking the left mouse button on the Load button of the Model Parameters dialog opens a 

dialog box for the user to choose a Parameter Values file. The BAT3

 Analyzer will read the 

information to populate the selections and entries in the Model Choices, Known Values, Model 

Parameters, and Plot Controls tabs of the Model Parameters dialog box. Clicking the Calculate 

Now button will then display the Model Values chart with the calculated model results. If the user 

wishes for the measured transducer responses to be displayed on the Model Values chart, the user 

will need to open (if it is not open already) the Raw data file and apply the sensor calibrations or 

open the Interpreted data file, from which the Parameter Values file was originally generated 

(see the section “Opening and Saving Data Files” on page 8. 

Example of Estimating Hydraulic Properties of a Test Interval 

This section illustrates the capabilities of the BAT3 Analyzer in interpreting the fluid 

pressure responses from fluid-injection tests conducted with the Multifunction BAT3. In this 

example, transmissivity is estimated using the assumption that the hydraulic responses in the test 

interval can be interpreted with a steady-state radial flow model. A detailed explanation of the 

limitations and assumptions of applying the steady-state radial flow model in the interpretation of 

fluid-injection tests can be found in Shapiro and Hsieh (1998). Appendix 7 also provides 

information about the mathematical development and assumptions underlying interpretations of 

fluid-injection tests using a steady-state radial flow model. It is beyond the scope of this report to 

consider the interpretation of fluid pressure responses with the hydrogeologic conceptual models 

that consider transient fluid pressure responses. The user is referred to authors such as Lohman 

(1979), Streltsova (1988), and Kruseman and de Ridder (1991) for detailed explanations of the 

methods of interpreting transient fluid pressure responses using the various hydrogeologic 

conceptual models. Appendix 7 also provides information about the mathematical development and 

assumptions underlying the hydrogeologic conceptual models that are available for interpretation 

within the BAT3

 Analyzer. 

The examples in this section use files that are distributed with the BAT3

 Analyzer. These 

files are a Raw Data file, 01_339A.DAT, and a Setup file, 01_339_inj.suf. In this example, 

testing with the Multifunction BAT3

 has been conducted with a set of sensors; the listing of the 

sensor calibrations has been compiled in the Setup file, 01_339_inj.suf. After starting the BAT3

Analyzer, the first step is to load the Setup file. This is accomplished by performing the following 

steps: 

1. Select Calibrate|Chose Calibrations. 

2. Click the Load setup button and select the file 01_339_inj.suf. 

3. Click the Done button. 

31
The next step is to load the Raw Data file containing the data collected with the dataacquisition system of the Multifunction BAT3

. This data has already been collected, and the data 

file is being viewed after testing has been completed; however, the interpretation of the fluid 

pressure responses can also be conducted as downhole testing is still being conducted. The 

following steps are performed to open the Raw Data file: 

4. Select File|Open and select the file 01_339A.DAT. The user will be prompted to either retain 

the existing calibrations or reset them to their default values. Click on No to retain the 

calibrations for the sensors loaded in steps 1-3 given above. 

5. All the data in the Raw Data file will be plotted on the sensor windows. The Temperature

and Barometric Pressure can be closed to allow more space for the other sensor windows in 

the BAT3 window by selecting Graphs|Barometer and Graphs|Temperature menu items, or 

by closing these sensor windows clicking on the close button in the upper right corner of 

these windows. 

Table 3 provides a list and description of the tests that were included in the Raw Data file 

01_339A.DAT. In the collection of this data file, five (5) fluid-injection tests were conducted. In 

the remainder of this section, the interpretation of only one of the fluid-injection tests is considered. 

Information on all five of the fluid-injection tests reported in the Raw Data file, however, is 

included in table 3 along with the results of the estimation of the transmissivity of the test interval 

using the assumption of a steady-state radial flow model to interpret the fluid pressure responses in 

the test interval. The description of conducting fluid-injection tests with the Multifunction BAT3

 is 

described in Shapiro (2007). 

The interpretation of the fluid-injection test used in this example was conducted during the 

time interval 15:33:00 to 15:41:00 on December 5, 2001. Other information pertaining to the 

operation of this test is given in table 3. To interpret this test, the user must first focus on the data 

associated with this particular test. This is conducted by plotting the data on the sensor windows so 

that only the data from this test is viewed. The following steps are used to show the data associated 

with this test: 

6. Select Format|Starting Time / Update Interval menu item. 

7. Select Specify starting time and duration. 

8. Set the starting time to 3:30 PM and the Number of minutes to plot to 15 minutes and then click 

the OK button. The data should look similar to figure 11. 

32
Table 3. Fluid injection tests recorded in the Raw Data file 01_339A.DAT. 

[TOC 

Date 

Julian Day 

Test Interval 

is top of casing; ft2

/day is square feet per day; borehole radius is 3 inchs] 

5-Dec-2001 5-Dec-2001 5-Dec-2001 5-Dec-2001 5-Dec-2001 

339 339 339 339 339 

58.22 91.49 127.72 163.50 163.5 

Top: 

(ft below TOC) 

Test Interval 92.00 125.25 161.50 197.28 241 

Bottom: (Bottom of 

(ft below TOC) 

Time: 

borehole) 

12:43:00 13:25:00 14:13:00 15:27:00 Top packer 

Start Packer inflated from 

Inflation 

Time: 

previous test. 

12:47:00 13:30:00 14:16:30 15:29:00 15:49:00 

Close 

Transducer 

Bleed Valves 

Test Type Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid Fluid 

Time: 

Injection Injection Injection Injection Injection 

12:55:00 13:34:00 14:23:00 15:33:00 15:52:00 

Start Fluid 

Injection 

Time: 13:00:00 13:54:00 14:34:00 15:41:00 16:01:30 

End Fluid 

Injection 

Time: 13:01:00 13:55:00 14:35:00 15:42:00 16:02:00 

Open 

Transducer 

Bleed Valves 

Time: 13:02:00 13:56:00 14:36:00 15:45:00 16:03:00 

Deflate packers (Deflate (Deflate top 

bottom packer packer) 

Transmissivity: 

ft2

/day 

only) 

<10-4 9.3 x 10-2 7.4 x 10-2 4.8 14.0 

Comment: Start injection Start injection Start injection Start injection Start injection 

test with Flow test with Flow test with Flow with Flow with Flow 

meter 1. meter 1. meter 1. meter 1. meter 1. Only 

Switch to Switch to Switch to top packer 

Flow meter 2 Flow meter 2 Flow meter 2 inflated 

at 12:57. at 13:44 at 14:25 during test. 

Interpretation: No detectable Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate 

flow – transmissivity transmissivity transmissivity transmissivity 

minimum using steady- using steady- using steady- using steadytransmissivity state radial state radial state radial state radial 

assigned to flow and flow and flow and flow and 

test interval. responses responses responses responses 

from Flow from Flow from Flow from Flow 

meter 2. meter 2. meter 1. meter 1. 

Radius of Radius of Radius of Radius of 

influence = influence = influence = influence = 

15 ft. 15 ft. 15 ft. 15 ft. 

33
Figure 11. BAT3 window with Data Display, Downhole Transducers, and Flow Rate windows for 

example of estimating hydraulic properties from a fluid-injection test. 

The flow rate was recorded with Flow meter 1, which clearly shows when the fluidinjection test was started and ended. The responses shown on the chart for Flow meter 2 are 

intermittent noise in the data record. Also, at the start of the fluid-injection test, the middle 

transducer shows an abrupt increase due to the fluid entering the test interval. There is also a slight 

rise in the fluid pressure monitored below the bottom packer in the Lower Transducer; however, the 

magnitude of the pressure rise in the bottom interval is small in comparison to the increase in fluid 

pressure in the test interval. The user may choose to edit the plots of the pressure transducer using 

the Format|Format Chart menu item. 

The pressure transducer and flow meter responses shown on the sensor windows for the test 

under consideration (fig. 11) can be interpreted by using a steady-state radial flow model of the 

fractures intersecting the test interval. The steady-state model is appropriate to interpret this data 

because both the flow rate and the fluid pressure in the test interval are relatively stable over the 

entire extent of the test. There is some degradation in the flow rate as the test proceeds, but for the 

purpose of estimating the hydraulic properties of the test interval, the assumption of a steady-state 

flow regime provides an estimate of the magnitude of the transmissivity. 

The following steps are conducted to interpret this fluid-injection test: 

9. Select the Tools|Model Parameters menu item to open the Model Parameters dialog box. 

34
10. Select the Model Choices tab. 

11. Under Test type, select Fluid injection. 

12. Under Model, select Steady-state radial flow. 

13. For Model controls, the default values can be used, that is, 0 for Log 10 of starting time, and 

10 for Number of evaluation points per log cycle. 

14. Select the Known Values tab. 

15. For the Radius of influence, enter 15 ft. The radius of influence is the radial distance from the 

injection interval where it is assumed that there is no hydraulic response from fluid injection. 

Other values of the radius of influence can also be assumed. The user can conduct other 

interpretations of the fluid-injection test data using different estimates of the radius of influence 

and observe the change in the transmissivity that is estimated. 

