# Click here for DISCLAIMER Document starts on next pageUnited States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, DC 20460 EPA 440/5-88-001 February 1988 

# EPA Water 

# Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chloride-1988AMBIENT AQUATIC LIFE WATERQUALITY CRITERIA FOR CHLORIDE

U.S. ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY OFFICE OF RESEARCH

AND DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL

RESEARCHLABORATORY DULUTH, MINNESOTANOTICES

This document has been reviewed by the Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. NTIS accession No. PB88-175 047

iiFOREWORD

Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217) requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare that might be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. This document is a revision of proposed criteria based upon consideration of comments received from other Federal agencies, State agencies, special interest groups, and individual scientists. Criteria contained in this document replace any previously published EPA aquatic life criteria for the same pollutant(s). The term “water quality criteria” is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, section 304(a)(1) and section 303(c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In section 304, the term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects. Criteria presented in this document are such scientific assessments. If water quality criteria associated with specific stream uses are adopted by a State as water quality standards under section 303, they become enforceable maximum acceptable pollutant concentrations in ambient waters within that State. Water quality criteria adopted in State water quality standards could have the same numerical values as criteria developed under section 304. However, in many situations States might want to adjust water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human exposure patterns before incorporation into water quality standards. It is not until their adoption as part of State water quality standards that criteria become regulatory. Guidance to assist States in the modification of criteria presented in this document, in the development of water quality standards, and- in other water-related programs of this Agency has been developed by EPA.
William A. Whittington Director Office of Water Regulations and Standards

iiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Duane A. Benoit (author) Environmental Research Laboratory Duluth, Minnesota Charles E. Stephan (document coordinator) Environmental Research Laboratory Duluth, Minnesota

ivCONTENTS Page

Foreword ................................................. iii Acknowledgments ......................................................... iv Tables ......................................................... vi Introduction. ........................................................ 1 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals ...................................... 2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals ...................................... 3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ...................................... 4 5 5 6 7 National Criteria. ........................................................ Bioaccumulation ...................................... Other Data ...................................... Unused Data ...................................... Summary ...................................... 8 Implementat ion. ......................................................... 9 References. ........................................................................... 25

VTABLES

1. Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Aquatic Animals ................... 2. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Aquatic Animals ................... 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios ...................................... 4. Toxicity of Chloride to Aquatic Plants. ..................................... 5. Other Data on Effects of Chloride on Aquatic Organisms. .................. Page 11 16 17 19 22

viIntroduction

The major anthropogenic sources of chloride in surface waters are deicing salt, urban and agricultural runoff, and discharges from municipal wastewater plants, industrial plants, and the drilling of oil and gas wells (Birge et al. 1985; Dickman and Gochnauer 1978; Sonzogni et al. 1983). Beeton (1965) reported that concentrations of chloride had been rising in Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake Michigan since the early 1900s, and in Lake Huron since the 1950s, but Sonzogni et al. (1983) stated that the rate of change of chloride inputs to the Great Lakes had stabilized or decreased. Chloride has long received special attention from researchers interested in fish. In 1937, Ellis discussed the concept that “fresh-water fish tolerate an osmotic pressure of the external medium equal to that of their own blood if the various salts and substances in the water are balanced against each other so as to exclude the specific toxic effects” and presented supporting data. Chloride has been used as a nutrient and prophylactic for fish (Hinton and Eversole 1979; Phillips 1944). It has also been suggested for use as a reference toxicant (Adelman and Smith 1976a,b; Threader and Houston 1983). Because anthropogenic sources of chloride are unlikely to pose a threat to saltwater species, this document concerns effects on only freshwater species. Unless otherwise noted, all concentrations of chloride in water reported herein from toxicity and bioconcentration tests are expected to be essentially equivalent to dissolved chloride concentrations. All concentrations are expressed as chloride, not as the chemical tested. An understanding of the “Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses” (Stephan et al. 1985), hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines, and the response to public comment (U.S. EPA 1985a) is necessary in order to understand the 1following text, tables, and calculations. Results of such intermediate

