BULLETIN INTELLIGENCE

Product No. 2004-L0424-002 SEPTEMBER 2004

U. S. D E P A R T M E N T O F J U S T I C E

PCP: Increasing Availability and Abuse

Law enforcement, seizure, and treatment data

indicate that PCP (phencyclidine) availability and

abuse are increasing in some areas of the country,

particularly in metropolitan areas. Primarily produced by street gangs and criminal groups operating

in California, the drug is distributed and abused

throughout the country. Law enforcement agencies

report that PCP is rising in popularity among adolescents and young adults. Though considered a

minor threat in comparison with other illicit drugs,

the rising availability and abuse of PCP pose a

growing threat to the United States.

Background

PCP was first synthesized in 1926 and was

patented and marketed as a Schedule III surgical

analgesic and anesthetic in 1963. Adverse side

effects associated with the drug—including delusion, agitation, and confusion—caused it to be

withdrawn from the market in 1965. PCP was then

marketed as a veterinary anesthetic and tranquilizer

in 1967. In 1978 PCP was transferred from Schedule III to Schedule II of the Controlled Substances

Act of 1970 due to reported increases in abuse.

Abuse

PCP abuse appears to be increasing, particularly in metropolitan areas. According to the Drug

Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), the estimated

number of emergency department (ED) mentions

for PCP rose steadily each year from 3,663 mentions in 1999 to 7,648 mentions in 2002. Among

DAWN reporting cities, ED mentions for PCP were

highest in Washington, D.C., (1,302), Philadelphia

(1,144), and Los Angeles (991). In the same year,

the Community Epidemiology Work Group

(CEWG) reported that indicators increased in five

areas—Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Texas,

and Washington, D.C. According to the Treatment

Episode Data Set (TEDS), the number of PCPrelated treatment admissions to publicly funded

facilities nationwide increased from 2,210 admissions in 1999 to 3,866 admissions in 2002.

The effects of PCP vary, depending on the

dose. Low to moderate doses of 1 to 5 milligrams

cause feelings of detachment, slurred speech, loss of

coordination, and rapid eye movement. Higher

doses (10 mg or more) produce illusions and auditory hallucinations. PCP users may also have

feelings of strength, anxiety, aggression, and hostility and may experience delusions, paranoia, and

catatonia.

DEA and Maine Drug Enforcement Agency
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PCP: Increasing Availability and Abuse

PCP-Laced Cigarettes,

Cigars, and Marijuana

Smoking tobacco products or marijuana dipped in

liquid PCP remains popular among some young

adults, according to state and local law enforcement reporting. In 2003 PCP-laced cigarettes,

cigars, and marijuana joints were noted in Arkansas, California, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey,

New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The

cost reportedly ranges from $5 to $30 each.

PCP is available in powder, crystal, tablet,

capsule, and liquid forms and is either injected,

snorted, swallowed, or smoked by applying liquid

PCP to leafy materials such as tobacco, marijuana,

parsley, mint, and oregano. Powdered or crystal PCP

also is smoked when mixed with marijuana or

tobacco. Street names for the drug include angel

dust, buck-naked, dippers, embalming fluid, killer

weed, love boat, super grass, and rocket fuel.

Availability

Although law enforcement reporting indicates

that PCP availability is increasing in metropolitan

areas, National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC)

National Drug Threat Survey (NDTS) 2004 data

reveal that 60.8 percent of agencies report that PCP

availability is low and that approximately onequarter of the respondents (25.2%) indicate that

PCP is not available in their areas. Law enforcement

reporting indicates that PCP is increasingly available or resurgent in metropolitan areas such as

Baltimore, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, New York,

Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.

According to Drug Enforcement Administration

(DEA) System to Retrieve Information From Drug

Evidence (STRIDE) data, nationwide seizure

amounts increased significantly between 2000 and

2002 before decreasing in 2003.

Wholesale and retail prices of PCP are relatively low in comparison with other illicit drugs.

