NO. 12-20-00184-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

JAI S. BYUN AND KIM A. BYUN 

D/B/A AJU INSURANCE AGENCY, 

APPELLANTS

V.

SOON O. HONG AND SOOK NAM 

BYUN,

APPELLEES

§

§

§

APPEAL FROM THE 113TH 

JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS

OPINION

After a jury returned a verdict in favor of Appellants Jai S. Byun and Kim A. Byun d/b/a 

Aju Insurance Agency in their suit against Appellees Soon O. Hong and Sook Nam Byun for 

breach of contract, the trial court granted Appellees’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the 

verdict (JNOV) and signed a take-nothing judgment.1 In five appellate issues, the Byuns2 contend 

that (1) the non-competition agreement was ancillary to an otherwise enforceable agreement and 

supported by mutual non-illusory promises, (2) the agreements were not unreasonable, (3) the 

agreements were not illegal, (4) the agreements were not unconscionable, and (5) because the 

jury’s answers regarding the Hongs’ sale of insurance policies while employed by Aju were not 

dependent upon the enforceability of the agreements and were not addressed by the motion for 

JNOV, the trial court erred in granting JNOV as to those findings. For the reasons explained herein, 

we affirm the trial court’s judgment in part and reverse and render in part.

1 This case was transferred to this Court from the First Court of Appeals in Houston, Texas, pursuant to a 

docket equalization order. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013).

2 We will refer to Appellant Jai Byun as “Byun,” and we will refer to Appellee Soon Hong as “Hong.” We 

will refer to Appellant Kim A. Byun as “Mrs. Byun,” and we will refer to Appellee Sook Nam Byun as “Mrs. Hong.”

When speaking of Appellants or Appellees collectively, we will refer to them as “the Byuns” and “the Hongs,” 

respectively.
2

BACKGROUND

In 2009, Hong began working as a customer service representative for Byun, who owned 

Aju Insurance Agency. When Byun hired Hong, Hong was not licensed to sell insurance. Hong 

became licensed to sell property and casualty insurance on June 18, 2012, and he received his 

license to sell life and health insurance on July 30, 2013. On July 1, 2012, the Byuns signed an

agreement with the Hongs. The contract consisted of four parts: employment agreement, 

management agreement, buy-sell agreement, and a “noncompetition and other” agreement. 

According to Byun, he included the two-year employment agreement in the contract because Hong 

could not afford to purchase Aju in 2012. The employment agreement stated that Hong would 

work in the office of Aju for a minimum of twenty hours per week and Mrs. Hong would work in 

the office for a minimum of forty hours per week. In addition, Hong was to receive a “basic 

commission” of $1,250 per month, and Mrs. Hong’s salary would be $1,750 per month for the first 

three months and $2,000 per month thereafter. Hong was to be paid sales commission of 50% of 

the income from property and casualty income above $14,450, and any shortage would be carried 

over to the next month. The agreement also provided that any income greater than $5,000 per 

month would be deposited with Byun for a management security deposit, up to $15,000. The 

employment agreement section of the contract further stated that the Hongs “shall not engage in 

any other business than Aju except existing Amway business. Otherwise, it is the ground of 

default.” According to Byun, Hong’s employment as a salesman with Aju allowed Hong access to 

approximately 2,000 customer files, and Hong received commissions. 

Under the terms of the management section of the contract, which would have begun on 

July 1, 2014, and ended on June 30, 2016, the Hongs would be responsible for Aju’s operations, 

the Hongs would deposit $15,000 with the Byuns as a security deposit, and any of Hong’s income 

over $5,000 “up to 20% of [the] purchase price” would “be used to purchase Aju.” Like the 

employment portion of the agreement, the management section stated that except for the Hongs’ 

existing Amway business, the Hongs could not engage in any business other than their work for 

Aju. During the management period, the Hongs would oversee Aju’s operations and receive fifty 

percent of its net operating income. The buy-sell portion of the agreement provided that the Hongs 

would purchase Aju on July 1, 2016, for “$375,000 plus the amount over $173,400 of the gross 

