I 

109TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 3127

To impose sanctions against individuals responsible for genocide, war crimes, 

and crimes against humanity, to support measures for the protection 

of civilians and humanitarian operations, and to support peace efforts 

in the Darfur region of Sudan, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

JUNE 30, 2005

Mr. HYDE (for himself, Mr. PAYNE, Mr. SMITH of New Jersey, Mr. LANTOS, 

Mr. ROYCE, Mr. TANCREDO, Mr. WOLF, Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas, Mr. 

RANGEL, and Mr. CAPUANO) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on International Relations 

A BILL

To impose sanctions against individuals responsible for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, to support measures for the protection of civilians and humanitarian operations, and to support peace efforts in the 

Darfur region of Sudan, and for other purposes.

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Darfur Peace and Ac5 countability Act of 2005’’. 
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1 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

2 In this Act: 

3 (1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT4 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com5 mittees’’ means the Committee on International Re6 lations of the House of Representatives and the 

7 Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. 

8 (2) GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN.—

9 (A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘‘Government 

10 of Sudan’’ means the National Congress Party, 

11 formerly known as the National Islamic Front, 

12 government in Khartoum, Sudan, or any suc13 cessor government formed on or after the date 

14 of the enactment of this Act (including the coa15 lition National Unity Government agreed upon 

16 in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement for 

17 Sudan, signed in Nairobi, Kenya on January 9, 

18 2005), except that such term does not include 

19 the Government of Southern Sudan. 

20 (B) OFFICIALS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF

21 SUDAN.—The term ‘‘Government of Sudan’’, 

22 when used with respect to an official of the 

23 Government of Sudan, does not include an indi24 vidual—

25 (i) who was not a member of such 

26 government prior to July 1, 2005; or 
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1 (ii) who is a member of the Govern2 ment of Southern Sudan. 

3 (3) SUDAN NORTH-SOUTH PEACE AGREE4 MENT.—The term ‘‘Sudan North-South Peace 

5 Agreement’’ means the comprehensive peace agree6 ment signed by the Government of Sudan and the 

7 Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/

8 A) in Nairobi, Kenya, on January 9, 2005. 

9 SEC. 3. FINDINGS. 

10 Congress makes the following findings: 

11 (1) On July 22, 2004, the House of Represent12 atives and the Senate declared that the atrocities oc13 curring in the Darfur region of Sudan are genocide. 

14 (2) On September 9, 2004, Secretary of State 

15 Colin L. Powell stated before the Committee on For16 eign Relations of the Senate, ‘‘[w]hen we reviewed 

17 the evidence compiled by our team, along with other 

18 information available to the State Department, we 

19 concluded that genocide has been committed in 

20 Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the 

21 [Janjaweed] bear responsibility—and genocide may 

22 still be occurring’’. 

23 (3) On September 21, 2004, in an address be24 fore the United Nations General Assembly, Presi25 dent George W. Bush affirmed the Secretary of 
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1 State’s finding and stated,‘‘[a]t this hour, the world 

2 is witnessing terrible suffering and horrible crimes in 

3 the Darfur region of Sudan, crimes my government 

4 has concluded are genocide’’. 

5 (4) On July 30, 2004, the United Nations Se6 curity Council passed Security Council Resolution 

7 1556, calling upon the Government of Sudan to dis8 arm the Janjaweed militias and to apprehend and 

9 bring to justice Janjaweed leaders and their associ10 ates who have incited and carried out violations of 

11 human rights and international humanitarian law, 

12 and establishing a ban on the sale or supply of arms 

13 and related materiel of all types, including the provi14 sion of related technical training or assistance, to all 

15 nongovernmental entities and individuals, including 

16 the Janjaweed. 