16. For the Borehole radius, enter 3 inches; this is the radius of the borehole in the test interval. 

The other parameters that need to be entered on the Known Values tab of the Model 

Parameters dialog box are the Initial height of water above transducer, and the Volumetric 

injection rate. Values for these parameters can be copied from the Data Display window and 

pasted into the appropriate boxes on the Known Values tab. The following steps are conducted to 

access the information from the Data Display window: 

17. Move the cursor over the Data Display window, and click the left mouse button to make it the 

active window, and use the scroll bars to navigate to the starting time of the test (15:33:00 on 

December 5, 2001). Another method of navigating to this data on the Data Display window is 

to make the Downhole Transducers or Flow Rate window the active window, and then move 

the cursor over a data point on the chart at the desired time and clicking with the left mouse 

button. 

18. Select the cell on the Data Display window associated with the middle transducer at the time 

12/5/2001 3:33:01 PM. The value of this cell is 114.686 ft, and represents the initial height of 

water above the transducer prior to the fluid-injection test. The user may wish to scroll on the

Data Display window to view the responses of the Middle Transducer at earlier times to assess 

if this value is a stable starting point for the fluid injection test. The value in the cell (12/5/2001 

3:33:01 PM) can be copied by first moving the cursor over the cell and double clicking with the 

left mouse button, and then using control-c to copy the cell value to the computer clipboard. 

19. Return to the Model Parameters dialog box by choosing the Tools|Model Parameters menu 

item and then moving the cursor over the data entry box for the Initial height of water above 

transducer on the Known Values tab and clicking with the left mouse button. 

20. Paste the value from the middle transducer into the data entry box by pressing control-v. 

21. Steps similar to 17-21 are used to copy the value of the fluid injection rate and paste it in the 

data entry box on the Known Values tab of the Model Parameters dialog box. The time 

associated with the fluid injection rate that should be chosen for the interpretation of this test 

should be prior to the completion of the test. The value at the time 12/5/2001 3:41:01 PM is 

1.23155 gallons per minute was collected immediately prior to the termination of the test. 

On the Model Parameters tab of the Model Parameters dialog box, the default value of 

the Transmissivity can be used as a first estimate in matching the responses of the middle zone 

35
transducer with the modeled results from the steady-state radial flow model. The remaining 

controls that need to be specified are located on the Plot Controls tab of the Model Parameters

dialog box. To continue with the interpretation of the fluid-injection test, the following steps are 

conducted: 

22. Select the Plot Controls tab and specify the starting time of the test. The Year is specified in 

the data entry box, and the calendar is used to specify the date. The time of the start of the test 

should be specified as 3:33:00 PM. 

23. The Duration of test can be set 10 minutes. 

24. Move the cursor over the Calculate Now button and click with the left mouse button. 

25. The Model Values chart appears in which the results of the steady-state radial flow model is 

displayed along with the responses of the middle transducer as a function of the elapsed time 

from the start of the test. 

Figure 12. Model Values chart showing results from a steady-state radial flow model and 

measured responses of the middle-zone transducer from a fluid-injection test. 

The default value of the Transmissivity on the Model Parameters tab does not provide a 

suitable fit with the measured responses of the middle zone transducer. The user can return to the 

Model Parameters tab and adjust the value of the Transmissivity and then click on the Calculate 

Now button to update the model results. The model results are constant with time because a steadystate flow model is being employed. The transmissivity should be adjusted so that the measured 

responses of the middle transducer are nearly the same as the steady-state model results. Figure 12 

shows a suitable fit between the model results and the middle zone transducer. The value of the 

transmissivity that provided the model results shown in figure 12 was 5.6 x 10-5 square feet per 

second (ft2

/s). This value can be converted to other units using the Units Conversion Calculator (see 

the section “Units Conversion Calculator” on page 20). In addition, information from the 

comparison of the model results and the responses of the middle zone transducer can be saved to a 

36
file in a Parameter Values file (see the section “Estimating Hydraulic Properties of a Test 

Interval” on page 25). 

Predicting Hydraulic Responses 

It is often advantageous to use a model of aquifer test responses prior to conducting the 

actual aquifer test to ascertain an estimate of the likely change in the hydraulic head in the test 

interval. Such modeling exercises are useful, for example, in designing pumping rates for 

geochemical sampling, provided that estimates of the hydraulic properties of the test interval are 

available. 

The BAT3

 Analyzer has the capability of modeling the hydraulic responses associated with 

an assumed type of hydraulic test, hydrogeologic conceptual model of the formation, and hydraulic 

properties, in the absence of data from the test interval. The Model Parameters dialog box can be 

used to calculate modeled hydraulic responses without opening either a Raw Data file or an 

Interpreted Data file. The user, however, must first define physically meaningful units for the 

middle zone transducer in the Data Conversions dialog box. This is necessary to define the units in 

which the hydraulic responses will be calculated in the Model Parameters dialog box. The user 

must first open the Data Conversions dialog box by either using the Calibrate|Choose 

Calibrations menu item or clicking on the Choose Calibrations button . The user must specify 

the Units for display in Transducers in units other than millivolts. The user must then select the 

Middle Transducer tab and specify the datum associated with measurements of the middle 

transducer and the units of conversion for the middle transducer in units other than millivolts. The 

multiplier and offset for the middle transducer do not have to be changed from the default values, 

of 1 and 0, respectively, because no data are being interpreted. 

After closing the Data Conversions dialog box, the user should open the Model 

Parameters dialog box by either choosing the Tools|Model Parameters menu item or clicking on 

the Model Parameters button . The user can then select the Test type, Model, and other physical 

and control parameters on the Model Choices, Known Values, Model Parameters, and Plot 

Controls tabs. On the Plot Controls tab, the starting time for the test does not have to be specified 

in calculating the hydraulic responses, because no data are being used for comparison; however, the 

Duration of Test should be specified, as this value will dictate the time frame over which the 

model results are calculated. Clicking on the Calculate Now button will open the Model Values

chart showing the model results. Information from the Model Parameters dialog box and the 

model results can be saved to a file in a Parameter Values file (see the section “Estimating 

Hydraulic Properties of a Test Interval” on page 25) by clicking on the Save button. 

Acknowledgments 

The software described in this report was designed and implemented with the support of the 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology and National Research Programs. 

The authors gratefully acknowledge Carole D. Johnson (USGS, Storrs, CT), Gregory C. Mayer 

(USGS, Atlanta, GA), Stephen L. Harden (USGS, Raleigh, NC), and Brad A Huffman (USGS, 

Raleigh, NC) for comments and suggestions that have lead to improvements in the design of the 

BAT3

 Analyzer. Brad A. Huffman and Jonathan P. Waddell (USGS, Atlanta, GA) also are 

acknowledged for their comments in improving this documentation of the BAT3 Analyzer. 

37
References Cited 

Barenblatt, G. I., and Zheltov, Iu. P., and Kochina, I. N., 1960. Basic concepts in the theory of 

seepage of homogeneous liquids in fissured rocks: Journal of Applied Mathematics and 

Mechanics, v. 24, p. 1286-1303. 

Bear, J., 1979, Hydraulics of Groundwater, McGraw-Hill, New York, 567 p. 

Bear, J., 1993, Modeling flow and contaminant transport in fractured rocks, in Bear, J., Tsang, CF., an de Marsily, G., eds., Flow and Contaminant Transport in Fractured Rock, Academic Press, 

New York, p. 1-37. 

Bredehoeft, J.D., and Papadopulos, S. S, 1980, A method for determining the hydraulic properties 

of tight formations: Water Resources Research, v. 16, no. 1, p. 233-238. 

Cooper, H. H., Jr., Bredehoeft, J.D., and Papadopulos, I. S., 1967, Response of a finite-diameter 

well to an instantaneous charge of water: Water Resources Research, v. 3, no. 1, p. 263-269. 

Draper, N. R., and Smith, H., 1968, Applied Regression Analysis, John Wiley, New York, 407 p. 

Hantush, M. S., 1967, Flow to wells in aquifers separated by a semipervious layer: Journal of 

Geophysical Research, v. 76, no. 6, p. 1709-1720. 

Hsieh, P. A., and Shapiro, A. M., 1996, Hydraulic characteristics of fractured bedrock underlying 

the FSE well field at the Mirror Lake site, Grafton County, NH, in Morganwalp, D. W. and 

Aronson, D. A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--

Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, CO, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, p. 127-130. 

Kruseman, G. P., and de Ridder, N. A., 1991, Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data, 

Publication 47, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The 

Netherlands, 375 p. 

Lohman, S. W., 1979, Ground-Water Hydraulics, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, 

70 p. 

National Research Council, 1996, Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary Understanding 

and Applications, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 551 p. 

Neuzil, C. E., 1982, On conducting the modified ‘slug’ test in tight formations: Water Resources 

Research, v. 18, no. 2, p. 439-441. 

Papadopulos, I. S, and H. H. Cooper. 1967. Drawdown in a well of large diameter: Water 

Resources Research, v. 3, no. 1, p. 241-244. 

Shapiro, A. M., 2007, Characterizing hydraulic properties and ground-water chemistry in fracturedrock aquifers: A user’s manual for the Multifunction Bedrock-Aquifer Transportable Testing 

Tool (BAT3

): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1134, 127 p. 

38
Shapiro, A. M., and Hsieh, P. A., 1998, How good are estimates of transmissivity from slug tests in 

fractured rock?: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 1, p. 37-48. 

Streltsova, T. D., 1988, Well Testing in Heterogeneous Formations, John Wiley, New York, 413 p. 

