Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

 1977 Annual Administrative Report

Introductory Note By Thomas L. Wright and Jennifer S. Nakata

Compiled By Jennifer S. Nakata

Summary 77

January to December 1977

By Robert Y. Koyanagi, Karen Meagher, 

Fred W. Klein, and Gary S. Puniwai

Chronological Summary

By John P. Lockwood

Open-File Report 2007-1337

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Mark D. Myers, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007

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INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Summaries have been published in the current format since 1956. The Quarterly 

Summaries (1956 through 1973) and the Annual Summaries (1974 through 1985) were originally published as Administrative Reports. These reports have been compiled and published as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports. 

The quarterly reports have been combined and published as one annual summary. All the summaries from 1956 to 

the present are now available as .pdf files at http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod.

The earthquake summary data are presented as a listing of origin time, depth, magnitude, and other location parameters. Network instrumentation, field station sites, and location algorithms are described. Tilt and other deformation 

data are included until Summary 77, January to December 1977. From 1978, the seismic and deformation data are 

published separately, due to differing schedules of data reduction. 

There are eight quarters—from the fourth quarter of 1959 to the third quarter of 1961—that were never published. 

Two of these (4th quarter 1959, 1st quarter 1960) have now been published, using handwritten notes of Jerry Eaton 

(HVO seismologist at the time) and his colleagues. The seismic records for the remaining six summaries went back to 

California in 1961 with Jerry Eaton. Other responsibilities intervened, and the seismic summaries were never prepared.

Chronology

The following Kïlauea eruption chronology covers the two recent reports and the six missing quarters:

Location Beginning Date Ending Date Comment

Kïlauea Iki crater (Kïlauea’s summit) 11/14/1959 12/20/1959 19 eruptive episodes

Kapoho (lower east rift zone) 1/13/1960 2/18/1960 4 eruption stages

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 2/24/1961 2/24/1961 Intermittent activity during 

uninterrupted inflation following the 1960 eruption

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 3/22/1961 3/25/1961 Same as above.

Halemaumau (Kïlauea’s summit) 7/10/1961 7/17/1961 Same as above.

Heiheiahulu (middle east rift zone) 9/22/1961 9/25/1961 First historical east rift eruption at this location

The 1959-1960 eruptions were among two of the most spectacular Kïlauea eruptions. The HVO staff was kept busy 

with acquisition of unusually high quantities of instrumental data and observations of the two sequences, which 

were separated by less than one month. Even with a year’s interval before the beginning of the summit-east rift sequence in 1961, the staff never caught up, and the seismic records were set aside for later study. 

A total of 1,672 earthquakes—1,106 for 1960 and 566 for 1961—are part of HVO’s cataloged database. The annual 

listings have been appended to the 1st Quarter Report of 1960 and to the 4th Quarter Report for 1961. The number of 

earthquakes is probably low, biased toward the larger magnitudes. The entire HVO catalog, including 1960 and 1961, 

is accessible from the ANSS CATALOG SEARCH site at http://www.ncedc.org/anss/catalog-search.

 Thomas L. Wright and Jennifer S. Nakata 
UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY

SUMMARY 77

JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1977

This report is preliminary and has not been

edited or reviewed for conformity with

Geological Survey standards and nomenelatu"

M~nlo Park, California

/978
UNITED STATES

D£PARTMrnT OF 11lE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY

SUMMARY 77

JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1977

BY

ROBERT Y. KOYANAGI, KAREli MEAGHER·, FRED W. KLEIN-,

AND GARY S. PUNIWAI

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY

BY

JOHN P. LO(](WOOD

OBSERVATORY STAFF

GEOLOGY

DANIEL DZURISIN

GORDON P. EATON (SCIENTIST-IN-CHARGE)

JOHN P. LO(](WOOD

RICHARD B. MOORE

GEOPHYSICS

LrnNART A. ANOERSON

KENNETH T. HONMA

GEORGE KOJIMA

ROBERT Y. KOYANAGI

ERWIN MCPHERSON, JR.