17 (5) On September 18, 2004, the United Na18 tions Security Council passed Security Council Reso19 lution 1564, determining that the Government of 

20 Sudan had failed to meet its obligations under Secu21 rity Council Resolution 1556, calling for a military 

22 flight ban in and over the Darfur region, demanding 

23 the names of Janjaweed militiamen disarmed and 

24 arrested for verification, establishing an Inter25 national Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to inves-
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1 tigate violations of international humanitarian and 

2 human rights laws, and threatening sanctions should 

3 the Government of Sudan fail to fully comply with 

4 Security Council Resolutions 1556 and 1564, includ5 ing such actions as to affect Sudan’s petroleum sec6 tor or individual members of the Government of 

7 Sudan. 

8 (6) On February 1, 2005, the United Nations 

9 released the Report of the International Commission 

10 of Inquiry on Darfur, which had been submitted to 

11 the United Nations Secretary-General on January 

12 25, 2005. 

13 (7) The Report of the International Commis14 sion of Inquiry on Darfur established that the ‘‘Gov15 ernment of the Sudan and the Janjaweed are re16 sponsible for serious violations of international 

17 human rights and humanitarian law amounting to 

18 crimes under international law,’’ that ‘‘these acts 

19 were conducted on a widespread and systematic 

20 basis, and therefore may amount to crimes against 

21 humanity,’’ and that Sudanese officials and other in22 dividuals may have acted with ‘‘genocidal intent’’. 

23 (8) The Report of the International Commis24 sion of Inquiry on Darfur further notes that, pursu25 ant to its mandate and in the course of its work, the 
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1 Commission had collected information relating to in2 dividual perpetrators of acts constituting ‘‘violations 

3 of international human rights law and international 

4 humanitarian law, including crimes against human5 ity and war crimes’’ and that a sealed file containing 

6 the names of those individual perpetrators had been 

7 delivered to the United Nations Secretary-General. 

8 (9) On March 24, 2005, the United Nations Se9 curity Council passed Security Council Resolution 

10 1590, establishing the United Nations Mission in 

11 Sudan (UNMIS), consisting of up to 10,000 military 

12 personnel and 715 civilian police and tasked with 

13 supporting implementation of the Sudan North14 South Peace Agreement and ‘‘closely and continu15 ously liais[ing] and coordinat[ing] at all levels with 

16 the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) with a 

17 view towards expeditiously reinforcing the effort to 

18 foster peace in Darfur’’. 

19 (10) On March 29, 2005, the United Nations 

20 Security Council passed Security Council Resolution 

21 1591, extending the military embargo established by 

22 Security Council Resolution 1556 to all the parties 

23 to the N’djamena Ceasefire Agreement and any 

24 other belligerents in the states of North Darfur, 

25 South Darfur, and West Darfur, calling for an asset 
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1 freeze and travel ban against those individuals who 

2 impede the peace process, constitute a threat to sta3 bility in Darfur and the region, commit violations of 

4 international humanitarian or human rights law or 

5 other atrocities, or violate the military embargo, and 

6 establishing a Panel of Experts to assist in moni7 toring compliance with Security Council Resolutions 

8 1556 and 1591. 

9 (11) On March 31, 2005, the United Nations 

10 Security Council passed Security Council Resolution 

11 1593, referring the situation in Darfur since July 1, 

12 2002, to the prosecutor of the International Crimi13 nal Court and calling on the Government of Sudan 

14 and all parties to the conflict to cooperate fully with 

15 the Court, while recognizing that ‘‘[s]tates not party 

16 to the Rome Statute have no obligation under the 

17 [S]tatute’’. 

