In cooperation with the Kentucky Division of Water 

Kentucky Public Water-Supply Withdrawals During 

1995, 2000, and 2005 

By Aimee C. Downs and William E. Caldwell 

Open-File Report 2007–1209 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 
U.S. Department of the Interior 

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Mark D. Myers, Director 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 

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Suggested citation: 


Downs, Aimee C., and Caldwell, William E., 2007, Kentucky public water-supply withdrawals during 1995, 


2000, and 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1209, 16 p. 


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ii 
Contents 

Abstract................................................................................................................................................................................1


Water Use ............................................................................................................................................................................1


U.S. Geological Survey Water-Use Program.............................................................................................................1


Kentucky Water-Use Program.....................................................................................................................................2


Public Supply.......................................................................................................................................................................2


Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................................................................3


Figures 

1. Counties in Kentucky .....................................................................................................................................................4


2. Total water withdrawals in Kentucky, 2005 ...............................................................................................................5


3. Total water withdrawals in Kentucky, 2005, without thermoelectric power.......................................................6


4. Permitted public water-supply withdrawal ranges and surface- and ground-water withdrawal totals in 

Kentucky, 2005.......................................................................................................................................................7 

5. Location of permitted public water-supply withdrawals in Kentucky, 2005........................................................8


6. Average annual permitted public water-supply withdrawals, by watershed, in Kentucky, 2005....................9


7. Percent change in permitted public water-supply withdrawals in Kentucky, 1995–2005 ..............................10


8. Total population in Kentucky, 2005............................................................................................................................11


9. Population increase and decrease plotted against permitted public water-supply withdrawal increase 

and decrease in Kentucky, 1995-2005.............................................................................................................12 

Tables 

1. Permitted public water-supply withdrawals in Kentucky during 1995, 2000, and 2005 ...................................13


Conversion Factors and Abbreviations 

Multiply By To obtain 

Volume 

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) 

Flow rate 

million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 0.04381 cubic meter per second (m3

/s) 

Abbreviations 

KDOW - Kentucky Division of Water 

KEPPC - Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet 

NAICS - North American Industry Classification System 

NWUIP - National Water-Use Information Program 

SIC - Standard Industrial Classification 

USGS - U.S. Geological Survey 

iii 
Kentucky Public Water-Supply Withdrawals During 

1995, 2000, and 2005 

By Aimee C. Downs1 and William E. Caldwell2 

Abstract 

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kentucky Division of Water, has compiled 

the reported permitted public water-supply-withdrawal data for Kentucky for 2005. Water-withdrawal 

data for 1995 and 2000 were previously published in Solley and others (1998)3

 and Hutson and others 

(2004)4, respectively. This report is a graphical representation of permitted withdrawals for 1995, 2000, 

and 2005. 

Public suppliers that are regulated through the Kentucky Division of Water, Water-Withdrawal 

Permitting Program, withdrew a total of 496, 525, and 558 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) in 1995, 

2000, and 2005, respectively. In 2005, 489 Mgal/d (88 percent) came from surface-water sources, and 

69 Mgal/d (12 percent) came from ground-water sources. Small increases and decreases in permitted 

public water-supply withdrawals can be attributed to population changes. Large increases and decreases 

can be attributed to merging of supply systems, change(s) in source, or purchases from other counties. 

Water Use 

Water is one of our most valuable resources. The quantity and quality of our water is directly 

linked to the well-being of our communities, our economy, our environment, and most aspects of our 

everyday lives. An understanding of how we use this valuable resource is a key component in resolving 

many issues in the present (2007) and making plans for the future. 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Use Program 

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Use Information Program (NWUIP) is a 

cooperative program with State and local governments, which is designed to collect, store, analyze, and 

disseminate water-use information nationally and locally to a wide variety of government agencies, 

private organizations and to the public. The program began in 1978 to meet the need for a single source 

of uniform information on water use and to serve as the focal point for water-use information. The 