[property and casualty] commission during 07/01/15-06/30/16[,]” and all life and health business 

would remain the property of the Byuns. Under the terms of the buy-sell agreement, the Hongs 
3

also had an option to purchase Aju with cash at any time during the management period. The buysell agreement required the Hongs to retain “Aju” as the name of the agency. In addition, the 

agreement provided that the Byuns “may take over Aju in case of default of two consecutive 

monthly payments without a legal action.” According to Byun, Hong was not obligated to purchase 

Aju, but Hong had the right to do so. 

The “noncompetition and other agreement” section stated that the Hongs “shall not engage 

in the insurance or related business, directly or indirectly, within Harris County and all the adjacent 

counties for the period of 5 years after this agreement is in default or void.” The agreement further 

required the Hongs to “keep all the information of Aju confidential.” According to Byun, the 

Hongs were provided with confidential information regarding Aju’s customers and finances, and 

“[t]he sole basis for this access and disclosure was the sales portion of the Agreement.” The jury 

found that the parties intended the noncompetition agreement to become effective on July 1, 2012, 

the date the agreement was signed.

On October 24, 2012, the parties executed a supplemental agreement,

3 which provided that 

“Jai Byun shall advance to Soon Hong the difference when the gross income for Soon Hong and 

Sook Byun falls below $4,200 per month[.]” Furthermore, the advance agreement stated that the 

Hongs “shall be personally responsible for the advance.” Byun testified that the parties modified 

their original agreement because Hong indicated that he needed more money, and Byun 

characterized the advances as “a personal loan.” 

Mrs. Hong obtained a higher-paying job and left Aju in January of 2014, and Hong left Aju

the following month. According to Byun, Hong owed $10,754.62 for advances paid pursuant to 

the advance agreement. Hong testified that he was obligated to repay the advances. Byun testified 

that from 2014 to 2016, Hong competed against him and took business from him. Mrs. Byun also 

testified that Hong competed against Aju and had contacted some of Aju’s customers. Hong 

testified that he competed with Aju in Harris County and surrounding counties during 2014, 2015, 

2016, 2017, and 2018. Byun ultimately sold Aju to another buyer in June 2016.

The Byuns filed suit against the Hongs for breach of contract and sought damages for the 

Hongs’ alleged breach of the covenant not to compete, as well as allegedly unearned advance 

commissions. The Hongs entered a general denial, asserted the affirmative defenses of illegality, 

offset and credit, and failure of consideration, and filed a counterclaim alleging fraud. The jury

3 We will refer to the supplemental agreement as “the advance agreement.” 
4

found the following: the parties agreed that the Hongs would repay any advances; the Hongs would 

not sell insurance policies for their own benefit while working for Aju; the parties intended for the 

covenant not to compete to begin on July 1, 2012; Hong failed to repay advances against unearned 

commissions; the Byuns were entitled to recover damages of $10,794.62 for the unrepaid 

advances; Hong sold insurance policies for his own benefit while still associated with Aju; and 

Hong violated the covenant not to compete. The jury also found that the Byuns did not fail to 

comply with the agreement and did not commit fraud, the Hongs’ failure to comply with the 

agreement was not excused, and the Byuns were entitled to recover (1) $297.09 as damages for 

Hong’s sale of insurance policies for his own benefit while still associated with Aju and (2) 

damages of $15,000 for Hong’s violation of the covenant not to compete.

The Hongs filed a motion for JNOV, in which they contended that the covenant not to 

compete was unenforceable because it is unreasonable, not supported by adequate consideration,

invalid because no otherwise enforceable agreement existed, and unconscionable, and the advance 

agreement is illegal because it “failed to satisfy the statutory requirements for an employer to 

advance unearned wages to an employee.” The trial court signed a final judgment, in which it 

found that “the underlying agreements are unenforceable[,]” granted the Hongs’ motion for JNOV,

and ordered that the Byuns take nothing. This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A trial court may disregard a jury’s findings and grant a motion for judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict when a directed verdict would have been proper. TEX. R. CIV. P. 301. 

