THE WSTIAC 10

Welcome to the latest edition of

the WSTIAC Quarterly. Let me

start out by saying that the

WSTIAC program was extremely

productive, in fiscal year 2007, 

in terms of collecting and disseminating information as well as in

providing technical expertise on

weapon systems technology. On

the information side, WSTIAC supported a huge number of

web inquiries, added many more documents to our library

database, and provided individuals with world class weapon

systems related instruction from our weapon systems technology training program. In

terms of technical solutions

and expertise, the program

experienced an all time high

in contract effort to support

the greater Department of

Defense community in

weapon systems research,

development, and acquisition.

As effective as the WSTIAC program was in fiscal year 2007, it can be much more

effective in supporting our customers in both the information

and technical expertise areas. As we continue to get the word

out about this program, I do expect substantial growth in both

information and technical assistance. Also, by focusing more

directly, with more relevant capabilities, on our customers, I

believe that WSTIAC will grow substantially.

As part of the effort to be more relevant to our customers

(by customers I’m referring to requirements developers and

users, materiel developers, and engineers/scientists) we have

realigned WSTIAC based upon ten key strategic areas that the

Department of Defense is emphasizing across many, if not all,

of the services. These ten areas, which I call the “WSTIAC

10” (see Table below), are areas in which WSTIAC will provide enhanced expertise and information as they relate to the

technological advancement of weapon systems.

It is not that other areas won’t be supported by WSTIAC.

Rather, the WSTIAC 10 represents areas in which we will

focus much of our attention. As a result you can expect to see

changes in our website, publications, brochures, and briefings

to reflect these ten areas and to focus more and more on the

customers that we support in WSTIAC.

Many of the categories in the WSTIAC 10 represent 

areas of technology that may be considered disruptive 

technologies. Our feature article in this edition of the 

WSTIAC Quarterly introduces the concept of disruptive technologies and discusses how they impact the current and

future methods of warfare. Also presented in the article are

specific areas of technology, which when developed will

enhance our warfare systems and give us an edge on the

future battlefield. I hope that you find the article and the rest

of the publication useful in contributing to your efforts to

support our warfighters.

Mark Rider

WSTIAC Director

Director’s Corner

The WSTIAC Quarterly is the current awareness publication of the Weapon Systems Technology Information 

Analysis Center (WSTIAC). WSTIAC, a Department of Defense (DoD) Information Analysis Center (IAC), is

administratively managed by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) under the DoD IAC Program.

All data and information herein reported are believed to be reliable; however, no warrant, expressed or

implied, is to be construed as to the accuracy or the completeness of the information presented. The views, opinions,

and findings contained in this publication are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Agency

position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by other official documentation.

Inquiries about WSTIAC capabilities, products, and services may be addressed to 

Mark Rider Robert Fitzgibbon

Director, WSTIAC Technical Inquiries

703.933.3317 877.WST.USER

EMAIL : mrider@alionscience.com EMAIL : wstiac@alionscience.com

URL : http ://wstiac.alionscience.com/

We welcome your input! To submit your related articles, photos, notices, or ideas for future issues, please contact:

WSTIAC

ATTN: B EN J AM IN D . C R A IG

201 Mill Street, Rome, New York 13440

PHONE: 315.339.7019 • FAX: 315.339.7107

EMAIL: wstiac@alionscience.com

Director

Mark D. Rider

Editor-in-Chief

Benjamin D. Craig

Publication Design 

Cynthia Long

Tamara R. Grossman

Information Processing

Pamela J. Kinstle

Inquiry Services

Robert Fitzgibbon

Product Sales

Gina Nash

WSTIAC 10

• Power and Energy

• Lethality

• Weapon System Command and Control

• Non-Lethal

• Weapon Systems and Munitions 

Readiness and Asset Visibility

• Target Identification and Engagement

• Asymmetric and Irregular Warfare

• IED Defeat

• Embedded Training Systems

• Capabilities, Effectiveness, and 

Requirements Analyses
http://wstiac.alionscience.com The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4 3

INTRODUCTION

What exactly is a disruptive technology with respect to military

applications?[1] It is important to understand what defines a technology as disruptive and to be able to recognize which future

innovations have the potential to be disruptive. With this knowledge it can be determined how to adapt the technology or to

counter the threat in a timely manner. This article will overview

the concept of disruptive technologies by summarizing unclassified research and development

efforts and by providing examples

of technologies that may be categorized as disruptive in terms of 

military applications.

Disruptive technology is a term

popularized by a Harvard business

professor and may be defined as 

an innovation that forces the

advancement in security or degrades current security as related

to changes in geopolitical, military, economic or social cohesion factors.[1, 2] Disruptive technologies do not in every case initially supplant the current

technology commonly used at the time of introduction. Rather,

they typically enter the field on the low end of the technology

area, then outpace the development of the current technology and

eventually displace the technology entirely.[1]

The impact of disruptive technologies has been taken very 

seriously by both business and the military. The introduction and

advancement of a singular new technology can displace, damage,

or eliminate entire industry segments in a very short period of

time. For example, digital photography, which is now approximately 16 years old* has largely displaced film and emulsion 

photography, which had a lifespan of more than 150 years.

Disruptive technologies must be anticipated, understood, and

effectively countered in order to minimize their impact. Those

who effectively apply new disruptive technologies will gain an

asymmetrical advantage whether in business, industry or on the

battlefield.