Theis, C. V., 1935, The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and 

duration of discharge of a well using ground-water storage, EOS, Transactions of the American 

Geophysical Union, v. 16, p 519-524. 

39
Appendix 1: File Structure of the Raw Data File (*.dat) 

A Raw Data file generated by the data-acquisition equipment of the Multifunction BAT3 is 

an ASCII text file that contains the responses of the sensors attached to the Multifunction BAT3

during testing. In each line of a raw data file there are 12 entries, referred to as columns, which are 

separated by commas. The columns in each line of the raw data file have the following meaning: 

Column 1: Data Logger ID 

Column 2: Year 

Column 3: Julian Day 

Column 4: HrMin (24 hour clock) 

Column 5: Seconds 

Column 6: Panel Temperature (degrees Celsius) 

Column 7: Millivolt response - barometer 

Column 8: Millivolt response - upper transducer 

Column 9: Millivolt response - middle transducer 

Column 10: Millivolt response - bottom transducer 

Column 11: Frequency (Hz) response - Flow meter A or Flow meter 1 

Column 12: Frequency (Hz) response - Flow meter 2 

Example 

108,2001,339,1240,.99999,32.599,2255.7,3.4659,2.1989,2.2197,356.43,0 

108,2001,339,1240,31,32.644,2255.6,3.4654,2.052,2.0744,62.799,11.1 

108,2001,339,1241,.99999,32.678,2255.6,3.4654,2.0168,2.0401,0,0 

108,2001,339,1241,31,32.713,2255.9,3.4656,1.9942,2.0151,0,0 

108,2001,339,1242,.99999,32.747,2255.2,3.4652,1.9735,1.9948,0,0 

108,2001,339,1242,31,32.783,2255.5,3.4654,1.9735,1.9955,0,0 

108,2001,339,1243,.99999,32.826,2255.2,3.4646,1.9723,1.9954,0,0 

108,2001,339,1243,31,32.868,2255.2,3.4779,2.1096,2.0221,0,0 

108,2001,339,1244,.99999,32.905,2255.2,3.4856,2.0031,2.007,0,0 

108,2001,339,1244,31,32.939,2255.2,3.4861,1.985,2.0056,0,0 

108,2001,339,1245,.99999,32.973,2255.1,3.4871,1.9847,2.0046,0,.03333 

108,2001,339,1245,31,33.018,2255.1,3.4873,1.9851,2.0056,0,0 

108,2001,339,1246,.99999,33.044,2255.1,3.4873,1.9855,2.0058,0,0 

108,2001,339,1246,31,33.071,2255.1,3.4874,1.9846,2.005,0,0 

108,2001,339,1247,.99999,33.106,2255.1,3.4869,1.9841,2.0055,0,0 

108,2001,339,1247,31,33.123,2255.1,3.4868,1.9981,1.9675,0,0 

108,2001,339,1248,.99999,33.159,2254.7,3.4868,2.0085,1.9621,0,0 

108,2001,339,1248,31,33.185,2255,3.487,2.0172,1.9556,0,0 

108,2001,339,1249,.99999,33.221,2255,3.4873,2.0262,1.9512,0,0 

108,2001,339,1249,31,33.247,2254.6,3.4869,2.0306,1.9469,0,0 

40
Appendix 2: File Structure fo the Interpreted Data File (*.idf) 

An Interpreted Data file is an ASCII text file that contains both the raw data and the 

interpretations of those data to physically meaningful values using calibrations for the sensors that 

are used by the Multifunction BAT3 during testing. 

Line 1: 'Program = Bat3' 

Line 2: 'Program Version = ' [version] 

Line 3: 'File type = Interpreted data' 

Line 4: [number of lines required to read the setup] 

Line 5: 'comboBarometerUnits' 

Line 6: [Display units for Barometer] 

Line 7: 'comboFlowUnits' 

Line 8: [Display units for flow meters] 

Line 9: 'comboTransducerUnits' 

Line 10: [Display units for pressure transducers] 

Line 11: [Conversion name for Barometer] 

Line 12: [Conversion description for Barometer] 

Line 13: [Conversion slope for Barometer] 

Line 14: [Conversion offset for Barometer] 

Line 15: [Conversion type for Barometer] 

Line 16: [Calculated units for Barometer] 

Line 17: [Conversion name for Flow meter 1] 

Line 18: [Conversion description for Flow meter 1] 

Line 19: [Conversion slope for Flow meter 1] 

Line 20: [Conversion offset for Flow meter 1] 

Line 21: [Conversion type for Flow meter 1] 

Line 22: [Calculated units for Flow meter 1] 

Line 23: [Conversion name for Flow meter 2] 

Line 24: [Conversion description for Flow meter 2] 

Line 25: [Conversion slope for Flow meter 2] 

Line 26: [Conversion offset for Flow meter 2] 

Line 27: [Conversion type for Flow meter 2] 

Line 28: [Calculated units for Flow meter 2] 

Line 29: [Conversion name for Upper Transducer] 

Line 30: [Conversion description for Upper Transducer] 

Line 31: [Conversion slope for Upper Transducer] 

Line 32: [Conversion offset for Upper Transducer] 

Line 33: [Conversion type for Upper Transducer] 

Line 34: [Calculated units for Upper Transducer] 

Line 35: [Conversion name for Middle Transducer] 

Line 36: [Conversion description for Middle Transducer] 

Line 37: [Conversion slope for Middle Transducer] 

Line 38: [Conversion offset for Middle Transducer] 

Line 39: [Conversion type for Middle Transducer] 

Line 40: [Calculated units for Middle Transducer] 

Line 41: [Conversion name for Lower Transducer] 

Line 42: [Conversion description for Lower Transducer] 

Line 43: [Conversion slope for Lower Transducer] 

Line 44: [Conversion offset for Lower Transducer] 

Line 45: [Conversion type for Lower Transducer] 

Line 46: [Calculated units for Lower Transducer] 

Line 47: 'cbCorrectUpper' 

Line 48: [True if the upper transducer should be corrected for barometric pressure.] 

Line 49: 'cbCorrectMiddle' 

Line 50: [True if the middle transducer should be corrected for barometric pressure.] 

41
Line 51: 'cbCorrectLower' 

Line 52: [True if the lower transducer should be corrected for barometric pressure.] 

Line 53: 'Data_logger_ID', 

 tab, 'Year', 

 tab, 'Julian_Day', 

 tab, 'Hour_Minute', 

 tab, 'Seconds', 

 tab, 'Data_logger_Temperature', 

 tab, 'Barometer_mv', 

 tab, 'Upper_Transducer_mV', 

 tab, 'Middle_Transducer_mV', 

 tab, 'Lower_Transducer_mV', 

 tab, 'Flow_meter_1_mV', 

 tab, 'Flow_meter_2_mV', 

 tab, 'Date_As_Number', 

 tab, 'Interpreted_Barometer', 

 tab, 'Interpreted_Upper_Transducer', 

 tab, 'Interpreted_Middle_Transducer', 

 tab, 'Interpreted_Lower_Transducer', 

 tab, 'Interpreted_Flow_meter_1', 

 tab, 'Interpreted_Flow_meter_2', 

 tab, 'Barometer_Units', 

 tab, 'Upper_Transducer_Units', 

 tab, 'Middle_Transducer_Units', 

 tab, 'Lower_Transducer_Units', 

 tab, 'Flow_meter_1_Units', 

 tab, 'Flow_meter_2_Units' 

Line 54 to end of file: [Data in same order as in line 53. Each datum is separated by a tab character.] 

Example 

The following is an example of an interpreted data file. Lines 54-56 have been wrapped to 

multiple lines to show all the data on those lines. 

Program = Bat3 

Program Version = 0.22.0.0 

File type = Interpreted data 

48 

comboBarometerUnits 

Millibars 

comboFlowUnits 

gallons/min 

comboTransducerUnits 

ft. 

CS105_Barometer 

VAISALA PTB101B - Campbell Sci - Barometric Sensor SN W2630005 

0.184 

600 

Pressure 

Millibars 

1_EG&G_FO96107426 

EG&G Flow Technology FTO-5NIYW-LHC-5 SN FO96107426 

0.0017018 

0.014319 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

42
2_EG&G_FO96107425 

EG&G Flow Technology FTO-1NIYW-LHC-5 

6.6436E-5 

0.0015423 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

Drk50psia_1379787 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 50 psia SN 139787 

11.581429 

0.227034 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

Drk100psia_992057 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 100 psia SN 992057 

23.398342 

-0.4132756 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

Drk100psia_992056 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 100 psia SN 992056 

