Fuel from Farms 

- A - - Guide to Small-Scale 
NOTICE 

This guide was prepared as a result of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United 

States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, 

subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or 

responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process 

disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. 

Copies may be purchased from the following sources: 

The National Technical Information Service 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

5285 Port Royal Road 

Springfield, Virgjnia 22 161. 

Please specify report number SERI/SP-45 1-5 19 when ordering. 

The Superintendent of Government Documents 

U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 
FUEL FROM FARMS 

A Guide to Small-Scale 

Ethanol Produ.ction 

Second Edition 

Sponsored by 

National 

Agricultural 

Library 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

and the Office of Alcohol Fuels, U.S. Department of Energy 

Published by 

Technical Information Office 

Solar Energy Research lnstitute 

1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401 

Operated for 

U.S. Department of Energy 

by the Midwest Research Institute 

May 1982 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

I . Introduction ....................................................................... 1 

Objective ...................................................................... 2 

Perspective .................................................................... 2 

Issues ......................................................................... 3 

Guide to the Document .......................................................... 5 

................................................................. I1 . Decision to Produce 

Benefits ....................................................................... Marketsanduses ............................................................... Market Assessment ............................................................. Production Potential ............................................................ Equipment Selection ............................................................ Financial Requirements .......................................................... Decision Process ................................................................ 

111 . Basic Ethanol Production ............................................................ Preparation of Feedstocks ....................................................... Fermentation .................................................................. Distillation .................................................................... 

IV . Feedstocks and Coproducts .......................................................... TypesofFeedstocks ............................................................. Coproduct Yields ............................................................... Agronomic Considerations ....................................................... Feedstock Considerations ........................................................ 

V . Plant Design ....................................................................... Overall Plant Considerations ..................................................... Individual System Considerations ................................................. Process Control ................................................................ Representative Ethanol Plant ..................................................... Maintenance Checklist .......................................................... 

VI . Business Plan ...................................................................... Analysis of Financial Requirements ............................................... Organizational Form ............................................................ Financing ..................................................................... Case Study .................................................................... 

Appendix A Summary of Legislation ..................................................... Appendix B Bureau of Alcohol. Tobacco. and Firearms Permit Information .................... Appendix C Environmental Considerations ................................................ Appendix D Reference Information ...................................................... Appendix E Resource People and Organizations ............................................ Appendix F Bibliography ............................................................... Appendix C Glossary .................................................................. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 

Tables 

IV-1 Summary of Feedstock Characteristics ................................................. IV-2 Representative Yields of Some Major Domestic Feedstocks ................................ V- 1 Heat Source Selection Considerations .................................................. V-2 Ethanol Plant Hazards .............................................................. V-3 Equipment For Representative Plant ................................................... V-4 Features of Major Plant Components .................................................. V-5 Maintenance Checklist .............................................................. VI-1 Case Study Assumptions .............................................. ; .............. A-1 Summary of State Alcohol Fuel Exemptions ............................................ 

Figures 

111-1 Ethanol Production Flow Diagram .................................................... 111-2 Basic Process of Successive Distillation to Increase Concentration of Ethanol ................ 111-3 Schematic Diagram of Sieve Tray Distillation of Ethanol .................................. 111-4 Enlarged Illustration of Sieve Tray .................................................... V-1 Anhydrous Ethanol Production Flow Chart ............................................ V-2 Generic Anhydrous Ethanol Plant ..................................................... V-3 Cooker/Fermenter .................................................................. V-4 Beer/Stillage Heat Exchanger ........................................................ V-5 Beer Pump ........................................................................ V-6 Beer Still .......................................................................... V-7 Rectifying Column Rotameter ........................................................ V-8 Rectifying Column Sight-Glass ....................................................... V-9 Molecular Sieves ................................................................... D-1 Ethanol Production System Block Diagram ............................................. 

Page 

29 

31 

36 

38 

49 

51 

57 

61 

A-7 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

First Edition 

The second edition was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture under the guidance of Wally Olsen, chief, 

Field and Special Programs Division. This edition was reviewed by W. C. Fairbank, Northern Agricultural Energy 

Center and Paul Hersch, SERI Technical Information Office. Publication of this edition was coordinated by 

Don Petty of the Technical Information Office. 

Second Edition 

Mr. Ted D. Tarr, of the U.S. Department of Energy's Division of Distributed Solar Technology, has provided 

overall policy guidance and direction in the development of Fuel from Farms -A Guide to Small-Scale Ethanol 

Production. 

The Solar Energy Research Institute's Solar Energy Information Data Bank (SEIDB) staff was requested to 

prepare on a quick-return basis this guide on the small-scale production and use of fermentation ethanol. The 

effort at SEIDB was directed by Mr. Paul Notari and coordinated by Mr. Stephen Rubin of the Information 

Dissemination Branch. 

The team created by SEIDB represented a cross-section of knowledgeable individuals and consultants familiar 

with small-scale fermentation ethanol techniques. The team consisted of the following individuals: 

Project Manager Project Editor Project Technical Director 

Mr. V. Daniel Hunt Doann Houghton-Alico Mr. Steven J. Winston 

TRW Energy Systems Group Technical Information Services Energy Incorporated 

Consultants 

Dr. Billy R. Allen 

Battelle Columbus Laboratories 

Mr. Jerry Allsup 

Bartlesville Energy Technology Center 

Dr. Mani Balasubramaniam 

TRW Energy Systems Group 

Mr. William P. Corcoran 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

Mr. David Freedman 

Center for the Biology of Natural Systems 

Mr. William S. Hedrick 

Consulting Engineer 

Mr. Jack Hershey 

Environmental Group 

Mr. Pincas Jawetz 

Consultant on Energy Policy 

Mr. Donald M. LaRue 

EG & G Idaho, Inc. 

Mr. Robert A. Meskunas 

Environmental Group 

Dr. Thomas Reed 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

Mr. Jim Smrcka 

Galusha, Higgins and Galusha 

Dr. Ruxton Villet 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

Dr. Harlan L. Watson 

TRW Energy Systems Group 

This document greatly benefited from the many previous efforts in alcohol fuels including working groups at 

universities and colleges (such as Colby Community College), private marketing efforts, private research and 

development projects, and individual efforts to collect and organize information pertinent to alcohol fuels. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
Photographs 

The agricultural photographs are reprinted through the courtesy of Grant Heilman Photography. The 

photograph on page 9 appears courtesy of the Iowa Development Commission. 

Reviewers 

We acknowledge the following individuals for their helpful reviews of the draft of Fuel from Farms -A Guide 

to Small-Scale Ethanol Production. These individuals do not necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse the 

report for which SEIDB assumes responsibility. 

Ms. Daryl Bladen 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Mr. Ken Bogar 

Montana Farmer 

Mr. Robert E. Brown 

Ohio Farm Bureau Federation 

Mr. David L. Feasby 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

Mr. Charlie Garlow 

Public Interest Research Group 

Mr. Denis Hayes 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

Mr. Jack Hill 

Ohio Farm Bureau Federation 

Mr. William C. Holmberg 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Dr. T. Q. Hutchinson 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Mr. Edward A. Kirchner 

Davy McKee Corp., Chicago 

Dr. Michael R. Ladisch 

Purdue University 

Mr. Herbert Landau 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

Dr. Leslie S. Levine 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Dr. Edward S. Lipinsky 

Battelle Columbus Laboratories 

Mr. Irving Margeloff 

Publicker Industries 

Dr. Paul Middaugh 

South Dakota State University 

Mr. Strud Nash 

E. F. Hutton & Company 

Mr. Michael H. Pete 

Consultant 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Dr. Bruce L. Peterson 

American Petroleum Institute 

Mr. E. Stephen Potts 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Mr. Myron Reamon 

National Gasohol Commission 

Dr. Clayton Smith 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

Dr. Jon M. Veigef 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
CHAPTER I 

Introduction 
CHAPTER I 

Introduction 

OBJECTIVE 

The expanding support for gasohol in this country over 

the last several years provides an opportunity to directly 

reduce U.S. oil imports in the very near future. Interest 

is evident by the many requests for information about 

gasohol that are being received throughout the federal 

government daily. This guide has been prepared to 

meet the challenge of filling the information void on 

fermentation ethanol in a balanced, reasoned way, with 

emphasis on small-scale production of fermentation 

ethanol using farm crops as the source of raw materials. 

It is addressed not only to those in the U.S. farming 

community who may wish to consider the production of 

ethanol as part of their normal farming operations, 

but also to owners of small businesses, investors, and 

entrepreneurs. 

This guide presents the current status of on-farm 

fermentation ethanol production as well as an overview 

of some of the technical and economic factors. Tools 

such as decision and planning worksheets and a sample 

business plan for use in exploring whether or not to 

go into ethanol production are given. Specifics in 

production including information on the raw materials, 

system components, and operational requirements are 

also provided. Recommendation of any particular process is deliberately avoided because the choice must be 

tailored to the needs and resources of each individual 

producer. The emphasis is on providing the facts 

necessary to make informed judgments. 

PERSPECTIVE 

Foreign crude oil imports currently provide the raw 

material for a considerable portion of the liquid fuels 

consumed in the United States and represent a cash 

outflow of millions of dollars per hour. Recent events 

have dramatically illustrated the substantial economic 

cost, instability, and economic vulnerability of such 

imports. Ethanol is a liquid fuel that can substitute 

domestic renewable resources for petroleum products 

now. 

Fermentation ethanol as a nonpetroleum liquid fuel is 

attaining widespread use in the United States. This is 

apparent from the sale of ethanol/gasoline blends. 

There has been a redirection in the marketing approach 

to selling ethanol as a blending agent for gasoline. 

Through 1980 ethanol primarily was used as a gasoline 

extender. Today several oil companies are incorporating 

ethanol into unleaded gasoline in amounts to 10% as a 

fuel additive, converting standard, low-octane, lead-free 

gasoline into a premium-grade fuel. 

The use of ethanol in automotive applications has been 

proven technically and economically. Production of the 

alcohol in this capacity was 100 million gallons in 198 1. 

The major share of ethanol used in the automotive 

market is supplied by a handful of producers. 

The petrochemical market for fermentation ethanol, 

while considerably smaller than the automotive fuel 

market, is also substantial. Thirty percent of the bulk of 

industrial-grade ethanol is produced from a petroleum 

derivative and hence is also a potential candidate for 

displacement by fermentation ethanol. 

The production of ethanol from grain leaves behind a 

protein-rich stillage. This stillage, used in conjunction 

with straw, permits reduction in the use of hay and 

grain, and becomes an excellent, nutritive source of 

animal feed. Dried stillage, in turn, can also be exported 

as feed with practically no loss in commercial value. 

Existing and proposed federal and state incentives 

for fermentation ethanol production and use have 

contributed to the rapid expansion of the gasohol 

market. In addition, a broad spectrum of options is 

currently being pursued at the federal level to help 

accelerate the commercialization of gasohol by stimulating both its production and uses. Maximizing ethanol 

production will require a mix of various sized ethanol 

plants. Because of the lag time involved in building and 

operating larger facilities, it is critical to provide basic 

information to individuals interested in constructing 

small-scale facilities-since they can be built most 

quickly. 

The production of fermentation ethanol is based on 

established technology, and a variety of raw materials 

is available from the agricultural sector to more than 

meet projected demands. Fermentation ethanol can be 

produced from such crops as corn, wheat, sugarcane, 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Small-Scale Ethanol Production can be Readily Incorporated into Farm Operations 

potatoes, cassava, beets, and Jerusalem artichokes; 

from agricultural byproducts and wastes; and from 

cellulose. In short, whatever can be broken down to 

sugars can become a primary material for fermentation. 

Thus, the variety of raw materials is quite large. These 

crops as well as distressed grains are ideal for the 

production of fermentation ethanol and do not affect 

the availability of food supplies. 

The United States has the potential for growing grains 

and other crops well in excess of the requirements for 

domestic and export markets. Economic factors have 

consequently played a major role in the institution of 

"set-aside land" and "land diversion" programs by the 

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). However, 

growing grain or other crops on this land for fuel 

production would not detract from the production of 

food. Rather, if properly utilized, it would constitute 

a resource that would otherwise have been left idle. 

Furthermore, the crops grown on this !and can still be 

held in reserve for emergency food, should that become 

necessary. In 1978, for example, the USDA has certified 

that the amount of cropland left fallow was 13.4 million 

acres under the set-aside program and an additional 5.3 

million acres under the diversion program. If this 

acreage had been cultivated with corn for ethanol production, nearly 3.03 billion gallons of ethanol and 10 

million tons of distillers' dried grains (DDG) could have 

been produced. (This assumes a modest average yield of 

65 bushels of corn per acre per year with an average production of 2.5 gallons of 200-proof ethanol and 17 

pounds of DDG per bushel of corn.) This is only 

ethanol produced from land left idle through two 

specific farm programs. The production of fermentation ethanol is not limited by the extent of this land, and 

additional unused land as well as some land currently 

under cultivation can be used for crops for production 

of fermentation ethanol. All this makes the production 

of ethanol even more promising, and a conservative 

estimate for the potential displacement of petroleum is 

at least several billion gallons per year in the near term. 

Belt tightening alone will not help the United States 

solve the present economic difficulties. Farmers, 

like everyone else, do not like austerity programs and 

would rather increase our national wealth. This can be 

achieved by increasing productivity-the production of 

more goods and services from every barrel of oil we use 

and development of new sources of energy. 

Clearly, the agricultural sector has a role whose full 

potential is just beginning to be realized. A farm-based 

fermentation ethanol industry can provide a decentralized system of fuel production and a measure of energy 

self-sufficiency for the farm community. This can be 

accomplished as an integral part of normal farming 

operations following sound agricultural practices. 

The technology for ethanol production has existed for 

centuries. In the early 19009s, Henry Ford and others in 

the U.S. auto industry used ethanol as the fuel for 

automobiles. Ultimately, it was replaced by gasoline, 

which was much cheaper. Today, the tables appear 

to be turning once again, this time in favor of fuel 

derived from renewable domestic resources. There are, 

however, several underlying issues related to fermentation ethanol production that must be examined. 

ISSUES 

In addition to the need to increase the number of 

ethanol production facilities, there is the concern about 

the impact of ethanol production on agriculture. The 
production of more ethanol than is obtainab!e from 

surplus and distressed crops will require cultivation of 

land that is currently fallow or a shift to specialized 

high-yield crops. The switch to such crops may allow a 

decrease in use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, 

whose production and transport require petroleum fuels 

and natural gas. This diversification of crops itself 

offers specific advantages to the farmer, not least of 

which may be modifications of agricultural practice and 

new patterns of crop rotation to improve soil fertility. 

Nongrain forage crops need less fertilizer, herbicides, 

and pesticides than high-yield grain crops. As commercial processes become available for the small-scale 

conversion of these crops to ethanol, the opportunity 

will exist to decrease demands on the soil to achieve 

production of equivalent value to current crops. 

The energy balance of ethanol production and use is a 

controversial subject. Whether one achieves a net 

energy gain or loss in ethanol production depends upon 

where the energy boundaries are drawn and the assumptions used. Examples of alternative means of 

determining the energy balance in ethanol production 

are given in Appendix D. 

Conversion of crops with significant human food value 

to fuel is not desirable. Fortunately, production of 

fermentation ethanol does not make this an "either-or" 

consideration. Much of the cereal grain (including most 

of the corn) currently produced in the United States 

is used as animal feed. While fermentation of cereal 

grains to produce ethanol uses most of the carbohydrates, almost all of the protein is recovered in the 

stillage coproduct. This stillage, when dried, can be 

stored and is nutritionally on a par with such highprotein livestock feeds as soybean meal. This potential 

application of grain (alcohol/stillage) along with the 

use of spoiled perishable crops, distressed crops, and 

marginal crops, provides a feedstock base for ethanol 

production that requires no displacement of crops for 

human food. 

Since stillage is considered an animal feed replacement 

for soybean meal (on a protein equivalence basis), there 

is legitimate concern about its impact on the soybean 

meal market. However, this concern has to be viewed in 

the ptoper perspective. First, the use of soybean meal 

and cotton seed meal for animal feed was developed 

after World War XI. Their use changed the entire animal 

feed pattern in the United States and, in the process, 

displaced grains such as corn, oats, wheat, barley, and 

high-quality hay. Second, from the general viewpoint of 

the farm community, agricultural products must be able 

to compete for markets on an equal footing. Consequently, if stillage proves to be economically and 

nutritively more attractive than soybean meal, markets 

for it must be allowed to develop normally. One can 

thus predict a healthy readjustment of farm production 

to a new set of conditions that will develop with the 

introduction of fermentation ethanol. 

Another issue is anhydrous ethanol versus hydrated 

ethanol production. Anhydrous ethanol is more costly 

and energy intensive to produce than lower proof 

ethanol. However, if the ethanol is to be sold to 

blenders for use in gasohol, the ability to produce 

There is Sufficient Land Available to Produce the Quantity of Crops Needed to Achieve Ethanol Production Goals 

FUEL FROM FARMS 

I 
be done to participate in it profitably. The sequential 

steps involved in this process are presented in planning 

and decision worksheets. 

Small-Scale Ethanol Production can Take Advantage of the 

Types of Crop Storage and Handling Equipment Already in use 

on the Farm 

anhydrous ethanol is mandatory. Hydrated ethanol may 

be produced for on-farm use or for use in topping 

cycles. 

A final but important issue of concern is the economics 

of small- and large-scale production of fermentation 

ethanol. In most production processes, substantial 

economies-of-scale are realized with higher plant 

capacity. However, in the case of on-farm fermentation 

ethanol production, certain economies-of-scale are 

also present for small-scale production (e.g., lower 

transportation and capital costs) which may balance the 

economic advantages of large-scale plants. As a result, 

small-scale production of ethanol may possibly be 

achieved with product costs comparable to those from 

larger plants. Thus, there appears to be a future role for 

both small- and large-scale plants for the production of 

fermentation ethanol. 

GUIDE TO THE DOCUMENT 

A detailed consideration of the several factors briefly 

discussed above is presented in the six chapters and 

appendices that follow. 

A decision process to determine the feasibility of onfarm production of ethanol is developed in Chapter 11, 

with emphasis on the market for ethanol and what must 

Ethanol production operations are described in Chapter I11 to indicate how the conversion of agricultural 

products proceeds through the various stages. Feedstock considerations are discussed in Chapter IV with 

particular attention to alternate crops, their ethanol 

yield potentials, and overall implications of their 

respective agricultural requirements. Ethanol plant 

design considerations are treated in detail in Chapter V. 

They include (1) farmrelated objectives and integration 

of ethanol production with normal farming operations; 

(2) plant design criteria and functional specifications; 

and (3) energy, labor needs, process control, and safety 

aspects, and the inherent tradeoffs between them. The 

information developed is then applied to the design 

of a representative, small-scale fermentation ethanol 

production plant, with an output of 25 gallons of 

anhydrous ethanol per hour. All major operational 

features are addressed, including the requirements for 

system control, record keeping, and maintenance. This 

representative plant is intended to serve as a model from 

which an actual facility can be designed, built, and 

operated. 

Chapter VI follows with a detailed preparation of a 

business plan for building the 25-gallon-per-hour facility. The business plan draws on information developed 

in Chapter V. Its purpose is to determine the financial 

obligations of the farm owner and the profitability of 

the enterprise, both of which are essential to obtain 

necessary financing for construction and operation. 

Alternative sources of financing available to the 

small-scale farmer are described and their special 

requirements are identified. As in Chapter V, the 

material in Chapter VI is intended to serve as a basis 

from which an actual business plan can be prepared. 

The appendices complete the handbook. They provide a 

description of current regulations and legislation at the 

federal and state levels concerning fermentation ethanol 

production; information on plant licensing and bonding 

requirements enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, 

Tobacco, and Firearms; discussion of the environmental considerations that apply to on-farm production of 

ethanol; reference data and charts; lists of resources, 

both people and information; a bibliography; and a 

glossary. 
CHAPTER II 

Decision to Produce 

DECISION TO PRODUCE 
CHAPTER II 

Decision To Produce 

Expanding farm operations to include a fermentation 

ethanol plant is ultimately a personal decision. Information can be collected and planning tools used to 

provide a foundation for such a decision. Market uses 

and assessment for fuel ethanol and stillage as 

coproducts, production potential, equipment selection, 

and financial requirements are the four major areas to 

be considered in this chapter, which, with succeeding 

chapters as building blocks, is intended to set up the 

tools for the decision-making process. 

Market values can be estimated for all the products and 

used as a basis for evaluating the profit potential, which 

can then be examined in relation to the complete farm 

operation. Direct considerations affecting production 

potential, such as how much feedstocks can be grown 

and how much ethanol can be produced, are also examined. The decision and planning worksheets at the 

end of this chapter can be used as a step-by-step tool for 

reaching a decision on whether or not to develop a 

small-scale, on-farm fermentation ethanol plant. 

In addition to the direct factors examined in the 

worksheets there will be intangible considerations, such 

as a desire for on-farm fuel self-sufficiency. 

BENEFITS 

There are three areas in which there are benefits to 

the farm economy from small-scale, on-farm, ethanol 

production. These are direct sales, on-farm uses, and 

indirect farm benefits. 

Farm-produced ethanol sold for profit provides an 

alternative market for farm commodities. It can provide 

a "shock absorber" for excess production and a "fall 

back position" if unforeseen events adversely affect 

crop or yields. 

Farming, perhaps more than any other single occupation, offers the opportunity for self-reliance. The onfarm production of ethanol expands this opportunity. 

Ethanol can b.e used in farm equipment as a blend with 

gasoline in spark ignition engines, as anhydrous or 

hydrated ethanol fuels in modified spark ignition 

engines, as a blend with diesel fuel in diesel engines, 

and as a dual-carbureted mixture with water in diesel 

turbochargers to enhance efficiency. Protein coproducts, such as stillage, can be fed to farm animals as 

With Proper Modification, Straight Ethanol can be Used in 

Either Gasoline or Diesel-Powered Farm Equipment 

a replacement for other protein sources. Cellulosic 

coproducts, if sufficiently dry, can be burned as fuel. 

Farm overproduction is generally planned to meet anticipated demand in the event of possible reductions in 

crop yield. However, the cumulative result of consistent 

overproduction in the absence of alternative markets 

is depressed commodity prices. Consequently, the 

financial health of many farms depends on the opening 

of new markets. Fermentation ethanol production 

provides several alternative markets for a broad variety 

of farm commodities. 

MARKETS AND USES 

Ethanol 

The use of ethanol for fuel in internal combustion 

engines is not a new concept. Engines built around the 

turn of the century used ethanol for fuel. Henry Ford 

offered automobiles capable of operating on either 

ethanol or gasoline [I]. With the development of equipFUEL FROM FARMS 
ment capable of economically extracting and refining 

petroleum early in this century, gasoline became the 

more practical fuel and further development of fuelgrade ethanol was shelved. Now that the production 

from domestic petroleum reserves is becoming more 

costly and difficult to develop and foreign oil is at a 

premium, the nation is looking to displace some petroleum-based fuels and chemicals. 

The forms in which ethanol can be used for fuel are as 

various ethanol-gasoline blends, 

hydrated (lower proof) ethanol, 

straight anhydrous ethanol, and 

dual-carbureted diesel fuel supplement. 

Ethanol-Gasoline Blends. The market for gasohol (a 

blend of 90% unleaded gasoline and 10% agriculturally 

derived anhydrous ethanol) is already well established in 

many parts of the country. It is expected that considerably 

more ethanol production capacity could be made available to make gasohol, within a few years, increasing 

volume by several fold. 

Hydrated Ethanol. Hydrated ethanol can be burned efficiently in spark-ignited internal combustion engines 

with minor alterations to the engine. Regular motor 

vehicle engines have been successfully modified to run 

on ethanol. The jet size in the carburetor needs to be 

enlarged slightly when converting from a gasoline to an 

ethanol-powered engine because ethanol contains less 

useful thermal energy per unit volume than gasoline. 

Accordingly, more ethanol than gasoline must be introduced into an engine to generate the equivalent 

amount of energy. With most engines, it is also necessary to modify the intake manifold to insure proper 

vaporization of the ethanol so that all cylinders will be 

operating with equal air-fuel mixtures. There are many 

possible methods for doing this, such as installing 

preheaters in the fuel system or enlarging the heat 

stove on the exhaust manifold, with accompanying adjustment of the heat stove control gate for the higher 

temperature requirement. However, none of these 

systems is commercially available. However, problems 

associated with the burning characteristics of the 

ethanol-water mixture can complicate performance and 

become a serious impairment as the concentration of 

water increases. 

Anhydrous Ethanol. Anhydrous ethanol can be burned 

directly in spark-ignition engines using essentially the 

same engine modifications discussed above for the use 

of hydrated ethanol. However, hydrated ethanol is less 

costly and it is not likely that anhydrous ethanol would 

Anhydrous Ethanol can be Blended With Gasoline for Direct 

Use in Unmodified Vehicles 

find extensive use as motor fuel. Its primary use is likely 

to be as an additive to gasoline to produce gasohol. 

In the United States, gasohol usage has been demonstrated in a large number of tests to be a motor fuel 

essentially equivalent to gasoline. Gasohol does have 

less total thermal energy per unit volume than gasoline, 

however, no significant decrease in terms of "miles per 

gallon" results from the use of gasohol. 

The addition of ethanol to gasoline increases the octane 

rating of the mixture because anhydrous ethanol is a 

high-octane fuel. In the past, the octane of fuels was 

increased by adding tetraethyllead. Because the lead 

compounds have significant adverse impacts on the 

environment, the conversion to unleaded gasoline was 

mandated. The changes in refinery operations that are 

required to produce fuel of the same octane without 

lead reduce the quantity of fuel that can be produced 

from a barrel of crude oil. This is because the chemical 

constituency of the gasoline is altered by reforming 

lower hydrocarbons to increase the percentage of octaneboosting aromatic compounds. This reforming process 

consumes additional energy in the refining processenergy directly lost from every barrel processed. The 

addition of ethanol to gasoline effectively gives the 

required octane boost and the reforming requirement is 

correspondingly reduced. This means that every barrel 

of gasohol produced decreases crude oil demand not 

only by the quantity of gasoline directly replaced by 

ethanol, but also by the crude oil saved due to the value 

of ethanol as an octane enhancer [2]. 

The use of a mixture of hydrated ethanol and unleaded 

gasoline can lead to complications. Mixtures of water, 

ethanol, and gasoline can encounter problems when the 

three components do not remain in solution. Depending 

upon the amount of water, the characteristics of the 

gasoline, and the temperature, two distinct phases can 

DECISION TO PRODUCE 
Corn Stover can be Burned to Provide the Heat Needed for 

Ethanol Production 

separate out. When this separation occurs, the upper 

phase (layer) is comprised of gasoline and the lower 

phase (layer) is comprised of water and most of the 

ethanol. Because the air-fuel requirements are different 

for the ethanol and gasoline fuels, vehicle operations 

will not be satisfactory if the fuels separate. Heating and 

agitating these two phases will cause them to go back 

into solution, but subsequent cooling will result in phase 

separation again. 

Data from tests on gasohol used in vehicles in Brazil and 

domestically in Nebraska, Iowa, Indiana, and other 

states indicate no adverse effects on engine life. 

Dual-Carbureted Diesel Fuel Supplement. Diesel 

engines can operate on separately carbureted ethanol 

and diesel fuel. When low-quality diesel fuel is used, 

the amount of ethanol injected is generally less than 

25%. When the intent is to reduce "diesel smoke" and 

increase power, the amount of ethanol used can range as 

high as 50% [3]. 

Industrial Chemical Feedstocks. The chemical industry 

consumes large quantities of ethanol either as a basic 

feedstock or for use as a solvent. Most of the ethanol 

currently used by industry is produced from petroleumor natural gas-derived ethylene. Thus, the cost of 

ethylene conversion to ethanol is a direct function of 

petroleum and natural gas costs. As petroleum-derived 

ethanol costs continue to increase, industrial consumers 

will look for less expensive sources of ethanol. The current selling price of ethanol produced in this manner is 

in excess of $1.80 (plus shipping) per gallon [4]. These 

markets are highly localized and generally far removed 

from rural areas. 

The largest industrial chemical markets in the United 

States are for acetic acid and ethylene because of their 

wide use in the production of polymers. Ethanol can be 

catalytically dehydrogenated to ethylene, which, in 

turn, may be polymerized to plastics. Acetates (acetic 

acid polymers) constitute the raw material for synthetic 

fabrics, -plastics, and an enormous variety of common 

products. Ethanol can be fermented directly to acetic 

acid (this is what happens when wine turns to vinegar). 

Acetic acid is also a byproduct of ethanol fermentation. 

Hence, consideration may be given to recovery of this 

material. 

The pharmaceutical industry also consumes large quantities of ethanol for use as solvent. The quality control 

requirements for this market are extremely stringent 

and the costs of producing a pure product (not just 

anhydrous, but free of fuse1 oils and other contaminants) is quite high. 

Fermentation ethanol has replaced a significant portion 

of petroleum-derived ethanol in India and Brazil [5, 61. 

In fact, ethylene is produced from fermentation ethanol 

in these countries. Similar programs are being 

developed in the Philippines, South Africa, Australia, 

and other countries, and it is reasonable to assume that 

such a development could also occur in the United 

States. 

Other Uses. Other possible uses of ethanol are as fuel 

for 

crop drying, 

general heating, and 

electricity generation with small generators. 

Coproducts 

Stillage can be fed to farm animals as a protein supplement either whole (as produced), wet (35070-60010 solids), 

solid (screened), or dry. The stillage from cereal grains 

ranges from 26% to 32% protein on a dry basis. The 

basic limitation on the amount that can be fed at any 

one time to an animal is palatability (acid concentration 

caused by drying makes the taste very acrid). Mature 

cattle can consume about 7 pounds of dry stillage per 

day or, roughly, the stillage resulting from the production of 1 gallon of ethanol. The feeding of whole stillage 

is limited by the normal daily water intake of the animal 

and the requirements for metabolizable energy and 

forage fiber. The feeding value to swine and poultry is 

somewhat limited. Wet stillage cannot be stored for 

long periods of time unless stored under C02 or ensiled 

with added cellulosics to give 50%-60% solids, and the 

lack of locally available herds of animals to consume it 

may lower its value. Stillage from grains contaminated 

with aflatoxins cannot be used as animal feed. 

The cellulosic coproducts may be directly fermented to 

produce methane gas or dried for use as boiler fuel. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Carbon dioxide (C02) produced by fermentation can be 

compressed and sold to users of refrigerants, soft drink 

bottlers, and others. It also has many agricultural applieations which are beyond the scope of this handbook. 

MARKET ASSESSMENT 

Before a decision to produce can be made, it is necessary 

to accurately determine if markets for the ethanol and 

coproducts exist close enough to allow for economical 

distribution. The size of the market is defined by the 

quantities of ethanol and coproducts that can be used 

directly on the farm and/or sold. The ethanol on-farm 

use potential can be determined from the consumption 

of gasoline and diesel fuel in current farming operations. Then, a decision must be made on the degree of 

modification that is acceptable for farm equipment. If 

none is acceptable, the on-farm use will range from 10% 

to 20% of the total gasoline consumption. If direct 

modification to spark ignition equipment is acceptable, 

the on-farm potential use can be 110% to 120% of current gasoline consumption. If the risks associated .with 

attempting undemonstrated technology are considered 

acceptable, the ethanol replacement of diesel fuel will be 

roughly 50% of current diesel fuel consumption [3]. 

The sale of ethanol off the farm will be dependent 

upon local conditions and upon the type of Bureau 

of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) license obtained. (Currently, a commercial license from BATF is 

required for off-farm sale of ethanol.) Market estimates 

should be based on actual letters of intent to purchase, 

not an intuitive guess of local consumption. 

The on-farm use of stillage must be calculated on the 

basis of the number of animals that are normally kept 

and the quantity of stillage they can consume. 

The potential for sale of stillage must be computed on 

the basis of letters of intent to purchase, not just on the 

existence of a local feedlot. The value of stillage will 

never exceed the directly corresponding cost of protein 

from other sources. 

Direct on-farm use of carbon dioxide is limited; its 

principal value may come from sales. If Jerusalem artichokes, sorghum, or sugarcane are used, the bagasse 

and fiber that remain after the sugar is removed may be 

sufficient to supply the entire energy requirements of 

the ethanol plant. This value should be calculated in 

terms of the next less expensive source of fuel. 

PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 

Feedstocks 

The mix of feedstocks determine in part the actual production potential. Chapter IV discusses the use and 

production of the various feedstocks individually and in 

Stillage can be Used as a Protein Supplement When Mixed 

With the Proper Quantities of Grain and Forage 

combination. The guidance offered in that chapter will 

help define the sizing of the plant from the viewpoint 

of output once the potential of the available feedstocks 

is determined. Additional feedstocks may also be purchased and combined with products available on-site. 

Water 

Significant amounts of water are used in the ethanol 

production process (about 16 gallons of water per gallon 

of ethanol produced). This demand includes requirements for generating steam, cooling, and preparing 

mashes. Also, it may be desirable to grow a crop not 

normally produced in the area. If additional irrigation 

water is necessary for this crop, the increment must be 

included, but it is likely that stillage liquids can be 

directly applied to fulfill this need. 

Heat Sources 

Heat is required in the conversion of feedstocks to 

ethanol, primarily in cooking, distillation, and stillage 

drying. An accurate assessment must be made to determine the type and quantity of available heat sources. 

Waste materials can contribute as energy sources and, 

from a national energy perspective, the use of petroleum 

fuels is not desirable. In some cases, other renewable 

sources of energy such as methane, solar, wind, and 

geothermal may be used as supplements. 

EQUIPMENT SELECTION 

The determination of the best equipment that can be obtained to fill the defined production needs is based on 

DECISION TO PRODUCE 
the operation's financial constraints and the labor 

and/or product compromises that can be made. All the 

options must be considered in relation to each other 

rather than independently. 

The following variables related to equipment selection 

affect the decision to produce. 

Labor Requirements 

The availability of labor determines the schedule of 

plant operations and the degree of automation required. 

Labor availability is determined from normal farming 

routine and the disruptions which are tolerable. 

Financing is a pivotal factor in the decision to produce. 

The options chosen depend initially upon capital and 

operating costs (which are in turn dependent upon plant 

size), and on individual financial situations. The potential income from the operation is the second line 

of consideration. An inability to qualify for capital 

financing makes consideration of succeeding concerns a 

futile exercise. 

Maintenance 

Equipment maintenance varies in relation to the type of 

component and its use. In general, it can be assumed 

that the highest quality equipment will cost the most. 

Critical components should be identified and investments concentrated there. Noncritical or easily 

replaceable components can be less expensive. Routine 

maintenance should not interfere with production 

schedules. 

Regulations 

State and federal environmental protection standards 

must be observed. In addition, the Bureau of Alcohol, 

Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) bonding requirements 

and regulations must be met. (See Appendix B for more 

information.) 

Intended Use 

Equipment must be selected that is capable of producing 

the quality, quantity, and form of coproducts dictated 

by the intended market. 

Ethanol Feedstocks can be Stored in Conventional Facilities 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Form of Coproducts 

The form and amounts of coproducts will dictate the 

type and size of equipment. If stillage is to be sold in wet 

form, the only required equipment may be a storage 

tank. If stillage is to be dried, then a centrifuge or 

screens, driers, and additional dry storage space will be 

necessary. If carbon dioxide is to be used or collected 

and sold, equipment for this will be needed. 

Safety 

Ethanol is extremely flammable and must be handled 

accordingly. Ignition sources must be isolated from all 

possible ethanol leaks. This isolation requirement affects either plant layout or equipment selection. The 

proper handling of acids and bases mandates resistant 

types of construction materials. 

Heat Sources 

The type or types of fuels available to the operation will 

dictate the type of equipment necessary to convert this 

fuel into the required heat source. 

Feedstock Mix 

The desired feedstock mix will define the feed preparation equipment necessary (e.g., the production of 

ethanol from corn requires different front-end processing than sugar beets). Since it may be desirable to 

process more than one feedstock concurrently, additional equipment may be required in the processing step. 

FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS 

Considerations to Proceed 

Once the considerations for equipment selection are 

completed, the capital and operating costs may be 

roughly computed. 

The capital cost considerations are: 

equipment, 

real estate and buildings, 

permits and licenses, and 

availability of financing. 

The operating costs are: 

labor, maintenance, 

bonds, insurance, property taxes, cost of money, 

chemicals, enzymes, additives, denaturant, 

fuel, water, electricity, 

Agricultural Residue can be Collected in Large Round Bales for 

Storage or as renewable fuel for alcohol plants. 

feedstocks, 

costs of delivery, 

depreciation, and 

. overhead (e.g., accounting, legal fees). 

These considerations are then compared to the specific 

financial situtation of the individual. If the results of 

this comparison are not acceptable, then other options 

in equipment specifications and plant size must be considered. If all possibilities result in an unfavorable position, the decision to produce is no. If a favorable set of 

conditions and specifications can be devised, detailed 

design considerations should be examined (see Chapter V, Plant Design) and an appropriate organization 

and financial plan developed (see Chapter VI, Business 

Plan). 

DECISION PROCESS 

The final decision to produce ethanol is the result of examining all associated concerns at successively greater 

levels of detail. Initially a basic determination of 

feasibility must be made and its results are more a 

f'decision to proceed with further investigation" than 

an ultimate choice to build a plant or not. This initial 

evaluation of feasibility is performed by examining: (1) 

the total market (including on-farm uses and benefits) 

for the ethanol and coproducts; (2) the actual production potential; (3) the approximate costs for building 

and operating a plant of the size that appropriately fits 

the potential market and the production potential; (4) 

the potential for revenues, savings, or indirect benefits; 

and (5) personal financial position with respect to the 

requirements for this plant. There are several points 

DECISION TO PRODUCE 
during the course of this evaluation that result in with a positive answer is no guarantee of success, it is 

a negative answer. This does not necessarily mean that merely a positive preliminary investigation. The real 

all approaches are infeasible. Retracing a few steps work begins with specifics. In your analysis you will also 

and adjusting conditions may establish favorable con- want to consider the following questions with regard to 

ditions; however, adjustments must be realistic, not organization and financing. 

overly optimistic. Similarly, completion of the exercise 

Organizational Form 

Are you willing to assume the costs and risks of running your own EtOH production 

facility? 

Are you capable of handling the additional taxes and debts for which you will be personally 

liable as a single proprietor? 

Includes interest on long- and short-term loans. 

Is your farm operation large enough or are your potential markets solid enough to handle 

an EtOH production facility as a single proprietor? 

Is your credit alone sufficient to provide grounds for capitalizing a single proprietorship? 

Will a partner(s) enhance your financial position or supply needed additional skills? 

a. Do you need a partner to get enough feedstock for your EtOH production facility? 

b. Are you willing to assume liabilities for product and partner? 

Is your intended production going to be of such a scale as to far exceed the needs for 

your own farm or several neighboring farms? 

Do you need to incorporate in order to obtain adequate funding? 

Will incorporation reduce your personal tax burderf? 

Do you wish to assume product liability personally? 

How many farmers in your area would want to join a cooperative? 

Do you plan to operate in a centralized location to produce EtOH for all the members? 

Is your main reason for producing EtOH to service the needs of the cooperative 

members, others, or to realize a significant profit? 

Financing 

If you are considering borrowing money, you should have a clear idea of what your chances will be beforehand. 

The following questions will tell you whether debt financing is a feasible approach to your funding problem. 

a. How much money do you already owe? 

b. What are your monthly payments? 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
How much capital will you have to come up with yourself in order to secure a loan? 

Have you recently been refused credit? 

a. How high are the interest rates going to be? 

b. Can you cover them with your projected cash flow? 

If the loan must be secured or collateralized, do you have sufficient assets 

to cover your debt? 

If you are already carrying a heavy debt load and/or your credit rating is low, your chances of obtaining 

additional debt financing is low and perhaps you should consider some other type of financing. Insufficient 

collateral, exorbitant interest rates, and low projected cash flow are also negative indicators for debt financing. 

The choice between debt and equity financing will be one of the most important decisions you will have to face 

since it will affect how much control you will ultimately have over your operation. The following questions deal 

with this issue, as well as the comparative cost of the two major types of financing. 

Do you want to maintain complete ownership and control of your enterprise? 

Are you willing to share ownership and/or control if it does not entail more than a minority 

share? 

How much equity do you already have? 

Will the cost of selling the stock (broker's fee, bookkeeper, etc.) be more than the interest 

you would have to pay on a loan? 

If you are reluctant to relinquish any control over your operation, you would probably be better off seeking a 

loan. On the other hand, if your chances of obtaining a loan are slim, you might have to trade off some personal 

equity in return for a better borrowing position. 

Do you have other funds or materials to match with federal funds? (It is usually helpful.) 

Do you live in a geographical area that qualifies for special funds? 

Will you need continued federal support at the end of your grant period? 

Are you going to apply for grant funds as an individual, as a nonprofit corporation, 

or as a profit corporation? 

Are you a private nonprofit corporation? - 

Is there something special about your alcohol facility that would make it attractive to 

certain foundations? 

You should now have a good idea as to where you are going to seek your initial funding. Remember that most 

new businesses start up with a combination of funding sources. It is important to maintain a balance that will 

give you not only sufficient funding when you need it, but also the amount of control over your operation that 

you would like to have. 

If the financial requirements are greater than the capability to obtain financing, it does not necessarily mean the 

entire concept will not work. Rather, the organizational form can be reexamined and/or the production base 

expanded in order to increase financing capability. 

DECISION TO PRODUCE 

i 
REFERENCES 

Reed, Thomas. "Alcohol Fuels." Special Hearing 

of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations; 

Washington, D.C.: January 31, 1978; pp. 194-205. 

U.S. Government Printing Office. Stock Number 

052-070-04679-1. 

Jawetz, Pincas. "Improving Octane Values of 

Unleaded Gasoline Via Gasohol." Proceedings of 

the 14th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering 

Conference. Volume I, pp. 301-302; abstract 

Volume 11, p. 102; Boston, MA: August 5-10, 

1979. Available from the American Chemical 

Society, 1155 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington, 

D.C. 20036. 

Panchapakesan, M.R.; et al. "Factors That Improve 

the Performance of an Ethanol Diesel Oil DualFuel Engine." International Symposium on 

Alcohol Fuel Technology-Methanol and Ethanol. 

Wolfsburg, Germany; November 21-23, 1977. 

CONF-77 1 175. 

4. Ethanol Chemical and Engineering News. October 

29, 1979; p. 12. 

5. Sharma, K.D. "Present Status of Alcohol and 

Alcohol-Based Chemical Industry in India." Workshop on Fermentation Alcohol for Use as Fuel and 

Chemical Feedstock in Developing Countries. 

United Nations International Development 

Organization, Vienna, Austria; March 1979. Paper 

no. ID/WG.293/14 UNIDO. 

6. Ribeiro, Filho F. A. "The Ethanol-Based Chemical 

Industry in Brazil." Workshop on Fermentation 

Alcohol for Use as Fuel and Chemical Feedstock in 

Developing Countries. United Nations Industrial 

Development Organization, Vienna, Austria; 

March 1979. Paper no. ID/WG.293/4 UNIDO. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
CHAPTER Ill 

Basic Ethanol Production 
CHAPTER Ill 

Basic Ethanol Production 

The production of ethanol is an established process. It 

involves some of the knowledge and skill used in normal 

farm operations, especially the cultivation of plants. 

It is also a mix of technologies which includes 

microbiology, chemistry, and engineering. Basically, 

fermentation is a process in which microorganisms such 

as yeasts convert simple sugars to ethanol and carbon 

dioxide. Some plants directly yield simple sugars; others 

produce starch or cellulose that must be converted to 

sugar. The sugar obtained must be fermented and the 

beer produced must then be distilled to obtain fuelgrade ethanol. Each step is discussed individually. A 

basic flow diagram of ethanol production is shown in 

Figure 111-1. 

PREPARATION OF FEEDSTOCKS 

Feedstocks can be selected from among many plants 

that either produce simple sugars directly or produce 

starch and cellulose. The broad category of plants which 

this includes means there is considerable diversity in the 

initial processing, but some features are universal: 

simple sugars must be extracted from the plants 

that directly produce them; 

starch and cellulose must be reduced from their 

complex form to basic glucose; and 

stones and metallic particles must be removed. 

The last feature must be taken care of first. Destoning 

equipment and magnetic separators can be used to 

remove stones and metallic particles. Root crops require 

other approaches since mechanical harvesters don't 

differentiate between rocks and potatoes or beets of 

the.same size. Water jets or flumes may be needed to 

accomplish this. 

The simple sugars from such plants as sugarcane, 

sugar beets, or sorghum can be obtained by crushing or 

pressing the material. The low sugar bagasse and pulp 

which remain after pressing can be leached with water 

to remove residual sugars. The fibrous cellulosic 

material theoretically could be treated chemically 

or enzymatically to produce more sugar. However, no 

commercially available process currently exists. 

Commonly used starchy feedstocks are grains and 

potatoes. Starch is roughly 20% amylose (a hot watersoluble carbohydrate) and 80% amylopectin (which is 

not soluble in water). These molecules are linked 

together by means of a bond that can be broken with 

relative ease. Cellulose, which is also made up of 

glucose, differs from starch mainly in the bond between 

glucose units. 

Starch must be broken down because yeast can only act 

on simple sugars to produce ethanol. This process 

requires that the material be broken mechanically into 

the smallest practical size by milling or grinding, thereby 

breaking the starch walls to make all of the material 

available to the water. From this mixture, a slurry can 

be prepared and it can be heated to temperatures high 

enough to break the cell walls of the starch. This produces complex sugars which can be further reduced by 

enzymes to the desired sugar product. 

Conversion of Starches by Enzymatic Hydrolysis 

Consider the preparation of sugar from grain as an 

example of enzymatic hydrolysis. The intent is to produce a 20% sugar solution with water and whole 

grain. Grain is a good source of carbohydrate, but to 

gain access to the carbohydrate, the grain must be 

ground. A rule of thumb is to operate grinders so that 

the resulting meal can pass a 40-mesh screen. This 

ensures that the carbohydrate is accessible and the 

solids can be removed with a finer screen if desired. 

If the grain is not ground finely enough, the resultant 

lumpy material is not readily accessible for enzymatic 

conversion to sugar. The next step is to prepare a slurry 

by mixing the meal directly with water. Stirring should 

be adequate to prevent the formation of lumps and 

enhance enzyme contact with the starch (thus speeding 

liquefaction). 

High-temperature and high-pressure processes may 

require a full time operator, thus making it difficult to 

integrate into farming operations. Therefore, when 

deciding which enzyme to purchase, consideration 

should be given to selecting one that is active at 

moderate temperature, i.e., 200" F (93" C), nearambient pressure, and nearly neutral pH. The acidity of 

the slurry can be adjusted by addition of dilute basic 

solution (e.g., sodium hydroxide) if the pH is too low 

and addition of an acid if the pH is too high. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Stillage Heat 

Exchanger 

i C Various Uses 

- Ethanol Product -- 

Feedstock Storage 

Source 

Fuel 

Figure Ill-1. Ethanol Production Flow Diagram 

The enzyme should be added to the slurry in the proper 

proportion (about 0.1 % by weight) to the quantity of 

starch to be converted. If not, liquefaction ends up incomplete or takes too long to complete for practical 

operations. Enzymes vary in activity but thermophilic 

bacterial amylases, which are commercially available, 

can be added at rates slightly greater than %I ounce per 

bushel of meal. Rapid dispersion of the dry enzyme is 

best accomplished by mixing a premeasured quantity 

with a small volume of warm water prior to addition to 

the slurry. Liquefaction should be conducted in the 

specific temperature range and pH suggested by the supplier of the specific enzyme used. 

After the enzyme is added, the grain mash is heated to 

break the cell walls of the starch. However, the enzyme 

must be added before the temperature is raised because 

once the cell walls rupture, a gel forms and it becomes 

almost impossible to accomplish ,good mixing of the 

enzyme with the starch. The rupture of cell walls, which 

is caused by heating in hot water, is called gelatinization 

because the slurry (which is a suspension of basically 

insoluble material .in water) is converted to a highviscosity solution. Under slow cooking conditions and 

normal atmospheric pressure, gelatinization can be 

expected to occur around 150" F (65.6" C). 

The temperature is then raised to the optimal functional 

range for the enzyme and held for a period of time sufficient to completely convert the starch to soluble dextrins 

(polymeric sugars). There are commercially available 

enzymes that are most active around 200" F (93" C) 

and require a hold time of 2% hours if the proper proportion of enzyme is used. When this step is complete, 

the slurry has been converted to an aqueous solution of 

dextrins. Care must be taken to assure 

that the starch conversion step is complete because 

the conditions for the glucose-producing enzyme 

(glucoamylase), which is introduced in the next step, are 

significantly different from those for liquefaction. 

The next step, saccharification, is the conversion of 

dextrins to simple sugars, i.e., glucose. The mash 

temperature is dropped to the active range of the 

giucoamylase, the enzyme used for saccharification, 

and the pH of the solution is acidified to optimize conversion activity. The pH is a critical factor because 

the enzymatic activity virtually ceases when the pH 

is above 6.5. Glucoamylase is added in the proportion 

required to convert the amount of sugar available. 

Again, depending upon the variety selected and its activity, the actual required quantity of enzyme varies. 

BASIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION 
After the enzyme is added, the temperature of the mash 

must neither exceed 140" F (60" C) nor drop below 

122" F (50" C) during the saccharification step or 

the enzyme activity is greatly reduced. The mash, as in 

the prior step, must be stirred continuously to assure 

inti~nate contact of enzyme and dextrin. The mash 

should be held at the proper temperature and pH (3.0 

to 5.0) until conversion of the dextrin to glucose is 

complete. 

FERMENTATION 

Fermentation is the conversion of an organic material 

from one chemical form to another using enzymes produced by living microorganisms. In general, these 

bacteria are classified according to their tolerance of 

oxygen. Those that use oxygen are called aerobic and 

those that do not are called anaerobic. Those that start 

with oxygen but continue to thrive after all of the 

available oxygen is consumed are called facultative 

organisms. The yeast used to produce ethanol is an 

example of this type of facultative anaerobe. The 

breakdown of glucose to ethanol involves a complex sequence of chemical reactions which can be summarized 

as : 

C&,206'1)2C2HsOH f 2C02 + heat 

(glucose) (ethanol) 

dioxide) 

Actual yields of ethanol generally fall short of predicted 

theoretical yields because about 5% of the sugar is used 

by the yeast to produce new cells and minor products 

such as glycerols, acetic acid, lactic acid, and fuse1 oils. 

Yeasts are the microorganisms responsible for producing the enzymes which convert sugar to ethanol. 

Yeasts are single-cell fungi widely distributed in nature, 

commonly found in wood, dirt, plant matter, and on 

the surface of fruits and flowers. They are spread by 

wind and insects. Yeasts used in ethanol productions are 

members of the genus Saccharomyces. These yeasts are 

sensitive to a wide variety of variables that potentially 

affect ethanol production. However, pH and temperature are the most influential of these variables. 

Saccharomyces are most effective in pH ranges between 

3.0 and 5.0 and temperatures between 80" F (27" C) and 

90" F (35" C). The length of time required to convert a 

mash to ethanol is dependent on the number of yeast 

cells per quantity of sugar. The greater the number initially added, the faster the job is complete. However, 

there is a point of diminishing returns. 

Yeast strains, nutritional requirements, sugar concentration, temperature, infections, and pH influence 

yeast efficiency. They are described as follows: 

Yeast strains 

Yeasts are divided informally into top and bottom 

yeasts according to the location in the mash in which 

most of the fermentation takes place. The top yeasts, 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produce carbon dioxide and 

ethanol vigorously and tend to cluster on the surface of 

the mash. Producers of distilled spirits generally use top 

yeasts of high activity to maximize ethanol yield in the 

shortest time; producers of beer tend to use bottom 

yeasts which produce lower ethanol yields and require 

longer times to complete fermentation. Under normal 

brewing conditions, yeasts tend to flocculate (aggregate 

together into clusters) and to separate out from the solution when fermentation is complete. The various strains 

of yeast differ considerably in their tendency to flocculate. Those strains with an excessive tendency toward 

premature flocculation tend to cut short fermentation 

and thus reduce ethanol yield. This phenomenon, 

however, is not singularly a trait of the yeast. Fermentation conditions can be an influencing factor. The cause 

of premature flocculation seems to be a function of the 

pH of the mash and the number of free calcium ions in 

solution. Hydrated lime, which is sometimes used to adjust pH, contains calcium and may be a contributory 

factor. 

Nutritional Requirements 

Yeasts are plants, despite the fact that they contain no 

chlorophyll. As such, their nutritional requirements 

must be met or they cannot produce ethanol as fast as 

desired. Like the other living things that a farmer 

cultivates and nurtures, an energy source such as 

carbohydrate must be provided for metabolism. Amino 

acids must be provided in the proper proportion and 

major chemical elements such as carbon, nitrogen, 

phosphorus, and others must be available to promote 

cell growth. Some species flourish without vitamin supplements, but in most cases cell growth is enhanced 

when B-vitamins are available. Carbon is provided by 

the many carbonaceous substances in the mash. 

The nitrogen requirement varies somewhat with the 

strain of yeast used. In general, it should be supplied in 

the form of ammonia, ammonium salts, amino acids, 

peptides, or urea. Care should be taken to sterilize farm 

sources of urea to prevent contamination of the mash 

with undesired microbial strains. Since only a few 

species of yeasts can assimilate nitrogen from nitrates, 

this is not a recommended source of nitrogen. Ammonia 

is usually the preferred nitrogen form, but in its 

absence, the yeast can break up amino acids to obtain it. 

The separation of solids from the solution prior to 

fermentation removes the bulk of the protein and, 

hence, the amine source would be removed also. If this 

option is exercised, an ammonia supplement must be 

provided or yeast populations will not propagate at the 

desired rates and fermentation will take an excessive 

amount of time to complete. However, excessive 

amounts of ammonia in solution must be avoided 

because it can be lethal to the yeast. 

20 BASIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION 
Mineral requirements of yeast can be satisfied by using 

tap water. Phosphorus and potassium can be supplied 

by using liquid fertilizers. 

Sugar Concentration 

There are two basic concerns that govern the sugar 

concentration of the mash. First, because of high 

osmotic pressure, excessively high sugar concentrations 

(greater than 22% by weight) can inhibit the growth of 

yeast cells in the initial stages of fermentation. Osmotic 

pressure is due to the physical imbalance in concentration of chemicals on either side of a membrane. Since 

yeasts are cellular organisms, they are enclosed by a cell 

wall. An excessively high osmotic pressure can cause a 

rupture of the cell wall which in turn kills the yeast. 

Second, high ethanol concentrations kill the yeast. If the 

concentration of ethanol in the solution reaches levels 

high enough (greater than 12-14% by weight) to kill 

yeast before all the sugar is consumed, the quantity of 

sugar that remains is wasted. The latter concern is the 

governing control. Yeast growth problems can be overcome by using large inoculations to start fermentation. 

Saccharomyces strains can effectively utilize all of the 

sugar in solutions that are 22% sugar while producing a 

beer that is 12% ethanol by volume. 

Temperature 

Fermentation is strongly influenced by temperature, 

because the yeast performs best in a specific 

temperature range. The rate of fermentation increases 

with temperature in the temperature range between 80" 

F (27" C) and 90" F (32.2" C). Above 90" F (32.2" C), 

the rate of fermentation gradually drops off, and ceases 

altogether at temperatures above 109 * F (43 O C). The 

actual temperature effects vary with different yeast 

strains and typical operating conditions are generally 

closer to 80" F (27 " C) than 90" F (32.2" C). This choice 

is usually made to reduce ethanol losses by evaporation 

from the beer. For every 9" F (5" C) increase in 

temperature, the ethanol evaporation rate increases 1.5 

times. Since scrubbing equipment is required to recover 

the ethanol lost by evaporation and the cost justification 

is minimal on a small scale, the lower fermentation 

temperature offers advantages of simplicity. 

The fermentation reaction gives off energy as it proceeds (about 500 Btu per pound of ethanol produced). 

There will be a normal heat loss from the fermentation 

tank as long as the temperature outside the tank is less 

than that inside. Depending upon the location of the 

plant, this will depend on how much colder the outside 

air is than the inside air and upon the design of the 

fermenter. In general, this temperature difference will 

not be sufficient to take away as much heat as is 

generated by the reaction except during the colder times 

of the year. Thus, the fermenters must be equipped 

with active cooling systems, such as cooling coils and 

external jackets, to circulate air or water for convective 

cooling. 

Infections 

Unwanted microbial contaminants can be a major cause 

of reductions in ethanol yield. Contaminants consume 

sugar that would otherwise be available for ethanol 

production and produce enzymes that modify fermentation conditions, thus yielding a drastically different 

set of products. Although infection must be high before 

appreciable quantities of sugar are consumed, the rate 

at which many bacteria multiply exceeds yeast propagation. Therefore, even low initial levels of infection 

can greatly impair fermentation. In a sense, the start 

of fermentation is a race among the microorganisms 

present to see who can consume the most. The objective 

is the selective culture of a preferred organism. This 

means providing the conditions that are most favorable 

to the desired microorganism. As mentioned previously, 

high initial sugar concentrations inhibit propagation of 

Saccharonzyces cerevisiae because it is not an 

osmophylic yeast (i.e., it cannot stand the high osmotic 

pressure caused by the high concentration of sugar in 

the solution). This immediately gives an advantage to 

any bacteria present. 

Unwanted microbes can be controlled by using good 

cleaning and steaming. 

DISTILLATION 

The purpose of the distillation process is to separate 

ethanol from the ethanol-water mixture. There are 

many means of separating liquids comprised of two or 

more components in solution. In general, for solutions 

comprised of components of significantly different boiling temperatures, distillation has proved to be the most 

easily operated and thermally efficient separation 

technique. 