USGS has compiled estimates of water use every 5 years since 1950. Before the NWUIP was started, 

these estimates were derived from many sources and were based on a variety of methods of data 

collection and analysis that differed in accuracy. The current (2007) NWUIP compiles data used to 

1

 U.S. Geological Survey Kentucky Water Science Center, Louisville, Ky. 2

 Kentucky Division of Water, Frankfort, Ky. 3

 Solley, Wayne B., Pierce, Robert R., and Perlman, Howard A., 1998, Estimated use of water in the United States in 

1995: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200, 71 p. 4

 Hutson, Susan S., Barber, Nancy L., Kenny, Joan F., Linsey, Kristin S., Lumia, Deborah S., and Maupin, Molly A., 

2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, accessed June 18, 2007, at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/cir/cir1268 

1 
estimate water use at the State level based on nationally consistent guidelines and procedures and 

uniform quality assurance for each State. 

Kentucky Water-Use Program 

The majority of the data that the USGS reports for the National compilation effort for Kentucky 

comes from the Kentucky Division of Water’s (KDOW) Water-Withdrawal Permitting Program. Water 

withdrawals in Kentucky are regulated according to laws that were enacted by the Kentucky General 

Assembly in 1966 (Kentucky Revised Statutes 151.110, 120, 140, 150, 160, 170). These laws defined 

public waters of Kentucky as all “water occurring in any stream, lake, groundwater, subterranean water 

or other body of water in the Commonwealth (of Kentucky) which may be applied to any useful and 

beneficial purpose.” Water-withdrawal permits are required for any withdrawal, transfer, or diversion of 

public water that averages more than 10,000 gal of water per day. Domestic and agricultural uses are 

exempted by statute as are most thermoelectric-power plants and water injected underground in 

conjunction with oil and gas operations. While Kentucky does not permit all water withdrawals, 90

percent of all water used in Kentucky is accounted for either by reporting or permitting. 

Regulating the withdrawal of public water is administered by the Kentucky Environmental and 

Public Protection Cabinet (KEPPC) through a permitting program within the KDOW. Under this 

program and associated regulations (401 Kentucky Administrative Regulation 4:010), water-withdrawal 

permits are issued only after the KEPPC has determined that water is available for use and that there 

will be no detrimental effects to the environment or to the rights of other water users. The KDOW

administers approximately 700 water-withdrawal permits and requires that records of daily withdrawals 

be submitted to the KEPPC at the end of each month. 

Public Supply 

Public supply refers to water withdrawn by public or private suppliers that furnish water yearround to at least 25 people or have at least 15 connections and are classified with a Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC) of 4941 [North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 22131]. Public 

suppliers provide water for a variety of uses such as domestic, commercial, industrial, public use, and 

thermoelectric power. Public use is water provided by a public supplier for firefighting, street washing, 

municipal buildings, parks, and swimming pools. Public suppliers that are regulated through the KDOW 

Water-Withdrawal Permitting Program withdrew a total of 496, 525, and 558 Mgal/d in 1995, 2000, and 

2005, respectively. 

Public water-supply planning in Kentucky began as a systematic process to address the problem 

of inadequate potable water sources. The drought of the 1980’s created serious and sometimes critical 

shortages of available drinking-water supplies for many communities in Kentucky. An executive order 

signed by then-governor Wallace Wilkinson established a task force to study the water-supply issue, 

which led to the enactment of laws that specifically addressed the need for long-range water-supply 

planning in the Commonwealth. In the early 1990’s, State and local officials began working together by 

forming County Water-Supply-Planning Councils to develop long-range water-supply plans for each 

county in the Commonwealth. By July 1999, each of the 120 counties in Kentucky had developed an 

approved water-supply plan. One important element of these plans was the cooperative planning process 

between neighboring water suppliers acting as members of the water-supply-planning council. For the 

first time a county-wide assessment was documented, and proposed service area expansions were 

delineated so that there were no areas unaccounted for in planning for future public water service. 