Military Interest in Disruptive Technologies

In order to remain ahead of the changing face of warfare 

the military must develop disruptive technologies or weapon 

system enhancements which provide an asymmetrical advantage

to the warfighter. Asymmetrical

warfare can be described as a military situation where two groups of

unequal power interact and attempt

to exploit each other’s characteristic

weaknesses. This involves strategies

and tactics of unconventional warfare where the “weaker” combatant

must use strategies that exploit

geography, timing, surprise, or 

specific vulnerabilities to offset

deficiencies in quantity or quality

of force in order to achieve victory.[3]

There is significant interest in tactics and innovations that

counter disruptive technologies which have emerged in recent

years that negate modern military advantages. Many potential

technology solutions are rapidly approaching maturation and

when they are integrated into a military system will provide a 

significant improvement in operational capability.[4]

DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE MILITARY

Historical Examples of Military Disruptive Technologies

Throughout military history technological developments have 

substantially disrupted the methods of conventional warfare. In

general terms, the evolution of weapons and weapon delivery 

systems, small arms, tanks, and aircraft for example, have forced

changes in the warfare tactics. Over the course of many centuries

John C. Keefe

WSTIAC

Rome, NY

“Victory will smile upon those who anticipate changes in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves 

after changes occur.” – General Giulio Douhet, in The Command of the Air, 1921

“Disruptive technologies and their associated military

innovations may fundamentally alter long-standing 

concepts of warfare. Potential adversaries are seeking

asymmetric capabilities to exploit our vulnerabilities and

offset our current advantages. Asymmetric capabilities

are typically unpredictable and possess potential military

consequences as evidenced by the human toll attributed

to IED’s and the readily available access to commercial

micro-sensors for integration with UAVs for hostile surveillance upon friendly forces.” [2]

Asymmetric Warfare During WWII

Finland had a mobilized army of only 180,000 men, but these troops turned out to be fierce adversaries against 4 times as many Soviet

troops by employing small-unit surrounding “motti” tactics, fast-moving ski troops in white camouflage suits, and local knowledge. Many had

spent most of their lives in the forest; the vast majority of Finns were rural dwellers until the 1950s. The conditions of the winter of 1939-40

were harsh; temperatures of -40°C (-40°F) were not unusual, and the Finns were able to use this to their advantage. Often, they opted not to

engage the enemy in conventional warfare, instead targeting field kitchens (which were crucial for survival in the cold weather) and picking

off Soviet troops huddled around camp fires.[5]
new armor technologies have been developed to counter new

weapons and new weapons have evolved to counter new armor.

Speed and efficiency with which military forces can be deployed

is a significant factor in determining military advantage over their

adversary. Development and establishment of rail transport was in

full swing during the Civil War, and the use of the railroad by

General Ulysses S. Grant to move troops and supplies in the 

Civil War was a great tactical advantage and allowed him to

quickly and continually bring the fight to the Confederate army.

Radar and sonar and encrypted communications (code making &

breaking) are further historical examples of military disruptive

technologies, as they gave a clear edge to the side that employed

the latest technology.

Current Examples of Military Disruptive Technologies

The nature of warfare today is strongly influenced by a number of

technologies. Examples include interactive, real-time map systems

and databases, global positioning system (GPS), and nuclear

detection and elimination technologies. The following sections

contain a few examples of disruptive technologies that are currently influencing conventional warfare and tactics.

Night Vision Systems

Night vision systems eliminate the tactical advantage of darkness

thus enabling soldiers, rotorcraft, and ground vehicles to perform

combat operations any time of day or night. Moreover, if one side

has the night vision technology and the other does not, there is a

substantial tactical advantage leading to the ability to conduct

very effective covert operations. With the arrival of sensor fusion

and the use of chip-based night vision systems the gap in capabilities between the low cost night vision systems and the current

high end systems is closing. This raises a concern, in that, the

availability of these systems (low cost COTS) will allow many

people to readily obtain these systems as evidenced by their sale at

local sporting goods and other retail stores.[6]

Reactive Armor Systems

Current combat armor systems use nonmetallic materials such 

as Kevlar®† and ceramic materials (e.g. boron carbide (B4C) and 

aluminum oxide (Al2O3)) in addition to conventional metallic

armor. Shaped-charged munitions and warheads countered the

development of these robust advanced armor material systems.

Consequently, to counter these weapons (and thereby following

the weapon-armor cycle of technology development) reactive

armor systems were developed and are currently employed on 

several weapon system platforms. In order to defeat an armor 

penetrating weapon, such as a shape charge, reactive armor

explodes prior to impact.

Information Technology/Data Processing

Communication and coordination is critical in wartime, and the

advent of wireless communication systems and the rapid advancement of information technology (data processing methods &

speed) have greatly enhanced the ability to precisely engage the

enemy. Furthermore, through technologies supporting command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) collection and dissemination

of the most current information on enemy troop positions and

other aspects of enemy conduct enables field commanders to

more effectively develop, coordinate and execute their strategic

battle plan. Additionally, the speed at which a military is able to

provide this information is critical to success in the current environment of small unit warfare.

Logistical Support

The most advanced units of the military can usually only be

deployed as far as the supply line can support. Units can go for

short periods without resupply, but for long periods groups such

as the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), which currently has more

than 5 million items in their inventory, provide supply-line support to the warfighter. New advances like automated pinpoint air

drop systems facilitate precise delivery of supplies to strategic

locations. The Air Force Air Mobility Warfare Center has led the

effort to develop one such the Joint Precision Air Drop System

(JPADS). Such systems represent a stealthier, more cost effective

solution for resupplying front line units including special operation forces, which may be operating in difficult to reach locations.

Training

As may be gathered from this article, almost anything can be 

categorized as a disruptive technology, even training. The 2001

Defense Science Board Task Force Reports “The superb performance of our military in the 1990s was not just the result of 

technological superiority but equally of training superiority.”