At atmospheric pressure, water boils around 212" F 

(100 " C) and ethanol boils around 173 " F (78.2 " C). It is 

this difference in boiling temperature that allows for 

distillative separation of ethanol-water mixtures. If a 

pan of an ethanol and water solution is heated on the 

stove, more ethanol molecules leave the pan than water 

molecules. If the vapor leaving the pan is caught and 

condensed, the concentration of ethanol in the condensed liquid will be higher than in the original solution, 

and the solution remaining in the pan will be lower 

in ethanol concentration. If the condensate from this 

step is again heated and the vapors condensed, the conBASIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION 
96% 

ETOH 

Cooling 

Water 

.... 

Liquid 

Liquid 

Liquid R 

Cooling 

Water 

.... Etc. 

Figure 111.2. Basic Process of Successive Distillation to Increase Concentration of Ethanol 

centration of ethanol in the' condensate will again be 

higher. This process could be repeated until most of the 

ethanol was concentrated in one phase. Unfortunately, 

a constant boiling mixture (azeotrope) forms at about 

96% ethanol. This means that when a pan containing a 

96%-ethanol solution is heated, the ratio of ethanol 

molecules to water molecules in the condensate remains 

constant. Therefore, no concentration enhancement is 

achieved beyond this point by the distillation method. 

The system shown in Figure 111-2 is capable of producing 96%-pure ethanol, but the amount of final 

product will be quite small. At the same time there 

will be a large number of products of intermediate 

ethanol-water compositions that have not been brought 

to the required product purity. If, instead of discarding 

all the intermediate concentrations of ethanol and 

water, they were recycled to a point in the system where 

the concentration was the same, we could retain all 

the ethanol in the system. Then, if all of these steps were 

incorporated into one vessel, the result would be a 

distillation column. The advantages of this system are 

that no intermediate product is discarded and only one 

external heating and one external cooling device are required. condensation at one stage is affected when 

vapors contact a cooler stage above it, and evaporation 

is affected when liquid contacts a heating stage below. 

Heat for the system is provided at the bottom of the 

distillation column; cooling is provided by a condenser 

at the top where the condensed product is returned in a 

process called reflux. It is important to note that 

without this reflux the system would return to a composition similar to the mixture in the first pan that was 

heated on the stove. 

The example distillation sieve tray column given in 

Figure 111-3 is the most common single-vessel device for 

carrying out distillation. The liquid flows down the 

tower under the force of gravity while the vapor flows 

upward under the force of a slight pressure drop. 

The portion of the column above the feed is called the 

rectifying or enrichment section. The upper section 

serves primarily to remove the component with the 

lower vapor pressure (water) from the upflowing vapor, 

thereby enriching the ethanol concentration. The portion of the column below the feed, called the stripping 

section, serves primarily to remove or strip the ethanol 

from the down-flowing liquid. 

Figure 111-4 is an enlarged illustration of a sieve tray. 

In order to achieve good mixing between phases and to 

provide the necessary disengagement of vapor and liquid between stages, the liquid is retained on each plate 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Stillage 

to '-F 

Storage 

steam 

Beer 

Column 

Condenser 

Ethanol 

Drying 

or Storage 

Rectifying 

Column 

Figure 111.3. Schematic Diagram of Sieve Tray Distillation of Ethanol 

BASIC ETHANOL PRODUCTION 
Figure 111.4. ~nlar~ed Illustration of Sieve Tray 

by a weir (a dam that regulates flow) over which the 

solution flows. The effluent liquid then flows down the 

downcomer to the next stage. The downcomer provides 

sufficient volume and residence time to allow the vaporliquid separation. 

It is possible to use several devices other than sieve 

tray columns to achieve the counter-current flow required for ethanol-water distillation. A packed column 

is frequently used to effect the necessary vapor-liquid 

contacting. The packed column is filled with solid 

material shaped to provide a large surface area for 

contact. Counter-current liquid and vapor flows proceed in the same way described for the sieve tray column. 

Production of fuel-grade ethanol is a practical operation to include in farm activities. Texts in microbiology 

and organic chemistry portray it as a complex procedure, but this is not necessarily true. Fermentation is 

affected by a variety of conditions. The more care used 

in producing optimum conditions, the greater the 

ethanol yield. Distillation can range from the simple to 

the complex. Fortunately, the middle line works quite 

satisfactorily for on-farm ethanol production. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
CHAPTER IV 

Feedstocks and Coproducts 

FEEDSTOCKS 
CHAPTER IV 

Feedstocks and Coproducts 

The previous chapter discussed the basic process for 

fermenting sugar into ethanol. The purposes of this 

chapter are (1) to describe the types of agricultural crops 

and crop residues that make up the feedstocks used in 

the production of ethanol; (2) to provide data on the 

yield of the three principal coproducts derived from 

fermentation of these feedstocks; and (3) to present 

agronomic and feedstock considerations of ethanol 

production. 

TYPES OF FEEDSTOCKS 

Biological production of ethanol is accomplished by 

yeast through fermentation of six-carbon sugar units 

(principally glucose). All agricultural crops and crop 

residues contain six-carbon sugars, or compounds of 

these sugars, and therefore can be used in the production of ethanol. Three different arrangements of the 

basic sugar units are possible, as seen in the three different types of agricultural feedstocks available for 

fermentation: sugar crops, starch crops, and lignocellulosic residues. The starch crops and lignocellulosic 

residues contain six-carbon sugar compounds which 

must be broken down into simple six-carbon sugar units 

before fermentation can take place. 

Sugar Crops 

In sugar crops, the majority of the six-carbon sugar 

units occur individually or in bonded pairs. Once a 

sugar crop has been crushed to remove the sugar, no additional processing is needed prior to fermentation since 

the six-carbon sugar units are already in a form that the 

yeast can use. This fact is both an advantage and a 

disadvantage. Preparation of the feedstock for fermentation involves comparatively low cost equipment, labor, 

and energy costs, since the only major steps invalved are 

milling and extraction of the sugar. However, sugar 

crops tend to spoil easily. Numerous types of 

microorganisms (including the type of yeast that produces ethanol) thrive on these crops during storage 

because of their high moisture and sugar content. 

Therefore, steps must be taken during storage to slow 

the loss of sugar. The only proven storage method is 

evaporation of water from the sugar solution-an effective, but costly method in terms of equipment 

(evaporators) and energy. Sterilization of the juice by 

use of heat, chemicals, or ultrafiltration to remove 

microbes is currently under investigation [I]. 

The two sugar crops that have been cultivated in the 

United States for many years at a commercial level of 

production are sugarcane and sugar beets. Other alternative sugar crops that can be cultivated in the United 

States include sweet sorghum, Jerusalem artichokes, 

fodder beets, and fruits. 

Sugarcane. Sugarcane is considered a favorable 

feedstock because of its high yield of sugar per acre (as 

high as 50 tons per acre per year) and a correspondingly 

high yield of crop residue, known as bagasse, that can 

be used as a fuel for production of process heat. The 

major drawback with this feedstock is the limited 

availability of land suitable for economical cultivation. 

Presently, only four states (Florida, Louisiana, Texas, 

and Hawaii) cultivate sugarcane. 

Sugar Beets. Sugar beets are a much more versatile crop 

than sugarcane. They are presently grown in 19 states, 

and the potential for cultivation in other parts of the 

country is high because sugar beets tolerate a wide range 

of climatic and soil conditions. An important advantage 

of sugar beets is the comparatively high yield of crop 

coproducts: beet pulp and beet tops. Beet pulp, the porSugar Beets are a Good Ethanol Feedstock 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Sweet Sorghum Yields Grain and Sugar, Both of Which can be 

Used as Ethanol Feedstocks 

tion of the root that remains after the sugar has been 

removed, is bulky and palatable and may be fed in 

either wet or dry form. Beet tops have alternative uses 

that include leaving them on the field for organic 

material (fertilizer) and as cover to lessen soil erosion. 

Widespread expansion of sugar beet cultivation is 

limited to some extent by the necessity to rotate with 

nonroot crops, in order to lower losses caused by a 

buildup of nematodes, a parasitic worm that attacks 

root systems. A general guideline of one beet crop per 

4-year period should be followed. None of the sugar 

beet crop coproducts is suitable for use as a boiler fuel. 

Interest in ethanol production from agricultural crops 

has prompted research on the development of sugar 

crops that have not been cultivated on a widespread 

commercial basis in this country. Three of the principal 

crops now under investigation are sweet sorghum, 

Jerusalem artichokes, and fodder beets. 

Sweet Sorghum. Sweet sorghum is a name given to 

varieties of a species of sorghum: Sorghum bicolor. This 

crop has been cultivated on a small scale in the past for 

production of table syrup, but other varieties can be 

grown for production of sugar. The most common types 

of sorghum species are those used for production of 

grain. 

There are two advantages of sweet sorghum over sugarcane: its great tolerance to a wide range of climatic and 

soil conditions, and its relatively high yield of ethanol 

per acre. In addition, the plant can be harvested in three 

ways: (I) the whole plant can be harvested and stored in 

its entirety; (2) it can be cut into short lengths (about 4 

inches long) when juice extraction is carried out immediately; and (3) it can be harvested and chopped for 

ensilage. Since many varieties of sweet sorghum bear 

significant quantities of grain (milo), the harvesting procedure will have to take this fact into account. 

The leaves and fibrous residue of sweet sorghum contain large quantities of protein, making the residue from 

the extraction of juice or from fermentation a valuable 

livestock feed. The fibrous residue can also be used as 

boiler feed. 

Jerusalem Artichokes. The Jerusalem artichoke has 

shown excellent potential as an alternative sugar crop. A 

member of the sunflower family, this crop is native to 

North America and well-adapted to northern climates 

121. Like the sugar beet, the Jerusalem artichoke produces sugar in the top growth and stores it in the roots 

and tuber. It can grow in a variety of soils, and it is not 

demanding of soil fertility. The Jerusalem artichoke is a 

perennial; small tubers left in the field will produce the 

next season's crop, so no plowing or seeding is 

necessary. 

Although the Jerusalem artichoke traditionally has been 

grown for the tuber, an alternative to harvesting the 

tuber does exist. It has been noted that the majority of 

the sugar produced in the leaves does not enter the tuber 

until the plant has nearly reached the end of its productive life [3]. Thus, it may be possible to harvest 

the Jerusalem artichoke when the sugar content in the 

stalk reaches a maximum, thereby avoiding harvesting 

the tuber. In this case, the harvesting equipment and 

procedures are essentially the same as for harvesting 

sweet sorghum or corn for ensilage. 

Fodder Beets. Another promising sugar crop which is 

presently being developed in New Zealand is the fodder 

beet. The fodder beet is a high yielding forage crop obtained by crossing two other beet species, sugar beets 

and mangolds. It is similar in most agronomic respects 

to sugar beets. The attraction of this crop lies in its 

higher yield of fermentable sugars per acre relative to 

sugar beets and its comparatively high resistance to loss 

of fermentable sugars during storage [4]. Culture of 

fodder beets is also less demanding than sugar beets. 

Fruit Crops. Fruit crops (e.g., grapes, apricots, peaches, 

and pears) are another type of feedstock in the sugar 

crop category. Typically, fruit crops such as grapes are 

used as the feedstock in wine production. These crops 

are not likely to be used as feedstocks for production 

of fuel-grade ethanol because of their high market 

value for direct human consumption. However, the 

coproducts of processing fruit crops are likely to be used 

as feedstocks because fermentation is an economical 

method for reducing the potential environmental impact 

of untreated wastes containing fermentable sugars. 

Starch Crops 

In starch crops, most of the six-carbon sugar units are 

linked together in long, branched chains (called starch). 

Yeast cannot use these chains to produce ethanol. The 

starch chains must be broken down into individual sixFEEDSTOCKS 27 
Corn is one of the Most Popular Ethanol Feedstocks, in Part 

Due to its Relatively Low Cost of Production 

carbon units or groups of two units. The starch conversion process, described in the previous chapter, is 

relatively simple because the bonds in the starch chain 

can be broken in an inexpensive manner by the use of 

heat and enzymes, or by a mild acid solution. 

From the standpoint of ethanol production, the long, 

branched chain arrangement of six-carbon sugar units 

in starch crops has advantages and disadvantages. The 

principal disadvantage is the additional equipment, 

labor, and energy costs associated with breaking down 

the chain so that the individual sugar units can be 

used by the yeast. However, this cost is not very large in 

relation to all of the other costs involved in ethanol production. The principal advantage in starch crops is the 

relative ease with which these crops can be stored, with 

minimal loss of the fermentable portion. Ease of storage 

is related to the fact that a conversion step is needed 

prior to fermentation: many microorganisms, including 

yeast, can utilize individual or small groups of sugar 

units, but not long chains. Some microorganisms present in the environment produce the enzymes needed to 

break up the chains, but unless certain conditions (such 

as moisture, temperature, and pH) are just right, the 

rate of conversion is very slow. When crops and other 

feeds are dried to about 12% moisture-the percentage 

at which most microorganisms cannot survive-the 

deterioration of starch and other valuable components 

(for example, protein and fats) is minimal. There are 

basically two subcategories of starch crops; i.e., grains 

and tubers. 

Grains. The most common grains used in alcohol fuel 

production are corn, barley, wheat and sorghum. With 

the exception of sorghum, all of these grains have been 

used extensively for years as feedstocks for the production of beverage-grade alcohols. Now, with the new 

demand for non-fossil liquid fuels, these same grains are 

being called upon as basic feedstock for production of 

fuel-grade alcohols as well. At least in the early stages of 

the small-scale ethanol production movement, grains 

have been the most popular and widely used feedstock 

of all varieties mentioned. 

Tubers. The most common tubers used in alcohol fuels 

production are potatoes and sweet potatoes. Both are 

common farm products containing high concentrations 

of starch and are excellent feedstocks for conversion to 

alcohol fuels. 

Much of the current agronomic research on optimizing 

the production of ethanol and livestock feed from 

agricultural crops is focused on unconventional sugar 

crops such as sweet sorghum. However, opportunities 

also exist for selecting new varieties of grains and tubers 

that produce more ethanol per acre. For example, when 

selecting a wheat variety, protein content is usually emphasized. However, for ethanol production, high starch 

content is desired. It is well known that wheat varieties 

with lower protein content and higher starch content 

usually produce more grain per acre and, consequently, 

produce more ethanol per acre. 

Crop Residue 

The "backbone" of sugar and starch crops-the stalks 

and leaves-is composed mainly of cellulose. The individual six-carbon sugar units in cellulose are linked 

together in extremely long chains by a stronger chemical 

bond than exists in starch. As with starch, cellulose 

must be broken down into sugar units before it can be 

used by yeast to make ethanol. However, the breaking 

of the cellulose bonds is much more complex and costly 

than the breaking of the starch bonds. Breaking the 

cellulose into individual sugar units is complicated by 

the presence of lignin, a complex compound surrounding cellulose, which is even more resistant than 

cellulose to enzymatic or acidic pretreatment. Because 

of the high cost of converting liquefied cellulose into 

fermentable sugars, agricultural residues (as well as 

other crops having a high percentage of cellulose) are 

not yet a practical feedstock source for small ethanol 

plants. Current research may result in feasible cellulosic 

conversion processes in the future. 

Forage Crops 

Forage crops (e.g., forage sorghum, Sudan grass) hold 

promise for ethanol production because, in their early 

stage of growth, there is very little lignin and the conversion of the cellulose to sugars is more efficient. In 

addition, the proportion of carbohydrates in the form 

of cellulose is less than in the mature plant. Since forage 

crops achieve maximum growth in a relatively short 

28 FUEL FROM FARMS 
TABLE IV-1. SUMMARY OF FEEDSTOCK CHARACTERISTICS 

Processing 

Needed 

Type of Prior td 

Feedstock Fermentation 

Principal 

Advantage(s) 

Principal 

Disadvantage(s) 

Sugar Crops (e.g., sugar Milling to extract sugar. 1. Preparation is minimal. 

beets, sweet sorghum, 

sugarcane, fodder beet, 2. High yields of ethanol 

Jerusalem artichoke) per acre. 

3. Except for sugarcane, all 

crop coproducts have 

value as fuel, livestock 

feed, or soil amendment. 

1. Crop storage may result 

in loss of sugar. (Second 

stage molasses may be 

stored.) 

2. Cultivation practices are 

not widespread , especially with "nonconventional" crops. 

Starch Crops: Milling, liquefaction, 1. Storage techniques are 1. Preparation involves adGrains (e.g., corn, and saccharification. well developed. ditional equipment, lawheat, sorghum, barley) bor, and energy costs. 

2. Cultivation practices 

Tubers (e.g., potatoes, are widespread with 2. DDG from aflatoxinsweet potatoes) grains. contaminated grain is 

not suitable as animal 

3. Livestock coproduct is feed. 

relatively high in protein. 

Cellulosic: Milling and hydrolysis of 1. Use involves no integra- 1. No commercially costCrop Residues (e.g., thelinkages. tion with the livestock effective process exists 

corn stover, wheat feed market. for hydrolysis of the 

straw) linkages. 

2. Availability is wideForages (e.g., alfalfa, spread. 

Sudan grass, forage 

sorghum ) 

period, they can be harvested as many as four times in 

one growing season (51. For this reason, forage crops 

cut as green chop may have the highest yield of dry 

material of any storage crop. In addition to cellulose, 

forage crops contain significant quantities of starch and 

fermentable sugars which can also be converted to 

ethanol. The residues from fermentation containing 

nonfermentable sugars, protein, and other components 

may be used for livestock feed. 

The principal characteristics of the feedstock types 

considered in this section are summarized in Table IV-1. 

COPRODUCT YIELDS 

Ethanol 

The yield of ethanol from agricultural crops can be 

estimated if the amount of fermentable componentssugar, starch, and cellulose-is known prior to fermentation. If the yield is predicted based on percentages at 

the time of harvest, then the loss of fermentable solids 

during storage must be taken into account. This factor 

can be significant in the case of sugar crops, as discussed 

earlier. 

The potential yield of ethanol is roughly one-half pound 

of ethanol for each pound of sugar. However, not all of 

the carbohydrate is made available to the yeasts as 

fermentable sugars, nor do the yeasts convert all of the 

fermentable sugars to ethanol. Thus, for estimating purposes, the yield of ethanol is roughly one gallon for each 

15 pounds of sugar or starch in the crop at the time the 

material is actually fermented. Because of the many 

variables in the conversion of liquefied cellulose to 

fermentable sugar, it is difficult to estimate active 

ethanol yields from cellulose. 

FEEDSTOCKS 29 
Wheat, Like the Other Cereal Grains, Produces High Ethanol 

Yields and the Chaff can be Burned for Process Heat 

Chopped Forage Crops May Represent Significant Ethanol 

Production Potential as Technology for Their Use Improves 

Carbon Dioxide 

The fermentation of six-carbon sugars by yeast results 

in the formation of carbon dioxide as well as ethanol. 

For every pound of ethanol produced, 0.957 pound of 

carbon dioxide is formed; stated another way, for every 

1 gallon of ethanol produced, 6.33 pounds of carbon 

dioxide are formed. This ratio is fixed; it is derived from 

the chemical equation: 

C6H1206 2CzHsOH + 2C02 + heat 

(carbon 

(glucose) (ethanol) dioxide) 

Other Coproducts 

The conversion and fermentation of agricultural crops 

yield products in addition to ethanol and carbon dioxide. For example, even if pure glucose is fermented, 

some yeast will be grown, and they would represent a 

coproduct. These coproducts have considerable economic value, but, since they are excellent cultures for 

microbial contaminants, they may represent a pollutant 

if dumped onto the land. Therefore, it becomes doubly 

important that these coproducts be put to gobd use. 

Sugar crops, after the sugar has been extracted, yield 

plant residues which consist mostly of cellulose, unextracted sugar, and protein. Some of this material can 

be used as livestock feed, although the quantity and 

quality will vary widely with the particular crop. If the 

crop is of low feeding value, it may be used as fuel for 

the ethanol plant. This is commonplace when sugarcane 

is the feedstock. 

Sweet sorghum may yield significant quantities of grain 

(milo), and the plant residue is suitable for silage, which 

is comparable to corn or sorghum silage except that it 

has a lower energy value for feeding. Sugar beet pulp 

from the production of sugar has always been used for 

livestock feed, as have the tops. Jerusalem artichokes, 

grown in the Soviet Union on a very large scale, are ensiled and fed to cattle, so the plant residue in this case 

would be suitable for silage. All of these residues can 

supply significant amounts of protein and roughage to 

ruminants. 

It is evident that all silage production has the potential 

for the production of significant quantities of ethanol 

without affecting the present uses or agricultural 

markets. By planting silage crops of high sugar content 

and extracting a part of the sugar for the production of 

ethanol, the ensiled residue satisfies the existing demand 

for silage. 

Starch feedstocks consist mostly of grains and, to a 

smaller extent, root crops such as potatoes (white or 

sweet). The production of nonfermentable material in 

these root crops is much less than in grains, and the use 

of the residue is similar. 

In the case of grains, it is commonplace to cook, ferment, anel distill a mash containing the whole grain. The 

nonfermentable portion then appears in the stillage (the 

liquid drawn off the bottom of the beer column after 

stripping off the ethanol). About three-quarters of the 

nonfermentable material is in suspension in the form of 

solids ranging from very coarse to very fine texture, and 

the remainder is in solution in the water. The suspended 

material may be separated from the liquid and dried. 

The coarser solids, in this case, are distillers' light 

grains. The soluble portion may be concentrated to a 

syrup with from 25% to 45% solids, called distillers' 

solubles. When dried together with the coarser material, 

the product is called distillers' dark grains. These 

nonfermentable solids derived from grain are valuable 

as high-protein supplements for ruminants in particular. 

However, if very large quantities of grain are 

fermented, the great quantity supplied may exceed the 

demand and lower the prices. Fortunately, the potential 

demand exceeds the present usage as a protein supplement, since feeding experience has shown that these 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
coproducts can substitute for a significant part of the 

grain. When the liquid stillage is fed either as it comes 

from the still or somewhat concentrated, it is especially 

valuable, since it permits the substitution of straw for a 

significant proportion of the hay (e.g., alfalfa) normally 

fed to ruminants. 

The nonfermentable portion of the grain can also be 

used as human food. In the wet milling industry, the 

grain components are normally separated and the oil is 

extracted. The starch may be processed for a number of 

uses, or it may be used as feedstock for ethanol production. The gluten (the principal portion of the protein in 

the grain) may be separated and processed for sale as, 

for example, vital gluten (from wheat) or corn gluten. 

As another option, the solids may be sent through the 

fermenters and the beer still to appear as distillers' 

grains. 

Grain processing as practiced in large plants is not 

feasible for small plants. However, a simple form of 

processing to produce human food may be feasible. 

Wheat can be simply processed to separate the starch 

from the combined germ, gluten, and fiber. They form 

a cohesive, doughy mass which has long been used as a 

base for meat-analogs. This material can also be incorporated into bread dough to enhance its nutritional 

value by increasing the protein, fiber, and vitamin 

(germ) content. 

Work at the University of Wisconsin has resulted in the 

development of a simpIe, practical processing machine 

that extracts about 60% of the protein from forage 

crops in the form of a leaf juice [6]. The protein in the 

juice can be separated in a dry form to be used as a very 

highquality human food. The fibrous residue is then in 

good condition to be hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars. 

Most of the plant sugars are in the leaf juice and, after 

separation of the protein, are ready for fermentation. 

Forage crops have the potential for producing large 

amounts of ethanol per acre together with large 

amounts of human-food-grade protein. The protein 

production potential is conservatively 1,000 pounds per 

acre, equivalent to 140 bushels per acre of 12%-protein 

wheat [7]. 

Representative feedstock composition and coproduct 

yields are given in Table IV-2. Appendix D provides additional information in the table comparing raw 

materials for ethanol production. As discussed earlier, 

these data cannot be applied to specific analyses without 

giving consideration to the variable nature of the cornposition of the feedstock and the yield per acre of the 

crop. 

TABLE IV-2. REPRESENTATIVE YIELDS 

OF SOME MAJOR 

DOMESTIC FEEDSTOCKS 

Crop Ethanol Yield 

Cereal grains 2.5 gal/bu 

Potatoes 1.0 gal/cwt 

Sugar beets 20 gal/ton 

Sugarcane 17 gal/ton 

AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 

A simple comparison of potential ethanol yield per acre 

of various crops will not rank the crops in terms of 

economic value for production of ethanol. The crops 

vary considerably in their demands on the soil, demands 

for water, need for fertilization, susceptibility to disease 

or insect damage, etc. These factors critically influence 

the economics of producing a crop. Fortunately, forage 

crops which have the potential for producing large 

amounts of ethanol per acre have specific agronomic 

advantages relative to some of the principal grain crops 

(e.g., corn). 

The nonfruiting crops, including forage crops, some 

varieties of high-sugar sorghum, and Jerusalem artichokes, are less susceptible to catastrophic loss (e.g., 

due to hail, frost, insects, disease, etc.), and, in fact, are 

less likely to suffer significant loss of production due to 

adverse circumstances of any sort than are fruiting 

crops such as grains. Furthermore, forage crops and 

Jerusalem artichokes are less demanding in their culture 

than almost any grain. Their cost of culture is usually 

lower than for grains on the same farm, and they have 

great potential for planting on marginal land. 

FEEDSTOCK CONSIDERATIONS 

It is apparent from the foregoing discussion that the 

selection of feedstocks for ethanol production will vary 

from region to region, and even from farm to farm. The 

results of development work now being carried out will 

influence choices but, most significantly, the additional 

choices open to farmers resulting from the opportunity 

to produce feedstocks for ethanol production from a 

large variety of crops will alter the patterns of farming. 

It is not possible to predict what new patterns will 

evolve. However, it is clear that there will be benefits 

from the creation of choices in the form of new markets 

for existing crops and alternative crops for existing 

markets. 

In the near future, ethanol is likely to be produced 

primarily from grain. However, the development of 

processes for the effective use of other crops should 

yield results in the near term which could bring about a 

rapid increase in the use of nongrain feedstocks. 

FEEDSTOCKS 
REFERENCES 

1. Nathan, R. A. Fuels from Sugar Crops. DOE 

Critical Review Series. 1978. Available from NTIS, 

#TID-22781. 

2. Stauffer, M. D.; Chubey, B. B.; Dorrell, D. G. 

Jerusalem Artichoke. A publication of Agriculture 

Canada, Research Station, P. 0. Box 3001, Morden, 

Manitoba, ROC 1 JO, Canada. 1975. 

3. Incoll, L. D.; Neales, T. F. "The Stem as a Temporary Sink before Tuberization." Helianthus 

Tuberosus L. Journal of Experimental Botany 21. 

(67); 1970; pp. 469-476. 

4. Earl, W. B.; Brown, W. A. "Alcohol Fuels from 

Biomass in New Zealand: The Energetics and 

Economics of Production and Processing. " Third 

International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels 

Technology. Vol. I, pp. 1-1 1. Asilomar, ' CA; 

May 28-31, 1979. 

5. Linden, J. D.; Hedrick, W. C.; Moreira, A. R.; 

Smith, D. H.; Villet, R. H. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of 

the Lignocellulosic Component from Vegetative 

Forage Crops. Paper presented before the Second 

Symposium on Biotechnology in Energy Production 

and Conversion; October 3-5, 1979. Available from 

James C. Linden, Department of Agricultural and 

Chemical Engineering, Colorado State University, 

Fort Collins, CO 80523. 

6. Besken, K. E.; et al. "Reducing the Energy Requirements of Plant Juice Protein Production."Paper 

presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting of the 

American Society of Agricultural Engineers; paper 

no. 75-1056, 1975. 

7. Mann, H. 0.; et al. "Yield and Quality-Sudan, 

Sorghum-Sudan, and Pearl Millet Hybrids." Progress Report, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 

CO; 1975. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
CHAPTER V 

Plant Design 
CHAPTER V 

Plant Design 

The criteria affecting the decision to produce ethanol 

and establishing a production facility can be categorized 

into two groups: fixed and variable. The fixed criteria 

are basically how much ethanol and coproducts can be 

produced and sold. These issues were discussed in 

Chapter 11. This chapter is concerned with the second 

set of criteria and their effect on plant design. 

Plant design is delineated through established procedures which are complex and interrelated. The essential 

elements, however, are described here. 

The first step is to define a set of criteria which affect 

plant design. These criteria (not necessarily in order of 

importance) are: 

amount of labor that can be dedicated to operating 

a plant; 

size of initial investment and operating cost that 

can be managed in relation to the specific financial 

situation and/or business organization; 

ability to maintain equipment both in terms of time 

to do it and anticipated expense; 

federal, state, and local regulations on environmental discharges, transportation of product, 

licensing, etc; 

intended use (on-farm use and/or sales) of 

products; 

desired form of coproducts; 

safety factors; 

availability and expense of heat source; and 

desired flexibility in operation and feedstocks. 

The second step is to relate these criteria to the plant as 

a whole in order to set up a framework or context for 

plant operations. The third step is complex and involves 

relating the individual systems or components of 

production to this framework and to other connected 

systems within the plant. Finally, once the major 

systems have been defined, process control systems can 

be integrated where necessary. This design process leads 

to specifying equipment for the individual systems and 

process control. 

After the process is discussed from overall plant 

considerations through individual system considerations 

to process control, a representative ethanol plant 

is described. It is an example to illustrate ethanol 

production technology and not a state-of-the-art or 

recommended design. 

OVERALL PLANT CONSIDERATIONS 

Before individual systems and their resulting equipment 

specifications are examined, the criteria listed above 

are examined in relation to the overall plant. This 

establishes a set of constraints against which individual 

systems can be correlated. 

Required Labor 

The expense the operation can bear for labor must be 

considered. To some extent the latter concern is 

modified by the size of plant selected (the expense for 

labor is less per gallon the more gallons produced). If it 

is possible to accomplish the required tasks within the 

context of daily farming activities, additional outside 

labor will not be required. A plant operated primarily 

by one person should, in general, require attention only 

twice-or at most three times-a day. If possible, the 

time required at each visit should not exceed 2 hours. 

The labor availability directly affects the amount 

and type of control and instrumentation that the plant 

requires, but it is not the sole defining criteria for plant 

specification. 

Maintenance 

The plant should be relatively easy to maintain and not 

require extensive expertise or expensive equipment. 

Feedstocks 

The process should use crop material in the form in 

which it is usually or most economically stored (e.g., 

forage crops should be stored as ensilage). 

Use 

The choice of whether to produce anhydrous or lowerproof ethanol depends upon the intended use or market 

and may also have seasonal dependencies. Use of lowerproof ethanols in spark-ignition tractors and trucks 

poses no major problems during summertime (or other 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Labor Requirements for Ethanol Production can be a Part of the Normal Farm Work Routine 

periods of moderate ambient temperature). Any engine 

equipped for dual injection does not require anhydrous 

ethanol during moderate seasons (or in moderate 

climates). If the ethanol is to be sold to blenders for use 

as gasohol, the capability to produce anhydrous ethanol 

may be mandatory. 

Heat Source 

Agricultural residues, coal, waste wood, municipal 

waste, producer gas, geothermal water, solar, and wind 

are the preferred possibilities for heat sources. Examples of these considerations are shown in Table V-1. 

Each poses separate requirements on the boiler selected, 

the type and amount of instrumentation necessary to 

fulfill tending (labor) criteria, and the cash flow 

necessary to purchase the necessary quantity (if not produced on-farm). This last consideration is modified by 

approaches that minimize the total plant energy demand. 

Safety 

An ethanol plant poses several specific hazards. Some 

of these are enumerated in Table V-2 along with options 

for properly addressing them. 

Coproduct Form and Generation 

Sale or use of the coproducts of ethanol production is 

an important factor in overall profitability. Markets 

must be carefully weighed to assure that competitive 

influences do not diminish the value of the coproduct 

that results from the selected system. In some areas, it 

is conceivable that the local demand can consume the 

coproduct produced by many closely located small 

plants; in other areas, the local market may only be able 

to absorb the coproducts from one plant. If the latter 

situation occurs, this either depresses the local 

coproduct market value or encourages the purchase of 

equipment to modify coproduct form or type so that it 

can be transported to different markets. 

Flexibility in Operation and Feedstocks 

Plant profitability should not hinge on the basis of 

theoretical maximum capacity. Over a period of time, 

any of a myriad of unforeseen possibilities can interrupt 

operations and depress yields. Market variables or farm 

operation considerations may indicate a need to swtich 

feedstocks. Therefore, equipment for preparation and 

conversion should be capable of handling cereal grain 

and at least one of the following: 

ensiled forage material; 

starchy roots and tubers; or 

sugar beets, or other storable, high-sugarcontent plant parts. 

Compliance with Environmental Regulations and 

Guidelines 

Liquid and gaseous effluents should be handled in 

compliance with appropriate regulations and standards. 

Initial Investment and Operating Costs 

All of the preceding criteria impact capital or operating 

costs. Each criterion can influence production rates 

PLANT DESIGN 
TABLE V-1. HEAT SOURCE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 

Heating Special 

Heat Value Equipment Boiler Particular Particular 

Source (dry basis) Form Req'd Types Source Advantages Disadvantages 

Agriculture 3,000- Solid Handling and Batch burner- Farm Inexpensive; Low bulk 

Residuals 8,000 feeding eqpmt.; fire tube; produced on- density; reBtu/lb collection 'eqpmt . fluidized bed farm quires very 

large storage 

area 

Coal 9,000- Solid High sulfur Conventional Mines Widely available Potentially 

12,000 coal requires grate- demonstrated expensive; 

Btu/lb stack scrubber fire tube; technology no assured 

fluidized bed for combustion availability; 

pollution 

problems 

Waste 5,000- Solid Chipper or Conventional Forests Clean burning; Not uniformly 

Wood 12,000 log feeder fluidized bed inexpensive available 

Btu/lb where available 

Municipal 8,000 Solid Sorting eqpmt. Fluidized bed Cities Inexpensive Not widely 

Solid Btu/lb or conventional available in 

Waste fire tube rural areas 

Pyrolysis Gas Pyrolyzer- Conventional Carbon- Can use conven- Requires addiGas fluidized bed gas-boiler aceous tional gas-fired tional piece of 

materials boilers equipment 

Geothermal N.A. Steam/ Heat exchanger Heat exchanger Geothermal Fuel Cost is Capital costs 

hot water water tube source zero for well and 

heat .exchanger 

can be extremely high 

Solar N.A. Radiation Collectors, Water tube Sun Fuel cost is Capital costs 

concentrators, zero can be high 

storage batteries, for required 

or systems equipment 

Wind N.A. Kinetic Turbines, Electric Indirect Fuel cost is Capital costs 

energy storage batteries, solar zero can be high 

or systems for required 

equipment 

which, in turn, change the income potential of the 

plant. An optimum investment situation is reached only 

through repeated iterations to balance equipment 

requirements against cost in order to achieve favorable 

earnings. 

INDIVIDUAL SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 

Design considerations define separate specific jobs 

which require different tools or equipment. Each step 

depends upon the criteria involved and influences 

related steps. Each of the components and systems 

of the plant must be examined with respect to these 

criteria Figure V-1 diagrams anhydrous ethanol production. The typical plant that produces anhydrous ethanol 

contains the following systems and/or components: 

feedstock handling and storage, conversion of carFUEL FROM FARMS 
bohydrates to simple sugars, fermentation, distillation, 

drying ethanol, and stillage processing. 

Feedstock Handling and Storage 

Grain. A small plant should be able to use cereal 

grains. Since grains are commonly stored on farms in 

large quantity, and since grain-growing farms have the 

basic equipment for moving the grain out of storage, 

handling should not be excessively time consuming. In 

general, grains should be dried before storing to prevent 

premature decomposition and growth of unwanted 

organisms. It may be possible to irradiate grain or use 

other techniques that permit storage without the need for 

drying. If the grain is ground and stored in a bunker, the 

handling involves additional labor since it must be 

removed from the bunker and loaded into a grainery 

from which it can be fed by an auger into the cooker. This 

operation probably could be performed once each week, 

so the grains need not be ground daily as with whole 

(wet) grain. 

Roots and tubers. Beets and Jerusalem artichokes can be 

left in the ground until needed for processing. Potatoes 

are generally stored whole in cool, dry locations to forestall fermentation by bacteria. The juice from beets and 

artichokes can be extracted but can only be stored if the 

sugar concentration is extremely high. This requires 

expensive evaporation equipment and large storage tanks, 

Equipment for Handling and Storage of Crop Residues is Currently Available from Farm Equipment 

Manufacturers 

PLANT DESIGN 

i 
TABLE V-2. ETHANOL PLANT HAZARDS 

Hazards Precautions 

1. Overpressurization; explosion of boiler 

2. Scalding from steam gasket leaks 

3. Contact burns from steam lines 

4. Ignition of ethanol leaks/fumes or grain dust 

5. Handling aciddbases 

Regularly maintained/checked safety boiler 

"pop" valves set to relieve when pressure exceeds the maximum safe pressure of the boiler or 

delivery lines. 

Strict adherence to boiler manufacturer's 

operating procedure. 

If boiler pressure exceeds 20 psi, acquire ASME 

boiler operator certification. Continuous 

operator attendance required during boiler 

operation. 

Place baffles around flanges to direct steam jets 

away from operating areas. 

(Option) Use welded joints in all steam delivery 

lines. 

Insulate all steam delivery lines. 

If electric pump motors are used, use fully 

enclosed explosion-proof motors. 

(Option) Use hydraulic pump drives; main 

hydraulic pump and reservoir should be physically isolated from ethanol tanks, dehydration section, distillation columns, condenser. 

Fully ground all equipment to prevent static electricity build-up. 

Never smoke or strike matches around ethanol 

tanks, dehydration section, distillation columns, 

condenser. 

Never use metal grinders, cutting torches, 

welders, etc. around systems or equipment containing ethanol. Flush and vent all vessels prior 

to performing any of these operations. 

Never breathe the fumes of concentrated acids or 

bases. 

Never store concentrated acids in carbon steel 

containers. 

Mix or dilute acids and bases slowly-allow heat 

of mixing to dissipate. 

Immediately flush skin exposed to acid or base 

with copious quantities of water. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TABLE V-2. ETHANOL PLANT HAZARDS-Continued 

Hazards Precautions 

6. Suffocation 

Wear goggles whenever handling concentrated 

acids or bases; flush eyes with water and 

immediately call physician if any gets in eyes. 

Do not store acids or bases overhead work areas 

or equipment. 

Do not carry acids or bases in open buckets. 

Select proper materials of construction for all 

acid. or base storage containers, delivery aides, 

valves, etc. 

Never enter the fermenters, beer well, or stillage 

tank unless they are properly vented. 

Belt conveyers will suffice for handling these root crops 

and tubers. Cleaning equipment should be provided to 

prevent dirt and rocks from building up in the fermentation plant. 

Sugar Crops. Stalks from sugarcane, sweet sorghum, 

and Jerusalem artichokes cannot be stored for long 

periods of time at high moisture content. Drying 

generally causes some loss of sugar. Field drying has 

not been successful in warm climates for sugarcane and 

sweet sorghum. Work is being conducted in field drying 

for sweet sorghum in cooler climates; results are 

encouraging though no conclusions can be drawn yet. 

Canes or stalks are generally baled and the cut ends and 

cuts from leaf stripping are seared to prevent loss of: 

juice. 

A large volume of material is required to produce a 

relatively small amount of sugar, thus a large amount of 

storage space is necessary. Handling is accomplished 

with loaders or bale movers. 

Conversion of Carbohydrates to Simple Sugars 

Processing options available for converting carbohydrates to simple sugars are: 

enzymatic versus acid hydrolysis; 

high-temperature versus low-temperature cooking; 

continuous versus batch processing; and 

separation versus nonseparation of fermentable 

nonsolids. 

Enzymatic versus acid hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis 

of the starch to sugar is carried out while cooling the 

cooked liquified starch to fermentation temperature. 

The saccharifying enzyme is added at about 140" F, and 

this temperature is maintained for about 30 minutes to 

allow nearly complete hydrolysis following which the 

mash is cooled to fermentation temperature. A highactivity enzyme is added prior to cooking so that the 

starch is quickly converted to liquid polymeric sugars. 

The saccharifying enzyme reduces these sugars to 

monomeric sugars. Temperature and pH must be controlled within specific limits or enzyme activity 

decreases and cooking time is lengthened. Thus the 

Crops for Ethanol Production fit Well into Normal Rotation 

Practices 

PLANT DESIGN 
1 Feedstock 

J Handling & Storage 

Conversion of 

Carbohydrates to 

Simple Sugar 

Fermentation 

Distillation 

Ethanol Drying{ 

Figure V-1. Anhydrous Ethanol Production Flow Chart 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
equipment for heating and cooling and the addition of 

acid or base are necessary. 

Acid hydrolysis of starch is accomplished by directly 

contacting starch with hot dilute acid to break the polymer bonds. This process hydrolyzes the starch very 

rapidly at cooking temperatures and reduces the time 

needed for cooking. Since the resulting pH is lower than 

desired for fermentation, it must be increased after 

fermentation is complete by neutralizing some of the 

acid with either powdered limestone or ammonium 

hydroxide. It also may be desirable to add a small 

amount of gluco-amylase enzyme after pH correction in 

order to convert the remaining dextrins. 

High-temperature versus low-temperature cooking. 

Grain must be cooked to rupture the starch granules and 

to make the starch accessible to the hydrolysis agent. 

Cooking time and temperature are related in an inverse 

ratio; high temperatures shorten cooking time. Industry 

practice is to heat the meal-water mixture by injecting 

steam directly rather than by heat transfer through the 

wall of the vessel. The latter procedure runs the risk of 

causing the meal to stick to the wall; the subsequent 

scorching or burning would necessitate a shutdown to 

clean the surface. 

High-temperature cooking implies a high-pressure 

boiler. Because regulations may require an operator in 

constant attendance for a high-pressure boiler operation, the actual production gain attributable to the high 

temperature must be weighed against the cost of the 

operator. If there are other supporting rationale for 

having the operator, the entire cost does not have to be 

offset by the production gain. 

Continuous versus batch processes. Cooking can be 

accomplished with continuous or batch'processes. Batch 

cooking can be done in the fermenter itself or in a separate vessel. When cooking is done in the fermenter, less 

pumping is needed and the fermenter is automatically 

sterilized before fermenting each batch. There is one less 

vessel, but the fermenters are slightly larger than those 

used when cooking is done in a separate vessel. It is 

necessary to have cooling coils and an agitator (or heat 

exchanger and pump) in each fermenter. If cooking is 

done in a separate vessel, there are advantages to selecting a continuous cooker. The continuous cooker (or 

continuous extruder) is smaller than the fermenter, and 

continuous cooking and hydrolysis lend themselves very 

well to automatic unattended operation. Energy consumption is less because it is easier to use counterflow 

heat exchangers to heat the water for mixing the meal 

while cooling the cooked meal. The load on the boiler 

with a continuous cooker is constant. Constant boiler 

load can be achieved with a batch cooker by having a 

separate vessel for preheating the water, but this increases the cost when using enzymes. 

Continuous cooking (or continuous extruding) offers a 

high-speed, high-yield choice that does not require constant attention, Cooking at atmospheric pressure with a 

temperature a little over 200" F yields a good conversion 

ratio of starch to sugar, and no high pressure piping or 

pumps are required. 

Separation versus nonseparation of nonfermentable 

solids. The hydrolyzed mash contains solids and 

dissolved proteins as well as sugar. There are some 

advantages to separating the solids before fermenting 

the mash, and such a step is necessary for continuous 

fermentation. Batch fermentation requires separation 

of the solids if the yeast is to be recycled. If the solids 

are separated at this point, the beer column will require 

cleaning much less frequently, thus increasing the 

feasibility of a packed beer column rather than plates. 

The sugars that cling to the solids are removed with the 

solids. If not recovered, the sugar contained on the 

solids would represent a loss of 20% of the ethanol. 

Washing the solids with the hot mash water or with hot 

stillage from the centrifuge is a way of recovering most 

of the sugar. 

Fermentation 

Continuous fermentation. The advantage of continuous 

fermentations of pure sugar are routinely accomplished 

in less than 30 hours. High conversion efficiency is 

attained as sugar is converted to 10%-alcohol beer 

without yeast recycle. Further reductions in fermentation require very large quantities of yeast. The increases 

attained in ethanol production must be weighed against 

the additional costs of the equipment and time to 

culture large yeast populations for inoculation. 

Batch fermentation. Fermentation time periods similar 

to those possible with continuous processes can be attained by using high concentrations of yeast in batch 

fermentation. The high yeast concentrations are 

economically feasible when the yeast is recycled. Batch 

fermentations of pure sugar are routinely accomplished 

in less than 30 hours. High conversion efficiency is attained as sugar is converted to l0ofo-alcohol beer 

without yeast recycle. Further reductions in fermentation require very large quantities of yeast. The increases 

attained in ethanol production must be weighed against 

the additional costs of the equipment and time to 

culture large yeast populations for inoculation. 

Specifications of the fermentation tank. The configuration of the fermentation tank has some influence 

on system performance. In general, the proportions of 

the tank should not be extreme. Commonly, tanks are 

upright cylinders with the height somewhat greater than 

the diameter. The bottom may be flat (but sloped for 

drainage) or conical. The construction materials may be 

carbon steel (commonplace), stainless steel, copper, 

wood, fiberglass, reinforced plastic, or concrete coated 

on the inside with sprayed-on vinyl, Usually, the 

PLANT DESIGN 

5 
tanks are covered to permit collection of the CO, 

evolved during fermentation so that the ethanol which 

evaporates with it can be recovered. 

Many potential feedstocks are characterized by relatively large amounts of fibrous material. Fermentation 

of sugar-rich material such as sugar beets, sweet 

sorghum, Jerusalem artichokes, and sugarcane as 

chips is not a demonstrated technology and it has many 

inherent problems. Typically, the weight of the 

nonfermentable solids is equal or somewhat greater 

than the weight of fermentable material. This is in 

contrast to grain mashers which contain roughly twice 

as much fermentable material as nonfermentable 

material in the mash. The volume occupied by the 

nonfermentable solids reduces the effective capacity 

of the fermenter. This means that larger fermenters 

must be constructed to equal the production rates from 

grain fermenters. Furthermore, the high volume of 

nonfermentable material limits sugar concentrations 

and, hence, the beer produced is generally lower in 

concentration (6% versus 10%) than that obtained from 

grain mashes. This fact increases the energy spent in 

distillation. 

Since the nonfermentable solid chips are of larger size, it 

is unlikely that the beer containing the solids could be 

run through the beer column. It may be necessary to 

separate the solids from the beer after fermentation 

because of the potential for plugging the still. The 

separation can be easily accomplished, but a significant 

proportion of the ethanol (about 20%) would be carried 

away by the dewatering solids. If recovery is attempted 

by "washing out," the ethanol will be much more dilute 

than the beer. Since much less water is added to these 

feedstocks than to grain (the feedstock contains large 

amounts of water), only part of the dilute ethanol solution from the washing out can be recycled through the 

fermenter. The rest would be mixed with the beer, 

reducing the concentration of ethanol in the beer which, 

in turn, increases the energy required for distillation. 

Another approach is to evaporate the ethanol from the 

residue. By indirectly heating the residue, the resulting 

ethanol-water vapor mixture can be introduced into the 

beer column at the appropriate point. This results in a 

slight increase in energy consumption for distillation. 

The fermenter for high-bulk feedstocks differs 

somewhat from that used for mash. The large volume of 

insoluble residue increases the demands on the removal 

pump and pipe plugging is more probable. Agitators 

must be sized to be self-cleaning and must prevent 

massive settling. High-speed and high-power agitators 

must be used to accomplish this. 

The equipment for separating the fibrous residue from 

the beer when fermenting sugar crops could be used also 

to clarify the grain mash prior to fermentation. This 

would make possible yeast recyle in batch fermentation 

of grain. 

Temperature control. Since there is some heat generated 

during fermentation, care must be taken to ensure that 

the temperature does not rise too high and kill the yeast. 

In fermenters the size of those for on-farm plants, the 

heat loss through the metal fermenfer walls is sufficient 

to keep the temperature from rising too high when 

the outside air is cooler than the fermenter. Active 

cooling must be provided during the periods when the 

temperature differential cannot remove the heat that is 

generated. The maximum heat generation and heat loss 

must be estimated for the particular fermenter to assure 

that water cooling provisions are adequate. 

Distillation 

Preheater. The beer is preheated by the hot stillage from 

the bottom of the beer column before being introduced 

into the top of the beer column. This requires a heat exchanger. The stillage is acidic and hot so copper or 

stainless steel tubing should be used to minimize corrosion to ensure a reasonable life. Because the solids 

are proteinaceous, the same protein build-up that plugs 

the beer still over a period of time can be expected on 

the stillage side of the heat exchanger. This mandates 

accessibility for cleaning. 

Beer column requirements. The beer column must 

accept a beer with a high solids content if the beer is 

not clarified. Not only are there solids in suspension, 

but also some of the protein tends to build up a rather 

rubbery coating on all internal surfaces. Plate columns 

offer the advantage of relatively greater cleaning ease 

when compared to packed columns. Even if the beer is 

clarified, there will be a gradual build-up of protein on 

the inner surfaces. This coating must be removed 

periodically. If the plates can be removed easily, this 

cleaning may be done outside of the column. Otherwise, 

a caustic solution run through the column will clean it. 

The relatively low pH and high temperature of the beer 

column will corrode mild steel internals, and the use of 

stainless steel or copper will greatly prolong the life expectancy of the plates in particular. Nevertheless, many 

on-farm plants are being constructed with mild steel 

plates and columns in the interest of low first cost and 

ease of fabrication with limited shop equipment. Only 

experience will indicate the life expectancy of mild steel 

beer columns. 

Introducing steam into the bottom of the beer column 

rather than condensing steam in an indirect heat exchanger in the base of the column is a common practice. 

The latter procedure is inherently less efficient but does 

not increase the total volume of water in the stillage 

as does the former. Indirect heating coils also tend to 

suffer from scale buildup. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Rectifying column. The rectifying column does not 

have to handle liquids with high solids content and there 

is no protein buildup, thus a packed column suffers no 

inherent disadvantage and enjoys the advantage in 

operating stability. The packing can be a noncorroding 

material such as ceramic, glass, or stainless steel. 

General considerations. Plate spacing in the large 

columns of commercial distilleries is large enough to 

permit access to clean the column. The small columns of 

on-farm plants do not require such large spacing. The 

shorter columns can be installed in farm buildings of 

standard eave height and are much easier to work on. 

All items of equipment and lines which ate at a 

significantly higher temperature than ambient should 

be insulated, including the preheated beer line, the 

columns, the stillage line, etc. Such insulation is more 

significant for energy conservation in small plants than 

for large plants. 

Drying Ethanol 

Addition of a third liquid to the azeotrope. Ethanol can 

be dehydrated by adding a third liquid such as gasoline 

to the 190-proof constant boiling azeotrope. This liquid 

changes the boiling characteristics of the mixture and 

further separation to anhydrous ethanol can be accomplished in a reflux still. Benzene is used in industry 

as a third liquid, but it is very hazardous for on-farm 

use. Gasoline is a suitable alternative liquid and does 

not pose the same health hazards as benzene, but it fractionates in a distillation column because gasoline is a 

mixture of many organic substances. This is potentially 

an expensive way to break the azeotrope unless the 

internal reflux is very high, thereby minimizing the loss 

of gasoline from the column. Whatever is choosen for 

the third liquid, it is basically recirculated continually in 

the reflux section of the drying column, and thus only 

very small fractions of makeup are required. The additional expense for equipment and energy must be weighed carefully against alternative drying methods or product value in uses that do not require anhydrous 

ethanol . 

Molecular sieve. The removal of the final 4% to 6% 

water has also been accomplished on a limited basis 

using a desiccant (such as synthetic zeolite) commonly 

known as a molecular sieve. A molecular sieve selectively absorbs water because the pores of the material 

are smaller than the ethanol molecules but larger than 

the water molecules. The sieve material is packed into 

two columns. The ethanol-in either vapor or liquid 

form-is passed through one column until the material 

in that column can no longer absorb water. Then the 

flow is switched to the second column, while hot 

(450" F) and preferably nonoxidizing gas is passed 

through the first column to evaporate the water. Carbon 

dioxide from the fermenters would be suitable for this. 

Then the flow is automatically switched back to the 

other column. The total energy requirement for 

regeneration may be significant (the heat of absorption 

for some synthetic zeolites is as high as 2,500 Btu/lb). 

Sieve material is available from the molecular sieve 

manufacturers listed in Appendix E, but columns of the 

size required must be fabricated. The molecular sieve 

material will probably serve for 2,000 cycles or more 

before significant deterioration occurs. 

Selective absorption. Another very promising (though 

undemonstrated) approach to dehydration of ethanol 

has been suggested by Ladisch [I]. Various forms of 

starch (including cracked corn) and cellulose selectively 

absorb water from ethanol-water vapor. In the case of 

grains, this opens the possibility that the feedstock 

could be used to dehydrate the ethanol and, consequently, regeneration would not be required. More investigation and development of this approach is needed. 

Stillage Processing 

The stillage can be a valuable coproduct of ethanol production. The stillage from cereal grains can be used 

as a high-protein component in animal feed rations, 

particularly for ruminants such as steers or dairy cows. 

Small on-farm plants may be able to directly use the 

whole stillage as it is produced since the number of 

cattle needed to consume the stillage is not large (about 

one head per gallon of ethanol production per day). 

Solids separation. The solids can be separated from the 

water to reduce volume (and hence shipping charges) 

and to increase storage life. Because the solids contain 

residual sugars, microbial contaminants rapidly spoil 

stillage if it is stored wet in warm surroundings. The 

separation of the solids can be done easily by flowing 

the stillage over an inclined, curved screen consisting of 

a number of closely-spaced transverse bars. The solids 

slide down the surface of the screen, and the liquid 

flows through the spaces between the bars. The solids 

come off the screen with about 85% water content, 

dripping wet. They can drop off the screen into the 

hopper of a dewatering press which they leave at about 

65% water content. Although the solids are still damp, 

no more water can be easily extracted. The liquid from 

the screen and dewatering press contains a significant 

proportion of dissolved proteins and carbohydrates. 

Transporting solids. The liquid from the screen and 

dewatering press still contains a significant proportion 

of dissolved proteins and carbohydrates. If the damp 

solids are packed in airtight containers in C02 atmosphere, they may be shipped moderate distances and 

stored for a short time before microbes cause major 

spoilage. This treatment would enable the solids from 

most small plants to reach an adequate market. While 

the solids may easily be separated and dewatered, concentrating the liquid (thin stillage) is not simple. It can 

be concentrated by evaporation, but the energy conPLANT DESIGN 
sumption is high unless multiple-effect evaporators are 

used. These evaporators are large and expensive, and 

may need careful management with such proteinaceous 

liquids as thin stillage. 

Stillage from aflatoxin-contaminated grains or those 

treated with antibiotics are prohibited from use as 

animal feed. 

Distillers' solubles, which is the low-concentration 

(3% to 4% solids) solution remaining after the solids are 

dewatered, must be concentrated to a syrup of about 

25% solids before it can be economically shipped moderate distances or stored for short times. In this form it 

can be sold as a liquid protein to be used in mixed feed 

or it can be dried along with the damp distillers' grains. 

Disposing of thin stillage. If the distance from markets 

for the ethanol coproduct necessitates separating and 

dewatering the stillage from an on-farm plant, and if the 

concentration of the stillage for shipment is not feasible, 

then the thin stillage must be processed so that it will 

not be a pollutant when discharged. Thin stillage can be 

anaerobically fermented to produce methane. Conventional flow-through type digesters are dependent upon 

so many variables that they cannot be considered commercially feasible for on-farm use. Experimental work 

with packed-bed digesters is encouraging because of the 

inherent stability observed. 

Another way to dispose of the thin stillage is to apply it 

to the soil with a sprinkler irrigation system. Trials are 

necessary to evaluate the various processes for handling 

the thin stillage. Because the stillage is acidic, care 

must be taken to assure that soil acidity is not adversely 

affected by this procedure. 

PROCESS CONTROL 

Smooth, stable, and trouble-free operation of the whole 

plant is essential to efficient conversion of the crop 

material. Such operation is, perhaps, more important to 

the small ethanol plant than to a larger plant, because 

the latter can achieve efficiency by dependence on 

powerful control systems and constant attention from 

skilled operators. Process control begins with equipment characteristics and the integration of equipment. 

There is an effect on every part of the process if the 

conditions are changed at any point. A good design will 

minimize negative effects of such interactions and will 

prevent any negative disturbance in the system from 

growing. Noncontinuous processes (e.g.,batch fermentation) tend to minimize interactions and to block such 

disturbances. The basic components requiring process 

control in a small-scale ethanol plant are cooking and 

hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation, ethanol drying 

system pumps and drives, and heat source. 

Control of Cooking and Hydrolysis 

Input control. All inputs to the process must be controlled closely enough so that the departures from the 

desired values have inconsequential effects. The batch 

process has inherently wider tolerances than the continuous process. Tolerances on the grain-water ratio can 

be fairly loose. A variation of %% in ethanol content 

will not seriously disturb the system. This corresponds 

to about a 3% tolerance on weight or volume measure. 

Meal measurement should be made by weight, since the 

weight of meal filling a measured volume will be sensitive to many things, such as grain moisture content, atmospheric humidity, etc. Volume measurement of water 

is quite accurate and easier than weighing. Similarly, 

volume measurement of enzymes in liquid form is 

within system tolerances. Powdered enzymes ideally 

should be measured by weight but, in fact, the tolerance 

on the proportion of the enzymes is broad enough so 

that volume measure also is adequate. 