This cooperative approach to water-supply planning formed the basis for new legislation in 

2000: Senate Bill 409 (SB409). This legislation expanded the county-wide planning process to a more 

regional perspective. Fifteen Area Water-Management-Planning Areas were established, regional 

2
councils were created from the existing county water-supply-planning councils, and a process was 

established with the goal of providing access to safe and reliable drinking water to all citizens of the 

Commonwealth by the year 2020. Funds dispersed through grants and low-interest loans target projects 

that can provide water to unserved and under-served areas—projects that bring regionalization, 

consolidation, and mergers of water systems to the modern water-treatment and delivery landscape of 

the Commonwealth. 

Acknowledgments 

The authors acknowledge the contributions of Julia Harrod, Kentucky Division of Water, for the 

research and retrieval of the public supply data used in this report. 

3

PIKE 

OHIO 

CLAY 

HARDIN 

PULASKI 

LEWIS 

LOGAN 

HART 

TRIGG BELL 

KNOX 

WAYNE 

ADAIR 

CHRISTIAN 

TODD 

CASEY 

WARREN 

HOPKINS 

BARREN 

LESLIE 

FLOYD 

HARLAN 

LAUREL 

OWEN 

UNION LEE DAVIESS 

ALLEN 

BATH 

BUTLER 

KNOTT GRAYSON 

CARTER 

WHITLEY 

SHELBY 

LYON 

MADISON 

BREATHITT MARION 

MORGAN 

SCOTT 

HENRY FLEMING 

LINCOLN 

ESTILL 

CLARK 

CALLOWAY 

BULLITT 

MONROE 

GREENUP 

TAYLOR 

MASON 

WOLFE 

BOYLE 

NELSON 

PERRY 

MEADE 

GREEN 

LARUE 

BRECKINRIDGE 

ROWAN 

LAWRENCE 

GRANT 

JACKSON 

LETCHER 

HENDERSON 

MC CREARY 

BOONE 

WEBSTER 

MUHLENBERG 

JEFFERSON 

FAYETTE 

CALDWELL 

MARSHALL 

RUSSELL 

MARTIN 

MAGOFFIN 

HARRISON 

MERCER 

ELLIOTT BOURBON 

MC LEAN 

CRITTENDEN 

BOYD 

LIVINGSTON 

METCALFE 

JOHNSON 

EDMONSON 

SIMPSON 

ROCKCASTLE 

CLINTON 

GARRARD 

MENIFEE 

OWSLEY 

PENDLETON 

OLDHAM 

CUMBERLAND 

WASHINGTON 

POWELL 

BRACKEN 

FRANKLIN 

KENTON 

HANCOCK SPENCER 

NICHOLAS 

ANDERSON 

TRIMBLE 

WOODFORD 

JESSAMINE 

CAMPBELL 

CARROLL 

MONTGOMERY 

GALLATIN 

ROBERTSON 

GRAVES 

BALLARD 

HICKMAN 

FULTON 

CARLISLE 

MC CRACKEN 

4 

Figure 1. Counties in Kentucky. 
EXPLANATION


Mining 

36.6 34.8 

1% 1% 

Livestock* 

45.9


1%


Industrial


186


4%


Public supply 

558 

13% 

Commercial Domestic* 

32.7 

1% 

Irrigation* 

18.9 

<1% 

Thermoelectric power 

Public supply 

Industrial 

Livestock* 

Mining 

Domestic* 

Commercial 

Irrigation* 

*Estimated values 

% - percent 

Values are in million 

gallons per day 

(Mgal/d) 

Thermoelectric power


 3430


79%


Figure 2. Total water withdrawals in Kentucky, 2005. 