calculations as recalculated LC50s and Species Mean Acute Values are given to four significant figures to prevent roundoff errors in subsequent calculations, not to reflect the precision of the value. The latest comprehensive literature search for information for this document was conducted in- August 1985; some more recent information was included. Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals Data that may be used, according to the Guidelines, in the derivation of a freshwater Final Acute Value for chloride are presented in Table 1. When compared on the basis of mg of chloride/L, the chlorides of potassium, calcium, and magnesium are generally more acutely toxic to aquatic animals than sodium chloride (Biesinger and Christensen 1972; Dowden 1961; Dowden and Bennett 1965; Hamilton et al. 1975; Patrick et al. 1968; Trama 1954). Only for sodium chloride, however, are enough data available to allow derivation of a water quality criterion. In addition, it seems likely that most anthropogenic chloride in ambient water is associated with sodium, rather than potassium, calcium, or magnesium (Dickman and Gochnauer 1978; Sonzogni et al. 1983). Results listed in Table 1 from Dowden and Bennett (1965), Hamilton et al. (1975). and Kostecki and Jones (1983) were obtained from 24- and 48-hr tests, rather than the 96-hr tests specified in the Guidelines. Use of such results is considered acceptable for chloride because the acute values changed little from 24 to 48 or 96 hours, depending on the species, in acute toxicity tests on chloride. For example, ratios of 24-hr and 48-hr LC50s for sodium chloride with a midge and a daphnid were 0.91 and 0.81, respectively (Dowden and Bennett 1965; Thornton and Sauer 1972). Reed and Evans (1981) obtained a 2ratio of 1.0 for 24-hr and 14-day LC50s determined with the channel catfish,

bluegill., and largemouth bass (Table 5). Adelman and Smith (1976a,b) and Adelman et al. (1976) obtained ratios of 24- and 96-hr LC50s of 0.74 and 0.97 with goldfish and fathead minnows, respectively, in tests in which the fish were fed (Table 5). Adult fingernail clams were more sensitive than juveniles (Anderson 1977), but for the American eel (Hinton and Eversole 1978) and the bluegill (Cairns and Scheier 1959) smaller organisms were slightly more sensitive than larger ones. No pronounced relationships have been observed between the acute toxicity of chloride to freshwater animals and hardness, alkalinity, or pH. Species Mean Acute Values (Table 1) were calculated as geometric means of the acute values from tests on sodium chloride, and then Genus Mean Acute Values (Table 3) were calculated as geometric means of the Species Mean Acute Values. Of the twelve genera for which acute values are available. the most sensitive genus, Daphnia, was only 6 times more sensitive than the most resistant, Anguilla. Invertebrates were generally more sensitive than vertebrates. The Final Acute Value for chloride was calculated to be 1,720 mg/L using the procedure described in the Guidelines and the Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3. The acute value for Daphnia pulex is lower than the Final Acute Value. Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals The available data that are usable according to the Guidelines concerning the chronic toxicity of chloride are presented in Table 2. In the life-cycle test with Daphnia pulex, survival was as good as in the control treatment at chloride concentrations up to 625 mg/L (Birge et al. 1985). At 314 mg/L, reproduction was as good as in the control, but at 441 and 625 mg/L, 3reproduction was reduced by 27 and 39%, respectively. Thus, the chronic

limits are 314 and 441 mg/L, the chronic value is 372.1 mg/L, and the acute-chronic ratio is 3.951. In an early life-stage test with rainbow trout, a chloride concentration of 2,740 mg/L killed all the exposed organisms (Spehar 1987). Survival was 54% at 1,324 mg/L, but was 97% or higher at 643 mg/L and at two lower concentrations and in the control treatment. The mean weights of the fish alive at the end of the test at 1,324 mg/L and the lower tested concentrations were within 5% of the mean weight of the fish in the control treatment. The chronic value and the acute-chronic ratio obtained with the rainbow trout were 922.7 mg/L and 7.308, respectively. In an early life-stage test with the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, Birge et al. (1985) found that weight was as good as in the control treatment up to a chloride concentration of 533 mg/L. Survival was reduced 9% by a concentration of 352 mg/L and was reduced 15% by 533 mg/L. The chronic value is 433.1 mg/L, and the acute-chronic ratio is 15.17: The three acute-chronic ratios available for chloride are 7.308, 15.17. and 3.951 (Table 3). The geometric mean of these three is 7.594, which is used as the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio. Division of the Final Acute Value by the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio results in a Final Chronic Value of 226.5 mg/L, which is substantially lower than all three chronic values in Table 2. Toxicity to Aquatic Plants Data on the toxicity of chloride to aquatic plants show a wide range of sensitivities (Table 4). The alga, Spirogvra setiformis, was extremely sensitive to the effects of chloride; inhibition of growth, chlorophyll, and fixation of 14C occurred at 71 mg/L (Shitole and Joshi 1984). Growth of 4Netrium digitus was affected at 200 mg/L, but the other sixteen tested species