Temperature, pH, and enzyme control. The temperature, pH, and enzyme addition must also be controlled. The allowed variation of several degrees 

means that measurement of temperature to a more than 

adequate precision can be easily accomplished with 

calibrated, fast-response indicators and read-outs. The 

time dependence brings in other factors for volume and 

mass. A temperature measurement should be revresentative of the whole volume of the cooker; however, this 

may not be possible because, as the whole mass is 

heating, not all parts are receiving the same heat input at 

a given moment since some parts are physically far 

removed from the heat source. This affects not only the 

accuracy of the temperature reading but also the cooking time and the action of the enzyme. Uniformity of 

temperature and of enzyme concentration throughout 

the mass of cooking mash is desired and may be attained 

by mixing the mass at a high rate. Thus, agitation is 

needed for the cooker. The temperature during the 

specific phases of cooking and hydrolysis must be controlled by regulating steam and cooling water flow-rates 

based on temperature set-points. 

Automatic controls. An automatic controller could be 

used to turn steam and cooling water on and off. The 

flow of meal, water, enzymes, and yeast could be turned 

on and off by the same device. Therefore, the loading 

and preparation of a batch cooker or fermenter could 

easily be carried out automatically. Safety can be 

ensured by measuring limiting values of such quantities 

as temperature, water level, pH, etc., and shutting down 

the process if these were not satisfied. Any commercial 

boiler used in a small plant would be equipped with 

simple, automatic controls including automatic shutdown in case certain conditions are not met. There is a 

need for an operator to check on the system to assure 

that nothing goes wrong. For example, the mash can set 

44 FUEL FROM FARMS 
up during cooking, and it is better to have an operator 

exercise judgment in this case than to leave it entirely to 

the controls. Since cooking is the step in which there is 

the greatest probability of something going wrong, an 

operator should be present during the early, critical 

stages of batch cooking. If continuous cooking is used, 

unattended operation requires that the process be well 

enough controlled so that there is a small probability of 

problems arising. 

Control of Fermentation 

Temperature and pH control. Batch fermentation does 

not need direct feedback control except to maintain 

temperature as long as the initial conditions are within 

acceptable limits, For the small plant, these limits are 

not very tight. The most significant factors are pH and 

temperature. Of the two, temperature is most critical. It 

is very unlikely that the change in pH will be great 

enough to seriously affect the capacity of the yeast to 

convert the sugar. Fermentation generates some heat, so 

the temperature of the fermenter tends to rise. Active 

cooling must be available to assure that summertime 

operations are not drastically slowed because of hightemperature yeast retardation. 

The temperature of the fermenter can be measured and, 

if the upper limit is exceeded, cooling can be initiated. 

It is possible to achieve continuous control of the 

fermenter temperature through modulation of the 

cooling rate of the contents. Such a provision may be 

necessary for very fast fermentation. 

Automatic control. Continuous fermentation, like continuous cooking, should have continuous, automatic 

control if constant attendance by an operator is to be 

avoided. 

The feasibility of continuous, Snattended fermentation 

in on-farm plants has not been demonstrated, although 

it is a real possibility. 

Control with attention at intervals only. The feasibility 

of batch fermentation with attention at intervals 

has been established. After initiating the cooking 

and hydrolysis steps, the operator could evaluate the 

progress of fermentation at the end of the primary 

phase and make any adjustments necessary to assure 

successful completion of the fermentation. This interval 

between the points requiring operator attention can vary 

widely, but is usuaIly from 8 to 12 hours. Fermentation 

can be very fast-as short as 6 hours-but the conditions and procedures for reliably carrying out such fast 

fermentations have not yet been completely identified 

and demonstrated. The schedule for attending the plant 

should allow about 15% additional time over that expected for completion of the fermentation process. This 

permits the operator to maintain a routine in spite of inevitable variations in fermentation time. 

Controls for Distillation 

The distillation process lends itself well to unattended 

operation. Continuous control is not mandatory 

because the inputs to the columns can easily be established and maintained essentially constant. These inputs 

include the flow rate of beer, the flow rate of steam, and 

the reflux flow rate. These are the only independent 

variables. Many other factors influence column operation, but they are fixed by gegmetry or are effectively 

constant. Once the distillation system is stabilized, 

only changes in ambient temperature might affect the 

flow balance as long as the beer is of constant ethanol 

content. Sensitivity to ambient temperature can be 

minimized by the use of insulation on all elements of the 

distillation equipment, and by installing the equipment 

in an insulated building. Occasional operator attention 

will suffice to correct the inevitable slow drift away 

from set values. The system also must be adjusted for 

changes in ethanol content from batch to batch. 

Distillation column design can aid in achieving stable 

operation. Packed columns are somewhat more stable 

than plate columns, particularly as compared to simple 

sieve plates. 

Starting up the distillation system after shutdown 

is not difficult and can be accomplished either manually or automatically. An actual sequence of events is 

portrayed in the representative plant described at the 

end of this chapter. The process is quite insensitive to 

the rate of change of inputs, so the demands made on 

the operator are not great. It is important that the 

proper sequence be followed and that the operator 

know what settings are desired for steady-state operation. 

Control of Ethanol Drying System 

Operation of a molecular sieve is a batch process. 

As such, it depends on the capacity of the desiccant to 

ensure completion of drying. No control is necessary 

except to switch ethanol flow to a regenerated column 

when the active column becomes water-saturated. 

Water saturation of the sieve can be detected by a rise 

in temperature at the discharge of the column. This 

temperature rise signals the switching of flow to the 

other column, and regeneration of the inactive column 

is started immediately. The regeneration gas, probably 

C02 from the fermenter, is heated by flue gas from the 

boiler. The control consists of initiating flow and 

setting the temperature. The controller performs two 

functions: it indicates the flow and sets the temperature 

of the gas. Two levels of temperature are necessary: the 

first (about 250" F) is necessary while alcohol clinging to 

the molecular sieve material is being evaporated; the second (about 450" F) is necessary to evaporate the adsorbed water. Here again, the completion of each phase 

of the regeneration cycle is signaled by a temperature 

change at the outlet from the column. Finally, the colPLANT DESIGN 
Figure V-2. Generic 

umn is cooled by passing cool C02 through it until or variable-speed pumps. Hydraulic drive permits the 

another outlet temperature change indicates completion installation of the one motor driving the pumps to be 

of the regeneration cycle. The controls required for a located in another part of the building, thereby 

dehydration distillation column are essentially the same eliminating a potential ignition source. It also provides 

as those required for the rectification column. inexpensive, reliable, infinitely variable speed control 

Controls for Pumps and Drives for each motor. Hydraulic drives could also be used for 

the augers, and the agitators for the cookers and 

The pumps used in this plant can be either centrifugal or fermeniers. Since hydrihcs are used universally in 

any one of a number of forms of positive displacement farm equipment, their management and maintenance is 

pumps. The selection of the pump for mash or beer familar to farmers. 

needs to take into account the heavy solids loading 

(nearly 25% for mash), the low pH (down to 3.5 for Heat Source Controls 

the beer), and the mild abrasive action of the mash. 

The pumps might be powered by any of a number of 

different motors. The most probable would be either 

electric or hydraulic. If electric motors are used, 

they should be explosion-proof. Constant speed electric motors and pumps are much less expensive than 

variable-speed motors. Control of the volume flow 

for the beer pump, the two reflux pumps, and the 

product pump would involve either throttling with a 

valve, recirculation of part of the flow through a valve, 

There are basically two processes within the ethanol 

production system that require heat: the cooking and 

the distillation steps. Fortunately, this energy can be 

supplied in low-grade heat (less than 250" F). Potential sources of heat include coal, agriculture residues, 

solar, wood wastes, municipal wastes, and others. 

Their physical properties, bulk density, calorific 

value, moisture content, and chemical constituency vary 

widely. This, in turn, requires a greater diversity in 

equipment for handling the fuel and controls for 

operating the boilers. Agriculture residues vary in bulk 

46 FUEL FROM FARMS 
Ethanol Storage Tank 

Stillage 

Pump 

Anhydrous Ethanol Plant 

density from 15 to 30 pounds per cubic foot and the 

calorific value of oven-dry material is generally around 

8,000 Btu per pound. This means that a large volume of 

fuel must be fed to the boiler continuously. For 

example, a burner has been developed that accepts 

large, round bales of stover or straw. The boiler feed 

rate will vary in direct proportion to the demand for 

steam. This in turn is a function of the distillation 

rate, the demand for heat for cooking (which varies in 

relation to the type of cooker and fermenter 

used-batch or continuous). 

Emissions. Emissions controls on the boiler stack are 

probably minimal, relying instead upon efficient burner 

operation to minimize particulate emissions. If exhaust 

gas scrubbers or filters are required equipment, they in 

turn require feedback control. Filters must be changed 

on the basis of pressure drop across them which indicates the degree of loading (plugging). Scrubbers require control of liquid flow rate and control of critical 

chemical parameters. 

Boikr safety features. Safety features associated with 

the boiler are often connected to the control scheme to 

protect the boiler from high-pressure rupture and to 

prevent burnout of the heat expander tubes. Alarm 

systems can be automated and have devices to alert an 

operator that attention is needed. For instance, critical 

control alarms can activate a radio transmitter, or 

"beeper," that can be worn by the farmer while performing other normal work routine. 

REPRESENTATIVE ETHANOL PLANT 

General descriptions of major components serve only 

to define possibilities. In the previous section, considerations for specifying the appropriate equipment to 

accomplish desired objectives were examined. The 

following is a description of a specific representative 

ethanol plant producing ethanol and wet stillage. This 

representative plant normally produces 25 gallons of 

anhydrous ethanol per hour. The distillation section 

can be operated continuously with shutdown as required 

to remove protein buildup in the beer column. Heat is 

provided by a boiler that uses agricultural residue as 

fuel. The plant is designed for maximum flcaibilit y, but 

PLANT DESIGN 
its principal feedstocks are cereal grain, with specific 

emphasis on corn. 

This representative plant should not be construed as a 

best design or the recommended approach. Its primary 

purpose is to illustrate ethanol production technology. 

Overview of the Plant 

As shown in Figure V-2, the representative plant has 

seven main systems: (1) feed preparation and storage, 

(2) cookerlfermenter, (3) distillation, (4) stillage 

storage, (5) dehydration, (6) product storage, (7) and 

boiler. Grain from storage ii.milled once a week to fill 

the meal bin. Meal from the bin is mixed to make mash 

in one of three cooker/fermenters. The three cooker/fermenters operate on a staggered schedule-one 

starting, one fermenting, and one pumping out-to 

maintain a full beer well so the distillation section can be 

run continuously. The beer well provides surge capacity 

so that the fermenters can be emptied, cleaned, and 

restarted without having to wait until the still can drain 

them down. Beer is fed from the beer well to the beer 

still through a heat exchanger that passes the cool beer 

counter-current to the hot stillage from the bottom of 

the beer still. This heats up the beer and recovers some 

of the heat from the stillage. 

The beer still is a sieve-plate column. The feed is 

introduced at the top of the stripping section. Vapors 

from the beer column flow into the bottom of the rectifying column where the ethanol fraction is enriched to 

95%. The product is condensed and part of it is recycled 

(refluxed) to the top of the column and if ethanol 

is being dried at the time, part of it is pumped to the 

dehydration section. If the ethanol is not being dried, it 

flows directly to a storage tank for 190-proof ethanol (a 

separate tank must be used for the anhydrous ethanol). 

The stillage that is removed from the bottom of the beer 

column is pumped through the previously mentioned 

heat exchanger and is stored in a "whole stillage" 

tank. This tank provides surge capacity when a truck is 

unavailable to haul the stillage to the feeder operation. 

The distillation columns are designed for inherent 

stability once flow conditions are established so a 

minimum of automatic feedback control and insirumentation is required. This not only saves money for 

this equipment but it reduces instrument and/or 

controller-related malfunctions. Material flows for 

cooling and fermentation are initiated manually but 

proceed automatically. A sequencer microprocessor (a 

miniature compuier) controls temperature and pH in 

the cooker/fermenters. It also activates addition of 

enzymes and yeast in the proper amounts at the proper 

times. At any point, the automatic sequence can be 

manually overridden. 

The period of operation is quite flexible, and allows for 

interruptions of operation during planting or harvest 

time. The 25 gallons per hour production is a nominal 

capacity, not a maximum. All support equipment is 

similarly sized so that slightly higher production rates 

can be achieved if desired. 

The control and operating logic for the plant is based on 

minimal requirements for operator attention. Critical 

activities are performed on a routine periodic basis so 

that other farming operations can be handled during the 

bulk of the day. All routines are timed to integrate with 

normal chore activities without significant disruption. 

A complete equipment list is given in Table V-3. The 

major components are described in Table V-4. 

Start-up and Shutdown 

The following is a sequence for starting-up or shutting 

down the plant. 

Preliminaries. For the initial start-up, a yeast culture 

must be prepared or purchased. The initial yeast culture 

can use a material such as molasses; later cultures can be 

grown on recycled stillage. Yeast, molasses, and some 

water should be added to the yeast culture tank to make 

the culture. Although yeasts function anaerobically, 

they propagate aerobically, so some oxygen should be 

introduced by bubbling a small amount of air through 

the culture tank. The initial yeast culture will take about 

24 hours to mature. 

At this time, the boiler can be started. Instructions 

packaged with the specific boiler will detail necessary 

steps to bring the unit on-line (essentially the boiler 

is filled with water and the heat source started). These 

instructions should be carefully followed, otherwise 

there is the possibility of explosion. 

The next step is the milling of grain for the cooker/ 

fermenter. Enough grain should be milled for two 

fermentation batches (about 160 bushels). 

Prior to loading the fermenter, it should be cleaned well 

with a strong detergent, rinsed, decontaminated with a 

strong disinfectant, and then rinsed with cold water to 

flush out the disinfectant. 

Mash Preparation. The amount of meal put in the 

cooker/fermenter depends upon the size of batch 

desired. For the first batch it is advisable to be conservative and start small. If the batch is ruined, not 

as much material is wasted. A 2,000-gallon batch would 

be a good size for this representative plant. This will 

require mixing 80 bushels of ground meal with about 

500 gallons of water to form a slurry that is about 40% 

starch. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TABLE V-3. EQUIPMENT FOR REPRESENTATIVE PLANT 

Equipment Description 

Grain Bin 

Back-Pressure 

Regulators 

Back-Pressure 

Regulator 

Beer Storage 

Tank 

Condenser, 

Distiller 

Condenser 

Cooker, 

Fermenter 

Microprocessor 

Beer Still 

Alcohol Still 

C02 

Compressor 

Frangibles 

ground carbon steel 

360 bu with auger for measuring 

and loading cooker/fermenter 

0-50 in. of water 

100-200 psig 

6,000-gal 

carbon steel 

225 ft2, tube and shell 

copper coil (single tube, 1 %-ft 

diameter) 

steel shell cooled 

50 ft2 

copper coil (single tube) 

steel shell 

4,500-gal 

hydraulic agitator 

carbon steel 

to control heat for cooking, 

cooling water during 

fermentation, and addition of 

enzymes 

18-ft height 

1 -ft diameter 

sieve trays 

carbon steel 

24-ft height 

1-ft diameter 

sieve trays 

carbon steel 

1,500 ft3/hr, 200 psig 

4-5 psig burst 

alarm system 

high and low pressure 

- - 

Equipment Description 

Heat Exchanger 

Heat Exchanger 

Hydraulic 

System for 

Pumps 

Grain Mill 

Beer Pump 

Yeast Pump 

Feed Pump 

Stillage Pump 

Column 2 

Bottoms Pump 

Column 2 

Product and 

Reflux Pumr, 

150 ft2, tube and shell 

copper coil (single tube, 2-in.) 

diameter) 

steel shell 

100 ft2 

stack gas 

carbon steel 

with shut-off valves tied to 

microprocessor monitoring pump 

pressures and frangible vent 

temperature 

300 bu/hr 

roller type 

positive displacement 

hydraulic drive 

variable speed 

carbon steel, 50 gal/min 

positive displacement 

hydraulic drive 

variable speed 

carbon steel, 10 gal/min 

300 gal/hr 

variable speed 

positive displacement 

hydraulic drive 

carbon steel 

300 galfhr 

variable speed 

positive displacement 

hydraulic drive 

carbon steel 

250 gal/hr 

open impeller 

centrifugal hydraulic drive 

carbon steel 

PLANT DESIGN 
TABLE V-3. EQUIPMENT FOR REPRESENTATIVE PLANT-Continued 

Equipment Description 

open impeller 

centrifugal hydraulic drive 

carbon steel 

Ethanol 

Transfer Pump centrifugal 

explosion-proof motor 

50 gal/min 

Water Pump electric 

open impeller 

centrifugal 

300 gal/min 

Rotameter 0 

Rotameter 0 

Rotameter 0 

Rotameter 0 

Boiler 

Stillage Pump 0 

0 

Pressure Gauges 0 

water fluid 

glass 

25 gal/min 

glass 

0-250 gal/hr 

glass 

0- 150 gal/hr 

glass 

0-50 gal/hr 

glass 

200 psig 

100 actual ftVhr 

500 hp, with sillage burning 

system 

electric motor 

positive displacement 

600 gal/hr 

6, 0-100 psig 

1, 0-200 psig 

Equipment Description 

Pressure 

Transducers 4, 0-100 psig 

Ethanol Drying 

Columns includes molecular sieve packing 

3-angstrom synthetic zeolite 

Condensate 

Receiver 30-gal, horizontal 

carbon steel 

Ethanol Storage 

Tank carbon steel 

9,000-gal 

C02 Storage 100-gal, 200 psig 

Stillage Storage 

Tank 4,500-gal 

carbon steel 

Thermocouples type K, stainless sheath 

Multichannel 

Digital 

Temperature 

Readout 15 channels 

Ball Valve-65 

Metering 

Valve-6 

Three-Way 

Valve-4 

Snap Valve 

Water Softener 300 gal/hr 

Yeast Culture 

Tank carbon steel 

200-gal 

TABLE V-4. FEATURES OF MAJOR PLANT COMPONENTS 

Feedstock Storage and Preparation I 

Components Features 

Grain Mill roller mill that grinds product to I Meal Bin corrugated, rolled galvanized steel 

pass a 20-mesh screen with 360-bu capacity 

Components Features 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TABLE V-4. FEATURES OF MAJOR PLANT COMPONENTS-Continued 

Components Features 

Auger 

Trip buckets 

Cooker/Fermenter 

3 Cookers 

used for feeding meal to 

cooker/fermenter 

used to automatically measure 

meal in proper quantity; as 

buckets fill, they become 

unbalanced and tip over into the 

cooker/fermenter; each time a 

bucket tips over, it trips a 

counter; after the desired number 

of buckets are dumped, the 

counter automatically shuts off 

the auger and resets itself to zero 

4,500-gal right cylinder made of 

cold-rolled, welded carbon steel 

Figure V-3. CookerlFermenter 

flat top 

0 conical bottom 

ball-valve drain port 

Components Features 

Glucoamylase 

Enzyme 

Tanks 

Sequencer 

top-mounted feed port 

hydraulic agitator 

cooling coils 

pH meter 

sodium hydroxide tank 

dilute sulfuric acid tank 

temperature-sensing control, 

preset by sequences 

steam injection 

5-gal capacity 

fitted with stirrer 

ball-valve port to 

cooker/fermenter triggered by 

sequencer 

controls cooking fermentation 

sequences 

actuates ball-valve to add 

glucoamylase enzyme after 

temperature drops from 

liquefaction step 

sequences temperature controller 

for cooker/fermenter 

sets pH reading for pH controller 

according to step 

6,000-gal capacity 

cold-rolled, welded carbon steel 

flat top 

conical bottom 

ball-valve port at bottom 

man-way on top, normally kept 

closed (used for cleaning access 

only) 

PLANT DESIGN 
TABLE V-4. FEATURES OF MAJOR PLANT COMPONENTS-Continued 

Components Features 

Beer/Stillage 

Heat 

Exchanger 2-ft diameter, 3-ft tall-beer 

flows through coil, stillage flows 

through tank 

a 

LJ 

Figure V-4. BeerWillage Heat Exchanger 

Beer Pump pump from any of the three 

cooker/fermenters to beer well, 

hydraulic motor on pump 

Figure V-5. Beer Pum~ 

Feed Pump 

Distillation 

Beer Still 

pump beer to distillation system, 

hydraulic motor on pump 

1-ft diameter 

20-ft tall coated carbon steel pipe 

with flanged top and bottom 

fitted with a rack of sieve trays 

that can be removed either 

through the top or bottom 

Components Features 

steam introduced at bottom 

through a throttle valve 

pump at the bottom to pump 

stillage out, hydraulic motor on 

Pump 

input and output flows are 

controlled through manually 

adjusted throttle valves 

safety relief valves prevent excess 

pressure in column 

instrumentation includes 

temperature indication on feed 

line and at the bottom of the still, 

sight-glass on bottom to maintain 

liquid level, pressure indicators 

on the outlet of the stillage pump 

Figure V-6. Beer Still 

Rectifying 

Column 20-ft tall 

1-ft diameter 

coated carbon steel pipe with 

flanged top, welded bottom to 

prevent ethanol leaks 

fitted with rack of sieve-plates 

which can be removed through 

the top 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TABLE V.4. FEATURES OF MAJOR PLANT COMPONENTS-Continued 

Components Features 

- 

pump at bottom of column 

refluxes ethanol at set rate back 

to beer still, rate is set with 

throttle valve and rotameter, 

hydraulic motor on pump 

Figure V-7. Rectifying Column Rotameter 

instrumentation consists of 

temperature indication at top 

and bottom of column and level 

indication at bottom by sightglass, pressure is indicated on the 

outlet of the recirculation pump 

Figure V.8. Rectifying Column Sight-Glass 

Condenser ethanol condenses (in copper 

coil), water flows through tank 

cooling water flow-rate is 

manually adjusted 

Components Features 

Dehydration Secton 

2 Molecular 

Sieves packed bed 

synthetic zeolite, type 

3A-molecular sieve material 

automatic regeneration 

automatic temperature control 

during regeneration 

throttle flow control to sieves 

adjusted manually 

Figure V-9. Molecular Sieves 

co2 

Compressor 2-stage air compressor with 

reservoir (conventional) 

Denaturing 

Tank meets Bureau of Alcohol, 

Tobacco, and Firearms 

specifications (See Appendix B) 

Ethanol Storage 

2 Ethanol 

Storage Tanks 3,000-gal capacity each 

same as gasoline storage tanks 

cold-rolled, welded carbon steel 

Stillage 

Storage 

Tank 6,000-gal capacity 

cold-rolled, welded carbon steel 

PLANT DESIGN 
Cooking. The water and meal are blended together as 

they are added to the cooker/fermenter. It is crucial 

to use rates that promote mixing and produce no lumps 

(the agitator should be running). The alpha-amylase 

enzyme can be blended-in during the mixing (the enzyme must be present and well mixed before the 

temperature is raised because it is very difficult 

to disperse the enzyme after gelatinization occurs). 

Since cooking in this representative plant is initiated by 

steam injection during slurry-mixing, the enzyme must 

be blended in simultaneously. (Dry enzymes should be 

dispersed in a solution of warm water before mixing is 

started. This only takes a small amount of water, and 

the directions come on the package. Liquid enzymes can 

be added directly.) If the pH is lower than 5.5, it should 

be adjusted by addition of a calculated amount of 

sodium hydroxide. If the pH is higher than 7.0, a 

calculated amount of sulfuric acid should be added. 

Steam is added at a constant rate to achieve uniform 

heating. When the temperature reaches 140" F (60" C), 

the physical characteristics of the mash change 

noticeably as the slurry of starch becomes a solution of 

sugar. If there is insufficient enzyme present or if 

heating is too rapid, a gel will result that is too thick to 

stir or add additional enzyme to. If a gel does form, 

more water and enyzme can be added (if there is room in 

the tank) and the cook can start over. 

Once liquefaction occurs, the temperature is uniformly 

raised to the range for optimum enzyme activity (from 

194" F to 204" F) and held for about half an hour. At 

the end of this time, a check is made to determine if all 

of the starch has been converted to paste. A visual 

inspection usually is sufficient; incomplete conversion 

will be indicated by white specks of starch or lumps; a 

thin, fluid mash indicates good conversion. The mash is 

held at this temperature until'most of the starch is converted to dextrin. 

Saccharification. Once the mash is converted to dextrin, 

the microprocessor is manually started and (1) reduces 

the temperature of the mash to about 140" F (60" C) by 

circulating cooling water through the coils; and (2) adds 

dilute sulfuric acid (&Sod) until the pH drops to between 3.7 and 4.5 (H2S04 addition is controlled by a pH 

meter and a valve on the %So4 tank). Once the pH and 

temperature are within specified ranges, the microprocessor triggers the release of liquid glucoamylase 

(which must be premixed if dry enzyme is used) from its 

storage tank. Either sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid is 

added automatically as required to maintain proper pH 

during conversion. he microprocessor also holds the 

mash at a constant temperature by regulating steam 

and/or cooling water flow for a preset period of time. 

The sequencer can be overridden if the conversion is not 

complete. 

Fermentation. After hydrolysis is complete, the sequencer lowers the temperature of the mash to about 

85 " F by adding the remaining 1,500 gallons of water 

(and by circulating cooling water thereafter as 

necessary). The water addition will raise the pH of 

the solution so the sequencer automatically adjusts the 

pH to between 4.5 and 5.0. Next, the sequencer adds a 

premeasured quantity of dispersed distillers' yeast 

from the yeast tank. (Note that the yeast tank is not 

on top of the cooker/fermenter as high temperatures 

during cooking would kill the culture.) Thereafter, the 

sequencer maintains the temperature between 80" F and 

85" F and the pH between 4.0 and 5.0. The agitator 

speed is reduced from that required during cooking to a 

rate which prevents solids from settling, but does not 

disturb the yeast. The batch is then allowed to ferment 

for 36 to 40 hours. 

Pump-Out and Cleanup. After a batch is complete, it is 

pumped to the beer well and the fermenter is hosed out 

to remove any remaining solids. 

Distillation. Once the beer well is full, the distillation 

system can be started up. This process involves the 

following steps. 

1. Turn on the condenser cooling water. 

2. Purge the still with steam. This removes oxygen 

from the system by venting at the top of the second column. When steam is seen coming out of 

the vent, the steam can be temporarily shut off 

and the vent closed. Purging the still with steam 

not only removes oxygen, but also helps to preheat 

the still. 

3. Pump beer into the still. The beer is pumped in until it is visible at the top of the sight-glass. 

4. Turn steam on and add beer. This process of adding beer and watching the liquid level movement 

to adjust the steam level will be repeated several 

times as the columns are loaded. Initially, steam 

flows should be set at a low level to prevent 

overloading the trays which might require shutdown and restart. During this period the valves in 

the reflux line are fully opened but the reflux 

pump is left off until enough liquid has built up in 

the condensate receiver. This prevents excessive 

wear on the pump. The reflux line between the two 

columns should also be opened and that reflux 

pump should be left off. The liquid level in the 

bottom of the beer still should be monitored and 

when it drops to half way, beer should be fed back 

into the column to refill the bottom of the still. 

The liquid level should continue to drop; if it does 

not, additional steam should be fed into the still 

bottom. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Start reflux pump between the beer still and rectifying column. When liquid starts to accumulate 

in the bottom of the rectifying column, the reflux 

pump between this still and the beer still is started. 

Flow in this line should be slow at first and then 

increase as more and more material reaches the 

rectifying column. When reflux is started to the 

beer still, the steam feed-rate will have to be slightly increased, because reflux tends to cool down a 

column. 

Start pump for reflux from the condensate 

receiver to rectifying column. Eventually, enough 

vapor will have been condensed to fill the condensate receiver. Then, the pump for the reflux to 

the rectifying column can be started. Flow for this 

reflux line should be slow at first and then increased as more and more material distills. It should be 

noted that temperatures in the columns will be increasing as this process takes place. When the top 

temperature of the rectifying column is no longer 

increasing, the liquid levels in the bottom of the 

two columns are changing, and the condensate 

receiver level is no longer changing. Then, the 

reflux flow rates are at their designed flow and the 

column has reached equilibrium. 

Set beer feed pump, stillage pump, and product 

take-off at their designed flow. Initially, dhe beer 

feed entering the beer still will be cooler than normal; the heat exchanger has not heated up yet. For 

this reason the steam to the beer still will need to 

be slightly increased. The thermocouple at the 

feed point will indicate when the feed is being 

heated to its designed temperature. At this time, 

the steam rate can be slightly lowered. Some 

minor adjustments will probably be needed. It 

must be kept in mind that this is a large system, 

and it takes some time for all points to react to a 

change in still conditions. All adjustments should 

be made, and then a period of time should be 

allowed before any additional adjustments are 

made. 

Check product quality. Product quality at this 

time should be checked to insure that ethanol concentration is at the designed level. If it is lower 

than anticipated, the reflux ratio should be increased slightly. An increase in reflux cools the 

columns and additional heat must be applied to 

compensate for this. Also, the product flow-rate 

will be slightly decreased; therefore, flow rate to 

the still should also be varied. The ethanol concentration in the stillage should be checked to ensure 

that it does not exceed design concentration 

significantly. 

Dry ethanol. After the ethanol leaves the distillation column, it must be further dried by passing 

through the molecular sieve drying columns and 

then stored in the ethanol storage tank. Literature 

from the vendor of the molecular sieve material 

will indicate at what temperature that flow must 

be switched to the other unit. 

10. Regenerate spent sieve material. Carbon dioxide 

(C02) is used to regenerate the molecular sieve 

material. The C02 is collected from the fermentation system and compressed-C02 storage tank. To 

regenerate the molecular sieve material, the lines 

for regeneration are opened. Next, the C02 line is 

opened to allow flow to the stack heat exchanger 

and then on to the sieve columns. A rotameter in 

the COr line is set to control the C02 flow-rate to 

the desired level. The molecular sieve columns are 

heated to about 450" F during regeneration. After 

regeneration is complete, the column is cooled 

down by C02 which bypasses the stack heat exchanger. 

This essentially covers all the steps involved in the 

start-up of the plant. It should again be emphasized that 

caution must be exercised when operating any system of 

this complexity. If proper care is taken, and changes 

to the system operation are thought out sufficiently, 

successful plant operation will be achieved. 

Shutdown. The second period of operation which differs significantly from normal operation is that period 

when the plant is being shut down. Proper care must be 

taken during shutdown to ensure both minimal losses of 

product and ease of restarting the process. 

As the fermenters are individually shut down, they 

should be cleaned well to inhibit any unwanted 

microbial growth. The initial rinse from the fermenters 

can be pumped to the beer storage tank. Subsequent 

rinses should be discarded. The processing of this rinse 

material through the stills can continue until the top 

temperature of the beer column reaches 200" F. At this 

time, the unit should be put on total reflux. 

During this shutdown period, the product quality will 

have degraded slightly, but the molecular sieve column 

will remove any additional water in the ethanol product. 

The stillage from the distillation system can be sent to 

the stillage storage system until the stillage is essentially 

clean. At this point, the steam to the column should 

be shut off and the column should be allowed to cool. 

During cooling, the column should be vented to prevent 

system damage. The pressure inside the column will be 

reduced as it cools. The air which enters the column 

at this time can be purged with steam prior to the 

next period of operation. The molecular sieve drying 

columns can be regenerated if necessary. The boiler 

should be shut down. If the shutdown period is of any 

PLANT DESIGN 
significant duration, the boiler should be drained. If the 

plant is to be shut down for a short term, the fermenters 

should not require any additional cleaning. After an 

extended shutdown period, it is advisable to clean the 

fermenters in a manner similar to that performed at the 

initial start-up. 

Shutdown periods are the best time to perform preventive maintenance. The column trays can .be cleaned, 

pump seals replaced, etc. The important thing to 

remember is that safety must not be overlooked at this 

time. Process lines should be opened carefully because, 

even after extended periods of shutdown, lines can still 

be pressurized. If it is necessary to enter tanks, they 

must be well vented. It is suggested that an air line 

be placed in the tanks and that they be purged with 

air for several hours before they are entered. Also, a 

tank should never be entered without another person 

stationed outside the tank in case an emergency situation arises. 

Daily Operation 

The day-by-day operation of the representative on-farm 

plant requires the attention of the operator for two 

periods of about two hours each every day. 

Each morning, the operator begins by checking the condition of the plant. All systems are operative because the 

operator would have been alerted by the alarm if there 

had been a shutdown during the night. A quick check 

will confirm that the beer flow and reflux flows are near 

desired values. The temperature of the top 

plate of the rectifying column and the proof of the 

product before drying should be checked. Even if the 

proof is low, the final product should be dry because the 

dryer removes essentially all of the water, regardless of 

input proof. However, excessively low entering proof 

could eventually overload the regeneration system. If 

the proof before drying is low, reflux flow is adjusted to 

correct it. 

Next the fermenter that has completed fermentation is 

checked. The concentration of ethanol is checked and 

compared to the value indicated by the sugar content at 

the beginning of fermentation. If the concentration is 

suitable, the contents of the fermenter are dumped into 

the beer well. The inside of the fermenter is washed 

briefly with a high-pressure water stream. Then the 

fermenter is filled with preheated water from the 

holding tank. 

The operator next checks the condition of the boiler and 

bale burner. The bale burner is reloaded with two of the 

large, round bales of corn stover from the row outside 

of the building. A front-end loader is used for this. 

The operator returns to the fermenter that is being 

filled. It is probably half filled at this time, and the 

flow of meal into the tank is begun from the overhead 

meal bin. The flow rate is continuously measured and 

indicated, and will cut off when the desired amount is 

reached. The agitator in the tank is started. The liquefying enzyme is added at this time. The operator checks 

the temperature. When the tank is nearly full, steam is 

admitted to bring the temperature up to cooking value. 

The operator checks the viscosity until it is clear that 

liquefaction is taking place. 

The operator now prepares for the automatically controlled sequence of the remaining steps of cooling and 

fermenting. The microprocessor controls these steps, 

and it will be activated at this time. However, the 

operator must load the saccharifying enzyme into its 

container. The enzyme is dumped into the fermentation 

tank on signal from the microprocessor. The yeast is 

pumped into the fermenter from the yeast tub, also 

on signal from the microprocessor. After cooking is 

complete, the microprocessor initiates the flow of cold 

water into coils in the vessel which cools the mash to the 

temperature corresponding to saccharification. When 

the appropriate temperature is reached, the enzyme is 

introduced. After a predetermined time, the converted 

mash is cooled to fermentation temperature, again by 

circulating cold water through the coils. When fermentation temperature is reached, the yeast is pumped into 

the fermenter. All of these operations are controlled by 

the microprocessor and do not require the operator's 

presence. 

Once the fermentation is initiated, the operator can 

check the condition of the distillation columns and turn 

hidher attention to the products. The driver of the 

truck which delivers the whole stillage to the dairies and 

feeding operations will have finished filling the tank 

truck. If it is time for the pick-up of the ethanol, the 

operator may be joined by a field agent of the BATF 

who supervises the denaturing operation and checks the 

recorded flows of the plant to ensure that the product in 

storage is all that has been produced since the last pickup. The distributions driver would then load the truck 

and start back to the bulk station. 

In the evening the operator repeats the same operation 

with the exception of grinding meal and delivering the 

product, 

MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST 

Table V-5 provides a general timetable for proper 

maintenance of a representative ethanol plant. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TABLE V-5. MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST 

Bale Burner 

Remove ash 

Lubricate fans 

Check fan belts 

Water Softener 

Regenerate and backwash 

Check effectiveness 

Boiler 

Blow flues and Cat heater 

Check tubes and remove scale 

Roller Mill 

Check for roller damage 

Check driver belts 

Elevator Leg to Meal Bin 

Lubricate 

Yeast Tubs 

Change air filter 

Fermenters 

Sterilize 

Wash down outside 

Back Pressure Bubblers 

Clean out 

Beer Well 

Sterilize and wash down 

daily 

monthly 

monthly 

weekly 

yearly 

monthly 

monthly 

weekly 

monthly 

monthly 

monthly 

every 3rd week 

weekly 

weekly 

weekly 

Steam Lines 

Blow condensate 

Beer Preheater 

Clean both sides 

Beer Column 

Clean out 

Sight Glasses 

Clean out 

Flow Meters 

Clean out 

Condenser 

Descale water side 

Stillage Tank 

Clean and sterilize 

Pumps 

Check seals and end play 

Lubricate 

Hydraulic System and Motors 

Check for leaks 

Change filter 

Top-up 

daily 

weekly 

weekly 

weekly 

as needed 

monthly 

monthly 

weekly 

per manufacturer 

daily 

per manufacturer 

as necessary 

PLANT DESIGN 
CHAPTER VI 

Business Plan 
CHAPTER VI 

Business Plan 

Preliminary planning is a prerequisite for the success of 

any project. Development of an ethanol plant involves 

planning not only the production process but also the 

management form and financial base. 

The first step is to determine the financial requirements 

and relate them to the individual situation. From this the 

optimal organizational form can be selected, and the 

financing options can be examined. 

The case study included in this chapter is an example of 

how a business plan may be completed. Every situation 

is different, however, and this can serve only as an 

example. The decision and planning process described at 

the end of Chapter I1 can be used in conjunction with the 

information in this chapter as tools in the decisionmaking process, which includes analyzing financial 

requirements, choosing an organizational form, and 

selecting potential financing sources. 

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS 

Financial requirements are determined by delineating 

capital costs, equity requirements, and operating 

costs. These requirements are then compared to potential earnings. Capital requirements include the costs for: 

real estate, 

equipment, 

business formation, 

installing equipment, and 

cost of licenses. 

Although additional real estate may not be necessary, 

transfer of real estate to the business entity may be a 

consideration. Some of the equipment required for 

ethanol production has other farm uses and need not be 

charged totally to the ethanol production costs, e.g., 

grain bins and tractors with front-end loaders. 

Equity requirements are established by the financial 

lending institution if borrowed capital is used. Equity 

can be in the form of money in savings, stocks and 

bonds, equipment, real estate, etc. Operating costs include: 

labor, 

maintenance, 

taxes, 

mortgages, 

supplies (raw materials, additives, enzymes, yeast, 

water), 

delivery expenses, 

energy (electricity and fuels), 

insurance and interest on short-term and long-term 

financing, and 

bonding. 

Potential earnings are determined by estimating the 

sales price of ethanol per gallon and then multiplying by 

the number of gallons that the facility can sell, as well as 

income that may be derived from the sale of coproducts 

(determined by the sales price times the quantity that 

can actually be sold). Careful planning of markets for 

coproducts can significantly affect the net income of an 

ethanol production plant. In the case study projected 

financial statement included in this chapter, note the 

difference in net income based on different coproduct 

prices. In addition to actual income derived from the 

sale of ethanol and the coproducts, any savings realized 

by using ethanol to replace other fuels for on-farm 

use can be added to earnings. This is also true for 

coproducts such as stillage that might replace purchased 

feed. 

Once the financial requirements and potential earnings 

are determined, they can be related to the specific situation. Capital costs and equity requirements are related to 

the individual capability to obtain financing. Operation 

costs are compared to potential earnings to illustrate cash 

flow. 

Once this information is acquired and analyzed in relation to the individual's specific situation, a decision 

can be made about the organizational form for the 

production business. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
ORGANIZATIONAL FORM 

The organizational basis is the legal and business 

framework for the ethanol production facility. Broadly 

speaking, there are three principal kinds of business 

structures: proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. 

A proprietor is an individual who operates without 

partners or other associates and consequently has total 

control of the business. A proprietorship is the easiest 

type of organization to begin and end, and has the most 

flexibility in allocating funds. Business profits are 

taxed as personal income and the owner/proprietor is 

personally liable for all debts and taxes. The cost of 

formation is low, especially in this case, since licensing 

involves only the BATF permit to produce ethanol and 

local building permits. 

A partnership is two or more persons contractually 

associated as joint principals in a business venture. This 

is the simplest type of business arrangement for two or 

more persons to begin and end and has good budgetary 

flexibility (although not as good as a proprietorship). 

The partners are taxed separately, with profits as personal income, and all partners are personally liable for 

debts and taxes. A partnership can be established by 

means of a contract between two or more individuals. 

Written contractual agreements are not legally 

necessary, and therefore oral agreements will suffice. In 

a general partnership, each partner is personally liable 

for all debts of the partnership, regardless of the 

amount of equity which each partner has contributed. 

A corporation is the most formalized business structure. 

It operates under the laws of the state of incorporation; 

it has a legal life all its own; it has its scope, activity, and 

name restricted by a charter; it has its profits taxed 

separately from the earnings of the executives or 

managers, and makes only the company (not the owners 

and managers) liable for debts and taxes. A Board of 

Directors must be formed and the purposes of the 

organization must be laid out in a document called 

"The Articles of Incorporation." Initial taxes and certain filing fees must also be paid. Finally, in order to 

carry out the business for which the corporation was 

formed, various official meetings must be held. Since a 

corporation is far more complex in nature than either a 

proprietorship or a partnership, it is wise to have the 

benefit of legal counsel. A corporation has significant 

advantages as far as debts and taxes are concerned. 

Creditors can only claim payments to the extent of a 

corporation's assets; no shareholder can be forced to 

pay off creditors out of his or her pocket, even if the 

company's assets are unequal to the amount of the debt. 

There are often differences in the ease with which a 

business may obtain start-up or operating capital. Sole 

proprietors stand or fall on their own merits and worth, 

When a large amount of funding is needed, it may be 

difficult for one person to have the collateral necessary 

to secure a loan or to attract investors. Partnerships 

have an advantage in that the pooled resources of all the 

partners are used to back up the request for a loan and, 

consequently, it is often easier to obtain a loan because 

each and all of the partners are liable for all debts. 

Corporations are usually in the best position to obtain both initial funding and operating capital as 

the business expands. New shares may be issued; the 

company's assets may be pledged to secure additional 

funding; and bonds may be issued, backed up by the 

assets of the corporation. 

A nonprofit cooperative is a special form of corporation. Such a cooperative can serve as a type of tax 

shelter. While the cooperative benefits each of its 

members, they are not held liable, either individually 

or collectively, for taxes on the proceeds from the sale 

of their products. 

After determining the organizational form, financing 

options can be explored. 

FINANCING 

The specific methods pf financing ethanol production 

plants can be divided into three general classes: private 

financing, public grants and loans, and foundations. 

Private Financing 

Private financing may be obtained from banks, savings 

and loan associations, credit unions, finance corporations, venture capital corporations, corporation stock 

issues, and franchise arrangements. 

Foundations 

Foundations provide funding either through grants or 

through direct participation by gaining equity, usually 

in the form of stocks in the production company. Often 

the investment portfolios that are used to generate income for foundations are composed in part of stocks in 

enterprises they deem appropriate to support the mission of the foundation. 

Public Financing 

Grants or loans are available from several federal 

agencies. Each of the agencies has operating procedures 

and regulations that define appropriate use of their funding. The availability of funds varies from year to year. 

CASE STUDY 

The folIowing case study of the Johnson family demonstrates the process for determining the feasibility of a 

farm-sized fermentation ethanol plant by developing a 

-L 

BUSINESS PLAN 
business plan. It is a realistic example, but the specific 

factors are, of course, different for every situation. 

This process may be used by anyone considering ethanol 

plant development, but the numbers must be taken from 

one's own situation. Table VI-1 delineates the assumptions used in the case study. 

TABLE VI-1. CASE STUDY ASSUMPTIONS 

Corn is the basic feedstock. 

25-gal EtOH/hr production rate. 

Operate 24 hrs/day; 5 daydweek; 50,weekdyr. 

Feed whole stillage to own and neighbors' animals. 

Sell ethanol to jobber for $1.74/gal. 

Sell stillage for 3.9Wgal. 

Corn price is $2.30/bu (on-farm, no delivery 

charge, no storage fees). 

Operating labor is 4 hrs/day at $lO/hr. 

Corn stover cost is $20/ton. 

Equity is $69,000. 

Debt is $163,040; at 15% per annum; paid semiannually. 

Loan period is 15 yrs for plant; 8 yrs for operating 

capital and tank truck. 

Miscellaneous expenses estimated at 12Wgal EtOH 

produced. 

Electricity costs estimated at 2Wgal EtOH produced. 

Enzymes estimated at 4Wgal EtOH produced. 

Background Information 

The Johnson family operates a 1,280-acre corn farm 

which they have owned for 15 years. They feed 200 

calves in their feedlot each year. The family consists of 

Dave, Sue, and three children: Ted, 24 years old and 

married, has been living and working at the farm for 2 

years, and he and his wife have a strong commitment to 

farming; Sara is 22 years old, married, and teaches in a 

town about 250 miles away; Laura is 15 years old, goes 

to high school in town 25 miles away, and also works on 

the farm. 

The Johnsons are concerned about the future cost and 

availability of fuel for their farm equipment. The 

Johnsons have known about using crops to produce 

ethanol for fuel for a long time, and recent publicity 

about it has rekindled their interest. 

They have researched the issues and believe there are 

five good reasons for developing a plan to build a 

fermentation ethanol plant as an integral part of their 

farm operation: 

to create another market for their farm products, 

to produce a liquid fuel from a renewable resource, 

to gain some independence from traditional fuel 

sources and have an alternate fuel available, 

to gain cost and fuel savings by using the farm 

product on the farm rather than shipping it, and by 

obtaining feed supplements as a coproduct of the 

ethanol production process, and 

to increase profit potential by producing a finished 

product instead of a raw material. 

They first analyzed the financial requirements in relation to their location, farm operations, and personal 

financial situation. 

Analysis of Financial Requirements 

The local trade center is a town of 5,000 people, 35 miles 

away. The county population is estimated at 20,000. 

Last year 7,000,000 gallons of gasoline were consumed 

in the county according to the state gasoline tax department. A survey of the Johnsons' energy consumption 

on the farm for the last year shows: 

Gasoline = 13,457 gals 

Diesel = 9,241 gals 

LP Gas = 11,487 gals 

They decided to locate the plant close to their feedlot 

operation for ease in using the stillage for their cattle. 

They expect the plant to operate 5 days a week, 24 hours 

a day, 250 days a year. It is designed to produce 25 

gallons of anhydrous ethanol per hour or 150,000 

gallons in one year, using 60,000 bushels of corn per 

year. In addition to ethanol, the plant will produce 

stillage at the rate of 230 gallons per hour as well as 

carbon dioxide. 

After researching the question of fuel for the plant, this 

family has decided to use agricultural residue as the fuel 

source. This residue will be purchased from the family 

farm. The cost of this fuel is figured at $20 per ton. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
They will have to purchase one year's supply of fuel 

since it is produced seasonally in the area. The tonnage 

of residue per acre available is 6 tons per acre based on 

measurements from the past growing season. 

The water source is vitally important. They will need 

about 400 gallons of water each hour. To meet this demand, a well was drilled and an adequate supply of 

water was found. The water was tested for its suitability 

for use in the boiler, and the test results were favorable. 

The family has determined that they can operate both 

the plant and the farm without additional outside labor. 

The ethanol they produce will be picked up at the farm 

as a return load by the jobbers making deliveries in the 

rural area. The Johnsons will deliver stillage in a tank 

truck to neighbors within 5 miles. 

At the present there are no plans to capture the carbon 

dioxide, since the capital cost of the equipment is too 

high to give a good return on their investment. There is 

no good local market for the carbon dioxide; but there 

are many uses for carbon dioxide, and selling it as a 

coproduct may prove to be profitable in other situations. 

The family's plans are to market their products locally. 

They have contacted local jobbers who have given them 

letters of intent to purchase the annual production of 

ethanol. They plan to use the distillers grains in their own 

feedlot and to sell the rest to their neighbors. The 

neighbors have given them letters stating they would purchase the remainder of the distillers grains produced. 

These letters are important in order to accurately assess 

the market. 

Organizational Form 

The Johnsons chose to establish a closely held corporation for this business. Other possibilities they considered 

included partnerships, sole proprietorships, and profit 

and nonprofit corporations. If additional equity had 

been needed, a broader corporation or a partnership 

would have been selected. However, their financial status 

was sufficient to allow them to handle the investment 

themselves, as shown by their balance sheet which 

follows. 

Daveand SueJohnson 

Balance Sheet as of January 1979 

Assets: 

Current Assets: 

Cash 

Inventory 

Total current assets 

Equipment 

Land and buildings 

Total assets 

Liabilities and Capital: 

Operating notes at local bank $20,000 

Equipment loans at local bank $69,000 

Federal Land Bank loan $35O,OOO 

Total Liabilities $439,000 

Total Capital $283,000 

Total Liabilities and Capital $722,000 

- - - . - - - - 

-*~hese assetsshown at fair market value. 

The Johnsons formed a corporation because it afforded 

the ability to protect themselves from product liability 

and gave them the option to give stock to all family 

members as an incentive compensation package. Also, 

the use of a corporation avoids an additional burden on 

their credit line at the bank for their farming operation 

since they were able to negotiate a loan with no personal 

guarantee of the corporate debt. In a partnership they 

would have had personal liability for the product, the 

debt, and the actions of the partners in the business. The 

record-keeping requirements of the corporation and the 

limited partnership were equal, and the former afforded 

greater security. Co-ops and nonprofit corporations 

were considered also, but these two options were 

discarded because of operating restrictions. 

After formation of the corporation, they transferred 

(tax-free) half of a year's supply of corn (30,000 

bushels) in exchange for stock in the corporation. They 

elected Subchapter S treatment upon incorporation and 

had the first year of operation reported on a short-period 

return. Generally, Subchapter S has many of the advantages of a partnership but not the liabilities. (Consult an 

accountant or lawyer for a detailed description of this.) 

They could pass through the investment credit which is 

proposed to be 20% of the capital cost, assuming that 

the Internal Revenue Service would authorize a fuelgrade ethanol plant to qualify for the additional investment credit for being a producer of renewable energy. 

After the first short-period return is filed, the 

stockholders can then elect not to be a Subchapter S corporation. This plan helps the cash flow as they would 

personally recover some tax dollars through the investment credit. 

The corporation will lease from the family, on a Iongterm basis, 2 acres of land on which to locate the plant. 

They considered transferring this land to the corporation, but the land is pledged as security for the Federal 

Land Bank so it would be cumbersome to get the land 

cleared of debt. Also, the 2 acres would require a survey 

and legal description, thereby adding additional cost, 

and there are no local surveyors who could do this 

work. 

The corporation will purchase corn and agricultural 

residue from the family farm and damaged corn from 

neighbors when there is a price advantage to do so. The 

BUSINESS PLAN 
family will also purchase the distillers' grains and 

ethanol used on the farm from the corporation as would 

any other customer. All transactions between the family 

farm and the corporation will use current prices that 

would be paid or received by third parties. 

Conclusion 

The initial visit with the bank was encouraging. 

The local banker was well acquainted with ethanol 

production through the publicity it had been receiving. 

The bank was receptive to the financing, saying they 

would consider it an equipment Ioan. The bank required 

a schedule of production, funds-flow projections, projected income statements, and projected balance sheets 

for the next 2 years. The bank was primarily concerned 

that these statements demonstrate how the plant could 

be paid for. 

Before meeting with their accountant, the Johnsons 

prepared decision and planning worksheets as described 

in Chapter 11. This work on their part saved them some 

accountant's fees and gave them an idea as to the 

feasibility of such a plant. The projected financial 

statements were then prepared with the assistance of 

their accountant for the bank's use. 

The following projected financial statement is based on 

decisions made about the operations and management 

of the plant. It served the Johnsons as a tool in deciding 

whether or not the plant would be a good investment for 

them and also as a final presentation to the bank for 

loan approval. The assumptions used in preparing these 

financial statements are included with the financial 

statements and represent an integral part of the manage 

ment plan. 

After the financial projections were completed and the 

bank had reviewed them, there was one more area of 

concern. The bank wanted to know whether the system 

as designed was workable and could produce what 

it was projected to do from a technical feasibility 

standpoint. The family furnished the bank with the 

engineer's report which documented systems that were 

in operation and that were successfully using their 

proposed technology. The bank contacted some of the 

people operating these plants to verify their production. 

The bank then completed their paperwork and made a 

loan to the family's corporation secured only by the 

equipment. They also approved the line of credit for 

the working capital required based on the projected 

financial statements. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
GLASGOW, MONTP.NA 

November 6, 1979 

National Bank of Golden Rise 

Golden, Colorado 

We have assisted in the preparation of the accompanying projected balance sheet of 

Johnson Processors, Inc. (a sample company), as of December 31, 1980 and 1981, and the 

related projected statements of income and changes in financial position for the years 

then ended. The projected ststernents are based solely on management's assumptions and 

estimates as described in the footnotes. 

Our assistance did not include procedures that would allow us to develop a conclusion 

concerning the reasonableness of the assumptions used as a basis for the projected 

financial statements, Accordingly, we make no representation as to the reasonableness 

of the assumptions. 

Since the projected statements we based on assumptions about circumstances and events 

that have not yet taken place, they are subject to the variations that will arise as future 

operations actually occur. Acco~dingly, we make no representation as to the 

achievability of the projected statements referred to above. 

The terms of our engagement are such that we have no obligation or intention to revise 

this report or the projected statements because of events and transactions occurring 

after the date of the report unless we are subsequently engaged to do so. 

rtif ied Public Accountants YkG 

BUSINESS PLAN 65 
JOHNSON PROCESSORS, INC. 

PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET 

UNAUDITED 

(NOTES I THROUGH 4 ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE PROJECTED FINANCIAL STA TEMENTS AND PROVIDE AN 

EXPLANATION OF ASSUMPTIONS USED IN THIS REPORT) 

FOR YEAR ENDED 

December 31, December 31, 

1980 1981 

Assets 

Current assets 

Cash 

Accounts receivable 

Raw materials and supplies 

Work in process inventory 

Finished goods inventory 

Marketable securities 

Total current assets 

Plant, equipment, and structures 

Plant and equipment 

Building 

Total plant and equipment 

Less accumulated depreciation 

Net plant and equipment 

Total assets 

Liabilities and Capital 

Current liabilities 

Accounts payable 

Current portion of loans 

Total current liabilities 

Long-term liabilities 

Bank loan 

Less current portion 

Total long-term liabilities 

Total liabilities 

Capital 

Total liabilities and capital 

66 FUEL FROM FARMS 
JOHNSON PROCESSORS, INC. 

PROJECTED INCOME STATEMENT 

UNAUDITED 

(NOTES 1 THROUGH 4 ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE PROJECTED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND PROVIDE AN 

EXPLANATION OF ASSUMPTIONS USED IN THIS REPORT) 

FOR YEAR ENDED 

December 31, December 31, 

1980 1981 

Revenue 

Alcohol 

Stillage 

Total sales 

Cost of goods sold 

Beginning finished goods inventory 

Cost of goods manufactured 

Cost of goods available for sale 

Ending finished goods inventory 

Cost of goods sold 

Gross profit 

Selling expenses 

Marketing and delivery expenses 

(scheduled) 

Total selling expenses 

Net operating profit 

Income taxes 

Net income 

3USINESS PLAN 

4 
JOHNSON PROCESSORS, INC. 

PROJECTED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN FINANCIAL POSITION (Cash Basis) 

UNAUDITED 

(NOTES I THROUGH 4 ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE PROJECTED HIVA NCIA L STA TEMENTS A,VD PRO VIDE AN 

EXPLANATION OF ASSUMPTIOIVS (ISL.0 IIV THIS REPORT) 

- - 

FOR YEAR ENDED 

December 31, December 31, 

1980 1981 

CASH GENERATED 

Net income 

Add (deduct) items not requiring or 

generating cash during the period 

Trade receivable increase 

Trade payable increase 

Inventory increase 

Depreciation 

Subtotal 

Other sources 

Contributed by shareholders 

Bank loan 

Total cash generated 

CASH APPLIED 

Additional loan repayment 

Purchase of plant and equipment 

Purchase of building 

Reduction of bank loan 

Total cash applied 

Increase in cash 

*Net decrease in cash is caused by an accelerated pay-off of the operating capital rate in the amount of $38,722. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 

1 
JOHNSON PROCESSORS, INC. 

EXH lBlT I 

UNAUDITED 

(NOTES I THROUGH 4 ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE PROJECTED FINANCIAL STA TEMENTS AND PROVIDE AN 

EXPLANA TiON OF ASSUMPTIONS USED IN THIS REPORT) 

FOR YEAR ENDED 

December 31, December 31, 

1980 1981 

ETHANOL 

Projected Production Schedule 

Projected gallons sold 

Projected inventory requirements 

Total gallons needed 

Less inventory on hand 

Projected production 

Sales price per gallon 

Projected Cost of Goods Manufactured 

Projected production costs: 

Labor 

Corn 

Electricity 

Straw 

Miscellaneous (scheduled) 

Depreciation 

Interest 

Enzymes 

Total costs of production 

Add beginning work-in-process inventory 

Subtotal 

Less ending work-in-process inventory 

Projected cost of goods manufactured 

BUSINESS PLAN 
JOHNSON PROCESSORS, INC. 

NOTES TO THE PROJECTED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 

UNAUDITED 

1. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES 

Following is a summary of the significant accounting policies used by Johnson Processors, Inc. in the projected 

financial statements. 

Assets and liabilities, and revenues and expenses are recognized on the accrual basis of accounting. 

Inventory is recorded at the lower value (cost or market) on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis. 

Accounts receivable are recorded net of bad debts. 

Depreciation is calculated on the straight line basis. 

2. ASSETS 

Current Assets 

Accounts receivable are projected at each balance sheet date using 30 days of sales for ethanol and 90 days 

of sales for stillage. 

Inventory-raw materials-is made up of corn and corn stover. Thirty days in inventory is used for corn 

and one year's supply is used for stover. 

Inventory-work in process-consists of 1 % days' production. 

Inventory of finished goods consists of raw materials and cost of production. Thirty days in inventory is 

used for ethanol and 2 days is used for stillage. 

The estimates of number of days in accounts receivable and finished goods inventory are higher than those 

quoted in Robert Morris Associates averages for feed manufacturers and wholesale petroleum distributors. 

Fixed Assets 

Management anticipates purchasing the equipment for production of ethanol. Consulting engineers contacted 

verified that the equipment and plant costs listed in Table VI-2 were reasonable. 