18 SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

19 It is the sense of Congress that—

20 (1) the atrocities unfolding in the Darfur region 

21 of Sudan have been and continue to be genocide; 

22 (2) the African Union should rapidly expand 

23 the size and amend the mandate of the African 

24 Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) to authorize such 

25 action as may be necessary to protect civilians and 
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1 humanitarian operations, and deter violence in the 

2 Darfur region without delay; 

3 (3) the international community, including the 

4 United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organi5 zation (NATO), the European Union, and the 

6 United States, should immediately act to mobilize 

7 sufficient political, military, and financial resources 

8 to support the expansion of the African Union Mis9 sion in Sudan so that it achieves the size, strength, 

10 and capacity necessary for protecting civilians and 

11 humanitarian operations, and ending the continued 

12 violence in the Darfur region; 

13 (4) if an expanded and reinforced African 

14 Union Mission in Sudan fails to stop genocide in the 

15 Darfur region, the international community should 

16 take additional, dispositive measures to prevent and 

17 suppress acts of genocide in the Darfur region; 

18 (5) acting under Article 5 of the Charter of the 

19 United Nations, the United Nations Security Coun20 cil should call for suspension of the Government of 

21 Sudan’s rights and privileges of membership by the 

22 General Assembly until such time as the Govern23 ment of Sudan has honored pledges to cease attacks 

24 upon civilians, demobilize the Janjaweed and associ25 ated militias, and grant free and unfettered access 
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1 for deliveries of humanitarian assistance in the 

2 Darfur region; 

3 (6) pursuant to the adoption of resolutions on 

4 July 22, 2004, by both the House of Representatives 

5 and the Senate, and the declaration on September 9, 

6 2004, by former Secretary of State Colin Powell 

7 that the atrocities unfolding in Darfur, Sudan, are 

8 genocide, and notwithstanding the American 

9 Servicemembers’ Protection Act of 2002 (title II of 

10 the 2002 Public Law 107–206), the United States 

11 should render assistance to the efforts of the Inter12 national Criminal Court (ICC) to bring to justice 

13 persons accused of genocide, war crimes, or crimes 

14 against humanity in Darfur, Sudan, provided that 

15 assurances have been received by the United Nations 

16 Security Council or the ICC that no current or 

17 former United States Government official or em18 ployee (including any contractor), member of the 

19 United States Armed Forces, or United States na20 tional will be subject to prosecution by the ICC in 

21 connection with those efforts; 

22 (7) the United States should not provide assist23 ance to the Government of Sudan, other than assist24 ance necessary for the implementation of the Sudan 

25 North-South Peace Agreement, the support of the 
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1 southern regional government in Sudan, or for hu2 manitarian purposes in Sudan, until such time as 

3 the Government of Sudan has honored pledges to 

4 cease attacks upon civilians, demobilize the 

5 Janjaweed and associated militias, and grant free 

6 and unfettered access for deliveries of humanitarian 

7 assistance in the Darfur region; 

8 (8) the President should seek to assist members 

9 of the Sudanese diaspora in the United States by es10 tablishing a student loan forgiveness program for 

11 those individuals who commit to return to southern 

12 Sudan for a period of not less than five years for the 

13 purpose of contributing professional skills needed for 

14 the reconstruction of southern Sudan; 

15 (9) the President should appoint a Presidential 

16 Envoy for Sudan to provide stewardship of efforts to 

17 implement the Sudan North-South Peace Agree18 ment, seek ways to bring stability and peace to the 

19 Darfur region, address instability elsewhere in 

20 Sudan and northern Uganda, and pursue a truly 

21 comprehensive peace throughout the region; 

22 (10) the international community should 

23 strongly condemn attacks against humanitarian 

24 workers and demand that all armed groups in the 

25 Darfur region, including the forces of the Govern-
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1 ment of Sudan, the Janjaweed, associated militias, 

2 the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A), the 

3 Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and all 

4 other armed groups to refrain from such attacks; 

5 (11) the United States should fully support the 

6 Sudan North-South Peace Agreement and urge 

7 rapid implementation of its terms; and 

8 (12) the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement 

9 should seek to play a constructive role in bringing 

10 about a political settlement to the crisis in the 

11 Darfur region. 

12 SEC. 5. SANCTIONS IN SUPPORT OF PEACE IN DARFUR. 

13 (a) BLOCKING OF ASSETS AND RESTRICTION ON

14 VISAS.—Section 6 of the Comprehensive Peace in Sudan 

15 Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–497; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note) 

