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STATE OF VERMONT

ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

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In re: Applications of Carusona – } Docket Nos. 21-1-07 Vtec

Concept Plan Approval for } and 55-3-06 Vtec

Planned Residential Development }

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Decision and Order

Appellant-Applicants Richard Carusona and Alicia Carusona (Applicants) appealed

from two decisions of the Development Review Board (DRB) of the Town of Brattleboro,

denying their applications for a Planned Residential Development (PRD) off Old Guilford

Road. Appellant-Applicants are represented by Richard D. Perra, Esq.; Interested Persons

Edward G. Bohline, Christopher A. Burroughs and Melanie A. Burroughs (as trustees),

Emma Jones-Higley, Kristian Higley, Alex Nislick, Lawrence Speigel and Arlene Speigel

are represented by Michael J. Hertz, Esq.; and the Town is represented by Robert M. Fisher,

Esq. 

An evidentiary hearing was held in this matter before Merideth Wright,

Environmental Judge, who also held a site visit with the parties and their representatives.

The parties were given the opportunity to submit written memoranda and requests for

findings. Upon consideration of the evidence as illustrated by the site visit, and of the

written memoranda and requests for findings filed by the parties, the Court finds and

concludes as follows.

Applicants own a 3.79-acre parcel of land with access from Old Guilford Road in the

Rural Residential zoning district. Applicants’ parcel was Lot 4 of the so-called Mears

subdivision and was conveyed to them in August of 2005. Applicants’ parcel is located

generally uphill and to the south of the Bohline and the Burroughs property. Fort Dummer
 

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 The parties’ stipulation of undisputed facts, which was filed in Court at trial, refers to

this right-of-way as “running southerly from Old Guilford Road,” but also refers to the

Higley and the Nislick properties as being, respectively, on the northerly and the southerly

sides of this right-of-way, probably because the right-of-way bends slightly to the west near

Old Guilford Road. We have used the terms northeasterly and southwesterly for clarity

in relation to the directional description of this right of way and the other relevant

properties.

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State Park adjoins Applicants’ parcel on its southerly boundary.

Interested Person Bohline owns an approximately two-acre parcel consisting of two

lots that were Lots 1 and 2 of the so-called Mears subdivision and were conveyed to him

in 1999; the property is improved with his single-family residence. Interested Persons

Burroughs, as trustees, own an approximately one-acre lot that was Lot 3 of the so-called

Mears subdivision and was conveyed to them in 1997; the property is improved with their

single-family residence.

The Bohline, Burroughs and Carusona lots have access to Old Guilford Road by a

deeded thirty-foot-wide right-of-way also known as “Fort Dummer Heights,” which

extends southerly from Old Guildford Road to the northerly boundary of the Carusona

property. The Bohline property lies on the easterly side of the thirty-foot-wide deeded

right-of-way, the Burroughs property lies on the westerly side of this right-of-way.

Interested Persons Jones-Higley and Higley own a parcel of land improved with their

single-family residence, with frontage on Old Guilford Road as well as on the

northeasterly1

 side of the thirty-foot-wide deeded right-of-way. Interested Person Nislick

owns a parcel of land improved with his single-family residence, with frontage on Old

Guilford Road as well as on the southwesterly side of the thirty-foot-wide deeded right-ofway.

Applicants also claim access to their property from Old Guilford Road by a second
 

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 This decision refers to this claimed access as “the eastern claimed right-of-way.” The

Environmental Court has no jurisdiction to adjudicate parties’ respective property rights

to a claimed right-of-way; any such claims are instead within the jurisdiction of the

Superior Court.

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claimed2 right-of-way of undefined width (“the easterly claimed right-of-way”), running

south from Old Guilford Road along the easterly boundaries of the Bushey property and

the Bohline property. Interested Persons Spiegel own a parcel of land, with their singlefamily residence, on the east side of the easterly claimed right-of-way. No evidence was

presented to establish that the easement for the easterly claimed right-of-way is at least

twenty-five feet in width. Given the existing placement of structures along this right-ofway, its traveled width is approximately twelve feet in width in at least one location. 