Gallon quantities of liquid PCP sell at the wholesale

level for $6,500 to $8,000 in Los Angeles and

$12,000 to $20,000 in New York City. At the retail

level, PCP-laced cigarettes and joints reportedly sell

for $5 to $30 each. The tablet form of PCP sells for

$20 to $30 per tablet; PCP in powder form sells for

$20 to $30 per gram; and liquid PCP sells for $125

to $600 per ounce.

PCP Tablets

Tablets composed partially or entirely of PCP—as

revealed by laboratory analysis—but sometimes sold

as MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

are being distributed in the United States. Law

enforcement reporting indicates that over the past 3

years, tablets containing PCP have been seized in

Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, New York, Ohio,

Virginia, and Washington, D.C.

STRIDE PCP Seizures, 2000–2003

Year Dosage Units

 2000 184,938

 2001 1,037,574

 2002 6,030,545

 2003 3,592,827

Source: Drug Enforcement Administration.

Estimated PCP Prices, Nationwide, 2003

Wholesale 

Liquid $6,500-$28,000/gallon

Retail

PCP-laced cigarette/joint $5-$30

Powder $20-$30/g

Tablet $20-$30/tablet

Liquid $125-$600/oz

Source: Drug Enforcement Administration.

Photo courtesy of Metropolitan Bureau of Investigation, Orlando FL
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National Drug Intelligence Center

Production,

Transportation,

and Distribution

The chemicals required to illicitly produce PCP

are readily available and inexpensive, and the production process does not require much knowledge of

chemistry or laboratory equipment. Liquid PCP

commonly is produced using a technique called the

bucket method, in which chemicals are mixed in a

bucket or trash can. Although it is a relatively simple

method, the chemicals used to produce the drug are

toxic and highly flammable. Piperidine, a PCP

precursor, commonly is found at laboratory sites.

Other chemicals may include bromobenzene, ether,

hydrochloric acid, and potassium cyanide. Most PCP

contains contaminants from its makeshift manufacture, resulting in a color ranging from tan to brown.

Laboratory seizure data and law enforcement

reporting indicate that PCP production is limited

and controlled predominantly by members of

African American gangs, primarily Bloods and

Crips, and criminal groups operating in California.

DEA El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) National

Clandestine Laboratory Seizure System (NCLSS)

data indicate that of the 22 clandestine laboratories

seized in the United States from 2000 through 2003,

18 were located in California. Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and independent

operators also produce PCP in the United States,

although to a lesser extent.

Street Gangs Traffic PCP

Street gangs, primarily Bloods and Crips, are

involved in the production, transportation, and

distribution of PCP in the United States. These

gangs, composed primarily of African American

males, operate principally in the Los Angeles

metropolitan area but are also present in several

areas of the country, including the West Central,

Pacific, and Southeast regions. Bloods and Crips

distribute PCP and other illicit drugs and are involved in many other types of criminal activity,

including assault, homicide, extortion, and robbery.

Produced primarily for domestic distribution,

PCP is transported by package delivery services

and in private vehicles, buses, and commercial

aircraft to distribution centers including Baltimore,

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York City,

New Orleans, and Washington, D.C. Law enforcement reporting indicates that PCP produced in

southern California is transported in private vehicles or by couriers aboard passenger trains to

states such as Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, New

Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania for retail distribution. In many instances,

couriers attempt to conceal the amber-colored PCP

in plastic shampoo, sports drink, gasoline, or

mouthwash containers and glass whiskey, vinegar,

or cleaning solution bottles. PCP is supplied to

gang members and independent dealers for retail

distribution from private residences and public

housing projects. Retail-level distributors typically

sell PCP at open-air markets in inner cities, on

college campuses, and at raves.

Liquid PCP Transport Methods

Liquid PCP is transported

from producers to distributors

in a variety of glass and

plastic containers. Typically

producers sell liquid PCP to

wholesale distributors in

containers ranging in size

from gallon jugs to soda

bottles. Wholesale distributors usually transfer the drug

to smaller containers, such

as vanilla extract bottles and glass vials, for

distribution at the retail level.

California: On September 4, 2003, DEA

announced the indictment of 28 individuals in the

Central District of California on charges related to

the illicit production and distribution of PCP.