5

Commercial Irrigation* 

32.7 18.9


Domestic* 4%
 2%


34.8 

4% 

Mining 

36.6


4%


Livestock* 

45.9


5%


Industrial


186


20%


EXPLANATION 

Public supply 

Industrial 

Livestock* 

Mining 

Domestic* 

Commercial 

Irrigation* 

*Estimated values 

% - percent 

Values are in million 

gallons per day 

(Mgal/d) 

Public supply 

558 

61% 

Figure 3. Total water withdrawals in Kentucky, 2005, without thermoelectric power. 

6 
EXPLANATION 

0.00 - 0.10 

0.11 - 2.00 

2.01 - 10.00 

10.01 - 50.00 

140.53 

Of the total permitted public water-supply withdrawals, 489 Mgal/d (88 percent) came from 

surface-water sources, and 69 Mgal/d (12 percent) came from ground-water sources. 

7 

2.15 

0.00 

11.64

 0.00 

5.05 

0.00 

3.92 

0.00 

48.14

 0.00 

0.00 

0.00 0.00 

4.17 

0.00 

2.69 

0.00 

1.46 

1.42 

0.00 

9.27 

0.00 

2.21 

0.00 

2.17 

0.00 

0.93 

0.00 

123.11

 17.40 

2.38 

0.00 

0.00 

0.06 5.88 

0.00 

24.95

 0.02 

0.00 

0.99 2.49 

2.09 0.00 

1.32 

0.19 

0.00 

6.54 

0.00 

3.91 

0.00 

3.07 

0.66 

9.71 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

2.31 

0.00 

1.60 

0.00 

5.47 

0.00 

0.24 

0.00 2.84 

0.00 0.54 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.18 1.05 

0.00 

2.32 

0.00 3.41 

0.00 0.78 

0.00 

0.00 

0.36 

4.10 

0.20 5.77 

0.00 

0.81 

0.00 

4.15 

0.00 

0.85 

0.00 

1.23 

0.26 

2.36 

0.30 

0.48 

0.00 1.18 

0.00 0.70 

0.00 

3.58 

0.00 

0.49 

0.00 

0.29 

0.00 

3.08 

0.00 

1.16 

0.00 

0.00 

0.84 

0.00 

0.66 6.94 

0.73 

0.00 

0.21 

0.00 

0.19 

0.00 

1.07 

0.00 

2.67 0.00 

3.43 

0.00 

3.39 

1.16 

0.15 

0.22 

0.00 

2.78 

0.13 

1.28 

0.00 

1.82 

0.00 

8.25 

0.34 

1.79 

0.02 

9.58 

0.00 

4.20 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

3.09 

0.00 

10.13

 0.00 0.00 

14.10 

0.75 

0.00 

0.00 

0.56 

0.63 

0.65 

0.89 

0.22 5.84 

6.89 

2.83 

0.00 

3.51 

0.60 

0.90 

0.00 1.20 

0.00 

15.79

 0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.86 

0.00 

0.77 

0.00 

7.12 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.38 

0.00 

0.72 

0.00 3.25 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

5.08 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.63 

0.00 

2.17 

0.00 

3.13 

0.00 

2.58 

0.00 

5.45 

0.00 4.41 

0.00 0.59 

0.00 

5.00 

0.00 0.90 

0.00 

3.69 

0.00 

1.02 

0.00 

7.53 

0.00 3.40 

0.00 

1.71 

0.00 

160 

0.00 1.85 

0.00 

2.18 

0.00 

1.72 

0.00 

1.56 

0.00 

11.86

 0.00 

1.04 

0.00 

0.00 Surface-water withdrawals 

0.00 Ground-water withdrawals 

Withdrawals are in million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 

Figure 4 . Permitted public water-supply withdrawal ranges and surface- and ground-water withdrawal totals in Kentucky, 2005. 
8
 

EXPLANATION 

Surface-water-withdrawal site 

! Ground-water-withdrawal site 

#

88 58’ 55’’ 

0 50 MILES 

0 50 KILOMETERS 

25 

25 

37 02’ 47’’ 

38 37’ 46’’ 

84 06’ 28’’ 

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

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!

