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Washington Metropolitan Area 

Transit Authority: Compressed 

Natural Gas Transit Bus 

Evaluation 

K. Chandler and E. Eberts 

Battelle 

M. Melendez 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

Technical Report 

NREL/TP-540-37626 

April 2006 
Washington Metropolitan Area 

Transit Authority: Compressed 

Natural Gas Transit Bus 

Evaluation 

K. Chandler and E. Eberts 

Battelle 

M. Melendez 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

Prepared under Task No. FC05.9000 

Technical Report 

NREL/TP-540-37626 

April 2006 

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iii

Foreword 

This evaluation would not have been possible without the support and guidance from staff at 

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, including the following: 

• Jack Requa 

• Phillip Wallace 

• Robert Golden 

• Sebastian Silvani (contractor from Booz Allen Hamilton) 

• Barry Goldman 

• John Smith. 

The authors wish to acknowledge the leadership and input from Dennis Smith at the U.S. 

Department of Energy, and the contributions to this evaluation from New Flyer, Cummins 

Westport, Inc., John Deere, and Hanover. 

This report is available from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in PDF at 

www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37626.pdf. 

Kevin Chandler and Erin Eberts 

Battelle 

Margo Melendez 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 
Table of Contents 

Foreword........................................................................................................................................iii 

List of Figures................................................................................................................................. v 

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v 

Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ vi 

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... vii 

Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 

Fleet Profile: Washington Metropolitan Transit Authority ............................................................ 3 

Emission Reduction Programs.................................................................................................... 3 

Compressed Natural Gas Bus Program....................................................................................... 4 

Future Bus Orders....................................................................................................................... 4 

CNG Propulsion Technology.......................................................................................................... 5 

Cummins Westport, Inc. ............................................................................................................. 5 

John Deere Power Systems......................................................................................................... 6 

Evaluation Results .......................................................................................................................... 8 

Vehicle System Descriptions...................................................................................................... 9 

Implementation Experience ...................................................................................................... 11 

Routes and Bus Use .................................................................................................................. 14 

Fuel Consumption, Economy, and Cost ................................................................................... 16 

Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System..................................................................................... 23 

Roadcalls................................................................................................................................... 26 

Summary of Operating Costs.................................................................................................... 28 

Summary of Results...................................................................................................................... 29 

References..................................................................................................................................... 30 

Appendices.................................................................................................................................... 32

iv
List of Figures

Figure 1. Results of 2002 WMATA Emission Testing, Central Business District Cycle .............. 2 

Figure 2. WMATA CNG Transit Bus............................................................................................. 2 

Figure 3. WMATA’s Service Area................................................................................................. 3 

Figure 4. CWI C Gas Plus Engine .................................................................................................. 6 

Figure 5. John Deere Power Systems 6081H Natural Gas Engine................................................. 7 

Figure 6. CNG Fueling Area at Bladensburg................................................................................ 12 

Figure 7. CNG Fueling Dispenser at WMATA............................................................................ 12 

Figure 8. Maintenance Facility at Bladensburg ............................................................................ 13 

Figure 9. Fuel Economy (mpg) of Diesel Buses at Bladensburg (All Data) ................................ 17 

Figure 10. Monthly Fuel Economy (mpDGE) of CNG Buses at Bladensburg (All Data)........... 18 

Figure 11. Monthly and Cumulative Maintenance Cost for Diesel Buses ($/Mile, All Data) 

(for diesel buses, All Data = Evaluation Period)........................................................... 21 

Figure 12. Monthly and Cumulative Maintenance Cost for CWI CNG Buses 

($/Mile, All Data).......................................................................................................... 22 

Figure 13. Monthly and Cumulative Maintenance Cost for Deere CNG Buses 

($/Mile, All Data).......................................................................................................... 22 

Figure 14. Cumulative MBRC for Diesel Buses (All Data) (for diesel buses, All Data = 

Evaluation Period)......................................................................................................... 26 

Figure 15. Cumulative MBRC for CNG Buses (All Data)........................................................... 27 

List of Tables 

Table 1. WMATA Vehicles Tested in 2002 ................................................................................... 1 

Table 2. CWI C Gas Plus Engine Specifications and Ratings........................................................ 6 

Table 3. Specifications and Ratings for Deere 6081H Natural Gas Engine ................................... 7 

Table 4. Current Transit Demonstration Sites for the Deere 6081H Natural Gas Engine.............. 8 

Table 5. Evaluation Buses and Data Periods .................................................................................. 8 

Table 6. WMATA Diesel and CNG Bus System Description Summary ..................................... 10 

Table 7. Emissions Certification Levels (g/bhp-hr)...................................................................... 11 

Table 8. Summary of CNG Bus Operation at Bladensburg.......................................................... 14 

Table 9. Average Monthly Bus Use (Evaluation Period) ............................................................. 15 

Table 10. Fuel Consumption and Economy by Vehicle (Evaluation Period)............................... 16 

Table 11. Total Maintenance Costs .............................................................................................. 20 

Table 12. Breakdown of Vehicle System Maintenance Costs (Evaluation Periods Only)........... 24 

Table 13. Summary of Roadcalls by System (Evaluation Periods).............................................. 28 

Table 14. Total Operating Cost ($/Mile, Evaluation Periods)...................................................... 29 

v
Acronyms and Abbreviations 

APTA America Public Transportation Association 

CO carbon monoxide 

CNG compressed natural gas 

CWI Cummins Westport, Inc. 

DDC Detroit Diesel Corporation 

DGE diesel gallon equivalent 

DOE U.S. Department of Energy 

DPF diesel particulate filter 

EGR exhaust gas recirculation 

g/bhp-hr grams per brake horsepower hour 

hp horsepower 

HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 

MBRC miles between roadcall 

mpDGE miles per diesel gallon equivalent 

mpg miles per gallon 

mph miles per hour 

NGVTF Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 

NMHC non-methane hydrocarbon 

NOX nitrogen oxide/oxides of nitrogen 

NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

PM particulate matter 

PMI preventive maintenance inspection 

ppm parts per million 

rpm revolutions per minute 

scf standard cubic feet 

THC total hydrocarbon 

TUG Natural Gas Transit User’s Group 

ULSD ultra-low sulfur diesel 

WMATA Washington Metropolitan Transit Authority 

vi
Executive Summary 

This evaluation of compressed natural gas (CNG) powered transit buses at Washington 

Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) was funded and supported by the U.S. 

Department of Energy’s (DOE) FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program. The 

evaluation was completed using a documented data collection and evaluation protocol developed 

specifically for the assessment of these transportation technologies in operation [1]. 

The objective of this report is to provide a reasonable comparison between currently available 

CNG and standard diesel transit buses. The report includes operational, maintenance, and 

performance data for each study fleet operating from the same depot. Transit agencies 

considering use of alternative fuel and advanced propulsion technology transit buses are the 

primary intended audience for this information. 

WMATA has been operating 164 CNG buses since 2002 at its Bladensburg depot. Another 250 

CNG buses and another CNG depot (Four Mile Run) began operation in 2005. The evaluation in 

this report focuses on the first order of CNG buses operating at the Bladensburg depot. Two 

CNG bus propulsion systems were evaluated: the Cummins Westport, Inc. (CWI) C Gas Plus 

and the John Deere 6081H. 

The results presented focus on the evaluation periods for each study group of buses: diesel buses, 

12 months (9/2001-8/2002); CWI CNG buses, 12 months (6/2003-5/2004); Deere CNG buses, 6 

months (4/2004-9/2004). The Deere CNG buses had a limited evaluation of 6 months because 

the implementation was a field test confirmation of the technology, which will be a full market 

introduction with the next Deere CNG bus order from WMATA. The CWI CNG bus propulsion 

technology was considered a fully implemented commercial product and had a full 12-month 

evaluation. Diesel propulsion technology was used as the baseline for this evaluation. 

Implementation Experience. WMATA staff were dedicated to a positive implementation of 

CNG buses and appeared to implement the CNG buses into its operation with ease. Work was 

done early to ensure the equipment (vehicles and facilities) was well matched to WMATA’s 

operation. Management was reported to have been supportive while allowing depot staff to make 

their own implementation decisions. Because of all the work done before the buses and 

equipment were brought to the depot, the overall implementation experience was better than 

expected. WMATA also received good technical support from manufacturers and others. 

Routes and Bus Use. The CNG and diesel buses at the Bladensburg depot were used randomly 

on routes with only 40-foot buses. The CNG buses did not have restrictions due to range or 

power. The diesel buses (without diesel particulate filters) used in the evaluation operated from 

Bladensburg depot from 2001–2002 (before the use of the CNG buses). The CNG buses operated 

from Bladensburg depot starting in 2002. 

Fuel Economy and Cost. The CNG buses had fuel economies 16%–18% lower than the diesel 

buses: 2.3–2.4 mpDGE (miles per diesel gallon equivalent) for the CNG buses versus 2.8 mpg 

for the diesel buses. This fuel economy difference is better than the 20%–25% fuel economy 

penalty for CNG shown in previous DOE/National Renewable Energy Laboratory transit bus 

studies. 

vii
The CNG fuel cost averaged $1.19/DGE (diesel energy gallon equivalents) during the evaluation 

period. Adding the electricity cost for the CNG compressor station ($0.14/DGE), the total CNG 

fuel cost was $1.33/DGE. The ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel cost during the evaluation 

period for the diesel bus operation at Bladensburg (2002) averaged $0.75/gal. However, during 

the CNG bus evaluation period, the ULSD fuel cost averaged $1.33/gal. 

Total Maintenance Costs. For the evaluation periods, the CWI CNG buses had 12% lower total 

maintenance costs than the diesel buses, and the Deere CNG buses had 2% lower total 

maintenance costs than the diesel buses. 

Engine- and Fuel-Related Maintenance Costs. The engine- and fuel-related systems are the air 

intake, cooling, exhaust, fuel, engine, and non-lighting electrical (cranking, charging, and 

ignition) systems. These vehicle systems are the most relevant when comparing the differences 

in diesel and CNG transit bus propulsion technologies. The CWI CNG buses had costs 11% 

higher than the diesel buses, and the Deere CNG buses had costs 3% higher than the diesel 

buses. The higher maintenance cost for the CNG buses versus the diesel buses for these systems 

was expected because of higher-cost engine oil, fuel filters, and the addition of the spark plugs 

and ignition systems for the CNG buses. 

Roadcalls. A roadcall is defined in this report as an on-road failure of an in-service bus requiring 

the bus to be taken out of service or replaced on route. Both CNG bus groups had better miles 

between roadcall (MBRC) rates than the diesel buses. The CWI CNG buses had an all roadcall 

MBRC 44% higher and engine- and fuel-related roadcall MBRC 41% higher than the diesel 

buses. The Deere CNG buses had an all roadcall MBRC 58% higher and engine- and fuel-related 

roadcall MBRC 16% higher than the diesel buses. 

Total Operating Costs. The total operating costs for the study buses were similar. The fuel costs 

for CNG and diesel during the CNG bus evaluation periods were the same at $1.33/DGE. The 

total operating costs were as follows: diesel, $1.06/mile; CWI CNG, $1.09/mile; and Deere 

CNG, $1.14/mile. The major contributing factors are the fuel costs and fuel economy. Significant 

changes in the fuel cost or fuel economy would change total operating costs significantly. 

Future Bus Orders at WMATA. A subsequent CNG bus order consisted of 250 CNG buses 

from Orion (model VII, low floor), delivered in 2005. Another CNG bus facility came online in 

2005. After this 250 CNG bus order, the next bus order is planned to be diesel and diesel hybrid 

buses. These diesel buses are required at WMATA to lower the average diesel bus age at the 

eight depots not currently operating CNG buses. 

Status of the CNG Bus Propulsion Technologies. The CWI CNG bus propulsion technology 

appears from the evaluation to be a mature technology, and is similar in operation and cost to the 

diesel bus technology. The Deere CNG bus propulsion technology was a field test confirmation 

during this project and only underwent a limited evaluation. However, by the end of the 

evaluation, the results indicated that this propulsion technology was maturing. WMATA and 

Deere have agreed to implement another 100 Deere CNG buses as part of WMATA’s 250 CNG 

bus order in 2005; this will be the first full market introduction of the Deere CNG bus propulsion 

technology. The order indicates WMATA’s confidence in the Deere technology. 

viii
Introduction 

This evaluation of compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses at Washington Metropolitan Area 

Transit Authority (WMATA) was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) 

FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

(NREL) managed the evaluation as part of DOE’s Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Forum 

(NGVTF)1. DOE and NREL have supported the development and deployment of advanced 

propulsion and alternative fuel vehicles in the United States for many years. The evaluation 

presented in this report was completed using a documented data collection and evaluation 

protocol developed specifically for the assessment of advanced propulsion and alternative fuel 

transportation technologies in operation [1]. 

This evaluation, conducted in 2004, follows a previous study of WMATA transit buses. In 2002, 

NREL, West Virginia University, and WMATA conducted a short test program comparing the 

emissions of WMATA’s Cummins Westport, Inc. (CWI) CNG buses and Detroit Diesel 

Corporation (DDC) Series 50 diesel buses. Table 1 and Figure 1 summarize the vehicle 

specifications and results that were published [2]. These buses had the same configuration as the 

CWI and DDC buses examined in the present evaluation but were not the identical buses. 

Table 1. WMATA Vehicles Tested in 2002

 CNG Buses Diesel Buses 

Manufacturer New Flyer Orion 

Model year 2001 2000 

GVWR (lb) 40,600 42,540 

Odometer (mi) 1,900 2,290 

 2,400 5,000 

 2,500 105,000 

 2,600 112,900 

 2,600 

Engine CWI C Gas Plus DDC Series 50

Displacement (L) 8.3 8.5 

Rated power (hp) 280 275 

 

1

 See the NGVTF Web site at www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ngvtf. 

1 
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

CO NOx NMHC/THC*

x 10

PM x 10

Emission rate (g/mi)

CNG 

Diesel 

*NMHC for CNG buses, THC for diesel buses. 

Figure 1. Results of 2002 WMATA Emission Testing, Central Business District Cycle 

The 2004 evaluation described in this report was designed to provide a more complete picture of 

WMATA’s CNG (Figure 2) and diesel buses, comparing in-service operation of the vehicles. 

The objective was to provide a reasonable comparison between currently available CNG and 

diesel transit buses. WMATA was chosen for participation in the project based on the agency’s 

dedication to making the CNG technology work in transit service, its commitment to future CNG 

transit bus orders, and its conversion of another depot to CNG transit bus operations. 

The evaluation includes data collected on the operational, maintenance, and performance 

characteristics of each study fleet operating from the same depot. Additional (to the 2002 testing) 

emissions testing of similar WMATA CNG and diesel buses were also evaluated; those results 

are published in another report [3]. Transit agencies considering the use of alternative fuel and 

advanced propulsion transit buses are the primary intended audience for this information. 

Figure 2. WMATA CNG Transit Bus 

2
Fleet Profile: Washington Metropolitan Transit Authority 

The American Public Transportation Association (APTA) ranks WMATA as the fourth largest 

transit system in the United States for combined rail and bus transit, based on passenger miles in 

fiscal year 2002 [4]. The WMATA service area includes 3.5 million people within a 1,500 square 

mile area spanning Washington, DC, and parts of Maryland and Virginia (Figure 3). WMATA’s 

1,460 buses are housed and maintained in 10 depots:

District of Columbia Maryland Virginia

• Bladensburg • Landover • Arlington 

• Northern • Montgomery • Four Mile Run 

• Southeastern • Southern Ave • Royal 

• Western 

Figure 3. WMATA’s Service Area 

Emission Reduction Programs 

WMATA is aggressively reducing emissions from its bus fleet. Its strategies include purchasing 

CNG buses as well as deploying passive regenerative diesel particulate filters (DPFs) on diesel 

buses and using ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel. As of October 2001, WMATA changed its 

diesel fuel supply to 100% ULSD (approximately 15 ppm sulfur), which enables more effective 

catalysts to be used in conjunction with the DPFs. 

WMATA has been up-fitting 515 of its diesel buses with DPFs, which require use of ULSD to 

most effectively reduce emissions of particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbons. WMATA 

replaced the 2-cycle diesel engines in another 59 diesel buses with new 4-cycle diesel engines 

equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to demonstrate current low-emission diesel 

3
engine technology. WMATA also has supported chassis dynamometer emissions testing to 

document the emissions of different bus technologies [2,3]. 

Compressed Natural Gas Bus Program 

WMATA is planning to operate 414 CNG buses by 2006, complete modification of two bus 

divisions to accommodate CNG buses, and modify the Bladensburg Heavy Maintenance Shop to 

support CNG bus maintenance. The introduction of CNG buses and facility capabilities at 

WMATA at the time of the completion of this report was as follows: 

CNG Buses 

• Received 100 CNG buses from New Flyer, September 21, 2001 

• Put first CNG buses into service, February 2002 

• Received 64 CNG buses from New Flyer, mid-2002 

• Ordered 250 CNG buses from Orion started delivery in 2005. 

CNG Fueling and Maintenance Facilities 

• Completed Bladensburg Bus Division CNG fueling and maintenance facility modifications, 

September 2002 

• Completed Bladensburg Heavy Maintenance Shop modifications, September 2002 

• Four Mile Run Bus Division fueling and maintenance facility modifications, completed in 

2005. 

WMATA intends the Bladensburg and Four Mile Run Bus Divisions to operate only CNG buses, 

except possibly a few diesel buses for special applications. Both divisions will have a full 

complement of CNG buses by 2006 with receipt of the 250 Orion VII CNG buses. WMATA 

determined that two other depots could be considered for CNG conversion; however, capital 

funding has not been made available. The other six depots are not candidates because of age of 

the buildings and availability of necessary real estate surrounding the depots. 

Future Bus Orders 

Beyond the order of 250 CNG buses, WMATA’s next planned acquisitions are “clean diesel” 

buses (diesel buses with advanced emission control technologies fueled with ULSD) and diesel 

hybrid electric buses. This diesel bus procurement is being pursued because WMATA needs to 

infuse new buses into its eight non-CNG bus depots. 

4
CNG Propulsion Technology 

This section provides general information about the CNG propulsion technologies included in 

this evaluation at WMATA. As mentioned above, WMATA has 164 full-size CNG transit buses 

in operation at the Bladensburg bus depot and began receiving 250 more full-size CNG transit 

buses in 2005. Of the 164 CNG buses, 159 have the CWI C Gas Plus natural gas engine, and five 

have the John Deere Power Systems 6081H natural gas engine. Originally, all 164 CNG buses 

had the CWI engine; however, the CWI engine was removed from five of the buses and replaced 

with the Deere engine before the buses were delivered to the Bladensburg depot. The extra five 

CWI engines were placed into parts inventory at Bladensburg for later use. 