According to the indictments, between April 2001

and March 2003 the defendants, who were members of a Los Angeles-based criminal group,

NDIC
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PCP: Increasing Availability and Abuse

produced PCP in clandestine laboratories located

in the Los Angeles area. During the investigation,

investigators seized two operational PCP laboratories capable of producing 50 to 200 gallons of

PCP, one nonoperational PCP laboratory, 10

gallons of PCP, chemicals used in manufacturing

PCP (ether, pyridine, and piperidine), $120,000,

and six firearms. The criminal group sold PCP to

distributors in areas of the United States including

California and Houston.

Connecticut: A joint investigation conducted

by the Connecticut State Police, Federal Bureau of

Investigation (FBI), Hartford Police Department,

and Willimantic Police Department resulted in the

November 20, 2002, arrests of 11 individuals for

transporting gallon quantities of PCP from New

York City to Hartford. Several arrestees were

members of an African American criminal group

operating from public housing complexes in

Hartford’s North End. These arrestees traveled in

private vehicles to the Harlem section of New York

City two to three times per month to purchase 1 to

2 gallons of PCP for $300 per liquid ounce from

two Belizean nationals. The arrestees transported

the PCP to Hartford in 32-ounce plastic or glass

bottles and resold the drug for $600 per liquid

ounce in the Hartford area. The arrestees also

soaked marijuana and mint leaves in liquid PCP

and distributed the combination for $10 to $20 per

gram. Following the arrests, searches by law

enforcement officers yielded 1 gallon of liquid

PCP, 30 grams of PCP-soaked mint leaves,

$16,000 in cash, and 2 handguns. In addition, 1

kilogram of heroin was seized from the Belizean

nationals who had recently begun to distribute that

drug in New York City.

Florida: Officials from the Orlando Metropolitan Bureau of Investigation (MBI) and DEA

report that tablets sold as MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as ecstasy) in

the Orlando area were in fact PCP. On September 9,

2003, agents purchased 500 tablets from two men in

Pine Hills, a west Orlando neighborhood, who told

the agents that they were ecstasy tablets. The agents

arrested the men. A search of their vehicle resulted

in the seizure of 150 additional tablets, 5 ounces of

powdered cocaine, and a loaded handgun. The

agents submitted the tablets to a crime laboratory

for analysis. The laboratory reported that the 500

blue tablets—marked with a single score on one

side and an elevated cross on the other side—contained PCP as their only active ingredient. The

laboratory also reported that another 100 green tablets

with similar markings also were PCP tablets. The

remaining 50 tablets—yellow and marked with a

yin-yang symbol—reportedly contained MDA

(3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) and methamphetamine. Both suspects were charged with trafficking

PCP and MDA, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and possession of cocaine with intent to

deliver. One of the suspects was a member of the

Latin Kings gang. The other suspect had no known

gang affiliation and is believed to be from Virginia.

Florida: On June 5, 2003, the U.S. Attorney

for the Middle District of Florida announced the

arrest and indictment of three individuals for

conspiracy to possess a listed chemical used to

manufacture PCP and for possession of listed

chemicals. DEA agents arranged a “buy-bust”

operation, and the defendants were arrested on

June 2, 2003, at a parking lot in Tampa after they

had purchased 3 gallons of piperidine for $3,900

from case agents. Information collected after the

defendants’ arrest led DEA agents to search a

residence rented by one of the defendants. In the

residence, agents discovered a laboratory used to

produce PCP, 24 gallons of cyclohexanone, 60

pounds of sodium cyanide, 100 pounds of sodium

metabisulfate, and 24 gallons of bromobenzene—

chemicals used in the production of PCP. Agents

also seized 120 grams of powdered PCP prepackaged for retail distribution. According to DEA, this

is believed to be the largest PCP laboratory ever

seized in the state.
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National Drug Intelligence Center

Illinois: The Illinois State Police Forensic

Science Center in Chicago received two submissions containing a total of 55 lollipops that were

suspected of containing a controlled substance—

possibly MDMA, THC, or GHB. The lollipops

were being sold on the West Side of Chicago and

were seized by the Chicago Police Department in

January 2004. Analysis was prioritized because the

items were apparently being marketed to children.