23.460676 

-0.061752 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

cbCorrectUpper 

True 

cbCorrectMiddle 

True 

cbCorrectLower 

True 

Data_logger_ID Year Julian_Day Hour_Minute Seconds

 Data_logger_Temperature Barometer_mv Upper_Transducer_mV

 Middle_Transducer_mV Lower_Transducer_mV Flow_meter_1_mV

 Flow_meter_2_mV Date_As_Number Interpreted_Barometer

 Interpreted_Upper_Transducer Interpreted_Middle_Transducer

 Interpreted_Lower_Transducer Interpreted_Flow_meter_1

 Interpreted_Flow_meter_2 Barometer_Units Upper_Transducer_Units

 Middle_Transducer_Units Lower_Transducer_Units Flow_meter_1_Units

 Flow_meter_2_Units 

108 2001 339 1130 1.00000000000000E+0000 2.48330000000000E+0001 

2.26170000000000E+0003 2.91560000000000E+0000 1.18440000000000E+0000 

1.42230000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 

3.72304791782406E+0004 1.01615280000000E+0003 -3.14059746643807E-0002 -

6.72553370226438E+0000 -7.18886892264379E-0001 0.00000000000000E+0000 

0.00000000000000E+0000 Millibars ft. ft. ft. gallons/min gallons/min 

108 2001 339 1130 3.10000000000000E+0001 2.48970000000000E+0001 

2.26140000000000E+0003 2.91540000000000E+0000 1.18360000000000E+0000 

1.42130000000000E+0000 3.33300000000000E-0002 3.33300000000000E-0002 

3.72304795254630E+0004 1.01609760000000E+0003 -3.18739222606581E-0002 -

6.74240403766066E+0000 -7.40499230060657E-0001 1.43757209940000E-0002 

1.54451431188000E-0003 Millibars ft. ft. ft. gallons/min gallons/min 

108 2001 339 1131 1.00000000000000E+0000 2.49660000000000E+0001 

2.26170000000000E+0003 2.91550000000000E+0000 1.18340000000000E+0000 

1.42130000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 0.00000000000000E+0000 

3.72304798726851E+0004 1.01615280000000E+0003 -3.25641175643767E-0002 -

6.74893204426438E+0000 -7.42347568264378E-0001 0.00000000000000E+0000 

0.00000000000000E+0000 Millibars ft. ft. ft. gallons/min gallons/min 

43
Appendix 3 : Conversion Setup File (*.suf) 

The conversion Setup file is an ASCII text file that describes how the data from each sensor 

should be converted to meaningful units. 

(Lines 4-51 are identical with lines 5-52 of the Interpreted Data File (*.idf).) 

Line 1: 'Program = Bat3' 

Line 2: 'Program Version = ' [version] 

Line 3: 'File type = Conversion Setup' 

Line 4: 'comboBarometerUnits' 

Line 5: [Display units for Barometer] 

Line 6: 'comboFlowUnits' 

Line 7: [Display units for flow meters] 

Line 8: 'comboTransducerUnits' 

Line 9: [Display units for pressure transducers]; 

Line 10: [Conversion name for Barometer] 

Line 11: [Conversion description for Barometer] 

Line 12: [Conversion slope for Barometer] 

Line 13: [Conversion offset for Barometer] 

Line 14: [Conversion type for Barometer] 

Line 15: [Calculated units for Barometer] 

Line 16: [Conversion name for Flow meter 1] 

Line 17: [Conversion description for Flow meter 1] 

Line 18: [Conversion slope for Flow meter 1] 

Line 19: [Conversion offset for Flow meter 1] 

Line 20: [Conversion type for Flow meter 1] 

Line 21: [Calculated units for Flow meter 1] 

Line 22: [Conversion name for Flow meter 2] 

Line 23: [Conversion description for Flow meter 2] 

Line 24: [Conversion slope for Flow meter 2] 

Line 25: [Conversion offset for Flow meter 2] 

Line 26: [Conversion type for Flow meter 2] 

Line 27: [Calculated units for Flow meter 2] 

Line 28: [Conversion name for Upper Transducer] 

Line 29: [Conversion description for Upper Transducer] 

Line 30: [Conversion slope for Upper Transducer] 

Line 31: [Conversion offset for Upper Transducer] 

Line 32: [Conversion type for Upper Transducer] 

Line 33: [Calculated units for Upper Transducer] 

Line 34: [Conversion name for Middle Transducer] 

Line 35: [Conversion description for Middle Transducer] 

Line 36: [Conversion slope for Middle Transducer] 

Line 37: [Conversion offset for Middle Transducer] 

Line 38: [Conversion type for Middle Transducer] 

Line 39: [Calculated units for Middle Transducer] 

Line 40: [Conversion name for Lower Transducer] 

Line 41: [Conversion description for Lower Transducer] 

Line 42: [Conversion slope for Lower Transducer] 

Line 43: [Conversion offset for Lower Transducer] 

Line 44: [Conversion type for Lower Transducer] 

Line 45: [Calculated units for Lower Transducer] 

Line 46: 'cbCorrectUpper' 

Line 47: [True if the upper transducer should be corrected for barometric pressure.] 

Line 48: 'cbCorrectMiddle' 

Line 49: [True if the middle transducer should be corrected for barometric pressure.] 

44
Line 50: 'cbCorrectLower' 

Line 51: [True if the lower transducer should be corrected for barometric pressure.] 

Example 

Program = Bat3 

Program Version = 0.15.0.0 

File type = Conversion Setup 

comboBarometerUnits 

Millibars 

comboFlowUnits 

gallons/min 

comboTransducerUnits 

ft. 

CS105_Barometer 

VAISALA PTB101B - Campbell Sci - Barometric Sensor SN W2630005 

0.184 

600 

Pressure 

Millibars 

1_EG&G_FO96107426 

EG&G Flow Technology FTO-5NIYW-LHC-5 SN FO96107426 

0.0017018 

0.014319 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

2_EG&G_FO96107425 

EG&G Flow Technology FTO-1NIYW-LHC-5 

6.6436E-5 

0.0015423 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

Drk50psia_1379787 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 50 psia SN 139787 

11.581429 

0.227034 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

Drk100psia_992057 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 100 psia SN 992057 

23.398342 

-0.4132756 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

Drk100psia_992056 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 100 psia SN 992056 

23.460676 

-0.061752 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

cbCorrectUpper 

True 

cbCorrectMiddle 

True 

cbCorrectLower 

True 

45
Appendix 4: Calibration Library File (*.cvl) 

The Calibration Library file is an ASCII text file is a compilation of calibrations of the 

various sensors that convert measured responses of the sensors to physically meaningful values. 

Line 1: 'Program = Bat3' 

Line 2: 'Program Version = ' [version] 

Line 3: 'File type = Conversion' 

Line 4: [Slope], tab, [OffSet], tab, [SensorType], tab, [ConversionName] 

Line 5: [Description] 

Line 6: [Conversion type] 

Line 7: [Units] 

(Lines 4-7 are repeated for each calibration for a sensor.) 

Example 

Program = Bat3 

Program Version = 0.10.0.0 

File type = Conversion 

0.184 600 0 CS105_Barometer 

VAISALA PTB101B - Campbell Sci - Barometric Sensor SN W2630005 

Pressure 

Millibars 

1.4367 0.14103 0 Drk15psia_1313912 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6-wire - 15 psia SN 1313912 

Pressure 

Pounds per square inch 

1.4419 -0.023326 0 Drk15psia_1313913 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 15 psia SN 1313913 

Pressure 

Pounds per square inch 

2.32806 -0.215223 2 Drk10psig_1188193 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 10 psig SN 1188193 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

11.675623 -0.704444 2 Drk50psia_1379785 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 50 psia SN 139785 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

11.581429 0.227034 2 Drk50psia_1379787 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 50 psia SN 139787 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

23.460676 -0.061752 2 Drk100psia_992056 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 100 psia SN 992056 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

23.398342 -0.4132756 2 Drk100psia_992057 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 100 psia SN 992057 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

50.153487 1.197806 2 Drk200psia_1379797 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 200 psia SN 1379797 

height of water above transducer 

46
ft. 

50.167339 -0.981622 2 Drk200psia_1379799 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 200 psia SN 1379799 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

50.123474 0.449451 2 Drk200psia_1379802 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 200 psia SN 1379802 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

50.135018 -0.945284 2 Drk200psia_1379803 

Druck PDCR 1830 - 6 wire - 200 psia SN 1379803 

height of water above transducer 

ft. 

0.0017018 0.014319 1 1_EG&G_FO96107426 

EG&G Flow Technology FTO-5NIYW-LHC-5 SN FO96107426 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

6.6436E-5 0.0015423 1 2_EG&G_FO96107425 

EG&G Flow Technology FTO-1NIYW-LHC-5 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

0.004357 0.0025888 1 A_EG&G_807964 

EG&G Flow Technology FT-08NEXW-LEG-5 SN 807964 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

0.0052381 -0.00010545 1 A_EG&G_8010113 

EG&G Flow Technology FT-08NEXW-LEG-5 SN 8010113 

Flow rate 

gallons/min 

47
Appendix 5: Calibration Files (*.cal) 

The Calibration file is an ASCII text file that records the data used to calibrate a sensor. 

Line 1: Program = Bat3 

Line 2: 'Program Version = ' [version] 

Line 3: 'File type = Calibration' 

Line 4: 'Data type = ', [data type name], tab, [number of data type (Barometer =0, Flow meter1 = 1, ...)] 

Line 5: 'Correct for Barometer =', tab, [True or False] 

Line 6: 'Depth units = ', [depth unit name], tab, [depth unit number (m=0, ft. = 1)] 

Line 7: 'Conversion = ', tab, [Conversion name] 

Line 8: [a header line] 

Line 9: [a tab-delimited line of data as specified in the header line] 

Example 

Lines 8 –13 have been wrapped to show all the data on them. 