REPRESENTATIVE PLANT COSTS pppppp 

Equipment and Materials 

Piping 

Electrical 

Excavation and Concrete 

Total Equipment and Materials 79,230 

10% Contingency 7',923 

Total 87,153 

Tank Truck 

Erection Costs 

Grand Total 

70 FUEL FROM FARMS 
Investments consist of the amount of excess cash accumulated from operation during the first and second year of 

operation. 

3. LIABILiTIES AND CAPITAL 

Management estimated accounts payable using 30 days in payables for conversion costs. It is anticipated that 

corn will be paid for a month in advance. 

Management estimates that a bank loan in the amount of $163,040 will be required, payable semiannually at 

15% interest. Anticipated payback period for the portion of the loan covering plant and equipment is 15 years. 

The payback period for the portion covering working capital is 8 years, The payback period for the truck is 8 

years. An additional $4,000 the first year is projected to be paid on the equipment loans and to repay the 

working capital loan in the second year. The loan will be used to finance plant and equipment and working 

capital. The anticipated plant and equipment and working capital for the first year is estimated as follows. 

Plant and equipment 

Working capital 

Total 

Cash could be very lean during the first year that the plant operates at capacity because of dramatic increases in 

working capital resulting from accounts receivable and inventory requirements. Inadequate financing would 

make maximum production impossible because of inability to fund working capital demands. 

4. INCOME STATEMENT 

Sales 

Sales volume was estimated at maximum production (150,000 gallons of ethanol and 1,380,000 gallons stillage) 

for the first year. Ethanol price was taken to be $1.74 per gallon (the actual delivered price at Council Bluffs, 

Iowa on November 6, 1979). The price of ethanol is projected to increase by 9.1 % for the entire period covered 

by the projections. The increase of 9.1% is the projected price increase by a marketing firm from Louisiana. 

It is conceivable that as the price of gasoline increases to a point greater than the price of ethanol, producers 

could raise the price of ethanol to equalize the prices of the two liquid fuels. In order to be conservative, management did not consider this effect . 

The stillage sales price was taken to be 3.9 cents per gallon for the 2 years. This sales price was based on the sales 

price charged by Dan Weber in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada. The local stillage market is, however, worthy 

of a thorough study before a decision is made to enter the fermentation ethanol business. If a large brewery or 

distillery is located in the area, the price of stillage can be severely depressed. For example, Jack Daniels and 

Coors sell their stillage for 0.4 cents per gallon and 0.8 cents per gallon, respectively. 

Cost of Sales 

Management has projected cost of sales to include raw materials and production costs. The cost of corn is projected at $2.30 per bushel during the first year of operation (the price received by farmers in Iowa on November 

6, 1979). Management has the total amount of corn available from the corporate shareholder. To demonstrate 

the effect of substantial increases in corn prices on profitability and cash flow, management projected that the 

cost of corn would rise to $3.00 per bushel for year two. 

Management anticipates that depreciation will remain constant using the straight line method. A 15-year life fo~ 

the plant was used with a salvage value of $4,000, while an 8-year life and 20-year life were used for the truck and 

building respectively. No other salvage values were taken into consideration, 

Labor cost was computed allowing 4 hours per day for work necessary in the processing of the ethanol, based on 

the engineer's time requirement estimates. The labor was valued at $10 per hour, including a labor overhead 

factor. Bookkeeping labor was computed at $6,000 per year, assuming this plant would only require part-time 

services. It is anticipated that some additional time may be required the first year. For this, $2,325 has been added to the labor cost as a contingency. 

BUSINESS PLAN 71 
Enzyme cost was estimated at $6,000 per year by the engineers working on the project. Electricity was estimated 

at 2 cents per gallon of ethanol produced. 

Stover cost was computed based on a cost of $20 per ton. A Btu value of 7,000 Btu per pound (as estimated by 

the engineers) was used. An 80% efficiency for the boiler was assumed, so anticipated Btu values were 5,600 Btu 

per pound of straw, and a total Btu requirement of 40,000 per gallon of ethanol produced. 

Miscellaneous Expenses 

Miscellaneous expenses were estimated at 12 cents per gallon. These expenses are shown in the detail schedule at 

the end of this report. To be conservative, figures are included in the miscellaneous expenses for shrinkage due 

to the grain handling and a contingency for any minor items that may have been overlooked. 

Interest expense is for the bank loan. Interest expense is calculated at 15%. In year two of the operation, it is 

projected that the working chpital portion of the notes payable will be paid off. 

Management projects that other projected costs will increase 10% per year because of inflation. To be conservative, management did not estimate the cost savings potential of improved technology. Research is currently being performed in crops that have the potential of producing several times the amount of ethanol as does corn. 

Use of such crops could produce substantial cost savings in ethanol production. The process is very new in 

design, so improvements in the production process are also probable. Such improvements could further reduce 

the cost of producing ethanol. 

Selling and Administrative Expenses 

To be conservative, management estimated marketing expenses at 5% of sales. It is anticipated that this expense 

may not actually be necessary. Delivery expenses take into consideration the following items: 

interest was computed at 15% on the bank loan for the truck based on semi-annual payments; 

the time necessary to deliver the stillage was estimated based on 10 hours per week at $10 per hour including 

labor overhead; 

maintenance for the truck was estimated at $1,000; and 

fuel for the truck was computed based on 75 miles per week and a fuel consumption of 4 miles per gallon 

and a fuel cost of $1.025 per gallon. The cost is estimated to increase 36.5% for the second year of 

operation. 

Income Taxes 

The shareholders of Johnson Processors, Inc. plan to elect to have income taxed to the shareholder rather than 

to the corporation, under Internal Revenue Code Section 1372(a). The shareholders anticipate changing the election after the first year of operation. Taxes have been estimated based on a 6% state tax rate and a 6.75% federal 

tax rate in effect during 1979. For purposes of these projections, the projected financial statements (assuming a 

conventional corporation and a full 12 months of operation in each period) have been shown to demonstrate the 

projected results of operation that could be anticipated. 

The shareholders of Johnson Processors, Inc. anticipate contributing $69,000 to the corporation. This amount is 

30% of the total project. This will be contributed by transferring corn inventory equal to the %-year supply 

necessary for processing. For purposes of this illustration, the contribution of corn is treated as cash to 

demonstrate to the bank the payback potential of the plant. 

72 FUEL FROM FARMS 
JOHNSON PROCESSORS, INC. 

DETAIL SCHEDULES 

UNAUDITED 

(NOTES I THROUGH I ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE PROJECTED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND PROVIDE AN 

EXPLANATION OF ASSUMPTIONS USED IN THIS REPORT) 

FOR YEAR ENDED 

December 31, December 31, 

1980 1981 

Schedule of Marketing and Delivery Expenses 

Marketing 5 % of sales 

Interest on truck 

Depreciation 

Labor 

Maintenance 

Fuel - 

Total 

Schedule of Miscellaneous Expenses 

Property taxes 

Insurance 

Chemicals and supplies 

Yeast 

Shrinkage 

Other 

Contingencies 

Total 

BUSINESS PLAN 

t 
Appendices 
APPENDIX A 

Summary of Ethanol Legislation 

National Legislation 

State Legislation 

SUMMARY OF ETHANOL LEGISLATION 

i 
NATIONAL LEGISLATION Authorizes $3 billion for the President to buy synfuels 

and allows him to establish a federal synfuel corporation. 

Farm Act of 1977 

Provided $60 million in loan guarantees to build four 

pilot alcohol fuel plants in the United States. 

National Energy Act of 1978 

Provided motor fuel excise tax exemptions on 

gasoline/alcohol blends worth 4 cents per gallon of 

blend or 40 cents per gallon or $16.80 per barrel of 

alcohol in 10 percent blends. Alcohol fuels are also eligible for Department of Energy entitlements, currently 

worth approximately $2.10 per barrel of ethanol or five 

cents per gallon. 

Alcohol Fuels Production Incentive Act of 1979 

(S. 906) 

Proposes a 10 percent investment tax credit (in addition 

to the current 10 percent credit) for alcohol fuels production equipment; provides a new 5 percent investment 

tax credit for buildings used in alcohol fuel production; 

authorizes the Department of Treasury to make up to 

$250 million in loan guarantees to cover up to 50 percent 

of the cost (up to $10 million per loan) of building or 

refinancing alcohol fuel plants or equipment; amends 

the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act to provide priority to producers and marketers of gasohol or gasoline 

for use in gasohol when petroleum supplies are short. 

Public Works and Economic Development Act of 

1979 (S. 914) 

Awaiting House-Senate Conference Committee consideration. The legislation proposes: 

Senate-Passed Provisions 

Authorizes EDA grants for facilities for production of 

alcohol for use as motor fuel when such grants will 

create or preserve jobs in small towns. 

Funds for such grants are limited to 5 percent of funds 

under Titles I & I1 of EDA Act. Under authorization 

levels in S.914, funding would total $39.1 million annually. 

House-Passed Provisions 

Authorizes $100 million in FY80 & FY81 in EDA grants 

and loans for construction and operation of facilities producing alcohol or methane from renewable 

resources. 

Energy Security Act (S. 932) 

Awaiting action by the House-Senate Conference Committee. The legislation proposes: 

House-Passed Provisions 

Sets national goal for total synthetic fuel (including 

gasohol) production of 500,000 barrels per day in 1985, 

2 million barrels per day in 1990. 

Senate-Passed Provisions 

I-Title I: Synthetic Fuels Corporation Act of 

1979 

Goal: production of synfuels equal to 1.5 

million barrels of oil by 1995. 

Establishes Synthetic Fuels Corporation with 

authorization of $20 billion, with up to $1 billion eligible to aid projects that use biomass and 

are basically large scale. 

Authorizes corporations to provide price 

guarantees, purchase agreements, loan 

guarantees, loans, joint ventures, and direct 

construction to secure synfuel production. 

11-Title 11: Agricultural, Forestry, and Rural 

Energy Act of 1979 

Goal: achieve net energy independence for 

agricultural and forest production, processing 

and marketing; and 50 percent reduction in 

petroleum and natural gas use by rural residents 

and communities by the year 2000. 

Establishes Agricultural, Forestry and Rural 

Energy Board in USDA which will report to 

Congress by 9-30-80 on agricultural, forestry, 

and rural energy needs and resources; and will 

provide a rural energy production, use, and 

conservation program by December 31, 1981. 

Authorizes $50 million annually for applied 

research on agriculture, forestry, and rural 

energy production, use, and conservation. 

USDA to complete study by 12-31-82 on alternative crop-livestock systems to produce 

foodstuffs and fiber,as well as biomass for use 

in energy production. 

Mandates four to eight USDA Wood Energy 

Centers, and four to eight USDA Agricultural 

Biomass Energy Centers, which will do 

research, demonstration projects, field tests, 

and provide technical information. Authorizes 

$3 million annually for Wood Centers, and 

same amount for Biomass Centers. 

State extension services to hold agricultural 

biomass energy workshops with goal of 100 

workshops each year. 

Authorizes $250 million annually in USDA 

loans for on-farm or commercial biomass 

energy projects. One-third must go to projects 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
which produce no more than 2 million gallons of activities related to the production of alcohol 

of alcohol per year. for fuel. 

Authorizes $500 million annually in USDA 

loan guarantees for commercial or on-farm 

biomass energy projects, with one-third going 

to projects that use wood, and one-fourth going 

to small-scale projects that produce no more 

than 2 million gallons of alcohol per year. 

Authorizes $100 million annually in USDA 

grants for biomass energy demonstration projects. 

Amends existing USDA programs to provide 

$390 million in authorization for loans, loan 

guarantees, insured loans, and makes eligible 

loans for energy systems using nonfossil fuels. 

Authorizes $85 million over 4 years for rural 

electric projects using alternative energy 

sources (biomass, wood, solar, etc.) and conservation technologies. 

Allows USDA to permit acreage set aside to be 

used to produce commodities for use in making 

alcohol for fuel. 

111-Title 111: Gasohol Motor Fuels Act of 1979 

Goal: establishes national goals of 60,000 barrels per day of alcohol fuels in 1982, and a 

volume of alcohol fuels from renewable 

resources equal to 10 percent of estimated 

domestic gasoline consumption in 1990. 

Establishes Office of Alcohol Fuels in DOE and 

authorizes $1.2 billion in loan guarantees, price 

guarantees, and purchase agreements for 

alcohol fuel production facilities that use 

renewable resources, with at least one-third of 

that total going to facilities that produce no 

more than 2 million gallons of alcohol per year. 

Authorizes the CCC to sell its sugar holdings at 

less than normal prices to producers of ethanol 

for use in motor fuel. 

Mandates use of gasohol in all federal motor 

vehicles where it is available at reasonable 

prices and quantities (exceptions are possible 

for national security reasons). 

Mandates USDA-DOT study on possible requirement that all new cars use gasohol or 

alcohol, and on barriers to the widespread 

marketing of gasohol. 

Amends Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 to 

facilitate natural gas allocations to certain types 

Authorizes Presidential allocation of gasoline 

to utilize alcohol not able to be blended into 

gasohol due to a lack of gasoline. 

IV-Title IV: Domestic Energy Policy Act of 1979 

Establishes procedure for setting and updating 

national energy targets for imports and 

domestic production, which includes energy 

produced from renewable resources. 

Requires an energy impact report on every bill, 

rulemaking, or executive order in the federal 

government. 

STATE LEGISLATION 

The following is a brief summary of legislation that has 

been passed by state legislatures within the United 

States. 

Many of the state legislatures were in session at the time 

the information was accumulated for this book. We 

recommend that any further information needed regarding state legislative bills be obtained directly from 

the clerks or secretaries of the respective legislature. The 

reader should recognize that errors in the interpretation 

of the legislation contained in this report are possible. 

Gasohol Tax Credit legislation is highlighted within 

each state's legislation summary. 

Arkansas 

Gasohol Tax Exemption. Exempts gasohol from motor 

fuel tax (9.5 cents). 

California 

The Department of General Services would prepare a 

plan utilizing a fuel containing at least 5% alcohol for 

use in at least 25% of the vehicles maintained by the 

Department. 

Authorizes the Department of Motor Vehicles to establish a 10-year methanol fuel experimentation program. 

S. B. 771-passed 1979. 

The State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission shall implement a program to 

demonstrate residue conversion technologies at appropriate locations throughout the state to encourage 

private-, public-, and investor-owned utility participation in this program. Fifteen million dollars have been 

appropriated from the general fund to carry out the purpose of this bill. 

SUMMARY OF ETHANOL LEGISLATION A3 
Colorado Indiana 

A nine-member committee was created to promote the 

production of gasohol, alcohol, and related industrial 

hydrocarbons from Colorado agricultural and forest 

products. Eighty thousand dollars were appropriated 

for administration of the bill. 

H.B. 1135-passed 1978. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 5 cents. Motor fuel which 

contains at least 10% alcohol, derived in Colorado, will 

receive a 5-cent excise tax reduction if sold in counties 

with a population exceeding 200,000. As the availability 

of gasohol increases, all stat:e and local vehicles will be 

required to use gasohol. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 5 cents. The tax exemption 

applies to a blend of gasoline and 95%-pure alcohol 

derived from agriculture commodities and forest products. Reduces the real and personal property tax assessment for alcohol production facilities producing alcohol 

for use in motor vehicles. Provides a voluntary check-off 

of off-highway gasoline refund tax money to be placed 

into a special fund for the use of gasohol promotion. 

H.B. 1607-passed 1979. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 5 cents. Expands the definition of gasohol to include motor fuels containing 

alcohol derived from hydrocarbon or carbon-containing 

by-products or waste products. Grants a reduction in 

the property tax to facilities used for the production of 

such alcohol. The tax exemption applies to a blend of 

gasoline and alcohol that is produced from Colorado 

products derived from hydrocarbon or carboncontaining by-products or waste products with a purity 

of at least 95%. 

Connecticut 

Public Act 627-passed 1979. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - I cent. Lowers state sales tax 

on gasohol from 11 cents to 10 cents per gallon, and exempts the motor fuel used in van pool vehicles (which is 

already exempt from the motor fuel tax) from the state 

sales tax. 

Hawaii 

S.B. 1581, S.D. 1, H.D. 1-passed. 

(Act 131, Session Laws of Hawaii 1978) 

Act 131, which is an omnibus appropriating bill for 

alternate energy research and development, appropriates $500,000 for the conversion of an old Seagram 

distillery to a plant capable of producing 700,000 

gallons of ethanol per year for gasohol purposes. The 

Act also appropriates $330,000 to establish a corn-toethanol research and development program. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 4% Sales Tax. The tax exemption applies to a 10% blend of agriculturally derived 

ethyl alcohol in fuel. 

H.F. 491-passed 1978. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 10 cents. Effective July 1, 

1979, exempts fuel excise tax on motor fuel containing 

at least 10% alcohol, distilled from agriculture products. 

from July 1, 1978, ending June 30, 1983. (In Iuwa there 

is a sales tax on excise tax-exempted gasohol which in effect decreases the total tax credit to approximately 7 

cents.) 

Kansas 

H.B. 2345-passed 1979. 

Funds totaling $60,000 shall be transferred from the 

Corn Commission, Grain Sorghum Commission, Soybean 

Commission, and Wheat Commission to the Kansas 

Energy Office to be used for the purpose of study and 

analysis of grains for use as energy resource alternatives. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 5 cents. The tax exemption 

applies to a 10% blend of 190-proof ethyl alcohol produced from grain grown in ~kas ued in all motor 

vehicle fuels and shall be effective July 1, 1979. The tax 

exemption shall be reduced 1 cent per year until no tax 

exemption remains after July 1, 1984. All motor 

vehicles owned and operated by the State of Kansas and 

subdivisions shall be operated with a 10070 blend of ethyl 

alcohol when reasonably obtainable. 

Louisiana 

H.B. 571-passed 1979. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 8 cents. Exempts the retail 

sale of gasohol from state sales tax use, and motor fuel 

tax. 

Requests the Department of Natural Resources to conduct a feasibility study for obtaining methane gas from 

sugarcane as an alternate energy source. 

To qualify for the purchase of oil, a small refiner must 

have in operation a facility for the distillation of 

methanol or ethanol produced from Louisiana agricultural commodities. 

Maryland 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - I cent. The tax exemption 

shall apply to a 10% blend of ethyl or methyl alcohol. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
To permit the Maryland Industrial Development 

Financing Authority to encourage and insure loans for 

the development and production of a certain motor fuel 

known as gasohol. 

Requires the Secretary of Agriculture to study the effectiveness of an ethanol and gasoline mixture. Requires 

the Secretary of Agriculture to inititate a 1-year program of tests using gasohol in eight state-owned 

vehicles. 

Missouri 

Authorizes the Department of Natural Resources to 

analyze the potential for increased utilization of coal, 

nuclear, solar, resource recovery and reuse, energyefficient technologies, and other energy alternatives, 

and to make recommendations for the expanded use of 

alternate energy sources and technologies. 

Montana 

Resolution 28-adopted 1979. 

Provides for a State Oversight Gasohol Committee to be 

appointed under the Department of Natural Resources 

for the Gasohol Program. 

Provides a lower property tax on equipment, buildings, 

and inventory of gasohol production by as much as 3%. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption. The tax exemption for 

gasohol is reduced by 2 cents for each of three succeeding 2-year periods, and the remaining 1 cent tax 

exemption expires in 1989. 

In 1978, $25,000 was allocated from the alternate energy 

program to study gasohol in Montana. 

Nebraska 

Established the Agricultural Products Utilization 

Committee to promote research and development of 

gasohol, and to analyze the marketing and testing of 

gasohol. The Grain Alcohol Fuel Tax Fund was created 

with an initial appropriation of $40,000 and a provision 

whereby one/eighth of the motor fuels tax, which is 

refundable to nonhighway uses, is used to promote the 

activities of the committee. L.B. 776 also provided for a 

3-cent tax credit for the sale of gasohol. 

Made changes in L.B. 776. Stated that in order to 

qualify as a special fuel the blend had to be at least 10Vo 

agricultural ethyl alcohol or at least 190 proof. L.B. 

1207 also directed the Committee to sponsor research 

and development of industrial uses of by-products resulting from the amended L.B. 776, to increase the exemption from 3 cents to 5 cents on gasohol, and increased the Legislative tax review limitation from 10 

million to 20 million gallons of gasohol sold which permits the legislature to review the tax credits. 

Provided for matching funds (up to $500,000) to any 

city, county, or village wishing to build a gasohol plant. 

L. B. 52-appro ved 1979. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 5 cents. Amended L.B. 776 to 

increase the exemption from 3 cents to 5 cents on 

gasohol and increased the legislative tax review limitation from 10 million to 20 million gallons of gasohol 

sold which permits the legislature to review the tax 

credit. 

Requires that the Department of Roads implement a 

program using gasohol in its vehicles to the extent that 

gasohol supplies are available. Gasohol must contain 

Nebraska-produced alcohol. 

The Governor is authorized to enter into agreements 

with municipalities or counties to build and maintain 

grain alcohol plants. The State of Nebraska will have 

the option to purchase the plant. An Alcohol Plant 

Fund is created, to be established from funds transferred from the Highway Trust Fund or as appropriated 

from the legislature; the state gas tax is increased one 

cent to provide additional revenue for the Highway 

Fund to support the Alcohol Plant Fund. 

New Hampshire 

H. B. 201-passed 19 79, 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 5 cents. The gasohol tax 

exemption applies to a 10% blend of alcohol manufactured in New Hampshire, derived from agriculture commadities and forest products, with a purity of 99%. 

New Jersey 

A. R. 3034-passed 1979. 

Directs the Energy and Natural Resources Committee of 

the General Assembly to study large-scale use of 

gasohol and other alcohol-based fuels. 

New Mexico 

S. J. M. 9-adopted 1978. 

Resolution requesting the Division of Energy and 

Minerals Department to study the feasibility of using 

gasohol in New Mexico. 

SUMMARY OF ETHANOL LEGISLATION 

i 
New York Rhode Island 

S.B. 9860-A-passed 1978. H.R. 7891-adopted 1978. 

Directs the Commissioner of General Services to con- Requesting that the State Director of Transportation 

duct a study of the feasibility of using gasohol for state- conduct experiments with the public to determine the 

operated vehicles through a comprehensive road test. feasibility of a gasoline-alcohol fuel blend. 

S. B. 2393-passed 1979. South Carolina 

The Commissioner of General Services is directed to H.B. 2443-passed 1979. 

conduct an experimental program to test the feasibility provides that gasohol be sold tax-free until october 1, of using a mixture of gasoline and alcohol as for 1979; imposes a 6-cent per gallon tax from October 1, state-operated motor vehicles. 1979 to July 1, 1985, and a 7-cent per gallon tax from 

July 1, 1985 to July 1, 1987; provides for removal of 

North Dakota these incentives if loss of revenue totals $5 million. 

S. B. 2338-passed 1979. South Dakota 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 4 cents. The tax exemption H.B. 1064-passed 1979. 

applies to a blend of 10% agriculture ethyl alcohol (99% 

pure) and 90% unleaded gasoline. 

H. B. 1384-passed 1979. 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 5 cents. The gasohol tax 

exemption applies to a 10% blend of alcohol derived 

Establishes an Agriculture Products Utilization Com- from agriculture and forest products. 

mission funded by a 1/8-cent gasoline refund tax reduction, $200,000 appropriated from July 1, 1979 to June Tennessee 

30, 1980. H. J. R. 161-passed 1979. 

Oklahoma 

S. B. 248-passed 1979. 

Creates a special joint committee to study the development and use of methanol as an alternative fuel. 

Texas 

Gasohol Tax Exemption - 6.5 cents. The gasohol tax H.B. 1803-passed 1979. 

exemption applies to a 10% blend of ethanol, Provides for state loans for establishment of plants to 

and gasoline. manufacture fuel from renewable resources, $25,000 

may be loaned to any one legal entity and $500,000 may 

Oregon be loaned to a small business corporation. The total 

unpaid principles balance shall not exceed $15 million. 

H. B. 2779-passed 1979. H. B. 1986-passed 1979. 

Requires use of gasohol in certain state-owned vehicles Provides for annual alcohol manufacturers permit of to the maximum extent commercially feasible effective $100. A Texas Legislative Council preliminary draft January, 1980. provides an alcohol users license of $10, an alcohol fuel 

manufacturers license of $25, an agriculture fuel 

marketing license of $50, and a beverage alcohol 

manufacturers permit of $1,000. 

Creates solar, wind, geothermal, water, agricultural and 

forest residue, and gasohol energy task forces and an Washington 

Alternate Energy Development Commission to prepare S. H.B 302-passed 1979. 

comprehensive alternate resources plans to be submitted 

to the governor and legislature. Exempts B&O Tax on alcohol manufactured for 

gasohol when alcohol is sold to another person in 

Washington. Does not apply to out-of-state sales. 

H. B. 2 780-passed 19 79. Wyoming 

Exempts commercial ethanol or methanol gasohol 

plants from property tax and corporate income tax ef- H. B. 114-passed 1979. 

fective June 30, 1981, of which 90% is used for a 10% Gasohol Tax Exemption - 4 cents. Sales of gasohol 

blend of gasohol and not produced from petroleum, would be subject to a 4-cent per gallon tax rather than 

natural gas, or coal. an 8-cent per gallon tax until July 1, 1984. 

A-6 FUEL FROM FARMS 
TABLE A-1. SUMMARY OF STATE ALCOHOL 

FUEL EXEMPTIONS 

STATE 

STATE STATE GASOHOL TAX 

GASOLINE TAX EXEMPTION 

Arkansas 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Montana 

Nebraska 

New Hampshire 

North Dakota 

Oklahoma 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Wyoming 

SUMMARY OF ETHANOL LEGISLATION 
APPENDIX B 

Department of Treasury 

Bureau of Alcohol, 

Tobacco, and Firearms 

Permit Information 

Alcohol Fuels and BATF 

Regulatory Requirements 

BATF Regional Offices 

Sample Application 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
BATF REGULATIONS 

The design, construction, and operation of alcohol fuel 

plants require attention from Federal, State, and local 

authorities in order to ensure maintenance of the public 

good. Specific aspects of alcohol fuel production relating 

to safety and environmental concerns have been addressed in the main body of this document; other more 

general requirements, such as meeting building codes and 

zoning regulations, are site-specific and must be complied with, based on the individual case. Again, specific 

to alcohol fuels, this appendix addresses BATF regulations and other regulations and permits as they concern 

the potential investor. 

use" is used to clearly distinguish this requirement for 

fuel spirits from "denaturation", which is required for 

spirits withdrawn from other distilled spirits plants. 

A principal reason for encouraging production of distilled spirits for fuel use is that these spirits are 

substituted for scarce fossil fuels. Therefore, in defining 

distilled spirits for purposes of the alcohol fuel provisions, the law excludes distilled spirits produced from 

petroleum, natural gas, or coal. 

Finally, Public Law 96-223 amended Section 5601 to impose criminal penalties on any person who withdraws, 

uses, sells, or otherwise disposes of distilled spirits produced under Section 5181 for other than fuel use. 

In the Energy Tax Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-618), Congress required the Secretary the propose This section addresses those portions of regulations deallegislative recommendations to facilitate fuel use of ing with large alcohol fuel plants (defined by BATF as 

distilled spirits. In compliance with this mandate, the more than 500,~ proof gallons of spirits per calendar 

BATF submitted a proposal in 1979. Congress incor- year). We will cover the following permits; bonds; con- porated the proposed legislation, with modifications, in struction, equipment, and security; supervision; accoun- Public Law 96-223. ting for spirits; transfers and withdrawals; and transfers 

between plants. Our intent is to be informative, but we 

Public Law 96-223 added a new section to Subchapter B suggest that the Bureau be contacted for more specit.ic of Chapter 51 of the lnternal Revenue Code of 1954. interpretation and guidance where needed. New Section 5181, Distilled Spirits for Fuel Use, provides 

for the establishment of distilled spirits plants s&ely tor The following is a brief summary of the 

the purpose of producing, processing and storing, and regulations now in force: 

using or distributing distilled spirits to be used exclusivelv 

for fuel use. The secretary ofthe Treasury is directed to DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY expedite all applications, establish a minimum bond, and 

generally encourage and promote (through regulation or 

otherwise) the production of alcohol for fuel purposes. 

The Law gives the Secretary authority to provide by 

regulation for the waiver of any provision of Chapter 51 

(except Section 5181 or any provision requiring the payment of tax). This waiver authority may be exercised with 

respect to alcohol fuel plants as necessary to carry out the 

provisions of Section 5 18 1. 

Plants which are established for the production of 

alcohol for purposes other than fuel, such as beverage or 

other industrial use, must qualify to operate under 

previously existing provisions of the law. You may wish 

to contact BATF for further details (see Appendix E). 

The law exempts alcohol fuel plants which produce less 

than 10,000 proof gallons of distilled spirits annually 

from furnishing a bond to cover the tax liability on the 

spirits. Also, persons wishing to establish such plants are 

assured by law that their applications for permits to 

operate will be acted upon within 60 days after receipt of 

a completed application. If this limit is exceeded, the application is automatically approved. 

Distilled spirits may be withdrawn from alcohol fuel 

plants free of tax after having been rendered unfit for 

beverage use. The term "rendered unfit for beverage 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco. and Firearms 

(27 CFR Part 19) 

T.D. ATF-71 

FUEL USE OF DISTILLED SPIRITS - 

IMPLEMENTING A PORTION OF THE CRUDE: 

OIL 

WINDFALL PROFITS TAX ACT OF 1980 

(PUBLIC LAW 96-223) 

AGENCY: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 

Department of the Treasury. 

ACTION: Temporary rule (Treasury decision). 

SUMMARY: This temporary rule implements Section 

232, Alcohol Fuels, in Part I11 of Title I1 of the Crude Oil 

Windfall Profits Tax Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-223). 

The temporary rule provides for the establishment and 

operation of distilled spirits plants solely for producing, 

processing and storing, and using or distributing distilled 

spirits (ethyl alcohol) exclusively for fuel use. Public Law 

96-223 vests the Secretary of the Treasury with authority 

to simplify and liberalize statutory requirements for such 

alcohol fuel plants. The BATF will issue final regulations 

only after careful consideration of the comments received on these temporary regulations. 

8-2 FUEL FROM FARMS 
EFFECTIVE DATE OF TEMPORARY REGULATIONS: July 1, 1980. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

John V. Jarowski, Alcohol Fuels Coordinator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

Washington, DC 20226 

Telephone 202-566-7591 

(Persons interested in applying for a permit should contact their BATF regional office. A list of addresses and 

toll-free telephone numbers is provided in Appendix E.) 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This document 

contains temporary regulations implemen ting a portion 

of the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act of 1980 

(Public Law 96-223). The temporary regulations provided by this document will remain in effect until superseded 

by final regulations on this subject. 

REGULATIONS 

1. New Subpart Y of 27 CFR Part 19. 

Regulations applicable to alcohol fuel plants have been 

included in a new subpart, Subpart Y, of Part 19, Distilled Spirits Plants. Except for those portions of Subparts A through X of Part 19 which have been incorporated in the new subpart by reference, alcohol fuel plants 

are not subject to the provisions applicable to other 

distilled spirits plants. While this document provides 

simplified BATF regulations for alcohol fuel plants, persons wishing to establish a plant should check with other 

Federal (EPA), state, and local authorities as to their 

specific requirements. 

2. Definitions. 

Where necessary, terms have been defined as used in the 

new subpart. In some instances, BATF needed to redefine a term used elsewhere in Part 19. For instance, the 

term "distilled spirits", as used in Subpart Y, does not 

include distilled spirits produced from petroleum, natural 

gas, or coal. in addition, BATF introduces some new 

terms. For example, the term "alcohol fuel plant" means 

a distilled spirits plant established under Subpart Y solely 

for producing, processing and storing, and 

using or distributing distilled spirits to be used exclusively 

for fuel use. The term "fuel alcohol'' means spirits which 

have been rendered unfit for beverage use as provided in 

Subpart Y and are eligible to be withdrawn free of tax exclusively for fuel use. 

3. Permits. 

Any person wishing to establish an alcohol fuel plant 

must first make application for and obtain an Alcohol 

Fuel Producer's Permit. For purposes of the type of application required (as well as for bonding and other requirements), BATF classifies alcohol fuel plants into 

three categories: 

(a) Small plants - produce (including receipts of) not 

more than 10,000 proof gallons per calendar year; 

(b) Medium plants - produce (including receipts of) 

more than 10,000 but not more than 500,000 

proof gallons per calendar year; and, 

(c) Large plants - produce (including receipts of) 

more than 500,000 proof gallons per calendar 

year. 

These classes are based on the tax liabilities incident to 

the various levels of activity, as well as differences in 

capital expenditures and attendant technical sophistication required to set up plants of different sizes. By law, 

small plants are exempt from bonding and special rules 

apply to their applications. 

In determining the level of activity at a plant for purposes 

of bonding and qualification, BATF considers spirits 

received from another plant as additional production. 

With respect to small plants, this .approach has no effect 

on a proprietor who will receive no spirits from other 

plants. Proprietors of other small plants, however, may 

wish to distill less than 10,000 proof gallons of spirits per 

year and receive additional spirits from other plants. 

Those proprietors may produce and riceive up to a total 

of 10,000 proof gallons per year and still be exempt from 

bonding. Counting receipts as additional production 

simplifies the regulations for bonds and qualification of 

plants. 

4. Application Requirements. 

Applications are filed on BATF Form 51 10.74 furnished 

by the Bureau (See Figure B-1). For small plants, only the 

form needs to be filed. For medium and large plants, a 

bond must be placed and some additional information 

(to be identified in Section 6) must be provided. Also, 

the law requires bonds for the medium and large plants. 

Applications are to be submitted to the regional regulatory administrator of the BATF region in which the plant 

is located. 

Having an application form should avoid confusion as to 

the information required to be submitted and serve to espedite processing of applications. 

Although BATF expects numerous applications to be filed in response to the temporary regulations, BATF anticipates that permits will be issued expeditiously. With 

respect to the small plants in particular, action well 

within the 60-day statutory limitation should be possible. 

REGULATlONS AND PERMITS B-3 
In general, a permit will be issued to any person who files 

a completed application (together with a bond for 

medium and large plants). Criteria for denial of applications, and for subsequent suspension or revocation of 

permits in the case of false or incomplete applications, 

are set forth in Sections 19.936 and 19.953 of the regulations. Time permitting, BATF may conduct an investigation and on-site inspection prior to issuance of the 

permit. 

5. Changes Affecting Permits. 

Permits may not be sold or transferred. If a different 

person purchases or acquires control of the plant, that 

person must file a new application. Also, BATF issues 

permits to cover specified plant premises. Any change in 

the location or extent of plant premises requires submission of an application to the regional regulatory administrator to amend the permit. Sections 19.945 

through 19.953 provide more details on changes affecting 

permits and administrative and procedural matters 

relative to permits. 

6. Bonds. 

Bonds give the government security against possible loss 

of distilled spirits tax revenue. While tax is not collected 

on distilled spirits for fuel use lawfully produced and 

used as fuel, liability for tax, by law, attaches to the 

spirits on creation. The proprietor generally obtains a 

bond from a surety or insurance company, by paying a 

premium based on the penal sum required for the bond. 

The law exempts small plants producing (including 

receipts of) not more than 10,000 proof gallons per year 

from furnishing bonds. For medium and large plants 

which are required to file bonds, the penal sum yequired 

is based on the tax liability to be covered. There are two 

sources of this tax liabiliiy: 

(a) The tax on spirits that will be produced (including 

spirits rendered unfit for beverage use in the process of production, as provided in Section 19.983); 

and, 

(b) The tax on spirits that will be received by transfer 

in bond (see Sections 19.996 through 19.999). 

In the temporary regulations, the penal sum of the bond 

is based on the quantity in proof gallons of spirits that 

will be produced (including receipts) in a calendar year. 

The bond for a medium plant producing (including 

receipts of) between 10,000 and 20,000 proof gallons per 

year is $2,000. For each increase of 10,000 proof gallons 

(or fraction thereof') in total annual production 

(including receipts), the bond penal sum is increased 

$1,000. The maximum bond for a medium plant is 

$50,000 (applicable to plants producing (including 

receipts) between 490,000 and 500,000 proof gallons per 

year). 

For large plants, the amount of the bond is $50,000 plus 

an additional $2,000 for each 10,000 proof gallons (or 

fraction) produced and received in excess of 500,000. The 

maximum bond for a large plant is $200,000. Any plant 

producing (including receipts) in excess of 1,240,000 

proof gallons of spirits in a calendar year must furnish a 

bond in the amount of $200,000. 

Documentation required is BATF Form 5110.56, as 

shown in Figure B-2. 

7. Premises, Equipment, and Security. 

The premises of an alcohol fuel plant include all areas 

where distilled spirits are produced, processed, stored, 

used, or held for distribution. BATF requires buildings 

and equipment used in alcohol fuel plant operations to 

be constructed and arranged to enable the proprietor to 

maintain security adequate to deter diversion of the 

spirits. Regional regulatory administrators can require 

additional measures if security at a plant is found to be 

inadequate. 

8. Supervision of Operations. 

Regional regulatory administrators may assign BATF 

officers to alcohol fuel plants to supervise operations or 

to conduct inspections and audits. Authorities of BATF 

officers to carry out their duties have been incorporated 

by reference in the temporary regulations. BATF officers 

have a right of access to plant premises at all times to perform their official duties. The regulatic-s require proprietors to render assistance to BATF officers in performing 

gauges and examining equipment and containers, as 

necessary, to determine that all spirits are lawfully accounted for. 

9. Accounting for Spirits. 

The regulations require proprietors to determine and 

record the quantities of spirits produced, received, rendered unfit for beverage use, and used or removed from 

the premises. The records must be adequate to allow 

BATF officers to verify that the proprietor has lawfully 

disposed of all spirits. BATF requires no government 

forms or specific formats for these records. Commercial 

invoices, books of account, and other proprietary 

records are sufficient, so long as they show the information required by the regulations. 

The regulations also require proprietors to file periodic 

reports of their operations. Frequency of reporting varies 

with the size of the plant: annually for small plants, semiannually for medium plants, and quarterly for large 

B-4 FUEL FROM FARMS 
plants. The required form is BATF Form 51 10.75, as 

shown in Figure B-3. 

The following are the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, 

and Firearms regulations now in force, effective 

date of temporary regulations is July 1, 1980. 

10. Withdrawal of Spirits. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 

Distilled spirits withdrawn from alcohol fuel may 

be used only for fuel purposes. Before withdrawing 

spirits from plant premises, the proprietor must render 

the spirits unfit for beverage use. The only exception to 

this requirement is for spirits transferred to other plants. 

The regulations in Section 19.992 provide that fuel 

alcohol is considered unfit for beverage use when, for 

each 100 gallons of spirits, the proprietor has added to 

the spirits five gallons or more of gasoline, automotive 

gasoline, kerosene, deodorized kerosene, rubber hydrocarbon solvent, methyl isobutyl ketone, mixed isomers of 

nitropropane, any combination of the foregoing, or 5 

gallons of isopropyl alcohol and 1/8-ounce of denatonium benzoate N. F. (Bitrex). BATF selected these 

substances based on denatured alcohol and solvent formulations currently provided by regulation or ruling, and 

on requests and inquiries from persons currently involved 

in producing alcohol fuels. Proprietors may request 

authorization to use substitute materials under Sect ion 

19.993 of the regulations. 

Once rendered unfit for beverage use, fuel alcohol is 

eligible to be withdrawn free of tax. However, BATF 

does require proprietors to accounr for fuel alcohol remaining on plant premises and keep records of all sales 

and other dispositions of fuel alcohol. 

11. Use on Premises. 

Proprietors may use spirits for fuel on the premises of an 

alcohol fuel plant without rendering the spirits unfit for 

beverage use. The proprietor must record the quantities 

of spirits so used. 

12. Transfers in Bond. 

Proprietors may transfer spirits to another alcohol fuel 

plant. The proprietor need not render the spirits unfit for 

beverage use prior to transfer. Generally, liability for the 

tax on the spirits while in transit is the responsibility of 

the receiving proprietor. 

The temporary regulations prescribe procedures to be 

followed when transferring spirits between alcohol fuel 

plants. A commercial invoice or shipping document is required to cover each shipment of spirits. These procedures are necessary to guard against diversion of spirits 

to beverage use. 

Spirits also may be transferred between other distilled 

spirits plants and alcohol fuel plants. For such transfers, 

procedures and forms are prescribed in Sections 19.506 

through 19.510 of the regulations. 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 

FUEL USE OF DISTILLED SPIRITSIMPLEMENTING A PORTION OF THE CRUDE 

OIL 

WINDFALL PROFIT TAX ACT OF 1980 

(Public Law 96-223) 

AGENCY: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 

Department of the Treasury 

ACTION: Temporary rule (Treasury decision) 

SUMMARY: This temporary rule implements Section 

232, Alcohol Fuels, in Part 11 1 of Title I1 of the crude Oil 

Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-223). The temporary rule provides for the establishment and operation 

of distilled spirits plants solely for producing, processing 

and storing, and using or distributing distilled spirits 

(ethyl alcohol) exclusively for fuel use. P.L. 96-223 vests 

the Secretary of the Treasury with authority to simplify 

and liberalize statutory requirements for such alcohol 

fuel plants. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and 

Firearms (ATF) will issue final regulations only after 

careful consideration of the comments received on these 

temporary regulations. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

John V. Jarowski, Research and Regulations Branch, 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Washington, 

DC 20226, Telephone 202-566-7626. 

(Persons interested in applying for a permit should contact their ATF regional office. A list of addresses and toll 

free telephone numbers is provided in Appendix E.) 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This document 

contains temporary regulations implementing a portion 

of the Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 (Public 

Law 96-223). The temporary regulations provided by this 

document will remain in effect until superseded by final 

regulations on this subject. A notice of proposed 

rulemaking with respect to final regulations appears 

elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. 

Legislative Background 

In the Energy Tax Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-618) Congress required the Secretary of the Treasury to propose 

legislative recommendations to facilitate fuel use of 

distilled spirits. In compliance with this mandate, the 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS B -5 
Bureau submitted a proposal in 1979. Congress incor- other distilled spirits plants. While this document 

porated the proposed legislation, with modifications, in provides simplified ATF regulations for alcohol fuel 

P.L. 96-223. plants, persons wishing to establish a plant should 

check with other Federal (EPA), State and local 

Public Law 96-223 added a new section to Subchapter B authorities as to their specific requirements. 

of Chapter 51 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. 

New Section 5181, Distilled Spirits for Fuel Use, provides 

for the establishment of distilled spirits plants solely for 

the purpose of producing, processing and storing, and 

using or distributing distilled spirits to be used exclusively 

for fuel use. The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to 

expedite all applications, to establish a minimum bond, 

and to generally encourage and promote (through regulation or otherwise) the production of alcohol for fuel purposes. The law gives the Secretary authority to provide 

by regulation for the waiver of any provision of Chapter 

51 (except section 5181 or any provision requiring the 

payment of tax). This waiver authority may be exercised 

with respect to alcohol fuel plants as necessary to carry 

out the provisions of Section 5 181. 

The law exempts alcohol fuel plants which produce not 

more than 10,000 proof gallons of distilled spirits annually from furnishing a bond to cover the tax liability on the 

spirits. Also, persons wishing to establish such plants are 

assured by law that their applications for permits to 

operate will be acted upon within 60 days or less after 

receipt of a completed application. If this limit is exceeded, the application is automatically approved. 

Distilled spirits may be withdrawn from alcohol fuel 

plants free of tax after having been rendered unfit for 

beverage use.The term "rendered unfit for beverage 

use" is used to clearly distinguish this requirement for 

fuel spirits from "denaturation," which is required for 

spirits withdrawn from other distilled spirits plants. 

A principal reason for encouraging production of distilled spirits for fuel use is that these spirits are substituted 

for scarce fossil fuels. Therefore, in defining distilled 

spirits for purposes of the alcohol fuel provisions, the law 

excludes distilled spirits produced from petroleum, 

natural gas, or coal. 

Finally, P.L. 96-223 amended Section 5601 to impose 

criminal penalties on any person who withdraws, uses, 

sells, or otherwise disposes of distilled spirits produced 

under Section 5181 for other than fuel use. 

Regulations 

1. New Subpart Y of 27 CFR Part 19. Regulations 

applicable to alcohol fuel plants have been included 

in a new subpart, Subpart Y, of Part 19, Distilled 

Spirits Plants. Except for those portions of Subparts 

A through X of Part 19 which have been incorporated in the new subpart by reference, alcohol fuel 

plants are not subject to the provisions applicable to 

2. Definitions. Where necessary, terms have been 

defined as used in the new subpart. In some instances, ATF needed to redefine a term used elsewhere in Part 19. For instance, the term "distilled 

spirits" as used in Subpart Y does not include distilled spirits produced from petroleum, natural gas, 

or coal. In addition, ATF introduces some new 

terms. For example, the term "alcohol fuel plant" 

means a distilled spirits plant established under Subpart Y solely for producing, processing and storing, 

and using or distributing distilled spirits to be used 

exclusively for fuel use. The term "fuel alcohol" 

means spirits which have been rendered unfit for 

beverage use as provided in Subpart Y and are eligi- - 

ble to be withdrawn free of tax exclusively for fuel 

use. 

3. Permits. Any person wishing to establish an alcohol 

fuel plant must first make application for and obtain 

an Alcohol Fuel Producer's Permit. For purposes of 

the type of application required (as well as for bonding and other requirements), ATF classifies alcohol 

fuel plants into three categories: 

(a) Small plants-producing (including receipts of) not 

more than 10,000 proof gallons per calendar year; 

(b) Medium plants-produce (including receipts 00 

more than 10,000 but not more than 500,000 proof 

gallons percalendar year; and 

(cj Large plants-produce (including receipts of) more 

than 500,000 proof gallons per calendar year. 

These classes are based on the tax liabilities incident 

to the various levels of activity, as well as differences 

in capital expenditures and attendant technical 

sophistication required to set up plants of different 

sizes. By law, small plants are exempt from bonding 

and special rules apply to their applications. 

In determining the level of activity at a plant for purposes of bonding and qualification, ATF considers 

spirits received from another plant as additional production. With respect to small plants, this approach 

has no effect on a proprietor who will receive no 

spirits from other plants. Proprietors of other small 

plants, however, may wish to distill less than 10,000 

proof gallons of spirits per year and receive additional spirits from other plants. Those proprietors 

may produce and receive up to a total of 10,000 

proof gallons per year and still be exempt from 

B-6 FUEL FROM FARMS 
bonding. Counting receipts as additional production 

simplifies the regulations for bonds and qualification 

of plants. 

Application Requirements, Applications are filed on 

a form (ATF Form 51 10.74) furnished by the 

Bureau. For small plants, only the form needs to be 

filed. For medium and large plants, some additional 

information must be provided. Also, the law requires bonds for the medium and large plants. Applications are to be submitted to the regional 

regulatory administrator of the ATF region in which 

the plant is iocated. 

Having an application form should avoid confusion 

as to the information required to be submitted and 

serve to expedite processing of applications. Comments as to the design of the form, the information 

required, and as to whether the use of form is 

desirable, are specifically requested. Although ATF 

expects numerous applications to be filed in response 

to the temporary regulations, ATF anticipates that 

permits will be issued expeditiously. With respect to 

the small plants in particular, action well within the 

60 day statutory limitation should be possible. 

In general, a permit will be issued to any person who 

files a completed application (together with a bond 

for medium and large plants). Criteria for denial of 

applications, and for subsequent suspension or 

revocation of permits in the case of faise or incomplete applications, are set forth in Sections 

19.936 and 19.953 of the regulations. Time permitting, ATF may conduct an investigation and on-site 

inspection prior to issuance of the permit. 

Changes Affecting Permits. Permits may not be sold 

or transferred. If a different person purchases or acquires control of the plant, that person must file a 

new application. Also, ATF issues permits to cover 

specified plant premises. Any change in the location 

or extent of plant premises requires submission of an 

application to the regional regulatory administrator 

to amend the permit. Sections 19.945 through 19.953 

provide more details on changes affecting permits 

and administrative and procedural matters relative to 

permits. 

Bonds. Bonds give the Government security against 

possible loss of distilled spirits tax revenue. While tax 

is not collected on distilled spirits for fuel use lawfully produced and used as fuel, liability for tax, by law, 

attaches to the spirits on creation. The proprietor 

generally obtains a bond from a surety or insurance 

company, by paying a premium based on the penal 

sum required for the bond. 

The law exempts small plants producing (including 

receipts of) not more than I0,000 proof gallons per 

year from furnishing bonds. For medium and large 

plants which are required to file bonds, the penal 

sum required is based on the tax liability to be 

covered. There are two sources of this tax liability: 

The tax on spirits that will be produced (including 

spirits rendered unfit for beverage use in the process 

of production, as provided in Sec. 19.983); and, 

The tax on spirits that will be received by transfer in 

bond (see Sections 19.996 through 19.999). 

In the temporary regulations, the penal sum of the 

bond is based on the quantity in proof gallons of 

spirits that will be produced (including receipts) in a 

calendar year. 

The bond for a medium plant producing (including 

receipts of) between 10,000 and 20,000 proof gallons 

per year is $2,000. For each increase of 10,000 proof 

gallons (or fraction thereof) in total annual production (including receipts), the bond penal sum is increased $1,000. The maximum bond for a medium 

plant is $50,000 (applicable to plants producing 

(including receipts) between 490,000 and 500,000 

proof gallons per year). 

For large plants, the amount of the bond is $50,000 

plus an additional $2,000 for each 10,000 proof 

gallons (or fraction) produced and received in excess 

of 500,000. The maximum bond for a large plant is 

$200,000. Any plant producing (including receipts) 

in excess of 1,240,000 proof gallons of spirits in a 

calendar year must furnish a bond in the amount of 

$200,000. 

Premises, Equipment and Security. Ttie premises of 

an alcohol fuel plant includes all areas where distilled 

spirits are produced, processed, stored, used or held 

for distribution. ATF requires buildings and equipment used in alcohol fuel plant operations to be constructed and arranged to enable the proprietor to 

maintain security adequate to deter diversion of the 

spirits. Regional regulatory administrators can require additional measures if security at a plant is 

found to be inadequate. 

Supervision of Operations. Regional regulatory administrators may assign ATF officers to alcohol fuel 

plants to supervise operations or to conduct inspections and audits. Authorities of ATF officers to 

carry out their duties have been incorporated by 

reference in the temporary regulations. ATF officers 

have a right of access to plant premises at all times to 

perform their official duties. The regulations require 

proprietors to render assistance to ATF officers in 

performing gauges and examining equipment and 

containers, as necessary to determine that all spirits 

are lawfully accounted for. 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
Accounting for Spirits. The regulations require proprietors to determine and record the quantities of 

spirits produced, received, and rendered unfit for 

beverage use, and used or removed from the 

premises. The records must be adequate to allow 

ATF officers to verify that the proprietor has disposed of all spirits lawfully. ATF requires no Government forms or specific formats for these records. 

Commercial invoices, books of account, and other 

proprietary records are sufficient, so long as they 

show the information required by the regulations. 

The regulations also require proprietors to file 

periodic reports of their operations. Frequency of 

reporting varies with the size of the plant: annually 

for small plants, semiannually for medium plants, 

and quarterly for large plants. 

Withdrawal of Spirits. Distilled spirits withdrawn 

from alcohol fuel plants may be used only for fuel 

purposes. Before withdrawing spirits from plant 

premises, the proprietor must render the spirits unfit 

for beverage use. The only exception to this requirement is for spirits transferred to other plants. 

The regulations in Sec. 19.992 provide that fuel 

alcohol is considered unfit for beverage use when for 

each 100 gallons of spirits, the proprietor has added 

to the spirits five gallons or more of gasoline, 

automotive gasoline, kerosene, deodorized kerosene, rubber hydrocarbon solvent, methyl isobutyl 

ketone, mixed isomers of nitropropane, any combination of the foregoing, or 5 gallons of isopropyl 

alcohol and 1/8 ounce of denatonium benzoate N.F. 

(Bitrex). ATF selected these substances based on 

denatured alcohol and solvent formulations surrently provided by regulation or ruling, and on requests 

and inquirites from persons currently involved in 

producing alcohol fuels. Proprietors may request 

authorization to use substitute materials under Sec. 

19.993 of the regulations. 

Once rendered unfit for beverage use, fuel alcohol is 

eligible to be withdrawn free of tax. However, ATF 

does require proprietors to account for fuel alcohol 

remaining on plant premises and to keep records of 

all sales and other dispositions of fuel alcohol. 

Use on Premises. Proprietors may use spirits for fuel 

on the premises of an alcohol fuel plant without 

rendering the spirits unfit for beverage use. The proprietor must record the quantities of spirits so used. 

Transfers in Bond. Proprietors may transfer spirits 

to another alcohol fuel plant. The proprietor need 

not render the spirits unfit for beverage use prior to 

transfer. Generally, liability for the tax on the spirits 

while in transit is the responsibility of the receiving 

proprietor. 

The temporary regulations prescribe procedures to be 

followed when transferring spirits between alcohol fuel 

plants. A commercial invoice or shipping document is required to cover each shipment of spirits. These procedures are necessary to guard against diversion of spirits 

to beverage use. 

Spirits also may be transferred between other distilled spirits plants and alcohol fuel plants. For such 

transfers, procedures and forms are prescribed inSections 19.506 through 19.5 10 of the regulations. 

Issues for Comment 

While all comments on these regulations are welcome 

and will receive careful consideration before final regulations are issued, ATF specifically requests comments on 

the following two issues. 

Location of Plants in dwellings. Under existing 

regulations in 27 CFR Part 19, plants may not be 

located in any dwelling house, in any yard, shed, or 

enclosure connected with a dwelling house, or in certain other areas. Since ATF has not incorporated 

these restrictions in the temporary regulations, they 

do not apply to alcohol fuel plants. 

As to yards, sheds, or enclosures, ATF feels the existing restrictions would place undue constraints on 

farm production of alcohol fuel. For urban and 

suburban 'areas, ATF feels that local zoning ordinances, fire codes, and similar provisions will 

preclude establishment of plants at inappropriate 

locations. The alcohol fuel producer's permit does 

not relieve the proprietor of the obligations imposed 

by State or local law. 

However, ATF will consider prohibiting the 

establishment of plants in residential dwelling units. 

Accordingly, comments are requested as to whether 

such a prohibition is necessary or desirable. 

Specifications for fuel alcohol and materials 

authorized for use in rendering spirits unfit for 

beverage use. In contrast to existing denatured 

alcohol regulations in 27 CFR Parts 21 1 and 212, the 

temperary regulations do not require fuel alcohol to 

be of any particular proof. In addition, proprietors 

have the option to choose among a number of 

materials or combinations thereof to use in rendering 

spirits unfit. Proprietors will decide both on the 

proof of the spirits and on what materials to use to 

render the spirits unfit, based on cost factors and on 

what works effectively for the particular fuel uses 

selected by themselves or their customers. The 

regulations do point out, however, that if gasoline is 

to be added to the spirits, unleaded gasoline may be 

required if the fuel alcohol will be used in certain 

engines. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
For some uses higher proof spirits (anhydrous or 

nearly so) are necessary. For other uses, lower proof 

spirits may be adequate. 

ATF gives the proprietor options in this area 

because, beyond the blended motor fuels (e.g., 

gasohol) which are coming into widespread use, 

there is interest in using alcohol (once rendered unfit) for fuel purposes without blending with other 

fuels. ATF recognizes, however, that there may be a 

demand for tighter controls. For this reason, ATF 

will consider modifying the requirements for spirits 

rendered unfit, including specifying minimum 

proof levels for fuel alcohol. Accordingly, ATF 

specifically requests comments on the following 

questions: 

Are minimum proof standards necessary or desirable 

for fuel alcohol? 

Should the list of materials authorized for rendering 

spirits unfit for beverage use be broadened to include 

other substances, or sould some materials or options 

permitted under the temporary regulations be 

deleted? 

Are more detaiied specifications for rendering spirits 

unfit necessary? If adopted, should these specifications be geared to the end use of the fuel alcohol? 

Experimental Plants 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 

GeneraLMany persons have obtained permits to 

operate experimental distilled spirits plants (Section 

53 12) to produce distilled spirits for fuel purposes. 

The majority of these operations would qualify as 

small alcohol fuel plants under the temporary regulations. The authorized operations for experimental 

piants are generally more limited than under these 

temporary regulations, particularly as to removal or 

distribution of any spirits produced. The proprietor 

must furnish a bond. Also, experimental distilled 

spirits plant permits are issued for a limited time, 

usually two years. In contrast to experimental distilled spirits plants, alcohol fuel plants: 

Hold a permit which generally continues in effect indefinitely with no renewal required: 

Are authorized to sell or distribute the fuel alcohol 

they produce; 

Are exempt from bonding of annual production 

(including receipts) totals not more than 10,000 

proof gallons; and, 

May transfer spirits between plants. Given the advantages of operating as an alcohol fuel plant, ATF 

has developed a simplified procedure to convert outst anding experimental distilled spirits plant permit s 

to alcohol fuel producer's permits, on the assumption that most proprietors will elect conversion. The 

proprietor of an experimental plant does not have to 

file an application to have the permit converted. 

With respect to any bond that was furnished, ATF 

regional offices will advise proprietors how to cancel 

surety bonds or secure refunds of cash or securities 

deposited in lieu of obtaining a surety bond. 

Status of Existing Experimental Plants. Effective 

July 1, 1980, any person holding a permit to operate 

an experimental distiiled spirits plant for fuel purposes will be considered as authorized to operate 

under these regulations. ATF regional offices are 

notifying all affected proprietors. Before expiration 

of the outstanding permit, a new alcohol fuel producer's permit will be issued to each such proprietor. 

Applications which are currently pending to 

establish experimental distilled spirits plants for fuel 

purposes will be treated as applications for alcohol 

fuel producer's permits. Proprietors who do not 

wish to be converted to alcohol fuel plant status 

should file a written request with the regional 

regulatory administrator. 

Addresses of Regional Regulatory Administrators 

Any person who wishes to apply for a permit under the 

regulations in this document may obtain the required 

forms and further information from the regional 

regulatory administrator of the region in which the plant 

will be located. A list of addresses and toll-free telephone 

numbers is provided in Appendix E. 