Each lollipop weighed approximately 10 grams,

was green, red, or amber in color, and was in the

shape of a maple leaf or a face resembling Santa

Claus. No visible plant material was observed;

however, a crushed portion tested positive for

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Further analysis

indicated a mixture of THC and PCP. This was the

laboratory’s first submission of this type.

Maryland: The DEA Mid-Atlantic Laboratory

in Largo received 198 blue tablets suspected to be

MDMA with a cross logo on one side and a single

score mark on the other. The tablets were recovered

in January 2004 from a laboratory that produced

methamphetamine using the iodine-red phosphorus

method in Waldorf. (Waldorf is about 20 miles

south-southwest of Washington, D.C.) The tablets

were round, biconvex, approximately 10 millimeters

in diameter, and weighed 256 milligrams each.

Analysis indicated not MDMA but rather PCP (0.38

milligrams/tablet). This was the first submission to

the laboratory of suspected MDMA tablets containing only PCP. There was no indication that PCP was

being produced at the clandestine laboratory.

Maryland: On November 20, 2002, the

Baltimore City Police Department seized a PCP

laboratory operating in a residential neighborhood

of the city. Baltimore City officers, along with

agents from DEA, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,

Firearms and Explosives (ATF), and the Maryland

Department of the Environment, confiscated 30

gallons of liquid PCP and 180 gallons of precursor

chemicals from the basement of a private residence. Sections of the city were cordoned off

because of the explosive nature of the chemicals.

Missouri: On October 30, 2002, an Oklahoma

Highway Patrol officer seized thirty-two 16-ounce

bottles of PCP (approximately 61,000 doses) from

a vehicle that had been traveling north on Interstate 35 near Blackwell. The officer stopped the

vehicle for speeding and obtained the driver’s

consent to search the vehicle. During the search a

drug-detection canine alerted to drugs in the

dashboard area. After the canine alert, the driver

told the officer that her boyfriend had smoked

marijuana in the car. The trooper continued to

search the vehicle and discovered bottles of PCP

concealed in a hidden compartment that extended

the entire length of the dash. In a subsequent

interview the driver stated that she was driving

from California to St. Louis, Missouri.

Missouri: On July 1, 2002, the Kansas City

Police Department Gang Squad seized threequarters of a gallon of PCP and arrested two males

who had attempted to sell the PCP to an undercover

officer for $16,000. During undercover negotiations

with the suspects, squad officers requested to

purchase only 1 ounce of PCP. The suspects misunderstood the request and arrived with three-quarters

of a gallon. The suspects—local residents of the

Kansas City area—had obtained the PCP from

sources in Los Angeles, California. In November

2001 officers had seized 11 gallons of PCP from an

associate of the two men.

Ohio: The Grand Junction Police Department

Laboratory in Colorado received two 1-gallon jugs

marked Gatorade that contained an orange liquid

suspected to be PCP. The jugs were located in a

black cloth suitcase seized by the Grand Valley Joint

Drug Task Force at the Grand Junction Greyhound

bus station in January 2003. The two suspects

involved were traveling from Compton, California,

to Cincinnati, Ohio. Passive evaporation of the

liquids reduced their volume by about two-thirds.

Analysis of the final solution confirmed fairly clean

phencyclidine base. The easily evaporated solvent

was petroleum ether. The laboratory had received

phencyclidine base samples seized at the bus station

on two occasions, but not in these quantities.
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PCP: Increasing Availability and Abuse

Oklahoma: On February 27, 2004, an Oklahoma Highway Patrol interdiction unit seized 1

gallon of liquid PCP during a routine traffic stop

on I-40 in Custer County. According to officials,

the troopers stopped a pickup truck for speeding.

During identification checks of the occupants, the

troopers noticed that both the driver and the

passenger appeared to be extremely nervous and

provided conflicting information about the nature

of their travel. During the course of a drug-detection canine search, the passenger threw a partially

smoked cigarette out of the passenger window. The

drug-detection canine alerted to the cigarette—

which field-tested positive for marijuana. A subsequent search of the vehicle revealed 1 gallon of

suspected PCP hidden in a compartment located

behind the firewall. The driver, a 38-year-old male

from Phoenix, and the passenger, a 25-year-old

female from Tolleson (AZ), were arrested and

charged with trafficking and possession of a

controlled substance. The PCP was believed to be

destined for Oklahoma City or Tulsa.