JENNIFER S. NAKATA

GARY S. PUNIWAI

IRENE S. TAKAYESU

GEOCHEMISTRY

REGINALD T. OKAMURA

SUPPORT

JOHN C. FORBES

WILLIAM E. FRANCIS

RONALD Y. HANATANI

JACK E. HARRIS

MARIE S. ONOUYE

MAURICE K. SAKO

AKIRA YAMAMOTO

KENNETH M. YAMASHITA

KA THLEEN A. YOGI

.OFFICE OF EARTHQUAKE SWDIES, MmLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
CONT~TS

Introduction.. . ... . . . . . .. .. .•. . . . . . .•... .. . .•.. . .. .•.. .. ...•.••. 1

Chronological SUDIll3.ry........................................... 2

Seismic Instrumentation......................................... 4

Figure 1 Hap of Hawaii showing geographic and geologic

features.. . .. .. . . . .. . . ... . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .... .... . 5

Figure 2 Hap of Hawaii showing active seismic stations..... 6

Table 1 Seismic stations on Hawaii operated by the USGS... 7

Table 2 Seismic instrumentation types 1n use by HVO....... 8

Figure 3 System response curve of the four basic seisIOOgraph types in use by HVO....................... 9

Seismic Data Processing......................................... 10

Figure 4 Relationship between duration time and local

magnitude......... 11

Seismic Summary................................................. 12

Table 3 Number of earthquakes and minutes of tremor

recorded on seismographs around Kilauea .

Figure 5 Epicenter map of Hawaii showing only magnitudes

larger than 3 .

Figure 6 Epicenter map of Hawaii showing all earthquakes...

Figure 7 Epicenter map of the KilauealMauna Loa region

showing only magnitudes larger than 3 .

Figure Epicenter map of the KilauealMauna Loa region

showing all ear thquakes .

Figure 9 Map of Hawaii showing geographic codes used for

classifying earthquakes by region .

Table 4 Coordinates of named regions used for classifying

earthquakes .

Table 5 List of all located earthquakes.......••........•.

III

13

27

27

28

29

30

31

33
Table b

CONTENTS (continued)

List of located earthquakes magnitude 3.5 and

larger . 64

Tilt Instrumentation............................................ 67

Tilting of the ground around Kilauea Caldera.................... 68

Table 7 Weekly tilt coordinates at Uwekahuna .........••...

Table Water-tube tilt stations in Hawaii .

Table 9 Tilt coordinates and changes, September 197bMay 1977 ..............•...........................

Figure 10 Tilt vectors around Kilauea, September 197bMay 1977 .

Table 10 Tilt coordinates and changes, May-August,

1977 .....•.....................................•..

Figure 11 Tilt vectors around Kilauea, May-August,

1977 .....•........................................

Table 11 Tilt coordinates and change, August-December,

1977 .•............................................

Figure 12 Tilt vectors around Kilauea, August-December,

1977 .

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

References cited............................................ 76

IV
INTRODUCTION

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVD) summaries present data gathered

during the year together with a chronological narrative intended to describe

in geologic terms the volcanic activity associated with the seismic events and

tilt data included. The seismic, tilt, and chronological summaries are

offered without interpretation as a source of preliminary data. The seismic

summary is complete in the sense that all data routinely gathered by the

observatory are included. The emphasis 1n collection of tilt and deformation

data has recently shifted from quarterly measurements at a few water-tube tilt

stations ("wet" tilt) to a larger number of continuously recording borehole

tiltmeters and repeated measurements at numerous spirit-level tilt stations

("dry" tilt). To maintain continuity with past summaries, we will continue to

publish weekly data from the Uwekahuna vault tiltmeter (Kilauea summit) and

from water-tube tilt stations as they are reoccupied. A comprehensive summary

of the numerous and varied tilt and deformation data now gathered is beyond

the scope of this publication.

The HVO summaries have been published in various formats since 1956.

Summaries prior to 1974 were issued quarterly, but cost, convenience of

preparation and distribution, and the large Quantities of data dictated an

annual format beginning with summary 74 (Koyanagi, et al.) for the year 1974.

Summary 74 includes an extensive description of the seismic instrumentation,

calibration and processing used in recent years. The present summary includes

enough background information on the seismic network and processing to use the

data and understand the essentials of how it was gathered.

Publication of the summary represents a group effort by the staffs of the

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the National Center for Earthquake Research

in Menlo Park, California.

1
Chronolo9ical Summary-1977

John P. Lockwood

Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes both were known to be inflating as 1977

began. Seismic activity was at a low level beneath Mauna Loa, but

microearthquakes were numerous beneath Kilauea's caldera and upper east rift

lone. Although small amounts of lava had reached Kilauea's surface in

response to the M=7.2 earthquake of 29 November, 1975, no significant eruption

had occurred on this volcano since 31 December, 1975. This was the longest

period of Kilauea eruptive quiescence since 1955-59.