were affected by concentrations ranging from 642 to 36,400 mg/L. A Final Plant Value, as defined in the Guidelines, cannot be obtained because no test in which the concentrations of chloride were measured and the endpoint was biologically important has been conducted with an important aquatic plant species. Eyster (1962) reported that a concentration of 0.18 mg/L stimulated the growth of many algae, and Sonzogni et al. (1983) discussed the possibility that concentrations above 10 mg/L might shift phytoplankton communities toward nuisance, taste-and-odor-causing blue-green algae. When chloride was added to a small stream at a concentration of 610 mg/L, the algal density decreased whereas the bacterial density increased. Although most of the data on toxicity of chloride to freshwater plants has been obtained with sodium chloride, some evidence indicates that a similar cation-anion toxicity relationship exists for both aquatic plants and animals. Patrick et al. (1968) demonstrated that potassium chloride was 2.3 times more toxic to a diatom than sodium chloride (Table 4), although calcium chloride was 1.3 times less toxic than sodium chloride. Tuchman and Stoermer (Manuscript a,b) found that potassium chloride had a greater inhibitory effect on algal population dynamics and nutrient uptake than sodium chloride. Bioaccumulation No data that are usable according to the Guidelines are available concerning the accumulation of chloride by freshwater species. Other Data Additional data on the lethal and sublethal effects of chloride on freshwater species are presented in Table 5. Anderson (1944.1948) and 5Biesinger and Christensen (1972) found the same cation-anion toxicity

relationship that is apparent in Table 1. Sreenivasan et al. (1979) reported that the rotifer, Brachionus rubens, tolerates chloride up to at least 1,400 mg/L. Wallen et al. (1957) reported that magnesium chloride-was less toxic to the mosquitofish than’sodium chloride: however, these tests were conducted in very turbid water and therefore the results might be atypical. A concentration of 13% sodium chloride in the diet of trout caused no ill effects, whereas 25 mg in gelatin capsules caused edema and death of brook trout (Phillips 1944). Food consisting of 12% sodium chloride did not affect growth of Atlantic salmon (Shaw et al. 1975). Hasan and Macintosh (1986) and Tomasso et al. (1980) reported that chloride reduced the acute toxicity of nitrite to fish. Unused Data Some data concerning the effects of chloride on aquatic organisms and their uses were not used because the tests were conducted with species that are not resident in North America (e.g., Coetzee and Hattingh 1977; Das and Srivastava 1978; Ferri and Sesso 1982; Katz and Ben-Sasson 1984; Meech and Thomas 1980; Schiewer 1974, 1984; Stangenberg 1975; Vaidya and Nagabhushanam 1979). Jennings (1976) compiled data from other sources. Data were not used when chloride was a component of an effluent (Birge et al. 1985). Reports by Batterton et al. (1972), Hosiaisluoma (1976), and Palmer and Maloney (1955) provided no usable data on the toxicity of chloride. Arnold (1974), Davis et al. (1972), and Edmister and Gray (1948) did not adequately describe their test procedures or results or both. Results of some laboratory tests were not used because the tests were conducted in distilled or deionized water without addition of appropriate 6salts (e.g., Kardatzke 1980, 1981; Lee 1973; Mahajan et al. 1979; Pappas and