Training allows the warfighter to effectively use the technologies

that have been developed to support them and their mission.[7]

Emerging and Future of Military Disruptive Technologies

The US military is continuously looking toward future technologies that provide an evolutionary or revolutionary advancement in

defense systems as well as those technologies that will provide an

asymmetrical advantage on the battlefield. The application of

flexible displays, small radar systems, battery improvements,

MEMS (micro electro-mechanical systems) and autonomous

MEMS systems show strong promise as disruptive technologies.[8] Examples of several other technologies that are being 

pursued are listed below. Furthermore, any combination of these

technologies, which by synergy can advance the capabilities to a

new level, are also of interest.[2]

• Alternative energy sources

• Net-centric systems

• Extended life batteries

• Variants of laser technologies

• Non-lethal and less-than-lethal weapons

• Devices for a reprogrammable and reconfigurable 

warfare system

• Advanced chem-bio and optical sensors

• Small radar systems

• Automatic target recognition systems

• MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems)

• Unmanned, guided platforms, active and passive 

(land, air & sea)

• Autonomous robotic devices (bomb sniffer, ordnance 

disposal tool, ISR)

• Smart autonomous surveillance (SAS)

• Continuous Tagging, Tracking, & Locating

• Biometrics for identification

• Persistent surveillance

4 The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4
http://wstiac.alionscience.com The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4 5

• Understanding the “human terrain”

• Hypersonic jet engines 

• Electro-magnetic (EM) railgun

• Persistent Littoral Underwater Surveillance (PLUS)

• Cloned or tailored organisms

• Nanotechnologies

• Biochemical agents

• Seabase enablers

• Tactical Satellite (TACSAT)

• Free electron laser

There is no structured way to determine how disruptive technologies can be applied. Examples of technology fields that may

be ready to provide disruptive technologies in the short term

include: gene therapy, wireless communication, automatic target

recognition, MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems), cloned or tailored

organisms and nanotechnologies.

How will future devices function in a

reprogrammable and reconfigurable

warfare system? The systems that the US

military will be using will be in itself a

disruptive technology by allowing the

commander to gain the highest level of

flexibility in the multifaceted control

and operation of warfare. Improvement

in antenna technology will allow for increases in data bandwidth,

which will allow a higher volume of information and data to

flow.[10]

Environmental, Chemical and Biological Sensors

Challenges facing new sensor systems is that they must work 

in many different types of environments to be effective tools of

the warfighter. The development and use of advanced sensors 

can create disruptive technologies in terms of their ability to

remotely detect many conditions and provide intelligence, 

surveillance and reconnaissance in locations and situations that

were not previously possible.

The advantages of chem-bio sensors are their ability to sense

single molecules to detect a chemical or biological attack and to

act as an “artificial nose” to identify specific chem-bio spectra.

The identification of a specific signature of the chem-bio 

spectrum (e.g., smells, odors, perfumes) can determine the presence of many things within a specific area, on a person or device.

Chemical and biological sensors are certainly being used today,

but an example of a future evolution of these technologies is the

self-sustaining system which combines the sensors with a permanent energy source. These future systems will use energy harvesting devices that absorb very low levels of vibration and convert it

to a usable form of energy to power these devices. Also, coupling

the use of specific taggants with these sensors can make effective

tracking possible.[11]

Biometrics and Identification Systems

Personnel identification systems have employed biometric technologies, which use finger prints, photo recognition software, iris

images, DNA and other sources, to more accurately and rapidly

determine the identity of an individual.[12] In order to carry out

some of their clandestine missions Special Operations Forces

(SOF) must be able to locate, track, and identify human beings

and other important targets. They must

also be able to detect and identify targets

based on their unique observable characteristics using devices that are sufficiently clandestine to be effective without

exposing themselves to risks. The Special

Operations Command (SOCOM) has

made an extensive effort to supply SOF

with equipment to achieve these goals.

Many of the technologies used in this

area are linked to the nanotechnology,

biotechnology and chemical families of technological development, as shown in Table 1.

Unmanned Systems and Robotics

Robotics are used as a multifunctional platform for an array of

sensors and are intended to reduce the amount of human contact

that is required for the investigation of many potentially deadly

wartime situations. Such systems are used as bomb sniffers, ordnance disposal tools and observation stations. There has been a

rapid expansion of the use of UAV’s and other unmanned devices

as key tools for the warfighter in combat and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions.[14]

Human Factors Modeling

A disruptive technology need not be a weapon in the traditional

sense but one which seeks to provide more accurate intelligence

into the nature of human actions and interactions. With this

information commanders will have a tool to gage the human element as they enter the battle space. Understanding the “human

terrain” is just as important as having the right weapons. Being

Now USSOCOM Commander ADM

Eric T. Olson was quoted in a 2004, 

Disruptive Technology Briefing that “The

SOF warrior: (is) a disruptive force in a 

complex environment. These continuously

evolving capability increases will allow 

SOF to not only conduct, find and fix operations globally, but also to disrupt or even

disintegrate the terrorist organizations.”[9]

Table 1. Key Enabling Technologies for Continuous Tagging, Tracking, and Locating[13].

Nanotechnology Biotechnology Chemical Technology

Clandestine devices Biomimetic devices for detection and Signature enhancing taggants

identification at long distances

High functional-density devices Bio-based devices for detection and Chemical/biochemical Sensors 

identification at long distances for natural signatures

Self-organizing, self-deploying devices Taggants for biological signature 

amplification, translation

Processing and communications Natural signature detection and identification

Energy harvesting
6 The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4

able to understand the local culture is very important, but to do

this effectively requires “boots on the ground” to make meaningful assessments. By gathering more lessons learned in the

field more accurate intelligence can be formulated.[15]

Human social culture behavior modeling is complex, but it is

an area that is vital to supporting our traditional war fighting

methods. Although it is in its formative stages, it is emerging as

a science that can use predictive models as we would use equations to predict projectile trajectory.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DISRUPTIVE 

TECHNOLOGIES

Time is of the essence in our current state and any mature 

or applicable technologies that can be moved to the field 

can make an impact now. Technologies that are at TRL 6 

(technology readiness level 6 – a technology ready for introduction) must be advanced as soon as possible. Fielding the 

innovation is where most emerging technologies have the 

greatest transitional road blocks to surmount.[9] Those who

know the process will be rewarded in the speed by which their

technology gets to the field.[16] Partnerships would allow complex technologies to be developed and moved forward more

quickly.[9] 

The acquisition system must be responsive to the development of disruptive technologies and not limit their introduction. (This however is not an impediment in the black world.)