On the evening of 8 February, however, at 1850 hours, several felt

earthquakes signalled the onset of a seismic crisis that was to last for seven

hours. During this period the Ideal-Aerosmith ti1tmeter recorded a

precipitous 7 rad deflation at Kilauea's summit, hence an eruption was

anticipated. Lava never reached the surface. however. Geodetic measurements

during the following days revealed that a major intrusion of lava had occurred

in the upper east rift zone between Kokoo1au and Pauahi craters. Geodimeter

lines across the intrusive zone showed extension up to 25 cm. Continuously

recording tiltmeters also documented the transfer of magma from Kilauea's

summit to her upper east rift. Electrical self-potential, magnetometer, and

strain measurements on open cracks in the area. combined with the geodetic and

seimic data. make this magma-transfer episode the best-documented such event

in Kilauea's history.

The Mauna Loa summit geodimeter network was reoccupied in July. and a

significant decrease in the rate of inflation was observed. On Kilauea,

however. geodimeter, tilt. and levelling surveys documented that a significant

inflation had occurred near Heiheiahu1u, a 1750 (?) satellite shield on the

middle east rift zone. Microearthquakes were also abnormally frequent near

Heiheiahu1u. This new information and the events of 8 February now amply demonstrated that magma was no longer being stored for long periods in a

holding reservoir beneath Kilauea's summit--the ligate va1ve" to the east rift

zone was open, and magma was now entering the rift zone (Dzurisin and others, 1979).

Another seismic crisis began on the evening of 12 September at 2130

hours, and precipitous deflation of Kilauea's summit was recorded by

ti1tmeters again. as on 8 February. This time deflation continued, however,

and seismic activity accompanied by harmonic tremor demonstrated subsurface

magma migration well east of the 8 February intrusion area. Twenty-two hours

later, shortly after 1900 hours on 13 September, glow was sighted on the

middle east rift zone by a fisherman at sea. Aerial inspection that evening

showed that an en echelon set of low fountains was erupting from a three-km10n9 zone between Puu Kalalua and Puu Kauka. During the night the zone of

ground cracking and discontinuous, short-lived fountaining lengthened to about

5.5 km. but by morning fountaining was restricted to an area near the eastern

end of the active zone. A lava flow moved about a kilometer southeast and

2
threatened an isolated ranch house by the evening of 15 September. Eruptive

activity waxed and waned for the next several days, until on 18 September a

new vent opened on the west end of the active zone, west of Kalalua. Eruptive activity was irregular and minor for the next week, and no lava was erupted on

21, 22, 24, or 25 September. On the early morning of 26 September a major eruptive phase began at

vents near the middle of the active zone at 590 melevation. Fountains varied

from 50-130 m in height and a major lava flow headed east-northeast. On 28

September it turned south-southeast, toward the coastal village of Kalapana.

Almost all lava produced by the 26 September vent was now channeled into the

Kalapana flow, and the flow advanced at 20-300 m/hr., reaching 365 melevation

by day's end. By the end of 2g September, the flow had reached about 140 m

elevation. The flow continued to advance toward Kalapana slowly and on 30

September, the decision was made to evacuate the village. Various methods to

attempt lava diversion in order to protect the village were discussed, but the

probability of success was considered so low that it was decided to let the

lava run its course.

On the morning of 1 October, the eruptive fountains appeared to be

waning, and the lava flow began to thicken and widen above Kalapana, greatly slowing its rate of advance. The fountains ceased activity at 1610 hours, and

advance of the flow front slowed to less than 1 m/day by 3 October. All

forward movement of the flow front had ceased by the end of October. The flow

front stopped at 43 melevation, less than 700 mfrom the nearest home in its

path, after advancing 10 k~ from its eruptive source. The 1977 eruption of

Kilauea6

waj now over; 8 km of rain forest had been covered by approximately

35 x 10 m of new lava, and a 35 m-high spatter cone, named Puu Kia'i,

had been built at the site of the principal (26 September-10 October) vent.

After a week of diminishing harmonic tremor, Kilauea seismicity returned to

low levels, and the northern part of the summit area began to reinflate at a

steady rate.

Occupation of the Mauna Loa geodetic net at year1s end showed this

volcano was also reinflating, at the same rate that had prevailed prior to the

diminished rate noted in July. This inflation was not accompanied by any noticeable increase in seismicity.