Effective Date 

The Energy Tax Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-618, 92 Stat. 

3174) directed the Secretary to expedite, to the maximum extent possible, the applications of persons desiring to produce distilled sirits for fuel use, and to suggest 

legislative amendments which could reduce the amount 

of regulation to which such fuel producers would be 

subject. In furtherance of the first mandate, existing 

waiver authority under 26 U.S.C. 5312 was used to 

facilitate establishment of alcohol fuel plants on an experimental basis. The proposed legislative amendments 

have not been enacted as part of Pub. L. 96-223. 

Pub. L. 96-223 gives the Secretary broad authority to 

waive or reduce existing regulatory requirements for 

plants which will produce distilled spirits exclusively for 

fuel use, such as, by allowing simplified application and 

recordkeeping procedures, and by providing reduced 

control and bonding requirements. In addition, an expedited application procedure (with no bond) is provided for small producers. For such producers, the law 
requires action on the issuance of a permit within sixty 

days of submission of a completed application. Pub. L. 

96-223 is effective July 1, 1980. 

Immediate guidance is necessary for the affected parties, both potential new applicants to produce distilled 

spirits for fuel purposes and persons currently operating 

as proprietors of experimental distilled spirits plants, 

to reap the benefits of the new law upon its becoming 

effective. 

The issuance of this Treasury decision with notice and 

public procedure under 5 U.S.C. 553(d) is impracticable 

and not in the public interest, because absence of these 

regulations would create a serious delay in the production of alcohol fuel, inconsistent with the intent of the 

Energy Tax Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-618, 92 Stat. 3174) 

and the Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 

(Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 229) to encourage the expeditious production of alcohol fuels. Immediate action 

is necessary to avoid delay and facilitate production of 

alcohol fuel, in implementing the Crude Oil Windfall 

Profit Tax Act of 1980, which is effective July 1, 1980. 

Accordingly, this Treasury decision becomes effective 

on July 1, 1980. 

Authority and Issuance 

These regulations are issued under the authority contained in 26 U.S.C. 5181 (94 Stat. 278) and 26 U.S.C. 

7805 (68A Stat. 917, as amended). 

Accordingly, Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations is 

amended as follows: 

PART 19-DISTILLED SPIRITS PLANTS 

Paragraph 1. The table of sections is amended to reflect 

the addition of 519.63a immediately following $19.63 

and the addition of Subpart Y-Distilled Spirits for 

Fuel Use. As amended, the table of sections reads as 

follows: 

Permits 

519.935 Application for permit required 

519.936 Criteria for issuance of permit 

519.937 Small plants 

519.938 Waiver of bond requirement for small plants 

519.939 Medium plants 

819.940 Large plants 

$19.942 Information already on file and supplemental information 

Changes Affecting Permits 

519.945 Automatic termination of permits 

519.946 Change in type of alcohol fuel plant 

$19.947 Change in name of proprietor 

519.948 Changes in officers, directors, or principal 

persons 

519.949 Change in proprietorship 

819.950 Continuing partnerships 

519.951 Change in location 

Permanent Discontinuance of Business 

519.952 Notice of permanent discontinuance 

Suspension or Revocation of Permits 

819.953 Suspension or revocation 

Bonds 

519.956 Bonds 

519.957 Amount of bond 

$19.958 Instructions to compute bond penal sum 

519.959 Conditions of bond 

$19.960 Additional provisions with respect to bonds 

Construction, Equipment and Security 

519.972 Construction and equipment 

519.973 Security 

519.974 Additional security 

Supervision 

$19.975 Supervision of operations 

Subpart D-Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions 

Accounting for Spirits 

519.63a Alcohol fuel plants. 

Subpart Y-Distilled Spirits for Fuel Use 

519.931 Scope of subpart 

519.932 Taxes 

519.933 Status of existing experimental distilled 

spirits plants 

519.934 Meaning of terms 

519.980 Gauging 

519.981 Inventories 

$19.982 Records 

519.983 Spirits rendered unfit in the production 

process 

519.984 Record of spirits received 

519.985 Record of spirits rendered unfit for beverage 

use 

B-10 FUEL FROM FARMS 
519.986 Record of dispositions 

$19,987 Maintenance and retention of records 

$19,988 Reports 

Transfers and Withdrawals 

519.989 Withdrawal free of tax 

$19.990 Other uses prohibited 

919.991 Requirement for rendering spirits unfit for 

beverage use 

519.992 Authorized formulas for fuel alcohol 

519.993 Substitute materials 

519.994 Marks 

519.995 Container size 

to alcohol fuel plants. Spirits transferred in bond 

from alcohol fuel plants to plants qualified under 

26 U.S.C. 5 17 1 shall be accounted for separately by 

the consignee proprietor, and shall not subsequently be withdrawn, used, sold or otherwise disposed 

of for other than fuel use. 

(b) * * * 

(5201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1362, as amended, 1380, as amended 

(26 U.S.C. 5212, 5362); 0232, Pub. L. 96-223,94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 

5181)). 

Paragraph 4. A new Subpart Y-Distilled Spirits for 

Fuel Use, is added to provide regulations for alcohol 

fuel plants. As added, Subpart Y reads as follows: 

Subpart Y-Distilled Spirits for Fuel Use 

Transfers Between Plants 

519.931 Scope of subpart. 

519.996 Transfer in bond 

$19.997 Consignor premises 

519.998 Reconsignment in transit 

819.999 Consignee premises 

Paragraph 2. A new 519.63a is added immediately 

following 5 19.63. The new section incorporates authority to waive provisions of law and regulations with 

respect to alcohol fuel plants under the authoritites of 

the Director in Part 19. As added, 519.63a reads as 

follows: 

519.63a Alcohol fuel plants 

Under the provisions of Subpart Y of this part, distilled 

spirits plants may be established solely for producing, 

processing and storing, and using distributing distilled 

spirits to be used exclusively for fuel use. To the extent 

the Director finds it necessary to carry out the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 5 181, the Director may waive any 

provision of 26 U.S.C. Chapter 51 or this part (other 

than 26 U.S.C. 5 181, this section, Subpart Y, or any 

provisions requiring the payment of tax). 

($2.32, Pub. L.. 96-223, 94 Stac. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

Paragraph 3. g19.505 is amended to provide for the 

transfer of spirits between plants qualified under 26 

U.S.C. 5171 and alcohol fuellants. The statutes at large 

citation is also amended. As amended, 519.505 reads as 

follows: 

€j19.505 Authorized transfers. 

(a) Spirits. Pursuant to approval of an application as 

provided for in 8 19.506, buIk spirits (including 

denatured spirits) may be transferred in bond between bonded premises in bulk conveyances, or by 

pipeline, or in bulk containers into which spirits 

may be filled on bonded premises. However, spirits 

(including denatured spirits) produced from petroleum, natural gas, or coal, may not be transferred 

This subpart relates to the qualification and operation 

of distilled spirits plants established solely for producing, processing and storing, and using or distributing distilled spirits to be used exclusiveIy for fuel use. 

Except where incorporated in this subpart by reference, 

the provisions of Subparts A through X of this part do 

not apply to alcohol fuel plants (see S19.63a). 

(fi232, Pub. 1. 96-223, 94 Slat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.932 Taxes 

(a) Distilled spirits tax. Distilled spirits may be withdrawn free of tax from the premises of an alcohol 

fuel plant exclusively for fuel use in accordance 

with this subpart. Payment of tax will be required in 

the case of diversion of spirits to beverage use or 

other unauthorized dispositions. The provisions of 

Subpart C of this part are applicable to distilled 

spirits for fuel use as follows: 

(1) Imposition of tax liability ($§ 19.21 through 19.25); 

(2) Assessment of tax ($519.3 1 and 19.32); and, 

(3) Claims for tax ($5 19.41 and 19.44). 

(b) Still tax. A commodity tax is imposed by 26 U.S.C. 

5101 on the manufacturer for each still or condenser for distilling made by him. Manufacturers of 

stills are subject to a special occupational tax. 

However, a proprietor manufacturing stills or condensers exclusively for use in his plant or plants is 

exempt from these taxes. In addition, proprietors of 

alcohol fuel plants are exempt from the requirement 

of 26 U.S.C. 5105 to file an application and obtain 

a permit before setting up distilling apparatus. Provisions relating to stills are contained in 27 CFR 

Part 196. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Srac. 1314, as amended, 1339 (26 

1J.S.C. 5001, 5 101, 5103); #232, Pub. L. 96-223,94 Stat. 278 (26 

U.S.C. 5181)) 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
819.933 Status of existing experimental distilled spirits 

plants 

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this subpart, 

effective July I, 1980, the prior application and permit 

of existing experimental plants for alcohol fuel production under Section 5312 will be considered as approved 

applications to operate under the provisions of 26 

U.S.C. 5181 as alcohol fuel plants. Such existing plants 

may continue to operate and the operations shall be 

conducted pursuant to the provisions of this subpart. A 

new permanent permit as an alcohol fuel plant will be 

issued in lieu of, and prior to the expiration date of, the 

existing permit as an experimental plant. However, persons who wish to retain their permits under 26 U.S.C. 

5312 as experimental distilled spirits plants, instead of 

converting to alcohol fuel plant status, may do so by 

filing a written request with the regional regulatory 

administrator. 

Fuel alcohol. Distilled spirits which have been rendered 

unfit for beverage use at an alcohol fuel plant as provided in this subpart. 

Gallon or wine gallon. The liquid measure equivalent to 

the volume of 231 cubic inches. 

Person. An individual, trust, estate, partnership, 

association, company or corporation. 

Proof. The ethyl alcohol content of a liquid at 60 

degrees Fahrenheit, stated as twice the percent of ethyl 

alcohol by volume. 

Proof gallon. A gallon of liquid at 60 degrees 

Fahrenheit which contains 50 percent by volume of 

ethyl alcohol having a specific gravity of 0.7939 at 60 

degrees Fahrenheit referred to water at 60 degrees 

Fahrenheit as unity, or the alcoholic equivalent thereof. 

Proprietor. The person qualified under this subpart to 

operate the alcohol fuel plant. 

519.934 Meaning of terms 

When used in this subpart, and in forms prescribed 

under this subpart, terms shall have the meaning given 

in this section. Words in the plural form include the 

singular and vice versa, and words indicating the 

masculine gender include the feminine. The terms "includes" and "including" do not exclude things not 

enumerated which are in the same general class. 

Alcohol fuel plant or plant. An establishment qualified 

under this subpart solely for producing, processing and 

storing, and using or distributing distilled spirits to be 

used exclusively for fuel use. 

Alcohol fuel producer's permit. The document issued 

pursuant to 26 U.S C. 5181 authorizing the person 

named therein to engage in business as an alcohol fuel 

plant. 

ATF officer. An officer or employee of the Bureau of 

Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) authorized to 

perform any function relating to the administration or 

enforcement of this subpart. 

Bonded Premises. The premises of an alcohol fuel plant 

where distilled spirits are produced, processed and 

stored, and used or distributed. Premises of small 

alcohol fuel plants, which are exempt from bonding 

under 519.938, shall be treated as bonded premises for 

purposes of this subpart. 

CFR. The Code of Federal Regulations. 

Director. The Director, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco 

and Firearms, the Department of the Treasury, 

Washington, D.C. 

Region. A Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 

region. 

Regional regulatory administrator. The principal 

regional official responsible for administering regulations in this subpart. 

Secretary. The Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate. 

Spirits or distilled spirits. That substance known as ethyl 

alcohol, ethanol, or spirits of wine in any form (including all dilutions and mixtures thereof by whatever 

process produced), but not fuel alcohol unless 

specifically stated. For purposes of this subpart, the 

term does not include spirits produced from petroleum, 

natural gas, or coal. 

This chapter. Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, 

Chapter 1 (27 CFR Chapter I). 

Transfer on bond. The transfer of spirits between 

alcohol fuel plants or between a distilled spirits plant 

qualified under 26 U.S.C. 5171 and an alcohol fuel 

plant. 

Type of plant. The following three types of alcohol fuel 

plants are recognized in this subpart: 

Small plant. An alcohol fuel plant which produces 

-including receipts) not more than 10,000 proof 

gallons of spirits per calendar year. 

Medium plant. An alcohol fuel plant which produces (including receipts) more than 10,000 and not 

more thap 500,000 proof gallons of spirits per calendar year. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
(c) Large plant. An alcohol fuel plant which produces 

(including receipts) more than 500,000 proof 

gallons of spirits per calendar year. 

U.S.C. The United States Code 

Permits 

519.935 Application for permit required. 

Any person wishing to establish an alcohol fuel plant 

shall first make application for and obtain an alcohol 

fuel producer's permit. Alcohol fuel producers permits 

are continuing. The permit continues in effect unless 

automatically terminated under 819.945, suspended 

or revoked as provided in 519.953, or voluntarily 

surrendered. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Star. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5 181)) 

519.936 Criteria for issuance of permit. 

In general, an alcohol fuel producer's permit will be 

issued to any person who completes the required application for permit and who furnishes the required 

bond (if any). However, the regional regulatory administrator may institute proceedings for the denial of 

the application, if the regional regulatory administrator 

determines that: 

Persons wishing to establish a small plant shall apply for 

a permit as provided in this section. Except as provided 

in paragraph (d) of this section, operations may not be 

commenced until the permit has been issued. 

(a) The applicant (including, in the case of a corporalion, any officer, director, or principal stockholder, 

and in the case of a partnership, a partner) is, by 

reason of business experience, financial standing, 

or trade connections, not likely to maintain operations in compliance wirh 26 U.S. C. Chapter 51, or 

regulations issued thereunder; or 

(b) The applicant has failed to disclose any material information required, or has made any false statement, as to any material fact, in connection with the 

application; or 

(c) The premises on which the applicant proposes to 

conduct the operations are not adequate to protect 

the revenue. The procedures applicable to denial of 

applications are set forth in 27 CFR Part 200. 

(5201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1370, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5271); 

$232. Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

519.937 Small plants. 

Persons wishing to establish a small piant shall apply for 

a permit as provided in this section. Except as provided 

in paragraph (d) of this section, operations may not be 

commenced until the permit has been issued. 

(a) Application for permit. The application (ATF 

Form 51 10.74) shall be submitted to the regional 

regulatory administrator and shall set forth the 

following information: 

(1) Name and mailing address of the applicant, and 

the location of the alcohol fuel plant if not apparent from the mailing address; 

(2) A diagram of the plant premises and a statement as to the ownership of the premises (if the 

premises are not owned by the proprietor, the 

owner's consent to access by ATF officers must 

be furnished); 

(3) A description of all stills and a statement of 

their maximum capacity; 

(4) The materials from which spirits will be produced; 

(5) A description of the security measures to be 

used to protect premises, buildings, and equipment where spirits are produced, processed, 

and stored; and, 

(6) A statement as to the environmental impact of 

the proposed operation. 

(b) Receipt by the regional regulatory administrator 

(1) Notice of receipt-Within 15 days of receipt of 

the application, the regional regulatory administrator shall send a written notice of receipt to 

the applicant. The notice will include a statement as to whether the application meets the requirements of paragraph (a). If the application 

does not meet those requirements, the application will be returned and a new 15-day period 

will commence upon receipt by the regional 

regulatory administrator of the amended or 

corrected application. 

Failure to give notice-If the required notice of 

receipt is not sent, and the applicant has a 

receipt indicating that the regional regulatory 

administrator has received the application, the 

45-day period provided for in paragraphs (c) 

and (d) will commence on the fifteenth day 

after the date the regional regulatory administrator received the application. 

(3) Limitation-The provisions of subparagraphs 

(1) and (2) will apply only to the first application submitted with respect to any one small 

plant in any calendar quarter. However, an 

amended or corrected first application will not 

be treated as a separate application. 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
Determination by the regional regulatory administrator. Within 45 days from the date the 

regional regulatory administrator sent the applicant 

a notice of receipt of a completed application, the 

regional regulatory administrator shall either (1) 

issue the permit, or (2) give notice in writing to the 

applicant, stating in detail the reason that a permit 

will not be issued. Denial of an application will not 

prejudice any further application for a permit made 

by the same applicant. 

Presumption of approval. If, within 45 days from 

the date of the notice to the applicant of receipt., of a 

completed application, the regional regulatory administrator has not notified the applicant of issuance of the permit or denial of the application, 

the application shall be deemed to have been approved and the applicant may proceed as if a permit 

had been issued. 

(5232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181) 

819.938 Waiver of bond requirement for small plants. 

No bond is required for small plants. 

(5232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

$19.939 Medium plants. 

Any person wishing to establish a medium plant shall 

make application for and obtain an alcohol fuel producer's permit and furnish a bond as provided in this 

section. Operations may not be commenced until the application has been approved and the permit issued. 

(a) Application for permit. The application (ATF 

Form 51 10.74) shall be submitted to the regional 

regulatory administrator and shall set forth the 

following information: 

The information required by 519.937(a); 

Statement of maximum total proof gallons of 

spirits that will be produced and received during a calendar year; 

Information identifying the principal persons 

involved in the business and a statement as to 

whether the applicant or any such person has 

ever been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor 

under Federal or State law; and, 

Statement of the amount of funds invested in 

the business and the source of those funds. 

(b) Bond required. A bond of sufficient penal sum, as 

prescribed in 19.958, must be submitted and approved before a permit may be issued. 

(5232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.940 Large Plants. 

Any person wishing to establish a large plant shall make 

application for and obtain an alcohol fuel producer's 

permit and furnish a bond as provided in this section. 

Operations may not be commenced until the application 

has been approved and the permit issued. 

(a) Application for permit. The application (ATF 

Form 5110.74) shall be submitted to the regional 

regulatory administrator and shall set forth the 

following information: 

The information required by 519.937(a); 

Statement of the maximum proof gallons of 

spirits that will be produced and received during a calendar year (not required if the bond is 

in the maximum sum); 

Information identifying the principal persons 

involved in the business and a statement as to 

whether the applicant or any such person has 

ever been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor 

under Federal or State law; 

Statement of the amount of funds invested in 

the business and the source of those funds; and, 

Statement of the type of business organization 

and of the persons interested in the business, 

supported by the items of information listed in 

$19.941. 

(b) Bond required. A bond of sufficient penal sum, as 

prescribed in 519.958, must be submitted and approved before a permit may be issued. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

519.941 Organizational documents. 

The supporting information required by paragraph 

(a)(5) of 519.940, includes, as applicable, copies of- 

(a) Corporate documents. 

Corporate charter or certificate of corporate 

existence or incorporation. 

List of directors and officers, showing their 

names and addresses. However, do not list officers who have no responsibilities in connection with the operation of the alcohol fuel 

plant. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
(3) Certified extracts or digests of minutes of Changes Affecting Permits 

meetings of board of directors, authorizing certain individuals to sign for the corporation. 519.945 Automatic termination of permits. 

(4) Statement showing the number of shares of (a) Permits not transferable. Permits issues under this 

each class of stock or other evidence of owner- subpart shall not be transferred. In the event of the 

ship, authorized and outstanding, and the lease, sale, or other transfer of such a permit, or of 

voting rights of the respective owners or the authorized operations, the permit automatically holders. terminates. 

(b)Statement of interest. 

(1) Names and addresses of the 10 persons having 

the largest ownership or other interest in each 

of the classes of stock in the corporation, or 

other legal entity, and the nature and amount 

of the stockholding or other interest of each, 

whether the interest appears in the name of the 

interested party or in the name of another for 

him. If a corporation is wholly owned or controlled by another corporation, those persons 

of the parent corporation who meet the above 

standards are considered to be the persons interested in the business of the subsidiary, and 

the names thereof need be furnished only upon 

request of the regional regulatory administrator. 

(2) In the case of an individual owner or partnership, the name and address of each person interested in the plant, whether the interest appears in the name of the interested party or in 

the name of another for that person. 

(c) Availability of additional documents. The originals 

of documents required to be submitted under this 

section and additional items required under $19.942 

such as the articles of incorporation, bylaws, State 

certificate authorizing operations, or articles of 

partnership or association (in the case of a partnership where required by State law) shall be made 

available to any ATF officer upon request. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1349, as amended, 1370, as amended 

(26 U.S.C. 51 72, 5271); $232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 

5181)) 

519.942 information already on file and supplemental 

information 

If any of the information required by 5619.937 through 

19.941 is on file with the regional regulatory administrator, that information, if accurate and complete, 

may be incorporated by reference and made a part of 

the application. When required by the regional regulatory administrator, the applicant shall furnish as a part 

of the application for permit, additional information as 

may be necessary to determine whether the application 

should be approved. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278, (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

(b) Corporations. In the case of a corporation holding 

a permit under this subpart, if actual or legal control of the permittee corporation changes, directly 

or indirectly, whether by reason of change in stock 

ownership or control (in the permittee corporation 

or in any other corporation), by operation of law, 

or in any other manner, the permittee shall, within 

10 days of such change, give written notice, executed under the penalties of perjury, to the 

regional regulatory administrator; the permit may 

remain in effect until the expiration of 30 days after 

the change, whereupon the permit will automatically terminate. However, if operations are to be 

continued after the change in control, and an application for a new permit is filed within 30 days of 

the change, then the outstanding permit may remain in effect until final action is taken on the new 

application. When final action is taken on the application, the outstanding permit automatically terminates. 

(5201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1370, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5271)) 

519.946 Change in type of alcohol fuel plant. 

(a) Small plants. If the proprietor of a small plant 

wishes to increase production (including receipts) to 

a level in excess of 10,000 proof gallons of spirits 

per calendar year, the proprietor shall first furnish a 

bond and obtain an amended permit by filing application under $8 19.939 or 19.940, as applicable. Information filed with the original application for 

permit need not be resubmitted, but may be incorporated by reference in the new application. 

(b) Medium plants. Where the proprietor of a medium 

plant intends to increase production (including 

receipts) above 500,000 proof gallons of spirits per 

calendar year, the proprietor shall first obtain an 

amended permit by filing an application under 

619.940. A new or strengthening bond may be required (see §19.957(a)). Information already on 

file may be incorporated by reference in the new 

application. 

(c) Curtailment of activities. Proprietors of large or 

medium plants who have curtailed operations to a 

level where they are eligible to be requalified as 

medium or small plants may, on approval of a letter 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 9-1 5 
of application by the regional regulatory administrator, be relieved from the additional requirements 

incident to their original qualification. In the case 

of a change to small plant status, termination of the 

bond and relief of the surety from further liability 

shall be as provided in Subpart H of this part. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1370, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5271); 

0232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

$19.947 Change in name of proprietor. 

Where there is to be a change in the individual, firm, or 

corporate name, the proprietor shall, within 30 days of 

the change, file an application to amend the permit; a 

new bond or consent of surety is not required. 

($101, Pub. L. 85-859, Stat. 1349, as amended, 1370, as amended (26 

U.S.C. 5172, 5271); $232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 

5181)) 

519.948 Changes in officers, directors, or principal 

persons 

Where there is any change in the list of officers, directors, or principal persons, furnished under the provisions of $919.939, 19.940, or 19.941, the proprietor 

shall submit, within 30 days of any such change, a 

notice in letter form including the new list of officers 

and a statement of the changes reflected in such list. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-233,94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

$19.949 Change in proprietorship. 

(a) General. If there is a change in the proprietorship of 

a plant qualified under this part, the outgoing proprietor shall comply with the requirements of 

9 19.952 and the successor shall, before commencing 

operations, apply for and obtain a permit and file 

the required bond (if any) in the same manner as a 

person qualifying as the proprietor of a new plant. 

(b) Fiduciary. A successor to the proprietorship of a 

plant who is an administrator, executor, receiver, 

trustee, assignee or other fiduciary, shall comply 

with the applicable provisions of 9 lg.l86(b). 

($201. Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1349, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5172)) 

the surviving partner acquires the business on completion of the settlement of the partnership, he shall qualify 

in his own name from the date of acquisition, as provided in 919.949(a). The rule set forth in this section 

shall also apply where there is more than one surviving 

partner. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1349, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5172); 

$232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.951 Change in location. 

Where there is a change in the location of the plant or of 

the area included within the plant premises, the proprietor shall file an application to amend the permit 

and, if a bond is required, either a new bond or a consent of surety on ATF Form 1533 (5000.18). Operation 

of the plant may not be commenced at the new location 

prior to issuance of the amended permit. 

(8201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1349, as amended, 1370, as amended 

(26 U.S.C. 5172, 5271); $805(c), Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 276 (26 

U.S.C. 5173); $232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

Permanent Discontinuance of Business 

$19.952 Notice of permanent discontinuance. 

A proprietor who permanently discontinues operations 

as an alcohol fuel plant shall, after completion of the 

operations, file a letter head notice with the regional 

regulatory administrator. The notice shall be accompanied (a) by the alcohol fuel producer's permit, and by 

the proprietor's request that such permit be canceled; 

(b) by a written statement disclosing, as applicable, 

whether (1) all spirits (including fuel alcohol) have been 

lawfully disposed of, and (2) any spirits are in transit to 

the premises; and (c) by a report covering the discontinued operations (the report shall be marked "Final 

Report "). 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1349, as amended, 1370, as amended 

(26 U.S.C. 5172, 5271); 0232, Pub. L. 96-223,94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 

5181)) 

Suspension or Revocation of Permits 

819.953 Suspension or revocation 

519.950 Continuing partnerships. 

If under the laws of the particular State, the partnership 

is not terminated on death or insolvency of a partner, 

but continues until the winding up of the partnership 

affairs is completed, and the surviving partner has the 

exclusive right to the control and possession of the partnership assets for the purpose of liquidation and settlement, the surviving partner may continue to operate the 

plant under. the prior qualification of the partnership. 

However, in the case of a large or medium plant, a consent of surety must be filed, wherein the surety and the 

surviving partner agree to remain liable on the bond. If 

Whenever the regional regulatory administrator has 

reason to believe that any person holding an alcohol fuel 

producer's permit- 

(a) Has not in good faith complied with the applicable 

provisions of 26 U. S. C. Chapter 51, or regulations 

issued thereunder, or 

(b) Has violated conditions of the permit; or 

(c) Has made .any false statement as to any material 

fact in the application therefore; or 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Has failed to disclose any material in formation required to be furnished; or 

Has violated or conspired to violate any law of the 

United States relating to intoxicating liquor or has 

been convicted of any offense under Title 16, 

U. S. C. punishable as a felony or of any conspiracy 

to cornmi! such offense: or 

Has not engaged in any of the operations authorized by the permit for a period of more than 2 years; 

the regional regulatory administrator may institute 

proceedings for the revocation or suspension of the 

permit in accordance with the procedures set forth 

in 2 7 CFR Part 200. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1370, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5271)) 

Bonds 

$19.956 Bonds. 

An operations bond is required for medium and large 

plants. Surety bonds may be given only with corporate 

sureties holding certificates of authority from, and subject to the limitations prescribed by, the Secretary as set 

forth in the current revision of Treasury Department 

Circular 570. However, in lieu of corporate surety the 

proprietor may pledge and deposit as surety for his 

bond, securities which are transferable and are guaranteed as to both interest and principal by the United 

States, in accordance with the provisions of 31 CFR 

Part 225. The regional regulatory administrator will not 

release such securities until liability under the bond for 

which they were pledged has been terminated. 

(5805(c), Pub. L. 96-39,93 Stat. 276 (26 U.S.C. 5173); CH. 390, Pub. 

L. 80-280, 61 Stat. 648, 650 (6 U.S.C. 6, 7, 15); $232, Pub. L. 96-223, 

94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

519.957 Amount of bond. 

The penal sum of the bond is based on the total quantity 

of distilled spirits to be produced (including receipts) 

during a calendar year. If the level of production and/or 

receipts at the plant is to be increased, and the bond 

shall be obtained. 

Medium plants. A medium plant which will produce (including receipts of) between 10,000 and 

20,000 proof gallons of spirits per year requires a 

bond in the amount of $2,000. For each additional 

10,000 proof gallons (or fraction thereof), the bond 

amount is increased $1,000. The maximum bond 

for a medium plant is $50,000. 

Large plants. The minimum bond for a large plant 

is $52,000 more than 500,000, but not more than 

5 10,000 proof gallons annual production (including 

receipts)). For each additional 10,000 (or fraction) 

proof gallons, the amount of the bond is increased 

$2,000. The maximum bond for a large plant is 

$200,000 (more than 1,240,000 proof gallons). 

(§805(c, Pub. L. 96-39,93 Stat. 276 (26 U.S.C. 5173); $232, Pub. 

L. 96-233,94Stat. 278 (26U.S.C. 5181)) 

419.958 Instructions to compute bond penal sum. 

Medium plants. To find the required amount of 

your bond, estimate the total proof gallons of 

spirits to be produced and received in a calendar 

year. The amount of the bond is $1,000 for each 

10,000 proof gallons (or fraction), subject to a 

minimum of $2,000 and a maximum of $50,000. 

The following table provides some examples: 

Annual production and receipts in proof gallons 

More than but not over Amount of bond 

10,000 to 10,000 $2,000 

20,000 to 30,000 3 ,ooo 

90,000 to 100,000 10,000 

190,000 to 200,000 20,000 

490,000 to 500,000 50,000 

Large plants. To find the required amount of your 

bond, estimate the total proof gallons of spirits to 

be produced and received in a calendar year, The 

amount of the bond is $50,000 plus $2,000 for each 

10,000 proof gallons (or fraction) over 500,000. The 

following table provides some examples: 

Annual production and receipts in proof gallons 

More than but not 

over Amount of bond 

500,000 to 510,000 $52,000 

510,000 to 520,000 54,000 

740,000 to 750,000 100,000 

990,000 to 1,000,000 150,000 

1,240,000 200,000 

($805(c), Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 276 (26 U.S.C. 5173); 8232, Pub. L. 

96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.959 Conditions of bond. 

The bond shall be conditioned on payment of all taxes 

(including any penalties and interest) imposed by 26 

U. S.C. Chapter 5 1, on compliance with all requirements 

of law and regulations, and on payment of all penalties 

incurred or fines imposed for violation of any such 

provisions. 

(§805(c), Pub. L. 96-39,93 Stat. 276 (26 U.S.C. 5173); $232, Pub. L. 

96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.960 Additional provisions with respect to bonds. 

Subpart H of this part contains further provisions applicable to bonds which, where not inconsistent with 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 

i 
this subpart, are applicable to bonds of alcohol fuel 

plants. 

Construction, Equipment and Security 

819.972 Construction and equipment. 

Buildings and enclosures where distilled spirits will be 

produced, processed, or stored shall be constructed and 

arranged to enable the proprietor to maintain security 

adequate to deter diversion of the spirits. Distilling 

equipment shall be constructed to prevent unauthorized 

removal of spirits, from the point where distilled spirits 

come into existence until production is complete and the 

quantity of spirits has been determined. Tanks and 

other vessels for containing spjrits shall be equipped for 

locking and be constructed to allow for determining the 

quantities of spirits therein. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1353, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5178)) 

819.973 Security. 

Proprietors shall provide security adequate to deter the 

unauthorized removal of spirits. The proprietor shall 

store spirits either in a building, a storage tank, or 

within an enclosure, which the proprietor will keep 

locked when operations are not being conducted. 

(5201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1353, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5178); 

$806, Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 279 (26 U.S.C. 5202)) 

819.974 Additional security. 

If the regional regulatory administrator finds that 

security is inadequate to deter diversion of the spirits, as 

may be evidenced by the occurrence of break-ins or by 

diversion of spirits to unauthorized purposes, additional 

security measures may be required. Such additional 

measures may include, but are not limited to, the 

following: 

(a) The erection of a fence around the plant or the 

alcohol storage facility; 

(b) Flood lights; 

(c) Alarm systems; 

(d) Watchman services; or, 

(e) Locked or barred windows. 

The exact additional security requirements would depend on the extent of the security problems, the volume 

of alcohol produced, the risk to tax revenue, and safety 

requirements. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1353, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5178); 

$806, Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 279 (26 U.S.C. 5202)) 

Supervision 

819.975 Supervision of operations. 

The regional regulatory administrator may assign ATF 

officers to premises of plants qualified under this subpart. The authorities of ATF officers, provided in 

$419.80 through 19.84, and the requirement that proprietors keep premises accessible to and furnish facilities 

and assistance to ATF officers, provided in $919.85 and 

19.86, apply to plants qualified under this subpart. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1320, as amended, 1357, as amended, 

1358, as amended 1375, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5006, 5203, 5204, 

5213)) 

Accounting for Spirits 

819.980 Gauging. 

Equipment and method. Proprietors shall gauge 

spirits by accurately determining the proof and 

quantity of spirits. The proof of the spirits shall be 

determined using a glass cylinder, hydrometer, and 

thermometer. However, fuel alcohol may be accounted for in wine gallons, so it is not necessary to 

determine the proof of fuel alcohltil manufactured, 

on-hand, or removed. The proprietor may determine quantity either by volume or weight. A tank or 

receptacle with a calibrated glass scale installed, a 

calibrated dipstick, conversion charts, or (subject to 

approval by the Director) meters, may be used to 

determine quantity by volume. Detailed procedures 

for gauging spirits are provided-in 27 CFR Part 13. 

When Required. Proprietors shall gauge spirits and 

record the results in their records at the following 

times: 

(1) On completion of production of distilled 

spirits; 

(2) On receipt of spirits at the plant; 

(3) On addition of materials to render the spirits 

unfit for beverage use; 

(4) Before withdrawal of spirits (including fuel 

alcohol) from plant premises or other disposition thereof; and, 

(5) When spirits are to be inventoried. 

819.981 Inventories. 

Proprietors shall take actual physical inventory of all 

spirits (including fuel alcohol) on bonded premises at 

least once during each period for which a report is required by $19.988. The results of the inventory shall be 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
posted in the applicable reocrds required by 919.982, 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1356, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5201)) 

g19.982 Records. 

(a) AN plants. All proprietors shall maintain records 

with respect to: 

(1) The quantity and proof of spirits produced; 

(2) The proof gallons of spirits on-hand and received; 

(3) The quantities and types of materials added to 

render the spirits unfit for beverage use; 

(4) The quantity of fuel alcohol manufactured; 

and, 

(5) All dispositions of spirits (including fuel 

alcohol). Fuel alcohol may be recorded in wine 

gallons. 

(b) Medium and large plants. Proprietors of medium 

and large plants shall also record the kind and 

quantity of materials used to produce spirits. 

(c) General requirements. The records must contain 

sufficient information to allow ATF officers to 

determine the quantities of spirits produced, received, stored, or processed and to verify that all 

spirits have been lawfully disposed of or used. 

However, the proprietor need not prepare records 

specifically to meet the requirements of this subpart. Records which the proprietor prepares for 

other purposes (i ,e., invoices or other commercial 

records) are sufficient, so long as they show all the 

required information. 

($807, Pub. L. 96-39,93 Stat. 284 (26 U.S.C. 5207)) 

919.983 Spirits rendered unfit in the production process. 

If the proprietor renders spirits unfit for beverage use 

before removal from the production system, the production records shall also include the kind and quantity 

of materials added to each lot of spirits. In such a case, 

a separate record under $19.985 is not required. This 

paragraph applies to in-line addition of materials and to 

systems in which, before any spirits come off the production equipment, the proprietor adds materials for 

rendering the spirits unfit for beverage use to the first 

receptacle where spirits are to be deposited. 

($807, Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 284 (26 U.S.C. 5207); 5232, Pub. L. 

96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.984 Record of spirits received. 

The proprietor's copy of the consignor's invoice or 

other document received with the shipment, on which 

the proprietor has noted the date of receipt and quantity 

received, constitutes the required record. 

($807, Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 284 (26 U.S.C. 5207)) 

$19.985 Record of spirits rendered unfit for beverage 

use. 

The proprietor shall record the kind and quantity of 

materials added to render each lot of spirits unfit for 

beverage use and the quantity of fuel alcohol manufactured (which may be given in wine gallons). 

($807, Pub.L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 284 (26 U.S.C. 5207)). 

819.986 Record of dispositions. 

(a) Fuel alcohol. For fuel alcohol distributed, used, or 

otherwise disposed of the proprietor shall record 

the- 

(1) Quantity of fuel alcohol; 

(2) Date of disposition; and 

(3) Name and address of the person to whom 

distributed or, if used or otherwise disposed of 

by the proprietor, the purpose for which used 

or the nature of the other disposition (e.g., 

destruction or redistillation). Commercial invoices, sales slips, or similar documents are acceptable if they clearly show the required information. 

(b) Spirits. 

(1) For spirits transferred in bond to another 

alcohol fuel plant, the commercial invoice or 

other document required by 5 19.997 constitutes 

the required record. For transfers to other 

distilled spirits plants, the form required by 

5 19.508 is the required record. 

(2) For spirits used or otherwise disposed of (e.g., 

lost, destroyed, redistilled) on the premises of 

the alcohol fuel plant, the proprietor shall 

maintain a record as follows: 

(i) the quantity of spirits (in proof gallons) and the 

date of disposition; 

(ii) the purpose for which used or the nature of the 

other disposition. 

($807, Pub. L. 96-39,93 Stat. 284 (26 U.S.C. 5207)) 

819.987 Maintenance and retention of records. 

The proprietor shall retain the records required by this 

subpart for a period of not less than three years from 

the date thereof or from the data of the last entry made 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
thereon, whichever is later. The records shall be kept at 

the plant where the operation or transaction occurs and 

shall be available for inspection by any ATF officer during business hours. For records maintained on data 

processing equipment, the provisions of 819.743 apply. 

(5807, Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 284 (26 U.S.C. 5207)). 

819.988 Reports. 

Proprietors shall file reports of their operations, 

depending on the type of plant, as follows: 

Type of Plant and Reporting Periods 

Small plant-Annually (December 3 1) 

Medium plant-Semiannually (June 30 and 

December 31) 

Large plant-Quarterly (Close of each calendar quarter) 

The proprietor shall submit each required report to the 

regional regulatory administrator within 30 days after 

the close of the applicable reporting period. The report 

shall be submitted on a form provided for that purpose. 

(5807, Pub. L. 96-39, 93 Stat. 284 (26 U.S.C. 5207)) 

Transfers and Withdrawals 

819.989 Withdrawal free of tax. 

Fuel alcohol produced under this subpart, may be 

withdrawn free of tax from plant premises exclusively 

for fuel use. 

(5201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1362, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5214); 

$232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.990 Other uses prohibited. 

The law imposes criminal: penalties on any person who 

withdraws, uses, sells or otherwise disposes of distilled 

spirits (including fuel alcohol) produced under this subpart for other than fuel use. 

(5201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1398, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5601); 

5232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.991 Requirement for rendering spirits unfit for 

beverage use. 

Before spirits may be withdrawn from plant premises, 

the spirits must contain, or the proprietor shall add, 

substances to render the spirits unfit for beverage use as 

provided in this subpart. However, spirits used for fuel 

on the premises of the alcohol fuel plant and spirits 

transferred to other plants need not be rendered unfit 

for beverage use. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

$19.992 Authorized formulas for fuel alcohol. 

Spirits will be considered rendered unfit for beverage 

use and eligible for tax-free withdrawal as fuel alcohol, 

when for every 100 gallons of spirits, there has been 

added: 

(a) 5 gallons or more ofGasoline or automotive gasoline (for use in 

engines which require unleaded gasoline. Environmental Protection Agency regulations and 

manufacturer's specifications may require that 

unleaded gasoline be used to render the spirits 

unfit). 

Kerosene 

Deodorized kerosene 

Rubber hydrocarbon solvent, 

Methyl isobutyl ketone, 

Mixed isomers of nitropropane, or 

Any combination of (1) through (6); or, 

(b) 1/8 ounce of denatonium benzoate N.F. (Bitrex) 

and 5 gallons of isopropyl alcohol. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-233,94 Stat. 278 (26U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.993 Substitute Materials. 

Other materials may be used to render spirits unfit for 

beverage use subject to approval by the Director. A proprietor who wishes to use substitute materials to render 

spirits unfit for beverage use may submit a letter requesting authorization to the Director through the 

regional regulatory administrator. The letter should 

state the materials, and the quantity of each, which the 

proprietor proposes to add to each 100 gallons of 

spirits. The Director may require the proprietor to submit a sample of the proposed substitute material. The 

proprietor shall not use any proposed substitute 

material prior to its approval. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-233, 94 Stat. (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

819.994 Marks. 

The proprietor shall conspicuously and permanently 

mark or securely label each container of fuel alcohol 

containing 55 gallons or less, as follows: 

WARNING-FUEL ALCOHOL-MAY BE 

HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED 

The mark or label'shall be placed on the head or side of 

the container, and shall be in plain legible letters. Proprietors may place other marks or labels on containers 

FUEL FROM FARMS 

1 
so long as they do not obscure the required mark. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-233, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181); 

$201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1360, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5206)) 

$19.995 Container size. 

Spirits, including fuel alcohol, shall not be filled at 

alcohol fuel plants into containers holding less than five 

gallons. However, smaller containers may be used for 

reasonable quantities of samples held or removed to a 

bonafide laboratory for testing or analysis, so long as 

the containers are marked as samples. 

($232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

Transfers Between Plants 

519.996 Transfer in bond. 

(a) Transfers between alcohol fuel plants. Proprietors 

may remove spirits from the bonded premises of an 

alcohol fuel plant (including the premises of a small 

plant) for transfer to another alcohol fuel plant. 

Bulk conveyances in which spirits are transferred 

shall be secured with locks or seals. The spirits need 

not be rendered unfit for beverage use prior to 

transfer. Spirits so transferred may not be withdrawn, used, sold, or otherwise disposed of from 

the consignee plant for other than fuel use. 

(b) Transfers to or from other distilled spirits plants. 

Spirits (not including spirits produced from 

petroleum, natural gas, or coal) may be transferred 

in bond from distilled spirits plants qualified under 

Subpart G of this part to alcuhol fuel plants. 

Alcohol fuel plants may transfer spirits in bond to 

distilled spirits plants qualified under Subpart G. 

Spirits so transferred may not be withdrawn, used, 

sold, or otherwise disposed of for other than fuel 

use. 

(c) Transfer procedures. The procedures in 8519.997 

through 19.999 apply only to the transfers between 

two alcohol fuel plants. See $§19.506 through 

19.5 10 for requirements where one plant is a distilled spirits plant qualified under subpart G of this 

part. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1362, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5212); 

$232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

919.997 Consignor premises. 

The consignor shall prepare, in triplicate, a commercial 

invoice or shipping document to cover each shipment of 

spirits. The consignor shall enter on the document the 

quantity of spirits transferred, a description of the shipment (for example, number and size of drums or barrels, tank truck, etc.), the name, address, and permit 

number of the consignee, and the serial numbers of any 

seals, locks, or other devices used to secure the conveyance. The consignor shall forward the original and 

one copy of the document to the consignee with the 

shipment, and retain a copy as a record. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1362, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5212)) 

$19.998 Reconsignment in transit. 

When, prior to or on arrival at the premises of a consignee, spirits transferred in bond are found to be unsuitable for the intended purpose, were shipped in error, 

or, for any other bona fide reason, are not accepted by 

such consignee, or are not accepted by a carrier, they may 

be reconsigned, by the consignor, to himself, or to 

another qualified consignee. In such case, the bond, if 

any, of the proprietor to whom the spirits are reconsigned shall cover such spirits while in transit after reconsignment on his copy of the document covering the 

original shipment. Where the reconsignment is to another 

proprietor, a new document shall be prepared and prominently marked with the word " Reconsignment. " 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1362, as amended (26 U.S.C. 5212); 

$232, Pub. L. 96-223, 94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 5181)) 

519.999 Consignee premises. 

General. When spirits are received by transfer in 

bond, the proprietor shall examine each conveyance 

to detprmine whether the locks or seals, if any, are 

intact upon arrival at this premises. If the locks or 

seals are not intact, he shall immediately notify the 

area supervisor, before removal of any spirits from 

the conveyance. The consignee shall determine the 

quantity of spirits received and record the quantity 

and the date received on both copies of the document covering the shipment. The consignee shall 

return one receipted copy to the consignor and retain one copy as the record of receipt required by 

819.984. 

Portable containers. When spirits are received in 

barrels, drums, or similar portable containers, the 

proprietor shall examine each container and unless 

the transfer was made in a sealed conveyance and 

the seals or other devices are intact on arrival, verify 

the contents of container. The proprietor shall 

record the quantity received for each container on a 

list, and attach a copy of the list to each copy of the 

invoice or other document required by 819.997 

covering the shipment. 

Bulk conveyances and pipelines. When spirits are 

received in bulk conveyances or by pipeline, the 

consignee shall gauge the spirits received and record 

the quantity so determined on each copy of the 

invoice or other document covering the shipment. 

However, the regional regulatory administrator 

may waive the requirement for gauging spirits on 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
receipt by pipeline if, because of the location of the 

premises, there will be no jeopardy to the revenue. 

($201, Pub. L. 85-859, 72 Stat. 1358, as amended 1362, as amended 

(26 U.S.C. 5204, 5212); $232, Pub. L. 96-223,94 Stat. 278 (26 U.S.C. 

5181)) 

Signed: May 21, 1980 

G. R. Dickerson, Director 

Approved: June 9, 1980 

Richard J. Davis, Assistant Secretary 

(Enforcement Operations) 

DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 

27 CFT Part 19 

(Notice No. 345) 

Fuel Use of Distilled Spirits-lmplemeting a Portion of 

the Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 

(Public Law 96-223) 

AGENCY: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 

Department of the Treasury. 

ACTION: Proposed rulemaking cross-reference to temporary regulations. 

SUMMARY: In the Rules and Regulations portion of 

this Federal Register, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco 

and Firearms (ATF) is issuing temporary regulations 

regarding implementation of Section 232, Alcohol Fuels, 

in Part I11 of Title 11 of the crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax 

Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-223). The temporary regulations 

also serve as a notice of proposed rulemaking for final 

regulations. 

DATES:The effective date of the temporary regulations 

is July 1, 1980. Written comments must be delivered or 

mailed by October 20, 1980. 

ADDRESS: Send comments to Chief, Regulations and 

Procedures Division, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and 

Firearms, P.O. Box 385, Washington, DC 20044 

Disclosure of comments: Any person may inspect the 

written comments or suggestions during normal business 

hours at the ATF Reading Room, Office of Public Affairs, Room 4407, Federal Building, 12th and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20226. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

John V. Jarowski, Research and Regulations Branch, 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 

Washington, DC 20226, 

Telephone: 202-566-7591 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Public Participation: Interested persorns may submit 

written comments and suggestions regarding the 

temperary regulations. All communications received 

within the comment period will be considered before 

final regulations are issued. Any person who desires an 

opportunity to comment orally at a public hearing on the 

temperary regulations should submit a written request to 

the Director within the comment period. However, the 

Director reserves the right to determine whether public 

hearing should be held. 

ATF plans to contact State regulatory officials to obtain 

their comments on these regulations. ATF seeks to 

coordinate Federal and State regulation of alcohol fuels 

in an effort to minimize conflicting or duplicative 

regular ions. 

The temporary regulations in the Rules and Regulations 

portion of this issue of the Federal Register revise and 

add new regulations in 27 CFR Part 19. For the text of 

the temporary regulations, see 45 FR (T.D. ATF-71) 

published in the Rules and Regulations portion of this 

issue of the Federal Register. 

Signed: May 21, 1980 

G. R. Dickerson, Director 

Approved: June 9, 1980 

Richard J. Davis, Assistant Secretary (Enforcement and 

Operations) 

FDA AND OTHER ANIMAL FEED 

REGULATIONS 

Most plants designed for the production of fuel alcohol 

from grain will be designed to produce coproducts in the 

form of grain residues suitable for use as animal feeds. 

Therefore, a substantial portion ofthe alcohol plant's activities will be concerned with producing and marketing 

these products. Most states have adopted commercial 

feed laws governing the production and marketing of 

animal feeds. In addition, thc sale of feeds on an interstate basis is regulated at the federal level by various 

agencies, primarily the Food and Drug Administration 

(FDA). Thus, regulatory compliance will be an important consideration in developing the plant's animal feed 

operations. 

The regulations in each State should be checked for particular requirements; however, the regulations in the majority of States are very similar. In many States, the State 

legislators have adopted all or part of the Uniform State 

Feed Bill.' These statutes incorporate by reference provisions of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the oflofficially adopted by the Association of American Feed Control Officials and 

endorsed by the American Feed Manufacturers Association and the National 

Feed Ingredients Association. 

6-22 FUEL FROM FARMS 
ficial definitions of feed ingredients as defined by the 

Association of American Feed Control Officials 

(AAFCO). 

For the alcohol plant, as a manufacturer of animal feeds, 

t her are three primary areas of concern with regard to 

feed regulat ion-regist ration, adulteration, and misbranding. Registration (licensing) is in most instances quite 

simple and involves registering the products to be 

manufactured and paying the fees required. The 

statutory language in some states may require fee tags or 

stamps to be purchased and attached to the labeling used 

on packaged feeds or, in the case of feeds sold in bulk, to 

provide these tags or stamps to the buyer along with the 

invoice or bill of lading. The fees charged are, for the 

most part, nominal. They are either set at a flat rate for 

each product produced and sold or are based on tonnage. Some states have registrations involving a cornbination of a flat rate plus a tonnage fee.' A number of states 

may also require the filing of affidavits of tonnage on a 

regular basis in order to advise the state on the level of 

production at a given plant. In each state the actual 

mechanism of registration is usually a simple matter of 

following the statutory guidelines and associated 

regulations. ' 

After the initial registration has been completed, the 

primary concerns of management, to ensure continued 

compliance, will be in the area of quality control. From a 

licensing standpoint, lapses in quality control can produce charges of adulteration and misbranding. To ensure 

continuing compliance, most States have (by statute) 

provided for inspecting, sampling, and analyzing production. Discovery of a violation of the provisions of the 

Feed Law can result in various penalties (fines) or in 

detention of the feed (i.e. withholding the feed from sale 

or distribution). 

Contamination of the feed can result in a charge of 

adulteration. The definition of' adulteration is usually 

specifically provided by stat Ute. The Uniform Feed Bill 

provides the following definition: 

If it bears or contains any added poisonous, 

added deleterious, or added nonnutritive 

substance which is unsafe within the meaning 

of Section 4-06 of the Federal, Food, and 

Cosmetic Act (other than one which is (i) a 

pesticide chemical in or on a raw agricultural 

commodity; or (ii) a food additive); or 

If it is, or it bears or contains any food additive which is unsafe within the meaning of 

Section 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act; or 

If it is a raw agricultural commodity and it 

bears or contains a pesticide chemical which is 

unsafe within the meaning of Section 408(a) 

of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic 

Act: Provided, that where a pesticide 

chemical has been used in or on a raw 

agricultural commodity in conformity with an 

exemption granted or a tolerance prescribed 

under Section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug, 

and Cosmetic Act and such raw agricultural 

commodity has been subjected to processing 

such as canning, cooking, freezing, 

dehydrating, or milling, the residue of such 

pesticide chemical remaining in or on such 

processed feed shall not be deemed unsafe if 

such residue in or on the raw agricultural 

commodity has been removed to the extent 

possible in good manufacturing practice and 

the concentration of such residue in the processed feed is not greater than the tolerance 

prescribed for the raw agricultural commodity unless the feeding of such processed feed 

will result or is likely to result in a pesticide 

residue in the edible product of the animal, 

which is unsafe within the meaning of Section 

408(a) of the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act. 

If it is, or it bears or contains any color additive which is unsafe within the meaning of 

Section 706 of the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act. 

Section 7. Addieration. 

A commercial feed shall be deemed to be adulterated: 

(b) If any valuable constituent has been in whole or 

in part omitted or abstracted therefrom or any 

less valuable substance subst it uted therefor. 

(a)(l) If it bears or contains any poisonous or 

deleterious substance which may render it inj urious to health; but in case the substance is 2F0r example, Wisconsin assesses $10.00 per plant per year plus $0.10 per ton 

not an added substance, commercial inspection fee for a" feed produced annually. By contrast, Georgiasimply charges 

a flat fee of $2.00 annually per product produced. 

feed shall not be considered adulterated 

under this subsect ion if the quantity such West states have provided authority under the respective Administration Procedures Act for the agencies to pass regulations further defining or implementing 

substance in such commercial feed does not legislation and these regulations should be checked. 

ordinarily render it injurious to health; or 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
(c) If its composition or quality fa1 Is below or differs from that which it is purported or is 

represented in possess by its labeling. 

(d) If it contains a drug and the methods used in or 

the facilities or controls used for its manufacture, processing, or packaging do not conform 

to current good manufacturing practice regulations promulgated by the (authorized State 

agency) to ensure that the drug meets the requirement of this Act as to safety and has the 

identity and strength and meets the quality and 

purity characteristics which it purports or is 

represented to possess. In promulgating such 

regulations, the (authorized State agency) shall 

adopt the current good manufacturing practice 

regulations for medicated feed premixes and for 

medicated feeds established under authority of 

the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 

unless he determines that they are not appropriate to the conditions which exist in this 

State. 

(e) If it contains visable weed seeds in amounts exceeding the limits which the (authorized state 

agency) shall establish by rule or regulation. 

The above statute, in addition to the enumerated provisions, incorporates by reference two important areas of 

federal regualtion. 

First, the feed could be adulterated by containing an 

added substance not on the list of substances Generally 

Recognized as Safe by the FDA (The GRAS List) or if it 

contains a substance on the GRAS List in excess"of !he 

limits prescribed for that substance in the Code of 

Federal Regulations (CFR). Thus, a violation could occur if a plant were to utilize a process that added a 

substance to the feed during the process of manufacturing which is not in compliance with the above regulations. For example, a process for drying feed residue 

which utilizes waste gases might produce unacceptable 

levels of contamination or contamination with some 

substance not on the GRAS List. 

Second, a problem could also arise if the grain used as a 

substrate contained excessive levels of pesticides. The 

processing might not eliminate enough of the residue to 

bring the quantity in the final product within the acceptable limits.' 

In addition to avoiding the charge of adulteration, quality control is essential to ensure regulatory compliance in 

other areas. To ensure compliance, it is necessary that a 

feed that purports to be a certain product must meet the 

definition established for that product. 

Failure to meet the definition or standard could result in 

the charge of misbranding. The Uniform State Feed Bill 

provides the following definition for misbranding: 

Section 6. Misbranding. 

A commercial feed shall be deemed to be misbranded: 

If its labeling is false or misleading in any particular. 

If it is distributed under the name of another 

commercial feed. 

If it is not labeled as required in Section 5 of this 

Act. 

If it purports to be or is represented as a commercial feed, or if it purports to contain or is 

represented as containing a commercial feed ingredient, unless such commercial feed or feed 

ingredient conforms to the definition, if any, 

prescribed by regulation by the (authorized state 

agency). 

If any word, statement, or other information required by or under authority of this Act to appear on the label or labeling is not prominently 

placed theron with such conspicuousness (as 

conlapred with other words, statements, 

designs, or devices in the labeling) and in such 

terms as to render it likely to be read and 

understood by the ordinary individual under 

customary conditions of purchase and use. 

The definitions referred to in the above statutory provisions for feed products have been established by AAFCO 

and are incorporated by reference. ' 

This discussion of feed regulations briefly outlines the 

areas of interest to investors in alcohol fuel plants. Compliance with these regulations can be achieved by properly designing and operating the plant. The grain and feed 

portions of the operation can be designed to minimize 

problems with contamination and provide adequate controls to monitor and manage product quality in order to 

eliminate or minimize regulatory complaince problems. 

By recognizing and considering these regulatory requirements during the planning and design phases, new 

plants can do a great deal to minimize potential problems 

in this area. 

4Limits on pesticides under Setion 408 of FDCA are determined by the EPA and 

are set forth in the CFR. 

'Official and tentative definitions of feed ingredients as established by the 

AAFCO contain definitions for a wide variety of products. These include: maize 

(corn products) 48.1 to 48.3; fermentation products 36.1 to 36.12; distiller's products 27.1 to 27.7. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TRANSPORTATION REGULATIONS 

The surface transportation of raw materials and finished 

product may be regulated by State and Federal agencies, 

depending upon the location of'the plant and its proximity to the source of materials and its markets. If the plant, 

material source, and the market are located in the same 

State, it is highly probable that only the individualistic 

State law will apply to regulate surface transportation, at 

least insofar as for-hire motor truck transportation is 

concerned. Some States, such as Texas, Nebraska, and 

South Dakota, choose to regulate truck transportation 

rather extensively, while others have little or no concern 

for regulation of the basic types of commodities flowing 

to and from a plant. Generally, grain transportation is 

not regulated, while coal and alcohol fuel are. Several 

States, including Florida, have recently deregulated the 

transporting of all commodities within their borders, 

while several others are actively studying deregulation 

proposals. 

Assuming interstate commerce is involved in either obtaining materials or in reaching the market place, the 

nature of regulation is determined by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Currently, the truck transportation 

of grain is exempt (or not regulated), while, under the 

Motor Carrier Reform Act of 1980 (H.R. 6418), the 

movement of DDG will likely also be exempt. Truck 

movement of coal and alcohol, on the other hand, is currently regulated. In this context, lawful interstate 

movements of such commodities can be performed only 

tjy a carrier holding Federal ICC authority." 

Primary transport at ion considerat ions will necessarily include plant site selection vis a vis existing, visible rail 

facilities. This is particularly critical where a plant is to be 

located any distace (perhaps more than 200 or 250 miles) 

from the primary source of any major raw material (grain 

or coal). 

LOCAL BUILDING CODES 

Like zoning matters, the State's jurisdictional power is 

the basic authority under which building codes are 

enacted. Some State legislatures enact statewide building 

codes while others delegate the authority to the local 

governments. One or a combination of the four model 

building codes has been adopted by most States or 

municipalities. These codes (and the geographic area) 

dominated by their association/author are: (1) the 

Uniform Building Code written by the International 

Conference of Building Officials (adopted primarily in 

the West); (2) the Basic Building Code compiled by the 

Building Officials and Code Administrators, International, Inc. (found in the Northeast and North Central 

areas); (3) the Southern Standard Building Code enacted 

by the Southern Building Code Conference (adopted in 

the South); and (4) the National Building Code, 

developed by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 

Locai variations exist despite the model codes. Some 

municipalities have adopted selected provisions rather 

than the entire code. Interpretations of the same code 

differ from city to city. 