Program = Bat3 

Program Version = 0.18.0.0 

File type = Calibration 

Data type = Lower Transducer 5 

Correct for Barometer = True 

Depth units = ft. 1 

Conversion = CS105_Barometer 

Date_and_time Date_Time_As_Number mV_reading

 Depth_to_Transducer Depth_to_Water Barometer_mV_reading 

Dec 5 2001; 12:05:01.0 3.72305034837962E+0004 1.9836 58.22

 40.41 2.25870000000000E+0003 

Dec 5 2001; 13:24:01.0 3.72305583449073E+0004 3.3159 91.49

 42.28 2.25180000000000E+0003 

Dec 5 2001; 14:11:31.0 3.72305913310185E+0004 4.8876 127.72

 41.88 2.24860000000000E+0003 

Dec 5 2001; 14:51:31.0 3.72306191087963E+0004 6.3742 163.5

 41.91 2.24590000000000E+0003 

Dec 5 2001; 15:44:01.0 3.72306555671295E+0004 6.5436 163.5

 37.85 2.24520000000000E+0003 

48
Appendix 6: Parameter Value Files (*.pv) 

The parameter value file is an ASCII text file that records the data used to calculate model 

parameters. 

If this file is opened using the BAT3

 Analyzer, the data in this file after line 45 are not read. 

The data listed in this file after line 45 are saved to facilitate analysis or display using other 

software. 

N = number of model values 

T = number of transducer values 

Line 1: Program = Bat3 

Line 2: 'Program Version = ' [version] 

Line 3: 'File type = Parameter values’ 

Line 4: ‘Model = ‘ [model version, 0 = Steady state radial flow, 1 = transient radial flow, etc.] 

Line 5: 'TSL = [value] 

Line 6: 'NP = ' [value] 

Line 7: 'INJ = ' [value] 

Line 8: 'IOPEN = ' [value] 

Line 9: 'HI = ' [value] 

Line 10: 'HI Units = ' [value] 

Line 11: 'Q = ' [value] 

Line 12: 'Q Units = ' [value] 

Line 13: 'RINF = ' [value] 

Line 14: 'RINF Units = ' [value] 

Line 15: 'RS = ' [value] 

Line 16: 'RS Units = ' [value] 

Line 17: 'RC = ' [value] 

Line 18: 'RC Units = ' [value] 

Line 19: 'HS = ' [value] 

Line 20: 'HS Units = ' [value] 

Line 21: 'DLEN = ' [value] 

Line 22: 'DLEN Units = ' [value] 

Line 23: 'CW = ' [value] 

Line 24: 'CW Units = ' [value] 

Line 25: 'RHO = ' [value] 

Line 26: 'RHO Units = ' [value] 

Line 27: 'GRAV = ' [value] 

Line 28: 'GRAV Units = ' [value] 

Line 29: 'T = ' [value] 

Line 30: 'T Units = ' [value] 

Line 31: 'ST = ' [value] 

Line 32: 'VK = ' [value] 

Line 33: 'VK Units = ' [value] 

Line 34: 'B = ' [value] 

Line 35: 'B Units = ' [value] 

Line 36: 'SM = ' [value] 

Line 37: 'BE = ' [value] 

Line 38: 'BE Units = ' [value] 

Line 39: 'Starting Time = ' [value] 

Line 40: 'Test Duration = ' [value] 

Line 41: 'Log X = ' [True or False] 

Line 42: 'Log Y = ' [True or False] 

Line 43: 'Plot Drawdown = ' [True or False] 

49
Line 44: 'Data File Name = ' [the fully qualified file name of the data file that is currently open] 

Line 45: (blank) 

Line 46: 'Model Values' 

Line 47: [X coordinate direction caption] tab character [Y coordinate direction caption] 

Lines 48 to 48+N-1: [X model value] tab character [Y model value] 

Line 48+N: (blank) 

Line 48+N+1 to 48+N+T: [X transducer value] tab character [Y transducer value] 

Example 

In the following example, Line 44 has been wrapped to show all the data on the line. 

Program = Bat3 

Program Version = 0.22.0.0 

File type = Parameter values 

Model = 0 

TSL = 0 

NP = 10 

INJ = 1 

IOPEN = 0 

HI = 114.686 

HI Units = ft. 

Q = 1.23155 

Q Units = gallons/min 

RINF = 15 

RINF Units = ft. 

RS = 3 

RS Units = in. 

RC = 0 

RC Units = in. 

HS = 0 

HS Units = ft. 

DLEN = 0 

DLEN Units = ft. 

CW = 4.6e-10 

CW Units = m^2/N 

RHO = 1000 

RHO Units = kg/m^3 

GRAV = 9.80665 

GRAV Units = m/sec^2 

T = 5.2e-6 

T Units = m^2/s 

ST = 1e-5 

VK = 1e-6 

VK Units = m/s 

B = 1 

B Units = m 

SM = 1e-5 

BE = 0 

BE Units = 1/s 

Starting Time = 3.72306458449074E+0004 

Test Duration = 15 

Log X = False 

Log Y = False 

Plot Drawdown = False 

Data File Name = C:\Program 

Files\Borland\Delphi5\Projects\Bat3\tutorial\WMATA_2001_339A.DAT 

50
Model Values 

Elapsed time (sec) Head (ft.) 

 1.00000000000000E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.25892541179417E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.58489319246111E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.99526231496888E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 2.51188643150958E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 3.16227766016838E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 3.98107170553497E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 5.01187233627272E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 6.30957344480193E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 7.94328234724282E+0000 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.00000000000000E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.25892541179416E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.58489319246111E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.99526231496888E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 2.51188643150958E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 3.16227766016838E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 3.98107170553497E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 5.01187233627272E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 6.30957344480193E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 7.94328234724281E+0001 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.00000000000000E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.25892541179416E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.58489319246111E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.99526231496888E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 2.51188643150958E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 3.16227766016838E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 3.98107170553497E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 5.01187233627272E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 6.30957344480193E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 7.94328234724281E+0002 1.46630797647788E+0002 

 1.00000000000000E+0003 1.46630797647788E+0002 

Pressure Transducer Values 

Elapsed time (sec) Head (ft.) 

 3.00000000977889E+0001 1.14840490280609E+0002 

 5.99999901372939E+0001 1.14782119042347E+0002 

 9.00000002933666E+0001 1.14714139233809E+0002 

 1.19999990332871E+0002 1.14697760394409E+0002 

 1.50000000488944E+0002 1.14676701886609E+0002 

 1.79999989899807E+0002 1.14686061223409E+0002 

 2.10000000055879E+0002 1.41264237901210E+0002 

 2.39999990095384E+0002 1.43526857572610E+0002 

 2.70000000251457E+0002 1.44418334402810E+0002 

 2.99999990290962E+0002 1.44955880156075E+0002 

 3.30000000447035E+0002 1.45271757773075E+0002 

 3.59999990486540E+0002 1.45543178540275E+0002 

 3.90000000013970E+0002 1.45700438927671E+0002 

 4.19999990053475E+0002 1.45821618810075E+0002 

 4.50000000209548E+0002 1.45971368198875E+0002 

 4.79999990249053E+0002 1.46097719245675E+0002 

 5.10000000405125E+0002 1.46203011784675E+0002 

 5.39999990444630E+0002 1.46289585650075E+0002 

 5.69999999972060E+0002 1.46380223071140E+0002 

 5.99999990011565E+0002 1.46476156273340E+0002 

51
 6.30000000167638E+0002 1.46548691133540E+0002 

 6.59999990207143E+0002 1.46602507320140E+0002 

 6.90000000363216E+0002 1.21252743597340E+0002 

 7.19999990402721E+0002 1.19116474972740E+0002 

 7.49999999930151E+0002 1.18821655863540E+0002 

 7.79999989969656E+0002 1.18765499842740E+0002 

 8.10000000125729E+0002 1.18655527635340E+0002 

 8.39999990165234E+0002 1.18632129293340E+0002 

 8.70000000321306E+0002 1.18561934267340E+0002 

 8.99999990360811E+0002 1.18498267247944E+0002 

52
Appendix 7: Theoretical Background for Estimating Hydraulic Properties 

of Test Intervals 

Measurements of flow rate and fluid pressure from hydraulic tests are used to estimate 

hydraulic properties of the test interval. This section is intended to briefly describe the underlying 

assumptions for estimating hydraulic properties from single-hole hydraulic tests, such as those 

conducted with the Multifunction BAT3

, and the assumptions underlying the hydrogeologic 

conceptual models used to estimate hydraulic properties in the BAT3 Analyzer. The hydraulic 

properties that are estimated from the interpretation of the single-hole hydraulic tests will depend 

on the hydrogeologic conceptual model of the aquifer that is considered. A discussion of the 

various hydrogeologic conceptual models that are considered as part of the interpretational software 

in the BAT3

 Analyzer is discussed in the sections that follow. 

Single-Hole Hydraulic Tests in Fractured Rock 

It is widely recognized that fractured rock formations are highly heterogeneous. Bedrock 

aquifers are not uniformly fractured and the hydraulic properties of fractures can vary over many 

orders of magnitude. In addition, the hydraulic properties within an individual fracture may vary in 

space, and intricacies in the connectivity of fractures also contribute to the formation heterogeneity.