A motion for JNOV should be granted when (1) one party is entitled to recover as a matter of law 

because the evidence is conclusive, or (2) a legal principle precludes recovery. Hunter v. 

PriceKubecka, PLLC, 339 S.W.3d 795, 806 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.); John Masek 

Corp. v. Davis, 848 S.W.2d 170, 173 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied). Thus, 

we review the granting of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict under a legal 

sufficiency standard. Tanner v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins., 289 S.W.3d 828, 830 (Tex. 2009); 

Pointe W. Ctr., LLC v. It’s Alive, Inc., 476 S.W.3d 141, 150 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

2015, pet. denied). When, as here, a trial court does not specify the basis for granting judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict, an appellant must show that the judgment cannot be sustained on any 

of the grounds asserted in the motion; that is, we must affirm a JNOV if it can be sustained on any 
5

ground or combination of grounds set forth in the motion. Fort Bend Cty. Drainage Dist. v. 

Sbrusch, 818 S.W.2d 392, 394 (Tex. 1991); Viajes Gerpa, S.A. v. Fazeli, 522 S.W.3d 524, 530 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied); Monk v. Dallas Brake & Clutch Serv. Co., 

697 S.W.2d 780, 783-84 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

VALIDITY OF THE COVENANT NOT TO COMPETE

In issue two, the Byuns argue that the trial court erred by holding that the underlying 

agreements are unenforceable because they are unreasonable. Because issue two is dispositive with 

respect to the covenant not to compete, we address it first. 

Applicable Law

Covenants not to compete are restraints of trade, and they are unenforceable as a matter of 

public policy unless the restraints are reasonable. John R. Ray & Sons, Inc. v. Stroman, 923 

S.W.2d 80, 85 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, writ denied); see TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE 

ANN. § 15.50(a) (West 2021). The enforceability of a covenant not to compete is a question of law. 

Powerhouse Prods., Inc. v. Scott, 260 S.W.3d 693, 696 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.); see 

also Gorman v. CCS Midstream Servs., L.L.C., No. 12-09-00204-CV, 2011 WL 1642624, at *3 

(Tex. App.—Tyler 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.). We therefore review a trial court’s determination of 

whether a covenant to compete is reasonable de novo. EMS USA, Inc. v. Shary, 309 S.W.3d 653, 

659 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). The enforceability of a covenant not to 

compete should not be decided on excessively technical disputes over whether the covenant is 

ancillary to an otherwise enforceable agreement. Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v. Johnson, 

209 S.W.3d 644, 655 (Tex. 2006). Rather, the core inquiry pursuant to the Covenants Not to 

Compete Act (“the Act”) is whether the covenant’s limitations as to time, geographical area, and 

scope of activity to be restrained are reasonable and do not impose a greater restraint than is 

necessary to protect the employer’s goodwill or other business interest. Id.; see TEX. BUS. & COM.

CODE ANN. § 15.50(a).

“Unreasonable limitations on employees’ abilities to change employers or solicit clients or 

former co-employees, i.e., compete against their former employers, could hinder legitimate 

competition between businesses and the mobility of skilled employees.” Marsh USA Inc. v. Cook, 

354 S.W.3d 764, 769 (Tex. 2011). However, valid covenants not to compete are reasonable 

restraints agreed to by the parties “and may increase efficiency in industry by encouraging 
6

employers to entrust confidential information and important client relationships to key 

employees.” Id. The Legislature crafted the Act with the goal of balancing these potentially 

conflicting interests. Id. at 770. “The hallmark of enforcement is whether or not the covenant is 

reasonable.” Id. at 777. 