Applicants’ propose a Planned Residential Development of nine single-family

houses on the property, with 1.3-acres of the property designated on the plan as “common

area.” Applicants propose that the houses and their surrounding land be in individual

condominium ownership, with the areas designated as common land (and, presumably,

the development roadways and infrastructure) to be owned by a homeowners’ association.

Applicants’ first proposal, on appeal in Docket No. 55-3-06 Vtec (the 2006 proposal),

is for a nine-house PRD having access only by the easterly claimed right-of-way, with two

segments of “common area” as shown on Exhibit 4. Applicants’ second and preferred

proposal, on appeal in Docket No. 21-1-07 Vtec (the 2007 proposal), is for a nine-house PRD

of which five houses are proposed to have access by the easterly claimed right-of-way and

of which four houses are proposed to have access by the western thirty-foot-wide deeded

right-of-way. Both proposals depict 1.3 acres designated as “common area,” largely

around the perimeter of the property. In the 2007 proposal, the common area is proposed

as a band ranging in width from approximately five feet to approximately eighty feet. 

In both proposals, the remainder of the land between the houses is proposed to be
 

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 Applicants presented evidence that the “internal property lines” could be “adjusted”

to provide more “common land,” but no such adjustment is before the Court in the present

proposals.

 

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 Section 5430(c) of the Zoning Ordinance provides that approval of a concept plan for

a PRD constitutes the classification of the project as a major subdivision; §5430(f) requires

subdivision approval even if the project is to be developed without “actual subdivision”

of the land into lots. Section 5452(a) requires PRD applications to be reviewed

simultaneously under the subdivision regulations and the zoning regulations.

 

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 All subsequent references to section numbers are to the Zoning Ordinance unless

specifically cited to the Subdivision Regulations.

 

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 Section 5452(k) allows the perimeter setback requirement to be waived upon certain

determinations of the DRB, and hence this Court. No request for waiver of the perimeter

setback has been made in the present case. 

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assigned for the exclusive use of each house, as indicated by the thinner red lines on the site

plans in evidence as Exhibits 1 and 2.3 Both applications are before the Court at the

concept plan approval4

 stage of the PRD process. 

Within the Rural Residential zoning district, the minimum lot area for residential

uses is 1.5 acres; the minimum frontage is 150 feet, the minimum front yard setback is 40

feet, and the minimum side and rear yard setbacks are 25 feet. Zoning Ordinance,5 §

2342(c). For a PRD, these requirements are waived, but § 5452(k) requires a 50-foot-wide

perimeter setback for the PRD as a whole6 and requires structures on the perimeter to be

screened. PRDs and single-family and two-family dwellings are permitted uses in the

district; three- and four-family dwellings are required to obtain conditional use approval.

The maximum coverage in a PRD is 40%, § 5452(b), as contrasted with the maximum

coverage of 20% otherwise required in the Rural Residential zoning district. § 2342(c). The

term “coverage” is defined in Section 6 of the Zoning Ordinance as “that portion of a lot

that is covered by building, structures and man-made improvements on the ground
 

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 In connection with this analysis it is important to distinguish this task from approval

of a PRD itself, which does not require separate conditional use approval, even for its

residential components which would require conditional use if proposed on their own

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surface, such as paving, crushed stone and gravel, that prevent the absorption of storm

water.” Evidence was presented that the area not used for buildings and roads in the 2007

proposal is 2.55 acres; however, the evidence did not reflect whether that area also included

all impervious areas. Assuming that it does, the proposed lot coverage is 32.7%, which

would meet the lot coverage limitations for a PRD (but not for a conventional subdivision).