16 is amended—

17 (1) in the heading of subsection (b), by insert18 ing ‘‘OF APPROPRIATE SENIOR OFFICIALS OF THE

19 SUDANESE GOVERNMENT’’ after ‘‘ASSETS’’; 

20 (2) by redesignating subsections (c) through (e) 

21 as subsections (d) through (f), respectively; and 

22 (3) by inserting after subsection (b) the fol23 lowing new subsection: 
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1 ‘‘(c) BLOCKING OF ASSETS AND RESTRICTION ON

2 VISAS OF CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS IDENTIFIED BY THE

3 PRESIDENT.—

4 ‘‘(1) BLOCKING OF ASSETS.—Beginning on the 

5 date that is 30 days after the date of the enactment 

6 of the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 2005, 

7 and in the interest of contributing to peace in 

8 Sudan, the President shall, consistent with the au9 thorities granted in the International Emergency 

10 Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), 

11 block the assets of any individual who the President 

12 determines is responsible, either by commission or 

13 omission, for acts of genocide, war crimes, or crimes 

14 against humanity in Sudan, including the family 

15 members or any associates of such individual to 

16 whom assets or property of such individual was 

17 transferred on or after July 1, 2002. 

18 ‘‘(2) RESTRICTION ON VISAS.—Beginning on 

19 the date that is 30 days after the date of the enact20 ment of the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 

21 2005, and in the interest of contributing to peace in 

22 Sudan, the President shall deny visas and entry to 

23 any individual who the President determines is re24 sponsible, either by commission or omission, for acts 

25 of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity 
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1 in Sudan, including the family members or any asso2 ciates of such individual to whom assets or property 

3 of such individual was transferred on or after July 

4 1, 2002.’’. 

5 (b) WAIVER.—Section 6(d) of the Comprehensive 

6 Peace in Sudan Act of 2004 (as redesignated by sub7 section (a)) is amended by adding at the end the following 

8 new sentence: ‘‘The President may waive the application 

9 of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (c) with respect to 

10 an individual if, prior to exercising the waiver, the Presi11 dent transmits to the appropriate congressional commit12 tees a notification of the waiver which includes the name 

13 of the individual and the reasons for the waiver.’’. 

14 SEC. 6. ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES TO DETER AND SUP15 PRESS GENOCIDE IN DARFUR. 

16 (a) UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT

17 AMIS.—Section 7 of the Comprehensive Peace in Sudan 

18 Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–497; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note) 

19 is amended—

20 (1) by striking ‘‘Notwithstanding’’ and insert21 ing ‘‘(a) GENERAL ASSISTANCE.—Notwithstanding’’; 

22 and 

23 (2) by adding at the end the following new sub24 section: 
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1 ‘‘(b) ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT AMIS.—Notwith2 standing any other provision of law, the President is au3 thorized to provide assistance, on such terms and condi4 tions as the President may determine and in consultation 

5 with the appropriate congressional committees, to rein6 force the deployment and operations of an expanded Afri7 can Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) with the mandate, 

8 size, strength, and capacity to protect civilians and hu9 manitarian operations, stabilize the Darfur region of 

10 Sudan and, as necessary, dissuade and deter air attacks 

11 directed against civilians and humanitarian workers, in12 cluding but not limited to providing assistance in the areas 

13 of logistics, transport, communications, materiel support, 

14 technical assistance, training, command and control, aerial 

15 surveillance, and intelligence.’’. 

16 (b) NATO ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT AMIS.—The 

17 President shall instruct the United States Permanent 

18 Representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

19 (NATO) to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United 

20 States at NATO to advocate NATO reinforcement of the 

21 African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), upon the request 

22 of the African Union, including but not limited to the pro23 vision of assets to dissuade and deter offensive air strikes 

24 directed against civilians and humanitarian workers in the 

25 Darfur region of Sudan and other logistical, transpor-
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1 tation, communications, training, technical assistance, 

2 command and control, aerial surveillance, and intelligence 

3 support. 