To be enforceable, a noncompetition agreement must be reasonable in time, scope, and 

geographical area. Id. at 771. Generally, the territory in which the employee worked for the

employer is a reasonable geographical restriction. Butler v. Arrow Mirror & Glass, Inc., 51 

S.W.3d 787, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.); Zep Mfg. Co. v. Harthcock, 824 

S.W.2d 654, 660 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, no writ). A covenant not to compete is unreasonable 

if it imposes a greater restraint than necessary to protect the employer’s business and goodwill. 

Harthcock, 824 S.W.2d at 660. “A restraint on client solicitation in a personal services contract is 

overbroad and unreasonable if it extends to clients with whom the employee had no dealings during 

his employment.” Shary, 309 S.W.3d at 660. However, prohibiting a former employee from 

contacting existing customers does not necessarily equate to a prohibition against contacting 

customers with whom the former employee had no dealings; that is, “[a] restraint on client 

solicitation in a personal services contract limited to current customers is not necessarily 

unreasonable on its face.” Id. An industry-wide exclusion from subsequent employment is 

unreasonable. Gehrke v. Merritt Hawkins and Assocs., LLC, No. 05-18-01160-CV, 2020 WL 

400175, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 23, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Peat Marwick 

Main & Co. v. Haass, 818 S.W.2d 381, 386-88 (Tex. 1991)); Stroman, 923 S.W.2d at 85.

Covenants not to compete that prohibit solicitation of clients with whom a former salesman had 

no dealings are unreasonable and unenforceable because they are not reasonably necessary to 

protect the employer’s business interest of preventing the employee from taking clients to a 

competitor. Gehrke, 2020 WL 400175, at *3 (citing Haass, 818 S.W.2d at 386-88).

Analysis

In this case, the covenant not to compete prohibited Hong from engaging in the business

of insurance or “related business, directly or indirectly, within Harris County and all the adjacent 

counties” for the period of five years after the agreement ends. The agreement does not define 

“related business.” The covenant not to compete is not limited to clients of Aju or clients with 

whom Hong had dealings while he was employed by Aju, nor does it merely prohibit Hong from 

engaging in the sale of insurance. Rather, the covenant not to compete prohibits Hong from 
7

working in the insurance business in any capacity. In addition, the undefined term “related 

business” potentially expands the reach of the covenant not to compete even farther. See generally

Forum US, Inc. v. Musslewhite, No. 14-17-00708-CV, 2020 WL 4331442, at *8 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] July 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op). For all these reasons, we conclude that the 

scope of the covenant not to compete is overly broad as to the activities it seeks to restrain and 

therefore constitutes an unreasonable restraint of trade. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 

15.50(a); Marsh USA Inc., 354 S.W.3d at 771; Haass, 818 S.W.2d at 386-88; Gehrke, 2020 WL 

400175, at *2-3; Shary, 309 S.W.3d at 660; Johnson, 209 S.W.3d at 655; Stroman, 923 S.W.2d 

at 85; Harthcock, 824 S.W.2d at 660. Having concluded that the covenant not to compete is 

unenforceable because its scope is overly broad as to the activities restrained, we need not consider 

the reasonableness of the time and geographical limitations imposed by the covenant not to 

compete. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

Section 15.51(c) of the Act provides that if a covenant that is found to be ancillary to or 

part of an otherwise enforceable agreement contains unreasonable limitations, the trial court shall 

reform the covenant “to the extent necessary to cause the limitations contained in the covenant as 

to time, geographical area, and scope of activity to be restrained to be reasonable and to impose a 

restraint that is not greater than necessary to protect the goodwill or other business of the promissee 

and enforce the covenant as reformed[.]” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 15.51(c) (West 2021).

Assuming without deciding that the covenant is ancillary to or part of an otherwise enforceable 

agreement, the covenant not to compete expired by its own terms in 2019, i.e., five years from the 

date the agreement terminated upon the Hongs’ departure from Aju in 2014. We therefore conclude 

that any reformation would be an exercise in futility, and we need not remand the case to the trial 

court to reform the covenant not to compete. See Stroman, 923 S.W.2d at 85 (holding that because 

the covenant not to compete expired, “any reformation of that provision by the trial court would 

have been an exercise in futility.”).