The capability to produce disruptive technologies rests on the

factors of knowledge, imagination, resources, and time. The

greatest challenge is to find and develop imagination. The lists

that are developed must be weighed with the insight to determine plausible versus possible technologies.[2] Three key questions need to be asked about potential disruptive technologies:

What will it do? What capability does it produce? Why does this

technology matter?[17] There are many groups looking at disruptive technologies and it is important to avoid duplication of

effort. This can only be avoided if the each military command

makes the effort to look at what other commands are involved

with.[18]

To find new disruptive technologies several sources should be

considered, including:[17]

• Awarded grants that are intended to develop new technologies

/ methodologies

• New programs that are starting up to discover what is being

developed

• New product offerings in the commercial market – commercial off the shelf (potential for adaptability)

• Combinations of conventional technologies that synergize

and result in a new disruptive technology.

FUTURE TECHNOLOGY NEEDS

Looking ahead to the warfare environment in the 2015-2020

time period, the picture is complex. This is partly because many

areas of US dominance have been eroded in the S&T world,

including the pace of American students getting advanced

degrees and the reduction in the pace of innovation by US companies and labs. This can greatly lessen the key edge of overall

knowledgebase in all S&T areas and accordingly lessen disruptive technologies being created and applied. As a consequence

this can lead to a rise in capability by those groups or countries

looking to supplant our asymmetrical technological and warfare

advantages.[19] Given these changing trends specific technology needs have been identified.

There are currently existing conditions that render the security of the world’s nuclear arsenal less than secure. One approach

to resolving these issues is to focus on three areas: intelligence,

detection and elimination of nuclear threats. Detection is 

perhaps the most difficult to achieve, and technologies that

enhance detection and improve the process are needed.[20]

While nuclear issues are at the top of the list when considering disruptive technologies, other key areas to target for possible

applications are bio, nano and information technology.[17, 21]

Additionally, extended life batteries, alternative energy sources

and non-lethal and less-than-lethal weapons are technologies 

in demand.[22] Access to information in real time by the

warfighter, and therefore the development of net-centric systems, will also be key to mission success.[18]

The expanded use of smart autonomous surveillance systems

will provide data in amounts that will strain our ability to

process the gathered information. The number of people

required today to interpret the data from UAV’s and other sensor platforms can be great.[23] Technologies for processing this

volume of data will relieve the manpower currently dedicated to

the task.

Computer systems should be used to simulate and predict

performance with respect to the impact of disruptive technologies. Better prediction will lead to better application but validation is vital to ensure the usefulness of complex computer

modeling. Much future discovery could take place from the use

of system modeling, computation, selected lab work and then

the actual production of a working model for validation.[24]

CONCLUSIONS

There is a new way to look at technology, its application and its

relationship to warfare. By challenging the old concepts of just

improving existing technologies to make them “bigger, better

and faster”, an important principle is discovered that indicates

that the introduction of new

technologies gives an asymmetric advantage, an edge, which

was not present before.

New ideas must be examined

to see what new technologies

and ideas fit the mold of a possible disruptive technology.

From this it can be determined

that if developed, it would create an asymmetric advantage.

“The first rule of unrestricted

warfare is that there are no

rules; nothing is forbidden. Unrestricted warfare employs surprise and deception and uses both civilian technology and military weapons to break the opponent’s will.”[25] New

disruptive technologies will be determined and deployed by

adversaries without limits or concerns on their part. Our part

will be to establish a system to determine possible disruptive

technologies, develop them, quickly deploy them and be able

answer any new threats in a timely manner with our understanding of how the nature of disruptive technologies operates.

This past September, the 2007

Disruptive Technologies Conference, “Turning Lists into

Capabilities,” was held in

Washington D.C. For more

information on the subject,

refer to the conference proceedings, which are posted at:

http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/20

07disrupt/2007disrupt.html
NOTES & REFERENCES

* In 1991 Kodak introduced the Nikon F-3, 1.3 megapixel sensor 

camera for professionals.

† Kevlar is a registered trademark of the E.I. du Pont de Nemours and

Company.

[1] C. M. Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies

Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, June 1997.

[2] R. Engel, “Turning Lists into Capabilities,” National Intelligence

Council, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September 4-5,

2007.

[3] C. Ancker and M. Burke, “Doctrine for Asymmetric Warfare,” 

Military Review, July-August 2003, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/ancker.pdf.

[4] Disruptive Technologies Conference, NDIA Event #7920, September 4-5, 2007.

[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War (Finish war versus 

Russia (WW2 era)).

[6] W. Parker, “Night Vision Counter Measures and Response,” The

O’Gara Group, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September

4-5, 2007.

[7] F. DiGiovanni, “Training & Mission Rehearsal,” Office of the Under

Secretary of Defense for Personnel & Readiness, NDIA Disruptive 

Technologies Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[8] Dr. John Pellegrino, “Disruptive Sensor & Electronic Technologies

for Land Operations,” Director for Sensor and Electronic Devices, Army

Research Laboratory, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, 

September 4-5, 2007.

[9] D. Richardson, “Successes/Lessons Learned: Adapting Technology 

to Enhance the Warfighter,” USSOCOM, Washington Office Liaison 

for Advanced Technology, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference,

September 4-5, 2007.

[10] K. Konston, “Weaponizing the Spectrum,” Alion Science and 

Technology, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September 4-5,

2007.

[11] R. Waters, “Self-Powered Autonomous Next Generation Bio-Chem

Sensors,” SPAWAR System Center, NDIA Disruptive Technologies 

Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[12] T. Dee, “Stand-Off Bio Metric Identification,” Director, Biometric,

Rapid Reaction Technology Office, Office of the Director, Defense

Research & Engineering, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference,

September 4-5, 2007.