Pappas 1983; Stamper 1969: Thornton and Wilhm 1974, 1975: Zaim and Newson 1979) or were conducted in chlorinated or “tap” water (e.g., Kumar and Srivastava 1981). Christensen (1971/72) and Christensen and Tucker (1976) exposed plasma or enzymes. Length of exposure was not reported by Batterton and Van Baalen (1971). High control mortalities occurred in tests reported by Lewis (1971). Tests conducted without controls (e.g., Vosjan and Siezen 1968) or with too few test organisms (e.g., Leblanc and Surprenant 1984) were also not used. Hughes (1968, 1973) did not adequately acclimate the test organisms. Ten-day LC50s (Threader and Houston 1983) were not used because the fish had not been fed during the tests. Many studies were not used because they addressed the metabolism, regulation, or transport, rather than toxicity. of chloride (e.g., Carrasquer et al. 1983; Castille and Lawrence 1981; De Renzis and Maetz 1973; Greenway and Setter 1979a,b; Hinkle et al. 1971; Konovalov 1384; McCormick and Naiman 1984; Ooshima and Oguri 1974; Perry et al. 1984; Shomer-Ilan and Waisel 1976; Sullivan et al. 1981; Ticku and Olsen 1977). Some references were not used because they were foreign-language reports for which no translation was available and no useful data could be obtained from the English abstracts (e.g., Frahm 1975; Mushak 1968; Schiewer 1976; Turoboyski 1960). Summary Although few data are available concerning the toxicity of any chloride salt other than sodium chloride, the data that are available indicate that, when compared on the basis of mg of chloride/L, the chlorides of potassium, calcium,. and magnesium are generally more toxic to freshwater species than sodium chloride. Based on tests on sodium chloride, the acute sensitivities 7of freshwater animals to chloride ranged from 1,470 mg/L for Daphnia pulex to

11,940 mg/L for the American eel. Invertebrate species were generally more sensitive than vertebrates. Results from tests with a variety of species show that if freshwater animals do not die within the first 24 hr of the test, they probably will not die during periods ranging from 48 hr to 11 days. No relationships have been observed between the acute toxicity of chloride to freshwater animals and hardness, alkalinity, pH, or life-stage of the test organisms. A life-cycle test with Daphnia pulex and early life-stage tests with the rainbow trout and fathead minnow produced chronic values of 372.1, 922.7, and 433.1 mg/L, respectively. The acute-chronic ratios were calculated to be 3.951 for Daphnia pulex, 7.308 for rainbow trout, and 15.17 for the fathead minnow. Freshwater plants were affected at concentrations of chloride ranging from 71 to 36,400 mg/L. No data are available concerning bioaccumulation of chloride by freshwater organisms. National Criteria The procedures described in the “Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses” indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if-the four-day average concentration of dissolved chloride, when associated with sodium, does not exceed 230 mg/L more than once every three years on the average and if the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 860 mg/L more than once every three years on the average. This criterion probably will not be adequately protective when the chloride is associated with potassium, calcium, or magnesium, rather than sodium. In 8addition, because freshwater animals have a narrow range of acute

susceptibilities to chloride, excursions above this criterion might affect a substantial number of species. Implementation As discussed in the Water Quality Standards Regulation (U.S. EPA 1983a) and the Foreword to this document, a water quality criterion for aquatic life has regulatory impact only after it has been adopted in a State water quality standard. Such a standard specifies a criterion for a pollutant that is consistent with a particular designated use. With the concurrence of the U.S. EPA, States designate one or more uses for each body of water or segment thereof and adopt criteria that are consistent with the use(s) (U.S. EPA 1983b, 1987). In each standard a State may adopt the national criterion, if one exists, or, if adequately justified, a site-specific criterion. Site-specific criteria may include not only site-specific criterion concentrations (U.S. EPA 1983b), but also site-specific, and possibly pollutant-specific, durations of averaging periods and frequencies of allowed excursions (U.S. EPA l985b). The averaging periods of “one hour” and “four days” were selected by the U.S. EPA on the basis of data concerning how rapidly some aquatic species react to increases in the concentrations of some pollutants, and “three years” is the Agency’s best scientific judgment of the average amount of time aquatic ecosystems should be provided between excursions (Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. EPA 1985b). However, various species and ecosystems react and recover at greatly differing rates. Therefore, if adequate justification is provided, site-specific and/or pollutant-specific concentrations, durations, and frequencies may be higher or lower than those given in national water quality criteria for aquatic life, 9Use of criteria, which have been adopted in State water quality

standards, for developing water quality-based permit limits and for designing waste treatment facilities requires selection of an appropriate wasteload allocation model. Although dynamic models are preferred for the application of these criteria (U.S. EPA 1985b), limited data or other considerations might require the use of a steady-state model (U.S. EPA 1986). Guidance on mixing zones and the design of monitoring programs is also available (U.S. EPA 1985b, 1987).