The five buses with Deere natural gas engines were a field test confirmation project at WMATA. 

The testing resulted in WMATA’s next order of 250 CNG buses, including 100 buses with the 

Deere engine. The other 150 CNG buses will have the CWI engine. 

Cummins Westport, Inc. 

CWI is a 50-50 joint venture between Cummins, Inc. and Westport Innovations, Inc. Cummins, 

headquartered in Columbus, Indiana, is a large manufacturer of diesel engines for all types of 

applications, including on- and off-road heavy trucks and power generation. Westport 

Innovations, based in Vancouver, British Columbia, is working to develop new commercial 

engine products by converting petroleum-based technologies to gaseous fuels. CWI engine 

products are sold and serviced by the Cummins distributor and dealer network. 

Four CWI gaseous fuel engines are currently available in several horsepower settings (latest 

upgrade introduction shown in parentheses) as follows: 

• B Gas Plus, 5.9 liter, natural gas, up to 230 hp (introduced 2002) 

• B LPG Plus, 5.9 liter, propane, up to 195 hp (introduced 2003) 

• C Gas Plus, 8.3 liter, natural gas, up to 280 hp (introduced 2001) 

• L Gas Plus, 8.9 liter, natural gas, up to 320 hp (introduced 2003). 

The C Gas Plus (Figure 4) was developed for trucks and buses, and has been a commercial 

product since 2001. It is used by a number of transit agencies in their buses. Development of the 

“Plus” version of the engine was supported by DOE and NREL [5,6]. Specifications and 

available power ratings are shown in Table 2. 

5
Figure 4. CWI C Gas Plus Engine 

Table 2. CWI C Gas Plus Engine Specifications and Ratings 

Specifications 

Advertised Power 250–280 hp 

Governed Speed 2,400 rpm 

Displacement 8.3 L 

Number of Cylinders 6 

Compression Ratio 10:1 

Oil System Capacity 6.3 U.S. gal 

Combustion System Spark Ignited 

Aspiration Turbocharged 

Net Weight Dry 1,330 lb 

Fuel Types CNG/LNG, methane number 65 or greater 

Ratings 

CG-280 280 hp @ 2,400 rpm 850 lb-ft @ 1,400 rpm 

CG-275 275 hp @ 2,400 rpm 750 lb-ft @ 1,400 rpm 

CG-250 250 hp @ 2,400 rpm 750 lb-ft @ 1,400 rpm 

CG-250 250 hp @ 2,400 rpm 660 lb-ft @ 1,400 rpm 

Source: CWI Web site, www.cumminswestport.com 

John Deere Power Systems 

John Deere Power Systems, based in Waterloo, Iowa, is a manufacturing division of Deere & 

Company. John Deere is well known for farming and off-road equipment; however, their 

products are used in many applications, including an on-highway natural gas engine, model 

6081H (Figure 5). This engine is advertised for use in school buses, shuttle/transit buses, and 

other on-highway applications. DOE and NREL supported the development and deployment of 

the 6081H engine [7]. Specifications and available power ratings are shown in Table 3. 

6
Figure 5. John Deere Power Systems 6081H Natural Gas Engine 

Table 3. Specifications and Ratings for Deere 6081H Natural Gas Engine 

Specifications 

Model 6081H 

Advertised Horsepower 250–280 hp 

Number of Cylinders 6 

Displacement 8.1 L 

Compression Ratio 11:1 

Combustion System Spark Ignited 

Aspiration Turbocharged 

Weight 1,660 lb 

Fuel Types CNG/LNG 

Ratings 

6081H 280 hp 280 hp @ 2200 rpm 900 ft-lb @ 1500 rpm 

6081H 275 hp 275 hp @ 2200 rpm 800 ft-lb @ 1400 rpm 

6081H 250 hp 250 hp @ 2200 rpm 800 ft-lb @ 1400 rpm 

6081H 250 hp 250 hp @ 2200 rpm 735 ft-lb @ 1300 rpm 

Source: John Deere Web site, www.deere.com 

Deere has been working to introduce this natural gas engine into the transit bus market. Table 4 

shows transit agencies where the engine is being demonstrated. WMATA’s order of 100 Deere 

engines represents the engine’s transition beyond the demonstration phase. 

7
Table 4. Current Transit Demonstration Sites for the Deere 6081H Natural Gas Engine 

Demonstration Site Location Number of Buses 

Omnitrans San Bernardino, CA 2 

MetroLink Rock Island, IL 21 

WMATA Washington, DC 5 

Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid 

Transit Authority (MARTA) Atlanta, GA 2 

Queens Surface Transit New York City, NY 2 

Utah Transit Authority (UTA) Salt Lake City, UT 2 

Total 34 

Evaluation Results 

This section shows the results of the evaluation of CNG buses and diesel buses operating from 

WMATA’s Bladensburg depot. The CNG buses with CWI engines were evaluated for 12 

months. The CNG buses with Deere engines were not in operation for a full 12 months during 

the evaluation at WMATA and were evaluated for only 6 months. The study buses and 

evaluation periods are shown in Table 5. 

Table 5. Evaluation Buses and Data Periods 

Group Bus 

Number 

Start Date of 

Operation 

Fuel Data 

Period 

Maintenance 

Data Period 

2070 8/4/2000 9/01 – 8/02 11/01 – 8/02 

2071 8/8/2000 9/01 – 8/02 11/01 – 8/02 

2072 8/2/2000 9/01 – 8/02 11/01 – 8/02 

2073 8/4/2000 9/01 – 8/02 11/01 – 8/02 

Diesel 

2074 8/22/2000 9/01 – 8/02 11/01 – 8/02 

2302 8/21/2002 6/03 – 5/04 6/03 – 5/04 

2303 8/14/2002 6/03 – 5/04 6/03 – 5/04 

2304 8/27/2002 6/03 – 5/04 6/03 – 5/04 

2307 8/27/2002 6/03 – 5/04 6/03 – 5/04 

CNG CWI 

2309 8/20/2002 6/03 – 5/04 6/03 – 5/04 

2460 2/12/2003 4/04 – 9/04 4/04 – 9/04 

2461 2/12/2003 4/04 – 9/04 4/04 – 9/04 

2462 2/6/2003 4/04 – 9/04 4/04 – 9/04 

2463 1/30/2003 4/04 – 9/04 4/04 – 9/04 

CNG Deere 

2464 2/5/2003 4/04 – 9/04 4/04 – 9/04 

The diesel buses were in operation at the Bladensburg depot just before the arrival and start of 

operation of the CNG buses. After the CNG buses started operation, the diesel buses were moved 

to other WMATA depots for operation. The evaluation period for the diesel buses was chosen to 

match a year’s worth of operation at the Bladensburg depot so that the comparison to the CNG 

buses would be while operating in a similar duty cycle. Data from the Deere CNG buses 

originally matched the CWI CNG bus data period, but was extended six months of data beyond a 

software update for emissions and performance in March 2004, and only those six months were 

provided in the evaluation period as discussed earlier. 

8
Evaluation results in this section are focused on the data periods indicated. In several cases, data 

from the start of operation for the buses is used to explore maturation level of the propulsion 

technologies. When this has been done, the charts indicate where the evaluation data periods are 

located within the data set. All data presented in this report have been collected from a time 

frame when the buses were operating from the Bladensburg depot. 

Vehicle System Descriptions 

Table 6 shows summary system descriptions for the evaluation buses. Appendix A gives more 

detailed vehicle system descriptions. The diesel buses were approximately 1 year older than the 

CNG buses and built by a different manufacturer. These differences are expected to affect the 

evaluation and are discussed in the data evaluation section of this report. 

9
Table 7 shows emissions certification levels for the engines studied in this evaluation. Both 

groups of buses with CNG engines used oxidation catalysts for emissions control. The oxidation 

catalysts on the Deere engines were upgraded in March 2004; chassis dynamometer emission 

testing took place in April 2004, after which the 6-month evaluation of the Deere CNG buses 

began. The CWI CNG buses had the same oxidation catalyst configuration during the evaluation 

period and emission testing as they had since beginning operation at WMATA. The diesel buses 

did not have aftertreatment during the evaluation but had DPFs during the emission testing. 

Table 6. WMATA Diesel and CNG Bus System Description Summary 

Vehicle Information Diesel CNG – CWI CNG – Deere 

Number of Buses in Study 5 5 5 

Chassis 

Manufacturer/Model 

Orion VI Low Floor 

(06.501) 

New Flyer C40 Low 

Floor 

New Flyer C40 Low 

Floor 

Chassis Model Year 2000 2001 2002 

Engine Manufacturer/Model DDC Series 50 CWI C Gas Plus Deere 6081H 

Engine Model Year 2000 2001 2002/2004* 

Aftertreatment None Fleetguard-Nelson 

oxidation catalyst 

Johnson Matthey 

oxidation catalyst 

Maximum Power 

Maximum Torque 

275 hp @ 2,100 rpm 

890 lb-ft @ 1,200 rpm 

280 hp @ 2,400 rpm 

850 lb-ft @ 1,400 rpm 

280 hp @ 2,200 rpm 

900 lb-ft @ 1,500 rpm 

Fuel System Capacity 125 gal 21,161 scf @ 3,600 psi 21,161 scf @ 3,600 psi 

Transmission 

Manufacturer/Model Allison/B400R Allison/B400R Allison/B400R 

Curb Weight 29,300 lb 30,080 lb 30,080 lb 

Gross Vehicle Weight 42,540 lb 40,600 lb 40,600 lb 

Bus Cost $300,000 $340,000 $340,000 

*MY 2002 engines modified to MY 2004 specifications. 

10
Table 7. Emissions Certification Levels (g/bhp-hr) 

Model Year Fuel THC NMHC NOx CO PM Engine Family 

1998/2001 Certification Levels 1.3 1.2 4.0 15.5 0.05 All 

2000 Series 50 Diesel 0.11 3.9 0.9 0.05 YDDXH08.5FJN 

2001/2 C Gas Plus Natural Gas 0.2 1.5 1.3 0.01 2CEXH0505CBH 

2004 Certification Levels 1.3 2.4, 2.5 15.5 0.05 All 

2004 6081H Natural Gas 0.2 1.5 0.9 0.01 4JDXH08.1066 

Implementation Experience 

As WMATA was planning to purchase new buses to be delivered in 2000 and 2001, the 

WMATA Board of Directors expressed a desire to proactively minimize bus emissions in the 

Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) was considered the most important 

emission, followed by PM. The Board requested that WMATA hold a workshop to review 

available bus technologies so that an informed purchasing decision could be made. WMATA 

held an alternative fuels workshop in July 2000. Topics included air pollution, asthma, methods 

of reducing diesel emissions, experience with hybrid electric and CNG buses, and development 

of fuel cells. WMATA wanted to reduce emissions as much as possible while using only proven 

and reliable technology. 

One of the conclusions from the workshop was that several technologies could reduce NOx well 

below current diesel emissions levels. Fuel cell technology was preferred for the future but was 

not expected to be available in the near term. Hybrid electric vehicles were in the testing phase 

and were not yet proven. Diesel buses with advanced emissions control required ULSD and were 

expected to reduce most pollutants significantly. CNG buses were the proven technology that 

produced the lowest NOx emissions. 

Following the workshop, the Board approved a request for proposal for CNG buses in December 

2000, and then approved purchase of 164 low-floor CNG buses from New Flyer in August 2001. 

To execute the purchase as quickly as possible, WMATA used an existing option on a Pierce 

Transit (Tacoma, Washington) contract with New Flyer. At about the same time, WMATA 

reviewed its 10 bus-operating divisions to determine which locations would best accommodate 

CNG bus operations. Only four of the 10 divisions were candidates for conversion based on age 

of the buildings and property available for CNG equipment. The depot chosen to be first to 

operate CNG buses was Bladensburg. The second depot chosen for CNG operation was Four 

Mile Run. CNG operations started at Four Mile Run depot in 2005. 

Operations at Bladensburg were scheduled to commence in January 2002. This required that a 

CNG fueling station be constructed, and a 40-year-old maintenance and operating facility be 

modified. Initial costs included a $40,000 incremental increase for the CNG buses, an additional 

$15.6 million for the fueling facility (~$4 million), and modifications to the Bladensburg facility 

(~$11.6 million). 

The CNG fueling station at Bladensburg was completed in late 2001 (Figure 6 and Figure 7). 

CNG fueling, which is provided by three compressors, is located alongside diesel fueling. 

WMATA pays a contractor approximately $360,000 per year for operations and maintenance of 

the CNG fueling facility and equipment. 

11
The maintenance facility was modified to accommodate CNG operation inside the facility, 

including additional ventilation (4 air changes per hour), methane detection, and alarm systems. 

Upgrades were required for the lighting and electrical systems. A new heating system was added 

so there were no open flames. Structural modifications were made for fireproofing and to isolate 

occupied building areas (office space). These modifications required asbestos disposal from the 

facility, which was unexpected and added nearly $1 million to the cost. Modifications were 

completed in late 2001. Figure 8 shows the maintenance facility, which is adjacent to the CNG 

fueling area. 

Figure 6. CNG Fueling Area at Bladensburg 

Figure 7. CNG Fueling Dispenser at WMATA 

Complete awareness training was a key to successful introduction of the CNG buses, according 

to WMATA. Management and key staff visited several other transit agencies that had CNG 

buses in service. Pierce Transit provided training for mechanics and management personnel. 

WMATA staff also received training from New Flyer and received familiarization training 

sponsored by DOE and DOE’s Clean Cities Program. WMATA participated in the Natural Gas 

Transit User’s Group (TUG)2

 and hosted one of its meetings. The TUG brings natural gas transit 

bus operators together to share successes and important natural gas vehicle related information 

[8]. 

 

2

 See the NGVTF Web site at www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ngvtf/tug.html for more information about TUG. 

12
Figure 8. Maintenance Facility at Bladensburg 

Many partners contributed to the implementation of CNG buses at WMATA. The following are 

summarized comments from WMATA staff about the major partners: 

• The natural gas company was helpful and responsive to fuel supply and safety issues. 

• The fire department became involved early in the process. This was considered a lesson 

learned, i.e., it is a good idea to involve the fire department early and regularly. 

• The permitting process was challenging. There were issues getting all of the parties that 

needed to sign-off involved. 

• WMATA management was supportive and hands-off except when necessary, as reported by 

staff at Bladensburg. Management was patient with problems that arose. 

• DOE/NREL provided technical advice and Clean Cities Tiger Team consultants for advice 

in technology selection, procurement specifications, and training materials. 

• New Flyer, CWI, and Deere were extremely supportive and available to ensure that bus 

issues were resolved quickly. 

WMATA introduced CNG buses starting in February 2002 with 10 buses. All 164 CNG buses 

were phased into operation by the end of 2003. Comments from WMATA personnel on the 

implementation process for the fueling station, maintenance and operations facility upgrades; and 

bus operations were generally positive. The following are summarized comments from WMATA 

staff about each part of the implementation: 

General Comments 

• Lots of work was done well before the buses arrived onsite. 

• There were some fears at the beginning, but the training and familiarization information was 

helpful. 

• The slow introduction of the CNG buses into service was a good thing; buses performed 

better than expected, and reliability was feared to be a much bigger issue than it was. 

• Use of CNG was ultimately a good thing: emissions are better, smell is much better, buses 

are quieter, and the shop is cleaner. The only issue is the fuel economy, but buses have plenty 

of power. 

• The CNG buses were well received by the public. Drivers and mechanics generally like the 

buses. 

13
• It was extremely important that WMATA management gave Bladensburg staff the power to 

make decisions, and that management was patient and supportive. 

• It was important to stay on top of the CNG program and be proactive to ensure success. 

• Care must be taken not to give in to the temptation to cut corners on the cost of the project 

and the equipment needed to be successful. 

CNG Fueling Station 

• There are no other CNG fueling stations around Bladensburg, so it is extremely important 

that the fueling station is operational. 

• During the blackout in the Northeast, it became clear that Bladensburg should have backup 

generators for the fueling station, so that fueling can continue even without grid power. 

(Note: addition of backup power at WMATA is complete.) 

Maintenance Facility 

• There were general issues with the methane detection system, specifically false positives; this 

has been a problem with the fueling station as well. (Note: repair of this system is complete.) 

• The need for welding outlets was an issue in the maintenance facility. 

Routes and Bus Use 

Currently, the 164 CNG buses are operated from the Bladensburg depot, located at 2250 26th

Street, NE in Washington, DC. The Bladensburg depot operates 232 buses total. All buses of 

each type/size are randomly dispatched on the routes of that type/size serviced from the depot. 

The CNG buses do not have restrictions due to range or power requirements. The CNG and 

diesel buses are interchangeable on all routes that use 40-foot buses. As WMATA receives its 

next CNG bus order, Bladensburg is expected to receive 38 more CNG buses, for a total of 202 

CNG buses out of 232 buses at the depot. The remaining 30 buses at Bladensburg will include 

articulated buses and buses less than 40-feet long. 

Table 8 shows total mileage and operating hours for CNG buses at Bladensburg; Appendix B 

gives more detail. The mileage and operating hours include revenue and non-revenue operation. 

These statistics were calculated to understand the average speed of CNG bus operation as an 

indicator of duty cycle. The “Total” line in the table includes the weekday numbers multiplied by 

five, and added to the Saturday and Sunday numbers to give a result for the entire week’s 

operation. The average speed by route ranges from 8–16 mph and is an overall average of 11.6 

mph. 

Table 8. Summary of CNG Bus Operation at Bladensburg 

Day of 

Week Miles/Day Operating Hours 

Average Speed 

(mph) 

Weekday 16,613.88 1,448.43 11.5 

Saturday 7,224.11 581.73 12.4 

Sunday 5,770.27 438.40 13.2 

Total 96,063.78 8,262.30 11.6 

14
Table 9 shows average monthly mileage for the study buses. The diesel buses averaged 25% 

higher monthly mileage than the CNG buses. The primary reason for this difference between 

diesel and CNG bus mileage is the way the buses were scheduled during their evaluation periods. 

The maximum pullout for Bladensburg is 206 buses for the morning peak and 183 buses for the 

afternoon peak. Only 82 Bladensburg buses pull out in the morning and run all day, and it is 

these all-day buses that accumulate the highest mileage. When the diesel bus evaluation period 

began in September 2001, there were no CNG buses at Bladensburg, and the evaluation diesel 

buses were among the newest diesel buses at the depot. WMATA chose to put the newest diesel 

buses (including the evaluation buses) on the all-day routes more often than older diesel buses. 