[13] D. Richardson, “Continuous Clandestine Tagging, Tracking, and

Locating (CTTL),” USSOCOM, SOAL-T WSO, NDIA Disruptive

Technologies Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[14] J. Dyer, “Robots: Changing the Way We Fight and Live,” iRobot

Corporation, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September 

4-5, 2007.

[15] S. Biggerstaff, “Predictive Human Behavior,” Office of the Director,

Defense Research and Engineering, NDIA Disruptive Technologies

Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[16] M. Knollmann, “Evolving Joint Needs & Desired Joint Military

Capabilities,” Under Secretary for Defense (Joint & Coalition Operations Support), NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September

4-5, 2007.

[17] A. Shaffer, “Resourcing Disruptive Technologies,” Office of the

Director, Defense Research & Engineering, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[18] S. Spencer, USSTRATCOM Presentation, NDIA Disruptive 

Technologies Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[19] M. Lister, “Science & Technology for Naval Warfare, 2015-2020,”

Naval Research Advisory Council, NDIA Disruptive Technologies 

Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[20] G. Sampoll-Ramirez, “Loose Nucs,” Defense Threat Reduction

Agency, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September 4-5,

2007.

[21] J. Clapper, Jr., Under Secretary of Defense Intelligence, NDIA 

Disruptive Technologies Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[22] M. Chaloupka, “Disruptive Technologies: A Combatant Command

Faces the Challenge,” USPACOM, NDIA Disruptive Technologies 

Conference, September 4-5, 2007.

[23] Z. Lemnios, “Informatics as the Nest Engine of Innovation,” 

MIT Lincoln Lab, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, 

September 4-5, 2007.

[24] D. Crandall, “4th Generation Nuclear S&T,” Department of 

Energy, NDIA Disruptive Technologies Conference, September 4-5,

2007.

[25] “What Is Unrestricted Warfare,” JHU/APL, Combating the 

Unrestricted Warfare Threat: Integrating Strategy, Analysis, and 

Technology. http://www.jhuapl.edu/urw_symposium/

http://wstiac.alionscience.com The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4 7

Mr. John C. Keefe is a Senior Engineer with Alion Science and Technology. He holds a BS in Industrial Engineering from Purdue 

University and an MS in Industrial Engineering from Lehigh University. Previously he worked as a Senior Engineer at General Dynamics in

the Ordnance and Tactical Systems division where he was responsible for programs in large, medium and 40mm munitions. While with

General Dynamics Mr. Keefe worked on the process development and ongoing production aspects of the M1028, M865, M919, and

40mm Flechette munitions programs. He has also previously worked as the Manager of Manufacturing Engineering at Johnson Matthey

(Precious Metals Division) in West Chester, PA, where he supervised engineering and fabrication of a wide range of products made from

precious metals and their alloys. Mr. Keefe has further interest in general engineering education and has been a college instructor for more

than 20 years.
8 The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4

REAPER DROPS FIRST PRECISION-GUIDED BOMB, 

PROTECTS FORCES 

by Staff Sgt. Trevor Tiernan 

US Central Command Air Forces Public Affairs

SOUTHWEST ASIA (Air Force Print News) – The MQ-9A

Reaper demonstrated it’s unique precision strike capability

as a hunter-killer

attack platform

by dropping its

first precisionguided bomb

Nov. 7. 

“The beauty 

of the MQ-9

Reaper is that

we’re able to

synchronize and integrate unmanned aerial attack platforms

over the skies of Afghanistan, allowing us to persistently

and consistently track the enemy and ensure that we place

the appropriate ordnance on target when required, and

maintain that persistent presence after weapons release,”

said Lt. Gen. Gary North, US Central Command Air

Forces commander. 

The Reaper, the Air Force’s unmanned aerial attack vehicle, was operating over the Sangin region of Afghanistan on

the hunt for enemy activity when the crew received a

request for assistance from a joint terminal attack controller

on the ground. Friendly forces were taking fire from enemy

combatants. The JTAC provided targeting data to the pilot

and sensor operator, who fly the aircraft remotely from

Creech Air Force Base, Nev. The pilot released two GBU-12

500-pound laser-guided bombs, destroying the target and

eliminating the enemy fighters. 

The ability to carry bombs, in addition to AGM-114K

Hellfire missiles, is just one of the features that set the

Reaper apart from its smaller brother the MQ-1 Predator.

“The MQ-9 gives us an incredible addition to the arsenal,”

General North said. “It’s larger, carries an increased payload

and is able to fly longer, higher and faster. It’s an incredible

addition to our attack capability in the CENTAF force 

lay-down.”

The Reaper has flown 49 combat sorties since it first

began operating in Afghanistan Sept. 25. It completed 

its first combat strike Oct. 27, when it fired a Hellfire 

missile over Deh Rawod, Afghanistan, neutralizing enemy

combatants.

UNIT RECEIVES ‘TASK FORCE MARNE’S’ FIRST MRAPS

by Sgt. Michael Connors 

CAMP LIBERTY, Iraq - Soldiers from 1st Battalion, 30th

Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry

Division, recently became the first in Task Force Marne to

receive the Army’s new mine-resistant, ambush-protected

vehicles, known as MRAPs. They completed MRAP drivers

training here Nov. 8 and will be returning to their respective

bases with about 20 MRAPs. MRAP fielding will continue

steadily, with a goal of having the entire task force outfitted

by February, said Army Sgt. 1st Class Jabari Williams, the

2nd BCT’s noncommissioned officer in charge of MRAP

fielding.

MRAPs come in two categories. Category 1 holds up to

six soldiers and

will replace the

Humvee. Category 2 is a

longer version,

which can hold

a crew of 10

soldiers. “It’s a

good opportunity for

us,” said Army

Sgt. David Ipock. “Any time we get a new vehicle with more

protection, it’s a good thing.”