3
SEISMIC INSTIlUMEliTATION

The network. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has installed and

maintains an extensive telemetering seismometer network on the island of

Hawaii. In January 1977 the seismometer network consisted of 41 stations

spread over an area with a diameter of 125 kilometres on the island of Hawaii

(Figs. 1 and 2). or these 41 stations, two are low-gain multicomponent

stations (optical), six are two-component, three are three-component, and

twenty-nine are vertical only. The coverage is most complete on and around

the main center of seismic and volcanic activity. Kilauea Volcano. Other

ata tions in the network are part of a larger net located on other volcanoes of

the island of Hawaii. With the exception of HIL, all seismometer signals from

the short period network are telemetered to the observatory for recording.

During 1977 station PLA was added on the east flank of Mauna Loa, and station

TAN was replaced by stations lRJL and KLU on the lower east rift.

Figure I is a map of selected geographic and geologic features, and

Figure 2 shows the seismic stations which were operated or added during the

year. Table I lists all seismic stations operated by the U.S. Geological

Survey in Hawaii during 1977. Listed are station name. three letter code,

coordinates in degrees and minutes, elevation in meters, and other data

described below.

Instrumentation and recording. Each telemetering station has a voltage

controlled oscillator (VCO) for FH multiplex transmission to HVO via either

hardwire or VHF radio. The VCO frequencies are listed in Table 1. These

telemetering stations are now all of Type 1, the NCER standard system used in

USGS seismic networks (see Table 2 for details). After discrimination, the

analog signals from thirty-two stations are recorded on two Develocorders

using 16mm microfilm. Beginning in late 1975, FH signals from the

telemetering network were recorded directly on one inch magnetic tape.

Selected larger events are copied onto condensed library tapes which are

currently archived in Menlo Park.

Develocorder records are read on a film viewer with 20x magnification.

Arrivals are read to the nearest 0.05 second. The recorded arrival times,

amplitudes (where readable), and other key data are routinely sent to N.C.E.R.

in Menlo Park for computer processing.

In addition to the standard stations, optical seismographs are maintained

at Uwekahuna (HVO) , Hilo, Maui, and on Oahu (Kipapa station operated by

Honolulu Observatory). The less sensitive short period records are used

primarily for S data and amplitude measurements for magnitude calculations to

supplement readings from 16mm film. Optical seismographs listed in Table 1

are of four types. Types numbered three and four are electro-mechanical

systems of high and low gain respectively. Hl10 and Haleakala are each

equipped with two low-gain Wood-Anderson torsion seismographs. Long period

Press-Ewing seismographs record in three components in the Uwekahuna vault.

The paper (optical) records as well as the 16mm develocorder microfilm are

archived at HVO.

Seismograph response and calibration. Displacement response curves for

the four short-period seismograph types in use are given in Figure 3. Types

three and four are electro-mechanical systems recorded on paper records. The

Type I curve gives the displacement magnifcation of the standard NCER system

trom ground motion at the seismometer to the seismic trace as seen on a 20x

Develocorder film viewer. The curves plot the unit response which should be

mUltiplied by the factors CAL listed in Table I to get the response for an

4
individual station. Individual CAL factors for Type 1 seismographs are equal

to the peak-to-peak amplitude measured in rom on the 20x Develocorder viewer of

a 10 microvolt 5 Hz signal introduced to the preamp/VCC in place of the

geophone. Calibration is normally done each time a station is visited,and

major changes in attenuation or recalibrations are listed in Table I along

with the dates they took place. Minor changes in CAL factors may not be

listed if they are less than 20'%.

156' Upol. P",.,

lolllolli

t,lo<oI"

..,

t ..hl.

Po,.t

.... ! ~'"''''''