Unlike zoning ordinanaces, most building codes apply 

retroactively. Three types of information are provided in 

most codes: definition of terms; licensing requirements; 

and standards, Taken together, the definitions and 

licensing requirements have the effect of prescribing who. 

is authorized to conduct particular sorts of construction 

activity, For example, the International Association of 

Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Code states that only 

licensed plumbers may do work defined as plumbing. 

Many codes require that structural design plans be 

prepared by a state certified engineer. 

Two types of code standards exist: technical specificat ions and performance standards. Codes prescribing 

technical specifications set out how, and with what 

materials, a building is to be constructed. Performance 

standards represent a more progressive and technically 

more flexible approach. Codes based on these standards 

state product requirements that do not prescribe designs 

and materials. For example, "the structural frame of all 

buildings, signs, tanks and other exposed structures shall 

be designed to resist the horizontal pressures due to wind 

in any direction. . . " Typical construction components 

specified in codes are structural and foundation loads 

and stresses, construction material, fireproofing, 

building height (this represents a common duplication of 

the zoning ordinance), and electrical installation. The 

developer is likely to be required to comply with the standards for structural and foundation loads and stresses, as 

standards set out the minimum force measure in poundsper-square-inch that the design must bear under certain 

circumstances, e.g., wind or snow. The electrical code 

regulates the use of all electrical wiring when voltage 

levels are above 36 volts. 

Dissatisfaction with the building inspector's denial of a 

permit may result in an appeal before the local board of 

building appeals. The common bases of appeal provided 

by the codes are: an incorrect interpretation of the code 

by the building official; the availability of an equally 

good or better form of construction not specified in the 

code; and the existence of practical difficulties in carrying out the requirements of the code. The local board 

members are usually appointed experts in the field of 

construction. The local board may uphold, modify, or 

reverse the building official's decision. Further appeals to 

the state board of building appeals or to the courts are 

also available. 

*As a corollary to this, the rate struciure!, on such transpor~ation are 

also rcgulated. 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
GASOLINE ALLOCATIONS (c) Unleaded Gasoline 

A letter containing the following information is required 

from the applicant interested in obtaining a gasoline 

allocation for gasohol: 

The office that is final arbiter on increasing gasoline 

allocation for gasohol usage is: 

Office of Hearings and Appeals 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

2000 M Street, N.W. 

Washington, D.C. 20461 

(202) 254-3008 

(a) Investment 

1. What is the amount of investment already 

made? 

2. How idwas this investment financed? 

1. What is the availability of unleaded gasoline 

in the intended marketing area? 

2. List refiners in the marketing area. 

3. Describe the contacts already made in attempting to obtain unleaded gasoline. 

4. List your preferred supplier(s) for unleaded 

gasoline. 

5. Of the gasoline you obtain, what percentage 

is unleaded? 

6. What is your selling price for unleaded 

gasoline? 

7. What quantities of unleaded gasoline do you 

anticipate needing in the next 12 months? Specify month-by-month. 

3. What would be the value of the investment if 

approval for reallocation is not granted? 

(d) Markeling 

4. Provide photographs of production facilities. 

1. Describe the intended marketing area. 

5. For what purpose(s) will the investment be 

used-gasohol blending, ethanol production, 

facility construction, feedstock purchase, 

etc.? 

(b) Alcohol 

1. Where are the sources of alcohol? 

2. What will be the cost of obtaining the alcohol 

for each source listed? 

3. Supply copies of supply contracts, if any 

exist. 

4. What is the efficiency of the alcohol production techniques(s) to be used? 

5. What feedstock will be utilized in producing 

the alcohol? 

2. Describe your plans for the marketing of 

gasohol. 

3. What is the anticipated sales of gasohol for 

12-month period? 

4. Describe any feasibility studies showing demand for gasohol in marketing area. 

5. List retailers in the marketing area that would 

sell gasohol. Describe any contracts that exist 

with them. 

6. What is the expected selling price for the 

gasohol? 

A copy of this letter of application (with confidential information deleted) should be sent to the base supplier of 

gasoline. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND FIREARMS 

APPLICATION AND PERMIT FOR ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCER UNDER 26 U.S.C. 5181 

INSTRUCTION SHEET FOR ATF FORM 51 10.74 

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY AN INCOMPLETE OR NCORRECT APPLICATION WILL DELAY YOUR ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCER'S PERMIT 

1 PURPOSE The appl~cat~on is completed by a person (appl~cant) who 

would like to establtsh a plant lo produce, process, and store, and use 

or distribute d~strlled splrlts to be used excluswely for fuel use under 

26 U.S.C. 5181. Dist~lled spir~ts means only ethanol or ethyl alcohol 

The product~on of methanol does not requlre a permtt from the Bureau 

of Alcohol, Tobacco and F~rearms The product~on of d~stllled spirits 

from petroleum, natural gas, or coal is not allowed by the Alcohol Fuel 

Producers Perm~t. 

2. GENERAL PREPARATION. Prepare this form and any attachments 

in duplicate Use separate sheets of approximately the same slze as 

thls form when necessary or as required, ldent~fy these separate 

sheets w~th your name, and attach to form. 

3. WHERE TO FlLE Submit application to the appropriate regional 

regulatory admin~strator. (A listing of their offices and the areas they 

are responsible for IS on the reverse.) 

4 TYPE OF APPLICATION. (See Item 1, of application) The type of 

permrt you need. small, med~um, or large, dependson how many proof 

gallons of d~st~lled spirits you intend to produce and recewe by 

transfers from other plants during one calendar year. The number of 

proof gallons may be calculated by taking the proof of the spirits 

multiplied by the wine gallons (your standard American gallon) and 

dividmg by 100. For example: 

50 gallons of I 90° proof spirits = 

190 x 50 + 100 = 95 proof gallons. 

After determinmg the quantity of spirits to be produced and received 

by transfers from other plants, check applicable box in Item 1 

5 AMENDED PERMIT, ltem 2. is only completed when changing or 

amending an existing permit. 

6. INFORMATION ABOUT APPLICANT CURRENTLY ON FlLE WITH 

REGIONAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATOR NEED NOT BE RESUBMIlTED State In item requesting such information the type and the 

number of the license or permlt for which the information was filed. 

7. CAPACITY OF STILLS. ltem 9.d. asksfor the capacity of your still(s)in 

proof gallons. The capacity should be gwen as the greatest number of 

proof gallons of spirits that could be dist~lled in a 24 hour period. 

Capacity of column stdl may be shown by gwing the diameter of the 

base and the number of plates or pack~ng material. The capacityof a 

pot or kettle still may be shown by giv~ng the volurnetrlc (wine gallon) 

capacity of the pot or kettle. 

8. SAMPLE DIAGRAM OF PREMISES. ltem 12. requires a diagram of 

your plant premises. It can be drawn by hand and does not have to the 

drawn to scale Below rs a sample of such a d~agram. 

9. ITEM 15-SIGNATURE OF/FOR APPLICANT (a) Individual owners 

slgn for themselves; (b) partnerships have all partners sign, ar have 

one partner who has attached an authorizat~on to act on behalf of all 

the partners (unless th~s authorizat~on is provided by State law), 

(c) corporations have an officer. director, or other person who IS specifically authorized by the corporate documents sign; (d) any other 

person who signs on behalf of the applicant must submit ATF F 1534 

(5000.8). Power of Attorney or other evidence of their author~ty. 

10. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR APPLICANT OF SMALL ALCOHOL FUEL PLANT. Complete all items on the application form. Be 

sure that you scgn and date the form In items 15, and 16. NO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS REQUIRED 

1 1. APPLICANT FOR PERMIT OF MEDIUM AND LARGE ALCOHOL FUEL 

PLANT. Complete all items on the form. Supply in duplicate the 

additional Information and forms as stated below 

a. The following information is requested for an ind~vidual proprietor, 

each partner. oreachdirector of a corporation or similar entity and 

each officer of the corporation or similar entity who will have 

responsibilities and connection with theoperationscovered by the 

permit. In addition applcants for large plants shall show the same 

informatton for each interested person who IS an individual as 

listed in the statement of interest in the organ~zational documents 

required by 27 CFR 19.941 

(1) full name including middle name: 

(2) title in connection with applicants' business; 

(3) social security number, 

(4) date of btrth; 

(5) place of birth; and 

(6) address of resrdence. 

b. A statement as to whether the applicant or any person required to 

be listed by the mstructions above has been previously convicted of 

any violat~on of Federal or State law (other than minor traffic 

violations). 

c. A statement of the maximum quantity of disttlled spirits to be 

produced and rece~ved from other plants durtng a calendar year. 

d. A D~stilled Spirtts Bond, ATF F 51 10.56, as required by 27 

CFR 19.956 

e. Any other information required by the regional regulatory administrator after examination of this apphcation. 

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ALL APPLICANTS 

12. OPERATIONS BEFORE ISSUANCE OF PERMIT. Unless otherwise 

specrfically authorized by law or regulations, an applicant for an 

Alcohol Fuel Producer Permit may not engage In operations until the 

permit has been issued by the regional regulatory administrator. 

13 STATE AND LOCAL LAWS. This permit does not allow you to operate in v~olation of State or local laws. Applicants should check with 

appropriate State and local authorities before engaging in alcohol fuel 

plant operations. 

14 ATF FORMS AND REGULATIONS FOR ALCOHOL FUEL PLANTS. 

ATF forms and publications including regulations for alcohol fuel 

producers may be ordered from the ATF Distribut~on Center. 3800 S. 

Four M~le Run Drive, Arlington. VA 22206. 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 

Figure 0-1 .-BATF Form 51 10.74 
13. 1 WILL COMPLY WITH THE CLEAN WATER ACT (33 U.S.C. 13411ajJ. (Will not discharge into noi'igoble waters of the U.S.) 

NO 

I 14. IF THlS APPLICATION IS APPROVED AND THE PERMIT IS ISSUED, I CONSENT TO THE DISCLOSURE OF THE NAME AND ADDRESS SHOWN 

ON THE APPLICATION IN AN ATF PUBLICATION, "ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCERS". WHICH MAY BE DISTRIBUTED ON REQUEST TO THE 

GENERAL PUBLIC li~~rl~rdrriy mrdiu. birsiness, c~vic, gowrnmc'nt ugellci~s, urzd ottlrrs). UNDER 26 U.S.C. 6103 YOU HAVE A LEGAL RIGHT 

NOT TO GIVE THlS RELEASE. 

YES NO (A no response will haw no effect on the considerotion gi~,en this opplicotionj 

I 

STOP 

MAKE NO FURTHER ENTRIESON THlS FORM 

11. EFFECTIVE DATE 

APPLICANTS FOR MEDIUM AND LARGE ALCOHOL FUEL PLANTS MUST ATTACH THE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REQUIRED IN INSTRUCTIONS 

Under the penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this application, including the documents submitted in support thereof or incorporated 

therein by reference, and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it is true, correct, and complete. 

12 DIAGRAM OF PLANT PREMISES (In the rpacr pro, ided or b\ ottoched map or diayrurn. shou thc oreu to be included for the alcohol fuel plu,lt. Idoltifv 

roads, sVeoms, lalzes. railroads, b!rildinyz, und other struclures or topofrnpllicol features on t11c diagram. Show IocationlsJ iuhere alcohol fuel plant 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

15. SIGNATURE OF/FOR APPLICANT 

ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCERS PERMIT 

UNDER 26 U.S.C. 5181 

16. TITLE (Owner. Partner. Corporate Officer) 

2. PERMIT NUMBER 

I AFP- 

- - -- - -- - -- - -- 

Pursuant to the above apphcat~on and subject toappllcable law and regulat~onsandto thecondmonsset forth belowyouare herebyauthor~zedandperrn~tted 

at the premlses descrlbed In your appl~cat~on to produce process and store and use or d~str~bute dlstdled splrlts(Not lncludmg dlstllled spirltsproducedfrom 

petroleum natural gas Ur coal) exclus~vely for fuel use The qtrantlty to be produced and recewed from other plants dur~ng the calendar year IS hm~ted to 

the quantlty stated In th~s appl~cat~on 

I Th~sperm~t lscontlnu~ng and w~ll remaln in force unt~l suspended, revoked, voluntar~ly surrendered, orautomat~cally termmated Thlspermlt doesnotallow 

you to operate In vlolatlon of State or local laws 

THlS PERMITIS NOTTRANSFERABLE In theevent of any lease sale or other transferoftheoperal~onsauthor~zed, orof any other change ~ntheownersh~p 

or control of such operatlons thls permlt shall automat~cally terminate (See 27 CFR 19 145 AND 19 9491 

I 

3 SIGNATURE OF REGIONAL RFGULATORY ADMINISTRATOR BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND FIREARMS 

CONDITIONS 

1 That the permittee In good fa~th comphes w~th the provisions of Chapter any offense under the Untted States Code punishable as a felony or of 

51 of Tltle 26 of the Un~ted States Code and regulations Issued thereunder any conspiracy to commlt such an offense 

2 That the permlttee has made no false statement as to any materm fact 5 That all persons employed by the permlttee In good fa~th observe and 

~n hls appllcatlon for thls permit conform to all of the terms and condmons of thls permit 

3 That the permlttpe d~scloses all the mater~al informatton requ~red by 6 That the permlttee engages In the operatlons authorized by thls permlt 

law and regularton w~tti~n a 2year period 

4 That the permlttee shall not violate or consptre to violate any lawof the 7 Th~s permlt IS cond~tloned on compl~ance by you wlth the Clean Water 

Un~ted States relatrng to lntoxlcatlng hquor and shall not be convicted of Act (33 U S C 1341(aIl 

ATF F 5110.74 (6 80 

Figure B-1.-BATF Form 51 10.74 (continued) 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (Check applicable box) 

BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND FIREARMS 1 , OPERATIONO 0 2. WITHDRAWAL BOND 

SURETY (OR SURETIES) AMOUNT OF BOND EFFECTIVE DATE ,7rqr 

DISTILLED SPIRITS BOND' 

(See instructions on hack) 

DRINCIPAL (See tnsrrucr~ons 2, 3. and 4 ) 

I I KIND o F BOND (Checmk applicuble box] 

(a) ONE PLANT BOND 0 3 UNIT BOND 

(b) ADJACENT WINE CELLAR BONDO 4. ALCOHOL FUEL 

PRODUCER BOND 

(c) AREA BOND 

ADDRESS OF BUSINESS OFFICE (Number, strerr, trty. Star?, XlP 

0 ORtGINAL. STRENGTHENING SUPERSEDING 

TYPE OF ACTIVITY (DISTILLER. WAREHOUSEMAN, PROCESSOR. ADJACENT WINE CELLAR OR ALCOHOL FULL PRODUCER) AND 

THE PREMISES COVERED BY THIS BOND ARE SPECIF~ED ON rnE BACK OF THIS BOND AND. IF NECESSARY, ON AN ADDITIONAL 

SHEET APPROPRIATELY IDENTIFIED AND ATTACHED TO THIS BOND. 

PURPOSE: The above principal has filed an application for regstration of the distilled spirits ptant(s) specified. 

CONDITIONS: The above pr~nc~pal and surety (sureties) are bound independently and jointlyfor the payment to the United States in the aboveamount of 

lawful money of the United States. In this bond, the termsprincipal or surety include the heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns of the 

pr~ncipal or surety. 

THE PRINCIPAL SHALL: 

I (1) Comply w~th all requirements of law and regulations, now or hereafter in force, relating to the activities covered by this bond; 

I (2) Pay a11 penalties incurred and fines imposed for violationsof law or regulations, now or hereafter in force, relating to the activitiescovered by 

th~s bond; 

1 (3) Pay all taxes (including any penalt~es and interest in respect of failure to file a timely return, or to pay such tax when due) on distilled spirits 

withdrawn tax determined from bonded premises imposed under 26 U.S.C Chapter 51; 

1 (4) Pay all taxes(~ncIud~ng any penaltles and interest) ~mposed under 26 U.S.C. Chapter 51, including tbxes on all unexplained shortages of bottled 

dlst~lled spirits; 

(5) Comply w~th all requirements of law and regulations, nowor hereafter in force, pertaining to all distilled spirits(inc1uding denatured spirits, fuel 

alcohol and artictes) removed from or returned to the bonded premises free of tax; 

(6) With respect to dist~lled spirits w~thdrawn from the bonded premises without payment of tax as authorized by law, (a) comply with all 

requirements of law and regulations, now or hereafter in force relating thereto, and (b) as to the said distilled spirits or any part thereof 

withdrawn, for example, for exportation or for use on vessels or aircraft or for transfer to a foreign-trade zone or for transfer to a Customs 

bonded warehouse, or for research, development, or testing, and not so exported. used or transferred, or otherwise lawfully disposed of or accounted for, pay the tax imposed thereon by law, now or hereafter in force, together with penalties and interest; and 

(7) As the proprietor of a bonded wine cellar, pay all taxes imposed by Law, now or hereafter in force. (including any penalties and interest) for 

which he may become l~able with respect to operation of the said bonded winecellar, and all distilled spirits and wine now or hereafter in transit 

thereto or received thereat, and on all distilled spirits and wine removed therefrom, including wine withdrawn without payment of tax, on 

notice by the principal, for exportation, or use on vessels or aircraft, or transferred to a foreign-trade zone, and not so exported, used, or 

transferred, or otherwise lawfully disposed of or accounted for; Provided, that thisobligation shall not apply to taxeson wine in excess of 5100 

wh~ch have been determined for deferred payment upon removal of the wmefrom the premises of the said bonded wine cellar or transfer to a 

taxpald wine room thereon. 

(If th~s bond covers only withdrawals, strike out clauses 4. 5. 6, and 7 above.) 

(If th~s bond covers only operattons, strike out clause 3 above.) 

(If th~s bond covers only alcohol fuel production operations, strike out clauses 3 and 7 above.) 

DEFAULT. If the principal fails to fulfill any of the terms or conditions of thts bond, the United States may seek compensation and pursue its remedies 

Independently from either the prlnclpal or surety, or jointlyfrom both. The surety hereby waivesany right or privilege it may have of requiring, upon notice, 

or otherwlse, that the Un~ted States shall f~rst commence action, intervene In any action of any nature whatsoever already commenced, or otherwise 

exhaust ~ts remed~es against the principal. 

CHANGE OF PREMISES: All stipulations, covenants, and agreements of this bond shall extend to and apply to any change in the businessaddress of the 

premises, the extenslon or curtailment of such premises, including the buildings thereon, or any equipment or any other change which requires the 

pr~nc~pal to f~le a new or amended reglstratlon, application, or notice, except where the change constitutes a change in the proprlerorshipof the business, 

or in the location of the premises. Further, this bond shall continue in effect whenever operation d the plant is resumed from time to tlme following 

suspension of operations by an alternate proprietor. 

EFFECTWE DATE: Thts bond shall not In any case be effective before the above date, but 11 accepted by the United States, it shall be effective according to 

11s terms on and after that date without notice to the obligors. Provided, that if no effective date is inserted in the space provided, the date of execution 

shown below shall be the effectwe date of the bond. 

I Witness our hands and seals this day of , 19---. Signed, Sealed and Delivered in the 

/ presence of 

I SEAL 

I SEAL 

I SEAL 

I SEAL 

I 

ATF F 5110.56 (7-80) PREVIOUS EDITIONS ARE OBSOLETE 

Figure 6-2.- BATF Form 51 10.56 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
INSTRUCTIONS 

APPROVED 

1. This bond shall be filed in duplicate with the Regional Regulatory 6. The signature forthe surety shall be attested under corporate seal The 

Administrator. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Ftrearms, of the region signature for the prtnctpal, if a corporatton, shall also be attested tf the 

where the premises covered by the bond are located corporat~on has a corporate seal. ~f the corporation has no seal, that fact 

should be stated. Each slgnature shall be made In the presence of two 

2. The name, including the full given name, of each partyto the bond shall persons (except where corporate seals are affixed), who shall slgn thew 

be given in me heading, and each party shall slgn the bond, or the bond may names as witnesses. 

be executed in his name by an empowered attorney-ln-fact. 7 A bond may be gwen with corporate surety authorized to act as surety 

3. In thecase of a partnership, the firm name. followed by the namesof all 

its members, shall be gtven in the heading. In executtng the bond, the firm 

name shall betyped or written followed by the word "by" and the signatures 

of all partners, or the signature of any partner authorized to sign the bond for 

the firm, or the signature of an empowered attorney-in-fact. 

SIGNATURE OF REGIONAL REGULATORY ADMINISTRATOR DATE 

4 If the prlnclpal 1s a corporatlon the headtng shall gwe the corporate 

name, the name of the State underthe lawsof whlch tt tsorganlzed, andthe 

locatlon of the prlnc~pal offtce The bond shall be executed In the corporate 

name fmmedlately followed by the slgnature and t~tle of the perswn authorued to act for the corporatton 

5 If thebond ss~gned by anattorney-tn fact for thepr~nc~pal, orby oneof 

the members for a partnershtp or assoctatlon, or by an off~cer or other person 

for a corporatlon, there shall bef~led w~th the bond anauthent~cated copy of 

the power of anorney or a resolution of the board of dtrecors, or an excerpt of 

the bylaws or other document, authorlz~ng the person slgntng the bond to 

execute 11 forthe prlnclpal unless such authortzat~on has been ftled w~th the 

Regtonal Regulatory Admtn~strator, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Ftre arms In whtch event a statement to that effect shall beattached to the bond 

REGION 

by the Secretary of the Treasury, or by the deposit of collateral security 

conslstlng of bonds or notes of the United States The Act of July 30. 1947 

(Sectton 15. Title 6 U.S.C.) provides that "the phrase 'bonds or notes of the 

United States'shall be deemed '" to mean any publtcdebt obligationsof the 

United States and any bonds, notes or other obltgat~ons whlch are uncondttionally guaranteed as to both Interest and prtncipal by the Untted State&" 

8 If any alterat~on or erasure IS made In the bond before tts executton 

there shall be tncorporated In the bond a statement to that effect by the 

prtnctpal and suretyor surettes, or tf any alterat~on or erasure 1s made ~n the 

bond after ttsexecut~on, theconsent of all partlesthereto shall be wrttten In 

the bond 

9 The penal sum named In the bond shall be In accordance wlth 27 CFR 

Pan 19 

10 If the bond 1s approved, a copy shall be returned to the prlnc~pal 

11 All correspondence about the flltng of thls bond or any subsequent 

actton affecltng thls bond should be addressed to the Reglonal Regulatory 

Admtntstrator, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Flrearms w~th whom the 

bond 1s fded 

1 GPO 870 571 ATF F 5110.56 17-80) 

Figure B.2.-BATF Form 51 10.56 (continued) 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 

BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND Fl REARMS 

ALCOHOL FUEL PLANT REPORT 

1. PERMIT NUMBER 

I GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 

1. Each proprietor of an alcohol fuel plant shall file this report of plant 3. The report is due by the 30th day following the end of the reporting 

operations. The period covered by the report depends on the sue of the period. 

alcohol fuel plant. A report is due even if no operations were conducted 

during the period. 4. Report spirits in proof gallons and alcohol fuel in wine gallons. Round 

to the nearest whole number. 

2. Prepare in duplicate. Send the original to the Regional Regulatory 

Administrator. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Keep the 5. Small and medium plants complete Pans I and II. Large plants corncopy with your alcohol fuel plant records. plete Parts I and Ill. 

I WHEN TO FILE REPORTS 

SMALL PLANT LARGE PLANT 

1. Proprietors of small plants will prepare and file a report once a year 1. Proprietors of large plants will prepare and file a repon 4 times a year. 

to cover all operations for the calendar year. Reports will cover calendar quarters (example Jan - March) and reflect 

all transactions in that period. 

2. Report is due by January 30th following the end of the calendar 

year. 2. Reports are due 30 days after the end of the reporting period. 

MEDIUM PLANT 

1. Proprietors of medium plants will prepare and file a report twice a year. 

Each report will cover all operations for period reported (January 1 

thru June 30 or July 1 thru December 311 and will be due 30 days 

after the end of the reporting period. 

PART - I 

1 SMALL PLANTS 2. MEDIUM PLANTS 3. LARGE PLANTS 

(Annual Report) (Semi-Annual Report) (Quarterly Report) 

I 

19- 19 - 19- 

(Year) 1 (Month) (Month) (Year) (Month) TbrO"h mrOugh (Month) (Year) 

4. NAME OF PROPRIETOR (If partnership, include name of each partner} 5. LOCATION (If no street show rural route) 

I 

PART - I1 

FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM PLANTS ONLY 

SPIRITS TRANSACTIONS PROOF GALLONS PROOF GALLONS 

1. PRODUCED 

.-.l*CI 

2. RECEIVED 

3. USED ON PREMISES FOR FUEL (DO nor rnclude fuel a/cohol) 

4. USED IN MAKING FUEL ALCOHOL 

5. DESTROVED 

-- 

6. TRANSFERRED 

FUEL ALCOHOL TRANSACTIONS WINE GALLONS WINE GALLONS 

7. PRODUCED (Rendered U~zfrl) I I 8 USED ON PREMISES FOR FUEL I I -- 

9. TRANSFERRED 

Under penalt~es of perjury 1 declare that I have exam~ned th~s repor~,and to the best of my knowledge and belief, ~t 1s a true and complete report of 

operations. 

--- 

10. SIGNATURE 11. DATE 

ATF F 51 10.75 (7.80) 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 

Figure B-3.- BATF Form 51 10.75 
PART - 111 

FOR LARGE PLANTS ONLY 

I Report the loss (line 11) or the gam (line 41 of spirits found by tak~ng the requlred phys~cal inventory for the reporting period Report any losses by theft 

separatelv (line 10). Report and identifv on line 5 the auantitv of anv ~mported splr~ts recewed from customs custodv. I SPIRITS TRANSACTIONS I PROOF GALLONS PRO AN I 1.ON HAND BEGINNING OF REPORTING PERIOD 

2. PRODUCED BY DISTILLING 

3. RECEIVED FROM OTHER PLANTS 

4. INVENTORY GAIN 

5. 

6. TOTAL - (Lines I rhruugh 5) 

7. USED IN MAKING FUEL ALCOHOL 

8. USED ON PLANT PREMISES FOR FUEL (DO not include f~dalcohol) 

9. USED AS DISTILLING MATERIAL OR FOR REDISTILLING 

10. LOST BY THEFT 

11. INVENTORY LOSS 

12. TRANSFERRED TO OTHER PLANTS 

I 13. DESTROYED I I I 

14. 

15. TOTAL - (Llnes 7 through 14) 

I 17. MANUFACTURED 

16. ON HAND END OF PERIOD (Subfract line 15from line 6) 

FUEL ALCOHOL TRANSACTIONS 

I 18. DISTRIBUTED OR SOLD FOR FUEL PURPOSES I I 

WINE GALLONS 

I 19 USED ON PLANT PREMISES FOR FUEL PURPOSES I I 

1 20. DESTROYED I I 

ATF F 5110.75 (7-80) 

Figure B-3.-BATF Form 51 10.75 (continued) 

21. ALL OTHER DISPOSITIONS 

FUEL FROM FARMS 

- 22. REMARKS 

Under penalt~es of perjury I declare that I have exarn~ned this report.and to the best of my knowledge and belief, ~t IS a true and complete report of 

operations. 

23. SIGNATURE 24. DATE 
BATF REGIONAL OFFICES 

Central Region 

Indiana, Kentucky 

Michigan, Ohio, 

West Virginia 

Mid-Atlantic Region 

Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Maryland, 

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 

Virginia 

Midwest Region 

Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, 

Minnesota, Missouri, 

Nebraska, North Dakota, 

South Dakota, Wisconsin 

North-Atlantic Region 

Connecticut, Maine, 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New York, Rhode Island, 

Vermont, Puerto Rico, 

Virgin Islands 

Southeast Region 

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 

Mississippi, North Carolina, 

South Carolina, Tennessee 

Southwest Region 

Arkansas, Colorado, 

Louisiana, New Mexico, 

Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming 

Western Region 

Alaska, Arizona, 

California, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, 

Nevada, Oregon, 

Utah, Washington 

Regional Regulatory Administrator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

550Main Street 

Cincinnati, OH 45202 

Phone (5 13) 684-3334 

Toll Free: Ohio (800) 582-1 880 Other (800) 543-1932 

Regional Regulatory Administrator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

2 Penn Center Plaza, Room 360 

Philadelphia, PA 19102 

Phone (2 1 5) 597-2248 

Toll Free: Pennsylvania (800) 462-0434 

Other (800) 523-0677 

Regional Regulatory Administrator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

230 S. Dearborn Street, 15th Floor 

Chicago, IL 60604 

Phone (312) 353-3883 

Toll Free: Illinois (800) 572-3 178 Other (800) 621-321 1 

Regional Regulatory Administrator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

6 World Trade Center, 6th Floor 

(Mail: P.O. Box 15, 

Church Street Station) 

New York, NY 10008 

Phone (2 12) 264-1095 

Toll Free: New York (800) 442-8275 

Other (800) 223-21 62 

Regional Regulatory Administrator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

3835 Northeast Expressway 

(Mail: P.O. Box 2994) 

Atlanta, GA 30301 

Phone (404) 455-2670 

Toll Free: Georgia (800) 282-8878 Other (800) 241-3701 

Regional Regulatory Administrator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

Main Tower, Room 345 

1200 Main Street 

Dallas, TX 75202 

Phone (214) 767-2285 

Toll Free: Texas (800) 442-7251 

Other (800) 527-9380 

Regional Regulatory Administrator 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 

,525 Market Street, 34th Floor 

San Francisco, CA 94105 

Phone (415) 556-0226 

Toll Free: California (800) 792-98 1 1 Other* (800)227-3072 

*Not yet available for Alaska or Hawaii 

REGULATIONS AND PERMITS 
APPENDIX C 

Environmental Considerations 

Areas for Potentially Hazardous Environmental Effects 

- Ethanol Production 

- Vehicular Fuel Use 

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSlDERATlONS 
EAS f OR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS 

VIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 

There are two areas to be examined for potentially 

hazardous environmental effects-the ethanol production process and large-scale use of ethanol as a vehicular 

fuel. 

Ethanol Production 

There will be several types of effects on the environment 

caused by the production of fermentation ethanol which 

can be avoided with proper precautions. 

Crop Residue Removal. The first and possibly most important environmental impact could be the removal of 

crop residues for use as a boiler fuel. Crop residues are 

important because they help control soil erosion 

through their cover and provide nutrients, minerals, and 

fibrous material which help maintain soil quality. 

However, not more than one-third to one-half of the 

residues from a grain crop devoted to ethanol production need be used to fuel the process. Also, there are 

several methods, such as crop rotation and winter cover 

crops, which lessen the impact of crop residue removal. 

Use of Wet Stillage. The second environmental impact 

to be considered is related to the application of thin 

stillage to the land. Thin stillage, the product of the 

filtering process whereby the course solids are filtered 

out of the whole stillage, is composed of very small solid 

particles and solubles. Two kinds of problems can result 

from applying thin stillage to the land: odor and acidity. 

The impacts of applying thin stillage to the land mn be 

attenuated by using a sludge plow, possible recycling of 

the thin stillage within the plant, or use of anaerobic 

digestion to reduce the pollution potential of the thin 

stillage. 

Air Pollution. The third potential environmental impact is air pollution. Two forms of air pollution could 

result from development of an ethanol production 

scheme on-farm: the release of pollutants from the 

boiler used to produce steam from process heat, and 

vaporization of ethanol lost during the production process. If crop residues are used as boiler fuel, which is a 

preferred plan, the resulting pollutants are primarily 

particulate matter which can be controlled through the 

use of flue stack scrubbers. The release of ethanol 

vapors is not a major concern at this time. 

Vehicular Fuel Use 

Under the Clean Air Act of 1977 all fuel additives are 

automatically banned unless the manufacturer of the 

fuel additive demonstrates that the additive will not 

cause or contribute to the failure of any vehicle to meet 

applicable emission standards. The federally specified 

reference fuel is indolene and the required tests are for 

emissions of tailpipe hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, 

nitrogen oxides, and evaporative hydrocarbons. The 

last mentioned test involves the measurement of fuel 

vapors from the gas tank when the engine is left to idle 

and from locations such as the pump at the gas station. 

The requirements in these tests are quite stringent; in 

fact, in an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

study [I], commonly accepted pure summer-grade 

gasoline when compared with indolene failed-in oxidation catalyst vehicles and in three-way catalyst 

vehicles-all four tests mentioned above. 

On the other hand, the same study reported that a 90%- 

indolene/lO%-ethanol blend showed definite improvements over pure indolene in tailpipe hydrocarbon 

and carbon monoxide emissions, nitrogen oxides emissions equal to the summer-grade gasoline, and a slight 

increase of evaporative emissions relative to the pure 

summer-grade gasoline. 

EPA and the Department of Energy have conducted a 

cooperative gasohol testing program to obtain and 

evaluate environmental impact data. On the basis of 

these tests, EPA concluded that the addition of 10% 

ethanol to gasoline [2]: 

slightly decreases hydrocarbon emissions; 

significantly decreases carbon monoxide emissions; 

slightly increases nitrogen oxides emissions; and 

substantially increases evaporative hydrocarbon 

emissions. 

On December 16, 1978, EPA approved use of gasohol 

under Section 21 1(f)(3) of the Clean Air Act of 1977 and 

found that there was no significant environmental risk 

associated with gasohol's continued use [3]. Furthermore, new emissions control systems, such as the 

"threeway catalyst with exhaust oxygen sensors for carburetion feedback for air-fuel control," have been 

shown to be equally effective using either gasoline or 

gasohol [31. 

In summary, the results to date have been generally 

favorable with respect to the use of gasohol in automobiles. However, in a recent technical memorandum, 

the Office of Technology Assessment of the Congress of 

the United States stated that the "mixture of observed 

emissions reductions and increases, and the lack of extensive and controlled emissions testing, does not justify 

a strong value judgment about the environmental effect 

of gasohol used in the general automobile population 

(although the majority of analysts have concluded that 

the net effect is unlikely to be significant)" [4]. 

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 
REFERENCES 

1. Jackson, B. R. "Testimony at DOE Hearings on 

Alcohol Fuels." U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency; December 6,1978. 

2. Characterization Report: Analysis of Gasohol 

Fleet Data to Characterize the Impact of Gasohol 

on Tailpipe and Evaporative Emissions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Support 

Branch, Mobile Source Enforcement Division, 

December 1978. 

3. Allsup, J. R.; Eccleston, P. B. "Ethanol/Gasoline 

Blends as Automotive Fuels." Alcohol Fuels 

Technology, 3rd International Symposium; 

Asilomar, CA; 1979. 

4. Office of Technology Assessment. Gasohol-A 

Technical Memorandum. September 1979, 69 p. 

Available from Superintendent of Documents, 

U.S. Government Printing Office, Stock No. 

052-003-00706-1. [P48] 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
APPENDIX D 

Reference Information 

Conversion factors 

Properties of Ethanol, Gasoline, and Water 

Water, Protein, and Carbohydrate Content of Selected Farm Products 

Typical Analysis of Distillers' Dried Grain Solids-Corn 

Energy Content for Feed 

Percent Sugar and Starch in Grains 

Comparison of Raw Materials for Ethanol Production 

Comparative Energy Balances for Ethanol Production 

REFERENCE INFORMATION 
CONVERSION FACTORS 

1 gallon water = 8.33 pounds (at 60 OF) = 0.134 cubic foot = 128 fluid ounces = 4 quarts = 8 pints 

= 3.785 liters 

1 gallon of ethanol weighs 6.6 pounds 

1 barrel of crude oil = 42 gallons 

1 Btu = 252 calories = heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1 degree Fahrenheit (OF). 

1 bushel of corn = 56 pounds 

1 calorie = .00397 Btu = heat required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Centigrade (OC) 

1 U.S. liquid gallon = 4 quarts = 231 cubic inches = 3.78 liters 

8 gallons = 1 bushel of corn 

1 liter = 1.057 U.S. liquid quarts 

1 fluid ounce = 30 milliliters 

1 pound = 453.6 grams 

1 cubic foot = 7.48 liquid gallons = 62.36 pounds H20 (at 60' F) 

1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 4,840 square yards 

To convert from OF to OC, subtract 32 and then multiply by X. 

To convert from OC to OF, multiply by % and then add 32. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL, GASOLINE AND WATER 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Gasoline Ethanol Water 

Formula 

Molecular Weight 

%Carbon (by weight) 

%Hydrogen (by weight) 

%Oxygen (by weight) 

C/H ratio 

Stoichiometric Air-to-Fuel Ratio 

. . -. . - . 

Cd-C 12 CH3CH20H KO 

varies 46.1 18.015 

85-88 52.1 

12-15 13.1 

indefinite 34.7 

5 -6-7.4 4.0 

14.2-15.1 9.0 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Gasoline Ethanol Water 

Specific Gravity 

Liquid Density lb/ft3 

lb/gal 

psi at 100 F (Reid) 

psi at 77" F 

Boiling Point (OF) 

Freezing Point (OF) 

Solubility in Water 

Water in 

Surface Tension (dyne/cm2) 

Dielectric Constant 

Viscosity at 68 OF (cp) 

Specific Resistivity 

0.70-0.78 

43.6 approx. 

5.8-6.5 

7-15 

0.3 approx. 

80-440 

- 70 approx. 

240 PPm 

88 PPm 

0.794 1 .O 

49.3 

6.59 

2.5 

0.85 

173 212 

-173 32 

infinite 

infinite 

23 54.9 

24.3 

1.17 1 .O 

0.3 x lo6 

THERMAL PROPERTIES Gasoline Ethanol Water 

Lower Heating Value 

Btu/lb 

Btu/gal 

Higher Heating Value 

Btu/lb at 68 OF 

Btu/gal 

Heat of Vaporization 

Btu/lb 

Btu/gal 

Octane Ratings 

Research 

Pump (Ron + Mon)/2 

Flammability Limits 

(% by volume in air) 

Specific Heat 

(Btdlb - OF) 

Autoignition Temperature (OF) 

Flash Point ( OF) 

Coefficient of Thermal 

Expansion at 60 OF and 1 atm 

1 8,900 (avg) 

1 1 5,400 (avg) 

REFERENCE INFORMATION 
WATER, PROTEIN, AND CARBOHYDRATE 

CONTENT OF SELECTED FARM PRODUCTS 

To CarboCrop %Water %Protein hydrate 

Apples, raw 

Apricots, raw 

Artichokes, French 

Artichokes, 

Jerusalem 

Asparagus, raw 

Beans, lima, dry 

Beans, white 

Beans, red 

Beans, pinto 

Beets, red 

Beet greens 

Blackberries 

Blueberries 

Boysenberries 

Broccoli 

Brussels sprouts 

Buckwheat 

Cabbage 

Carrots 

Cauliflower 

Celery 

Cherries, sour 

Cherries, sweet 

Collards 

Corn, field 

Corn, sweet 

Cowpeas 

Cowpeas, undried 

Crabapples 

Cranberries 

Cucumbers 

Dandelion greens 

Dates 

Dock, sheep sorrel 

Figs 

Garlic cloves 

Grapefruit pulp 

Grapes, American 

Lamb's-quarters 

Lemons, whole 

Lentils 

Milk, cow 

Milk, goat 

Millet 

Crop 

VO Carbo- 

%Water %Protein hydrate 

Muskmelons 

Mustard greens 

Okra 

Onions, dry 

Oranges 

Parsnips 

Peaches 

Peanuts 

Pears 

Peas, edible pod 

Peas, split 

Peppers, hot chili 

Peppers, sweet 

Persimmons 

Plums, Damson 

Poke shoots 

Popcorn 

Potatoes, raw 

Pumpkin 

Quinces 

Radishes 

Raspberries 

Rhubarb 

Rice, brown 

Rice, white 

Rutabagas 

Rye 

Salsify 

Soybeans, dry 

Spinach 

Squash, summer 

Squash, winter 

Strawberries 

Sweet potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Turnips 

Turnip greens 

Watermelon 

Wheat, HRS 

Wheat, HRW 

Wheat, SRW 

Wheat, white 

Wheat, durum 

Whey 

Yams 

Source: Handbook of the Nutritional Contents of Foods, USDA. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF DISTILLERS' DRIED GRAIN SOLIDS-CORN 

Distillers' Distillers' Distillers' Dried 

Dried Grains Dried Solubles Grains with Solubles 

('w (Yo) (('70) 

Moisture 

Protein 

Lot 

Fiber 

Ash 

Amino Acids 

L y sine 0.6 0.95 0.6 

Methionine 0.5 0.5 0.6 

Cystine 0.2 0.4 0.4 

Histidine 0.6 0.63 0.6 

Arginine 1.1 1.15 1 .O 

Aspartic Acid 1.68 1.9 1.7 

Threonine 0.9 0.98 0.95 

Serinine 1 .O 1.25 1 ,O 

Glutamic Acid 4.0 6.0 4.2 

Proline 2.6 2.9 2.8 

Glycine 1.0 1.2 1 .O 

Alanine 2.0 1.75 1.9 

Valine 1.3 1.39 1.3 

Isoleucine 1 .O 1 .25 1 .O 

Leucine 3 .O 2.6 2.7 

Tyrosine 0.8 0.95 0.8 

Phenylalanine 1.2 1.3 1.2 

Tryptophan 0.2 0.3 0.2 

ENERGY CONTENT FOR FEED 

Distillers' Distillers' Distillers' Dried 

Dried Grains Dried Solubles Grains with Solubles 

-- - 

For Cattle: 

Total digestible nutrients 

Megacalories per kilogram 

For Poultry: 

Megacalories per kilogram 

For Swine: 

Megacalories per kilogram 1.84 2.98 3.39 

Source: Feed Formu~ution, Distillers Feed Research Council, 1435 Enquirer Building, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202. 

REFERENCE INFORMATION 
Grain %Sugar %Starch 

Barley 

Corn 

Grain sorghum 

Oats 

Rye 

Wheat 

Source: Composition of Cereal Grains and Forages, . National Academy of Sciences publication. 

PERCENT SUGAR AND STARCH IN GRAINS 

- 

FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION 

- - 

Ib %Protein 

Raw Material Protein Ethanol dry 

COMPARISON OF RAW MATERIALS 

,Corn 2.6/bu 

Wheat 2.6/bu 

Grain sorghum 2.6/bu 

Average starch grains 2.5/bu 

Potatoes(75% Moist) 1.4/cwt 

12-14 

Sugar beets 20.3/ton 

Sugar cane 17/ton 

Sugar beet molasses 0.35/gal 

(50% sugar) 

Sugar cane molasses 0.4/gal 

(55% sugar) 

Source: National Gasohol Commission. 

Feedstock Liquid 

Production Fuels 

1 

Manufacturing 

Energy 

I 

h 

Electrical 

Production 

A Direct 

Heat 

Ethanol and c Coproducts Use in Vehicles 

Other Uses 

Figure D-1. Ethanol Production System Block Diagram 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
COMPARATIVE ENERGY BALANCES 

FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION 

ENERGY BALANCES 

(Basis: 1 Bushel Corn) 

Energy balances are a confusing and controversial subject. The sources of the confusion are varied but most 

stem from differences in opinion regarding what must 

be included for consideration and the proper approach 

to use. One of the principal sources of confusion is the 

type of energy balance being investigated in a given 

case. Some energy balance studies compare the total 

energy contents of the products and coproducts with the 

fossil energy consumed in their production. Other 

studies compare the amount of crude petroleum energy 

required to produce a given amount of petroleum 

substitute. Whatever types of energy are compared, an 

energy balance study has the objective to compare the 

energy input to a system with the energy output of the 

system. If the energy input is greater than the energy 

output, the energy balance is said to be negative; conversly, if the energy output of the system is greater than 

the energy input to the system, the energy balance is said 

to be positive. The causes of disparity among the 

various studies include differences in assumptions and 

reference technologies, and ambiguities in defining the 

boundaries of the given system under consideration. 

Consider the ethanol production system shown in 

Figure D-1. Energy inputs to the system include the liquid fuel and manufacturing energy required to produce 

the feedstocks and the electrical and heat energy required to convert the feedstocks into ethanol. Note that 

the solar energy input is not included. Energy output of 

the system is in the form of ethanol which can be used in 

vehicles and other applications and other coproducts. 

To illustrate how differences in opinion among various 

studies can arise, consider the ethanol energy balance 

studies of Scheller and Mohr [I] and Reilly [2]. For 1 

bushel of corn, the two studies calculate similar values 

for the total nonrenewable energy inputs as follows: 

REFERENCES 

Energy inputs Scheller & Mohr Reilly 

Agricultural Energy 119,000Btu 135,000Btu 

Direct on-farm 

Fertilizer and 

chemicals 

Transport 

EthanolProcessEnergy 370,000Btu 368,000Btu 

Cooking and 

fermentation 64,800 

Distilling and 

centrifuging 105,000 

Dehydration 37,000 

Evaporation of stillage 1 13,000 

Drying of stillage 51,000 

TOTAL ENERGY INPUT 489,000 Btu 503,000 Btu 

From similar values of energy input, Scheller and 

Mohr proceed to calculate a positive energy balance, 

while Reilly calculates a negative energy balance. Reilly 

considers the outputs to be 2.6 gallons of ethanol, with a 

total (lower) heating value of about 191,000 Btu, and 

the stillage coproduct which can be given an energy 

credit of about 49,000 Btu [3]. Subtracting the energy 

input of 503,000 Btu from the total of energy output of 

240,000 Btu, Reilly obtains a negative energy balance of 

260,000 Btu. However, Scheller and Mohr include, as 

an additional coproduct, the heat content of 75% of the 

corn stover to be used as energy input into the ethanol 

production process. This amounts to an additional 

energy output of about 322,000 Btu. Thus, Scheller and 

Mohr would calculate a total energy output of 562,000 

Btu and achieve a positive energy balance of about 

73,000 Btu for each bushel of corn processed into 

ethanol. 

1. Scheller, W., Mohr B. "Net Energy Balance for Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Iowa State 

Ethanol Production." Presented at the 171st Na- University; January 1978. 

tional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, 

New York, April 7,1976. 3. Chambers, R.S., Herendeen, R.A., Joyce, J.J., 

and Penner, P.S. "Gasohol: Does It or Doesn't It 

2. Reilly , P. J. "Economics and Energy Requirements Produce Positive Net Energy?" Science, Volume 

for Ethanol Production. " Department of 206 (no. 4420): November 16,1979, pp. 789-795. 

REFERENCE INFORMATION 
APPENDIX E 

Resource People and 

Organizations 

Associations and Organizations 

Colleges 

Component Manufacturers 

Consultants for Fuel From Farms 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Engineering Firms 

Enzyme Producers 

Ethanol Producers 

Molecular Sieve Manufacturers 

On-Farm Demonstration or Operating Plants 

Plant Packages 

Plant Plans 

State Alcohol Fuels Contacts 

NOTICE 

The following list of resource people and organizations 

is provided for your information. Neither DOE nor 

SERI recommend or vouch for these sources. We would 

appreciate receiving additions or revisions to this information. 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
ASSOCIATIONS AND 

ORGANIZATIONS 

Agriculture Council of America 

1625 Eye St. N.W. Suite 708 

Washington, DC 20006 

2021 466-3 100 

Alcohol-Alternative Fuel 

Institute 

9400 Wisconsin Ave. 

Bethesda, MD 20014 

American Agriculture 

Foundation 

308 Second Street, SE 

Washington, DC 20003 

2021 544-5750 

American Agricultural 

Movement 

308 Second Street, SE 

Washington, DC 20003 

2021 544-5750 

American Farm Bureau 

Federation 

225 Touhy Avenue 

Park Ridge, IL 60068 

3121 399-5850 

American Soybean Association 

P.O. Box 27300 

St. Louis. MO 63141 

Beef Industry Council 

National Livestock and 

Meat Board 

444 N. Michigan Avenue 

Chicago, IL 606 1 1 

3 121 467-5520 

The Bio-Energy Council 

1625 Eye Street, NW Suite 825A 

Washington, DC 20006 

2021 822-5656 

Brewers Grain Institute 

1754 K Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20006 

Center for Renewable Resources 

1001 Connecticut Ave., NW 

Suite 510 

Washington, DC 20036 

Citizens Energy Project 

1413 "K" Street NW 8th 

Washington, DC 20005 

Floor 

Corn Development Commission 

Route 2 

Holdrege, NE 68949 

Distillers Feed Research Council 

208 Air Park Drive 

P.O. Box 75153 

Cincinnati, OH 45202 

6061371-1360 

Domestic Technology 

International 

P.O. Box 2043 

Evergreen, CO 80439 

3031 674- 1597 

The Fertilizer Institute 

1015 18th Street NW 

Washington, DC 20036 

2021 466-2700 

The Grain Terminal Association 

1667 Snelling Avenue N 

P.O. Box 43594 

St. Paul, MN 55164 

61 21 646-9433 

The Grange 

Route 2, Box 154 

Waterloo, NE 68069 

4021 359-5604 

International Biomass Institute 

1522 K Street, NW, Suite 600 

Washington, D.C. 20005 

2021783-1 133 

Iowa Corn Promotion Board 

402 West Towers 

1200 35th Street 

West Des Moines, IA 50265 

5 15 1225-9242 

Iowa Development Commission 

250 Jewett Building 

Des Moines, IA 50309 

5151281-5360 

National Alcohol Fuel 

Producers Association 

1760 Reston Avenue 

Reston, VA 22090 

7031471-1611 

National Association of 

Wheat Growers 

1030 15th Street, NW, Suite 1030 

Washington, DC 20005 

2021466-8630 

National Cattlemen's Association 

1001 Lincoln Street 

P.O. Box 569 

Denver, CO 80203 

3031861-1904 

National Center for 

Appropriate Technology 

P.O. Box 3838 

Butte, MT 59701 

4061 494-4577 

National Corn Growers 

Association 

815 Office Park Road Suite 201 

West Des Moines, IA 50265 

5 151 225-8840 

National Farmers Organization 

720 Davis Avenue 

Corning, IA 50841 

5151322-3131 

National Grange 

1616 H Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20006 

2021 628-3507 

National Livestock Producers 

Association 

307 Livestock Exchange Bldg. 

Denver, CO 80216 

3031 623-2098 

National Milk Producers 

Federation 

30 "F" Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20001 

2021393-8151 

National Oil Jobbers Council 

1707 H Street, NW 11th Floor 

Washington, DC 20006 

2021331-1 198 

National Pork Producers Council 

47 15 Grande Avenue 

Des Moines, IA 50312 

5151277-6419 

Nebraska Agricultural Products 

Industrial Utilization Committee 

P.O. Box 94831 

Lincoln, NE 68509 

4021 47 1-294 1 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Pork Industry Group 

National Livestock and 

Meat Boavd 

444 N. Michigan Avenue 

Chicago, IL 6061 1 

Red River Valley Potato 

Growers Association 

Box 31 

East Grand Forks, MN 56721 

21 81 773-3633 

Red River Valley Sugarbeet 

Growers Association 

1701 West View Drive 

West Acres Office Park 

Fargo, ND 58102 

70 1 / 282-0694 

Small Farm Energy Project 

P.O. Box 736 

Hartington, NE 68739 

4021 254-6893 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

1617 Cole Boulevard 

Golden, CO 80401 

3031231-1207 

U.S. Beet Sugar Association 

1156 15th Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20005 

2021 296-4820 

Talladega College 

627 West Battle Street 

Talladega, AL 35160 

Contact: Richard A. Morrison 

205 / 362-8800 

Wallace State Community 

College 

P.O. Box 250 A 

Hanceville, AL 35077 

Contact: Rayburn Williams 

2051 352-6403 Ext. 34 

Arizona 

Central Arizona College 

Woodruff at Overfield Road 

Coolige, AZ 85228 

Contact: John Palmer 

6021 723-4141 Ext. 221 

Central Arizona College 

P.O. Box 97 

Winkleman, AZ 85292 

Contact: Glen F. Johnson 

6021 356-7864 

College of Ganado 

Ganado, AZ 86505 

Contact: Jefferson R. Snider 

6021 755-3442 Ext. 30 

Arkansas 

US. Feed Grains Council 

Cabrillo Community College 

6500 Soquel Drive 

Aptos, CA 95003 

Contact: Richard Merrill 

408 1425-648 1 

California State Polytechnical 

University at Pomona 

Pomona, CA 9 1 768 

Contact: John R. Biddle 

7 141 598-O239 

California State University at 

Hayward 

Hayward, CA 94598 

Contact: Esther Railton 

4511881-3016 Ext. 3027 

College of Siskiyous 

800 College Avenue 

Weed, CA 96094 

Contact: William R. Kinkade 

91619384463 Ext. 262 

College of The Redwoods 

Eureka, CA 95501 

Contact: David Mills 

7071443-841 1 Ext. 424 

East Los Angeles College 

1301 Brooklyn Avenue 

Monterey Park, CA 91754 

Contact: Robert A. Stevenson 

2131265-8855 

1030 15th Street, NW, Suite 540 Mississippi County Community 

Washington, DC 20005 College Glendale Community College 

2021 659- 1640 Mid-South Energy Project 1500 North Verdugo Road 

Box 1 109 Glendale, CA 91 208 

The Wheat Growers Blytheville, AR 723 15 Contact: Dave Davenport 

Route #1, Box 27 Contact: Christopher M. 2131240-1000 Ext. 312 

Hemingford, NE 69438 

3081 487-3794 

The WIFE Organization 

Osceola, NE 68651 

COLLEGES 

(To Verify Course Offerings, 

Contact College) 

Benson 

501 / 762-1020 Ext. 40 

North Arkansas Community 

College 

Pioneer Ridge 

Harrison, AR 72601 

Contact: 

50 1 / 743-3000 Ext. 60 

California 

Alabama 

Livingston University 

Livingston, AL 35470 

Contact: Wayne F. Canis 

2051 652-9661 Ext. 245 

Antioch University 

650 Pine Street 

San Francisco, CA 94108 

Contact: Brant Ingram 

4151956-1688 Ext. 215 

Indian Valley Colleges 

1800 Ignacio Boulevard 

Novato, CA 94947 

Contact: Don Marin 

4151883-221 1 Ext. 200 

Lake Tahoe Community College 

2659 Lake Tahoe Boulevard 

P.O. Box 14445 

South Lake Tahoe, CA 95702 

Contact: Dave Bainbridge 

916/5414660 Ext. 30 

Modesto J r. College 

Modesto, CA 95350 

Contact: Ron Alves 

2091 526-2000 Ext. 3 1 1 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Saddleback Community 

College District 

28000 Marquerite Parkway 

Mission Viejo, CA 92692 

Contact: John Batok 

71418314819 

Pikes Peak Community College 

5675 South Academy Blvd. 

Colorado Springs, CO 8091 1 

Contact: Robert J. Earle 

3031576-771 1 Ext. 217 

Florida State University 

Tallahassee, FL 32306 

Contact: R. H. Davis 

9041 644-2867 

Saint Augustine Technical Center 

Collins Avenue at Delmonte Dr. 