!

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!

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!!

!!

!

!

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!

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!!

!

!

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!

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!

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!

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Figure 5. Location of permitted public water-supply withdrawals in Kentucky, 2005. 
9
 

EXPLANATION


 0.4 - 10.0
 

10.0 - 40.0


 41.0 - 150.0
 

Green 

Salt-Ohio 

Upper Cumberland 

Kentucky 

Licking 

Big Sandy 

Little Sandy 

Middle Ohio 

Lower Cumberland 

Lower Mississippi 

Tradewater 

Lower Tennessee 

169.0 

Withdrawals are in million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 

Hatchie-Obion
 

Figure 6. Average annual permitted public water-supply withdrawals, by watershed, in Kentucky, 2005.
 
Small increases and decreases in permitted public water-supply withdrawals can be attributed to population changes. Large increases 

and decreases can be attributed to merging of supply systems, change(s) in source, or purchases from other counties. 

EXPLANATION 

-100 -- -5

 -5 -- 5


 6 -- 50


 51 -- 200
 

201 -- 472


10 

Figure 7. Percent change in permitted public water-supply withdrawals in Kentucky, 1995–2005. 
EXPLANATION
 

2,279 - 10,000 

10,001 - 25,000

 25,001 - 275,000

 699,827 

11 

City 

Paducah 

Hopkinsville 

Bowling Green 

Owensboro 

Louisville 

Covington 

Lexington 

Hazard 

Paducah 

Figure 8. Total population in Kentucky, 2005. 
_ _ _ _

_ _ _

12 


A rise in population does not necessarily show a corresponding rise in public water-supply withdrawals. Increased water 

demand may be met by water withdrawn from outside the respective county or outside Kentucky and transferred into the 

county. Additionally, an increase in public water-supply withdrawals in counties with a decrease in population may reflect 

the States efforts to provide water to unserved and under-served areas. 

EXPLANATION 

Withdrawals 

No change 

_ Increase 

`` ` Decrease 

Population _ _

`

_

`

_ _

_

_ _ _ _

No change _ ` ` _ _ _

Increase _ _ _ _ _

Decrease ` ` _ _ _ _ _ `

_

_ ` _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _

_ _

` _ _ _ _ _ _

_

_

` _ _ _

` ` _ _ _

_ _

_ _ _ _ _ ` _

_ _ _ _ ` _ _ _ _

_

`

`

_

` _ ` ` _

_ _

_

_

_ _ _

_

_ _

Figure 9. Population increase and decrease plotted against permitted public water-supply withdrawal increase and decrease

in Kentucky, 1995–2005. 
Table 1. Permitted public water-supply withdrawals in Kentucky during 1995, 2000, and 2005. 

[Values are in million gallons per day (Mgal/d)] 