Pn w......} ~NA KEA

~~~ALAI ./••••,..

.•.\\ .'

t ..l.hh.

P.pa.b..

H,l",\,r~--I,

Ap~. P"l.t

".-+-----="',-----'-L-I------------------t----- ".

156'

Figure 1

hI.. (S••tkl P,,'.t

Map of the island of Hawaii showing

settlements and selected geographic

logic features.

5

principal

and geo-
t.·..... '·'·~·n·TTlTrT]TTr'r·f1·~'r·TTfTTTTTTlm''i·'r·mTTlTrnmrfmTTmTTmn1'rrrnTTlTmIT'"r·~ih1TmTT1Tnl"'r·lTm1TmTT~;;;'~

----::J•.

~~-~

..·..·E-----+--.:=::..,~r+t-=:::::r:::':.:;I;::;. ...~S~J,....=.---_+-----I_---___c3..·..·

,..wE------+----""-d-.1.:i:--f--I------t-------t-------t------j..·..·

....... .. •. " ''''00' ... • • • " " y~~" II ,,,, , , ,

Til'''''''! ", •, ,• 'f , 'r ......'..•

Figure 2 Hap of the island of Hawaii showing seismic stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey.

6
Table 1. Seismometer stations in Hawaii operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1977 .

Old Date of New

Station Name Code LAT-N LON-W Delay ELEV VCO Type/Cal Change TyPe/Cal

A!1UA A!1U 19 22.40 155 15.90 .06 1070 2380 1 4.3

AINAPO AIN 19 22.50 155 27. 62 .33 1524 680 1 8.5

AINE 2380 1

AINN 2720 1

CAPTAIN COOK CAC 19 29.29 155 55.09 .15 323 1360 1 5.4 11/30/77 1 1.1

CONE PEAK CPK 19 23.70 155 19.70 -.04 1030 1700 1 4.0

CPKB 1020 1

OANOELION DAN 19 21.42 155 40.04 -.07 3003 2380 1 7.0

DESERT DES 19 20.20 155 23.30 -.10 815 680 1 4.2

ESCAPE ROAD ESR 19 24.68 155 14.33 .01 1177 2720 1 2.8 10/31/77 1 1.2

HALE POHAKU HPU 29 46.85 155 27.50 .42 3396 2720 1 4.7 10/25/77 1 3.3

HElHEIAHULU HUL 19 25.13 15558.72 .02 369 1020 none 4/17/77 1 4.2

HILINA PALl m.P 19 17.96 155 18.63 .18 707 2040 1 4.0

HUALAIAI HUA 19 41. 25 155 50.32 .58 2189 1700 1 2.6 8/03/77 1 3.8

IlUllIJ1JLA HSS 19 36.31 155 29.13 .35 2445 1700 1 6.2 3/22/77 1 8.4

HSSE 680 1

HSSN 3060 1

KAAPUNA KAA 19 15.98 155 52.28 .00 524 1020 1 5.2 11/30/77 1 5.6

KAENA KAE 19 17.35 155 7.95 .15 37 2380 1 1.3

KAHUKU KBU 19 14.90 155 37.10 .08 1939 1700 1 3.5

KALAlUA LUA 19 24.55 155 04.25 -.02 622 1020 1 0.6 10/06/77 1 4.6

KALIU KLU 19 27.48 154 55.26 .00 271 2380 none 9/15/77 1

KANEKII KII 19 30.56 155 45.90 .18 1841 2040 1 7.1 3/16/77 1 5.5

KIIE 1020 1

KIlN 1360 1

KAPAPALA RANCH KPR 19 16.40 155 26.70 .05 610 1700 1 6.0 6/16/77 1 5.0

KEANAKOLU KKU 19 53.39 155 20.58 .86 1863 2380 1 2.3 8/31/77 1 4.8

KIPUKA NENE KPN 19 20.10 155 17.40 .07 924 1360 1 6.4

KOHALA KOH 20 7.69 155 46.77 .21 1166 2380 1 2.4 11/08/77 1 2.2

l-tAUNA LOA MLO 19 29.80 155 23.30 .24 2010 3060 1 10.0 5/03/77 1 9.2

MLOH 2040 1

MAUNA LOA X MLX 19 27.60 155 20.70 .27 1474 2380 1 2.1

MLXH 2720 1

MAKAOPUHI MPR 19 22.07 155 9.85 -.01 881 2720 1 3.1 9/09/77 1 1.6

MOKUAWEOWEO MOK 19 29.28 155 35.98 .28 4104 2040 1 5.4 8/12/77 1 1.6

MOUNTAIN VIEW MTV 19 30.25 155 3.75 • 17 409 680 1 7.8 12/15/77 1 5.2

NATIONAl GUARD NAG 19 42.12 155 1.72 .63 18 1360 1 10.2 12/27/77 1 2.4

NORTH PITT NPT 19 24.90 155 17.00 -.06 1115 680 1 4.4 12/15/77 1 5.2

OUTLET OTL 19 23.40 155 16.80 .02 1084 1360 1

OTLH 2040 1

PAU PAU 19 22.62 155 13.10 -.06 994 2040 1 3.8 6/21/77 1 6.2

PAUH 1020 \

POLIOKEAWE PALl POL 19 17.U2 155 13.47 .10 169 1360 1 4.8

PUU HDHUAULA PHO 19 28.90 154 53.40 .03 215 2720 1 1.9 3/31/77 1 4.2

PUU PILI PPL 19 9.50 155 27.87 .24 35 1360 1 2.2

PUU ULAULA PLA 19 32.00 155 27.67 -.08 2992 2040 none 9/07/77 1 7.4

RIM RIM 19 23.90 155 16.60 .02 1128 1020 1 7.3

RIMH 2040 1

SOUTH POINT SPT 18 58.91 155 39.92 -.07 244 2040 1 3.6

SOUTHWEST RIFT SWR 19 27.26 155 36.30 .14 4048 1020 1 2.4 7/26/77 I 4.7

TANGERINE TAN 19 27.79 154 58.51 .02 351 1020 1 8.0 4/07/77 none

WAHAULA WHA 19 19.90 155 2.92 .06 29 1020 1 2.3

WALDRON LEDGE WIG 19 25.49 155 15.69 -.02 1067 2380 1 2.2 6/17/77 none

WILKINS WIL 19 28.15 155 35.02 .30 4037 1 5.1 5/25/77 1 4.0

7
Table 1. (continued)

Optical Seismographs