Prior to the vehicles being handed over to the units for

day-to-day use, the soldiers got five days of training on how

to operate, drive and maintain the vehicles. The training

included classroom instruction and on- and off-road driving. This training also introduced the soldiers to some new

features the Humvee lacked, such as a pneumatic rear ramp

and a shock-absorbing seating system with four-point seat

belts. “The bomb protection with the seats – I think that

might help a lot,” said Ipock. “Everything’s just more

advanced – the switches and gauges, things like that.”

Army Spc. Daniel Lopez also weighed in with what he

liked about the new vehicle. “It’s a big, new toy to replace

the 1151 (Humvee) – a lot more room,” he said. “I feel more

secure in it than the 1151.”

The training not only familiarizes soldiers with the 

vehicles, but also builds confidence by giving them the

opportunity to drive the vehicles over steep hills and

through tight turns. “It handles fairly well for a tall vehicle;

as far as the suspension and handling, I was fairly impressed

with it,” said Army Staff Sgt. Steve Stutzman. “I went down

a 60-degree hill and hit the brakes, nose first, and we just sat

there – the vehicle has really good air brakes.”

MRAPs are designed to be both safe and effective for 

soldiers conducting patrols, convoy security and missions

in the news...
http://wstiac.alionscience.com The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4 9

throughout Iraq. They are being fielded to units that need

them the most and that operate in areas with the highest

threat, officials said. The goal is for each platoon eventually

to have four MRAPs, Williams added.

(Army Sgt. Michael Connors serves with Multinational

Division Center Public Affairs. Mark B. Matthews, 27th

Public Affairs Detachment, contributed to this story.)

THE TRUTH ABOUT THE OSPREY

by Col. Glenn Walters, Headquarters Marine Corps Aviation

HEADQUARTERS MARINE CORPS — Unlike most of

the V-22 critics, I have actually flown the MV-22 Osprey. I

flew hundreds of hours in this remarkable aircraft when I

commanded the Marine Corps’ test and evaluation squadron

2003-2006, and I am obliged to tell the truth.

The truth is the Osprey is the most thoroughly tested aircraft in the history of

aviation for one fundamental reason: the safety

of its passengers. Our

Nation expects that the

military will use the best

engineered, maintained,

and operated equipment

available. Our troops

deserve it. The Osprey

we are flying today is just

that.

Some critics say that we

haven’t flown the Osprey

in the desert. Not true.

My squadron flew in

desert environments on

multiple occasions totaling months of tests. The

squadron now in Iraq

completed several desert training periods prior to deploying.

In fact, we just had another squadron of MV-22s in California and Arizona doing more of the same. Not only can the

Ospreys fly in the desert, the aircraft’s advanced technology

makes it easier than in any other rotorcraft to land in

brownout conditions.

Other critics point out that the MV-22 does not have a

forward-firing weapon, but none puts this in context: no

medium or heavy lift aircraft in the US inventory has a forward-firing weapon. MV-22s flying in Iraq have rampmounted machine guns which have become the standard on

our aircraft in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, based on

the threat. That, and the inherent capabilities of the aircraft

(range, speed and altitude), give the MV-22 the ability to

reduce susceptibility and vulnerability to many threats.

The MV-22 has limited visibility through the cabin windows, much like the CH-46 and the CH-53E, but what

most critics do not know is that the troop commander, who

rides in the back of the Osprey, has unparalleled situational

awareness from the on-board precision navigation system

with moving maps and a significant communications capability. These capabilities are not an option in existing Marine

Corps aircraft.

The MV-22 is the most maneuverable medium lift assault

support platform in the world. Conventional helicopters are

limited to standard rotary wing tactics and airspeeds, while

the MV-22 has the ability to fly like a turboprop airplane as

well as a conventional helicopter. As an airplane, it can climb

or descend at a significantly higher rate than any helicopter

and transit at much higher speeds. The MV-22 can also get

in and out of landing zones faster than any other medium

lift helicopter.

Vortex Ring State (VRS) is a phenomenon experienced by

all rotorcraft—not just the Osprey. While the MV-22 is the

only aircraft with a warning system that alerts pilots to VRS

conditions, it is the least susceptible to this phenomenon.

Additionally, because of the inherent flight characteristics of

a tilt-rotor, and with the execution of a routine procedure,

the MV-22 can fly out of VRS almost instantaneously by

simply tilting the nacelles forward and flying out of the condition. In a helicopter the procedure is much more involved.

Perhaps we should judge the MV-22 on its current performance, not on its past.

To argue whether the aircraft is worth the money spent is

an unending debate. To the injured Marine or soldier whose

life is saved due to the unparalleled capabilities of the MV22, I would posit that the aircraft is worth every penny.

Walters heads the Marine Corps’ aviation plans section in 

the Pentagon and previously commanded Marine Tiltrotor

Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron 22 (VMX-22). 

This commentary first appeared in the North County Times

(California) on Nov. 15.

SUCCESSFUL MISSILE DEFENSE INTERCEPT TEST TAKES

PLACE NEAR HAWAII

Missile Defense Agency

News Release

Lieutenant General Henry “Trey” Obering, Missile Defense

Agency director, announced that an important test of the

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) element of

the Ballistic Missile Defense System was successfully completed, resulting in the intercept of a ballistic missile target

at the Pacific Missile Range Facility off the island of Kauai

in Hawaii. Preliminary indications are that planned flight

test objectives were achieved. The intercept involved the

“exo-atmospheric” (outside earth’s atmosphere) “hit to kill”

destruction of a unitary (non-separating) target representing
10 The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4

a “SCUD”-type ballistic missile launched

from a mobile platform positioned off

Kauai in the Pacific

Ocean. The interceptor was launched from

the THAAD launch

complex at the Pacific

Missile Range Facility.

This was the 31st 

successful “hit to kill”

intercept in 39 tests

since 2001 by ground

and sea-based interceptors against short, medium and long-range

ballistic missile targets.