Because the covenant not to compete is unenforceable as written, the Byuns are precluded 

from recovering damages for the Hongs’ violation of it, and this Court may render the judgment 

that the trial court should have rendered. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(c), 43.3; Stroman, 923 S.W.2d 

at 85; Haass, 818 S.W.2d at 388 (concluding that because the plaintiff did not seek reformation of 

the covenant before the defendant’s actions for which it sought damages, the Act prohibits the 

plaintiff from obtaining damages). Accordingly, we overrule issue two and affirm the trial court’s
8

judgment to the extent it ordered that the Byuns take nothing as to their claim for violation of the 

covenant not to compete. See Hunter, 339 S.W.3d at 806; Davis, 848 S.W.2d at 173. Having found 

that the covenant not to compete is unreasonable and therefore unenforceable, we need not address 

issues one and four, in which the Byuns assert that the covenant not to compete was enforceable 

because it was ancillary to an otherwise enforceable agreement and was not unconscionable. See 

Sbrush, 818 S.W.2d at 394; Monk, 697 S.W.2d at 783-84 (explaining that an appellate court must 

affirm a JNOV if it can be sustained on any ground set forth in the motion).

UNREPAID ADVANCES

In issue three, the Byuns argue that the trial court erred by granting JNOV on the grounds 

that the underlying agreements were illegal. Because this issue implicates the Byuns’ recovery of 

damages for advances made to the Hongs that were not repaid, we address issue three as to that 

topic.

Applicable Law

Section 61.018 of the Texas Labor Code provides that an employer may not withhold or 

divert any part of an employer’s wages unless the employer is ordered to do so by a court, is 

authorized by state or federal law to do so, or “has written authorization from the employee to 

deduct part of the wages for a lawful purpose.” TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 61.018 (West 2021). The 

Texas Administrative Code defines a “lawful purpose” as “one that is authorized, sanctioned, or 

not forbidden, by law.” 40 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 821.28(a)(3). In addition, the Texas 

Administrative Code states that “[i]f a wage advance is not recouped in the next regularly 

scheduled paycheck following the advance, the employer shall comply with § 61.018[.]” 40 TEX.

ADMIN. CODE § 821.29(c).

Analysis

The jury found that the Hongs failed to repay advances against unearned commissions and 

awarded damages of $10,794.62 to the Byuns. In their motion for JNOV, the Hongs’ sole argument 

regarding the damages for unearned commissions was that the advance agreement was illegal. 

Specifically, the Hongs argued that as to the Byuns’ claims for failure to repay advances, the Byuns 

“failed to satisfy the statutory requirements for an employer to advance unearned wages to an 

employee[,]” which the Hongs assert are contained in Chapter 61 of the Texas Labor Code as well 

as volume 40 of the Texas Administrative Code.
9

The Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) promulgated the Texas Payday Rules (the 

Rules), including Section 821.29, pursuant to its authority to interpret and enforce Chapter 61 of 

the Texas Labor Code (the Payday Law). See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 61.002 (West 2021) (stating 

that the TWC will administer and implement the statute); 40 TEX. ADMIN.CODE § 821.1 (providing 

that the purpose of the Rules is to implement and interpret the provisions of Chapter 61 of the 

Labor Code). The Payday Law “establishes an administrative system vesting authority in the 

[TWC] to govern the payment of wages by employers.” Holmans v. Transource Polymers, Inc., 

914 S.W.2d 189, 190 n.1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, writ denied). To make a wage claim under 

the Payday Law, an employee is required to “file a wage claim with the [TWC] . . . in a manner 

and on a form prescribed by the commission.” TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 61.051(a), (b) (West 2021).