10Table t. Acute Toxicity of Cltoride to Aquatic Animats
Species
Snail, Phvso avrino Snail, Phvsa heterostropha Fingernail clam (adult >5 cm), Musculium tronsversum [ingernoi I clam (adult >5 cm), Uusculium transversum Fingernai I clam (juvenile tS cm), Uusculium transversum Fingernoi I clam (juvenile <5 cm), Musculium transversum Fingernoi I clam (juvenile t5 cm), Musculium transversum Clodoceran (1st instar) Daphni a maqna Met hoda Chemicul

I, M

s, u

s, M

s, u

s. M

s. M

5. w

5. u Sod i um

chloride Potassium chloride Potassium chloride Pot ass i urn chloride Potassium chloride Potasri urn chloride Potassium chloride Sod i um chloride Hardness LCSO (m!t/L 0s or EC50 CoC03L IdL)b FRESHWATER SPCCIES Species Mean Acute Value Ilee/L)c Reference

100 2,540 2,540 8irge et al. 1985

451 Academy oi Natural Sciences 1960; Patrick et al 1968 263

243

263

243

234 I 68 Anderson I977

254 Anderson I977

472 Anderson I977

907 Anderson I977
I, 655’ Anderson I977

~2.562~ Anderson 1946

11Table I (continued) Hardness (4 as B3L LCSO

or EC50 ~mamb I71 Spec i es Yeon

Acute Value flea/LIC Reference hod’ Yet Chericol s, u Potassium

chloride Species Douden I961 Clodoceron, Dophnio mogno s, u Calcium chloride 486 Douden I961 Cladoceran. Dophnia w 5. u Sod i um chloride 2,024 Douden I961 Cladoceran, Dophnia moqna 5. u Calcium chloride 1,923 Dowden and Bennetf I965 Ctodoceran, Daphnio w 5. u Yagnes i urn chloride 2,774 Dowden and Bennett I965 Cladoceran, Dophnia mogno 5, u Sodium chloride 3.583 Dorden and Bennett I965 Cladoceron, Daphnia w 5. u Potassium chloride 45 45
45
45 66 Biesinger ond Christensen 1972 Cladoceran, Daphnio w 5, u Calcium chloride 92 Biesinger and Christensen 1972 Cladoceron, Dophnio mapna 5, u Yagnes i urn chloride 409 Biesinger and Christensen 1972 Cladoceran, Daphnio mogno 5. u Sod i urn chloride 2,565 2.650 Diesinger ond Christensen 1972 Clodoceron, Dophnia magna

12Table I. (continued) Hardness (w/L 0s coco3) 93 LCSU

or EC50 Species Yean

Acute Value IaglL)C 1,470 Met hoda R, M Reference Birge et 01. 1985 Chemicut Species Sodium chloride I.470 Cl adoceron, Dophnia pulex Birge et al. 1985 F. u Sodium

chloride I 00 2.950 2,950 lsopod, Lirceus fontinalis 4. 03gf Homilton et al. 1975 s, u Sod i um

chloride I24 4.039 Caddisfly. Hvdroptila anausta 6.222’ s. u Sod i UIII

chloride 6,222 Dowden ond Benneti I965 Mosquito (lorvo), Culex sp. Sod i um chloride 4,900 4,900 Thornton and Sauer I972 Homilton et al. 1975 s, u Midge, Chironomus attenuatus s, u Potassium chloride I24 1,434 Uidge, Cricotopus trifascia Hamilton et al. 1975 s, u Sod i um

chloride I24 3,795 3,795 Midge, Cricotopus trifascia Hintan and Eversale I978 Hintan and Eversale I979 s. u Sad i WI

chlar-ide 44 10.900 American eel (55 mm), Anquilla rostrata Sad i UIII chloride 44 I 3.1185 I I ,940 American eel (97 2 mm), Anquillo rastrata 3, 336g R. U Kastecki and Jones I983 Spehar I987 Sod i UIII chlol ide Rainbow trout, Salmo qairdneri 6,743 Sod i UN chloride 46 6,743 Rainbow trout, Salma gairdneri 13Table 1. (continued) Hardness (w/L 0s CoC03L LC50 or EC50 j.*lLlb 8, 388g Species Mean

Acute Vol ue LaP/L)c bod’ Yet
s. u

s, u f, y

s. u bee i es ReC ereace Cbemicol Sod i um chloride Dorden and Bennett I965 Goldfish, Corossius auratus 9,455h 8,906 Sod i urn chloride 149

100
39 39 39 Threader and Houston I983 Goldfish, Corassius ouratus Sodium chloride 6,570 6,570 Birge et al I985 fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Potassium chloride 956 Trama 1954 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus 5, u 5, u s, u s, u s. u 6.804 Trama 1954