Oklahoma: On September 24, 2002, New

Mexico State Police officers seized 2 gallons of

liquid PCP from a rental vehicle traveling east on

I-40, a major west-east interstate from Barstow,

California, to Wilmington, North Carolina. They

arrested the driver, a 20-year-old resident of California. Officers had stopped the vehicle for speeding and discovered the PCP during a consensual

search. The PCP was found in a cooler in the trunk

of the vehicle, concealed in four grape juice

containers. New Mexico officials report that this is

one of the largest PCP seizures in the state’s

history. Reports indicate that the drug was intended

for distribution in Oklahoma.

Pennsylvania: On June 11, 2004, an Oklahoma Highway Patrol Interdiction Team seized 7

gallons of PCP and 10 kilograms of cocaine from a

rented 2004 Mercury sport-utility vehicle (SUV)

during a traffic stop on the Turner Turnpike (I-44).

The driver stated that the load had originated in

Compton, California, and was destined for

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After a drug-detection

canine alerted to the vehicle, it was examined and

7 gallons of PCP and 10 kilograms of cocaine were

found in the rear of the vehicle. The PCP was

concealed in an ice chest in three 2-gallon plastic

gas containers and three plastic bottles weighing

approximately 20 ounces each. The liquid in all the

containers field-tested positive for PCP. The

cocaine was wrapped in brown tape bundles

weighing approximately 1 kilogram each. Two of

the bundles were found wrapped in a pair of pants

and the other eight were found in two shoeboxes.

The bundles field-tested positive for cocaine. Both

the driver and passenger were arrested.

Texas: On August 26, 2003, 10 individuals

were indicted in the Southern District of Texas

after investigators from the DEA Houston Division, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

(ICE), Texas Department of Public Safety, and

Harris County Sheriff’s Department established

that the individuals were distributing PCP produced by a southern California criminal group.

Washington, D.C.: On March 15, 2004, the

U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia, FBI,

DEA, and District of Columbia Metropolitan

Police Department (MPDC) announced the indictment of 26 individuals on numerous federal

charges including conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, primarily PCP. According to the

indictment, since March 2002 two New York men

had directed the conspiracy by arranging for PCP

to be shipped via mail services, private vehicles,

and commercial airlines from California to Washington, D.C. Upon obtaining the PCP, defendants

located in Washington, D.C., distributed the drug

in the Northeast section of the city around 18th and

M Streets. The defendants sold liquid PCP, as well

as crack cocaine and MDMA, to individuals from

the city as well as to Maryland and Virginia residents who traveled into the city to purchase the

drugs. Prior to the announcement of the indictments, law enforcement officers executed search

warrants in at least 25 locations in Washington,
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National Drug Intelligence Center

D.C., Maryland, Virginia, New York, and Georgia.

The searches resulted in the seizure of 1 gallon of

PCP, 17 firearms, and approximately $100,000 in

cash. Twenty of the defendants have been arrested;

six remain fugitives. The indictments were the

result of a long-term investigation conducted by a

joint FBI/MPDC task force targeting gang activity

in the District of Columbia.

Washington, D.C.: On March 12, 2003,

Junction City Police Department officers seized

approximately 1 gallon of liquid PCP from a van

traveling east on I-70 through Kansas. The officer

stopped the van for a moving violation but became

suspicious when the female operator provided

conflicting information regarding her travel route.

The officer requested consent to search the van but

was refused by the operator. The officer then called

a Kansas Highway Patrol drug-detection canine

unit to the scene. A drug-detection canine alerted

to the door panel on the driver’s side of the

vehicle, where officers subsequently discovered

suspected marijuana residue. The officers then

conducted a search of the inside of the van and a

cooler containing ice, bottles of water, and two

plastic apple juice bottles. The officers noticed that

the seals of the apple juice bottles were broken and

that their contents had a strong odor. DEA agents

responded to the scene, conducted a field analysis

of the liquid, and confirmed that the liquid inside

the apple juice bottles was PCP. The operator and

her three companions were arrested on federal

charges of possessing a controlled substance with

the intent to distribute. Three of the defendants are

from the Washington, D.C., area and one is from

Rhode Island. Law enforcement authorities believe

that the individuals obtained the PCP in Los

Angeles and were returning to Washington, D.C.