An employee asserting a claim pursuant to the Payday Law may choose to either file an 

administrative claim with the TWC under the Payday Law or a common law breach of contract

claim in court. Abatement Inc. v. Williams, 324 S.W.3d 858, 864 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2010, pet. denied). “Common law claims and TWC claims are distinct remedial schemes, 

and a litigant must choose which one to pursue.” Id. A common law cause of action may be implied 

only when a legislative intent to do so appears in the statute. Id. We must strictly construe statutory 

enforcement schemes and “imply causes of action only when the legislative intent is clear from 

the language of the statute.” Id. “Chapter 61 provides a detailed administrative enforcement 

scheme and allows the possibility for enforcement by the attorney general, and nothing in the 

language of chapter 61 shows any intent to also allow a private action.” Id. Additionally, Chapter 

62 of the Payday Law explicitly provides for a private cause of action for failure to pay minimum 

wages, and the Legislature’s “express inclusion of a private right of action in chapter 62 and 

omission of that language in chapter 61 strongly suggests that the legislature did not intend a 

private right of action under chapter 61.” Id. at 864-65.

The appellate record does not indicate that the Hongs filed a claim with the TWC. Rather, 

the record demonstrates that the Hongs elected to assert defenses and a counterclaim in the Byuns’ 

lawsuit. The Hongs cite no authorities, and we are aware of none, that permit the provisions of 

Chapter 61 and the Rules promulgated by the TWC in the Texas Administrative Code to create or 

to govern private common law causes of action for breach of contract. See id.; Sbrusch, 818 

S.W.2d at 394 (appellate court may affirm a JNOV only on a ground asserted in the written motion 

for JNOV). We therefore conclude that the trial court erred by granting JNOV in favor of the 
10

Hongs based upon the alleged illegality of the advance agreement under Chapter 61 of the Texas 

Labor Code and the Texas Administrative Code. We sustain issue three. We therefore reverse the 

trial court’s JNOV that the Byuns take nothing on their claim for the unrepaid advances and render 

judgment in favor of the Byuns for damages of $10,794.62 in accordance with the jury’s findings.

SELLING INSURANCE POLICIES FOR OWN BENEFIT DURING EMPLOYMENT

In issue five, the Byuns argue that the trial court erred in granting JNOV as to the jury’s 

findings that the Hongs failed to comply with the agreement because they sold insurance policies 

for their own benefit while working at Aju and that the Byuns were entitled to damages of $297.09

as a result.

Applicable Law

A trial court may disregard a material jury finding only on written motion. TEX. R. CIV. P.

301; St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Bjornson, 831 S.W.2d 366, 369 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1992). 

If the trial court’s judgment notwithstanding the verdict can be upheld on any of the grounds 

asserted in the motion for JNOV, we must affirm the judgment. Sbrush, 818 S.W.2d at 394. A 

motion for JNOV must specifically identify the findings to be disregarded, present the reasons and 

authority for disregarding them, and request that the trial court either sign a judgment on the 

remaining findings, or, if all the findings are to be disregarded, a judgment contrary to all the 

findings. Dupree v. Piggly Wiggly Shop Rite Foods, Inc., 542 S.W.2d 882, 892 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 1976, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (op. on reh’g), disapproved on other grounds, Fifth Club, 

Inc. v. Ramirez, 196 S.W.3d 788, 796 (Tex. 2006); Bjornson, 831 S.W.2d at 369.

Analysis

Question two of the jury charge asked whether the parties agreed that the Hongs would not 

sell insurance policies for their own benefit while working at Aju. Question four contained three 

distinct parts, in which it asked whether the Hongs failed to comply with the agreement by (a) 

failing to repay advances against unearned commissions, (b) selling insurance policies for their 

own benefit while still associated with Aju, and (c) violating the covenant not to compete. Question 

nine asked what sum of money, if any, would fairly and reasonably compensate the Byuns for their 

damages, if any, that resulted from the Hongs’ sale of insurance policies for their own benefit 

while still associated with Aju. The jury found that (1) the Hongs and the Byuns agreed that the 

Hongs would not sell insurance policies for their own benefit while working at Aju, (2) the Hongs 
11

failed to comply with the agreement because they sold policies for their own benefit during their 

employment, and (3) the Byuns were entitled to damages of $297.09 as a result.