 Single-hole hydraulic tests cannot identify the spatial distribution of hydraulic properties in 

heterogeneous formations, because hydraulic responses are measured in the same borehole in 

which a hydraulic perturbation is introduced. To identify the spatial distribution of heterogeneous 

hydraulic properties, measurements at multiple locations in the formation must be made (Hsieh and 

Shapiro, 1996). Nevertheless, single-hole hydraulic tests can be used to identify the hydraulic 

properties in the vicinity of the borehole, and bulk hydraulic properties of the formation, under 

simplifying assumptions of homogeneity. It must be remembered, however, that hydraulic 

properties of bedrock aquifers estimated under the assumption of homogeneity are unlikely to 

represent the actual flow regime in the formation. The flow regime is likely to be more complex 

depending on the hydraulic complexity within individual fractures and the connectivity between 

fractures. 

Fluid-injection tests are often conducted over a short duration, and the pressurized-slug tests 

are conducted by injecting a small volume of water into the test interval. In both instances, only the 

immediate vicinity of the borehole is likely to be affected by the hydraulic perturbation. In the 

immediate vicinity of the borehole, a fracture intersecting the borehole could be regarded as being 

homogeneous. Therefore, interpreting fluid-injection and pressurized-slug tests under the 

assumption of homogeneous hydraulic properties may be appropriate. 

Hydraulic perturbations that are conducted over extended periods of time, such as extended 

periods of pumping during geochemical sampling, would result in a large volume of the formation 

being affected by the hydraulic perturbation. With a large volume of the formation being affected, 

it is more likely that heterogeneous fracture properties and intricacies in the fracture connectivity 

will affect the hydraulic response in a single-hole test. The assumption of homogeneity may be best 

applied if only the early-time hydraulic responses from such single-hole tests are used to estimate 

the hydraulic properties of the test interval. 

53
For hydraulic tests of short duration, or the interpretation of the early-time hydraulic 

responses in a test interval in the borehole that is isolated by two packers, a two-dimensional, radial 

flow regime in a homogeneous formation can be used to estimate the hydraulic properties of the 

test interval. This implies that within an individual fracture, a two-dimensional radial flow regime 

is established as a result of the hydraulic perturbation in the test interval of the borehole. If multiple 

fractures intersect the test interval, then within each fracture it is assumed that a two-dimensional 

radial flow regime is established, and the hydraulic properties that are estimated from the singlehole test are indicative of the aggregated hydraulic properties associated with all of the fractures 

intersecting the test interval. 

Because of the heterogeneous nature of individual fractures due to fracture asperities and 

variability in the fracture aperture, it is unlikely that the flow regime within an individual fracture 

intersecting the test interval is truly radially oriented with respect to the borehole. The flow lines 

within an individual fracture will deflect around constrictions in the fracture aperture. The estimates 

of the hydraulic properties of the fractures intersecting the test interval, therefore, need to be 

regarded as bulk hydraulic properties that incorporate the heterogeneity of a nearly radially flow 

regime within the fracture or fractures intersecting the test interval. 

 In the immediate vicinity of the borehole it is more likely that conditions nearly resembling 

radial flow will be met. At greater distances from the borehole, because of intricacies in fracture 

connectivity and the variability of the hydraulic properties of fractures, it is likely that there will be 

greater deviation from the assumption of radially oriented flow with respect to the borehole. 

Therefore, tests of shorter duration or the interpretation of early-time hydraulic responses are likely 

to be amenable to the assumptions implicit in the interpretation of single-hole hydraulic tests using 

radial flow and homogeneous hydraulic properties. The interpretation of late-time hydraulic 

responses from extended periods of pumping can still be conducted using assumptions of 

homogeneity and two-dimensional radial flow. In the absence of multiple hydraulic measurements 

at various locations in the formation, the estimated hydraulic properties can provide insight into the 

ability of the formation to transmit water; however, the assumed flow-regime and its associated 

hydraulic properties will not provide an accurate interpretation of the fluid pressure responses and 

flow directions in complexly fractured formations. 

The hydraulic properties that are usually estimated from the interpretation of single-hole 

hydraulic tests are transmissivity and storativity. Transmissivity and storativity are properties of 

two-dimensional ground-water flow (Bear, 1979). In unconsolidated porous media, transmissivity 

is equal to the hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the aquifer thickness, and storativity is the 

specific storage multiplied by the aquifer thickness. Hydraulic conductivity and specific storage are 

properties of three-dimensional ground-water flow. Investigators may be interested in converting 

estimates of transmissivity and storativity from the interpretation of single-hole hydraulic tests to 

hydraulic conductivity and specific storage by dividing by the length of the test interval. Estimates 

of the hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of a test interval with a discrete number of 

fractures will not yield an accurate representation of the formation properties. The estimates of the 

hydraulic conductivity and specific storage will be dependent on the length of the test interval 

(National Research Council, 1996). For example, if the length of a test interval with a single 

fracture is increased so that the longer test interval still contains the single fracture, the hydraulic 

conductivity of the longer test interval is reduced. For this case of a single fracture in test intervals 

of different lengths, the transmissivity of the test interval remains the same. Consequently, it is 

54
recommended that estimates of hydraulic properties from test intervals with a discrete number of 

fractures be reported in terms of the transmissivity and storativity of the test interval. 

Estimates of the storativity from single-hole hydraulic tests may be subject to great 

uncertainty. The compressibility of the downhole equipment arising from hydraulic perturbations 

may mask the storativity of the fractures intersecting the test interval. In general, estimates of the 

storativity of formations are made with greater confidence from hydraulic responses in boreholes 

other than the borehole that has been subject to the hydraulic perturbation. Methods of estimating 

the compressibility of the borehole equipment can be made by conducting fluid-injection tests or 

pressurized-slug tests in the surface casing of the borehole (see, for example, Neuzil, 1982). The 

compressibility of the downhole equipment can then be used to estimate the formation storativity 

from the single-hole hydraulic test in the test interval.

In the following sections, methods are described for estimating the hydraulic properties of 

the test interval for the various types of single-hole hydraulic tests that can be conducted using the 

Multifunction BAT3

. The methods of interpretation assume homogeneous formation properties and 

two-dimensional radial flow in the vicinity of the borehole. In addition, the test interval is regarded 

as being analogous to a confined aquifer, and fluid-withdrawal tests are interpreted under the 

assumption of a constant pumping rate. Alternative interpretations of the fluid pressure responses 

and flow rates from the single-hole hydraulic tests conducted with the Multifunction BAT3

 can be 

conducted using other conceptual models of flow in the vicinity of the test interval, for example, 

linear or spherical flow regimes, as well as predefined spatial distributions of heterogeneous 

hydraulic properties, and time-varying pumping rates. Such conditions, however, are not currently 

included in the interpretation capabilities of the BAT3

 Analyzer. 

Estimation of the hydraulic properties of the test interval using the interpretation capabilities 

of the BAT3

 Analyzer are made using the fluid pressure responses in the test interval. The fluid 

pressure responses above and below the test interval that are measured with the top- and bottomzone transducers are not incorporated in the method of estimating the hydraulic properties of the 

test interval. The responses of the top- and bottom-zone transducers, however, should be referred to 

in assessing the validity of the assumption of a two-dimensional radial flow in the vicinity of the 

test interval. Changes in fluid pressure above the top packer and below the bottom packer that are 

similar in magnitude to the fluid pressure responses in the test interval indicate that the assumption 

of two-dimensional flow in the vicinity of the test interval is not appropriate. 

Fluid-Injection Tests 

Fluid-injection tests are conducted by injecting fluid into the test interval and monitoring 

the change in fluid pressure. In principle, the time-varying flow-rate into the test interval and fluid 

pressure can be interpreted to estimate the transmissivity and storativity of the fractures intersecting 

the test interval. The compressibility of the downhole equipment, however, interferes with the 

estimation of the formation storativity, and interpretation methods that account for a time-varying 

flow rate would need to be used for this purpose. 

In many instances, after several minutes of conducting a fluid-injection test, the rate of fluid 

injection into the test interval and the fluid pressure in the test interval remain relatively constant. 

Even though there may be a slight time-varying response to the fluid injection, an estimate of the 

transmissivity can be made by assuming the flow regime in the fractures intersecting the borehole 

55
are under steady-state conditions (Shapiro and Hsieh, 1998). Using the assumption of twodimensional radial flow in the fractures intersecting the test interval and a spatially uniform 

transmissivity, the transmissivity of the test interval can be estimated from the Thiem equation 

(Bear, 1979), 

0 ln

2 w

w

Q R h H

πT r

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

= + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

(A7.1)

where hw is the hydraulic head in the test interval after achieving a steady-state flow regime, H0 is 

the initial hydraulic head in the test interval at the start of the test, Q is the fluid-injection rate after 

achieving a steady-state flow regime, rw is the radius of the borehole in the test interval, T is the 

transmissivity of the test interval, ln is the natural logarithm, and R is the radius from the borehole 

at which there is a negligible change in the hydraulic head in the formation; R is also referred to as 

the radius of influence. 

Equation (A7.1) can be rearranged to solve for the transmissivity of the test interval, where 

the parameters hw, H0, Q, and rw are either known or measured. The implementation of the above 

equation in the BAT3 Analyzer allows the user to choose a value of T that best reproduces the 

measured hydraulic head in the test interval during the fluid-injection test. The user must also 

prescribe the radius of influence, R. The radius of influence for the fluid-injection test is unknown 

because measurements of fluid pressure at distances from the test interval are not made during a 

single-hole test. The radius of influence, however, appears in the natural logarithm function. 