St. Augustine, FL 32084 

Contact: Ken Todd 

9041 824-4401 Ext. 78 

University of Colorado at Boulder 

Boulder, CO 80309 

Contact: Dennis R. Holloway 

3031492-7497 

San Joaquin Delta College 

5 1 5 1 Pacific Avenue 

Stockton, CA 95207 

Contact: Gary Blomgren 

2091478-201 1 Ext. 322 Connecticut Stetson University 

Deland, FL 32720 

Contact: E.C. Coolidge 

9041 7344121 Ext. 244 

Stanford University 

Stanford, CA 94305 

Contact: Channing Robertson 

41 51497-4906 

Central Connecticut State College 

1615 Stanley Street 

New Britain, CT 06050 

Contact: Thattil J. Devassy 

2031 827-7280 

University of North Florida 

4567 St. Johns Bluff Road 

Jacksonville, FL 32216 

Contact: Ray Bowman 

University of California at Davi 

Davis, CA 95616 

Contact: Paul Craig 

9161 752-0360 

is 

Fairfield University 

Fairfield, CT 06430 

Contact: Victor Newton 

2031255-5411 Ext. 2564 

Georgia 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Atlanta, GA 30332 

Contact: S. M. Jeter 

404/894-335 1 

University of California at 

San Diego 

La Jolla, CA 92093 

71414524706 

Delware 

Delaware Tech. and Community 

College, Terry Campus 

1832 North Dupont Parkway 

Dover, DE 19901 

Contact: Bob Adams 

3021 678-540 1 

University of Georgia 

Athens, GA 30602 

Contact: B. Derrell McLendon 

4041 549-7527 

Victor Valley College 

58422 Bear Valley Road 

Victorville, CA 92392 

Contact: Kermit E. Irby 

71412454271 Ext. 238 

District of Columbia Idaho 

West Hills Community College 

300 Cherry Lane 

Coalinga, CA 93210 

Contact: Robert Gibson 

2091935-0801 Ext. 225 

George Washington University 

725 23rd Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20052 

Contact: W. Jackson 

2021 676-6749 

College of Southern Idaho 

315 Falls Avenue West 

Twin Falls, ID 83301 

Contact: James Taylor 

2081 733-9554 

Colorado Florida Idaho State University 

Box 8088 

Pocatello, ID 83209 

Contact: L. E. Corey 

2081 236-3975 

Colorado State University 

Fort Collins, CO 80523 

Contact: S. Karaki 

3031491-8617 

Brevard Community College 

15 19 Clearlake Road 

Cocoa, FL 32922 

Contact: Philip Stokes 

3051632-1 11 1 Ext. 407 University of Idaho 

Moscow, ID 83843 

Contact: James M. Cassetto 

2081 885-6492 

Lamar Community College 

2401 South Main 

Lamar, CO 81052 

Contact: Bill Henderson 

303 / 336-2248 

Broward Community College 

1000 Coconut Creek Boulevard 

Pompano Beach, FL 33063 

Contact: Ulmer 

3051 972-9 100 Ext. 2460 

Illinois 

Mesa College 

Box 2647 

Grand Junction, CO 81502 

Contact: Woodrow Ramsey 

3031 248-1476 

Chicago State University 

95 95th Street and King Drive 

Chicago, IL 60628 

Contact: D. W. Appenbrink 

3 121 995-2339 

Florida International University 

Miami, FL 33199 

Contact: John H. Parker 

3051 522-2605 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Eureka College 

300 College Avenue 

Eureka, IL 61520 

Contact: R. J. Eichenberger 

3091467-3721 Ext. 241 

Illinois Wesleyan University 

210 East University Street 

Bloomington, IL 61701 

Contact: Gary Kessler 

3091 556-3004 

Kankakee Community College 

Box 888 

Kankakee, IL 60901 

Contact: Kris Mathers 

81 5/ 944-5385 

Lake Land Community College 

South Route 45 

Matoon, IL 61938 

Contact: Robert D. Webb 

2171235-3131 

Lincoln Land Community College 

Springfield, 1L 62708 

Contact: Robert Poorman 

2 1 7 / 786-2200 

Loyola University of Chicago 

820 North Michigan Avenue 

Chicago, IL 6061 1 

Contact: Raymond W. Nackoney 

3 121 670-3000 Ext. 759 

Roosevelt University 

430 South Michigan 

Chicago, IL 60605 

Contact: M. Goran 

3121341-3738 

Southern Illinois University at 

Carbondale 

Carbondale, IL 62901 

Contact: Richard E. Archer 

6181453-5761 Ext. 32 

University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign 

Urbana, IL 61801 

Contact: Gene C. Shove 

2171333-6762 

Western Illinois University 

Macomb, IL 61455 

Contact: John Shaver 

3091 298-1258 

Wheaton College 

Wheaton, IL 60187 

Contact: J. H. Kraakevik 

3 121 682-5007 

Indiana 

Indiana State University 

Terre Haute, IN 47809 

Contact: William G. Turner 

8121232-631 1 Ext. 2193 

Indiana Vocational Technical 

College at Muncie 

4100 Cowan Road 

Muncie, IN 47302 

Contact: Jerry Bunch 

3171289-2291 Ext. 33 

Purdue University 

West Lafayette, IN 47907 

Contact: G. H. Krockover 

3171493-9526 

Tri-State University 

Angola, IN 46703 

Contact: Henry Tucker 

2191663141 Ext. 253 

Vincennes University 

Vincennes, IN 4759 1 

Contact: Daryle Riegle 

Iowa 

Des Moines Area Community 

College 

2006 South Ankeny Boulevard 

Ankeny, IA 50021 

Contact: Gordon N. Rowe 

5 15/ 964-6266 

Eastern Iowa Community College 

2804 Eastern Avenue 

Davenport, IA 52803 

Contact: Robert Illingsworth 

3 191 242-684 1 

Iowa Central Community College 

330 Avenue M 

Fort Dodge, IA 50501 

Contact: James C. Royce 

5151 576-7201 Ext. 148 

Marshall Town Community 

College 

3700 South Center 

Marshalltown, IA 50 158 

Contact: Dennis Kethenbeutel 

5 151 752-7106 Ext. 45 

Northwest IowaTechnical College 

Highway 18 West 

Sheldon, IA 51201 

Contact: Larry Sturdevant 

7121 324-2587 Ext. 78 

Scott Community College 

Belmont Road 

Bettendorf, IA 52722 

Contact: Myron Hummel 

3191 359-753 1 Ext. 259 

University of Dubuque 

2050 University Avenue 

Dubuque, IA 52001 

Contact: David B. Straley 

3 191 589-3 142 

University of Iowa 

Iowa City, IA 52242 

Contact: Karl Lonngren 

3 191 353-3696 

Kansas 

Colby Community College 

1255 South Range 

Colby, KS 67701 

Contact: Gene Ostmeyer 

9 13 / 462-3984 

Dodge City Community College 

US. 50 Bypass and 14th Avenue 

Dodge City, KS 67801 

Contact: Ronald G. Albrecht 

3161 225-1321 Ext. 239 

Kentucky 

Paducah Community College 

Box 1380 

Paducah, KY 42001 

Contact: Donald Clemons 

5021 42-6 13 1 

University of Louisville 

Louisville, KY 40292 

Contact: Dan Ochs 

5021 588-659 1 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Louisiana 

Louisiana State University and 

A and M College 

Baton Rouge, LA 70803 

Contact: Clayton Callihan 

5041 388-1426 

Nicholls State University 

P.O. Box 2031 

Thibodaux, LA 70301 

Contact: Carey Flowers 

5041 446-8 1 1 1 Ext. 301 

Mary land 

Cecil Community College 

1000 North East Road 

North East, MD 21901 

Contact: William Charlton 

30 1 / 287-6060 Ext. 25 1 

Harford Community College 

40 1 Thomas Run Road 

Be1 Air, MD 21014 

Contact: Dale Rhodes 

30 1 / 836-41 73 

Mary land 

Montgomery College 

51 Mannakee Street 

Rockville, MD 20850 

Contact: William Davis 

301 / 279-5232 

United States Naval Academy 

Annapolis, MD 21402 

Contact: Chih Wu 

30 1 / 267-3 186 

University of Maryland, 

Eastern Shore 

Princess, MD 21853 

Contact: Gian Gupta 

301 / 65 1-2200 Ext. 327 

Massachusetts 

Bentley College 

Waltham, MA 02154 

Contact: B. Aghassi 

6171891-2236 

Clark University 

450 Main 

Worchester, MA 01610 

Contact: Albert Gottlieb 

6171793-7439 

Fitchburg State College 

160 Pearl Street 

Fitchburg, MA 01420 

Contact: Erling Lanson 

6171345-2151 Ext. 184 

Holyoke .Community College 

303 Homestead Avenue 

Holyoke, MA 01040 

Contact: Andrew Ellis 

4131538-7000 Ext. 430 

North Adams State College 

Church Street 

North Adams, MA 01247 

Contact: W. Seeley 

4131664-4511 Ext. 457 

Springfield Tech. and 

Community College 

One Armory Square 

Springfield, MA 01 105 

Contact: Robert Geidz 

4131781-6470 

Worcester State College 

486 Chandler Street 

Worcester, MA 01602 

Contact: Daniel E. Dick 

6171752-7700Ext. 136 

Michigan 

Central Michigan University 

Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 

Contact: Louis Ecker 

5 171 774-3996 

Delta College 

Markinaw Road 

University Center, MI 48710 

Contact: Paul Koblas 

5 171 686-9256 

Glen Oaks Community College 

Route 1 Shimmel Road 

Centreville, MI 49032 

Contact: Wayne Moss 

6161467-9945 Ext. 217 

Jackson Community College 

Jackson, MI 49201 

Contact: V. A. Hanson 

5171 787-0800 Ext. 172p 

Jordan College 

1460 Laughlin Street 

Grand Rapids, MI 49504 

Contact: Alan 0. Martin 

6161453-5417 

Michigan State University 

East Lansing, MI 48824 

Contact: A. M. Dhanak 

5171355-5160 

Mott Community College 

1401 East Court Street 

Flint, MI 48503 

Contact: Charles Roched 

3 131 762-0237 

Northern Michigan University 

Presque Isle Avenue 

410 B Cohodas Adm. Center 

Marquette, MI 49855 

Contact: Richard V. Allenstein 

9061 227-29 1 1 

Saint Clair County Community 

College 

323 Erie Street 

Port Huron, MI 48060 

Contact: Phil Zochowski 

3131984-388 1 Ext. 288 

Wayne State University 

5050 Cass 

Detroit, MI 48202 

Contact: Trilochan Singh 

3131577-3885 

Lakewood Community College 

White Bear Lake, MN 551 10 

Contact: Robert Wischmann 

6121770-1331 Ext. 11 1 

Redwind Energy Education 

Center 

Highway 16 and 19 

Red Wing, MN 55066 

Contact: Pat Enz 

6121388-3594 Ext. 2 

Saint Cloud State University 

College of Industry 

Department of Industrial 

Education 

Saint Cloud, MN 56301 

Contact: Anthony Schwaller 

6121255-21 18 

Southwest State University 

Marshall, MN 56258 

Contact: Richard Spencer 

5071 537-7217 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
University of Minnesota at 

Minneapolis-St. Paul 

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 

11 1 Church St., SE 

Minneapolis, MN 55455 

Contact: R. J. Goldstein 

61 21373-3302 

Southeast Missouri State 

University 

Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 

Contact: John E. Tansil 

3141651-2157 

Kean College 

Morris Avenue 

Union, NJ 07083 

Contact: Joseph Clinton 

20 1 / 527-2342 

State Fairground Community 

College 

Sedalia, MO 65301 

Contact: Marvin Fielding 

8 161 826-7 100, Ext. 60 

Rider College 

P.O. Box 6400 

Lawrenceville, NJ 08638 

Contact: Gerald Witt 

609/ 896-509 1 

University of Minnesota 

Technical College at Crookston 

Crookston, MN 56716 

Contact: Kent Freberg 

2181281-6510 Ext. 265 Montana 

Mississippi New Mexico Montana College of Mineral 

Science Technology 

Butte, MT 59701 

Contact: Richard Alexander 

4061 792-8321 Ext. 328 

Navajo Community College 

Box 580 

Shiprock, NM 87420 

Contact: Raymond Housh 

5051 268-529 1 

N W Mississippi Jr. College. 

Highway 51 

North Senatobia, MS 38668 

Contact: William Oakley 

60 1 / 562-5262 Nebraska 

University of Mississippi 

University, MS 38677 

Contact: John A. Fox 

60 1 / 232-72 19 

Grand Island Education Center, 

CICCA 

3134 West Highway 34 

Grand Island, NE 68801 

Contact: Marion C. Kinkade 

3081 384-5220 Ext. 270 

New York 

Broome Community College 

Binghamton, NY 13902 

Contact: Norm Herbert 

6071 772-5078 

University of Southern 

Mississippi 

Southern Station 

Hattiesburg, MS 39401 

Contact: Charles R. Brent 

60 1 / 266-72 12 

Peru State College 

Peru, NE 68421 

Contact: Daryl Long 

4021 872-3815 Ext. 214 

Columbia University, 

Main Division 

New York, NY 10027 

Contact: Harry Gregor 

Wood Junior College 2121280-4716 

P.O. Drawer C 

Mathiston, MS 39752 

Contact: Barbara Crawford 

601 / 263-5352 

South East Community College 

Milford, NE 68405 

Contact: Dean Roll 

4021 761-2131 

Cornell University 

B-7 Day Hall 

Ithaca, NY 14853 

Contact: Albert George 

607 / 256-7540 

New Hampshire 

Missouri 

Dartmouth College 

Hanover, NH 03755 

Contact: A. E. Converse 

603 / 646-2606 

Crowder College 

Neosho, MO 64850 

Contact: Art Boyt 

417145 1-4700 

Genesee Community College 

One College Road 

Batavia, NY 14020 

Contact: Ray Chaya 

New Hampshire Vocational 7 16/ 343-0055 Ext. 228 

Technical College, Manchester 

1066 Front Street 

Manchester, NH 03 102 

Contact: David Magnon 

Drury College 

900 North Benton Avenue 

Springfield, MO 65802 

Contact: Howard Hufford 

41 7/ 887-4894 

New York University 

32 Washington Place, Room 42 

New York, NY 10003 

Contact: Marshall S. Hahn 

New Jersey 2121 598-3356 

Saint Louis Community College 

at Forest Park 

5600 Oakland Avenue 

Saint Louis, MO 631 10 

Contact: Paul D. Nelson 

3 141 644-9285 

Bergen Community College 

400 Paramus Road 

Paramus, N.? 07652 

Contact: Neil Ender 

201 / 447- 1500 Ext. 300 

Onondaga County Community 

College 

Syracuse, NY 132 15 

Contact: Andreas Paloumpis 

3 15 / 469-774 1 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Pratt Institute 

215 Ryerson Street 

Brooklyn, NY 11205 

Contact: Brent M. Peter 

21 2/ 636-3650 

Technical College of Alamance 

P.O. Box 623 

Haw River, NC 27258 

Contact: David M. Payne 

9191578-2002 Ext. 29 

Oklahoma 

Panhandle State University 

Box 430 

Goodwell, OK 73939 

Contact: Gene Reeves 

Vance-Granville Community 405 / 742-2 12 1 

College 

P.O. Box 917 

Henderson, NC 27536 

Contact: Daniel W. Guin 

9 191 492-206 1 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Troy, NY 12181 

Contact: Frederick Bordt 

5 181 270-6543 

Oregon 

State University of New York 

at Fredonia 

Fredonia, NY 14063 

Contact: J. J. Connelly 

7161673-3305 

Eastern Oregon State College 

8th and K Streets 

LaGrande, OR 97850 

Contact: Paul Stephas 

5031963-2171 Ext. 310 

Western Carolina University 

Cullowhee, NC 28723 

Contact: Don Wood 

7041 227-7397 

State University of New York, 

Agricultural North Dakota State School of 

Science 

Wahpeton, ND 58075 

Contact: Claire T. Blikre 

7011671-2221 

'tate University of New York, 

Agricultural and 

Technical College 

Canton, NY 13617 

Contact: Carson A. Emhof 

3151386-7313 

Pennsylvania 

King's College 

River Street 

Wilkes-Barre, PA 1871 1 

Contact: J. Rakowski 

7 171 824-993 1 Ext. 237 

North Dakota 

University of North Dakota 

Grand Forks, ND 58202 

Contact: W. A. Dando 

70 1 / 777-4588 

Westchester Community College 

75 Grasslands Road 

Valhalla, NY 10595 

Contact: Diana Lee 

9141347-6914 

LeHigh County Community 

College 

2370 Main Street 

Schnecksville, PA 18078 

Contact: J. Robert Walker 

2151799-2121 Ext. 1500 

Ohio 

Bowling Green State University 

Bowling Green, OH 43403 

Contact: A. J. PaLumbo 

4191 372-2436 

North Carolina 

Mansfield State College 

Mansfield, PA 16933 

Contact: George Mullen 

7 171 662-4275 

Appalachian State University 

101 Sanford Hall 

Boone, NC 28608 

Contact: Karl C. Mamola 

7041 262-3090 

Clevelang State University 

24th Street and Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland, OH 441 15 

Contact: Rama S. R. Govla 

Caldwell Community College and 2161 687-2567 

Technical Institute 

1000 Hickory Boulevard 

Hudson, NC 28638 

Contact: David Monroe 

7041 728-4323 Ext. 239 

South Carolina 

Miami University 

High Street 

Exford, OH 45056 

Contact: Fuller Moore 

5131529-5811 

Chesterfield-Marlboro Technical 

College 

P.O. Drawer 928 

Cheraw, SC 29520 

Contact: Donald R. Smith 

8031 537-5286 

Martin Community College 

Kehukee Park Road 

Williamston, NC 27892 

Contact: Geoffrey Balkam 

9191792-1521 Ext. 249 

University of Akron 

Buchtel Avenue 

Akron, OH 44325 

Contact: Jim L. Jackson 

2161657-2815 Horry Georgetown Technical 

College 

Highway 501 East 

Conway, SC 29526 

Contact: Wade Harper 

8031 347-3 186 Ext. 261 

Pitt Community College 

Box Drawer 7007 

Greenville, NC 27834 

Contact: Marcus King 

9 191 756-3 130 Ext. 274 

Wittenberg University 

Springfield, OH 45501 

Contact: Nelson Sartoris 

5 131 327-7432 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
South Dakota 

Ogalala Sioux Community 

College 

Box 439 

Pine Ridge, SD 57700 

Contact: Roberta Barbalace 

6061 867-5 1 10 

Northern State College 

Aberdeen, SD 5740 1 

Contact: Terry Richardson 

605 / 622-257 1 

South Dakota State University 

Brookings, SD 57007 

Contact: Paul Middaugh 

6051688-4116 

University of South Dakota, 

Main Campus 

Vermillion, SD 57069 

Contact: Robert W. Jones 

6051 677-5649 

Tennessee 

State Technical Institute at 

Knoxville 

3435 Division Street, 

P.O. Box 19802 

Knoxville, TN 37919 

Contact: Dwight Magnuson 

61 51 637-4262 

Texas A & I University 

Kingsvikle, TX 78363 

Contact: Lionel D. Hewett 

5 121 959-26 18 

Texas Technical University 

Lubbock, TX 79409 

Contact: Steven R. Beck 

8061 742-3553 

University of Texas at Dallas 

P.O. Box 688 

Richardson, TX 75080 

Contact: Ervin J. Fenyves 

2 141 690-297 1 

Utah 

University of Utah 

Salt Lake City, UT 841 12 

Contact: R. F. Boehm 

801/581-6441 

Vermont 

Castleton State College 

Castleton, VT 05735 

Contact: J. V. Freeman 

8021 468-561 1 Ext. 201 

University of Vermont 

Burlington, VT 05404 

Contact: Grant Wells 

8021 656-2000 

Texas 

Virginia 

East Field College 

3737 Matley Drive 

Mesquite, TX 75150 

Contact: W. Tim Hughes 

2141756-3208 

Grayson County Junior College 

Denison, TX 75020 

Contact: Clifford Wood 

2141465-6030 Ext. 227 

Navarro Jr. College 

Box 1 170 

Corsicana, TX 75 1 10 

Contact: Darrell Raines 

2141874-6501 

Richland College 

12800 Abrams Road 

Dallas, TX 75243 

Contact: J. H. Daugherty 

2 141 746-4585 

James Madison University 

Harrisonburg, VA 22807 

Contact: Kent Moore 

7031433-6338 

Old Dominion University 

Box 6173 Hampton Blvd. 

Norfolk, VA 23508 

Contact: Gary R. Crossman 

8041 440-3766 

Radford University 

Radford, VA 24142 

Contact: Franklin M. Jones 

7031731-5145 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and 

State University 

Blacksburg, VA 24061 

Contact: David H. Vaughan 

703 / 96 1-5038 

Washington 

S kagit Valley College 

2405 College Way 

Mount Vernon, WA 98273 

Contact: Douglas N. Campbell 

2061428-1 195 

The Evergreen State College 

Olympia, WA 98505 

Contact: Rob Knapp 

2061 866-6679 

Washington State University 

Box 708 

Chehalis, WA 98532 

Contact: Larry Gueck 

2061748-9121, Ext. 212 

University of Washington 

Seattle, WA 98195 

Contact: James S. Bechtel 

2061 543-2730 

Whatcam Community College 

Northwest Road 

Bellingham, WA 98225 

Contact: Douglas N. Campbell 

2061384-1541 

West Virginia 

University of Charleston 

2300 MacCorkle Avenue, SE 

Charleston, WV 25304 

Contact: Jesse Spencer 

3041 346-947 1 Ext. 226 

West Virginia University 

Morgantown, WV 26506 

Contact: Paul W. DeVore 

3041 392-3803 

Wisconsin 

District One Technical Institute 

Eau Claire, WI 54701 

Contact: Thomas A. Dougherty 

7 15 / 836-2828 

Marquette University 

15 15 West Wisconsin Avenue 

Milwaukee, WI 53233 

Contact: S. V. Jaskolski 

4 141 224-6820 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
University of Wisconsin at 

River Falls 

River Falls, WI 54022 

Contact: C. M. Jones 

71514253950 Ext. 3985 

Agri-Fuel 

P.O. Box 26581 

Denver, CO 80226 

3031 989-3343 

Alcohol Power Consultant 

Rural Route 

Linden, IA 50146 

5 1 5 / 744-208 6 

Agri-Fuel Corp. 

200 Market Building 

Suite 961 

Portland, OR 97201 

5021 233-6660 

Alcohol Production Engineering 

Company 

7201 West Vickery Street 

Fort Worth, TX 761 16 

81717314121 

University of Wisconsin at 

Whitewater 

800 West Main Street 

Whitewater, WI 53 190 

Contact: Carl W. Shinners 

4141472-1075 Agri-Stills of North America 

3550 Great Northern Avenue 

Springfield, IL 62707 

21717874233 

Alcohol Technology, Inc. 

P.O. Box 1489 

Rockdale, TX 76567 

5 121 446-6777 

Wyoming 

Eastern Wyoming College 

3200 West C 

Torrinton, WY 82240 

Contact: Charles Rogers 

3071 532-7 1 1 1 

Agrihol, Inc. 

Box 18 

Rosholt, SD 57260 

6051 5374252 

Alcomotive, Inc. 

101 South Cleveland 

Farmersville, IL 62533 

2171 227-3227 

Agro-City Incorporated 

Route 1, Box 861 

Cedar Hill, TX 75104 

2141 296-240 1 

University of Wyoming 

Laramie, WY 8207 1 

Contact: V. G. Sindt 

3071 766-638 1 

Alltech, Inc. 

271 Gold rush Road 

Lexington, KY 40503 

6061 276-341 4 

Agrodyne 

P.O. Box 934 

Idaho Falls, ID 83401 

208 1 524-1000 

Virgin Islands Alpha Tank and Metals Mfg. Co. 

5001 South 38th Street 

St. Louis, MO 831 16 

3 141 48 1-6790 

College of the Virgin Islands 

St. Thomas, VI 00801 

Contact: Michael Canoy 

Agrohol Systems Incorporated 

6120 Earle Brown Drive 

Minneapolis, MN 55430 

6121 5604282 

Alternate Energy Association of 

the Ozarks 

1200 South Maryland 

Springfield, MO 65807 

41 71 869-8930, 623-4289 

COMPONENT 

MANUFACTURERS 

A. 0. Smith 

P.O. Box 29 

Kankakee, IL 60901 

8151933-8241 

Aidco Maine Corp. 

Orr's Island, ME 04066 

2071 833-6700 Alternative Fuels, Inc. 

2880 Southwest 4th Avenue 

Ontario, OR 97914 

5031881-1317 Ace Pump Corporation 

1650 Channel Avenue 

Memphis, TN 38 1 13 

901 1948-8514 

Alco-Fuels, Inc. 

51 18 Valley Road 

Fairfield, AL 35054 

2051 787-3835 Amber Laboratoraies 

6101 North Teutonia Avenue 

Milwaukee, W1 53209 

4141 462-3700 

Acem International Equipment 

and Supply Co., Inc. 

P.O. Box 6097 

Spartanburg, SC 29304 

Alcogas, Inc. 

5200 South Quebec 

Suite 201 

Englewood, CO 801 11 

3031 572-9300, 770-9667 

American Agri-Fuels 

Corporation 

1006 Grand Avenue, 10th Floor 

Suite 1010 

Kansas City, MO 64106 

816/2214070 

Ad-Pro Industries, Inc. 

31 10 Southwest Freeway, 

Suite 130 

Houston, TX 77098. 

71315234441 

Alcohol Fuel Works 

8549 Sunset Avenue 

Fair Oaks, CA 95628 

9 161 961 -2896, 988-7569 

American Alloy Steel, Inc. 

Dept. TR 

2070 Steel Drive 

Tucker, GA 30084 

4041 934-1 68 1 

Alcohol Plant Supply Company 

P.O. Box 248 

Sherwood, OR 97140 

5031 244-3230 

Ag-Bag Corporation 

P.O. Box 418 

Astoria, OR 97103 

5031 325-2488 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
American Homegrown Fuel 

Company 

864-B Haight Street 

San Francisco, CA 941 17 

4151 621-6338 

ACR Process Corporation 

602 East Green Street 

Champaign, IL 61820 

2171351-7510 

Caldwell Tanks, Inc. 

4000 Tower Road 

Louisville, KY 402 19 

5021 964-336 1 

ARI Industries, Inc. 

9000 King Street 

Franklin Park, IL 60131 

312/6714511 

Cellulose Catalyst Company 

1714 Gervais Avenue 

North St. Paul, MN 55109 

6121 777-8545 

American Lewa, Inc. 

1 1 Mercer Road 

Natick, MA 01760 

6171 653-0229 

Barber-Colman Company 

1300 Rock Street 

Rockford, IL 61 101 

815/877-0241 

Central Fabricators, Inc. 

4084 18 Poplar Street 

Cincinnati, OH 45214 

5131621-1240 

Ametek 

2300 West Marshall Drive 

Grand Prairie, TX 75201 

21 41 647-2626 

Behlen Manufacturing Company 

P.O. Box 569 

Columbus, NE 68601 

4021 564-3 1 1 1 

Chem-Pro Equipment 

Corporation 

27 Daniel Road 

Fairfield, NJ 07006 

20 1 / 575-1 924 

Anheuser-Busch, Inc., Yeast 

Products Research 

72 Pestalozzi Street 

St. Louis, MO 63118 

3 14/ 577-2000 Bell and Gossett 

8200 North Austin Avenue 

Morton Grove, IL 60053 

3121966-3700 

Chemapec, Inc. 

230 Crossways Park Drive 

Woodbury, NY 1 1797 

5 161 364-2100 

Applied Technologies, Inc., 

722 East South Street 

Hastings, NE 68901 

4021 463452 1 Beloit Corporation 

Dalton, MA 01226 

4131443-5621 

Chief Industries, Inc. 

West Highway 30 

Grand Island, NE 68801 

3081 382-8820 

Archer Daniels Midland 

1350 Waconia Avenue, SW 

Cedar Rapids, IA 52406 

3 191 398-0600 

Best Welding and Fabrication 

Service, Inc. 

Route L, Box 6A 

Lockport, LA 70374 

5041 693-8656 

Circle Bin Sales, Inc. 

Rural Route 1 

New Market, IA 51646 

7121 585-3430 

Arlon Industries, Inc. 

P.O. Box 347 

Sheldon, IA 51201 

Biocon (U.S.), Inc. 

261 Midland 

Lexington, KY 40507 

6061 254-05 17 

Clary Corporation 

917 Parkway Dr.; 

Grand Prairie, TX 7505 1 

21416474156 

Arrow Tank Co., Inc. 

16 Barnett Street 

Buffalo, NY 14215 

Astro Metallurgical Corporation 

3225 Lincoln Way West 

Wooster, OH 44691 

2 1 61 264-8639 

Blue Bell Equipment Company 

31 10 Maple Drive, NE 

Atlanta, GA 30305 

4041 237-9678 

Coaltech, Inc. 

P.O. Box 1602 

York, PA 17405 

7171 767-6717 

Atec Energy Corporation 

1916 Old Middlefield Way 

Mt. View, CA 94043 

4151961-6500 

Bohler Brothers of America, Inc. 

1625 West Belt North 

Houston, TX 77043 

7 13 / 465-8376 

Compost Making Enzymes 

R.R. 1, Box 114 

Harton, KS 66439 

91 31 436-3302 

Automatic Equipment 

Manufacturing Company 

P.O. Box P 

Pender, NE 68047 

4021 385-305 1 

Brown Fintube Company 

P.O. Box 2739 

Tulsa, OK 74101 

9 181 584-262 1 

Conameter Corporation 

9 Democrat Way 

Gibbsboro, Nf 08026 

6091 783-7675 

C. J. Wennberg, Inc. 

1260 Winchester Parkway, 

Suite 209 

Smyma, GA 30080 

4041433-1765 

Automation Products, Inc. 

3030 Max Roy Street 

Houston, TX 77008 

7 1 3/ 869-036 1 

Craisner, Inc. 

P.O. Box 94662 

Schaumburg, IL 601 93 

3 121 830-0060 

RESOURCE PEOPLE 8. ORGANIZATIONS 
Cross Manufacturing, Inc. 

204 West Simpson 

Pratt, KS 67124 

3 161 672-7484 

Economy Alcohol Fuel Supplies 

4853 Joyce Drive 

Dayton, OH 45439 

51312994283 

Fisher Scientific Company 

7 1 1 Forbes Avenue 

Pittsburgh, PA 15219 

4121 562-8300 

Elmer G. Carlson and Associates 

3624 Leavenworth Street 

Omaha, NE 68105 

4021 345-3090 

CCI Industries 

27 West 990 Industrial Road 

Barrington, IL 60010 

3121381-7441 

Flow Technology, Inc. 

4250 East Broadway Road 

Phoenix, AZ 85040 

6021 268-8776 

Elwood Energy, Inc. 

P.O. Box 321 

Plainfield, IL 60544 

8 151 436-7463 

D and N Distillers 

Route 2, Box 41 

Breman, AL 35033 

2051 287-1 134 

Fuels Development and 

Manufacturing, Inc. 

418 South 12th 

Caldwell, ID 83605 

2081459-1215,459-1245 Energy Complexes, Inc. 

4200 South Louis, Suite 303 

Sioux Falls, SD 57106 

6051331-2555 

Damrow Co. 

196 Western Avenue 

Fond du Lac, WI 54935 

4 141 922-1 500 

G. B. Fermentation 

Industries. Inc. 

One North Broadway 

Des Plaines, 1L 60016 

3 121 827-9700 Energy Independence 

Corporation 

P.O. Box 56 

Montrose, MN 55363 

6121675-3131 

De Lava1 Separators 

350 Dutchess Turnpike 

Poughkeepsie, NY 12602 

9141452-1000 Gaston County Sales and 

Service Corporation 

P.O. Box 308 

Stanley, NC 28 164 

7041 2634765 

Doerr Metal Products 

320 East sixth 

Larned, KS 67550 

3161285-2174 

Energy Restoration, Inc. 

1201 J Street, Suite 101 

Lincoln, NE 68508 

4021 475-9237 Georgia-Pacific 

P.O. Box 1236 

Bellingham, WA 98225 

5031 222-556 1 

Double "A" Quality Products Co. 

P.O. Box 1107, Highway 65 South 

Albert Lea, MN 56007 

Enterprise Steelfat, Inc. 

115 West 7th Avenue 

Oshkosh, WI 54901 

4141 235-1250 

Glitsch, Inc. 

P.O. Box 226227 

Dallas, TX 75266 

2141631-3841 

Double "L" Mfg., Inc. 

P.O. Box 533 

American Falls, ID 8321 1 

208 1 226-5592 

Ernst Gage Co. 

250 SButh Livingston Avenue 

Livingston, NJ 07039 

201 /992-l4OO 

Gorman-Rupp Company 

15601 19th Place West 

Sand Springs, OK 74063 

91812459555 

Dwyer Instruments, Inc. 

Jct. Ind. 212 and U.S. 12 

Michigan City, IN 46360 

2191872-9141 

Ethylene Corporation 

7401 Phillips Hwy. 

Jacksonville, FL 32216 

9041 73 1-8290 

Granco-Clark, Inc. 

7298 North Storey Road 

Belding, MI 48809 

6 161 794-2600 

DCI 

600 North 54th Avenue 

St. Cloud, MN 56301 

61 2/ 252-8200 

Extech International Corporation 

114 State Street 

Boston, MA 02109 

61 71 227-7090 

Hamilton Tank Company 

1520 Bender Avenue 

Hamilton, OH 4501 1 

5131 863-2062 

Easy Engineering, Inc. 

3353 Larimer Street 

Denver, CO 80205 

3031 893-8936 

EMCO Wheaton, Inc. 

Chamberlain Blvd. 

Conneaut, OH 44030 

216159943151 

Eaton Metal Products Company 

4800 York Street 

Denver, CO 80216 

3031 825-7204 

Fanco, Inc. 

317 East Cotton Street 

Longview, TX 75606 

7131757-8120 

Harrison and Ellis Corporation 

P.O. Box 528 

Cairo, GA 31728 

9121 3774482 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Harwil Corporation 

1548C 17th Street 

Santa Monica, CA 30404 

2131829-2310 

International Fuel Systems 

P.O. Box 7232 

Overland Park, KS 66207 

9131341-821 1 

Kargard Industries 

21 2 1 Cleveland Avenue 

Marinette, WI 54143 

7151735-931 1 

L and A Engineering and 

Equipment, Inc. 

4124 South Soderquist Road 

Turlock, CA 95380 

2091 632-3 19 1 

International Stills, Inc. 

P.O. Box 240 

Lake City, MN 55041 

6121 345-5368 

Homak, Inc. 

P.O. box 3242 

Abilene, TX 79604 

91 51 673-4015 

Honeywell 

1700 West Highway 36 

Roseville, MN 55 1 13 

6121 378-4178 

Ionics, Inc. 

P.O. Box 99 

Bridgeville, f A 150 17 

4l2/ 343-1040 

Larry Goad and Company, Inc. 

260 Old State Road 

Ellsville, MO 6301 1 

3 l4/ 394-6334 

J and M Distillers 

Route 2, Box 15 1 

Maynard, MN 56260 

6121 367-2905 

Hot Energy Shoppe 

490 West 300 South 

Provo, UT 84601 

801 / 377-8 130 

Lasker Boiler and Engineering 

Corporation 

3201 South Wolcott Avenue 

Chicago, IL 60608 

3 12/ 523-3700 

J. E. Stabley 

2361 Druck Valley Road 

York, PA 17402 

7171 755-4190 

Hydro-Thermal Corporation 

1263 North 70th Street 

Milwaukee, WI 53213 

4141476-771 1 

Lipton Steel and Metal 

Products, Inc. 

458 South Street 

Pittsfield. MA 0 1201 

Jacobson Machine Works, Inc. 

2445 Nevada Avenue, N 

Minneapolis, MN 55429 

6 121 544-378 1 

Independent Fuels Company 

741 Merus Court 

Fenton, MO 63026 

3 141 343-0508 Liquid Control Corporation 

7576 Freedom Avenue 

North Canton, OH 44720 

2161494-1313 

Jay Bee Manufacturing, Inc. 

P.O. Box 986 

Tyler, TX 75701 

2141 597-9343 

Industrial Boiler Company, Inc. 

221 Law Street 

Thomasville, GA 3 1792 

9 121 226-3024 Louisiana Milling Company 

P.O. Box 15903 

Baton Rouge, LA 70895 

504/ 275-974 1 

Jaybee Associates, Inc. 

2315 Bob Wallace Avenue 

Suite 102 

Huntsville, AL 35805 

2051 533-1021 

Industrial Fiberglas, Inc. 

3065 West 2100 

Salt Lake City, UT 841 19 

80 1 / 972-6658 Lucas engineering, Inc. 

4205 Fox Street 

Denver, CO 80216 

303 / 458 -7460 

Industrial Innovators, Inc. 

P.O. Box 387 

Ashford, AL 36312 

2051 899-33 14 

John's Stills 

6878 Kent Drive 

Baker, LA 70714 

5041 654-3 126 M and W Gear Company 

Route 47 South 

South Gibson City, IL 60936 

21 71 784-426 1 

Ingersoll-Rand 

P.O. Box 668 

Hastings, NE 68901 

4021 463-682 1 

Jones and Hunts, Inc. 

21 Pheasant Run Road 

Orwigsburg, PA 17361 

7171 366-1035 

M-E-C Company 

Box 330 

Neodesha, KS 66757 

3 161 325-2673 

Ingersoll-Rand Air Center 

5805 East 39th Avenue 

Denver, CO 80207 

303 / 399- 158 5 

K B K Industries, Inc. 

East Highway 96 

Rush Center, KS 67575 

9 131 372433 1 

Mandil Corporation 

Colorado Technical Center 

12687 West Cedar Drive 

Lakewood, CO 80229 

303/ 989-7 155 

Insta-Pro 

10301 Dennis Drive 

Des Moines, IA 50322 

5 1 51 276-4524 

Kar-Ad Manufacturing Company 

1626 South Greenwood 

Park Ridge, IL 60068 

3121 823-2419 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Manning and Lewis Engineering 

Company 

675 Rahway Avenue 

Union, NJ 07083 

20 1 / 687-2400 

Midwest Solvents Co., Inc. 

1300 Main Street 

Atchison, KS 66002 

Novo Laboratories, Inc. 

59 Danbury Road 

Wilton, CT 06897 

203 / 762-240 1 

Miles Laboratories 

P.O. BOX 932 

Elkhart, IN 46515 

2191262-7176 

Oklahol, Inc. 

Box 32671 

Oklahoma City, OK 73123 

4051 722-5956 

Marlin Car Care, Inc. 

P.O. Box 1009 

Marlin, TX 76661 

8171883-3491 Modern Welding Company, Inc. 

3880 New Hartford Road 

Owensboro, KY 42301 

5021 6854404 

Olin Corporation 

Shamrock Street 

East Alton, IL 62024 

6181 258-2000 

Mason Street Fabricating 

Company, Inc. 

1645 North Railroad Avenue 

Decatur, IL 62525 

2171424-261 1 

Modular Fuel Systems 

2348 FM 1960 West 

Houston, TX 77068 

713/537-6155 

Oscar Krenz, Inc. 

750 Potter Street 

Berkeley, CA 94710 

Maurice A. Knight Company 4151845-1400 

P.O. Box 109 

Akron, OH 44309 

2161 724-1277 

Owens-Corning Fiberglas 

Corporation 

Fiberglas Tower 

Toledo, OH 43659 

4191 248-9000 

MRC Energy System 

Rural Route 2, Box 399 

Plymouth, IN 46563 

21 91 784-8500 McKee Engineers and 

Constructors 

10 South Riverside Plaza 

Chicago, IL 60606 

3121454-3810 

Nabal, Inc. 

P.O. Box 82842 

Lincoln, NE 68501 

4021 474-2 120 

Pak-Tronics, Inc. 

4044 North Rockwell Avenue 

Chicago, IL 60618 

3121478-8585 

Mead Instrument Corporation 

One Day Lane 

Riverdale, NJ 07457 

201 / 835-5988 

Palmer Manufacturing and 

Tank, Inc. 

P.O. Box 1195, West Highway 50 

Garden City, KS 67846 

3 161 275-746 1 

National Tank and 

Manufacturing Co., Inc. 

8201 Santa Fe Avenue 

Huntington Park, CA 90255 

Metal Equipment Company 2131583-1841 

P.O. Box 153 

Savannah, GA 31402 

9121 236-3378 

Energy Systems, Inc. 

423 North University Avenue 

Little Rock, AR 72205 

50 1 / 664-3985 

National Tank and Pipe 

Company 

10037 Southeast Mather Road 

Clackamas, OR 97015 

5031 656-1991 

Micro Motion, Inc. 

7070 Winchester Circle 

Boulder, CO 80301 

3031 530-0530 

Peabody Tec Tank 

South Industrial Park 

Parsons, KS 67357 

New Brunswick Scientific 316/421-0200 

Co., Inc. 

44 Talmadge Road 

Edison, NJ 08817 

201 / 287-1200 

Micro-Tec Laboratories, Inc. 

Route 2, Box 19 

Logan, IA 51546 

71 21 644-2193 

Plyboard Corporation 

P.O. Box 498 

Brownsville, OR 97327 

5031466-5 177 

Niro Atomizer, Inc. 

9165 Rumsey Road 

Columbia, MD 21045 

3011997-8700 

Middle State Manufacturing, Inc. 

P.O. Box 788 

Columbus, NE 68601 

4021 564-141 1 

Poly Cal Plastics, Inc. 

1250 South Wilson Way, No. 3 

Stockton, CA 95205 

2091 948-9675 

Midwest Energy Company, Inc. 

700 North Lake Street, Suite 200 

Mundelein, IL 60060 

3 121 949-6360 

Norton Company 

P.O. Box 350 

Akron, OH 44309 

2161 798-9240 

Pott Industries, Inc. 

61 1 East Marceau Street 

St. Louis, MO 63 1 11 

3 141 638-4000 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Premier Malt Products, Inc. 

1037 West McKinley Avenue 

Milwaukee, WI 53201 

3091 682-54 1 1,4 141 347-7300 

Rovac Pump and Supply Co. 

Troiano Industrial Park 

188 Moody Road 

Enfield, CT 06082 

203 / 668-7290 

Stord Bartz Americas, Inc. 

1 North Broadway 

White Plains, NY 1060 1 

9141 949-8588 

Sunquest, Inc. 

2601 Northwest 74th Place 

Gainesville, FL 3260 1 

9041 375-0406 

Process Equipment Corporation 

500 Reed Street 

Belding, MI 48809 

6161 794-1230 

Sargent-Welch Scientific 

Company 

7300 North Linder Avenue 

Skokie, IL 60077 

3121676-0172 Sybron Corporation 

f .O. Box 365 

Rochester, NY 14602 

Pufahl Enterprises, Ltd. 

RR 2, Box 99 

Milbank, SD 57252 

605 / 432-4 169 

Schmitt Energy Systems 

Rural Route 2 

Hawkeye, IA 52147 

3 191 427-3479, 9 131 462-753 1 

SWECO, Inc. 

6033 East Bandini Boulevard 

Los Angeles, CA 90051 

2131726-1 177 

PEDCo Interriational, Inc. 

1 1499 Chester Road 

Cincinnati, OH 45246 

5131 7824500 

Seven Energy Corporation 

1 190 1 West Cedar Avenue 

Lakewood, CO 80226 

3031 989-777 

Terry G. Spragg and Associates 

201 Ocean Drive 

Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 

2131 374-0471 

R. B. Industries 

P.O. Box 182 

Riverdale, MI 48877 

5 171 833-7584 

Shur Stills 

1607 Southeast Spokane Street 

Portland, OR 97202 

5031231-1 130 

The Bishopric Products 

Company 

4413 Kings Run Drive 

Cincinnati, OH 45232 

513/6414500 

Rad Tanks and Welding 

Co., Inc. 

2614 North Main SE 

Hubbard, OH 44425 

2161 534-1 184 

Silver Engineering Works, Inc. 

3309 Blake Street 

Denver, CO 80205 

3031 623421 1 

The Duriron Company, Inc. 

Box 1145 

Dayton, OH 45401 

5 1 3 1 2264000 

Raymond Control Systems 

315 Kirk Road 

St. Charles, IL 60174 

3121 293-0090 

Sisterville Tank Works, Inc. 

1942 McCoy Street 

Sisterville, WV 261 75 

3041 652-301 1 

The John T. Cody Corporation 

41 16 Dr. Greaves Road 

Grandview, MO 64030 

8161 966-3500 

Reinke Manufactuaring 

Company, Inc. 

P.O. Box 566 

Deshler, NE 68340 

402 / 365-725 1 

Solar Energy Innovations 

Corporation 

54-45 44th Street 

Maspeth, NY 1 1378 

2121361-9038 

The Revenoor, Inc. 

P.O. Box 185 

La Center, WA 98629 

2061 263-2200 

Richmond Engineering 

Company, Inc. 

P.O. Box 25189 

Richmond, VA 23260 

9041 644-26 1 1 

Solar fuels International, Inc. 

P.O. Box 3 11 

Springfield, OR 97477 

503 / 746-882 1 

The Virtis Company 

Box V4, Route 208 

Gardiner, NY 12525 

Rochelle Energy Development, 9 141 255-5000 

Inc. 

Box 356 

Rochelle, IL 61068 

8 15 / 562-7372 

Solargizer International, Inc. 

2000 West 98th Street 

Bloomington, MN 5543 1 

6121 8884018 

The World Energy Co. 

Route 5, Box 251 

Carthage, MO 64836 

Solstice Designs, Inc. 

Box 2043 

Evergreen, CO 80439 

3031 674-1 597 

Thermax, Inc. 

3 Pleasant Street 

South Dartmouth, MA 02748 

6171999-1231 

Rohm and Haas Company 

Independence Mall West 

Philadelphia, PA 19 105 

2151 592-3000 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Tomco Division C.S.P., Inc. 

30520 Lakeland Boulevard 

Willowick, OH 44094 

2 1 6 / 944-9000 

Vulcan Cincinnati, Inc. 

2900 Vernon Place 

Cincinnati, OH 45219 

5131281-2800 

3 T Engineering, Inc. 

P.O. Box 80 

Arentzville, IL 6261 1 

2171997-2188 

Tomco Systems Equipment 

Company 

Rosebud Road, Route 2 

Loganville, GA 30249 

4041 979-8000 

Warner Fiberglass Products 

P.O. Box 31 

Belding, MI809 

6161794-1 130 

CONSULTANTS FOR 

FUEL FROM FARMS 

FIRST EDITION 

Bartlesville Energy 

Technology Center 

Bartlesville, OK 

Contact: Jerry Allsup 

91 8/ 3364268 

Wenger Alko-Vap System 

904 Oakdale 

Holland, MI 49422 

61 61 399-2436 

Tri-Star Corporation 

Rural Route 3, Illini Street 

Vandalia, IL 62471 

6181283-1666 

Battelle Columbus Laboratories 

505 King Avenue 

Columbus, OH 43201 

Contact: Billy Allen 

6 141 424-6424 

Wenger Manufacturing, Inc. 

714 Main Street 

Sabetha, KS 66534 

9131284-2133 

U. S. Alcohol Corporation 

6565 Carpenter Street 

Marlette, MI 48453 

5 171 635-3484 

Werner and Pfleiderer 

Corporation 

663 East Crescent Avenue 

Ramsey, NJ 07446 

20 1 / 327-6300 

Union Pump Company 

6914 Hillpoint 

Parker, CO 80134 

3031 841 -3092 

Center for Biology of Natural 

Systems 

Washington University 

St. Louis, MO 

Contact: David Freedman 

United Electric Controls 3 141 889-53 17 

Company 

85 School Street 

Watertown, MA 02172 

6171926-1000 

Williams and Davis Boilers, Inc. 

P.O. Box AF 

Hutchins, TX 75141 

21412252356 

EG&G Idaho, Inc. 

P.O. Box 1625 

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 

Contact: Dan Larue 

2081 526-0509 Winbco Tank Company 

1200 East Main Street 

Ottumwa, IA 52501 

5151683-1855 

United International, Inc. 

P.O. Box 11 

Buena Vista,GA 3 1803 

9 121 649-7444 

Energy, Inc. 

P.O. Box 736 

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 

Contact: Don LaRue 

2081 526-0509 

World Wide Construction 

Seavice, Inc. 

P.O. Box 8126 

Wichita, KS 67208 

316/942-0101 

Universal Food Corporation 

433 East Michigan Street 

Milwaukee, WI 53201 

4141271-6755 Energy, Inc. 

P.O. Box 736 

Idaho Falls, ID 83401 

Contact: Steve Winston 

208 / 524-1 000 

Vara International, Inc. 

Gulf and Western Plaza 

1201 19th Place 

Vero Beach, FL 32960 

3051 567-1320 

WAAS, Inc. 

P.O. Box 100 

Adamsville, AL 35005 

2051 787-3835 Environmental Group 

RD #3 

Quakertown, PA 18951 

Contacts: Jack Hershey 

Bob Meskunas 

21515364243 

WOODCO Enterprises 

3300 Buckeye Road 

Suite 857 

Atlanta, GA 30341 

4041455-1610 

Vendome Copper and Brass 

Works, Inc. 

North Shelby Street 

Louisville, KY 40202 

5021 587-1930 

Galusha, Higgins and Galusha 

P.O. Box 751 

Glascow, MT 59230 

Contact: Jim Smrcka 

4061 228-939 1 

Youngstown Steel Tank 

Company P.O. Box 268 

Youngstown, OH 44501 

216/74304121 

Victory Still, Inc. 

33 17 Tait Terrace 

Norfolk, VA 23513 

8041855-71 10 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
William S. Hedrick 

844 Clarkson 

Denver, CO 80218 

3031 832-1407 

Arkansas Georgia 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Arkansas 

120 1 McAlmont 

P.O. Box 391 

Little Rock, AR 72203 

50 1 / 376-630 1 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Georgia 

College of Agriculture 

Athens, GA 30602 

404/ 542-3824 

Pincas Jawetz 

Independent Consultant on 

Energy Policy 

425 East 72nd Street 

New Y ork NY 10021 

2121 535-2734 

Hawaii California 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of California 

2200 University Avenue 

Berkeley, CA 94720 

4 1 5 / 642-9300 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Hawaii at Manoa 

Honolulu, HI 96822 

808 / 948-8397 

TRW Energy Systems Group 

8301 Greensboro Drive 

McLean, VA 22102 

Contacts: V. Daniel Hunt 

Mani Balasubramaniam 

Harlan L. Watson 

Warren Standley 

703 / 734-6554 

Colorado Idaho 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Colorado State University 

Fort Collins, CO 80523 

3031491-1 101 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Idaho 

College of Agriculture 

Moscow, ID 83843 

2081 885-6639 COOPERATIVE 

EXTENSION SERVICE 

Connecticut 

Alabama Illinois Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Connecticut 

College of Agriculture and 

Natural Resources 

Storrs, CT 06268 

203 / 486-2000 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Auburn University 

Auburn, AL 36849 

2051 826-4000 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Illinois 

College of Agriculture 

Mumford Hall 

1301 West Gregory Drive 

Urbana, IL 61801 

2171333-1000 

Alabama A&M University 

1890 Program 

P.O. Box 54 

Normal, AL 35762 

2051 859-7342 

Delaware 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Delaware 

College of Agricultural Sciences 

Newark, DE 197 1 1 

3021 738-2504 

Indiana 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Purdue University 

West Lafayette, IN 47907 

317/749-8lll 

Tuskegee Institute 

1890 Program 

109 Extension Building District of Columbia 36088 

Service 

Service 

Tuskegee Institute, AL 

205 / 727-8807 

D.C. Cooperative Extension 

Service 

Univ. of the District of Columbia 

1331 H Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20005 

2021 727-20 16 

Iowa 

Alaska 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Iowa State University 

Ames, IA 5001 1 

515/294-4lll 

Cooperative Extension 

University of Alaska 

Fairbanks, AK 99701 

907 / 479-7246 

Florida 

Arizona Kansas 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Florida 

Institute of Food and 

Agricultural Sciences 

Gainesville, FL 326 1 1 

9041 392-1761 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Kansas State University 

Umberger Hall 

Manhattan, KS 66506 

9 131 532-5820 

Cooperative Extension 

University of Arizona 

College of Agriculture 

Tucson, AZ 85721 

6021626-01 11 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Kentucky New Jersey Mississippi 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Kentucky 

College of Agriculture 

Lexington, KY 40506 

6061 258-9000 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Cook College 

Rutgers - The State University 

New Brunswick, NJ 08903 

20 1 / 932-9306 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Mississippi State University 

P.O. Box 5446 

Mississippi State, MS 39762 

60 1 / 325-3036 

Louisiana Missouri 

New Mexico 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Missouri 

Columbia, MO 6521 1 

3 141882-7754 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Knapp Hall 

Louisiana State University 

University Station 

Baton Rouge, LA 70803 

5041 388-4141 

Cooperative Extension Service 

New Mexico State University 

Box 3AE 

Las Cruces, -NM 88003 

505 / 646-1 806 Lincoln University of Missouri 

Jefferson City, MO 65101 

3141751-2325 Maine New York 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Maine 

Winslow Hall 

Orono, ME 04469 

2071581-2211 

Cooperative Extension Montana 

Cornell University 

Ithaca, NY 14853 

6071256-21 17 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Montana State University 

Bozeman, MT 59715 

4061 994-3402 North Carolina 

Maryland Agricultural Extension Service 

N.C. State University 

P.O. Box 5157 

Raleigh, NC 27650 

9191737-2812 

Nebraska 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Maryland 

Symons Hall 

College Park, MD 20742 

301/454-0100 

Nebraska Cooperative Extension 

Service 

Division of Institute of 

Agriculture and Natural 

Resources 

Agricultural Hall 

Lincoln, NE 68583 

4021 472-72 1 1 

AT&T State University 

P.O. Box 21928 

Greensboro, NC 27420 

9191379-7956 

Massachusetts 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Massachusetts 

Amherst, MA 01003 

41 3/ 545-2766 

Nevada 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Nevada 

College of Agriculture 

Reno, NV 89557 

7021 784-661 1 

North Dakota 

Michigan 

Cooperative Extension Service 

North Dakota State University 

Fargo, ND 58105 

701 / 237-8944 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Michigan State University 

113 Agriculture Hall 

East Lansing, MI 48824 

5171355-1855 New Hampshire 

Ohio Cooperative Extension Service 

College of Life Sciences and 

Agriculture 

Taylor Hall - University of 

New Hampshire 

Durham, NJ 03824 

6031 862-1 520 

Minnesota 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Ohio State University 

21 20 Fyffe Road 

Columbus, OH 43210 

6141422-6181 

Agricultural Extension Service 

University of Minnesota 

St. Pual, MN 55108 

6121373-1243 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Oklahoma Tennessee West Virginia 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Center for Extension and 

Continuing Education 

West Virginia University 

Morgantown, WV 26506 

3041 293-569 1 

Agricultural Extension Service 

University of Tennessee 

Institute of Agriculture 

P.O. Box 1071 

Knoxville, TN 37901 

6151974-71 14 

Oklahoma Cooperative 

Extension Service 

Oklahoma State University 

139 Agricultural Hall 

Stillwater, OK 74078 

405 / 624-5400 

Langston Coop Extension 

P.O. Box 779 

Langston, OK 73050 

Texas 

Agricultural Extension Service 

Texas A&M University 

College Station, TX 77843 

7131845-641 1 

Wisconsin 

Oregon Cooperative Extension Service 

Univ. of Wisconsin-Extension 

432 North Lake Street 

Madison, WI 53706 

6081 262-95 10 

Extension Service 

Oregon State University 

Corvallis, OR 9733 1 

503 / 754-27 13 

Utah 

Cooperation Extension Service 

Utah State University 

Logan, UT 84322 

80 1 / 750-2 194 Pennsylvania Wyoming 

Cooperative Extension Service 

The Pennsylvania State Univ. 

323 Agri. Admin. Building 

University Park, PA 16802 

81418634331 

Agricultural Extension Service 

University Station 

Box 3354 

Laramie, WY 8207 1 

3071 766-6363 

Vermont 

Cooperative Extension Service 

University of Vermont 

Burlington, VA 05405 

8021 656-2990 

Rhode Island Virginia 

Puerto Rico 

Cooperative Extension 

University of Rhode Island 

Kingston, RI 02881 

40 1 / 792-2476 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Burruss Hall 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and 

State University 

Blacksburg, V A 24061 

703 / 95 1-6705 

Cooperative Extension Service 

College of Agriculture 

University of Puerto Rico 

Mayaguez,! PR 00708 

8O9/ 833-7000 South Carolina 

Virginia State University 

Cooperative Extension Programs 

Box 540 

Virginia State University 

Petersburg, VA 23803 

804 / 520-642 1 

Cooperative Extension Service 

107 Barre Hall 

Clemson University 

Clemson, SC 29631 

803 / 656-33 1 1 

Land Grant Colleges 

University of Guam 

UOG Station 

Mangilao, Guam 969 13 

734-2 177 

South Dakota 

Washington 

Cooperative Extension Service 

South Dakota State University 

College of Agriculture 

Box 2207 

Brookings, SD 57007 

605 / 688-4 147 

Cooperative Extension Service 

Washington State University 

College of Agriculture 

Pullman, WA 99164 

5091 335-25 1 1 

College of Virgin Islands 

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801 

8091 774-1 252 

RESOURCE PEOPLE h ORGANIZATIONS 
ENGINEERING FIRMS 

', 

ACR Process Corporation 

808 South Lincoln, #14 

Irbana, IL 61801 

2 17 / 384-8003 

A. G. McKee Association 

10 South Riverside Plaza 

12th Floor 

Chicago, IL 60606 

3 121 454-3685 

Alltech, Inc. 

271 Goldrush Rd. 

Lexington, KY 40503 

6061 276-341 4 

Alternative Energy, Ltd. 

650 Pine Street 

Colby, KS 67701 

9131462-7531 

Bartlesville Energy 

Technology Center 

Bartlesville, OK 74003 

9181 3364268 

Bechtel Corporation 

50 Beale Street 

15th Floor, Room B15 

San Francisco, CA 941 19 

4151 768-297 1 

Bohlerl Vogelbusch 

1625 West Belt North 

Houston, Tx 77043 

7131465-3373 

C&I Girdler Co. 

1721 South 7th Street 

P.O. Box 32940 

Louisville, KY 40234 

5021 637-870 1 

Center for Biology of 

Natural Systems 

Washington University 

St. Louis, MO 63130 

3141 889-5317 

Chamapec, Inc. 

230 Crossways Park Drive 

Woodbury, NY 11797 

5 161 364-2100 

Development Planning and 

Research Associates 

200 Research Drive 

P.O. Box 727 

Manhattan, KS 66502 

9131539-3565 

Day & Zimmerman, Inc. 

1818 Market Street 

Philadelphia, PA 19103 

2151299-8193 

Honeywell, Inc. 

Corp. Tech. Center 

10701 Lyndale Avenue South 

Bloomington, MN 55420 

6121 887-4477 

Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. 

134 Franklin Corner Rd. 

P.O. Box 6047 

Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 

6091 896-1 300 

I. E. Associates 

3704 11 th Avenue South 

Minneapolis, MN 55407 

6121 825-945 1p 

Raphael Katzen Assoc. 

1050 Delta Avenue 

Cincinnati, OH 45208 

5 131 87 1-7500 

A. O. McKee Corporation 

10 South Riverside Plaza 

Chicago, 1L 60606 

3 121 454-3685 

PEDCo International, Inc. 

11499 Chester Rd. 

Cincinnati, OH 45246 

51317824717 

Power Engineering Co. 

1313 S.W. 27th Avenue 

Miami, FL 33145 

Seven Energy Corporation 

3760 Vance 

Wheat Ridge, COO30 

3031 989-7777 

Stone & Webster Engineering 

Corporation 

One Penn Plaza 

New York, NY 10001 

2 121 760-2000 

3-T Engineers 

Arenzville, IL 6261 1 

2171997-2188 

Vulcan Cincinnati, Inc. 

2900 Vernon Plaza 

Cincinnati, OH 45219 

5131281-2800 

ENZYME AND YEAST 

PRODUCERS 

Altech, Inc. 

27 1 Goldrush Road 

Lexington, KY 40503 

6061 276-3414 

Anheuser-Busch, Inc. 

72 1 Pestalozzi Street 

St. Louis, MO 631 18 

3141 577-2000 

Aquaterra Biochemicals 

Corporation 

Dept. TMEN 

Box 496 

Lancaster, Tx 75146 

2141 227-6960 

Alco-Zyme Supply 

Box 79 

Halecenter, TX 79041 

8061 839-2273 

Biocon, Inc. 