Calcium chloride Bluegill, Lepomis mocrochirus Sod i um chloride 7,846 Trama 1954 Bluegill. Lepomis macrochirus Calcium chloride 6.080 Cairns and Scheier I959 Bluegill (3.9 cm), JeDomis mocrochirus Calci urn chloride 6,080 Cairns and Scheier 1959 Bluegill (6.1 cm), Le.pomi s macrochi rus Ca I c i um chloride 7,232 Cairns and Scheier 1959 Bluegill (14.2 cm), Lepomis macrochirus 5, u Potossium chloride 965 Academy al Natural Sciences 1960; Patrick et al. 1968 Bluegill, Lepomis mocrochirus
14Table I. (continued) Species Bluegill. Lepami s mocroch i rus Yet hod’ s, u Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus St u Bluegill, Lepomis macrachirus s, u Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus s, u Bluegill, Lenamis macrochirus 8tuegill. Lepomis macrochirus s, u f. M Cheni col

Calcium chloride Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Calcium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium chloride Hardness (w/L 0s CoC03L LC50 or EC50 jImalL) b Species Mean

Acute Value (mqlL1c 6,816
7,897
2,640g Dowden and Bennett I965 5,3449 Dowden and Benneff I965 8,6169 Dowden and Bennett I965 IO0 5.870 5,870 Reference Academy of Natural Sciences 1960; Patrick et al. 1968 Academy of Natural Sciences 1960; Patrick et al. 1968

Birge et al. 1985

a S q static; R = renewal; f = flaw-through; U = unmeasured; M = measured b Concentration ot chloride not the chemical ’ Only data obtained with sodium chloride were used in calculation of Species Mean Acute Values Data far other salts are presented far comparison purposes ahty. d Test temperature = 7°C; the other tests with this species were at 17°C. e Not used in calculations because quantitative values are available far this species. I This value is from a 48-hr test (‘;oc text) 9 This value i> from a 24-hr test (:;ar text) h lhis value *a’. der i wed f I om the pub I i ,.heJ graph 15Table 2. Chronic Toxicity of Cbloride to Apuotic Aaimels
Spec i es Hardness (4 0s u Chemical EaC0&- FRESHWATER SPECIES Cladoceron, Dophnio pulex Rainbow trout, gairdneri Solmo fathead minnow, Pimepholes promelas LC ELS ILS Sodium

chlar ide Sodium chloride Sodium chloride I 00
46 I 00 Limits Chronic Value

(mlJ& Ima/LI ReC ereace

314-441 372. I Dirge et al. 1985
643-l ,324 922.7 Spehar I987
352-533 433. I Birge et al. 1985

a LC = life-cycle or partiol life-cycle; ELS = early life-stage. b Measured concentrations of chloride.
Acute-Chronic Ratio
Species Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex Rainbow trout, Salma gairdneri Hardness (mg/L 0s Acute Value CaC03) [ma/L) I 00 1,470
46 6,743 fathead minnow, Pimephales promela:; IOU 6,570 Chronic Value (ma/L) 372 I
922 7
433 I Ratio 3.951 7,308
I5 17

16Table 3. Ranted Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios

Ranta Genus Yeon

Acute Value Imq/L) Spec i es Spec i es Yean Species Mean Acute Voiue Acute-Chronic fma/L)b Rat i oc FRESHWATER SPCCIES 12 11,940
II 8,906 IO 6,743 9 6,570 0 6,222
7 5.070 6 4,900
5 4,039
4 3,795 3 2.95fl
2 2,541) American eel, Anquilla rastrata Galdf ish, Carassius auratus Rainbow trout, Salmo qairdneri Fat head mi nnow, Pimepholes promelas Mosquito, m sp. Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Midge, Chironomus attenuatus Caddisfly. Hydroptilo anqusta Midge, Cricotopus trifascia Isopad, Lireus fontinalis Snai I, qyr i na Physa I I ,941l 0,906 6,743 6.5713 6,222 5,070 4.9uu 4,059 3,795 2,951l 2,5411 7.308 15.17