County 1995 2000 2005 

Green 0.93 1.08 0.90 

County 1995 2000 2005 County 1995 2000 2005 

Adair 0.92 1.26 1.71 

Allen 1.23 .90 .77 

Montgomery 1.90 2.32 2.84 

Greenup 3.46 3.18 3.73 

Anderson 1.64 1.70 2.17 

Morgan .72 .64 .00 

Ballard .31 .58 .66 

Muhlenberg 3.30 3.67 4.20 

Hardin 11.50 9.27 12.73 

Barren 5.50 5.97 7.12 

Nelson 3.55 4.15 5.08 

Hancock .52 .63 .56 

Harlan 2.85 2.88 2.66 Nicholas 2.02 2.42 2.31 

Harrison 2.21 2.22 2.38 

Bell 2.85 2.90 3.58 

Bath .24 .22 .24 Ohio 2.01 2.13 4.11 

Hart 2.62 2.88 3.69 Oldham 3.58 3.94 4.17 

Henderson 7.23 8.17 10.13 

Bourbon 1.55 1.46 1.60 

Owen 1.44 1.51 1.42 

Pendleton .91 .94 .93 

Henry 1.97 1.92 .00 

Boone .00 .02 .06 

Boyd 10.08 7.69 9.71 

Owsley .31 .31 .29 

Hickman .16 .17 .19 

Boyle 4.00 4.34 5.45 

Bracken .76 .73 .99 

Perry 3.33 3.56 4.15 

Jackson .84 .92 1.04 

Breathitt .61 .63 .81 

Pike 3.83 4.32 5.77 

Hopkins 6.93 8.53 8.59 

Jefferson 140.00 139.66 140.51 Powell .31 1.12 1.16 

Jessamine 3.11 3.58 5.05 

Bullitt .00 .00 .00 

Pulaski 5.60 6.54 7.53 

Rockcastle 1.17 1.59 2.15 

Johnson 1.58 2.22 2.32 

Breckenridge .88 1.02 1.11 

Robertson .00 .00 .00 

Kenton 7.75 5.19 5.88 

Caldwell .93 1.16 1.28 

Butler 1.10 1.25 1.20 

Knott .14 .37 .36 Rowan 3.34 5.44 6.54 

Knox .32 .31 .49 

Campbell 30.46 33.25 24.97 

Calloway 3.07 3.31 3.43 Russell 2.11 2.96 3.40 

Larue .44 .61 .59 Scott 1.61 1.94 2.21 

Laurel 9.12 10.58 11.64 

Carroll 1.29 1.11 1.46 

Shelby 2.95 3.16 3.13 

Spencer .48 .00 .00 

Lawrence .74 .93 1.05 

Carlisle .16 .17 .21 

Carter 2.65 2.59 3.91 

Simpson 1.64 1.53 1.86 

Lee .60 .52 .70 

Casey .57 .66 1.02 

Christian 8.50 8.22 9.58 

Taylor 5.36 2.64 5.00 

Letcher 1.01 1.16 1.49 

Clark 4.70 5.64 5.47 

Todd .91 1.04 .00 

Leslie .67 .70 .85 

Clay 2.25 2.66 3.92 

Trigg 1.84 1.88 1.81 

Lincoln .93 1.53 1.72 

Clinton .98 1.58 3.25 

Trimble .47 .60 2.69 

Lewis .67 1.02 1.32 

Livingston .91 1.04 1.31 Union 2.26 2.25 3.09 

Logan 2.36 2.52 .00 

Cumberland .59 .73 .72 

Crittenden .48 .53 .22 Warren 14.48 17.44 15.79 

Daviess 14.50 14.02 14.10 

Washington .95 1.02 1.63 

McCracken 7.94 7.77 7.67 

Edmonson .70 .82 .90 

Wayne 1.47 2.08 2.18 

Lyon 1.90 2.23 2.91 

McCreary 1.02 1.20 1.85 Webster 2.39 5.62 1.82 

McLean .55 .76 .75 

Estill 1.12 .88 1.18 

Whitley 1.35 1.35 1.60 

Woodford 2.54 2.97 3.08 

Madison 10.56 12.33 11.86 

Elliott .11 .14 .18 

Wolfe .29 .36 .48 

Magoffin .58 .61 .78 

Fleming .53 .30 .19 

Marshall 3.46 3.61 3.39 

Franklin 7.36 7.94 9.27 

Mason 2.71 2.99 4.58 

Gallatin .31 .68 .84 

Menifee .00 .00 .54 

Grant 1.58 1.87 2.17 

Metcalfe .00 .00 .00 

Grayson 2.37 2.78 2.83 

Fayette 40.72 44.00 48.14 

Marion 1.75 3.88 4.41 

Floyd 3.22 3.85 4.30 

Martin 2.72 3.25 3.41 

Meade 1.92 .72 1.28 

Fulton 1.52 1.11 1.07 

Garrard .94 1.37 1.56 

Mercer 1.94 2.72 2.58 

Graves 2.75 2.75 2.67 

Monroe .95 1.37 1.38 

13