HALEAKALA Z HAL 20 46.00 156 15.00 2090 3 0.71

HALEAKALA EW RAE 20 46.00 156 15.00 2090 WA 1.0

HALEAKALA NS HAN 20 46.00 156 15.00 2090 WA 1.0

HILO Z HIL 19 43.20 155 5.30 .64 20 3. 1.0

HILO EW HIE 19 43.20 155 5.30 .64 20 WA 1.0

HILO NS HIN 19 43.20 155 5.30 .64 20 WA 1. 0

KIPAPA KIP 21 25.40 158 .90 76 3 0.56

UWEKAHUNA Z UWE 19 25.40 155 17.60 .06 1240 3 0.7

UWEKAHUNA Z USZ 19 25.40 155 17.60 .06 1240 4. 1.0

UWEKAHUNA EW USE 19 25.40 155 17.60 .06 1240 4. 1.0

UWEKAHUNA PEZ 19 25.40 155 17.60 1240 PE

UWEKAHUNA PEE 19 25.40 155 17.60 1240 PE

UWEKAHUNA PEN 19 25.40 155 17.60 1240 PE

Table 2. -- Seismic Instrumentation Types

Type 1. Consists of:

a) EV-17 - Electrotech EV-17 1.0 sec. period moving magnet

vertical component seismometer or horizontal component

adjusted for an output of 0.5 volts/em/sec. and 0.8

critically damped.

b) Preamp/VCO Develco Model 6202 voltage controlled oscillator or a

USGS/NCER Model JE202. 3 db points for bandpass

filter at 0.1 Hz and 30 Hz. Signals are transmitted

on audio FM carrier over cable or FM radio link to

HVO. USGS Model J302 was introducted in 1974.

Type 3. Consists of:

a) EV-17 - Electrotech EV-17 (as described above), Hall-Sears

HS-IO 0.5 sec. period moving coil seismometer or

Observatory-built 0.8 sec. period moving coil

seismometer with HVO-built solid state seismic

preamplifier (voltage gain, 2000X), or

ObservatorY-built electronmagnetic seismometer

approximately 40,000 at 4 Hz.

Type 4. Consists of:

Sprengnether short period vertical and horizontal seismometers (E-W)

with 1.5 sec galvanometers, coupling factor = 0.25, 2X critically

damped. Peak magnitication approximately l500X at 2Hz.

Experimental type amplifier systems are not given type numbers.

Type 2 instruments have been discontinued.

8
c

0

-0

10' u

-c

0'

0

::;

10'

10 5

Period (sec)

2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01

-,

,

"

"

"Type 3

.-._._'-'-'- ".... Wood - Anderson

I :········· • ••••• "1 "0• •: '0•

.' .....". Ty pe 4

0.01 0.1 I

Frequency

10

( Hz )

100 1000

Figure 3. System response curves for the Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph

and for the 3 different types of seismometers in use by the

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Types 3 and 4 are electro-mechanical

seismographs recorded optically on photographic paper. Type 1 is

the standard NCER seismometer recorded on Develocorder film. The

curve for Type 1 includes response of the geophone, all electronics

including telemetry, Develocorder galvanometer, and projection of

film by a 20X viewer. The curves plot the unit response which

should be multiplied by the factors CAL listed in Table 1 to get

the response for an individual station.

9
DEPTH (laD)

0.0

4.6

15.0

16.5

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

Earthquakes are located by the combined efforts of HVO and NCER in Menlo

Park. Develocorder films are read at HVO, and lists of P and S arrival times,

event amplitude and duration, clock correction, etc. are sent to Menlo Park.

Data are then keypunched, computer locations are made using the program

HYPOINVERSE (Klein, 1916), and problem events are reread at HVO and rerun.

Card and magnetic tape copies of all arrival time (phase) and output summary

data (one card per event), are ~ept 1n Menlo Park.

The crustal model used 1s specified by velocities at 11 depth points.

Velocity at any depth 1s given by linear interpolation between points and uses

a homogeneous half-space below.

Velocity

(laD/sec)

1.9

6.5

6.9

8.3

An empirical set of station delays or corrections were used in the

looations, and are given in Table 1. They have been adjusted so the mean

delay of Kilauea stations is zero, and are most appropriate for locating