Under Section 435(1) of the Subdivision Regulations, the easement or right-of-way

for utilities, drainage and access must be at least twenty-five feet in width. While the

thirty-foot-wide deeded right-of-way meets this requirement, evidence was not presented

to support a finding regarding the easement for the easterly claimed right-of-way and it

therefore fails to meet this requirement.

Section 5452(c) of the Zoning Ordinance calculates density for a PRD by first

subtracting from the total acreage the amount of land provided for the PRD’s streets, and

then determining the maximum number of dwelling units that could be built on the

remaining land under the zoning district regulations. Although the measurement of the

amount of land devoted to the streets was not provided in evidence, Applicants’ engineer

did testify that the total area of the property minus the streets is at least three acres in area.

This decision therefore uses three acres as the figure for this calculation.

Under the regulations for the Rural Residential district, disregarding the issues of

lot size and frontage, the maximum number of dwelling units that could be built on those

lots as a permitted use would be four units (two duplexes). The district regulations would

not allow any more than four units to be built (that is, up to eight units in two buildings of

up to three or four units each) unless those three-unit or four-unit buildings were to qualify

for conditional use7

 approval. Applicants did not demonstrate at trial that eight units, or,
under the district regulations. Rather, the task under this section is to determine the

number of units allowed to be considered in a PRD on the same property by determining

the maximum number that “could be built” under the applicable district regulations. 

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indeed, any three-unit or four-unit buildings, could qualify for conditional use approval

on this property under the conditional use standards. § 1413(a). Rather, the evidence

suggested that eight units in two four-unit buildings would not be able to meet the

conditional use standards relating to their effect on the character of the area, traffic, or on

other bylaws in effect, specifically the subdivision bylaw requiring at least a twenty-fivefoot-wide right-of-way for an access roadway. In the absence of a showing that the

property could qualify for two four-unit buildings, the total number of units for which a

PRD may be considered on this property is four.

Even if the property were to have the potential for the full eight units under the

district regulations, the evidence did not support any density bonus under § 5452(d), which

allows density increases of up to 15%. To qualify for a density bonus, the DRB (and hence

this Court in this appeal) must find that the developer has made a “substantial contribution

to the objectives of Planned Residential Development.” The proposals make no

contribution to any of the objectives, as stated in the “purpose” statement of § 5410, other

than by providing “greater opportunities for housing and development” than the 3.79-acre

parcel would have provided as a conventional subdivision. 

As well as failing to qualify for a density bonus, the proposals therefore also do not

meet the requirements for concept plan approval in § 5430(b)(ii), which reiterates the

objectives of § 5410. The proposals do not promote creative and efficient use of the land,

creative design, an improved level of amenities, or a more attractive environment, because

they do not propose clustering of the proposed units and consequent preservation of more

open space than would be provided in a conventional subdivision. Rather, each proposal

resembles a conventional subdivision, only with undersized lots for the district
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requirements. The area of the property proposed as common open space is more or less

congruent with the required fifty-foot setback or buffer around the project as a whole,

which would have to be kept as open space in any event and, therefore, does not provide

any additional open space. Moreover, it is steep, and a substantial portion of it is in excess

of a 25% slope. Under § 5452(f), the area counted as open space in a PRD, which is required

by § 5452(e) to be available for the “individual and collective use and benefit of the

occupants of the development,” may only include slopes in excess of 25% (as well as stream

areas, bodies of water, and drainage easements) if the DRB (and hence this Court in this

appeal) so determines after considering the extent of these areas in relation to the total area

of the PRD and the degree to which these areas contribute to the quality, livability and

amenity of the PRD. Even if the jogging path within the perimeter setback could be used

safely on so steep a slope, it does not contribute materially to the amenity of the PRD

already provided by the required perimeter setback.

Based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that AppellantApplicants’ application for concept plan approval is DENIED as to both proposals,

concluding this appeal.

Dated at Berlin, Vermont, this 15th day of January, 2008.

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Merideth Wright 

Environmental Judge