Consequently, small changes in R will not affect the estimate of the transmissivity; only order of 

magnitude changes in R will greatly affect the estimate of the transmissivity. The choice of the 

radius of influence for the fluid-injection test is dependent on the hydrogeologic conditions. 

Shapiro and Hsieh (1998) used a radius of influence of approximately 3 meters (10 ft) in the 

interpretation of fluid-injection tests conducted in igneous and metamorphic rock. 

Fluid-Withdrawal Tests 

Fluid-withdrawal tests conducted as part of geochemical sampling or to ascertain the 

hydraulic properties of highly transmissive fractures intersecting the test interval can be interpreted 

with the BAT3

 Analyzer using various hydrogeologic conceptual models of the formation. The 

choice of the method of interpretation will depend on the shape of the time-varying fluid pressure 

response in the test interval. If the fluid pressure response in the test interval is constant or varies 

only slightly over the time frame of the test, a steady-state approximation may be used to estimate 

the transmissivity of the test interval. If, however, there is a time-varying hydraulic response in the 

test interval, a hydrogeologic model that considers a transient flow regime in the vicinity of the 

borehole should be considered in estimating the hydraulic properties of the test interval. Under the 

assumption of transient flow, the fluid pressure responses in the test interval can be interpreted with 

one of following hydrogeologic models in the BAT3

 Analyzer: 

1. Confined aquifer with two-dimensional radial flow to the borehole (Theis, 1935). The 

fractures intersecting the borehole in the test interval are assumed to be analogous to confined 

aquifers. 

2. Semi-confined aquifer with two-dimensional radial flow to the borehole and vertical 

leakage to the semi-confined aquifer (Hantush, 1967). The fractures intersecting the borehole 

56
in the test interval are assumed to be analogous to a confined aquifer where there is vertical 

leakage through a semi-confining unit. The leakage through the semi-confining unit is assumed 

to be controlled by a time-invariant hydraulic head above the semi-confining unit. In addition, 

the semi-confining unit is assumed to have no capacity for transient storage of the fluid. Leakage to the fractures intersecting the test interval in the borehole could be as a result of less 

permeable fractures that are in hydraulic communication with the fractures intersecting the test 

interval. 

3. Dual-porosity confined aquifer with two-dimensional radial flow to the borehole 

(Barenblatt and others, 1960). The fractures intersecting the borehole in the test interval are 

assumed to be in hydraulic communication with fluid in the primary porosity of the rock or 

fluid in less permeable fractures that have a different storativity than the transmissive fractures 

intersecting the test interval. 

The shape of the time-varying fluid pressure response may indicate the type of 

hydrogeologic conceptual model that is appropriate in the interpretation of the hydraulic data and 

the estimation of the hydraulic properties of the test interval. Figure A7.1 shows the characteristic 

shape of time-varying fluid pressure responses to pumping for two-dimensional radial flow in a 

confined aquifer, a semi-confined aquifer with vertical leakage, and a dual porosity aquifer. Other 

hydrogeologic conceptual models may also be appropriate in the interpretation of the fluid-withdrawal test conducted with the Multifunction BAT3

, but they are currently not implemented in the 

interpretation capabilities of the BAT3 Analyzer. 

Steady-State Flow 

In some instances, fluid-withdrawal tests may show similar hydraulic responses to those of 

fluid-injection tests. For example, for a constant pumping rate, a constant hydraulic head in the test 

interval may be achieved, which is analogous to a steady-state flow regime. Under this condition, 

equation (A7.1) can be modified to estimate the transmissivity of the test interval from a fluidwithdrawal test, 

0 ln

2 w

w

Q R h H

πT r

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ = − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

(A7.2)

where hw is the hydraulic head in the test interval after achieving a steady-state flow regime, H0 is 

the initial hydraulic head in the test interval at the start of the test, Q is the pumping rate, which is 

assumed to be constant, rw is the radius of the borehole in the test interval, T is the transmissivity of 

the test interval, ln is the natural logarithm, and R is the radius from the borehole at which there is a 

negligible change in the hydraulic head in the formation. The implementation of equation (A7.2) in 

the BAT3

 Analyzer allows the user to chose a value of T that best reproduces the measured 

hydraulic head in the test interval. 

57
102

101

100

10-1

10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108

Confined aquifer

Confined aquifer with vertical leakage

Drawdown, in meters

Confined dual-porosity aquifer

Elapsed Time, in seconds

Figure A7.1. Drawdown versus time for various hydrogeologic conceptual models of 

responses to fluid withdrawals in a pumped interval that is hydraulically isolated by two packers. 

For fluid-withdrawal tests, however, a constant hydraulic head in the test interval may be 

indicative of other hydrogeologic conditions, for example, leakage to the fractures intersecting the 

test interval. The leakage may be in the form of less permeable fractures acting as a source of water 

to the fractures intersecting the borehole in the test interval. Other methods of interpreting fluidwithdrawal tests where there is a constant hydraulic head measured in the test interval after some 

period of pumping are discussed below. 

Transient Flow - Confined Aquifer 

The transient pressure response in the test interval may be able to be interpreted by 

assuming that the fractures intersecting the test interval are analogous to a confined aquifer subject 

to two-dimensional radial flow to the borehole. The partial differential equation describing this 

condition is

1 0 h h ST r

t rr r

∂ ∂∂ ⎛ ⎞ − ⎜ ⎟ = ∂ ∂∂ ⎝ ⎠ (A7.3)

58
where h is the hydraulic head in the formation, which varies as a function of the radial coordinate, 

r, and time, t, S is the formation storativity, and T is the formation transmissivity. The hydraulic 

head is assumed to be constant in the formation and equal to H0 at the start of pumping, 

0 hrt H ( , 0) = = (A7.4)

At the borehole, the relation between the pumping rate and the hydraulic head is 

2

w

w

r r

h Q rT

r

π

=

∂ = ∂ (A7.5) 

Also, the hydraulic head far from the borehole is assumed to be unaffected by pumping. 

(A7.6) 0 hr t H ( ,) →∞ =

The solution to equations (A7.3)-(A7.6) was first given by Theis (1935), and this solution is 

implemented in the interpretation capabilities of the BAT3

 Analyzer. The implementation in the 

BAT3 Analyzer allows the user to choose values of T and S that best reproduce the measured 

hydraulic head in the test interval during the period of pumping. Under steady-state conditions, the 

solution reduces to the Thiem equation (Bear, 1979). 

Transient Flow - Semi-Confined Aquifer with Leakage 

Pumping at a constant rate may result in a transient fluid pressure response in the test 

interval that resembles responses in a semi-confined aquifer subject to leakage (see fig. A7.1). The 

test interval is not assumed to have similar physical characteristics as the hydrogeologic model 

originally proposed by Hantush (1967). Fractures intersecting the borehole in the test interval may 

be in hydraulic communication with the less permeable fractures that behave analogously to a semiconfining unit, and these less permeable fractures may be in contact with more transmissive 

fractures that act as a source of water when pumping the test interval.

The partial differential equation describing two-dimensional radial flow to a borehole with 

vertical leakage from a semi-confining unit is (Hantush, 1967)

( ) 0

h h 1 S T r Hh

t rr r b

∂ ∂∂ ⎛ ⎞ κ − = ⎜ ⎟ ∂ ∂∂ ⎝ ⎠ − (A7.7)

where h is the hydraulic head in the formation, which varies as a function of the radial coordinate, 

r, and time, t, S is the formation storativity, and T is the formation transmissivity, κ is the vertical 

hydraulic conductivity of the semi-confining unit, b is the thickness of the semi-confining unit, and 

H0 is the hydraulic head above the semi-confining unit, which is assumed to be constant. The term 

on the right-hand side of equation (A7.7) represents the vertical leakage to the fractures in the test 

interval. Equation (A7.7) is also subject to the initial and boundary conditions given by equations 

(A7.4), (A7.5) and (A7.6). 

59
The solution to equations (A7.4)-(A7.7) was given by Hantush (1967). The implementation 

of this solution in the BAT3 Analyzer allows the user to choose the values of T, S, κ, and b that best 

reproduce the measured hydraulic head in the test interval during the period of pumping. Although, 

κ and b can be specified separately in the BAT3 Analyzer, only the ratio, κ/b will affect the solution 

for the hydraulic head in the test interval. 

Transient Flow - Dual-Porosity Aquifer 

Pumping at a constant rate may result in a transient fluid pressure response in the test 

interval that resembles responses in a dual-porosity aquifer (see fig. A7.1). Under this 

hydrogeologic conceptual model, the fractures intersecting the borehole in the test interval are 

assumed to be in hydraulic communication with fluid in a characteristically different void space in 

the rock, for example, the primary porosity of the rock, or less permeable fractures that are 

pervasive in the formation. This other void space will be referred to as the matrix porosity. The 

hydraulic communication between the highly transmissive fractures and the matrix porosity is 

assumed to be controlled by the release of fluid from compressive storage; the transmissivity of the 

matrix porosity is assumed to be negligible. 