earthquakes on the south side of the island.

Magnitudes for most events were computed using both recorded amplitudes

on oalibrated stations and signal or coda duration on short-period vertical

stations. Amplitude magnitudes used by HVO are based on readings from

Wood-Anderson seismographs. Amplitudes read from other instruments are

correoted to an equivalent Wood-Anderson amplitude using the curves of Figure

3 and CAL factors of Table 1. Amplitude magnitudes larger than 2.5 are

generally based on the Wood-Anderson instruments in Hilo or Type 11

seismographS at Uwekahuna. Smaller events may occasionally include amplitude

readings from stations AHU, KAA, OTL, or PPL.

Duration magnitudes are determined from the length of signal in seconds

read from the Develocorder Viewer. This time, also called the "F-P time" is

measured from the first P arrival to the point where the earthquake signal has

decayed to about twice the noise level, or to about 1 cm peak-to-peak on the

Develocorder viewer. A plot of log (F-P time) versus local (amplitude)

magnitude appears in Figure 11. The bilinear relation shown in the figure is

an appropriate fit to the data sample and is used to compute all duration

magnitudes. Duration times are only read from Type 1 seismographs. Because

duration magnitudes are relatively insensitive to station response and can be

determined using the high-gain short-period stations, it is felt that duration

magnitudes are more accurate and complete at the lower magnitudes (below 2).

10
10,000.--------r-----,--,-----,------,-----,--,.--,---:l

M' - 0.105 + 2.026 LOG (H)

• • 0

• • • 1,000

•

I

- .. 0

l( '" • • I· • • _.

.- .. ,. of'" :., " 100 0 ., t·. . ..r. , .. : '..' . •f":' .... • • 0 .; ... • I. •.._

• " "I •• )r.. :-'. r . • '" I '.. ,', . , • t- o 0 0

M• - 5.00 + 3.89 LOG IF-PI .. 0

10 0

0 2 3 4 5 6 1 8

MAGNITUDE

Figure 4. Relationship between signal duration (F-P time) and local magnitude

for a large number of earthquakes which occurred during 1975 and

1976. Local magnitude 1s determined fran amplitudes read on

Wood-Anderson and other calibrated seismographs. The dual linear

relationship between magnitude and log(F-P) appears to hold over a

magnitude range of 7 units.

11
SEISMIC SUMMARY

The emphasis in both station coverage and detailed data analysis is on

the highly active south flank of the island of Hawaii. Hundreds of

earthquakes too small to locate are counted daily, and the set of located

earthquakes in the Kilauea region is nearly complete above magnitude about 2.0

to 2.5. Many smaller events are located also. Substantial effort is made to

locate earthquakes elsewhere on the island and within about 150 kIn of the

island. Such coverage cannot be as complete as on the south flank, but nearly

all events above magnitude 3.0 to 3.5 are located.

Data presented in the seismic summary is in four parts. Table 3 gives

duration of harmonic tremor and numbers or earthquakes (most too small to

locate) fram several source regions around Kilauea. The source region is

determined visually from signal character and pattern of arrival times at key

stations. Maps showing computer located epicenters of all depths are given in

Figures 5, b, 1 and 8. The epicenter maps are on two scales, and show both

all located earthquakes and Large events only.

The list of computer locations constitutes the bulk of this summary, and

is given in Table 5. Each earthquake in the list is assigned a three-letter

code based on its location and in some cases on its depth. Figure 9 is a map

of the regions used to assign the location codes. The latitude and longitude

limits of rectangular regions are listed in Table 4. When the listed

coordinates imply an overlap, precedence is given according to Figure 9.