Outlook

The availability of PCP will continue to increase

due to relatively simple production techniques and

increasing demand. Abuse will remain most prevalent

in large metropolitan areas, although an increase in

abuse in suburbs and smaller communities that have

increasing street gang activity is probable. PCP will

remain predominantly a street drug, and there is no

indication that its use is likely to become widespread

at nightclubs or raves. Easy accessibility and relatively low costs associated with the production and

sale of PCP will continue to attract new users—

particularly among adolescents and young adults—

and will continue to be a problem in the United

States. PCP will continue to be produced primarily in

metropolitan areas by African American gangs and

criminal groups. PCP will remain a growing concern

to law enforcement agencies in the United States due

to the recent surge in abuse and availability and the

growing popularity of the drug.
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PCP: Increasing Availability and Abuse

Sources

State

Arizona

Chandler Police Department

Arkansas

Arkansas State Police

Hot Springs Police Department

Pulaski County Sheriff’s Office

California

Belmont Police Department

Hayward Police Department

Los Angeles Police Department

Orange County Sheriff’s Department

Pomona Police Department

San Bernardino Police Department

San Mateo Country Narcotics Task Force

Colorado

Denver Police Department

Grand Junction Police Department

Grand Valley Joint Drug Task Force

Connecticut

Connecticut State Police

Hartford Police Department

Willimantic Police Department

District of Columbia

Metropolitan Police Department

Florida

Florida Department of Law Enforcement

Orlando Metropolitan Bureau of Investigation

Georgia

Muscogee County Sheriff’s Office

Illinois

Chicago Police Department

Illinois State Police Forensic Science Center at

Chicago

Kansas

Junction City Police Department

Kansas Highway Patrol

Louisiana

Lake Charles Police Department

Saint Landry Parish Sheriff’s Office

Maryland

Baltimore City Police Department

Calvert County Substance Abuse Program

Charles County Substance Abuse Services

Howard County Police Department

Rockdale Police Department

St. Mary’s County Sheriff’s Office

Missouri

Columbia Police Department

Kansas City Police Department

Missouri State Highway Patrol

St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department

Nebraska

Nebraska State Patrol

New Jersey

Hudson County Narcotics Task Force

Manchester Township Police Department

New Brunswick Police Department

Salem County Prosecutor’s Office

New Mexico

New Mexico State Police

New York

Fulton Police Department

New York City Police Department

New York State Police

Division of State Police

Oklahoma

Oklahoma Highway Patrol

Texas

Garland County Sheriff’s Office

Harris County Sheriff’s Department

Rockdale Police Department

Texas Department of Public Safety

Waco Police Department

Virginia

Fairfax County Police Department

Manassas City Police Department

Virginia Baptist Hospital

Pathways Treatment Center
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National Drug Intelligence Center

Federal

Executive Office of the President

Office of National Drug Control Policy

High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas

Chicago

Houston

Philadelphia/Camden

Rocky Mountain

Washington, D.C., HIDTA Group

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

National Institutes of Health

National Institute on Drug Abuse

Community Epidemiology Work Group

Monitoring the Future

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Office of Applied Studies

Drug Abuse Warning Network

National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Treatment Episode Data Set

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

U.S. Department of Justice

Drug Enforcement Administration

Chicago Division

Dallas Division

El Paso Intelligence Center

National Clandestine Laboratory Seizure System

Houston Division

Mid-Atlantic Laboratory

Philadelphia Division

System to Retrieve Information From Drug Evidence

Washington, D.C., Division

Federal Bureau of Investigation

U.S. Attorney’s Office

District of Columbia

Middle District of Florida

Southern District of Texas
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PCP: Increasing Availability and Abuse

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National Drug Intelligence Center

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PCP: Increasing Availability and Abuse

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