17Table 3. (continued) Genus Mean Acute Value RantO frq/L) Spec i es I 1,974 Cladoceran, Daphnia maqna Cladoceran. Daphnia pulex Spec i es Year Acute ye Imall Species Mean Acute-Chronic Rat i oc 2,650 1,470 3.951

a Ranted from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value b From Table I. ’ From Table 2 final Acute Value = 1,720 mg/L Criterion Maximum Concentration = (1,720 mg/L) / 2 = 860.0 mg/l final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 7.594 (see text) Final Chronic Value = (1,720 mg/l) / 7.594 = 226 5 mg/L
18Table 4. Toxicity of Chloride to Aquofic Plants Species Chemical Alga, Sodium Anacystis nidulans chloride Alga, Sodium Anoboena variabilis chloride Alga, Sodium Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloride Alga. Sodium Chlorello emersonii chloride Alga, Sodium Chlorello fusca Cusca chloride Alga, Sodium Chlorel lo rusco rubescens chloride Alga. Sodium Chlorella fusca vacuolato chloride Alga. Sodium Chlorella kessleri chloride Alga, Sodium Chlorella luteoviridis chloride Duration (davs) Effect Corcentrat ion (lna/L)a

4 Growth inhibition >24,300 Schiewer 1974
4 Growth inhibition 14.300 Schiewer 1974 3-6 Growth inhibition 3.014 Reynoso et al. 1982 8-14 Growth inhibition 7,000 Setter et al. 1982 20 Growth inhibition 18.200 Kessler 1974
28 Growth inhibition 24,300 Kessler 1974 28
20
28 Growth inhibition 24,300 Kessler 1974

Growth inhibition 18,200 Kessler 1974 Growth inhibition 36,4Oll Kessler 1974 FRESHWATER SPECIES Reference

19Table 4. (continued) Species Alga, Chlorelta minutissima Alga, Chlorel lo orotothecoides Alga, Chlorella sacchoroDhilio Alga, Chlorella vulqoris Alga, Chlorella vulqaris Alga. Chlorella vulqaris tertia Algo, Chlorelta vulqaris vulqaris Alga, Chlorello zofinqiensis Alga, Pithophora oedoqonia Algo, Spiroqvra setiformis Desmid, diqitus Netrium Chemical Sodium chloride Sodi urn chloride Sodi urn chloride Potassium chloride Sod i urn chloride Sod i urn chloride Sodium chloride Sodium chloride Sodi urn chloride Sod i urn chloride Sod i urn chloride Ourat ion (davs) 20 20
28 90-l 20 90-I 20
20 20 20 IO

IO

21 EC Tect

Growth inhibition Growth inhibition Growth inhibition Growth inhibition Growth inhibition Growth inhibition Growth inhibition Growth inhibition Inhibition of i;;w!t, chlorophyl I C fixation Inhibition of ,‘:;w!i, chlorophyl I C fixation Growth inhibition Concentration Ima/LIO 12, IOU
30.300 30,300
23.800 24.100 18,200 24,300 12,100 886

71

2LIO Reference

Kessler 1974 Kessler 1974 Kessler 1974 De Jong 1965 De Jong 1965 Kessler I974 Kessler 1974 Kessler 1974 Shitole ond Joshi 1984

Shitole and Joshi 1984

Hasiaisluoma 1976 20Table 4. (continued) Species Chemi col Desmid, Sodium Netrium diqitus chloride Diatom, Nitzschia Iinearis Potassium chloride Diatom, Nitzschio Iinearis Calcium chloride Diatom, Nitzschia linearis Sodium chloride Eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicotum Sodium chloride Eurosian wotermilfoil. Myriophyllum spicatum Sodium chloride Angiosperm (seed), Potamoqeton pectinatus Sodium chloride Angiosperm (9-wt old plants), Potomoqeton pectinatus Sodium chloride Angiosperm (l3-wk old plants), Potomoqeton pect i not us Sodium chloride Durot ion (davs) Effect 21 Growth inhibition Concentration (mq/L)” 250
5 EC50 642

5 EC50 2,003

5 EC50 I, 482

32 50% reduction in

dry weight 3,617 Stonley 1974 32 50% reduction in

dry weight 4,964 Stanley 1974 28 35 Reduced germination 1,820 Teeter 1965

Reduced dry weight 1,620 Teeter I965

35 Reduced shoots and

dry weight 1,820 Reference Hosioisluomo 1976 Academy of Natural Sciences 1960; Patrick et al. 1966 Academy of Natural Sciences 1960; Patrict et 01. 1968 Academy of Natural Sciences 1960; Patrick et al. 1968