As discussed above, the charge asked the jury for separate determinations regarding failure 

to repay advances, selling insurance policies for their own benefit, and violating the covenant not 

to compete. The Hongs’ written motion for JNOV did not challenge the jury’s finding that the

Hongssold insurance policies for their own benefit while employed at Aju or the award of damages

to the Byuns in the amount of $297.09.

4 Rather, the Hongs’ motion for JNOV dealt only with the 

enforceability of the covenant not to compete and the alleged illegality of the advance agreement.

The trial court submitted the covenant not to compete and the Hongs’ obligation not to engage in 

other business except Amway while employed by Aju as separate, independent issues, and the 

parties’ agreement likewise set forth those provisions in different sections. The covenant not to 

compete purported to govern the parties’ relationship when the agreement terminated or became 

void, but the provision regarding not engaging in business other than Aju governed the parties’ 

relationship while the Hongs were employed at Aju. We conclude that because the Hongs’ written 

motion for JNOV did not challenge the jury’s findings regarding the Hongs’ sale of insurance 

policies for their own benefit during their employment at Aju and the resulting damages, the trial 

court improperly granted JNOV as to those jury findings. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 301; Dupree, 542

S.W.2d at 892; see also Westergren v. Nat’l Prop. Holdings, L.P.; 409 S.W.3d 110, 121-22 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013), aff’d in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 453 S.W.3d 

419 (Tex. 2015). We sustain issue five, reverse the trial court’s JNOV as to the jury’s answers to 

questions two, four, and nine, and render judgment in favor of the Byuns for $297.09. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 43.2, 43.3.

DISPOSITION

Having sustained issues three and five, we reverse the trial court’s take-nothing judgment

as to the jury’s findings that the Hongs failed to repay advances and sold insurance policies for 

their own benefit while employed by the Hongs, as well as with respect to the jury’s findings that 

the Byuns are entitled to damages of $10,794.62 and $297.09, and we render judgment in favor 

of the Byuns for $11,091.71 (the sum of those two amounts). See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(c), 43.3.

Having overruled issue two after concluding that the covenant not to compete is unenforceable 

4 The Hongs also did not respond in their appellate brief to the Byuns’ arguments regarding said jury findings.
12

because it is unreasonable, we affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment, which granted

JNOV as to the covenant not to compete and ordered that the Byuns take nothing as to their claim 

for violation of the covenant not to compete.

JAMES T. WORTHEN

Chief Justice

Opinion delivered February 16, 2022. Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.

(PUBLISH)
COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT

FEBRUARY 16, 2022

NO. 12-20-00184-CV

JAI S. BYUN AND KIM A. BYUN D/B/A AJU INSURANCE AGENCY,

Appellants

V.

SOON O. HONG AND SOOK NAM BYUN,

Appellees

Appeal from the 113th District Court

of Harris County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 2016-12589)

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed herein, 

and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this Court that there was error in judgment as 

entered by the court below and that same should be reversed and judgment rendered.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED by this Court that the 

trial court’s take-nothing judgment as to the jury’s findings that the Appellees failed to repay 

advances and sold insurance policies for their own benefit while employed by the Appellees, as 

well as with respect to the jury’s findings that the Appellants are entitled to damages of $10,794.62 

and $297.09, be reversed, and judgment rendered in favor of the Appellants for $11,091.71 (the 

sum of those two amounts); the remainder of the trial court’s judgment, which granted JNOV as 

to the covenant not to compete and ordered that the Appellants take nothing as to their claim for 
violation of the covenant not to compete is hereby affirmed. All costs of this appeal be, and the 

same are, adjudged against the Appellees, SOON O. HONG AND SOOK NAM BYUN, for 

which let execution issue; and that this decision be certified to the court below for observance.

James T. Worthen, Chief Justice. Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.