4 (c) DENIAL OF ENTRY AT UNITED STATES PORTS

5 TO CERTAIN CARGO SHIPS OR OIL TANKERS.—Section 

6 6(b)(2)(C) of the Sudan Peace Act (Public Law 107–245; 

7 50 U.S.C. 1701 note) is amended by inserting ‘‘, including 

8 by prohibiting the entry at United States ports to cargo 

9 ships or oil tankers engaged in business or trade activities 

10 in the oil sector of Sudan or involved in the shipment of 

11 goods for use by the armed forces of Sudan,’’ after ‘‘access 

12 to oil revenues’’. 

13 (d) PROHIBITION ON ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES IN

14 VIOLATION OF UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

15 RESOLUTIONS 1556 AND 1591.—

16 (1) PROHIBITION.—United States assistance 

17 (other than humanitarian assistance) may not be 

18 provided to a country that is in violation of the em19 bargo on military assistance with respect Sudan im20 posed pursuant to United Nations Security Council 

21 Resolutions 1556 (July 30, 2004) and 1591 (March 

22 29, 2005). 

23 (2) WAIVER.—The President may waive the ap24 plication of paragraph (1) if the President deter25 mines and certifies to the appropriate congressional 
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1 committees that it is in the national interest of the 

2 United States to do so. 

3 SEC. 7. MULTILATERAL EFFORTS. 

4 The President shall direct the United States Perma5 nent Representative to the United Nations to use the voice 

6 and vote of the United States to urge the adoption of a 

7 resolution by the United Nations Security Council which—

8 (1) supports the expansion of the African Union 

9 Mission in Sudan (AMIS) so that it achieves the 

10 mandate, size, strength, and capacity needed to pro11 tect civilians and humanitarian operations, and dis12 suade and deter fighting and violence in the Darfur 

13 region of Sudan, and urges member states of the 

14 United Nations to accelerate political, material, fi15 nancial, and other assistance to the African Union 

16 toward this end; 

17 (2) reinforces efforts of the African Union to 

18 negotiate peace talks between the Government of 

19 Sudan, the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army 

20 (SLM/A), the Justice and Equality Movement 

21 (JEM), and associated armed groups in the Darfur 

22 region, calls on the Government of Sudan, the SLM/

23 A, and the JEM to abide by their obligations under 

24 the N’Djamena Ceasefire Agreement of April 8, 

25 2004 and subsequent agreements, urges all parties 
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1 to engage in peace talks without preconditions and 

2 seek to resolve the conflict, and strongly condemns 

3 all attacks against humanitarian workers in the 

4 Darfur region; 

5 (3) imposes sanctions against the Government 

6 of Sudan, including sanctions against individual 

7 members of the Government of Sudan, and entities 

8 controlled or owned by officials of the Government 

9 of Sudan or the National Congress Party in Sudan; 

10 (4) calls upon those member states of the 

11 United Nations that continue to undermine efforts 

12 to foster peace in Sudan by providing military assist13 ance and equipment to the Government of Sudan, 

14 the SLM/A, the JEM, and associated armed groups 

15 in the Darfur region in violation of the embargo on 

16 such assistance and equipment, as called for in 

17 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1556 

18 (July 30, 2004) and 1591 (March 29, 2005), to im19 mediately cease and desist; and 

20 (5) acting under Article 5 of the Charter of the 

21 United Nations, calls for suspension of the Govern22 ment of Sudan’s rights and privileges of membership 

23 by the General Assembly until such time as the Gov24 ernment of Sudan has honored pledges to cease at25 tacks upon civilians, demobilize the Janjaweed and 
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1 associated militias, and grant free and unfettered ac2 cess for deliveries of humanitarian assistance in the 

3 Darfur region. 

4 SEC. 8. REPORTS. 

5 (a) REPORT ON SANCTIONS IN SUPPORT OF PEACE

6 IN DARFUR.—Section 8 of the Sudan Peace Act (Public 

7 Law 107–245; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note) is amended—

8 (1) by redesignating subsection (c) as sub9 section (d); and 

10 (2) by inserting after subsection (b) the fol11 lowing new subsection: 