261 Midland Avenue 

Lexington, KY 40507 

6061 254-05 17 

Chamapec, Inc. 

230 Crossways Park Drive 

Woodbury, NY 1 1797 

Contact: Rene Loser 

516/364/2100 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Enzyme Development 

Corporation 

210 Plaza 

New York, NY 10001 

Contact: Randy Ross 

2121 736-1580 

Fermco Biochemicals, Inc. 

2638 Delton Lane 

Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 

3121595-3131 

G. B. Fermentation Industry, 

Inc. 

One North Broadway 

Des Plaines, 1L 60061 

3 121 827-9700 . 

Norbert Haverkamp 

Compost Making Enzymes 

Rural Route 1, Box 1 14 

Horton, KS 66439 

91 31 486-3302 

Miles Laboratoraies, Inc. 

Enzyme Products Division 

P.O. Box 932 

Elkhart, IN 56515 

2191 564-81 11 

National Laboratories 

Development Center 

Pollution Abatement Division 

U.S. Army 

Natick, MA 01760 

Contact: Leo A. Spano 

6171653-2914 

Novo Laboratory, Inc. 

59 Danbury Road 

Wilton, CT 06897 

203 / 762-240 1 

Rohm & Haas 

Independence Mall West 

Philadelphia, PA 19 105 

Contact: Bob Broadbent 

215/592-2517 

Schwarz Service International 

Ltd. 

230 Washington Street 

Mt. Vernon, NY 10551 

Contact: Mr. Aberdein 

9141 664-1 100 

Scientific Products co. 

1 120 Clay 

North Kansas City, MO 641 16 

8061 22 1-2533 

Red Star Yeast 

Fermentation Products Division 

Universal Foods Corporation 

433 East Michigan Street 

Milwaukee, WI 53201 

4 141 27 1-6755 

Red Star Yeast 

Fermentation Products Division 

Universal Foods Corporation 

433 East Michigan St. 

Milwaukee, WI 53201 

414/2714755 

ETHANOL PRODUCERS/ 

DISTRIBUTORS 

Almarc 

2700 Lively Boulevard 

Elk Grove, IL 40007 

3 121 766-2906 

American Gasohol Refiners 

P.O. Box 18767 

Wichita, KS 67218 

2161683-3812 

Amoco Production Company 

P.O. Box 5340a 

Chicago, IL 60680 

3 1 2/ 856-222 

Af CO Oil Corporation 

Houston Natural Gas Building 

Houston, TX 77002 

71 3/ 658-0610 

Archer Daniels Midland 

Company 

Box 1470 

Decatur, IL 62525 

2 1 71 424-5700 

Encore Energy Resources, 

Incorporated 

1 195 1 Mitchell Road, 

Mitchell Island 

Richmond, British Columbia 

6041 327-8394 

Exxon Corporation 

Exxon Research and 

Engineering 

Public Relations 

P.O. Box 639 

Linden, NJ 07036 

Georgia Pacific Company 

Bellingham Division 

P.O. Box 1236 

~ellin~ham, WA 98225 

2061 733-44 10 

Grain Processing Corporation 

Muscatine, IA 52761 

9 1 8 / 264-421 1 

Hiram Walker 

3 1275 Northwestern Highway 

Farmington Hills 

Detroit, MI 48018 

Marcam Industries 

527 North Easton Road 

Glenside, PA 19038 . 

21 51 885-5400 

Midwest Solvents Company 

1300 Main Street 

Atchison, KS 66002 

9131367-1480 

Milbrew, Incorporated 

330 South Mill Street 

Juneau, WI 53039 

4141462-3700 

Mode, Ronald C. 

Box 682 

Glen Alpine, NC 28628 

7041 584-1 432 

Publicker Industries 

777 W. Putnam Avenue 

Greenwich, CT 06830 

203 / 53 1-4500 

Quaternoin Chemical Industries 

72026 Livingston Street 

Oakland, CA 94604 

Contact: Louis Nagel 

415/%?5-2311 

Sigmor Corporation 

P.O. Box 20267 

San Antonio, TX 78220 

5 121 223-263 1 

S yncorp 

Rt. 1, Box 301 

Roberta, GA 31078 

9121836-3136 

Texaco, Inc. 

135 East 42nd Street 

New York, NY 10017 

2121953-6000 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
TIPCO 

9000 N. Pioneer Rd. 

Peoria, IL 61614 

3091 692-6543 

United States Gasohol Corp. 

P.O. Box N 

Lockeford, CA 95237 

2091 727-551 1 

White Flame Fuels 

P.O. Box 1516 

Van Buren, AR 72956 

50 1 / 474-5258 

Worum Chemical Company 

21 30 Kasoto Avenue 

St. Paul, MN 55108 

Contact: Mr. Ritt 

6121 645-9224 

MOLECULAR SIEVE 

MANUFACTURERS 

Applied Techologies, Inc. 

P.O. box 296 

Hastings, NE 68901 

Contact: M. W. (Bill) Locatis 

4021463452 1 

Coast Engineering Laboratory 

13510 South Normandie 

Gardena, CA 90249 

21 31 532-7400 

Farrier Industries, Inc. 

Baltimore Division 

421 1 Shannon Drive 

Baltimore, MD 21213 

301 1483-2300 

Frontier Industrial Controls 

Corporation 

2695 Alcott Street 

Denver, Colorado 8021 1 

Contact: James W. Tatman 

3031 534-5065 

Gas Drying, Inc. 

P.O. Box Dl 

Wharton, NJ 07885 

2011361-2212 

Grace, W. R., & Company 

Davison Chemical Division 

Charles and Baltimore Streets 

Baltimore, MD 21202 

301 / 727-3900 

Henderson Engineering, Inc. 

701 Factory Road 

Addison, IL 60101 

3121543-9150 

Kahn. and Company 

885 Wells Road 

Wethersfield, CT 06109 

2031 529-8643 

Kemp, C. M., Mfg. Company 

490 Baltimore-Annapolis Blvd. 

Glen Blirnie, MD 21061 

3011761-5100 

Norton Company 

P.O. Box 350 

Akron, OH 44309 

21 61 673-5860 

Union Carbide Corporation 

Molecular Sieve Department 

Linde Division 

Two Greenway Plaza East 

Houston, TX 77046 

71 31 840-5930 

ON-FARM 

OPERATING PLANTS 

Don Cook 

2380 Coutny Road 18 N 

Craig, CO 81625 

3031 824-6746 

(Operational in 1 month) 

Don Kriley 

RD2, Box 2243 

Harrisville, PA 16038 

4121 735-4489 

David Gahimer 

7-H Corporation 

Terre Haute, IN 47803 

812/877-1511 Ext. 227 

Luke Staengel 

Floud Agricultural Energy 

Co-op. 

Floyd, VA 24091 

7031 745-313 1 

Dan Williams 

15 14 Bennet Road 

Mount Vernon, WA 98273 

2061 466-3973 

(Operational in 2 months) 

Terry Edvalson 

Oregon State College 

8th and K Street 

LaGrande, OR 97850 

5031963-217 1 

Frank Tilley 

Conklin Associated Marketing 

Services 

P.O. Box 492 

Marshalltown, IA 50158 

51 51 752-6895 

Jerry Harper 

7600 West 4000 N 

Corinne, UT 84307 

80 1 / 723-2987 

Dean Roll 

Southeast Community College 

Milford, NE 68857 

4021 761-2131 

Jim Jackson 

Aquarius Solar Products, Inc. 

Kuna, ID 83634 

2081 376-3 172 

(Operational in 2 months) 

Jamie Jacobsen 

Box 845 

Paonia, CO 81428 

3031 527-4322 

Howard Baumgartner 

Unlimited Energy, Inc. 

R.R. 4 

Decatur, IN 46733 

2191824-1353 

(Operational in 2 months) 

Max Pickerill 

Colby Community College 

Colby, KS 67701 

91 31462-3984 Ext. 230 

Noel Reid 

Ephrata, WA 98823 

5091 787-2098 

Norbert Haverkamp 

Nature's Way, Inc. 

R.R. 1, Box 114 

Horton, KS 66439 

9131486-3302 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Alaska 

--. 

Cliff Friedrich Georgia 

Miner Agricultural Research 

Institute 

Route 19 1, Ridge Road, 

Chazy, NY 12921 

5181846-7121 

Michael K. Harsh 

510 Houston Street 

Montezuma, GA 31603 

Ken Ulz 

Kobuk 

P.O. Box 1599 

Fairbanks, AK 99707 

Idaho 

Dennis Knobelock Arizona 

Route 1 

Muscoutah, IL 62258 

6181 5664135 

Ralph Woodmansee 

Chairman, Gasohol Prom. Com. 

325 Ron Glyn 

Idaho Falls, ID 83401 

208 / 523-6970 

Dan Shein 

Arizona Energy Office 

1700 W. Washington 

Phoenix, AZ 85007 

6021 255-3632 

Charles Minter 

15444 Miller Road 

Richwood, OH 43344 

6141 943-3405 

Illinois 

Arkansas John Lehmann 

Illinois Department of 

Agriculture 

Emerson Building 

State Fairgrounds 

Springfield, IL 62706 

Jodie Marler 

Arkansas Department of Energy 

960 Plaza West 

Little Rock, AR 72205 

Floyd Hoff 

Box 162 

Dalton, MN 56324 

2 18 / 589-8444 

PLANT PLANS California Iowa 

Goosen's EtOH Fuel Book 

Still Plans 

The Harvester Press 

P.O. Box 1669 

Hendersonville, NC 28793 

7041 692-4809 

Peter Ward 

Fuels Specialist 

California Energy Commission 

Development Division 

1 1 1 Howell Avenue 

Sacramento, CA 95825 

9 161 920-603 1 

Roger Etrheim 

Iowa Corn Promotion Board 

200 W. Towers 

1200 35th Street 

W. Des Moines, IA 50265 

5 1 5 / 255-9242 

Makin' It On the Farm 

American Agriculture News 

P.O. Box 100 

Iredell, TX 76649 

8 17 / 364-2474 

Tom Perason 

Iowa Department of Commerce 

250 Jewett Building 

Des Moines, IA 50309 

Colorado 

Bob Merten 

Colorado Gasohol Promotion 

Committee 

Department of Agriculture 

1525 Sherman Street, 4th Floor 

Denver, CO 80203 

3031 866-32 18 

Kansas 

Mother Earth News 

P.O. Box 70 

Hendersonville, NC 28739 

704 / 693-02 1 1 

Dean Shelor 

Route 1 

Mineola, KA 67865 

Solstice Designs, Inc. Kentucky 

Box 2043 

Evergreen, CO 80439 

303 / 674- 1597 

Connecticut 

Bruce Sauer 

Kentucky Center for Energy 

Research 

P.O. Box 118888 

Lexington, KY 40578 

6061 252-5535 

R. C. Hoerning 

85 Roosevelt Boulevard 

Enfield, CT 06082 

203 / 677-463 1 STATE ALCOHOL 

FUELS CONTACTS 

Florida Alabama Louisiana 

Halen Vermeers 

160 SW, 17th Court #7 

Miami, FL 33135 

305 / 642-3994 

Leonard McGann 

Alabama Solar Energy Center 

P.O. Box 1247 

Huntsville, AL 35607 

Toni Morrison 

1102 6th Street 

New Orleans, LA 70 1 15 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Maine Nebraska Ohio 

Nancy Holmes 

Office of Energy Resources 

55 Capital Street 

Augusta, ME 04330 

Todd Sneller, Adm. 

Nebraska Grain Alcohol 

Program 

Ag Products Industrial Utility 

Commission 

3rd Floor, Box 94831 

301 Centennial Mall South 

Lincoln, NE 68509 

4021 47 1-294 1 

Jack Hill 

Ohio Farm Bureau 

P.O. Box 479 

Columbus, OH 47215 

6141461-621 1 

Mary land 

Oregon Dick Merritt 

9400 Wisc. Avenue 

Bethesda, MD 20014 

Tom Winn 

Oregon Department of 

Agriculture 

635 Capital NE 

Salem, OR 97310 

Michigan New Mexico 

Vincent Parris 

Michigan Department of 

Agriculture 

Marketing/ International Trade 

Division 

P.O. Box 30017 

Lansing, MI 49809 

5171373-1054 

Lee Tilman 

New Mexico Alcohol Fuels 

Association 

c/o Lee Tilman 

Eastern Plains Council of 

Governments 

Curry County Courthouse 

Clovis, NM 88101 

5051 762-77 14, 763-559 1 

Pennsylvania 

Joseph M. Barron 

Chief Executive Officer 

Pennsylvania Gasohol 

Association 

Reynolds-Ward Building 

606 Island Avenue 

Minnesota McKees Rocks, PA 15136 

Glenn Kiecker 

Minnesota Alcohol Fuel Assn. 

5641 Newton Avenue S 

Minneapolis, MN 55419 

6 121 348-7897 

South Carolina New York 

Bob Kinard 

SCN Center 

Suite 11 30 

Columbus, SC 29201 

8031 758-7502 

Eugene White 

257 Middle County Road 

Smithtown, NY 11787 

5161 724-5300 Mississippi 

Billie Davis 

Rt. 3, Box 510 

Laurel, MS 39440 

60 1 / 425-4428 

North Carolina South Dakota 

Verne Brakke 

Office of Energy Policy 

Capital Lake Plaza 

Pierre, SD 57501 

6051 773-3603 

John Manuel 

Energy Division 

Department of Commerce 

P.O. Box 25249 

Raleigh, NC 2761 1 

91917334493 

Missouri 

Don Varney 

Division of Energy 

P.O. Box 176 

Jefferson City, MO 65102 

3141751-3332 

Texas 

Robert V. Avant, Jr. 

Texas Energy and National 

Resources Advisory Council 

200 E. 18th Room 5 11 

Austin, TX 78701 

5121475-5588 

North Dakota 

Dean McIlroy 

North Dakota Ag Products 

Utilization Committee 

6th Floor 

Capitol Building 

Bismarck, ND 58505 

701 1224-2232 

Montana 

Georgia Brensdal 

Energy Division 

State of Montana 

Department of National 

Resources and Conservation 

32 South Ewing 

Helena, MT 59601 

4061 449-4624 

Utah 

Jim Byrne 

Utah Energy Office 

23 1 East 400 Street 

Salt Lake City, UT 841 11 

Ag Products Industrial 

Utilization Committee 

70 1 / 224-2232 

RESOURCE PEOPLE & ORGANIZATIONS 
Vermont Washington Wisconsin 

Dick Cambio 

Vermont Energy Office 

State Office Building 

Montpelier, VT 05602 

Virginia 

Irl Smith 

Alcohol Fuel/Gasohol Project 

Coordinator 

Department of Agriculture and 

Consumer Service 

203 North Gov Street 

Richmond, VA 23219 

8031 786-35 19 

Robert Sarvis 

Edmond Community College 

200068 Avenue W 

Lynwood, WA 98036 

2061 77 1-1 524 

Bob Michaelson 

Director of Department of 

Agriculture 

406 General Administration 

Building 

Olympia, WA 98504 

2061 753-5050 

West Virginia 

Clifford L. Manley 

Glenville, WV 26351 

3041 3642-8997 

George Plaza 

Biomass Analyst 

Division of State Energy 

1010 S. Webster Street 

Madison, WI 53702 

608 / 266-0985 

Wyoming 

Butch Keadle 

Fuel Allocation Specialist 

Energy Conservation Office 

Capitol Hill Office Building 

25th and Pioneer 

Cheyenne, WY 80002 

307 / 777-7284 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
APPENDIX F 

Bibliography 

General 

~overnrnent'deports & Magazines 

Conversion 

Coproducts 

Design 

Distillation 

Economics 

Energy Balance 

Environmental Considerations 

Feedstocks 

Fermentation 

Hard~are~Equipment 

Regulatory 

Transportation Use 
GENERAL 

Introductory 

Alcohol Car Conversion. A1 Rutan; Minneapolis, MN: 

Rutan Publishing; 1980; 47 p. $5.00. Available from: 

Rutan Publishing, Box 3585, Minneapolis, MN 55403. 

Alcohol Distiller's Manual for Gasohol and Spirits. 

Roberto De Rasor; San Antonio, TX: Dona Carolina 

Distillers; 1980; 202 p. $12.50. Available from: Dona 

Carolina Distillers, Box 13189, San Antonio, TX 78213. 

Auto Fuels of the 1980's. Jack Frazier; Indian Mills, WV: 

Solar Age Press; 1978; 71 p. $4.55. Available from: 

Citizens Energy Projects, 1110 6th Street., NW., 

Suite 300, Washington, DC 20001. 

Brown's Alcohol Motor Fuel Cookbook. Michael H. 

Brown; Cornville, AZ: Desert Publications; 1979; 140 p. 

$12.00. Available from: Desert Publications, Star Rte., 

Box 1935, Cornville, AZ 86325. 

Ethanol Production and Utilization for Fuel. Lincoln, 

NE: Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of 

Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of 

Nebraska; October 1979; 83 p. $2.00. Available from: 

Extension Publication Service, Agricultural Engineering 

Annex, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583. 

Ethanol Fuels: Use, Production, and Economics. A 

Product of the Solar Energy Information Data Bank, 

Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO; May 1981. 

Report No. SERIISP-751-1018. 

Ethyl Alcohol Production and Use as a Motor Fuel. J. K. 

Paul; Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp.; Chemical 

Technology Review, no. 144; 1979; 354 p. $48.00. 

Available from: Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand 

Ave., Park Ridge, NJ 07656. 

Gasohol. Ken Bossong and Maureen Paskin; Washington, DC: Citizens Energy Project; Report Series, no. 24; 

Spring 1978; 7 p. $1.50. Available from: Citizens Energy 

Project, 11 10 6th St., NW., Washington, DC 20001. 

Gasohol for Energy Production. Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff; Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science; Energy Technology Series; 1979; 140 p. $14.95. Available from: Ann 

Arbor Science, Box 1425, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. 

Individual and Group Gasohol-Alcohol Fuel Production 

and Usage. B. W. Kirby; Columbia, SC: B. W. KirbyCo.; 

1979; 70 p. $10.00. Available from: Energy Economy 

Digest, 3615 Verner St., Columbia, SC 29204. 

A Learning Guide for Alcohol Fuel Production. Colby, 

KS: Colby Community College; July 1979; 348 p. $45.00. 

Available from: National Alcohol Fuel Producers 

Association, 1700 South 24th St., Lincoln, NE 68502. 

Makin' it on the Farm: Alcohol Fuel is the Road to 

Independence. Micki Nellis; Iredell, TX: American 

Agriculture News; 1979; 88 p. $4.00. Available from: 

American Agriculture News, Box 100, Iredell, TX 76649. 

Making Alcohol Fuel - Recipe and Procedure. Lance 

Crombie; Minneapolis, MN: Rutan Publishing; revised, 

1979; 11 1 p. $8.00. Available from: Rutan Publishing, 

Box 3585, Minneapolis, MN 55403 

Making Fuel in Your Back Yard. Jack Bradley; 

Wenatchee, WA: Biomass Resources; 1979; 63 p. $10.95. 

Available from: Biomass Resources, Box 2912, 

Wenatchee, WA 98801. 

Manual for the Home and Farm Production of Alcohol 

Fuel. Stephen W. Mathewson; Las Banos, CA: J. A. 

Diaz Publications; 2nd ed.; 1980; 208p. $12.95. Available 

from: J. A. Diaz Publications, Box 709, Las Banos, 

CA 93635. 

Methanol and Other Ways Around the Gas Pump. John 

W. Lincoln; Charlotte, VT: Garden Way Press; 1976; 

134 p. $5.95. Available from: Garden Way Press, Ferry 

Rd., Charlotte, VT 05445. Revised edition to be 

published under title: Driving Without Gas; July 1980 

$8.95. 

Methanol Technology and Application in Motor Fuels. 

J. K. Paul; Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp., 

Chemical Technology Review, vol. 114; 1978; 85 p. 

$54.00. Available from: Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at 

Grande Ave., Park Ridge, NJ 07656. 

Net Energy Analysis of Alcohol Fuels. D. M. Jenkins; T. 

A. McClure; T. S. Reddy; Washington, DC: American 

Petroleum Institute; API Publication no. 4312; 

November 1979; 39 p. $3.00. Available from: American 

Petroleum Institute, 2101 L St., NW., Washington, 

DC 20037. 

Science of Ethanol Production. A. J. Benesi; 1981,187p.; 

Eastern Oregon State College, Le Grande, OR 97850. 

Solar Alcohol: The Fuel Revolution. Michael Wells 

Mandeville; Seattle, WAS: Ambix; 2nd ed.; 1980; 127 p. 

$10.00. Available from: Ambix, 1223 North Northgate 

Way, Seattle, WA 98133. Presents a complete briefing 

on the alcohol biofuel potential. 

Government Reports and Publications 

Agricultural Sector Impacts of Making Ethanol from 

Grain. Donald Hertzmark; Golden, CO: Solar Energy 

Research Institute; March 1980; Report no. SERIITR352-554; 64 p. $5.25. Available from: NTIS*. 

Biomass-Based Alcohol Fuels: The Near Term Potential 

for Use with Gasoline. W. Park; E. Price; D. Salo; 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
McLean, VA: MITRE Corp. Prepared for the U.S. 

Department of Energy; August 1978; Report no. 

HCP/T410 1-3; 74 p. $6.00. Available from: NTIS*. 

Comparative Automotive Engine Operation When 

Fueled with Ethanol and Methanol. E. E. Ecklund; Santa 

Clara, CA: Santa Clara Univ.; Coral Gables, 

FL: Miami Univ. Prepared for the U.S. Department of 

Energy; May 1978; Report no. HCPkW1737-01; 59 p. 

$7.00. Available from: NTIS*. 

Denaturants for EthanollGasoline Blends. Mueller 

Associates, Inc. Prepared for the U.S. Department of 

Energy; April 1978; Report no. HCP/ M2098-01; 16 p. 

$5.00. Available from: NTIS*. 

Ethanol1 Gasoline Blends as Automotive Fuel. J. R. 

Allsup; D. B. Eccleston; Bartlesville, OK: Bartlesville 

Energy Technology Center, U.S. Department of Energy; 

May 1979; Report no. BETCIRI-7912; 13 p. $5.00. 

Available from: NTIS*. 

Fuel Alcohol: An Energy Alternative for the 1980s. Final 

Report - U.S. National Alcohol Fuels Commission, 

Washington, DC; 198 1; 15 1 p. $4.25. Stock no. 052-003- 

00792-4. Available from: U .S. Superintendent of 

Documents, Washington, DC 20402. 

Fuel from Farms - A Guide to Small-Scale Ethanol 

Production. Golden, CO: Solar Energy Research 

Institute; 1980; Report no. SERI/ SP-451-519; 157 p. 

$4.50. Available from: NTIS*. 

Fuels from Sugar Crops: Systems Study for Sugar Cane, 

Sweet Sorghum, and Sugar Beets. Richard A. Nathan; 

Oak Ridge, TN: Technical Information Center, U.S. 

Department of Energy; 1978; Report no. TID-2278 1; 137 

p. $6.50. Available from: NTIS*. 

Gasohol: A Technical Memorandum. Washington, 

DC: Office of Technology Assessment; September 1979; 

Report no. PB80-105885; 89 p. $8.00. Available 

from: NTIS*. 

Small-Scale Fuel Alcohol Production. Development 

Planning and Research Associates, Inc.; Manhattan, KS. 

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Agriculture; 

Washington, DC; March 1980. 

Status of Alcohol Fuels Utilization - Technology for 

Highway Transporation. Mueller Associates, Inc. 

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy; June 1978; 

Report no. HCP-M2923-01; 144 p. $10.00. Available 

from: NTIS*. 

Energy Research for the Farm: An Overview. Agricultural Bulletin Number 447; U.S.D.A. Publication 

Request and Distribution, Extension Service, 6007 South 

Bldg., Washington, DC, 20250. 

Magazines 

Ag Energy. Weekly, $78/year, $2 for single copies, back 

copies available on request. Available from Miller 

Publishing Co., P.O. Box 9498, Minneapolis, 

MN 55440,612/ 374-5200. 

Alcohol Fuels Industry Report. $495 / year. Available 

from: Information Resources, Inc., 14 13 Cedar Avenue, 

McLean, VA 2210 1, 7031 734-0077. 

Alcohol Fuels Process R/ D Newsletter. Semi-annual, no 

charge. Available from: Document Distribution 

Service, Solar Energy Research Institute, Building 18, 

Alcohol Fuels Process R/ D Newsletter. Semi-annual, 

no charge. Available from: Document Distribution 

Service, Solar Energy Research Institute, Building 15, 

First floor, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401, 

3031 23 1-1 158. (Formerly Biomass Refining Newslerrec 

formerly Fuels from Biomass Fermentation Newsletter.) 

Alcohol Week; an Exclusive Report on Alcohol Fuels 

and Feedstocks. Weekly, $295/ year. Available from: 

Inside Washington Publishers, P.O. Box 7167, Ben 

Franklin Station, Washington, DC 20004. Toll-free 

8OO/ 424-9068, or 2021 347-3976. 

American Agriculture News. Weekly, $1 5/ year. Available from: Alden and Micki Nellis, P.O. Box 100, 

Iredell, TX 76649, 8 171 364-2474. 

ADM Gasohol News. Monthly. Available to ADM 

customers from Archer Daniels Midland Co., 1350 

Waconia Ave., SW., Cedar Rapids, IA 52406. Toll-free 

8001 553-841 1. 

Bioenergy Bulletin. Bi-monthly, no charge. Available 

from: Pacific Northwest Bioconversion Energy Task 

Force, U.S. Department of Energy, Region 10, 1992 

Federal Building, 9 15 Second Ave., Seattle, WA 98 174, 

2061 442-1 842. 

Biomass Digest. Monthly, $871 year. Available from: 

Technical Insights, Inc., P.O. Box 1304, Fort Lee, 

NJ 07024, 20 1 / 944-6204, 

Biotimes. Bimonthly, $1 51 year, Available from: The 

International Biomass Institute, 1000 Vermont Ave., 

NW., Suite 209, Washington, DC 20005. 

Earth Energy. Monthly, $1 O/ year (associate membership, $15; active membership, $75; includes other publications and benefits). Available from: National Alcohol 

Fuel Producers Association, 1760 Reston Ave., Suite 

102, Reston, VA 22090, 7031471-1611. 

Farm Energy. Monthly. Free to members af Iowa Corn 

Growers Association, $20/year for Iowa farmers, $251 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 
year to others. Available from: Iowa Corn Producers 

Association, 200 West Towers, 1200 35th Street, West 

Des Moines, IA 50265, 51 5/225-9242. 

Gasohol. . .Key to Renewable Fuel. Monthly. Available 

from: Colorado Gasohol Promotion Committee, 1525 

Sherman Street, Fourth Floor, Denver, CO 80203, 

3031866-3218. 

Gasohol U.S.A. Monthly, $131 year. Availble from: 

Gasohol U.S.A., P.O. Box 9547, Kansas City, 

MO 64133, 8161737-0064. 

Illinois Alcohol Fuel News. Bi-monthly, $121 year. Available from: Illinois Alcohol Fuels Assn., Fifth and Stanford Streets, Springfield, IL 62703. 

Mother Earth News. ~i-month&, $15/year. Available 

from: Mother Earth News, P.O. Box 70, Hendersonville, NC 28739, 7041693-0211. 

Washington Gasohol Commission Newsletter. Monthly; 

to members of the Washington Gasohol Commission. 

Available from: The Commission, 103 12th Ave., SW., 

Suite P, Ephrata, WA 98823, 5091754-3463. 

CO PRODUCTS 

"About C02", Gasohol USA, Vol. 2 (no. l), January 

1980, pp. 15-17. 

Distillers Feeds, Distillers Feed Research Council, 

Cincinnati, OH 45202. 

Hertzmark, D. and Gould, B. Solar Energy Research 

Institute, Golden, CO. "Market for Ethanol Feed Joint 

Products", Report SERIIRR-352-357, October 1979, 

84 p. Available from: NTIS*, $9.00 printed copy, $3.00 

microfiche. 

Kienholz, E. W., Colorado State University, Fort 

Collins, CO. "Use of Grain Alcohol By-products in 

Colorado" Gasohol USA, Vol. 2 (no. 3), March 1980, 

34 p. 

Winston, S. J., Energy Incorporated, "Stillage Treatment Technologies," October 1979, 20 p. 

Winston, S. J. Energy 

of-the-Art Stillage Use 

30 p. 

DESIGN 

Chambers, R. S. ACR 

Incorporated, "Current Stateand Disposal," October 1979, 

Process Corporation, Urbana, 

IL, "The Small Fuel-Alcohol Distillery: General Description and Economic Feasibility Workbook," 1979, 

21 pages. Available from: ACR Process Corporation, 

808 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61801. (free) 

Katzen, Raphael Associates, "Grain Motor Fuel Alcohol 

Technical and Economic Assessment Study," Report 

no. HCPlJ6639-01, June 1979, 341 p. Available from: 

NTIS*, $12.00 paper copy, $3.00 microfiche. 

Office of Alcohol Fuels. Department of Energy. "Design 

Report: Small-Scale Fuel Alcohol Plant," December 

1980, 3 volumes, Report no. IDO-10088. Available from: 

NTIS*, $25.00. 

DISTILLATION 

"Applications of Molecular Sieve Technology," Gasohol 

USA, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 10-12, June 1981. 

Eakin, D. E., et al., "Evaluation of EthanolIWater 

Separation Process," vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 13-18, 32, 

September 1981. 

Glassett, J. and Rankin, J., "Distillation Tower," 

Gasohol USA, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 8-10, September 1980. 

King, C. J., Separation Processes, McGraw-Hill, NY, 

1971. 

Tassios, D. P., ed., Extractive and Azeotropic Distillation, Advances in Chemistry, Number 115, American 

Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1972. 

ECONOMICS 

Biosynthetics, Inc., "Fuel Alcohol Limited Partnership," 

Gasohol USA, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 14-18, 31, March 1981. 

Hertzmark, D., et. al., "Economic Feasibility of Agricultural Alcohol Production within a Biomass system," 

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 62, 

no. 5, pp. 965-971, December 1980. 

Jantzen, D. and McKinnon, T., Solar Energy Research 

Institute, "Preliminary Energy Balance and Economics 

of a Farm-Scale Ethanol Plant," SERIIRR-624-669, 

May 1980. Available from: NTIS*, $ .OO paper copy, 

$3.00 microfiche. 

Prebluda, H. J. and Williams, R., Jr., "Perspectives on 

the Economic Analysis of Ethanol Production from 

Biomass." 177th National Meeting of the American 

Chemical Society, Honolulu, HI, March 1979, 

pp. 481-487. 

Scheller, W. A. "Gasohol, Ethanol, and Energy." 

Gasohol USA, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 14-18, 36, July 1980. 

ENERGY BALANCE 

Bare, G., "Net Energy Analysis," Gasohol USA, vol. 3, 

no. 9, pp. 10-12, September 1981. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
Jenkins, D. M., et. al. "Net Energy Analysis of Alcohol 

Fuels," API Publication no. 43 12, American Petroleum 

Institute, 2101 L St., NW., Washington, DC 20037, 

November 1979. $3.00. 

Chambers, R. S., et. al., "Gasohol: Does It or Doesn't 

It Produce Positive Net Energy," Science, vol. 208 

p. 789, November 16, 1979. 

Ladisch, M. R.; Dyck, K., "Dehydration of Ethanol: 

New Approach Gives Positive Energy BTalance," Science, 

vol. 205 (no. 31), August 3, 1979, pp. 898-900. 

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 

Fogde, Co., "Handling and Care of Gasohol," Gasohol 

USA, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 16-18, September 1980. 

"Safety Standards in Fuel Alcohol Production," Gasohol 

USA, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 10-1 1, May 1980. 

Mandia, J. W. and Powers, T. J., 111, "Seminar Proceedings Environmental Evaluation 'Gasohol' Production and Health." October 1979, Environmental 

Protection Agency, Kansas City, MO, 32 p. 

"Safety Standards in Fuel Alcohol Production," Gasohol 

USA, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 10-1 1, May 1980. 

FEEDSTOCKS 

"Biomass Research in Idaho," Gasohol USA, vol. 2, 

no. 1, pp. 28-29, 35, January 1980. 

Bower, R. C., "Alcohol from Artichokes," Outdoor 

Indiana December 1980 - January 1981, pp. 12-13, 

December 1980. 

Jackson, D. R. and Arthur, M. F.,"Alcohol Crop for the 

U.S.; Sweet Sorghum," Gasohol USA, vol. 2, no. 3, 

pp. 26-27, 32-33, March 1980. 

Lukens, T., "Jerusalem Artichoke," Gasohol USA, 

vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 20-21, May 1981. 

Lyons, T. P. "Technical Aspects of Alcohol Production 

11," Gasohol USA, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 7-1 1, November 

1980. 

Lyons, T. P. and Cunningham, J. D., "Fuel Alcohol from 

Whey," American Dairy Review, vol. 42, no. 1 1, pp. 42A42E, November 1980. 

Sachs, R. M. "Crop Feedstocks for Fuel Alcohol Production," California Agriculture, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1 1-14, 

June 1980. 

FERMENTATION 

"Continuous Fermentation Comes of Age," Gasohol 

USA, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 8-10, April 1980. 

Fermentation Guide for Common Grains: A Step-byStep Procedure for Small-Scale Ethanol Fuel Production, SERI, June 1981. Available from: the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing 

Office, Washington, DC 20402. Stock no. 061-000- 

0055306, $3.00. 

Fermentation Guide for Potatoes: A Step-by-step Procedure for Small-Scale Ethanol Fuel Production, SERI, 

September 198 1. Available from: the Superintendent of 

Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Stock no. 061-000-00560-9, $3.00. 

Lyons, T. P., "Technical Aspects of Fuel Alcohol Production, Part 111," Gasohol USA, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6-8, 10, 

January 198 1. 

Kolot, F. B., "Ethanol, Advantages, Limitations, and 

Economics," Gasohol USA, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 6-7, 45, 

June 1980. 

HARDWARE - EQUIPMENT 

Clyde, R. A., "New Ceramic Column Packing for 

Gasohol Production," Proceedings Bio- Energy '80 

World Congress and Exposition, Atlanta, GA, 1980, The 

Bio-Energy Council, Washington, DC. 

Glassett, J. and Rankin, J., "Simplifying Tower Equipment and Controls," Gasohol USA, vol. 2, no. 12, 

pp. 10-1 1, December 1980. 

Lukchis, G. M., ''Adsorption Systems: Part I. Design by 

Mass-Transfer-Zone Concept," Chemical Engineering, 

June 11, 1973, pp. 111-116. 

Lukchis, G. M., "Adsorption Systems: Part 111, Adsorbent Regeneration," Chemical Engineering, August 6, 

1973, pp. 83-90. 

Morgan, C. R. and Herbst, N. R., "Agitator Design in 

Fuel Alcohol Production," Gasohol USA, vol. 3, no. 3, 

pp. 20-22, March 1981. 

REGULATORY 

Foster, C. D., "Legal Aspects of Gasohol Production for 

Fuel," Biomass Alcohol for California. Proceedings: 

Potential for the 19805, University of California, Davis, 

CA, January 1980, pp. 42-43. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Alcohol 

Fuel Plants, Information Brochure, ATF P5000.4, 

July 1980. 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Distilled 

Spirits for Fuel Use, Informational Brochure, ATF 

P 5000.5, July 1980. 

TRANSPORTATION USE 

"Adapting Ethanol Fuels to Diesel Engines," Gasohol 

USA, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 12-15, 37, August 1981. 

"Alternative Fuels," Society of Automotive Engineers, 

Inc., Warrendale, PA SAE Special Publication, SP-480, 

February 1981, 260 pp. 

Davison, R. R. and Harris, W. B., "Converting Vehicles 

to Neat Alcohol," Alcohol USA, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 10-12, 

February 1981. 

Kampen, W. H., "Engines Run Well on Alcohols, 

Hydrocarbon Processing, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 72-75, 

February 1980. 

Keller, J. L., "Alcohols as Motor Fuel?," Hydrocarbon 

Processing, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 127-138, May 1979. 

Kirik, M., "Conversion of Engines to Run on Fuel 

Alcohol," Alcohol USA, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 17-20, 42, 

June 1981. 

Knapp, Connie L., Alcohol-Gasoline Blends as Vehicular Fleet Fuels; Summaries of Blended Fuel Usage by26 

Vehicular Fleets, SERI, September 1981. Available 

from: the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. 

Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. 

Stock no. 061-000-00558-7, $3.75. 

Use of Alcohol and Gasoline in Farm Engines, Rutan 

Publishing, Minneapolis, MN, 100 pp., 1980. 

* National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

5785 Port Royal Road 

Springfield, VA 22161 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
APPENDIX G 

Glossary 

GLOSSARY 
ACID HYDROLYSIS: decomposition or alteration of a 

chemical substance by acid. 

ACIDITY: the measure of how many hydrogen ions a 

solution contains. 

AFLATOXIN: the substance produced by some strains 

of the fungus Aspergillus Flavus; a potent carcinogen; 

a persistent contaminant of corn that renders crops 

unsalable. 

ALCOHOL: the family name of a group of organic 

chemical compounds composed of carbon, 

AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION: distillation in which 

a substance is added to the mixture to be separated in 

order to form an azeotropic mixture with one or 

more of the components of the original mixture; the 

azeotrope formed will have a boiling point different 

from the boiling point of the original mixture which 

will allow separation to occur. 

BALLING HYDROMETER OR BRIX HYDROMETER: a triple-scale wine hydrometer designed to 

record the specific gravity of a solution containing 

sugar. 

hydrogen, and oxygen; a series of molecules that vary 

in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon BARREL: a liquid measure equal to 42 American 

plus a hydroxyl group, CHI-(CH2)n-OH; includes gallons or about 306 pounds; one barrel equals 5.6 

cubic feet or 0.159 cubic meters; for crude oil, one methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and others. barrel is about 0.136 metric tons, 0.134 long tons, 

ALDEHYDES: any of a class of highly reactive organic and 0.150 short tons. 

chemical compounds obtained by oxidation of BASIC HYDROLYSIS: decomposition or alteration of primary alcohols, characterized by the common 

a chemical substance by alkali (basic) solution. 

group CHO, and used in the manufacture of resins, 

dyes, and organic acids. BATCH FERMENTATION: fermentation conducted 

from start to finish in a single vessel. ALKALI: soluble mineral salt of a low density, low 

melting point, highly reactive metal; characteristically "basic" in nature. BATF: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; 

under the U.S. Department of Treasury. Responsible 

ALPHA-AMYLASE - AMYLASE: enzyme which confor the issuance of permits, both experimental and 

commercial, for the production of alcohol. verts starch into sugars. 

AMBIENT: the prevalent surrounding conditions 

usually expressed as functions of temperature, 

pressure, and humidity. 

AMINO ACIDS: the naturally-occurring, nitrogencontaining building blocks of *protein. 

AMYLODEXTRINS: see Dextrins. 

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION: without air; a type of 

bacterial degradation of organic matter that occurs 

only in the absence of air (oxygen). 

BEER: the product of fermentation by microorganisms; 

the fermented mash, which contains about 11-12% 

alcohol; usually refers to the alcohol solution remaining after yeast fermentation of sugars. 

BEER STILL: the stripping section of a distillation 

column for concentrating ethanol. 

BEER WELL: the surge tank used for storing beer 

prior to distillation. 

BETA - AMYLASE: see Amylase. 

ANHYDROUS: a compound that does not contain BIOMASS: plant material, includes cellulose carwater either absorbed on its surface or as water of bohydrates, ligniferous constituents, etc. 

crystallization. BOILING POINT: the temperature at which the transiATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: pressure of the air (and tion from the liquid to the gaseous phase occurs in a 

atmosphere surrounding us) which changes from day pure substance at fixed pressure. 

to day; it averages 14.7 psia. 

BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (Btu): the amount of heat 

AZEOTROPE: the chemical term for two liquids that, required to raise the temperature of one pound of 

at a certain concentration, boil at the same water one degree Fahrenheit under stated conditions 

temperature; alcohol and water cannot be separated of pressure and temperature (equal to 252 calories, 

further than 194.4 proof because at this concentra- 778 foot-pounds, 1,055 joules, and 0.293 

tion, alcohol and water form an azeotrope and watt-hours); it is the standard unit for measuring 

vaporize together. quantity of heat energy. 

FUEL FROM FARMS 
BULK DENSITY: the mass (weight) of a material divided by the actual volume it displaces as a whole 

substance expressed in lb/ft3; kg/m3; etc. 

CALORIE: the amount of heat required to raise one 

gram of water one degree centigrade. 

CARBOHYDRATE: a chemical term describing compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; 

. includes all starches and sugars. 

CARBON DIOXIDE: a gas produced as a by-product 

of fermentation; chemical formula is C02. 

CASSAVA: a starchy root crop used for tapioca; can be 

grown on marginal croplands along the southern 

coast of the United States. 

CELL RECYCLE: the process of separating yeast from 

fully fermented beer and returning it to ferment a 

new mash; can be done with clear worts in either 

batch or continuous operations. 

CELLULASE: an enzyme capable of splitting cellulose. 

CELLULOSE: the main polysaccharide in living plants 

forms the skeletal structure of the plant cell wall; can 

be hydrolyzed to glucose. 

CELSIUS (Centigrade): a temperature scale commonly 

used in the sciences; at sea level, water freezes at O°C 

and boils at 100 OC. 

CENTRIFUGE: a rotating device for separating liquids 

af different specific gravities or for separating 

suspended colloidal p-articles according to particlesize fractions by centrifical force. 

CHLOROPLAST: a small portion of a plant cell which 

contains the light-absorbing pigment chlorophyll, 

and converts light energy to chemical energy. 

COLUMN: vertical, cylindrical vessel used to increase 

the degree of separation of liquid mixtures by distillation or extraction. 

COMPOUND: a chemical term denoting a combination of two or more distinct elements. 

CONCENTRATION: ratio of mass or volume of solute 

present in a solution to the amount of solvent. 

CONDENSER: a heat-transfer device that reduces a 

thermodynamic fluid from its vapor phase to its 

liquid phase. 

CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION: a steady-state 

fermentation system that operates without interruption; each stage of fermentation occurs in a separate 

section of the fermenter, and flow rates are set to correspond with required residence times. 

COOKER: a tank or vessel designed to cook a liquid or 

extract or digest solids in suspension; the cooker 

usually contains a source of heat; and is fitted with 

an agitator. 

COPRODUCTS: the resulting substances and materials 

that accompany the production of ethanol by 

fermentation process. 

DDGS: see Distiller. Dried Grains with Solubles. 

DEHYDRATION: the removal of 95% or more of the 

water from any substance by exposure to high 

temperature or chemical action. 

DENATURANT: a substance that makes ethanol unfit 

for human consumption. 

DENATURE: the process of adding a substance to ethyl 

alcohol to make it unfit for human consumption; the 

denaturing agent may be gasoline or other substances 

specified by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and 

Firearms. 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY: in October 1977, the 

Department of Energy (DOE) was created to consolidate the multitude of energy-oriented government 

programs and agencies; the Department carries out 

its mission through a unified organization that coordinates and manages energy conservation, supply development, information collection and analysis, regulation, research, development, and demonstration. 

DESICCANT: a substance having an affinity for water; 

used for drying purposes. 

DEWATERING: to remove the free water from a solid 

substance. 

DEXTRINS: a polymer of glucose which is intermediate in complexity between starch and maltose 

formed by hydrolysis of starches. 

DEXTROSE: the same as glucose. 

DISACCHARIDES: the class of compound sugars 

which yield two monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis; examples are sucrose, mannose, and lactose. 

DISPERSION: the distribution of finely divided 

particles in a medium. 

DISTILLATE: that portion of a liquid which is removed as a vapor and condensed during a distillation 

process. 

GLOSSARY 
DISTILLATION: the process of separating the components of a mixture by differences in boiling point; 

a vapor is formed from the liquid by heating the liquid in a vessel and successively collecting and 

condensing the vapors into liquids. 

DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS (DDG): the dried 

distillers grains by-product of the grain fermentation 

process which may be used as a high-protein (28%) 

animal feed. (See distillers grains.) 

DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES 

(DDGS): a grain mixture obtained by mixing 

distillers dried grains and distillers dried solubles. 

DISTILLERS DRIED SOLUBLES (DDS): a mixture of 

water-soluble oils and hydrocarbons obtained by 

condensing the thin stillage fraction of the solids obtained from fermentation and distillation processes. 

DISTILLERS FEEDS: primary fermentation products 

resulting from the fermentation of cereal grains by 

the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 

DISTILLERS GRAIN: the nonfermentable portion of a 

grain mash comprised of protein, unconverted carbohydrates and sugars, and inert material. 

ENRICHMENT: the increase of the more volatile component in the condensate of each successive stage 

above the feed plate. 

ENSILAGE: immature green forage crops and grains 

which are preserved by alcohol formed by an 

anaerobic fermentation process. 

ENZYMES: the group of catalytic proteins that are 

produced by living microorganisms; enzymes 

mediate and promote the chemical processes of life 

without themselves being altered or destroyed. 

ETHANOL: C2H,0H; the alcohol product of fermentation that is used in alcohol beverages and for industrial purposes; chemical formula blended with 

gasoline to make gasohol; also known as ethyl 

alcohol or grain alcohol. 

ETHYL ALCOHOL: also known as ethanol or grain 

alcohol; see Ethanol. 

EVAPORATION: conversion of a liquid to the vapor 

state by the addition of latent heat of vaporization. 

FACULTATIVE (ANAEROBE): a microorganism that 

grows equally well under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 

FAHRENHEIT SCALE: a temperature scale in which 

the boiling point of water is 212" and its freezing 

point 32 O; to convert OF to OC, subtract 32, multiply 

by 5, and divide the product by 9 (at sea level). 

FEED PLATE: the theoretical position in a distillation 

column above which enrichment occurs and below 

which stripping occurs. 

FEEDSTOCK: the base raw material that is the source 

of sugar for fermentation. 

FERMENTABLE SUGAR: sugar (usually glucose) 

derived from starch and cellulose that can be converted to ethanol (also known as reducing sugar or 

monosaccharide). 

FERMENTATION: a microorganically mediated enzymatic transformation of organic substances, 

especially carbohydrates, generally accompanied by 

the evolution of a gas. 

FERMENTATION ETHANOL: ethyl alcohol produced from the enzymatic transformation of organic 

substapces. 

FLASH HEATING: very rapid heating of material by 

exposure of small fractions to temperature and using 

high flow rates. 

FLASH POINT: the temperature at which a combustible liquid will ignite when a flame is introduced; 

anhydrous ethanol will flash at 51 F, 90-proof 

ethanol will flash at 78 O F. 

FLOCCULATION: the aggregation of fine suspended 

parhcles to form floating clusters or clumps. 

FOSSIL FUEL: any naturally occurring fuel of an 

organic nature such as coal, crude oil, or natural gas. 

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: a process of separating alcohol and water (or other mixtures). 

FRUCTOSE: a fermentable monosaccharide (simple) 

sugar of chemical formula CsH,zOs. Fructose and 

glucose are optical isomers; that is, their chemical 

structures are the same but their geometric configurations are mirror images of one another. 

FUSEL OIL: a clear, colorless, poisonous liquid mixture of alcohols obtained as a byproduct of grain 

fermentation; generally amyl, isoamyl, propyl, 

isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl alcohols and acetic and lactic acids. 

GASOHOL (Gasahol): registered trade names for a 

blend of 90% unleaded gasoline with 10% fermentation ethanol. 

6-4 FUEL FROM FARMS 
GASOLINE: a volatile, flammable liquid obtained 

from petroleum that has a boiling range of approximately 29"-216" C and is used as fuel for sparkignition internal combustion engines. 

GELATINIZATION: the rupture of starch granules by 

temperature which forms a gel of soluble starch and 

dextrins. 

GLUCOSE: a monosaccharide; occurs free or combined and is the most common sugar; chemical 

formula CaHlzOa. 

GLUCOSIDASE: an enzyme that hydrolyzes any 

polymer of glucose monomers (glucoside). Specific 

glucosidases must be used to hydrolyze specific 

glucosides; e.g., B-glucosidases are used to hydrolyze 

cellulose; o( -glucosidases are used to hydrolyze 

starch. 

GRAIN ALCOHOL: see Ethanol. 

HEAT EXCHANGER: a device that transfers heat 

from one fluid (liquid or gas) to another, or to the 

environment. 

HEAT OF CONDENSATION: the same as the heat of 

vaporization, except that the heat is given up as the 

vapor condenses to a liquid at its boiling point. 

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: the heat input required 

to change a unit mass of liquid at its boiling point 

(water at 212" F) to a vapor at the same temperature 

(212" F). 

HEATING VALUE: the amount of heat obtainable 

from a fuel and expressed, for example, in BtuAb. 

HEXOSE: any of various simple sugars that have six 

carbon atoms per molecule. 

HYDRATED: chemically combined with water. 

HYDROCARBON: a chemical compound containing 

hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. 

HYDROLYSIS: the decomposition or alteration of a 

polymeric substance by chemically adding a water 

molecule to the monomeric unit at the point of 

bonding. 

HYDROMETER: a long-stemmed glass tube with a 

weighted bottom; it floats at different levels depending on the relative weight (specific gravity) of 

the liquid; the specific gravity of other information 

is read where the calibrated stem emerges from the 

liquid. 

INDOLENE: a chemical used in comparative tests of 

automotive fuels. 

INOCULUM: a small amount of bacteria produced 

from a pure culture which is used to start a new 

culture. 

INULIN: a polymeric carbohydrate comprised of fructose monomers found in the roots of many plants, 

particularly Jerusalem artichokes. 

LACTIC ACID: C3H603, the acid formed from milk 

sugar (lactose) and produced as a result of fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria called Lactobaccilus. 

LACTOSE: a white crystalline disaccharide made from 

whey and used in pharmaceuticals, infant foods, 

bakery products, and confections; also called "milk 

sugar", C12H2201 

LEADED GASOLINE: gasoline containing tetraethyllead to raise octane value. 

LIGNIFIED CELLULOSE: cellulose polymer wrapped 

in a polymeric sheath extremely resistant to 

hydrolysis because of the strength of its linkages 

called lignin. 

LINKAGE: the bond or chemical connection between 

constituents of a polymeric molecule. 

LIQUEFACTION: the change in the phase of a 

substance to the liquid state; in the case of fermentation, the conversion of water-insoluble carbohydrate 

to water-soluble carbohydrate. 

MALT: barley softened by steeping in water, allowed to 

germinate, and used especially in brewing and distilling. 

MASH: a mixture of grain and other ingredients with 

water to prepare wort for brewing operations. 

MEAL: a granular substance produced by grinding. 

MEMBRANE: a polymer sheet capable of separating 

liquid solutions. 

METHANOL: a light volatile, flammable, poisonous, 

liquid alcohol, CH30H, formed in the destructive 

distillation of wood or made synthetically and used 

especially as a fuel, a solvent, an antifreeze, or a 

denaturant for ethyl alcohol, and in the synthesis of 

other chemicals; methanol can be used as fuel for 

motor vehicles; also known as methyl alcohol or 

wood alcohol. 

METHYL ALCOHOL: also known as methanol or 

wood alcohol; see Methanol. 

GLOSSARY 
MOLECULAR SEIVE: a column which separates obtained from a given amount of starch or the 

molecules by selective adsorption of molecules on the amount of alcohol that normally can be obtained is 

basis of size. usually less than theoretical yield. 

MOLECULE: the chemical term for the smallest particle of matter that is the same chemically as the whole 

mass. 

MONOMER: a simple molecule which is capable of 

combining with a number of like or unlike molecules 

to form a polymer. 

MONOSACCHARIDES: see Fermentable Sugar. 

OCTANE NUMBER: a rating which indicates the 

tendency to knock when a fuel is used in-a standard 

internal combustion engine under standard conditions. 

OSMOTIC PRESSURE: pressure required to prevent 

passage of a solvent across a membrane which 

separates solutions of different concentrations. 

OSMOPHYLLIC: organisms which prosper in solutions with high osmotic pressure. 

PACKED DISTILLATION COLUMN: a column or 

tube constructed such that a packing of ceramics, 

steel, copper, or fiberglass-type material. 

pH: a term used to describe the free hydrogen ion concentration of a system; a solution of pH 0 to 7 is acid; 

pH of 7 is neutral; pH over 7 to 14 is alkaline. 

PLATE DISTILLATION COLUMN (Sieve tray 

column): a distillation column constructed with perforated plates or screens. 

POLYMER: a substance made of molecules comprised 

of long chains or cross-linked simple molecules. 

POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH ABSOLUTE (psia): 

the measurement of pressure referred to a complete 

vacuum or 0 pressure. 

POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH GUAGE (pig): expressed as a quantity measured from above atmospheric pressure. 

POUND OF STEAM: one pound (mass) of water in the 

vapor phase not to be confused with the steam 

pressure which is expressed in pounds per square 

inch. 

PRACTICAL YIELD: the amount of product that can 

actually be derived under normal operating conditions; i.e., the amount of sugar that normally can be 

PROOF: a measure of ethanol content; 1 percent equals 

2 proof. 

PROOF GALLON: a U.S. gallon of liquid which is 

50% ethyl alcohol by volume; also one tax gallon. 

PROTEIN: any of a class of high molecular weight 

polymer compounds comprised of a variety of amino 

acids joined by a peptide linkage. 

PYROLYSIS: the breaking apart of complex molecules 

into simpler units by heating in the absence of 

s~ffic~ient quantities of oxygen. 

QUAD: one quadrillion (10'' or 1,000,000,000,000,000) 

Btu's (British thermal units). 

RECTIFICATION: with regard to distillation, the 

selective increase of the concentration of the lower 

volatile component in a mixture by successive 

evaporation and condensation. 

RECTIFYING COLUMN: the portion of a distillation 

column above the feed tray in which rising vapor is 

enriched by interaction with a countercurrent falling 

stream of condensed vapor. 

REFLUX: that part of the product stream that may be 

returned to the process to assist in giving increased 

conversion or recovery. 

RELATIVE DENSITY: see Specific Gravity. 

RENEWABLE RESOURCES: renewable energy; 

resources that can be replaced after use through 

natural means; example: solar energy, wind energy, 

energy from growing plants. 

ROAD OCTANE: a numerical value for automotive 

anti-knock properties of a gasoline; determined by 

operating a car over a stretch of level road. 

SACCHARIFY: to hydrolyze a complex carbohydrate 

into a simpler soluble fermentable sugar, such as 

glucose or maltose. 

SACCHAROMYCES: a class of single-cell yeasts which 

selectively consume simple sugars. 

SCRUBBING EQUIPMENT: equipment for countercurrent liquid-vapor contact of flue gases to remove 

chemical contaminants and particulates. 

SETTLING TIME: in a controlled system, the time reG8 FUEL FROM FARMS 
quired for entrained or colloidal material to separate 

from the liquid. 

SIGHT GAUGE: a clear calibrated cylinder through 

which liquid level can be observed and measured. 

SIMPLE SUGARS: see Fermentable Sugars. 

SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SERI): 

the Solar Energy Research Development and 

Demonstration Act of 1974 called for the establishment of SERI, whose general mission is to support 

DOE'S solar energy program and foster the 

widespread use of all aspects of solar technology, including direct solar conversion (photovoltaics), solar 

heating and cooling, solar thermal power generation, 

wind conversion, ocean thermal conversion, and 

biomass conversion. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: the ratio of the mass of a solid 

or liquid to the mass of an equal volume of distilled 

water at 4" C. 

SPENT GRAINS: the nonfermentable solids remaining 

after fermentation of a grain mash. 

STARCH: a carbohydrate polymer comprised of 

glucose monomers linked together by a glycosidic 

bond and organized in repeating units; starch is 

found in most plants and is a principal energy storage 

product of photosynthesis; starch hydrolyzes to 

several forms of dextrin and glucose. 

STILL: an apparatus for distilling liquids, particularly 

alcohols; it consists of a vessel in which the liquid is 

vaporized by heat, and a cooling device in which the 

vapor is condensed. 

STILLAGE: the nonfermentable residue from the 

fermentation of a mash to produce alcohol. 

STOVER: the dried stalks and leaves of a crop remaining after the grain has been harvested. 

GLOSSARY 

STRIPPING SECTION: the section of a distillation 

column below the feed in which the condensate is progressively decreased in the fraction of more volatile 

component by stripping. 

SUCROSE: a crystalline disaccharide carbohydrate 

found in many plants, mainly sugar cane, sugar 

beets, and maple trees; C,2H22011. 

THERMOPHYLLIC: capable of growing and surviving 

at high temperatures. 

THIN STILLAGE: the water-soluble fraction of a 

fermented mash plus the mashing water. 

VACUUM DISTILLATION: the separation of two or 

more liquids under reduced vapor pressure; reduces 

the boiling points of the liquids being separated. 

VAPORIZE: to change from a liquid or a solid to a 

vapor, as in heating water to steam. 

VAPOR PRESSURE: the pressure at any given 

temperature of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid 

or solid form. 

WHOLE STILLAGE: the undried "bottoms" from the 

beer well comprised of nonfermentable solids, 

distillers solubles, and the mashing water. 

WOOD ALCOHOL: see Methanol. 

WORT: the liquid remaining from a brewing mash 

preparation following the filtration of fermentable 

beer. 

YEAST: single-cell microorganisms (fund) that produce alcohol and CO, under anaerobic conditions and 

acetic acid and CO, under aerobic conditions; the 

microorganism that is capable of changing sugar to 

alcohol by fermentation. 

ZYMOSIS: see Fermentation. 

ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1982-579-607 Reg. 8 

G-7 
A Product of the 

Technical Information Office s= 31 ,?#,I *=4 

Solar Energy Research Institute 

1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401 

Operated for the 

U.S. Department of Energy 

by the Midwest Research Institute 

Umted States National Beltsville 

Department of Agricultural Maryland 

Agr~culture Library 20705 

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National 

Agricultural 

Library