When the CNG buses began operation at Bladensburg they were more randomly assigned to the 

all-day routes, i.e., unlike the diesel evaluation buses, the CNG evaluation buses were not 

preferentially used on all-day routes. Thus, the CNG evaluation buses averaged less monthly and 

yearly mileage than the diesel evaluation buses. WMATA indicated that the difference in 

mileage per vehicle was not because of a problem with the CNG buses. 

Only 6 months of data for the Deere CNG buses are included in this analysis (Table 5). Deere 

was still having maintenance and operating issues with bus number 2464 (discussed later) during 

the evaluation, which kept that bus from reaching a monthly average mileage close to the other 

buses. 

Table 9. Average Monthly Bus Use (Evaluation Period) 

Vehicle Total Mileage Months Monthly Average 

2070 34,399 12 2,867 

2071 39,361 12 3,280 

2072 45,252 12 3,771 

2073 34,894 12 2,908 

2074 31,539 11 2,867 

Diesel Buses 185,445 59 3,143 

2302 23,842 11 2,167 

2303 36,951 12 3,079 

2304 29,710 12 2,476 

2307 29,436 12 2,453 

2309 23,769 10 2,377 

CNG Buses - CWI 143,708 57 2,521 

2460 14,773 6 2,462 

2461 16,162 6 2,694 

2462 16,914 6 2,819 

2463 16,619 6 2,770 

2464 9,035 6 1,506 

CNG Buses - Deere 73,503 30 2,450 

15
Fuel Consumption, Economy, and Cost 

Data for fuel consumption included each fuel fill (amount of fuel, hubodometer reading, and 

date), and fuel prices were collected from WMATA monthly. Fuel consumption and economy by 

vehicle and study group are detailed in Appendix C. WMATA used #2 diesel until it switched to 

ULSD in October 2001. 

The CNG fuel consumption data were collected at the CNG dispenser with a readout in diesel 

energy gallon equivalents (DGE). The dispenser actually measures CNG in pounds mass with a 

Coriolis meter. The dispenser computer converts the pounds mass to DGE at 6.4 lb CNG/DGE. 

Table 10 shows fuel consumption and economy for each study vehicle and study group. The 

diesel bus fuel consumption and economy were calculated from operation during September 

2001 through August 2002. The CNG bus fuel consumption and economy for the CWI buses 

were calculated from operation during June 2003 through May 2004, and for the Deere buses 

from operation during April 2004 through September 2004. 

Table 10. Fuel Consumption and Economy by Vehicle (Evaluation Period) 

Vehicle Mileage 

(Fuel Base) 

Gallons 

Consumed MPG* 

2070 32,861 11,969 2.75 

2071 36,670 12,157 3.02 

2072 44,515 15,076 2.95 

2073 32,875 11,791 2.79 

2074 31,440 11,919 2.64 

Total – Diesel 178,361 62,912 2.84 

2302 23,842 9,932 2.40 

2303 34,650 13,593 2.55 

2304 29,472 13,363 2.21 

2307 29,096 12,794 2.27 

2309 23,769 11,140 2.13 

Total – CNG CWI 140,829 60,822 2.32 

2460 14,773 6,389 2.31 

2461 16,162 7,208 2.24 

2462 16,514 6,404 2.58 

2463 15,541 6,470 2.40 

2464 8,803 3,628 2.43 

Total – CNG Deere 71,793 30,099 2.39 

*Miles per diesel gallon for diesel buses, miles per DGE for CNG buses. 

The mileage shown in Table 10 is not the entire mileage that each vehicle accumulated during 

the evaluation period. It is only the mileage used in the fuel economy calculation. Some data 

have been removed from the fuel economy calculation based on fuel consumption data that was 

missing from WMATA’s data recording system. 

16
One issue with the fuel economy data is that when the hubodometer reading from WMATA’s 

buses is not available or appears to be incorrect, the computer system inserts a hubodometer 

reading calculated to match a 3.00-mpg fuel economy. In most cases, this is corrected in the next 

fuel record in the database. However, in some cases, these incorrect hubodometer readings 

continue to be recorded for several days or weeks. This causes some of the fuel economy 

calculations to be artificially high until the hubodometer is corrected in the system. 

The energy equivalent fuel economy of the CWI CNG buses was 18% lower, and the energy 

equivalent fuel economy of the Deere CNG buses was 16% lower compared with the diesel 

buses. This fuel economy difference is better than previous DOE/NREL studies of CNG and 

LNG transit buses, which showed natural gas bus fuel economy to be 20%–30% lower than 

diesel bus fuel economy [9,10]. Figure 9 and Figure 10 show fuel economy by study group and 

month for the diesel and CNG buses during their entire operation at Bladensburg. The diesel 

buses operated at Bladensburg for more than 2 years and consistently averaged around 2.8 mpg. 

The CNG buses operated since August 2002 and consistently averaged around 2.3–2.4 mpDGE 

(miles per diesel gallon equivalent). 

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Aug-00 Oct-00 Dec-00 Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-01 Aug-01 Oct-01 Dec-01 Feb-02 Apr-02 Jun-02 Aug-02

Diesel bus evaluation 

period 

Figure 9. Fuel Economy (mpg) of Diesel Buses at Bladensburg (All Data) 

17
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Aug-02 Oct-02 Dec-02 Feb-03 Apr-03 Jun-03 Aug-03 Oct-03 Dec-03 Feb-04 Apr-04 Jun-04 Aug-04

CWI CNG Deere CNG

CWI bus evaluation 

period

Deere bus 

evaluation 

period 

Figure 10. Monthly Fuel Economy (mpDGE) of CNG Buses at Bladensburg (All Data) 

Since this evaluation, the WMATA diesel buses as a fleet have been modified to reduce 

emissions with DPFs, and some of the diesel buses have been repowered with newer EGRequipped engines. These modifications may have affected the fuel economy of the diesel buses. 

The diesel fuel cost during the diesel bus evaluation period averaged $0.75 per gallon. Diesel 

fuel cost during the CNG bus evaluation period averaged $1.33 per gallon. CNG fuel costs 

during the CNG bus evaluation period averaged $1.19 per DGE. These average costs were 

calculated based on monthly average costs and are shown in Appendix D. 

Electricity required for operation of the fuel station added to the cost of the CNG fuel. WMATA 

estimated this cost to be approximately $300,000 per year or $25,000 per month. The 

approximate CNG use at this station has been 182,000 DGE per month. This translates into an 

increase of $0.14 per DGE for electricity. Thus, the real cost of CNG averaged $1.33 per DGE, 

the same as the recent average diesel fuel cost. 

Total Maintenance Costs

Maintenance work orders for each bus in this study were collected as far back as they were 

available from WMATA. For the diesel buses, this included the last 10 months of operation at 

Bladensburg before the CNG buses started operation. Once the CNG buses started full operation 

at Bladensburg, the diesel buses were sent to another depot. For both sets of CNG buses, all of 

the maintenance work orders were collected back to start of operation for each vehicle. For the 

CWI CNG buses, the last 12 months of operation are the evaluation focus, and for the Deere 

CNG buses the last 6 months of operation are the evaluation focus. Appendix E provides detailed 

maintenance cost information by vehicle and study group. 

18
The evaluation periods were chosen to attempt to match the same operation and maintenance 

activities by only collecting data from the Bladensburg depot and using data from similar vehicle 

ages, based on hubodometer readings. However, there are slight differences. At the end of the 

evaluation period for the study group buses, the hubodometer readings were generally as follows: 

diesel buses, had accumulated 60,000–70,000 miles; CWI CNG buses, 50,000–60,000 miles; and 

Deere CNG buses, approximately 40,000 miles. There was one exception for the Deere buses: 

bus 2464 had approximately 20,000 miles at the end of the evaluation period. These relative ages 

are important because maintenance costs tend to go up slightly over time as buses age. Thus, the 

Deere buses should have measurably lower maintenance costs than the diesel buses. The CWI 

buses most likely do not have enough of an age difference to have measurably different 

maintenance costs compared with the diesel buses. 

Warranty costs are generally not included in this analysis of maintenance costs. Warranty has 

been paid as a premium for the CNG buses in the purchase price and is not included in this 

operations analysis. Some parts were provided to WMATA at no cost, and some labor from CWI 

and Deere mechanics helped WMATA introduce the CNG buses and keep them operating. Any 

cost incurred by WMATA for the CNG buses that was not covered by warranty has been 

included in this analysis. 

For DOE/NREL evaluations, accident repairs are typically removed because of their random 

nature, high cost, and potential to skew analysis results when they have no direct impact on the 

comparison being drawn in the evaluation. Accidents are only relevant if they indicate safety 

issues. Only one minor accident occurred during the WMATA study—to one of the diesel 

buses—and there were no costs reported associated with the repair. No significant safety issues 

were reported during the WMATA evaluation. 

Tire costs at WMATA are part of a lease program and have not been included in this 

maintenance cost analysis. However, labor hours for tire work or parts associated with tire work 

have been included. Only costs for the tires themselves have not been included. 

Labor costs for this evaluation have been kept constant at $50/hour for all maintenance activities. 

Labor hours have been reported so this number can be adjusted to reflect another average 

mechanic rate as desired. Parts costs were taken from recent costs for those parts, and these costs 

were held constant for the evaluation. 

Table 11 shows total maintenance costs for each study group for all data and for the evaluation 

periods. For the evaluation periods, the CWI CNG buses had total maintenance costs 12% lower 

than for the diesel buses, and the Deere CNG buses had total maintenance costs 2% lower than 

for the diesel buses. 

19
Table 11. Total Maintenance Costs 

All Data (10 Months) Evaluation Period (10 Months) 

Vehicle Mileage Parts ($) Labor 

Hours 

Cost ($) 

per Mile Mileage Parts ($) Labor Hours 

Cost ($) 

per Mile 

2070 27,301 2,465.63 315.6 0.668 27,301 2,465.63 315.6 0.668

2071 33,309 3,741.82 297.2 0.558 33,309 3,741.82 297.2 0.558

2072 38,292 1,992.55 262.8 0.395 38,292 1,992.55 262.8 0.395

2073 29,169 2,840.31 342.9 0.685 29,169 2,840.31 342.9 0.685

2074 24,475 2,015.62 321.5 0.739 24,475 2,015.62 321.5 0.739

Total Diesel 152,546 13,055.93 1,540.0 152,546 13,055.93 1,540.0 

Average per 

Bus 

30,509 2,611.19 308.0 0.590 30,509 2,611.19 308.0 0.590

All Data Evaluation Period (12 Months) 

Vehicle 

Mileage Parts ($) Labor 

Hours 

Cost ($) 

per Mile Mileage Parts ($) Labor Hours 

Cost ($) 

per Mile 

2302 44,531 4,428.23 411.2 0.561 23,842 2,166.81 234.5 0.583

2303 58,147 2,922.35 421.7 0.413 36,951 1,949.87 261.2 0.406

2304 52,180 3,089.44 433.3 0.474 29,710 1,662.35 237.2 0.455

2307 49,367 3,967.37 441.7 0.528 29,436 2,110.01 235.2 0.471

2309 45,516 3,254.37 480.2 0.621 23,769 3,254.37 310.7 0.790

Total CWI 

CNG 249,741 18,678.74 2,188.1 143,708 11,143.41 1,278.8 

Average per 

Bus 

49,948 3,735.75 437.6 0.513 28,742 2,228.68 255.8 0.522

All Data Evaluation Period (6 Months) 

Vehicle 

Mileage Parts ($) Labor 

Hours 

Cost ($) 

per Mile Mileage Parts ($) Labor Hours 

Cost ($) 

per Mile 

2460 41,636 4,091.98 503.4 0.703 14,773 1,902.11 175.3 0.722

2461 39,875 3,058.65 503.6 0.708 16,162 598.32 106.5 0.366

2462 42,490 3,471.63 496.8 0.666 16,914 961.96 145.1 0.486

2463 42,692 4,255.34 541.9 0.734 16,619 1,410.27 162.8 0.575

2464 17,865 1,759.75 428.4 1.297 9,053 568.83 147.7 0.880

Total Deere 

CNG 184,558 16,637.35 2,474.1 73,503 5,441.49 737.4 

Average per 

Bus 

36,912 3,327.47 494.8 0.760 14,701 1,088.30 147.5 0.576

“All Data” for the CWI CNG buses were generally from 8/02–5/04 and for the Deere CNG buses were generally 

from 2/03–9/04. The “Evaluation Period” was the final 12 months of data for the CWI CNG buses and the final 6 

months for the Deere CNG buses. The longer “All Data” period is included to study how the maintenance costs have 

changed over a longer period. 

One diesel bus had significantly lower maintenance costs than the other diesel buses. This was 

because of low frequency of unscheduled maintenance for this one bus. The other diesel buses 

had issues with brakes, hydraulics, air conditioning, transmission, and the engine. The CWI CNG 

buses had two high-cost buses—2302 and 2309—caused by brake, transmission, engine, and 

cooling system repairs. The Deere CNG buses also had two high-cost buses: 2460 and 2464. For 

bus 2460, the cost was due to brake repairs and engine issues. Bus 2464 had significantly lower 

20
use owing to engine problems and damage to the destination sign and body of the bus that had to 

be repaired. 

Figure 11, Figure 12, and Figure 13 show cumulative average maintenance cost for each of the 

study bus groups for the entire data collection. Diesel bus maintenance costs were generally 

above $0.500/mile, with a slight increase at the end of the data period (Figure 11). CWI CNG 

bus maintenance costs averaged about $0.500/mile for nearly the entire operating period (Figure 

12). The Deere CNG buses had high maintenance costs at the beginning of operation, but these 

costs came down significantly as the buses started full operation around March–April 2004 

(Figure 13). The early high maintenance costs for the Deere CNG buses were caused by work 

done to resolve issues of repowering these buses from the CWI engine to the Deere engine. 

0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02

Cumulative Cost Monthly Cost

Figure 11. Monthly and Cumulative Maintenance Cost for Diesel Buses ($/Mile, All Data) (for 

diesel buses, All Data = Evaluation Period) 

21
0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

Aug-02 Oct-02 Dec-02 Feb-03 Apr-03 Jun-03 Aug-03 Oct-03 Dec-03 Feb-04 Apr-04 Jun-04 Aug-04

Cumulative Cost Monthly Cost

Figure 12. Monthly and Cumulative Maintenance Cost for CWI CNG Buses ($/Mile, All Data) 

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Aug-02 Oct-02 Dec-02 Feb-03 Apr-03 Jun-03 Aug-03 Oct-03 Dec-03 Feb-04 Apr-04 Jun-04 Aug-04

Cumulative Cost Monthly Cost

CWI evaluation period 

Deere 

evaluation 

period 

Figure 13. Monthly and Cumulative Maintenance Cost for Deere CNG Buses ($/Mile, All Data) 

22
Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System 

Table 12 shows maintenance costs by vehicle system and study group of buses. The vehicle 

system maintenance costs shown in the table include the following: 

• Preventive maintenance inspections (PMI): only labor for inspections during preventive 

maintenance 

• Engine- and fuel-related: exhaust, fuel, engine, non-lighting electrical, air intake, and 

cooling 

• Cab, body, accessories, and hydraulics: includes body repairs, glass, and painting; cab 

and sheet metal repairs including seats and doors; accessory repairs such as radios and 

destination signs; and hydraulics for systems such as the wheelchair lift 

• Brakes 

• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) 

• Transmission 

• Air, general: buses have significant need for compressed air to control brakes, throttle, 

door systems, and suspension; this category is for repairs of a general nature for the air 

system and not specifically associated with one of the systems listed in this category 

• Tires: WMATA has a tire lease program, so only the mechanic time and parts other than 

the tires themselves are included in this category 

• Lighting 

• Frame, steering, and suspension 

• Axles, wheels, and drive shaft. 

Appendix F has detailed maintenance costs broken down by system for each study group. The 

top five vehicle systems based on maintenance costs are the same for each of the study groups 

for the evaluation period; however, the order is slightly different for each. Those five systems are 

PMI; engine/fuel-related; cab, body, accessories, and hydraulics; brakes; and HVAC. 

23
Table 12. Breakdown of Vehicle System Maintenance Costs (Evaluation Periods Only) 

Diesel CWI CNG Deere CNG 

System Cost/mi 

($) 

Percent 

of Total 

(%) 

Cost/mi 

($) 

Percent 

of Total 

(%) 

Cost/mi 

($) 

Percent 

of Total 

(%) 

PMI 0.170 29 0.121 23 0.139 24 

Engine/Fuel-Related 0.122 20 0.135 26 0.126 22 

Cab, Body, Accessories, 

and Hydraulics 0.104 17 0.109 21 0.170 29 

Brakes 0.067 11 0.034 6 0.066 11 

HVAC 0.039 7 0.034 6 0.030 5 

Transmission 0.035 6 0.030 6 0.005 1 

Air, General 0.016 3 0.003 1 0.003 1 

Frame, Steering, and 

Suspension 0.015 3 0.026 5 0.006 1 

Tires 0.013 2 0.010 2 0.010 2 

Lighting 0.006 1 0.017 3 0.006 1 

Axles, Wheels, and 

Drive Shaft 0.004 1 0.003 1 0.015 3 

Total 0.590 100 0.522 100 0.576 100 

The following discussion of maintenance costs by vehicle system focuses on the evaluation 

periods: 

• Total engine/fuel-related—The CWI CNG buses had costs 11% higher, and the Deere CNG 

buses had costs 3% higher than the diesel buses. These higher costs are expected for the 

CNG buses because of higher engine oil and fuel filter costs as well as costs for spark plugs, 

which are not required for the diesel buses. The following are descriptions of each of the 

system groups that constitute this category. 

- Exhaust—The exhaust system maintenance was nearly the same for the CWI CNG 

and the diesel buses. The Deere CNG buses had 67% higher maintenance costs than 

the diesel buses; the higher cost was due to repairs for the exhaust pipes and issues 

related to the turbocharger. 

- Fuel—Both groups of CNG buses had higher fuel system maintenance costs (2.3 

times higher for CWI CNG and 51% higher for Deere CNG) than the diesel buses. 

This was due to more expensive fuel filters and troubleshooting. Some problems with 

the natural gas sensors were experienced. 

- Engine—Engine maintenance was nearly the same for the CWI CNG (6% higher) 

and diesel buses. The Deere CNG buses had 74% higher maintenance costs compared 

with the diesel buses. The Deere CNG buses had troubleshooting costs and problems 

with the engine sensors such as the oxygen sensor. 

- Non-lighting electrical—Both groups of CNG buses had higher maintenance costs 

for these systems (2.3 times higher for CWI CNG and 41% higher for Deere CNG). 