The equations describing two-dimensional radial flow to the borehole in the fracture 

porosity of a dual-porosity aquifer is (Barenblatt and others, 1960) 

( ) 1 m

h h S T r hh

t rr r

β ∂ ∂∂ ⎛ ⎞ − = ⎜ ⎟ ∂ ∂∂ ⎝ ⎠ − (A7.8)

where h is the hydraulic head in the fractures, which varies as a function of the radial coordinate, r, 

and time, t, S is the fracture storativity, T is the fracture transmissivity, hm is the hydraulic head in 

the matrix porosity, and β is the rate constant for fluid exchange between fractures and the matrix 

porosity; β has units of inverse time. The term on the right-hand side of equation (A7.8) represents 

the rate of fluid exchange between fractures and the matrix porosity. If the hydraulic head in the 

matrix porosity, hm, is greater than the hydraulic head in the fracture porosity, h, at a given point, 

then there is fluid exchange from the matrix porosity to the fracture porosity. 

The equation describing ground-water flow in the matrix porosity is 

( ) m

m m

h S h

t

β ∂ = − − ∂

h (A7.9) 

where Sm is the storativity of the matrix porosity. The term on the right-hand side of equation 

(A7.9) is the fluid exchange from the matrix porosity to the fractures; this term is the same relation 

as that given on the right-hand side of equation (A7.8), but with the opposite sign. This means that 

the rate at which water enters the fracture porosity is equal to the rate at which water leaves the 

matrix porosity. Additional information about the assumptions inherent in these equations is given 

in Bear (1993). 

Equations (A7.8) and (A7.9) are subject to the initial conditions, 

0 hrt H ( , 0) = = (A7.10)

60
0 ( , 0) mh rt H = = (A7.11)

and the boundary conditions, 

2

w

w

r r

h Q rT

r

π

=

∂ = ∂ (A7.12)

(A7.13) 0 hr t H ( ,) →∞ =

where H0 is the hydraulic head in the test interval at the start of the test, and Q is the pumping rate, 

which is assumed to be constant. Equations (A7.10) and (A7.11) state that the hydraulic head in 

both the fracture and matrix porosity are equal to H0 at the start of the test. Equation (A7.13) states 

that there is no affect of pumping at large distances from the borehole, and equation (A7.12) 

defines the relation between the pumping rate and the hydraulic head at the borehole. 

The solution to equations (A7.8)-(A7.13) was first derived by Barenblatt and others (1960). 

The implementation of this solution in the BAT3

 Analyzer allows the user to choose values of T, S, 

Sm and β that best reproduce the measured hydraulic head in the test interval during the period of 

pumping. 

Pressurized-Slug Tests 

Pressurized-slug tests conducted with the Multifunction BAT3 can also be interpreted using 

the BAT3

 Analyzer. Under the assumption that the test interval in the borehole behaves analogously 

to a confined aquifer subject to two-dimensional radial flow in the vicinity of the borehole, 

equation (A7.3) describes the ground-water flow in the vicinity of the borehole during the test 

(Bredehoeft and Papadopulos, 1980). The hydraulic head in the formation at the start of the test is 

assumed to equal to H0, with the exception of the hydraulic perturbation imposed by pressurizing 

the test interval at the start of the test. These conditions are defined by 

(A7.14) 0 ( , 0) w hr r t H > ==

1 ( , 0) w hr r t H = = = (A7.15) 

where H1 is the hydraulic head in the test interval that is induced by injecting a small volume of 

fluid into the test interval. In addition, as given in equation (A7.6), the perturbation at the borehole 

in the test interval is assumed to have no affect on the hydraulic head at large distances from the 

borehole. 

For the pressurized-slug test, the relation between the flow out of the borehole from the test 

interval and the hydraulic head in the borehole is given by (Bredehoeft and Papadopulos, 1980) 

61
∂ ∂ h h 2 0 π ρ r Tw w −V Cw wg = (A7.16) ∂ ∂ r t r r = = w w r r

where Vw is the volume of water in the test interval, Cw is the compressibility of the water in the test 

interval, ρw is the density of water, and g is the coefficient of gravitational acceleration. The first 

term on the left-hand side of equation (A7.16) defines the flow out of the borehole, and the second 

term on the left-hand side of equation (A7.16) defines the storage of water in the borehole due to 

the compressibility of the water in the test interval. Neuzil (1982) noted that the compressibility of 

the downhole equipment may affect the measured hydraulic head in the test interval. He suggested 

a means of estimating the compressibility of the borehole equipment to be used in place of the compressibility of the water in the above equation. 

The solution to equations (A7.3), (A7.6), and (A7.14)-(A7.16) is given in Bredehoeft and 

Papadopulos (1980). The implementation of this solution in the BAT3

 Analyzer allows the user to 

choose values of T and S that best reproduce the measured hydraulic head in the test interval during 

the time that the pressurized-slug test is conducted. The user must also select the values of the 

volume of water in the test interval, Vw, and the compressibility of water, Cw. These values may be 

adjusted to account for the compressibility of the downhole equipment as discussed by Neuzil 

(1982). 

Hydraulic Tests with a Free-Water Surface 

The downhole components of the Multifunction BAT3 can be operated with only one of the 

packers being inflated during testing. Under such conditions, the borehole will be divided into two 

intervals, above and below the inflated packer. If the top packer is inflated, hydraulic tests are 

conducted below the top packer in a pressurized fluid-filled section of the borehole (from the 

bottom of the top packer to the bottom of the borehole). For such tests, the boundary conditions 

applied in the hydrogeologic conceptual models discussed in the previous sections are appropriate 

in the interpretation of the hydraulic tests. 

If the Multifunction BAT3

 is operated where only the bottom packer is inflated, then 

hydraulic testing is conducted above the bottom packer in a borehole with a free-water surface. 

Under such conditions, the boundary condition applied at the borehole to interpret the transient 

fluid pressure responses during fluid-withdrawal testing and slug testing need to be modified to 

account for the free-water surface in the borehole. 

Fluid-Withdrawal Tests 

For the interpretation of transient flow due to pumping in a confined aquifer, semi-confined 

aquifer with leakage, and a dual-porosity aquifer, the boundary condition at the borehole is 

(Papadopulos and Cooper, 1967) 

∂ ∂ h h Q r = − 2π π 2

w c T r (A7.17) ∂ ∂ r t r r = w w r=r

62
where rc

 is the radius of the borehole or casing at the free-water surface, Q is the pumping rate, T is 

the transmissivity, rw is the radius of the borehole in the test interval, and h is the hydraulic head, 

which is a function or the radial coordinate, r, and time, t. Equation (A7.17) states that the pumping 

rate is composed of two components. The first term on the right-hand side of (A7.17) is the 

contribution to the pumping rate from water entering the borehole from the formation. The second 

term on the right-hand side of (A7.17) is the contribution to the pumping rate from the water in the 

borehole. The BAT3

 Analyzer implements equation (A7.17) in the solutions for transient fluid 

pressure responses due to pumping in a test interval with a free-water surface. 

The BAT3 Analyzer can implement equation (A7.17) in the interpretation of transient fluid 

pressure responses due to pumping in a confined aquifer, a semi-confined aquifer, and a dualporosity aquifer. Figure A7.2 shows characteristic time-varying fluid pressure responses for 

pumping in a borehole with a free-water surface. In general, for pumping in a borehole with a freewater surface, the fluid pressure response at the onset of pumping will exhibit a unit slope on a plot 

of the logarithm of the drawdown versus the logarithm of the elapsed time from the start of 

pumping; drawdown is the change in the water level in the borehole from the initial water level in 

the borehole. 

102

101

100

10-1

100 102 104 106 108

Confined aquifer

Confined aquifer with vertical leakage

Drawdown, in meters

Confined dual-porosity aquifer

Elapsed Time, in seconds

Figure A7.2. Drawdown versus time for various hydrogeologic conceptual models of 

responses to fluid withdrawals in a pumped interval with a free-water surface. 

63
Slug Tests 

A slug test can also be conducted in a borehole with a free-water surface (Cooper and 

others, 1967). In place of equation (A7.17), the following boundary condition is used to describe 

the movement of water between the borehole and the formation,

2 0 2

w w

w c

r r r r

h h rT r

r t

π π

= =

∂ ∂ = − ∂ ∂ (A7.18) 

where rc

 is the radius of the borehole or casing at the free-water surface, T is the transmissivity, rw is 

the radius of the borehole in the test interval, and h is the hydraulic head, which is a function or the 

radial coordinate, r, and time, t. Equation (A7.18) states that the flow from the formation (the first 

term on the right-hand-side of the above equation) is equal to the change in the height of the water 

in the borehole (the second term on the right-hand side of the above equation); the change in the 

height of water in the borehole is dependent on the radius of the borehole at the free-water surface. 

1.00

meters

Slug test with 

0.80 free-water surface

Hydraulic head, in 

0.60

Pressurized 0.40 slug test

0.20

0.00

10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106

Elapsed Time, in seconds

Figure A7.3. Responses for a pressurized slug test and a slug test subject to a free-water 

surface.

64
65

The BAT3 Analyzer can implement equation (A7.18) in the interpretation of transient fluid 

pressure responses resulting from slug tests conducted in a confined aquifer, where the borehole 

has a free-water surface. Figure A7.3 compares the hydraulic response associated with a 

pressurized-slug test and a slug test conducted in a borehole with a free-water surface. The 

hydraulic perturbation imposed in a pressurized borehole dissipates much more quickly than that in 

a borehole with a free-water surface. The measured transient hydraulic response in a pressurizedslug test is dependent on the compressibility of the fluid, which is small compared to the physical 

dimensions of the borehole that control the fluid storage in the borehole and the rate of change in 

the hydraulic head in the borehole.