The primary objective of this test was to

demonstrate integrated operations of the system, including radar, launcher, fire

control equipment and procedures, and the interceptor to

detect, track and destroy the target missile using only the

force of a direct collision between the interceptor and the

target missile – hit to kill technology. Other objectives

included demonstrating performance of an interceptor that

had been “hot conditioned,” or heated to a certain temperature before launching; and demonstrating the ability of the

interceptor to perform correctly in the “endgame,” or final

seconds before target intercept. The ability of soldiers from

the US Army to conduct launcher, fire control and radar

operations was also observed.

This was the fourth successful intercept for the current

THAAD program in four tests and the third test of the

THAAD system at Pacific Missile Range Facility. The first

test at the Pacific Missile Range Facility was a successful

high-endoatmospheric (just inside earth’s atmosphere) intercept of a SCUD-type unitary target in January of this year.

The second test this past April, also a success, involved the

intercept of a “mid endoatmospheric” (inside earth’s atmosphere) unitary target representing a “SCUD”-type ballistic

missile. Soldiers of the 6th Air Defense Artillery Brigade stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas operated all THAAD equipment

during all tests, conducting operations of the launcher, fire

control and communications and radar. Their interaction

with the complete THAAD system provided valuable test

and operations experience for the soldiers, and contributed

to the operational realism of the tests.

THAAD is the first weapon system with both endoatmospheric and exo-atmospheric capability developed

specifically to defend against short, medium and intermediate range ballistic missiles. The THAAD system will provide

high-altitude missile defense over a larger area than the complementary Patriot system, and, like the Patriot, intercepts a

ballistic missile target in the “terminal” phase of flight—the

final minute or so when the hostile missile falls toward the

earth at the end of its flight. Patriot and THAAD, as well as

the long-range Ground-based Midcourse Defense and the

sea-based Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense, all use “hit to kill”

technology.

The Ballistic Missile Defense System now in development

and testing will be capable of providing a layered, integrated

defense for the US homeland, our deployed forces, allies and

friends against ballistic missiles of all ranges, in all phases of

flight—boost, midcourse and terminal. The higher-altitude

and theater-wide protection offered by THAAD provides

more protection of larger areas than lower-tier systems like

Patriot alone. THAAD can be transported by air to wherever it is needed worldwide, and consists of radar, fire control

unit, missile launchers, and interceptor missiles.

The THAAD Program is managed by the Missile Defense

Agency in Washington, DC, and executed by the THAAD

Project Office in Huntsville, Ala. Lockheed Martin Corporation is the prime contractor.

News media point of contact is Rick Lehner, Missile

Defense Agency, at (703) 697-8997 or Richard.lehner@

mda.mil for Pam Rogers, Missile Defense Agency, at (256)

450-1421 or (256) 503-3726 or pamela.rogers@mda.mil

MINE COUNTERMEASURES EXERCISE SWEEPS 

PERSIAN GULF

by Chief Mass Communication Specialist (SW) Craig Strawser, USS Wasp

Public Affairs

USS WASP, At Sea (NNS) — The US Navy conducted a

mine countermeasures exercise (MCMEX) Nov. 12-15 to

demonstrate its ability to counter potential mine-laying and

to maintain open sea lanes and anchorages in the region, an

important mission of Maritime Security Operations (MSO).

The exercise brought together Mine Countermeasures

Division (MCMDIV) 31, the “Blackhawks” of Helicopter

Mine Countermeasures Squadron (HM) 15, USS Wasp

(LHD 1) and USS Gladiator (MCM 11). 

Cmdr. Scott Davies, commodore of MCMDIV 31,

stressed the importance of teamwork in carrying out the

MCM evolution. “The MCM triad consists of air units, surface units and underwater units, all working together with

an afloat command element,” said Davies. “By forging these

three branches of the MCM process into one cohesive team,

in the news... continued
http://wstiac.alionscience.com The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4 11

COMCMDIV 31 is able to meet the US 5th Fleet objectives

of maintaining open sea lanes throughout the region.”

During the exercise, HM 15’s MH-53E helicopters towed

MK-105 Magnetic Influence Minesweeping Systems, better

known as “sleds,” which are high-speed catamaran hydrofoil

platforms. From the sleds, an electrically-charged cable

streams and creates an electromagnetic field, which tricks

mines into thinking it is a ship.

As part of the exercise, Wasp demonstrated its ability to

launch and recover the sleds from its well deck. Once the

sleds were launched, rigid hulled inflatable boats towed them

away from the ship where they were then connected to a

hovering MH-53E and towed in a notional mine threat area.

Gladiator, the surface element of the triad, provided realtime clearance information to the command staff aboard

Wasp Davies said.

Davies added, MCM ships such as Gladiator conduct

mechanical and influence sweeps of Sea Lanes of Commerce,

or the “highways” used by commercial shipping traffic to

move material around the world. 

This is the sixth MCMEX in the Persian Gulf since 2007

in support MSO. It also supports the US Naval Forces’ new

“Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” which

was rolled out in October by Chief of Naval Operations

Adm. Gary Roughead. 

For more news from Commander, US Naval Forces 

Central Command/Commander, US 5th Fleet, visit

www.news.navy.mil/local/cusnc/.

PERSIAN GULF - An MH-53E Sea Dragon, from Helicopter Mine

Countermeasure Squadron (HM) 15, performs mine countermeasure training using the MK-105 sled. HM-15 is deployed

aboard the multipurpose amphibious assault ship USS Wasp

(LHD 1). Wasp is conducting mine countermeasure exercises to

demonstrate the US Navy's ability to defend against mine-laying operations and ensure open access to sea lanes. US Navy

photo by Lt. Cmdr. John L. Kline.

WSTIAC’s 

New Online Library Search Engine

WSTIAC recently added an online document search

tool that allows users to navigate through the library

holdings related to weapon systems technology. 

A document search of the WSTIAC bibliographic 

database produces references to documents which

reside in WSTIAC’s physical library holdings. 