24
High troubleshooting costs were attributed to this category related to spark plugs, 

batteries, and alternator repairs. 

- Air intake—Both groups of CNG buses had higher maintenance costs for the airintake system (21 times higher for CWI CNG and 8.5 times higher for Deere CNG). 

This was due to the diesel buses having very low maintenance costs for air intake 

repairs and the CNG buses having their air filters replaced on a more regular basis. 

The diesel buses only had air-intake filter repairs with no troubleshooting labor 

reported. 

- Cooling—Both groups of CNG buses had lower maintenance costs for the cooling 

system (64% lower for CWI CNG and 69% lower for Deere CNG). The diesel buses 

had problems with the radiator and main cooling fan. Significant labor was expended 

to troubleshoot and repair these problems, including several roadcalls. 

• Cab, body, accessories, and hydraulics—The CWI CNG buses had 5% higher maintenance 

costs for these systems than the diesel buses. The Deere CNG buses had 63% higher 

maintenance costs than the diesel buses. The Deere CNG buses had a few significant repairs 

for one of the rear doors and one of the destination signs. 

• Frame, steering, and suspension—The CWI CNG buses had maintenance costs 73% higher 

than the diesel buses. Most of these repairs were for the suspension system, including shocks 

and leveling valves. There was one significant repair for the steering system. The Deere CNG 

buses had maintenance costs 60% lower than the diesel buses. 

• Axles, wheels, and drive shaft—The CWI CNG buses had maintenance costs 25% lower 

than the diesel buses. The Deere CNG buses had maintenance costs 3.8 times higher than the 

diesel buses. The diesel bus maintenance costs for these systems were low, and the Deere 

CNG buses had a few significant repairs for the wheels and drive shaft. 

• Brakes—The CWI CNG buses had brake maintenance costs 49% lower than the diesel 

buses. The Deere CNG buses had costs about the same as the diesel buses, which was not 

expected because the Deere CNG buses had lower mileage. 

• Tires—Both groups of CNG buses had tire repair costs 23% lower than the diesel buses. 

Repair costs for tires were low for all three groups of buses. 

• HVAC—Both groups of CNG buses had HVAC repair costs lower than the diesel buses 

(13% lower for CWI CNG and 23% lower for Deere CNG). 

• PMI—Both groups of CNG buses had PMI costs lower than the diesel buses (29% lower for 

CWI CNG and 18% lower for Deere CNG). There was a difference in time for the 

evaluation period used for the diesel buses as compared to the CNG buses. There appears to 

have been a change in the standard number of hours of mechanic labor used for the 

inspection of buses between when the diesel bus evaluation period occurred and when the 

CNG bus evaluation period occurred. 

25
• Lighting—The CWI CNG buses had maintenance costs 2.8 times higher than the diesel 

buses. However, all three bus groups had low lighting costs. The CWI CNG buses had a few 

significant repairs, which required troubleshooting the wiring. The Deere CNG buses had 

essentially the same maintenance costs for lighting repairs as the diesel buses. 

Roadcalls 

A roadcall is defined in this report as an on-road failure of an in-service bus that required the bus 

be taken out of service or replaced on route. Roadcalls are a direct indicator of reliability for 

transit buses. Figure 14 and Figure 15 show miles between roadcalls (MBRC) for all roadcalls 

and for only engine- and fuel-related (exhaust, fuel, engine, non-lighting electrical, air intake, 

and cooling) roadcalls. A higher MBRC means higher reliability. 

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02

Diesel All MBRC Diesel Engine/Fuel MBRC

Figure 14. Cumulative MBRC for Diesel Buses (All Data) 

(for diesel buses, All Data = Evaluation Period) 

Figure 14 shows MBRC for the diesel buses. The MBRC for all roadcalls is below 5,000 miles 

for the entire data period shown. The MBRC for the engine- and fuel-related roadcalls was as 

high as about 27,000 miles and then dipped down below 15,000 miles. The lower MBRC for 

engine- and fuel-related roadcalls was due to engine and cooling system problems. 

Figure 15 shows MBRC for both groups of CNG buses. The CWI CNG buses had MBRC for all 

roadcalls above 5,000 miles for all of the data collected. The MBRC for engine- and fuel-related 

roadcalls for CWI CNG buses was as high as 35,000 miles and ended around 23,000 miles. The 

drop from 35,000 miles during June–August 2003 was caused by five roadcalls: one for 

charging, one for exhaust, and three for the engine system. The CWI CNG buses had an MBRC 

for all roadcalls and for engine- and fuel-related roadcalls above the MBRC for the diesel buses. 

26
0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Aug-02 Oct-02 Dec-02 Feb-03 Apr-03 Jun-03 Aug-03 Oct-03 Dec-03 Feb-04 Apr-04 Jun-04 Aug-04

CWI All MBRC CWI Engine/Fuel MBRC Deere All MBRC Deere Engine/Fuel MBRC

CWI evaluation period 

Deere 

evaluation 

period 

Figure 15. Cumulative MBRC for CNG Buses (All Data) 

For the Deere CNG buses, the MBRC for all roadcalls ended at just under 5,000 miles. The 

MBRC for engine- and fuel-related roadcalls rose significantly during the last 6 months shown 

and ended at around 8,000 miles. Problems causing roadcalls for the engine- and fuel-related 

roadcalls included engine, exhaust, and cooling system issues. The last 6 months of operation 

showed the highest MBRC for both types of roadcalls for the Deere CNG buses. 

Table 13 shows all roadcalls broken down by system for the evaluation period. For the diesel 

buses, the systems with the highest number of roadcalls were brakes, transmission, cooling, and 

farebox. For the CWI CNG buses, the systems with the highest number of roadcalls were 

farebox, doors and interlock, engine, and transmission. For the Deere CNG buses, the systems 

with the highest number of roadcalls were farebox, engine, and body exterior. 

27
Table 13. Summary of Roadcalls by System (Evaluation Periods) 

Diesel CWI – CNG Deere – CNG 

System Roadcalls Percent 

(%) Roadcalls Percent (%) Roadcalls Percent (%) 

HVAC 2 4 0 0 0 0 

Doors and Interlock 2 4 4 14 0 0 

Wipers and Washer 0 0 0 0 1 7 

Windows 0 0 2 8 0 0 

Body Exterior 1 2 1 3 0 0 

Body Interior 1 2 1 3 2 14 

Brakes 8 18 1 3 0 0 

Steering 0 0 1 3 0 0 

Suspension 2 4 0 0 0 0 

Tires 1 2 0 0 0 0 

Rear Axle 0 0 0 0 1 7 

Transmission 7 15 3 10 0 0 

Non-Lighting Electrical 1 2 1 3 1 7 

Lighting 1 2 0 0 0 0 

Cooling 7 15 1 3 0 0 

Exhaust 0 0 1 3 0 0 

Fuel 2 4 1 3 0 0 

Engine 2 4 4 14 3 22 

Wheelchair Lift/Ramp 1 2 0 0 0 0 

Farebox 7 15 9 30 6 43 

Horn 1 2 0 0 0 0 

Destination Sign 1 2 0 0 0 0 

Total 47 100 30 100 14 100 

Summary of Operating Costs 

Table 14 shows a summary of operating costs for the study groups, including fuel and total 

maintenance costs per mile. The diesel study group has two rows in the table: one with the diesel 

fuel cost average from the evaluation period and another calculated with an average diesel fuel 

cost from the same period as the CNG bus evaluation period. The average diesel cost per gallon 

was $0.75 for the evaluation period and $1.33 for the representative or recent evaluation period 

(the same period as the CWI CNG bus evaluation period). The CNG fuel costs were averaged 

over the evaluation period, and $0.14 per gallon was added for electricity costs for operating the 

CNG compression and dispensing station (based on a $300,000 per year cost for electricity). This 

CNG fuel cost does not include the operations and maintenance contract for the station 

($360,000 per year) because the diesel fuel station operation and maintenance costs were 

unknown for the evaluation periods. 

The maintenance costs shown are for the evaluation period and include all maintenance actions. 

The total maintenance costs are similar for the three study groups, with the diesel group being 

slightly higher than the two CNG groups. For total operating costs, the representative diesel 

group was only 3% lower compared with the CWI CNG group and 7% lower compared with the 

28
Deere CNG group. The general conclusion is that the operating costs accounted for in this 

evaluation for the diesel and CNG buses are similar, and are most influenced by fuel cost and 

fuel economy. 

Table 14. Total Operating Cost ($/Mile, Evaluation Periods) 

Study Group Fuel Cost Maintenance Cost Total Cost 

Diesel (Evaluation Period) 0.26 0.59 0.85 

Diesel (Representative)* 0.47 0.59 1.06 

CNG – CWI 0.57 0.52 1.09 

CNG – Deere 0.56 0.58 1.14 

*The difference between diesel (evaluation period) and diesel (representative) is the fuel cost. 

Diesel (evaluation period) uses the actual diesel fuel cost during the evaluation period of the diesel 

buses, September 2001 to August 2002 ($0.75/gal). Diesel (representative) uses the diesel fuel 

cost during the evaluation period of the CNG buses ($1.33/gal). 

Summary of Results 

The presented results focus on the evaluation period for each study group of buses: diesel buses, 

12 months (9/2001-8/2002); CWI CNG buses, 12 months (6/2003-5/2004); Deere CNG buses, 6 

months (4/2004-9/2004). The Deere CNG buses had a limited evaluation of 6 months because 

the implementation was a field test confirmation of the technology, which will be a full market 

introduction with the next Deere CNG bus order from WMATA. The CWI CNG bus propulsion 

technology was considered a fully implemented commercial product and had a full 12-month 

evaluation as did the CWI CNG technology. Diesel propulsion technology was used as the 

baseline for this evaluation. 

Implementation Experience. WMATA was dedicated to a positive implementation of CNG 

buses and appeared to implement the CNG buses into its operation with ease. Work was done 

early to ensure the equipment (vehicles and facilities) was well matched to WMATA’s operation. 

Management was reported to have been supportive while allowing depot staff to make their own 

implementation decisions. Because of all the work done before the buses and equipment were 

brought to the depot, the overall implementation experience was better than expected. WMATA 

also received good technical support from manufacturers and others. 

Routes and Bus Use. The CNG and diesel buses at the Bladensburg depot were used randomly 

on 40-foot bus routes. The CNG buses did not have restrictions due to range or power. The diesel 

buses used in the evaluation operated from Bladensburg depot from 2001–2002 (before the use 

of the CNG buses). The CNG buses operated from Bladensburg depot starting in 2002. 

Fuel Economy and Cost. The CNG buses had fuel economies 16%–18% lower than the diesel 

buses: 2.3–2.4 mpDGE for the CNG buses versus 2.8 mpg for the diesel buses. This fuel 

economy difference is better than the 20%–25% fuel economy penalty for CNG shown in 

previous DOE/NREL transit bus studies and may be due to emission control hardware now 

required on diesel engines. 

The CNG fuel cost averaged $1.19/DGE during the evaluation period. Adding the electricity cost 

for the CNG compressor station ($0.14/DGE), the total CNG fuel cost was $1.33/DGE. The 

29
ULSD fuel cost during the evaluation period for the diesel bus operation at Bladensburg (2002) 

averaged $0.75/gal. However, during the CNG bus evaluation period, the ULSD fuel cost 

averaged $1.33/gal. 

Total Maintenance Costs. For the evaluation periods, the CWI CNG buses had 12% lower total 

maintenance costs than the diesel buses, and the Deere CNG buses had 2% lower total 

maintenance costs than the diesel buses. 

Engine- and Fuel-Related Maintenance Costs. The engine- and fuel-related systems are the air 

intake, cooling, exhaust, fuel, engine, and non-lighting electrical (cranking, charging, and 

ignition) systems. These vehicle systems are the most relevant when comparing the differences 

in diesel and CNG transit bus propulsion technologies. The CWI CNG buses had costs 11% 

higher than the diesel buses, and the Deere CNG buses had costs 3% higher than the diesel 

buses. The higher maintenance cost for the CNG buses versus the diesel buses for these systems 

was expected because of higher-cost engine oil, fuel filters, and the addition of the spark plugs 

and ignition systems for the CNG buses. 

Roadcalls. A roadcall is defined in this report as an on-road failure of an in-service bus requiring 

the bus to be taken out of service or replaced on route. Both CNG bus groups had better MBRC 

rates than the diesel buses. The CWI CNG buses had an all roadcall MBRC 44% higher and 

engine- and fuel-related roadcall MBRC 41% higher than the diesel buses. The Deere CNG 

buses had an all roadcall MBRC 58% higher and engine- and fuel-related roadcall MBRC 16% 

higher than the diesel buses. 

Total Operating Costs. The total operating costs for the study buses were similar. The fuel costs 

for CNG and diesel during the CNG bus evaluation periods were the same at $1.33/DGE. The 

total operating costs were as follows: diesel, $1.06/mile; CWI CNG, $1.09/mile; and Deere 

CNG, $1.14/mile. The major contributing factors are the fuel costs and fuel economy. Significant 

changes in the fuel cost or fuel economy would change total operating costs significantly. 

Future Bus Orders at WMATA. A subsequent CNG bus order consisted of 250 CNG buses 

from Orion (model VII, low floor), which started delivery in 2005. Another CNG bus facility 

came online in 2005. After this CNG bus order, the next bus order is planned to be diesel and 

diesel hybrid buses. These diesel buses are required at WMATA to lower the average diesel bus 

age at the eight depots not currently operating CNG buses. 

Status of the CNG Bus Propulsion Technologies. The CWI CNG bus propulsion technology 

appears from the evaluation to be a mature technology and is similar in operation and cost to the 

diesel bus technology. The Deere CNG bus propulsion technology was a field test confirmation 

during this project and only underwent a limited evaluation. However, by the end of the 

evaluation, the results indicated that this propulsion technology was maturing. WMATA and 

Deere have agreed to implement another 100 Deere CNG buses as part of WMATA’s 250 CNG 

bus order, with delivery in 2005; this will be the first full market introduction of the Deere CNG 

bus propulsion technology. The order indicates WMATA’s confidence in the Deere technology, 

even with higher engine maintenance costs. 

30
References 

1. General Evaluation Plan: Fleet Test & Evaluation Projects. NREL/BR-540-32392. Golden, 

CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, July 2002. Available in PDF at 

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32392.pdf. 

2. Evaluating the Emission Reduction Benefits of WMATA Natural Gas Buses. U.S. Department 

of Energy. NREL/FS-540-33280. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 

2003. Available in PDF at http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ngvtf/pdfs/33280.pdf and 

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/33280.pdf. 

3. Emission Testing of Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Natural Gas 

and Diesel Transit Buses. NREL/TP-540-36355. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy 

Laboratory, December 2005. Available in PDF at 

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ngvtf/pdfs/36355.pdf and 

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/36355.pdf. 

4. “75 Largest Transit Agencies, Fiscal Year 2002 Ranked by Passenger Miles (Thousands).” 

American Public Transit Association Web Site, 

http://www.apta.com/research/stats/overview/75largest.cfm. Accessed on 4/10/06. 

5. On-Road Development of the C-Gas Plus Engine in Heavy-Duty Vehicles. NREL/FS-540-

32871. U.S. Department of Energy. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 

2003. Available in PDF at http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ngvtf/pdfs/32871.pdf and 

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/32871.pdf. 

6. An Emission and Performance Comparison of the Natural Gas C-Gas Plus Engine in HeavyDuty Trucks. NREL/SR-540-32863. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, April 

2003. Available in PDF at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/32863.pdf. 

7. On-Road Development of John Deere 6081 Natural Gas Engine. NREL/SR-540-30163. 

Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, September 2001. Available in PDF at 

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30163.pdf. 

8. Natural Gas Transit Users Group: Assisting Transit Agencies with Natural Gas Bus 

Technologies. U.S. Department of Energy. NREL/FS-540-37921 or DOE/GO-102005-2118. 

Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, April 2005. Available in PDF at 

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ngvtf/pdfs/037921ng_bus.pdf and 

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37921.pdf. 

9. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses: Final Results from the National Renewable Energy 

Laboratory Vehicle Evaluation Program. NREL/TP-425-20513. Golden, CO: National 

Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1996. 

10. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses—DART's LNG Bus Fleet: Final Results. U.S. Department of 

Energy. NREL/BR-540-28739. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, October 

2000. Available in PDF at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/28739.pdf. 

31
Appendix A 

Vehicle System Descriptions 

32
Bus Company

Vehicle 

Number Start Date

Start 

Odometer

Test Fuel or 

Technology

Bus 

Manufacturer

Bus 

Model

Bus Year of 

Manufacture

Vehicle Identification 

Number (VIN)

Engine 

Manufacturer

Eng

Ma

Washington 2302 8/21/2002 3,841 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2001 5FYC2LP181U023236 Cummins Westport Metropolitan Area 2303 8/14/2002 3,734 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2001 5FYC2LP1X1U023237 Cummins Westport Transit Authority 2304 8/27/2002 3,966 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2001 5FYC2LP111U023238 Cummins Westport 

WMATA 2307 8/27/2002 3,288 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2001 5FYC2LP111U023241 Cummins Westport 

2309 8/20/2002 3,876 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2001 5FYC2LP151U023243 Cummins Westport 2460 2/12/2003 1,981 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2002 5FYC2LP172U023665 John Deere 2461 2/12/2003 2,366 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2002 5FYC2LP192U023666 John Deere 2462 2/6/2003 1,711 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2002 5FYC2LP102U023667 John Deere 2463 1/30/2003 1,769 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2002 5FYC2LP122U023668 John Deere 

2464 2/5/2003 1,862 CNG New Flyer C40LF 2002 5FYC2LP142U023669 John Deere 

2070 8/4/2000 662 Diesel Orion Bus Ind. 06.501 2000 1VH6H2A28Y6600308 Detroit Diesel 2071 8/8/2000 591 Diesel Orion Bus Ind. 06.501 2000 1VH6H2A2XY6600309 Detroit Diesel 2072 8/2/2000 621 Diesel Orion Bus Ind. 06.501 2000 1VH6H2A26Y6600310 Detroit Diesel 2073 8/4/2000 582 Diesel Orion Bus Ind. 06.501 2000 1VH6H2A28Y6600311 Detroit Diesel 2074 8/22/2000 625 Diesel Orion Bus Ind. 06.501 2000 1VH6H2A2XY6600312 Detroit Diesel 

33
Transit Agency: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (Washington, DC)

Vehicle System Diesel CNG (CWI) CNG (Deere)

General Bus Specifications

Bus Number 2070-4 2302-4, 7, 9 2460-4

Bus Manufacturer/Model Orion/VI New Flyer/C40LF New Flyer/C40LF

Bus Length, Ft. 40 40 40

Bus Width & Height, In. 102, 121 102, 126 102, 126

Wheel Base, In. 278

Gross Vehicle Wt. Rating Total, lb. 42,540 40,600 40,600

Curb Weight Total, lb. 29,300 31,500 31,500

Number of Passenger Seats with no 

Wheelchairs on Board 38 40 40

Number of Wheelchair Positions 2 2 2

Maximum Number of Standees 50 20 20

Air Conditioning? (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

Wheelchair Lift/Ramp? (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

Engine/Fuel System

Fuel Type(s)/Additives ULSD/None CNG/None CNG/None

Engine Manufacturer Detroit Diesel Corp. Cummins Westport Deere Power Systems

Engine Model Number Series 50, DDEC IV C Gas Plus 6081HFN04

Year of Manufacture 2000 2001 2001

EPA Engine Family Name YDDXH08.5FJN 2CEXH0505CBI 2JDXH08.1001

Compression Ratio of engine 15.0:1 10.1:1 11:1

Type of Ignition Aid used in engine None Spark Plugs Spark Plugs

EPA certified? (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

CARB Certified? (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

BHP Maximum and rpm 275 bhp at 2,100 rpm 280 bhp at 2,400 rpm 280 bhp at 2,200 rpm

Torque Maximum and rpm 890 ft-lbs at 1,200 rpm 850 ft-lbs at 1,400 rpm 900 ft-lbs at 1,500 rpm

Displacement (L) 8.5 8.3 8.1

Blower? (Yes/No) No No No

Turbocharger? (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

Mechanical or Electronic Fuel Inj.? Electronic N/A N/A

Direct Injection or Fumigation? Injection Fumigation Fumigation

Throttle for Intake Air? (Yes/No) No Yes Yes

Number of Fuel Storage Tanks 1 7 7

Total Useful Amount of Fuel Storage 125 gal 21,161 scf 21,161 scf

Transmission

Manufacturer and Model Number Allison/B400R Allison/B400R Allison/B400R

Torque Conversion Ratio

Drive Axle Ratio 5.24:1

Retarder? (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

Safety Equipment

Fire Detection (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

Fire Suppression (Yes/No) Yes Yes Yes

Vapor Detection (Yes/No) No Yes Yes

Emissions Equipment

Catalytic Converter (Yes/No) No Yes Yes

Diesel Particulate Trap (Yes/No) No No No

34
Appendix B 

Routes from Bladensburg 

35
Route Summary for Bladensburg

Effective Date 12/28/2003

AM PM Base Miles Time Avg Speed Miles Time Avg Speed Miles T

14 X2 Benning Rd-H St Weekday 12 16 10 1403.03 149.05 9.41 209.79 15.63 13.42 1612.82 

Saturday 9 10 1097.56 105.73 10.38 119.78 8.33 14.37 1217.34 Sunday 6 6 847.55 75.53 11.22 62.58 4.33 14.44 910.13 Total 75 96 50 8960.26 926.52 9.67 1231.31 90.83 13.56 10191.57 1

18 96, 97 East Cap-Cardozo Weekday 6 3 0 208.85 20.77 10.06 80.79 4.53 17.82 289.64 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 30 15 0 1044.25 103.83 10.06 403.95 22.67 17.82 1448.20 

25 X8 Maryland Avenue Weekday 2 2 1 162.00 19.12 8.47 13.62 0.90 15.13 175.62 

Saturday 1 1 103.50 11.50 9.00 3.85 0.27 14.44 107.35 Sunday 1 1 103.50 11.50 9.00 3.85 0.27 14.44 107.35 Total 12 12 5 1017.00 118.58 8.58 75.80 5.03 15.06 1092.80 

34 H6 Brookland-Ft Linc Weekday 4 5 3 698.21 50.22 13.90 59.92 4.17 14.38 758.13 

Saturday 2 2 429.95 27.47 15.65 14.92 1.03 14.44 444.87 Sunday 1 1 288.80 17.73 16.29 21.22 1.47 14.47 310.02 Total 23 28 15 4209.80 296.28 14.21 335.74 23.33 14.39 4545.54 

35 H2,3,4 Crosstown Weekday 17 12 7 1278.04 123.92 10.31 207.49 13.88 14.95 1485.53 

Saturday 5 5 869.30 74.58 11.66 47.90 3.33 14.37 917.20 Sunday 5 5 651.40 52.68 12.36 95.80 6.67 14.37 747.20 Total 95 70 35 7910.90 746.85 10.59 1181.15 79.42 14.87 9092.05 

37 D5 Mac Blvd-Geotown Weekday 1 1 0 40.80 3.33 12.24 37.87 2.18 17.35 78.67 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 5 5 0 204.00 16.67 12.24 189.35 10.92 17.35 393.35 

44 U8 Cap Hts-Benn Hts Weekday 7 7 4 912.84 80.30 11.37 99.50 6.30 15.79 1012.34 

Saturday 2 3 600.60 47.30 12.70 46.31 2.93 15.79 646.91 Sunday 2 2 423.29 30.77 13.76 42.07 2.53 16.61 465.36 Total 39 40 20 5588.09 479.57 11.65 585.88 36.97 15.85 6173.97 

45 D8 Hospital Center Weekday 7 11 5 946.16 94.45 10.02 112.22 7.32 15.34 1058.38 

Saturday 5 6 712.40 64.05 11.12 93.85 5.92 15.86 806.25 Sunday 3 3 417.64 36.27 11.52 33.99 2.13 15.93 451.63 Total 43 64 25 5860.84 572.57 10.24 688.94 44.63 15.44 6549.78 

49 B8,9 Ft Lincoln Shuttle Weekday 4 3 1 217.25 18.70 11.62 14.57 1.23 11.81 231.82 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 20 15 5 1086.25 93.50 11.62 72.85 6.17 11.81 1159.10 

55 D1,3,6 Sibley-Stad Arm Weekday 22 11 8 1552.54 156.57 9.92 281.08 19.52 14.40 1833.62 

Saturday 5 5 937.26 77.30 12.12 77.57 5.50 14.10 1014.83 Sunday 5 5 691.13 55.05 12.55 139.72 10.48 13.33 830.85 Total 120 65 40 9391.09 915.18 10.26 1622.69 113.57 14.29 11013.78 1

Revenue Non-Revenue T

LGRP Route Line Name Day of Week

No. of Buses

36
AM PM Base Miles Time Avg Speed Miles Time Avg Speed Miles T

Revenue Non-Revenue T

LGRP Route Line Name Day of Week

No. of Buses

56 D4 Ivy City-Un Stat Weekday 3 3 2 423.80 39.82 10.64 14.44 0.95 15.20 438.24 

Saturday 2 2 326.75 29.90 10.93 24.64 2.17 11.37 351.39 

Sunday 2 2 219.98 18.30 12.02 44.98 2.98 15.08 264.96 Total 19 19 10 2665.73 247.28 10.78 141.82 9.90 14.33 2807.55 

57 V5 Fx Vill-Lenf Plaz Weekday 3 0 0 28.20 2.13 13.22 23.25 1.62 14.38 51.45 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 15 0 0 141.00 10.67 13.22 116.25 8.08 14.38 257.25 

62 H1 Brookland-Pot Pk Weekday 4 4 0 89.19 10.92 8.17 92.14 6.55 14.07 181.33 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 20 20 0 445.95 54.58 8.17 460.70 32.75 14.07 906.65 

74 81,82,83,86 Maryland Weekday 12 13 7 1816.49 131.00 13.87 321.65 12.30 26.15 2138.14 

Saturday 6 6 788.78 52.98 14.89 147.09 6.43 22.86 935.87 

Sunday 6 6 653.73 42.15 15.51 141.45 5.77 24.53 795.18 Total 72 77 35 10524.96 750.13 14.03 1896.79 73.70 25.74 12421.75 

78 U4 Sher Rd-Riv Terr Weekday 3 3 1 367.10 28.37 12.94 68.40 5.00 13.68 435.50 

Saturday 1 1 196.00 15.03 13.04 34.20 2.33 14.66 230.20 

Sunday 1 1 190.40 14.17 13.44 41.04 2.80 14.66 231.44 Total 17 17 5 2221.90 171.03 12.99 417.24 30.13 13.85 2639.14 

81 42 Mount Pleasant Weekday 1 4 0 96.89 15.37 6.31 92.33 6.82 13.54 189.22 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 5 20 0 484.45 76.83 6.31 461.65 34.08 13.54 946.10 

86 80 North Capitol St Weekday 13 14 10 1333.17 160.03 8.33 158.65 10.30 15.40 1491.82 

Saturday 5 5 834.15 86.88 9.60 79.17 5.07 15.63 913.32 

Sunday 4 5 640.07 61.42 10.42 65.81 4.30 15.30 705.88 Total 74 80 50 8140.07 948.47 8.58 938.23 60.87 15.41 9078.30 1

93 30,32,34,35,36 Pennsylvania Ave Weekday 13 5 0 331.75 37.63 8.82 251.43 15.90 15.81 583.18 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 65 25 0 1658.75 188.17 8.82 1257.15 79.50 15.81 2915.90 

95 W4 Deanwood-Alab Ave Weekday 0 2 0 79.25 6.78 11.68 31.40 1.43 21.91 110.65 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 0 10 0 396.25 33.92 11.68 157.00 7.17 21.91 553.25 

101 G8 Rhode Island Ave Weekday 11 10 4 929.36 94.37 9.85 134.04 9.55 14.04 1063.40 

Saturday 3 3 617.09 50.52 12.22 39.37 2.73 14.40 656.46 Sunday 3 4 505.58 38.85 13.01 26.30 1.83 14.35 531.88 Total 61 57 20 5769.47 561.20 10.28 735.87 52.32 14.07 6505.34 

134 U2 Minn Ave-Anac Weekday 3 3 2 272.70 32.33 8.43 82.69 5.75 14.38 355.39 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 15 15 10 1363.50 161.67 8.43 413.45 28.75 14.38 1776.95 

37
AM PM Base Miles Time Avg Speed Miles Time Avg Speed Miles T

Revenue Non-Revenue T

LGRP Route Line Name Day of Week

No. of Buses

135 U5,6 Mayfair-Mars Hgts Weekday 4 5 3 685.02 66.22 10.35 95.67 6.80 14.07 780.69 

Saturday 3 3 576.33 49.27 11.70 43.48 2.80 15.53 619.81 Sunday 2 2 379.00 32.57 11.64 28.58 1.87 15.31 407.58 Total 25 30 15 4380.43 412.92 10.61 550.41 38.67 14.23 4930.84 

150 B2 Blad Rd-Anacostia Weekday 15 14 7 1634.17 147.08 11.11 137.26 9.72 14.13 1771.43 

Saturday 5 6 1060.91 79.92 13.28 30.45 2.23 13.63 1091.36 Sunday 4 5 863.24 60.58 14.25 19.72 1.43 13.76 882.96 

Total 84 81 35 10095.00 875.92 11.53 736.47 52.25 14.10 10831.47 

151 X1,3 Benning Road Weekday 10 7 0 191.87 20.20 9.50 213.95 13.95 15.34 405.82 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 50 35 0 959.35 101.00 9.50 1069.75 69.75 15.34 2029.10 

514 B99 Bus Operator Shuttle Weekday 1 1 1 134.40 14.40 9.33 0.28 0.07 4.20 134.68 

Saturday 1 1 109.20 11.70 9.33 0.28 0.07 4.20 109.48 Sunday 1 1 109.20 11.70 9.33 0.28 0.07 4.20 109.48 Total 7 7 5 890.40 95.40 9.33 1.96 0.47 4.20 892.36 

544 P1,2,6 Anac-Eckington Weekday 1 3 0 106.30 11.40 9.32 43.01 3.03 14.18 149.31 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 5 15 0 531.50 57.00 9.32 215.05 15.17 14.18 746.55 

583 K2 Takoma-Ft Totten Weekday 3 3 0 148.40 15.33 9.68 53.68 3.35 16.02 202.08 

Saturday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 15 15 0 742.00 76.67 9.68 268.40 16.75 16.02 1010.40 

800 R1,2,5 Riggs Road Weekday 8 7 3 1002.68 65.15 15.39 200.38 10.08 19.87 1203.06 

Saturday 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Sunday 2 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Total 44 40 15 5013.40 325.75 15.39 1001.90 50.42 19.87 6015.30 

801 R3 Gblt-Fort Totten Weekday 4 4 2 702.95 42.05 16.72 133.78 5.32 25.16 836.73 

Saturday 1 2 165.60 8.92 18.57 19.46 1.17 16.68 185.06 Sunday 1 1 165.60 8.47 19.56 13.16 0.80 16.45 178.76 Total 22 23 10 3845.95 227.63 16.90 701.52 28.55 24.57 4547.47 

802 R4 Queens Chapel Rd Weekday 3 4 1 358.02 30.97 11.56 68.82 4.37 15.76 426.84 

Saturday 1 1 126.36 9.43 13.40 9.58 0.67 14.37 135.94 Sunday 1 1 110.69 7.88 14.04 6.58 0.53 12.34 117.27 Total 17 22 5 2027.15 172.15 11.78 360.26 23.03 15.64 2387.41 

All Natural Gas Buses Weekday 160 135 59 13813.08 1277.63 10.81 2800.80 170.80 16.40 16613.88 1

Saturday 39 42 6679.88 548.60 12.18 544.23 33.13 16.43 7224.11 Sunday 36 40 5187.23 401.92 12.91 583.04 36.48 15.98 5770.27 Total 875 757 295 80932.51 7338.68 11.03 15131.27 923.62 16.38 96063.78 8

38
Appendix C 

Fuel Consumption and Economy 

39
WMATA Diesel Buses

Fuel Analysis

Diesel Buses Item Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Total Mileage 9955 10389 10337 11273 15250 14226 14106 15037 16125 13785 13192 17019 12586 15895 17004 13597 11908 Mileage Used in Calc 9955 10389 10166 10725 14430 13721 13693 15037 14417 13142 12847 16139 12145 15591 17004 12291 11822 Total Fuel Reported 3853 3794 3557 3773 5219 4959 4686 5066 5165 4710 4981 6210 4665 5710 6029 4404 4003 

Fuel Used in Calculation 3853 3794 3528 3683 5034 4857 4642 5066 4844 4651 4964 6109 4605 5554 6029 4210 3991 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.58 2.74 2.88 2.91 2.87 2.82 2.95 2.97 2.98 2.83 2.59 2.64 2.64 2.81 2.82 2.92 2.96 

Min Odometer 1316 3111 3915 4794 8032 11219 13919 16748 21046 24883 26000 28572 32373 34960 38098 40574 43623 

Max Odometer 3323 6373 9586 12834 15724 17926 20958 23523 25862 28810 31798 35530 38004 40907 45102 47942 50266 

Diesel Bus 2070 

Item Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 

Total Mileage 2109 2980 2675 3050 3042 3134 2692 3271 2241 3046 2988 3732 2474 2903 4195 2840 1504 

Mileage Used in Calc 2109 2980 2675 3050 3042 3134 2692 3271 2241 3046 2988 3732 2474 2903 4195 2635 1504 

Total Fuel Reported 821 1082 945 1035 1042 1136 882 1053 775 1044 1148 1482 953 1037 1473 923 546 Fuel Used in Calculation 821 1082 945 1035 1042 1136 882 1053 775 1044 1148 1482 953 1037 1473 905 546 Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.57 2.75 2.83 2.95 2.92 2.76 3.05 3.11 2.89 2.92 2.60 2.52 2.60 2.80 2.85 2.91 2.75 

Odometer 2679 5659 8334 11384 14426 17560 20252 23523 25764 28810 31798 35530 38004 40907 45102 47942 49446 

Diesel Bus 2071 

Item Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Total Mileage 2321 1559 1413 879 2884 2854 2856 3979 3944 3629 3329 3684 1805 2674 3378 2504 3064 

Mileage Used in Calc 2321 1559 1389 879 2578 2854 2856 3979 3944 3629 3329 3389 1805 2469 3378 2104 3064 

Total Fuel Reported 920 555 474 302 964 990 943 1229 1220 1243 1227 1250 639 885 1146 756 1027 

Fuel Used in Calculation 920 555 474 302 906 990 943 1229 1220 1243 1227 1207 639 859 1146 678 1027 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.52 2.81 2.93 2.91 2.85 2.88 3.03 3.24 3.23 2.92 2.71 2.81 2.82 2.87 2.95 3.10 2.98 

Odometer 2881 4440 5853 6732 9616 12470 15326 19305 23249 26878 30207 33891 35696 38370 41748 44252 47316 

Diesel Bus 2072 

Item Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 

Total Mileage 2033 539 804 879 3238 3187 2700 2829 4298 3837 3676 3997 3151 3982 2978 3770 3829 

Mileage Used in Calc 2033 539 804 879 3238 3187 2700 2829 3660 3332 3452 3640 2984 3982 2978 3410 3743 

Total Fuel Reported 785 215 264 293 1124 1079 943 1061 1294 1216 1296 1413 1169 1352 1025 1100 1274 Fuel Used in Calculation 785 215 264 293 1124 1079 943 1061 1231 1157 1282 1355 1157 1352 1025 1039 1262 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.59 2.51 3.05 3.00 2.88 2.95 2.86 2.67 2.97 2.88 2.69 2.69 2.58 2.95 2.91 3.28 2.97 

Odometer 2572 3111 3915 4794 8032 11219 13919 16748 21046 24883 28559 32556 35707 39689 42667 46437 50266 

Diesel Bus 2073 

Item Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 

Total Mileage 2776 3050 3213 3248 2890 2202 3032 2437 2467 138 0 2572 3801 2587 3138 2476 3275 

Mileage Used in Calc 2776 3050 3213 2700 2376 2202 2619 2437 2155 0 0 2344 3527 2587 3138 2135 3275 

Total Fuel Reported 1037 1096 1105 1045 988 812 965 847 732 0 0 837 1357 895 1084 802 1044 

Fuel Used in Calculation 1037 1096 1105 955 861 812 921 847 685 0 0 837 1309 895 1084 765 1044 Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.68 2.78 2.91 2.83 2.76 2.71 2.84 2.88 3.15 2.80 2.69 2.89 2.89 2.79 3.14 

Odometer 3323 6373 9586 12834 15724 17926 20958 23395 25862 26000 26000 28572 32373 34960 38098 40574 43849 

Diesel Bus 2074 

Item Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Aug-01 Sep-01 Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 