Teeter I965

a Concentration al chloride, not the chemical 21Table 5. Other Data on Effects of Cbloride OR Aquatic Organisms

SIMC i es Cbmicol Hardness b9/L 0s A@& Durot ion Effect FRESHWATER SPECIES Alga. Chlorello nvrenoidoso Sodi urn chloride Protozoan, Paramecium tetraurelio Sodium chloride Cladoceran (1st instar), Potassium Daohnia maana chloride Cladoceran (1st instar). Calcium Dophnia mouno chloride Cladoceran (1st instar), Sodium Daohnia lnaana chloride Cladoceran, Dophnia ~OQ~Q Potossium chloride Clodoceran, Daphnio maana Calcium chloride Cladoceron, Dophnia w Magnes i urn chloride Clodoceran, Daohnia manna Sodium chloride Cladocer,an, Dophni o rn~~n~ Potassium chloride 45 24. hr Inhibited grout h
5 days 171. reduction in

cell division 16 hr LCSI I6 hr LC50 I6 hr LCSO 64 hr Incipient

inhibition 64 hr Incipient

inhibition 64 hr Incipient

inhibition 64 hr Incipient

inhibition 21 days Reproductive

impairment Concentration Idl)o Ref ererce

301

35nb
179 053 3,747 207 589
555 2,245
44c Kal inkino, 1979; Kol inkina

and Strogonov 1980 Kalinkina et al. 1978 Cronkite et al. 1985 Anderson 1944 Anderson I944 Anderson I944 Anderson 1948 Anderson 1946 Anderson I946 Anderson I948 Biesinger and Christensen 1972

22Toble 5. (continued) Hardness (w/l- as Concentrot ion Species Chemical CoC03L Durot ion Effect (me/L)’ Reference Biesinger and Christensen 19.72 Biesinger ond Christensen I972 Biesinger and Christensen I972 Hamilton et al. 1975 45 21 days Reproductive impairment 206’ Cladoceran, Calcium Daphnio manna chloride 45 21 days Reproductive impairment 23gc Cladoceron. Yagnes i urn Dophni o magna chloride Clodocaran, Sod i urn Dophni o maqno chloride 45 21 days Reproductive impairment I ,062’ Coddisfly, Potassium Hvdroptilo onausta chloride I24 48 hr LC5U 2,119 Goldfish. Sodium Corassius auratus chloride 24 hr 96 hr LC50 (fed) 6,037

LC5U (fed) 4,453 Threshold LC50 4,442 Adelman and Smith 1976o,b Adelman et al. 1976 Shiners, Sodium Notronis sp. chloride 5 days Reduced survi vol 1,525 Van Horn et al. 1949 Fotheod minnor (II wk), Sod i urn 24 hr Pimapholes promelas chloride 96 hr LC50 (fed) 4,790 LC50 (led) 4.640 Threshold LC5ll 4 640 Adelman and Smith 19760 b Adelmon et al, 1976
412 Channel cotfish, Sodium lctolurus punctotus chloride 24 hr 14 days LC50 (fed) 8,000 0) 000 Reed and Evans 1961 Yosquitofish, Potassium 24 hr LC5Ud 4,800 Cambusio offinis chloride 96 hr 442 Wallen et al. 1957 Mosquitofish, Calcium 24 hr LC511d 6,576 Combusio ofrinis chloride 96 hr 8.576 Wollen et al I957
24 hr LC5Ud I4,116U 96 hr 12.370 Yosquitofish, Yagnes i urn Gambusia alfinis chloride Wallen et al. 1957
23Table 5. (cootirued) Hardness

SPA i OS Chemical Yosquitofish, Sodium Cambusia offinis chloride Duration Ef fact 24 hr LC50d 96 hr Concentration

_ fma/L)” 11,040 10,710 Ref eremce Wallen et 01. 1957 Bluegill, Lepomis mocrochirus Sodium chloride 412 24 hr I4 days LCSO (fed) 8,000 8,000 Reed and Evans t98f Lorgemouth boss (juvenile), Sodium Yicronterus solmoidas chloride 412 24 hr I4 days LCSO (fed) 8,500 8,500 Reed and Evans 1981

” Concentration of chloride, not the chemical b This value was derived from the published groph ’ Concentrations not measured in test solutions d Turbidity = ~25 to 320 mg/L.

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39