12 ‘‘(c) REPORT ON SANCTIONS IN SUPPORT OF PEACE

13 IN DARFUR.—Not later than 30 days after the date of 

14 the enactment of the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act 

15 of 2005, and in conjunction with reports required under 

16 subsections (a) and (b) of this section thereafter, the Sec17 retary of State shall prepare and submit to the appro18 priate congressional committees a report regarding sanc19 tions imposed under subsections (a) through (d) of section 

20 6 of the Comprehensive Peace in Sudan Act of 2004, in21 cluding—

22 ‘‘(1) a description of each sanction imposed 

23 under such provisions of law; and 

24 ‘‘(2) the name of the individual or entity sub25 ject to the sanction, if applicable.’’. 
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1 (b) REPORT ON STABILIZATION IN SUDAN.—Not 

2 later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, 

3 the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate con4 gressional committees a report, to be prepared in conjunc5 tion with the Secretary of Defense, on—

6 (1) efforts to deploy an African Union Mission 

7 in Sudan (AMIS) with the size, strength and capac8 ity necessary to stabilize the Darfur region of Sudan 

9 and protect civilians and humanitarian operations; 

10 (2) the needs of AMIS to ensure success, in11 cluding in the areas of housing, transport, commu12 nications, equipment, technical assistance, training, 

13 command and control, intelligence, and such assist14 ance as is necessary to dissuade and deter air at15 tacks directed against civilians and humanitarian 

16 workers; and 

17 (3) the current level of United States assistance 

18 and other assistance provided to AMIS, and a re19 quest for additional United States assistance, if nec20 essary. 

21 SEC. 9. DEFINITION. 

22 (a) COMPREHENSIVE PEACE IN SUDAN ACT OF

23 2004.—Section 2(2) of the Comprehensive Peace in 

24 Sudan Act of 2004 (50 U.S.C. 1701 note) is amended to 

25 read as follows: 
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1 ‘‘(2) GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN.—

2 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘Govern3 ment of Sudan’ means the National Congress 

4 Party, formerly known as the National Islamic 

5 Front, government in Khartoum, Sudan, or any 

6 successor government formed on or after the 

7 date of the enactment of the Darfur Peace and 

8 Accountability Act of 2005 (including the coali9 tion National Unity Government agreed upon in 

10 the Comprehensive Peace Agreement for Sudan, 

11 signed in Nairobi, Kenya on January 9, 2005), 

12 except that such term does not include the Gov13 ernment of Southern Sudan. 

14 ‘‘(B) OFFICIALS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF

15 SUDAN.—The term ‘Government of Sudan’, 

16 when used with respect to an official of the 

17 Government of Sudan, does not include an indi18 vidual—

19 ‘‘(i) who was not a member of such 

20 government prior to July 1, 2005; or 

21 ‘‘(ii) who is a member of the Govern22 ment of Southern Sudan.’’. 

23 (b) SUDAN PEACE ACT.—Section 12(b) of the Sudan 

24 Peace Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 note) is amended to read as 

25 follows: 
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1 ‘‘(b) GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN DEFINED.—In this 

2 section, the term ‘Government of Sudan’ means the Na3 tional Congress Party, formerly known as the National Is4 lamic Front, government in Khartoum, Sudan, or any suc5 cessor government formed on or after the date of the en6 actment of the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 

7 2005 (including the coalition National Unity Government 

8 agreed upon in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement for 

9 Sudan, signed in Nairobi, Kenya on January 9, 2005), 

10 except that such term does not include the Government 

11 of Southern Sudan. Such term, when used with respect 

12 to an official of the Government of Sudan, does not in13 clude an individual who was not a member of such govern14 ment prior to July 1, 2005, or an individual who is a mem15 ber of the Government of Southern Sudan.’’.

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