Total Mileage 716 2261 2232 3217 3196 2849 2826 2521 3175 3135 3199 3034 1355 3749 3315 2007 236 Mileage Used in Calc 716 2261 2085 3217 3196 2344 2826 2521 2417 3135 3078 3034 1355 3650 3315 2007 236 

Total Fuel Reported 290 846 769 1098 1101 942 953 876 1144 1207 1310 1228 547 1541 1301 823 112 Fuel Used in Calculation 290 846 740 1098 1101 840 953 876 933 1207 1307 1228 547 1411 1301 823 112 Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.47 2.67 2.82 2.93 2.90 2.79 2.97 2.88 2.59 2.60 2.36 2.47 2.48 2.59 2.55 2.44 2.11 

Odometer 1316 3577 5809 9026 12222 15071 17897 20418 23593 26728 29927 32961 34316 38065 41380 43387 43623 

40
WMATA CNG Buses

Fuel Analysis

CNG/Cummins Buses Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 3063 13542 10662 11433 11089 10971 9952 11314 11731 12276 11189 12955 13584 10664 12891 12001 13082 9942 10376 

Mileage Used in Calc 3063 13175 9375 10723 10948 10971 8949 11314 10583 12054 11189 12955 13584 10015 12891 11241 12816 8738 10376 

Total Fuel Reported 1424 5706 4042 4623 4505 4732 3951 4964 4600 5034 4827 5995 6109 4112 5002 4770 5515 4637 4493 

Fuel Used in Calculation 1424 5668 3893 4456 4505 4732 3728 4917 4378 5016 4827 5995 6109 3998 5002 4718 5515 4035 4493 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.15 2.32 2.41 2.41 2.43 2.32 2.40 2.30 2.42 2.40 2.32 2.16 2.22 2.51 2.58 2.38 2.32 2.17 2.31 

Min Odometer 3546 6230 8063 9574 11532 13330 15894 18113 20955 23219 25426 27962 30400 32060 32229 33863 36473 38977 41190 

Max Odometer 4822 8058 10202 12430 14653 16750 19109 21452 23850 26436 28638 31271 34014 37346 40883 43999 46029 47778 50798 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2302 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 981 3236 2144 2228 1884 2062 852 2605 2260 2437 2392 2773 2312 2434 2805 2441 2537 1210 

Mileage Used in Calc 981 3057 1571 2228 1743 2062 852 2605 1965 2437 2392 2773 2312 2434 2805 2441 2537 1210 

Total Fuel Reported 448 1241 705 1055 687 872 389 1102 812 983 939 1218 994 997 1089 975 1003 601 

Fuel Used in Calculation 448 1203 659 1055 687 872 389 1102 760 983 939 1218 994 997 1089 975 1003 601 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.19 2.54 2.38 2.11 2.54 2.36 2.19 2.36 2.59 2.48 2.55 2.28 2.33 2.44 2.58 2.50 2.53 2.01 

Odometer 4822 8058 10202 12430 14314 16376 17228 19833 22093 24530 26922 29695 32007 34441 37246 39687 42224 43434 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2303 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 705 2616 2348 2694 2195 2282 1887 2233 2177 2059 2588 2796 3615 3417 3537 3116 2296 2725 3020 

Mileage Used in Calc 705 2616 2348 1984 2195 2282 1454 2233 2177 2059 2588 2796 3615 3006 3537 2696 2030 1521 3020 

Total Fuel Reported 360 1128 964 947 922 937 677 1004 885 867 1159 1324 1539 1085 1199 1038 961 1152 1008 

Fuel Used in Calculation 360 1128 964 780 922 937 592 1004 885 867 1159 1324 1539 1024 1199 1010 961 550 1008 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 1.96 2.32 2.44 2.54 2.38 2.44 2.46 2.22 2.46 2.37 2.23 2.11 2.35 2.94 2.95 2.67 2.11 2.77 3.00 

Odometer 4439 7055 9403 12097 14292 16574 18461 20694 22871 24930 27518 30314 33929 37346 40883 43999 46029 47778 50798 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2304 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 556 2722 2362 2451 2596 2097 2359 2343 2398 2586 2202 2633 2743 2396 3365 2264 2909 2237 1694 

Mileage Used in Calc 556 2722 2066 2451 2596 2097 1789 2343 1946 2364 2202 2633 2743 2158 3365 2264 2909 2237 1694 

Total Fuel Reported 221 1235 953 1020 1089 1046 843 1072 902 982 955 1219 1331 1058 1342 956 1207 1128 913 

Fuel Used in Calculation 221 1235 887 1020 1089 1046 705 1025 851 964 955 1219 1331 1005 1342 956 1207 1128 913 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.52 2.20 2.33 2.40 2.38 2.00 2.54 2.29 2.29 2.45 2.31 2.16 2.06 2.15 2.51 2.37 2.41 1.98 1.86 

Odometer 4522 7244 9606 12057 14653 16750 19109 21452 23850 26436 28638 31271 34014 36410 39775 42039 44948 47185 48879 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2307 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 258 2684 1833 1511 1958 1798 2564 2219 2842 2264 2207 2536 2438 2375 3015 2546 2730 2476 2239 

Mileage Used in Calc 258 2496 1415 1511 1958 1798 2564 2219 2842 2264 2207 2536 2438 2375 3015 2206 2730 2476 2239 

Total Fuel Reported 124 1061 605 571 793 801 1090 945 1153 910 970 1174 1118 949 1274 1038 1162 1118 899 

Fuel Used in Calculation 124 1061 568 571 793 801 1090 945 1153 910 970 1174 1118 949 1274 1014 1162 1118 899 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.08 2.35 2.49 2.65 2.47 2.24 2.35 2.35 2.46 2.49 2.28 2.16 2.18 2.50 2.37 2.18 2.35 2.21 2.49 

Odometer 3546 6230 8063 9574 11532 13330 15894 18113 20955 23219 25426 27962 30400 32775 35790 38336 41066 43542 45781 

41
CNG/Cummins Bus 2309 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 563 2284 1975 2549 2456 2732 2290 1914 2054 2930 1800 2217 2476 42 169 1634 2610 2504 2213 

Mileage Used in Calc 563 2284 1975 2549 2456 2732 2290 1914 1653 2930 1800 2217 2476 42 169 1634 2610 2504 2213 

Total Fuel Reported 271 1041 815 1030 1014 1076 952 841 848 1292 804 1060 1127 23 98 763 1182 1239 1072 

Fuel Used in Calculation 271 1041 815 1030 1014 1076 952 841 729 1292 804 1060 1127 23 98 763 1182 1239 1072 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.08 2.19 2.42 2.47 2.42 2.54 2.41 2.28 2.27 2.27 2.24 2.09 2.20 1.83 1.72 2.14 2.21 2.02 2.06 

Odometer 4341 6625 8600 11149 13605 16337 18627 20541 22595 25525 27325 29542 32018 32060 32229 33863 36473 38977 41190 

42
WMATA CNG Buses

Fuel Analysis

CNG/Deere Buses Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 ATotal Mileage 88 5153 9461 8604 10637 7568 4253 1034 6516 10194 7909 8668 9625 8434 12911 14193 16031 12277 9616 

Mileage Used in Calc 88 4771 9461 8604 10637 7568 4061 859 6360 10194 7072 8668 9625 8434 12911 14193 16031 11331 9084 

Total Fuel Reported 30 2180 4172 3566 4301 2980 1678 414 2719 4002 3187 3477 3919 3586 5420 5830 6734 4795 3805 

Fuel Used in Calculation 30 2120 4172 3566 4301 2980 1678 394 2719 4002 3007 3477 3919 3586 5420 5830 6734 4667 3709 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.93 2.25 2.27 2.41 2.47 2.54 2.42 2.18 2.34 2.55 2.35 2.49 2.46 2.35 2.38 2.43 2.38 2.43 2.45 

Min Odometer 1659 2212 3027 3556 4563 5905 6436 6801 7268 7722 8053 8355 8893 9163 10631 13679 16384 17963 18590 

Max Odometer 2366 3559 6051 7781 10546 11852 13166 13333 15305 17765 20138 22598 24788 26246 28844 31956 35616 38042 40179 

CNG/Deere Bus 2460 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 231 2621 1646 2329 2442 1661 156 2238 2460 2373 2460 2190 1458 2598 3112 3660 2426 2137 

Mileage Used in Calc 231 2621 1646 2329 2442 1469 156 2082 2460 1536 2460 2190 1458 2598 3112 3660 2426 2137 

Total Fuel Reported 140 1082 685 967 814 463 52 852 857 695 954 897 674 1252 1236 1499 1045 955 

Fuel Used in Calculation 140 1082 685 967 814 463 52 852 857 515 954 897 674 1252 1236 1499 1045 955 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 1.65 2.42 2.40 2.41 3.00 3.17 3.00 2.44 2.87 2.98 2.58 2.44 2.16 2.08 2.52 2.44 2.32 2.24 

Odometer 2212 4833 6479 8808 11250 12911 13067 15305 17765 20138 22598 24788 26246 28844 31956 35616 38042 40179 

CNG/Deere Bus 2461 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 1173 1788 2307 2399 1424 0 235 482 2606 2501 1747 1866 2493 2692 2594 3296 3001 1971 

Mileage Used in Calc 1173 1788 2307 2399 1424 0 60 482 2606 2501 1747 1866 2493 2692 2594 3296 3001 1971 

Total Fuel Reported 493 785 981 1009 663 0 63 222 1030 963 669 798 979 1127 1048 1413 1354 829 

Fuel Used in Calculation 493 785 981 1009 663 0 43 222 1030 963 669 798 979 1127 1048 1413 1354 829 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.38 2.28 2.35 2.38 2.15 1.40 2.17 2.53 2.60 2.61 2.34 2.55 2.39 2.48 2.33 2.22 2.38 

Odometer 2366 3539 5327 7634 10033 11457 11457 11692 12174 14780 17281 19028 20894 23387 26079 28673 31969 34970 36941 

CNG/Deere Bus 2462 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 892 2489 2392 2137 1054 747 111 1638 2587 1069 2324 3014 2205 2917 2537 2871 3521 2211 

Mileage Used in Calc 892 2489 2392 2137 1054 747 111 1638 2587 1069 2324 3014 2205 2917 2537 2871 3121 2211 

Total Fuel Reported 405 1071 1002 837 477 299 37 721 1019 750 888 1041 735 1095 1061 1340 1115 767 

Fuel Used in Calculation 405 1071 1002 837 477 299 37 721 1019 750 888 1041 735 1095 1061 1340 1087 767 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.20 2.32 2.39 2.55 2.21 2.50 3.00 2.27 2.54 1.43 2.62 2.90 3.00 2.66 2.39 2.14 2.87 2.88 

Odometer 1659 2551 5040 7432 9569 10623 11370 11481 13119 15706 16775 19099 22113 24318 27235 29772 32643 36164 38375 

CNG/Deere Bus 2463 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 88 1702 2492 1730 2765 1306 1314 167 1691 2087 1635 1835 2017 2008 3236 2902 3499 1750 2670 

Mileage Used in Calc 88 1702 2492 1730 2765 1306 1314 167 1691 2087 1635 1835 2017 2008 3236 2902 3499 1204 2138 

Total Fuel Reported 30 745 1035 701 1118 604 604 91 743 892 614 815 852 985 1321 1113 1424 621 1009 

Fuel Used in Calculation 30 745 1035 701 1118 604 604 91 743 892 614 815 852 985 1321 1113 1424 521 913 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.93 2.28 2.41 2.47 2.47 2.16 2.18 1.84 2.28 2.34 2.66 2.25 2.37 2.04 2.45 2.61 2.46 2.31 2.34 

Odometer 1857 3559 6051 7781 10546 11852 13166 13333 15024 17111 18746 20581 22598 24606 27842 30744 34243 35993 38663 

43
CNG/Deere Bus 2464 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 ATotal Mileage 1155 71 529 1007 1342 531 365 467 454 331 302 538 270 1468 3048 2705 1579 627 

Mileage Used in Calc 773 71 529 1007 1342 531 365 467 454 331 302 538 270 1468 3048 2705 1579 627 

Total Fuel Reported 397 199 197 370 422 312 171 181 204 165 151 331 213 625 1372 1058 660 245 

Fuel Used in Calculation 337 199 197 370 422 312 171 181 204 165 151 331 213 625 1372 1058 660 245 

Fuel Economy (Mile/Gal) 2.29 0.36 2.69 2.72 3.18 1.70 2.13 2.58 2.23 2.01 2.00 1.63 1.27 2.35 2.22 2.56 2.39 2.56 

Odometer 1801 2956 3027 3556 4563 5905 6436 6801 7268 7722 8053 8355 8893 9163 10631 13679 16384 17963 18590 

44
Appendix D 

Diesel and CNG Fuel Costs 

45
Average Diesel Fuel Costs at WMATA

Period Year Cost/Gal

Sep 1st 2001 0.8751

Sep 2nd 2001 0.9434

Oct 1st 2001 0.7654

Oct 2nd 2001 0.7451

Nov 1st 2001 0.6917

Nov 2nd 2001 0.6417

Dec 1st 2001 0.5963

Dec 2nd 2001 0.5517

Jan 1st 2002 0.6293

Jan 2nd 2002 0.5936

Feb 1st 2002 0.5813

Feb 2nd 2002 0.6143

Mar 1st 2002 0.7166

Mar 2nd 2002 0.8006

Apr 1st 2002 0.8189

Apr 2nd 2002 0.8399

May 1st 2002 0.8291

May 2nd 2002 0.8333

Jun 1st 2002 0.8136

Jun 2nd 2002 0.7849

Jul 1st 2002 0.8334

Jul 2nd 2002 0.8516

Aug 1st 2002 0.8452

Aug 2nd 2002 0.8768

Average 0.75

46
CNG Costs at WMATA by Month

Month Dry Therm Wet Therm Total Cost $/gal DGE

Jul-03 251363 237853 177,210.86 1.03 172,049.4

Aug-03 269830 255328 190,226.07 1.03 184,685.5

Sep-03 251573 238052 177,491.03 1.03 172,321.4

Oct-03 230708 218308 160,908.88 1.02 157,753.8

Nov-03 327241 309653 281,519.11 1.26 223,427.9

Dec-03 162850 154097 140,124.37 1.26 111,209.8

Jan-04 514797 487128 439,377.74 1.25 351,502.2

Feb-04 255532 241797 0.00 1.25

Mar-04 318142 301043 261,367.18 1.25 209,093.7

Apr-04 261640 247578 220,395.59 1.23 179,183.4

May-04 186422 176403 157,050.71 1.23 127,683.5

Jun-04 269768 255269 230,385.71 1.25 184,308.6

Jul-04 282020 266863 240,846.74 1.25 192,677.4

Aug-04 267806 253412 228,710.62 1.25 182,968.5

Sep-04 269688 255193 230,317.55 1.25 184,254.0

Total/Average 3,135,932.16 1.19 2,633,119.1

47
Appendix E 

Total Maintenance Costs 

48
WMATA CNG Buses

Repairs Analysis

Diesel Buses

Item Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Total

Total Mileage 13597 11908 16273 13586 16365 16384 16912 16536 15527 15458 152546

Roadcalls - All 3 4 3 2 2 6 8 6 7 5 46

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 12

Parts Costs 1188.34 389.35 1067.03 1430.51 848.57 1187.51 1055.90 2417.63 2574.76 896.33 13055.93

Labor Hours 124.20 107.90 120.40 168.40 133.90 131.90 121.80 212.60 262.10 156.80 1540.00

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.544 0.486 0.436 0.725 0.461 0.475 0.423 0.789 1.010 0.565 0.590

Min Odometer 38098 40574 43623 46377 48813 52624 56026 58763 61676 64017 65855

Max Odometer 45102 47942 50266 54331 57759 61699 65236 68735 72094 76567 80959

Diesel Bus 2070

Item Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Total

Total Mileage 2840 1504 2491 2325 1238 3327 3354 4002 2977 3243 27301

Roadcalls - All 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 11

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000110001 3

Parts Costs 305.67 0.00 47.50 639.24 78.44 449.96 429.17 100.96 331.08 83.61 2465.63

Labor Hours 27.0 16.0 21.4 38.5 20.9 29.1 25.2 40.0 38.3 59.2 315.6

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.583 0.532 0.449 1.103 0.907 0.573 0.504 0.525 0.754 0.939 0.668

Odometer 45102 47942 49446 51937 54262 55500 58827 62181 66183 69160 72403 72403

Diesel Bus 2071

Item Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Total

Total Mileage 2504 3064 3593 3416 3660 3005 4427 2931 2967 3742 33309

Roadcalls - All 0010022200 7

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000000100 1

Parts Costs 231.25 35.99 515.15 34.62 394.49 232.20 0.00 1350.67 807.83 139.62 3741.82

Labor Hours 19.5 30.0 28.2 15.2 37.0 29.5 17.8 54.0 46.0 20.0 297.2

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.482 0.501 0.536 0.233 0.613 0.568 0.201 1.382 1.047 0.305 0.558

Odometer 41748 44252 47316 50909 54325 57985 60990 65417 68348 71315 75057 75057

Diesel Bus 2072

Item Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Total

Total Mileage 3770 3829 4065 3428 3940 3537 3499 3359 4473 4392 38292

Roadcalls - All 1200011031 9

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0100001020 4

Parts Costs 345.55 104.62 4.38 225.14 254.88 186.42 86.68 312.46 376.43 95.99 1992.55

Labor Hours 20.0 27.1 19.5 26.7 19.2 20.8 27.2 43.5 41.5 17.3 262.8

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.357 0.381 0.241 0.455 0.308 0.347 0.413 0.741 0.548 0.219 0.395

Odometer 42667 46437 50266 54331 57759 61699 65236 68735 72094 76567 80959 80959

Diesel Bus 2073

Item Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Total

Total Mileage 2476 3275 3370 1981 3716 3110 2737 2913 2341 3250 29169

Roadcalls - All 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 11

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0100000110 3

Parts Costs 0.00 248.74 500.00 272.43 90.76 126.60 540.05 548.92 215.81 297.00 2840.31

Labor Hours 21.5 32.1 38.5 28.0 36.5 34.0 30.9 59.1 46.3 16.0 342.9

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.434 0.566 0.720 0.844 0.516 0.587 0.762 1.203 1.081 0.338 0.685

Odometer 38098 40574 43849 47219 49200 52916 56026 58763 61676 64017 67267 67267

Diesel Bus 2074

Item Oct-01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Total

Total Mileage 2007 236 2754 2436 3811 3405 2895 3331 2769 831 24475

Roadcalls - All 0100112012 8

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000000010 1

Parts Costs 305.87 0.00 0.00 259.08 30.00 192.33 0.00 104.62 843.61 280.11 2015.62