Visit the online WSTIAC library today at: 

http://wstiac.alionscience.com/resources/library.html
12 The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4

GET UP TO SPEED FAST ON WEAPON SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY

Whether you’re on the front line or providing support to our military, you need a fundamental knowledge of current weapon systems. Our training program is designed to give you a firm understanding of conventional and directed energy weapons and is focused on getting you up to speed fast.

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http://wstiac.alionscience.com The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4 13

COURSE SPOTLIGHT

INTRODUCTION TO WEAPONEERING

This course introduces fundamentals of the

weaponeering process and is based on a very

successful graduate-level weaponeering

course developed by the instructor.

Part I covers basic tools and methods used:

• The weaponeering process

• Elementary statistical methods

• Weapon trajectory

• Delivery accuracy of guided and unguided

munitions

• Target vulnerability assessment

Part II covers air-launched weapons against

ground targets:

• Single weapons directed against point and

area targets

• Stick deliveries (point and area targets)

• Projectiles (guns and rockets)

• Cluster munitions

• Weaponeering for specific targets: bridges,

buildings, etc.

• Collateral damage modeling

Part III covers ground engagements:

• Indirect fire systems – artillery and mortars

• Direct fire systems – infantry and armored

vehicles

• Mines – land and sea

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR PRODUCT

LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

Provides a comprehensive overview of the

discipline of Systems Engineering and how it

is applied over the life cycle of a product.

The field has been evolving and new systems

engineering frameworks and definitions are

presented.

DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS

Provides an introduction to the basic principles

and techniques of Directed Energy Weapons

(DEWs). Weapon System applications are also

thoroughly analyzed. The technologies behind

each type of DEWare examined and the

critical path components are identified and

explored with respect to their effect on future

DEWdevelopment.

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED)

The objective of this course is to inform

materiel and combat developers, systems

analysts, scientists, engineers, managers and

business developers about the IED threat

and countermeasures.

INTRO TO SENSORS AND SEEKERS

Provides an introduction to the most commonly

used sensors and seekers employed in smart

munitions and weapons. It is oriented to

managers, engineers and scientists who are

engaged in smart weapons program

development and who desire to obtain a

deeper understanding of the sensors they

must deal with, but who do not need to design

or analyze them in depth.

SMART/PRECISION WEAPONS

This course is aimed at providing general

knowledge about smart weapons technology

and a source of current information on selected US programs across the military services

including system description, concept of

employment, performance characteristics,

effectiveness and program status.

GET UP TO SPEED FAST ON WEAPON SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY

Our training courses are designed to give you a firm understanding of current weapon systems.

Courses are typically held over 2-3 days and are offered in an open format or onsite.

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January 2008

46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit

7-10 January 2008

Reno, NV

http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=230&lumeetingid=1065

2008 Homeland Security Science & Technology Stakeholders 

Conference – West

14-17 January 2008

Washington, DC

http://www.ndia.org/meetings/8690

Network Centric Warfare 2008

22-25 January 2008

Washington, DC

http://www.iqpcevents.com/ShowEvent.aspx?id=41390&

details=41340

AIAA Strategic and Tactical Missile Systems Conference

23-24 January 2008

Monterey, CA

http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=230&lumeetingid=1509

Counter IED & EFP Summit 2008

28-30 January 2008

Arlington, VA

http://www.iqpcevents.com/ShowEvent.aspx?id=39650&

details=39664

Tactical Power Sources Summit 2008

28-30 January 2008

Washington, DC

http://www.iqpcevents.com/ShowEvent.aspx?id=41164&

details=41184

Total Asset Visibility for Defense 2008

28-30 January 2008

Alexandria, VA

http://www.iqpcevents.com/ShowEvent.aspx?id=38812&

details=40090

Military Testing & Evaluation Summit 2008

28-30 January 2008

Washington, DC USA

http://www.iqpcevents.com/ShowEvent.aspx?id=42892

February 2008

2008 Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Conference

3-5 February 2008

Monterey, CA

http://www.ndia.org/Template.cfm?Section=8530

US Air Force T&E Days

5-7 February 2008

Los Angeles, CA

http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=230&lumeetingid=1890

Defense Systems Acquisition Management Course (DSAM)

10-14 February 2008

Phoenix, AZ

http://www.ndia.org/Template.cfm?Section=802B

2008 Warheads & Ballistics Classified Symposium

11-14 February 2008

Monterey, CA

http://www.ndia.org/Template.cfm?Section=8480

Weaponeering Training Course

12-14 February 2008

Huntsville, AL

http://wstiac.alionscience.com/pdf/2008Weaponeeringsheet.pdf

24th Annual National Test & Evaluation Conference

25-28 February 2008

Palm Springs, CA

http://www.ndia.org/Template.cfm?Section=8910

3rd Space Exploration Conference & Exhibit

25-28 February 2008

Denver, CO

http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=230&lumeetingid=1989

Space Systems Engineering & Risk Management Symposium

26-29 February 2008

Los Angeles, CA

http://www.aero.org/conferences/riskmgmt/

March 2008

2008 Ground Robotics Capabilities Conference & Exhibition

3-6 March 2008

San Antonio, TX

http://eweb.ndia.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?Site=ndia&

Webcode=EventList

Systems Engineering for Product Life Cycle Management 

Training Course

4-6 March 2008

Huntsville, AL

http://wstiac.alionscience.com/pdf/2008SystemsEngTrng.pdf

24th Annual National Logistics Conference & Exhibition

10-13 March 2008

Miami, FL

http://eweb.ndia.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?Site=ndia&

Webcode=EventList

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Summit 2008

25-28 March 2008

Herdon, VA

http://www.iqpcevents.com/ShowEvent.aspx?id=42486&

details=43736

14 The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4

Upcoming Conferences and Courses

calendar of events
http://wstiac.alionscience.com The WSTIAC Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4 15

WSTIAC Directory

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Inside this issue

Director’s Corner

Disruptive Technologies 

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In the News

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