Labor Hours 36.2 2.7 12.8 60.0 20.3 18.5 20.7 16.0 90.0 44.3 321.5

Total Cost per Mile ($) 1.054 0.572 0.232 1.338 0.274 0.328 0.358 0.272 1.930 3.003 0.739

Odometer 41380 43387 43623 46377 48813 52624 56029 58924 62255 65024 65855 65855

49
WMATA CNG Buses

Repairs Analysis

CNG/Cummins Buses Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 3063 13542 10662 11433 11089 10971 9952 11314 11731 12276 11189 12955 13584 10664 12891 12001 13082 9942 10376 

Roadcalls - All 0 4 2 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 3 2 5 3 0 3 1 2 1 Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 Parts Costs 229.88 1681.96 1185.26 557.95 292.67 199.53 927.88 432.74 340.68 1686.78 1015.97 487.92 987.29 1080.40 808.53 938.38 743.71 789.42 1222.94 

Labor Hours 4.50 124.50 93.80 80.10 81.80 78.20 117.10 108.30 101.60 119.40 94.00 96.80 115.60 123.80 78.40 116.10 75.30 101.80 124.50 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.149 0.584 0.551 0.399 0.395 0.375 0.682 0.517 0.462 0.624 0.511 0.411 0.498 0.682 0.367 0.562 0.345 0.591 0.718 

Min Odometer 3546 6230 8063 9574 11532 13330 15894 18113 20955 23219 25426 27962 30400 32060 32229 33863 36473 38977 41190 

Max Odometer 4822 8058 10202 12430 14653 16750 19109 21452 23850 26436 28638 31271 34014 37346 40883 43999 46029 47778 50798 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2302 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 981 3236 2144 2228 1884 2062 852 2605 2260 2437 2392 2773 2312 2434 2805 2441 2537 0 1210 

Roadcalls - All 0010000000110200000Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000000000010000000Parts Costs 0.00 549.14 530.80 214.24 0.00 0.00 75.00 317.59 0.00 574.65 35.00 75.00 715.46 0.00 406.87 25.00 266.15 0.00 35.00 

Labor Hours 0.0 17.0 25.0 22.5 12.5 14.5 22.5 24.5 14.5 23.7 17.3 30.4 28.0 13.3 26.3 1.8 29.9 7.0 19.5 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.000 0.432 0.831 0.601 0.332 0.352 1.408 0.592 0.321 0.722 0.376 0.575 0.915 0.273 0.614 0.047 0.694 0.835 

Odometer 4822 8058 10202 12430 14314 16376 17228 19833 22093 24530 26922 29695 32007 34441 37246 39687 42224 42224 43434 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2303 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 705 2616 2348 2694 2195 2282 1887 2233 2177 2059 2588 2796 3615 3417 3537 3116 2296 2725 3020 

Roadcalls - All 0000000200002100010Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000000100001000010Parts Costs 0.00 277.26 0.00 140.25 97.21 0.00 205.40 31.15 0.00 221.21 0.00 205.46 0.00 323.80 81.80 298.00 33.40 274.67 353.48 

Labor Hours 0.0 22.0 4.0 5.5 20.0 12.0 29.5 16.3 23.0 28.2 12.0 20.5 13.6 25.7 14.5 28.3 14.5 25.0 36.2 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.000 0.526 0.085 0.154 0.500 0.263 0.891 0.379 0.528 0.792 0.232 0.440 0.188 0.471 0.228 0.550 0.330 0.560 0.716 

Odometer 4439 7055 9403 12097 14292 16574 18461 20694 22871 24930 27518 30314 33929 37346 40883 43999 46029 47778 50798 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2304 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 556 2722 2362 2451 2596 2097 2359 2343 2398 2586 2202 2633 2743 2396 3365 2264 2909 2237 1694 

Roadcalls - All 0200010000101000000Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000000000101000000Parts Costs 0.00 333.04 424.58 195.46 0.00 0.00 236.55 42.00 0.00 195.46 229.88 207.46 45.22 345.74 0.00 0.00 195.46 53.09 364.29 

Labor Hours 0.0 32.0 30.3 13.5 16.3 9.4 29.3 24.0 22.3 19.0 19.8 16.5 22.5 44.0 5.3 15.3 17.0 11.0 26.8 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.000 0.710 0.821 0.355 0.314 0.224 0.721 0.530 0.465 0.443 0.554 0.392 0.427 1.062 0.079 0.338 0.359 0.270 1.006 

Odometer 4522 7244 9606 12057 14653 16750 19109 21452 23850 26436 28638 31271 34014 36410 39775 42039 44948 47185 48879 

CNG/Cummins Bus 2307 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 258 2684 1833 1511 1958 1798 2564 2219 2842 2264 2207 2536 2438 2375 3015 2546 2730 2476 2239 

Roadcalls - All 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0110000000000000000Parts Costs 229.88 277.26 229.88 0.00 0.00 199.53 80.13 0.00 340.68 500.00 195.46 0.00 0.00 329.06 45.78 345.21 0.00 222.38 236.44 

Labor Hours 4.5 27.1 22.5 26.1 10.5 27.3 8.0 17.5 34.0 29.0 20.0 19.6 20.0 21.8 10.6 18.1 2.7 32.8 10.5 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.000 0.608 0.739 0.864 0.268 0.870 0.187 0.394 0.718 0.861 0.542 0.386 0.410 0.597 0.191 0.491 0.049 0.752 0.340 

Odometer 3546 6230 8063 9574 11532 13330 15894 18113 20955 23219 25426 27962 30400 32775 35790 38336 41066 43542 45781 

50
CNG/Cummins Bus 2309 

Item Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 MTotal Mileage 563 2284 1975 2549 2456 2732 2290 1914 2054 2930 1800 2217 2476 42 169 1634 2610 2504 2213 

Roadcalls - All 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000000000001002000Parts Costs 0.00 245.26 0.00 8.00 195.46 0.00 330.80 42.00 0.00 195.46 555.63 0.00 226.61 81.80 274.08 270.17 248.70 239.28 233.73 

Labor Hours 0.0 26.4 12.0 12.5 22.5 15.0 27.8 26.0 7.8 19.5 24.9 9.8 31.5 19.0 21.7 52.6 11.2 26.0 31.5 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 0.000 0.685 0.304 0.248 0.538 0.275 0.751 0.701 0.190 0.399 1.000 0.221 0.728 24.567 8.042 1.775 0.310 0.615 0.817 

Odometer 4341 6625 8600 11149 13605 16337 18627 20541 22595 25525 27325 29542 32018 32060 32229 33863 36473 38977 41190 

51
WMATA CNG Buses

Repairs Analysis

CNG/Deere Buses Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 ATotal Mileage 88 5153 9461 8604 10637 7568 4253 1034 6516 10194 7909 8668 9625 8434 12911 14193 16031 12277 9616 

Roadcalls - All 0 2 3 2 1 3 4 0 2 0 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 5 

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0 0 2 2 0 2 4 0 2 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 3 

Parts Costs 112.24 925.93 318.42 794.98 106.80 767.10 618.49 1099.44 474.87 965.08 681.16 1926.35 755.97 1448.19 200.84 1484.31 568.84 900.11 834.70 

Labor Hours 18.5 183.4 131.5 152.9 112.2 179.8 99.3 64.8 74.9 85.6 124.7 156.0 137.6 100.2 115.3 150.0 108.7 101.2 99.6 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 11.787 1.959 0.729 0.981 0.537 1.289 1.313 4.197 0.648 0.515 0.874 1.122 0.793 0.766 0.462 0.633 0.375 0.485 0.605 

Min Odometer 1659 2212 3027 3556 4563 5905 6436 6801 7268 7722 8053 8355 8893 9163 10631 13679 16384 17963 18590 

Max Odometer 2366 3559 6051 7781 10546 11852 13166 13333 15305 17765 20138 22598 24788 26246 28844 31956 35616 38042 40179 

CNG/Deere Bus 2460 Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 231 2621 1646 2329 2442 1661 156 2238 2460 2373 2460 2190 1458 2598 3112 3660 2426 2137 

Roadcalls - All 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 000003000001000002Parts Costs 229.88 25.75 161.89 0.00 150.00 136.89 229.88 242.22 118.60 314.75 294.52 285.49 0.00 0.00 823.76 50.00 254.36 68.48 

Labor Hours 40.5 16.1 42.8 13.0 26.8 31.8 14.0 16.0 13.9 30.0 10.7 38.5 7.5 26.5 35.7 19.3 32.3 22.8 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 9.761 0.317 1.398 0.279 0.610 1.040 5.961 0.466 0.331 0.765 0.337 1.009 0.257 0.510 0.838 0.277 0.771 0.566 

Odometer 2212 4833 6479 8808 11250 12911 13067 15305 17765 20138 22598 24788 26246 28844 31956 35616 38042 40179 

CNG/Deere Bus 2461 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 1173 1788 2307 2399 1424 0 235 482 2606 2501 1747 1866 2493 2692 2594 3296 3001 1971 

Roadcalls - All 021010010100010100Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 021010010100000000Parts Costs 320.53 62.79 175.25 0.00 429.56 0.00 231.88 0.00 120.60 2.00 582.35 65.00 269.75 200.62 30.00 164.64 0.00 0.00 

Labor Hours 41.5 57.9 33.1 18.7 42.8 13.0 7.0 17.5 12.5 22.5 58.2 25.1 10.0 37.3 29.2 18.2 0.0 8.5 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 2.042 1.654 0.793 0.390 1.804 #DIV/0! 2.476 1.815 0.286 0.451 1.999 0.707 0.309 0.767 0.574 0.326 0.000 0.216 

Odometer 2366 3539 5327 7634 10033 11457 11457 11692 12174 14780 17281 19028 20894 23387 26079 28673 31969 34970 36941 

CNG/Deere Bus 2462 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 892 2489 2392 2137 1054 747 111 1638 2587 1069 2324 3014 2205 2917 2537 2871 3521 2211 

Roadcalls - All 100110000011001001Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 000010000011000001Parts Costs 112.24 0.00 165.25 81.80 47.79 47.79 405.80 207.08 53.94 114.24 673.75 143.60 456.39 0.00 207.58 118.60 267.68 72.96 

Labor Hours 29.4 17.5 24.0 38.5 40.5 8.5 23.0 14.3 13.2 22.2 56.3 14.6 31.7 18.0 28.3 20.5 31.5 20.5 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 1.774 0.352 0.571 0.939 1.967 0.633 14.016 0.563 0.276 1.145 1.501 0.290 0.926 0.309 0.640 0.398 0.523 0.497 

Odometer 1659 2551 5040 7432 9569 10623 11370 11481 13119 15706 16775 19099 22113 24318 27235 29772 32643 36164 38375 

CNG/Deere Bus 2463 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 A

Total Mileage 88 1702 2492 1730 2765 1306 1314 167 1691 2087 1635 1835 2017 2008 3236 2902 3499 1750 2670 

Roadcalls - All 0010010010001200111

Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 0000000010000100000

Parts Costs 112.24 33.40 0.00 242.02 25.00 104.75 249.13 231.88 25.57 641.94 250.17 179.92 27.00 722.05 0.00 180.20 133.60 154.01 693.26 

Labor Hours 18.5 23.5 18.5 17.0 25.5 56.2 10.5 12.8 18.1 27.2 43.5 18.4 34.4 46.5 8.5 34.0 8.2 14.5 30.8 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 11.787 0.710 0.371 0.631 0.470 2.232 0.589 5.221 0.550 0.959 1.483 0.599 0.866 1.517 0.131 0.648 0.155 0.502 0.836 

Odometer 1857 3559 6051 7781 10546 11852 13166 13333 15024 17111 18746 20581 22598 24606 27842 30744 34243 35993 38663 

52
CNG/Deere Bus 2464 

Item Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 ATotal Mileage 1155 71 529 1007 1342 531 365 467 454 331 302 538 270 1468 3048 2705 1579 627 

Roadcalls - All 101001000000010000Roadcalls - Engine/Fuel 001001000000000000Parts Costs 229.88 229.88 50.57 0.00 35.00 184.68 0.00 0.00 30.00 0.00 195.81 234.88 0.00 0.22 242.77 102.00 224.06 0.00 

Labor Hours 48.5 21.5 36.0 16.5 13.5 35.5 8.0 9.0 18.8 6.5 12.4 25.0 4.5 25.0 22.8 42.5 22.9 17.0 

Total Cost per Mile ($) 2.299 18.379 3.498 0.819 0.529 3.691 1.096 0.964 2.137 0.982 2.701 2.760 0.833 0.852 0.454 0.823 0.867 1.356 

Odometer 1801 2956 3027 3556 4563 5905 6436 6801 7268 7722 8053 8355 8893 9163 10631 13679 16384 17963 18590 

53
Appendix F 

Maintenance Costs Broken Down by Vehicle System 

54
Fleet Summary Statistics 12/13/2004

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA)

Diesel Study Group

Fleet Operations and Economics

Diesel Diesel

All Data Last Year

Number of Vehicles 5 5

Period Used for Fuel and Oil Op Anaysis 8/00-8/02 9/01-8/02

Total Number of Months in Period 25 12

Fuel and Oil Analysis Base Fleet Mileage 345,167 178,361

Period Used for Maintenance Op Analysis 11/01-8/02 11/01-8/02

Total Number of Months in Period 10 10

Maintenance Analysis Base Fleet Mileage 152,546 152,546

Average Monthly Mileage per Vehicle 2,940 3,143

Fleet Diesel Usage in Gal. 122,542 62,912

Representative Fleet MPG (energy equiv) 2.82 2.84

Diesel Cost per gallon 1.33 1.33

Fuel Cost per Mile 0.472 0.469

Total Scheduled Repair Cost per Mile 0.273 0.273

Total Unscheduled Repair cost per Mile 0.318 0.318

Total Maintenance Cost per Mile 0.590 0.590

Total Operating Cost per Mile 1.063 1.059

Maintenance Costs

Diesel Diesel

All Data Last Year

Fleet Mileage 152,546 152,546

Total Parts Cost 13,055.93 13,055.93

Total Labor Hours 1540.0 1540.0

Average Labor Cost 77,000.00 77,000.00

(@ $50.00 per hour)

Total Maintenance Cost 90,055.93 90,055.93

Total Maintenance Cost per Bus 18,011.19 18,011.19

Total Maintenance Cost per Mile 0.590 0.590

55
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System

Diesel Diesel

All Data Last Year

Fleet Mileage 152,546 152,546

Total Engine/Fuel-Related Systems 

(ATA VMRS 30, 31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45)

Parts Cost 5,114.48 5,114.48

Labor Hours 268.4 268.4

Average Labor Cost 13,420.00 13,420.00

Total Cost (for system) 18,534.48 18,534.48

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 3,706.90 3,706.90

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.1215 0.1215

Exhaust System Repairs (ATA VMRS 43)

Parts Cost 420.06 420.06

Labor Hours 17.0 17.0

Average Labor Cost 850.00 850.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,270.06 1,270.06

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 254.01 254.01

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0083 0.0083

Fuel System Repairs (ATA VMRS 44)

Parts Cost 766.01 766.01

Labor Hours 10.2 10.2

Average Labor Cost 510.00 510.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,276.01 1,276.01

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 255.20 255.20

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0084 0.0084

Power Plant (Engine) Repairs (ATA VMRS 45)

Parts Cost 1,301.90 1,301.90

Labor Hours 61.7 61.7

Average Labor Cost 3,085.00 3,085.00

Total Cost (for system) 4,386.90 4,386.90

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 877.38 877.38

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0288 0.0288

Electrical System Repairs (ATA VMRS 30-Electrical General, 

31-Charging, 32-Cranking, 33-Ignition)

Parts Cost 1,457.83 1,457.83

Labor Hours 22.5 22.5

Average Labor Cost 1,125.00 1,125.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,582.83 2,582.83

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 516.57 516.57

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0169 0.0169

56
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

Diesel Diesel

All Data Last Year

Air Intake System Repairs (ATA VMRS 41)

Parts Cost 123.15 123.15

Labor Hours 0.0 0.0

Average Labor Cost 0.00 0.00

Total Cost (for system) 123.15 123.15

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 24.63 24.63

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0008 0.0008

Cooling System Repairs (ATA VMRS 42)

Parts Cost 1,045.53 1,045.53

Labor Hours 157.0 157.0

Average Labor Cost 7,850.00 7,850.00

Total Cost (for system) 8,895.53 8,895.53

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,779.11 1,779.11

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0583 0.0583

Hydraulic System Repairs (ATA VMRS 65)

Parts Cost 207.22 207.22

Labor Hours 18.0 18.0

Average Labor Cost 900.00 900.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,107.22 1,107.22

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 221.44 221.44

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0073 0.0073

General Air System Repairs (ATA VMRS 10)

Parts Cost 399.63 399.63

Labor Hours 42.1 42.1

Average Labor Cost 2,105.00 2,105.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,504.63 2,504.63

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 500.93 500.93

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0164 0.0164

Brake System Repairs (ATA VMRS 13)

Parts Cost 2,523.91 2,523.91

Labor Hours 153.3 153.3

Average Labor Cost 7,665.00 7,665.00

Total Cost (for system) 10,188.91 10,188.91

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 2,037.78 2,037.78

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0668 0.0668

Transmission Repairs (ATA VMRS 27)

Parts Cost 1,906.79 1,906.79

Labor Hours 68.6 68.6

Average Labor Cost 3,430.00 3,430.00

Total Cost (for system) 5,336.79 5,336.79

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,067.36 1,067.36

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0350 0.0350

57
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

Diesel Diesel

All Data Last Year

Inspections Only - no parts replacements (101)

Parts Cost 0.00 0.00

Labor Hours 518.0 518.0

Average Labor Cost 25,900.00 25,900.00

Total Cost (for system) 25,900.00 25,900.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 5,180.00 5,180.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.1698 0.1698

Cab, Body, and Accessories Systems Repairs

(ATA VMRS 02-Cab and Sheet Metal, 50-Accessories, 71-Body)

Parts Cost 797.55 797.55

Labor Hours 278.7 278.7

Average Labor Cost 13,935.00 13,935.00

Total Cost (for system) 14,732.55 14,732.55

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 2,946.51 2,946.51

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0966 0.0966

HVAC System Repairs (ATA VMRS 01)

Parts Cost 1,085.21 1,085.21

Labor Hours 98.4 98.4

Average Labor Cost 4,920.00 4,920.00

Total Cost (for system) 6,005.21 6,005.21

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,201.04 1,201.04

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0394 0.0394

Lighting System Repairs (ATA VMRS 34)

Parts Cost 204.52 204.52

Labor Hours 13.0 13.0

Average Labor Cost 650.00 650.00

Total Cost (for system) 854.52 854.52

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 170.90 170.90

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0056 0.0056

Frame, Steering, and Suspension Repairs (ATA VMRS 14-Frame, 15-Steering, 16-Suspension)

Parts Cost 690.12 690.12

Labor Hours 32.5 32.5

Average Labor Cost 1,625.00 1,625.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,315.12 2,315.12

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 463.02 463.02

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0152 0.0152

Axle, Wheel, and Drive Shaft Repairs (ATA VMRS 11-Front Axle, 18-Wheels, 22-Rear Axle, 24-Drive Shaft)

Parts Cost 126.00 126.00

Labor Hours 10.5 10.5

Average Labor Cost 525.00 525.00

Total Cost (for system) 651.00 651.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 130.20 130.20

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0043 0.0043

58
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

Diesel Diesel

All Data Last Year

Tire Repairs (ATA VMRS 17)

Parts Cost 0.00 0.00

Labor Hours 38.5 38.5

Average Labor Cost 1,925.00 1,925.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,925.00 1,925.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 385.00 385.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0126 0.0126

Notes

1. The engine/fuel-related systems were chosen to include only those systems of the vehicles that could 

be directly impacted by the selection of a fuel.

2. ATA VMRS coding is based on parts that were replaced. If there was no part replaced in a given repair, 

then the code was chosen by the system being worked on.

3. In general, inspections (with no part replacements) were only included in the overall totals (not by system). 

101 was created to track labor costs for PMA inspections.

4. ATA VMRS 02-Cab and Sheet Metal represents seats, doors, etc.; ATA VMRS 50-Accessories represents 

things like fire extinguishers, test kits, etc.; ATA VMRS 71-Body represent mostly windows and windshields.

5. Average labor cost is assumed to be $50 per hour.

6. Warranty costs are not included.

59
Fleet Summary Statistics 2/16/2006

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA)

Cummins CNG Study Group

Fleet Operations and Economics

CNG Cummins C8.3G+

All Data Last Year

Number of Vehicles 5 5

Period Used for Fuel and Oil Op Anaysis 8/02-5/04 6/03-5/04

Total Number of Months in Period 22 12

Fuel and Oil Analysis Base Fleet Mileage 241,984 140,829

Period Used for Maintenance Op Analysis 8/02-5/04 6/03-5/04

Total Number of Months in Period 22 12

Maintenance Analysis Base Fleet Mileage 249,741 143,708

Average Monthly Mileage per Vehicle 2,378 2,478

Fleet CNG/Diesel Equiv. Usage in Gal. 103,539 60,822

Representative Fleet MPG (energy equiv) 2.34 2.32

Diesel Cost per gallon 1.33 1.33

Fuel Cost per Mile 0.569 0.574

Total Scheduled Repair Cost per Mile 0.294 0.265

Total Unscheduled Repair cost per Mile 0.219 0.258

Total Maintenance Cost per Mile 0.513 0.522

Total Operating Cost per Mile 1.082 1.097

Maintenance Costs

CNG Cummins C8.3G+

All Data Last Year

Fleet Mileage 249,741 143,708

Total Parts Cost 18,678.74 11,143.41

Total Labor Hours 2188.1 1278.8

Average Labor Cost 109,407.00 63,942.00

(@ $50.00 per hour)

Total Maintenance Cost 128,085.74 75,085.41

Total Maintenance Cost per Bus 25,617.15 15,017.08

Total Maintenance Cost per Mile 0.513 0.522

60
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System

CNG Cummins C8.3G+

All Data Last Year

Fleet Mileage 249,741 143,708

Total Engine/Fuel-Related Systems 

(ATA VMRS 30, 31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45)

Parts Cost 11,653.75 6,160.62

Labor Hours 433.1 264.8

Average Labor Cost 21,655.00 13,240.00

Total Cost (for system) 33,308.75 19,400.62

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 6,661.75 3,880.12

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.1334 0.1350

Exhaust System Repairs (ATA VMRS 43)

Parts Cost 75.00 75.00

Labor Hours 23.2 22.2

Average Labor Cost 1,160.00 1,110.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,235.00 1,185.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 247.00 237.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0049 0.0082

Fuel System Repairs (ATA VMRS 44)

Parts Cost 3,065.70 1,509.31

Labor Hours 49.8 25.5

Average Labor Cost 2,490.00 1,275.00

Total Cost (for system) 5,555.70 2,784.31

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,111.14 556.86

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0222 0.0194

Power Plant (Engine) Repairs (ATA VMRS 45)

Parts Cost 3,254.93 1,828.22

Labor Hours 72.1 51.3

Average Labor Cost 3,605.00 2,565.00

Total Cost (for system) 6,859.93 4,393.22

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,371.99 878.64

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0275 0.0306

Electrical System Repairs (ATA VMRS 30-Electrical General, 

31-Charging, 32-Cranking, 33-Ignition)

Parts Cost 2,973.88 1,285.34

Labor Hours 154.1 85.4

Average Labor Cost 7,705.00 4,270.00

Total Cost (for system) 10,678.88 5,555.34

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 2,135.78 1,111.07

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0428 0.0387

61
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

CNG Cummins C8.3G+

All Data Last Year

Air Intake System Repairs (ATA VMRS 41)

Parts Cost 1,637.81 929.39

Labor Hours 48.0 30.0

Average Labor Cost 2,400.00 1,500.00

Total Cost (for system) 4,037.81 2,429.39

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 807.56 485.88

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0162 0.0169

Cooling System Repairs (ATA VMRS 42)

Parts Cost 646.43 533.36

Labor Hours 85.9 50.4

Average Labor Cost 4,295.00 2,520.00

Total Cost (for system) 4,941.43 3,053.36

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 988.29 610.67

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0198 0.0212

Hydraulic System Repairs (ATA VMRS 65)

Parts Cost 99.40 49.70

Labor Hours 10.6 6.3

Average Labor Cost 530.00 315.00

Total Cost (for system) 629.40 364.70

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 125.88 72.94

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0025 0.0025

General Air System Repairs (ATA VMRS 10)

Parts Cost 323.78 207.50

Labor Hours 14.0 5.5

Average Labor Cost 700.00 275.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,023.78 482.50

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 204.76 96.50

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0041 0.0034

Brake System Repairs (ATA VMRS 13)

Parts Cost 1,871.45 1,333.89

Labor Hours 112.0 71.3

Average Labor Cost 5,600.00 3,565.00

Total Cost (for system) 7,471.45 4,898.89

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,494.29 979.78

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0299 0.0341

Transmission Repairs (ATA VMRS 27)

Parts Cost 876.84 388.62

Labor Hours 89.9 78.6

Average Labor Cost 4,497.00 3,932.00

Total Cost (for system) 5,373.84 4,320.62

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,074.77 864.12

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0215 0.0301

62
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

CNG Cummins C8.3G+

All Data Last Year

Inspections Only - no parts replacements (101)

Parts Cost 0.00 0.00

Labor Hours 742.1 347.1

Average Labor Cost 37,105.00 17,355.00

Total Cost (for system) 37,105.00 17,355.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 7,421.00 3,471.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.1486 0.1208

Cab, Body, and Accessories Systems Repairs

(ATA VMRS 02-Cab and Sheet Metal, 50-Accessories, 71-Body)

Parts Cost 1,483.45 1,446.45

Labor Hours 434.4 275.8

Average Labor Cost 21,720.00 13,790.00

Total Cost (for system) 23,203.45 15,236.45

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 4,640.69 3,047.29

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0929 0.1060

HVAC System Repairs (ATA VMRS 01)

Parts Cost 1,317.75 760.38

Labor Hours 154.8 82.5

Average Labor Cost 7,740.00 4,125.00

Total Cost (for system) 9,057.75 4,885.38

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,811.55 977.08

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0363 0.0340

Lighting System Repairs (ATA VMRS 34)

Parts Cost 380.27 380.27

Labor Hours 43.5 41.0

Average Labor Cost 2,175.00 2,050.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,555.27 2,430.27

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 511.05 486.05

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0102 0.0169

Frame, Steering, and Suspension Repairs (ATA VMRS 14-Frame, 15-Steering, 16-Suspension)

Parts Cost 420.05 415.98

Labor Hours 80.0 67.7

Average Labor Cost 4,000.00 3,385.00

Total Cost (for system) 4,420.05 3,800.98

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 884.01 760.20

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0177 0.0264

Axle, Wheel, and Drive Shaft Repairs (ATA VMRS 11-Front Axle, 18-Wheels, 22-Rear Axle, 24-Drive Shaft)

Parts Cost 252.00 0.00

Labor Hours 21.8 9.8

Average Labor Cost 1,090.00 490.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,342.00 490.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 268.40 98.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0054 0.0034

63
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

CNG Cummins C8.3G+

All Data Last Year

Tire Repairs (ATA VMRS 17)

Parts Cost 0.00 0.00

Labor Hours 51.9 28.4

Average Labor Cost 2,595.00 1,420.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,595.00 1,420.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 519.00 284.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0104 0.0099

Notes

1. The engine/fuel-related systems were chosen to include only those systems of the vehicles that could 

be directly impacted by the selection of a fuel.

2. ATA VMRS coding is based on parts that were replaced. If there was no part replaced in a given repair, 

then the code was chosen by the system being worked on.

3. In general, inspections (with no part replacements) were only included in the overall totals (not by system). 

101 was created to track labor costs for PMA inspections.

4. ATA VMRS 02-Cab and Sheet Metal represents seats, doors, etc.; ATA VMRS 50-Accessories represents 

things like fire extinguishers, test kits, etc.; ATA VMRS 71-Body represent mostly windows and windshields.

5. Average labor cost is assumed to be $50 per hour.

6. Warranty costs are not included.

64
Fleet Summary Statistics 12/13/2004

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA)

Deere CNG Study Group

Fleet Operations and Economics

CNG Deere 6081

All Data Last 6 Mos

Number of Vehicles 5 5

Period Used for Fuel and Oil Op Anaysis 2/03-9/04 4/04-9/04

Total Number of Months in Period 20 6

Fuel and Oil Analysis Base Fleet Mileage 181,106 71,793

Period Used for Maintenance Op Analysis 2/03-9/04 4/04-9/04

Total Number of Months in Period 20 6

Maintenance Analysis Base Fleet Mileage 184,558 73,503

Average Monthly Mileage per Vehicle 1,846 2,450

Fleet CNG/Diesel Equiv. Usage in Gal. 75,470 30,099

Representative Fleet MPG (energy equiv) 2.40 2.39

Diesel Cost per gallon 1.33 1.33

Fuel Cost per Mile 0.554 0.558

Total Scheduled Repair Cost per Mile 0.354 0.303

Total Unscheduled Repair cost per Mile 0.407 0.272

Total Maintenance Cost per Mile 0.760 0.576

Total Operating Cost per Mile 1.315 1.133

Maintenance Costs

CNG Deere 6081

All Data Last 6 Mos

Fleet Mileage 184,558 73,503

Total Parts Cost 16,637.35 5,441.49

Total Labor Hours 2474.1 737.4

Average Labor Cost 123,705.00 36,872.00

(@ $50.00 per hour)

Total Maintenance Cost 140,342.35 42,313.49

Total Maintenance Cost per Bus 28,068.47 8,462.70

Total Maintenance Cost per Mile 0.760 0.576

65
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System

CNG Deere 6081

All Data Last 6 Mos

Fleet Mileage 184,558 73,503

Total Engine/Fuel-Related Systems 

(ATA VMRS 30, 31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45)

Parts Cost 9,328.79 2,205.13

Labor Hours 760.1 140.5

Average Labor Cost 38,005.00 7,025.00

Total Cost (for system) 47,333.79 9,230.13

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 9,466.76 1,846.03

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.2565 0.1256

Exhaust System Repairs (ATA VMRS 43)

Parts Cost 94.88 49.88

Labor Hours 45.6 19.5

Average Labor Cost 2,280.00 975.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,374.88 1,024.88

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 474.98 204.98

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0129 0.0139

Fuel System Repairs (ATA VMRS 44)

Parts Cost 2,193.76 737.12

Labor Hours 59.8 4.0

Average Labor Cost 2,990.00 200.00

Total Cost (for system) 5,183.76 937.12

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,036.75 187.42

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0281 0.0127

Power Plant (Engine) Repairs (ATA VMRS 45)

Parts Cost 2,087.44 829.92

Labor Hours 346.3 57.2

Average Labor Cost 17,315.00 2,860.00

Total Cost (for system) 19,402.44 3,689.92

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 3,880.49 737.98

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.1051 0.0502

Electrical System Repairs (ATA VMRS 30-Electrical General, 

31-Charging, 32-Cranking, 33-Ignition)

Parts Cost 4,390.99 321.14

Labor Hours 179.7 28.5

Average Labor Cost 8,985.00 1,425.00

Total Cost (for system) 13,375.99 1,746.14

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 2,675.20 349.23

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0725 0.0238

66
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

CNG Deere 6081

All Data Last 6 Mos

Air Intake System Repairs (ATA VMRS 41)

Parts Cost 150.75 103.00

Labor Hours 25.0 8.0

Average Labor Cost 1,250.00 400.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,400.75 503.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 280.15 100.60

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0076 0.0068

Cooling System Repairs (ATA VMRS 42)

Parts Cost 410.97 164.07

Labor Hours 103.7 23.3

Average Labor Cost 5,185.00 1,165.00

Total Cost (for system) 5,595.97 1,329.07

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,119.19 265.81

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0303 0.0181

Hydraulic System Repairs (ATA VMRS 65)

Parts Cost 104.46 39.76

Labor Hours 12.0 1.0

Average Labor Cost 600.00 50.00

Total Cost (for system) 704.46 89.76

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 140.89 17.95

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0038 0.0012

General Air System Repairs (ATA VMRS 10)

Parts Cost 325.00 195.00

Labor Hours 5.0 0.0

Average Labor Cost 250.00 0.00

Total Cost (for system) 575.00 195.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 115.00 39.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0031 0.0027

Brake System Repairs (ATA VMRS 13)

Parts Cost 1,951.54 1,829.93

Labor Hours 131.2 60.5

Average Labor Cost 6,560.00 3,025.00

Total Cost (for system) 8,511.54 4,854.93

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,702.31 970.99

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0461 0.0661

Transmission Repairs (ATA VMRS 27)

Parts Cost 240.96 96.00

Labor Hours 38.2 5.7

Average Labor Cost 1,910.00 285.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,150.96 381.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 430.19 76.20

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0117 0.0052

67
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

CNG Deere 6081

All Data Last 6 Mos

Inspections Only - no parts replacements (101)

Parts Cost 0.00 0.00

Labor Hours 609.3 204.7

Average Labor Cost 30,467.00 10,237.00

Total Cost (for system) 30,467.00 10,237.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 6,093.40 2,047.40

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.1651 0.1393

Cab, Body, and Accessories Systems Repairs

(ATA VMRS 02-Cab and Sheet Metal, 50-Accessories, 71-Body)

Parts Cost 2,559.54 685.50

Labor Hours 590.2 234.0

Average Labor Cost 29,510.00 11,700.00

Total Cost (for system) 32,069.54 12,385.50

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 6,413.91 2,477.10

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.1738 0.1685

HVAC System Repairs (ATA VMRS 01)

Parts Cost 790.07 156.32

Labor Hours 134.8 40.5

Average Labor Cost 6,740.00 2,025.00

Total Cost (for system) 7,530.07 2,181.32

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 1,506.01 436.26

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0408 0.0297

Lighting System Repairs (ATA VMRS 34)

Parts Cost 270.50 50.00

Labor Hours 28.8 8.3

Average Labor Cost 1,440.00 415.00

Total Cost (for system) 1,710.50 465.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 342.10 93.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0093 0.0063

Frame, Steering, and Suspension Repairs (ATA VMRS 14-Frame, 15-Steering, 16-Suspension)

Parts Cost 446.49 63.85

Labor Hours 84.3 7.5

Average Labor Cost 4,215.00 375.00

Total Cost (for system) 4,661.49 438.85

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 932.30 87.77

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0253 0.0060

Axle, Wheel, and Drive Shaft Repairs (ATA VMRS 11-Front Axle, 18-Wheels, 22-Rear Axle, 24-Drive Shaft)

Parts Cost 585.00 85.00

Labor Hours 40.7 20.7

Average Labor Cost 2,035.00 1,035.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,620.00 1,120.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 524.00 224.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0142 0.0152

68
Breakdown of Maintenance Costs by Vehicle System (continued)

CNG Deere 6081

All Data Last 6 Mos

Tire Repairs (ATA VMRS 17)

Parts Cost 35.00 35.00

Labor Hours 39.5 14.0

Average Labor Cost 1,975.00 700.00

Total Cost (for system) 2,010.00 735.00

Total Cost (for system) per Bus 402.00 147.00

Total Cost (for system) per Mile 0.0109 0.0100

Notes

1. The engine/fuel-related systems were chosen to include only those systems of the vehicles that could 

be directly impacted by the selection of a fuel.

2. ATA VMRS coding is based on parts that were replaced. If there was no part replaced in a given repair, 

then the code was chosen by the system being worked on.

3. In general, inspections (with no part replacements) were only included in the overall totals (not by system). 

101 was created to track labor costs for PMA inspections.

4. ATA VMRS 02-Cab and Sheet Metal represents seats, doors, etc.; ATA VMRS 50-Accessories represents 

things like fire extinguishers, test kits, etc.; ATA VMRS 71-Body represent mostly windows and windshields.

5. Average labor cost is assumed to be $50 per hour.

6. Warranty costs are not included.

69
F1147-E(12/2004) 

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

OMB No. 0704-0188

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should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a 

currently valid OMB control number. 

PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION.

1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)

April 2006 

2. REPORT TYPE

Technical Report 

3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

 

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

DE-AC36-99-GO10337 

5b. GRANT NUMBER

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority: Compressed 

Natural Gas Transit Bus Evaluation 

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

5d. PROJECT NUMBER

NREL/TP-540-37626 

5e. TASK NUMBER

FC05.9000 

6. AUTHOR(S)

K. Chandler, E. Eberts, M. Melendez 

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

1617 Cole Blvd. 

Golden, CO 80401-3393 

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

REPORT NUMBER

NREL/TP-540-37626 

10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)

NREL 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

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National Technical Information Service 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words)

Through the evaluation of compressed natural gas (CNG) powered transit buses at Washington Metropolitan Area 

Transit Authority (WMATA), the report's objective is to provide a reasonable comparison between between currently 

available CNG and standard diesel transit buses. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS

compressed natural gas; CNG; transit buses; Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority; WMATA; natural gas 

vehicles 

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON 

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