Table 6 relists the events in Table 5 for which either duration or amplitude

magnitude is 3.5 or Larger. It is felt that this list is a more objective

measure of large earthquakes than a list of felt earthqUakes.

Table 3. Number of earthquakes and minutes of tremor recorded on seismographs around Kilauea. Tremor is separated into three

categories: Deep, Intermediate, and Shallow, on the basis of

relative amplitude on seismographs in the summit region. Unless

otherwise stated, tremor is presumed to be associated with

movement of magma within the central complex of Kilauea

Volcano. Earthquake categories are: Kilauea Summit 30 lan,

earthquakes from about 30 km beneath the summit region; Kilauea

Summit long-period, earthquakes characterized by low-frequency

waves from intermediate depths roughly 5-10 km beneath the

summit region: Kilauea Summit Shallow, earthquakes from within a

few Ian beneath the caldera region; SW Rift and Kaoiki,

earthquakes along the southwest rift zone of Kilauea and the

adjacent portions of the Kaoiki fault systemj Upper East Rift,

earthquakes from the upper east rift zone of Kilauea; Koae,

earthqUake from along the northeast-trending Koae fault system

south of the calderaj Lower East Rift, earthquakes from the

lower east rift zone of Kilauea; South Flank, faults on the

south flank of Kilauea; Mauna Loa L-P, earthquakes characterized

by lOW-frequency waves from Mauna Loa volcano; Mauna Loa S-P

earthquakes from within a few kilometers beneath the summit of

Mauna Loa; Offshore PPL, earthquakes frau mostly offshore areas

south of Puu Pili station.

12
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m

= minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank. Mauna Loa (1977 ) h = hours)

, Upper Lover SW Rift , OffInter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallov s-p L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P s-p Rift PPL 

Jan 1 415 202

8 17

4

2 309

7 313 49 20

4

6

5

3 404 10 322 18 63 13

6

7

4 392 1 1 253 17 70

2 28 

5 6m 416 11

1

3 345 25 26 14

8

4 

6 619 28

3 446 28 32 19 13 1

7 349 11 443 19 52

3

9 1 1 

8 501

i I 1 463 25 50

3

9

4

3

9 13m 250 240 27 29 20 13 

10 52m 366 I 3 203 24 11 11

2

11 10m 364

9 180 37 24

6 4 4

12 573

2

I

264 30 23 1 4

13 4lm 441 16 607 51 71

4 19 4 2

...

14 30m 558

2 382 14 24

4

.. 15 14m 662

5 206 129 19

6

4 

16 5m.Y 413

4 1 249 49 17 21

5 

17 5m 446 447 46 16 29 6 1

18 4lm 3m!./ 363

4 205 28 17 20

5

2 

19 5m 336 32 I 226 24 22 40 1 5m!./

20 3m 311 50 260 33 17 40

3

21 360 23 298 27 18 20 22 19m 333 53

2 427 21 25

6

3ndI

23 15m 238 50 314 41 25 14 1

24 3m 201 86 1 210 34 21 21 1

9m1!

25 5m 219 38 214 32 14

3

26 14m 236 40 263 19 24 13 1

27 10m 319 80 265 26 22

7 1

3m!./

28 364 87 560 30 66 14 16

2

29 373 80 505 36 63

4

8

9

30

pm

282 20 18 43 10

7 '1 2m '02 18 1 2 4 11

" 2' 12

3 

:J,.tTremor beneath Mauna LOa vo cano
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes

(1977) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank. Mauna Loa

Upper Lower SW Rift OffInter- East East and HE shore 

Deep mediate Shallo\{ S-P L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P Rift PFL 

Feb 1 289 6 5 355 16 37 3 5 3 

2 35m 333 6 2 381 22 50 5 2 3 

3ml/

3 31m 323 10 1 400 5 30 2 6 1 

4 548 10 250 14 17 4 3

5 550 4 274 17 31 1 5 5

6 3m 351 8 2 353 11 34 6 1 

7 5m 335 4 352 6 45 8 12

8 249 26 1841 14 39 1 8 

9 15m 150 47 1 618 12 40 10 2

10 5m 61 45 770 23 41 5 1 1 11 25m

15,d/ 138 40 674 24 34 119 10

... 12 19m

... 94 28 1 708 23 37 44 7 

13 94 9 2 832 28 56 8 12 

14 36m 84 20 594 21 48 7 7 1

15 74 6 358 21 52 40 4 16 64 3 1 364 13 47 14 4 17 57 13 393 18 73 31 4 

18 74 15 1 405 28 48 33 2

19 3m 47 4 2 340 19 71 15 7 1 

20 61 12 364 22 39 1 1 21 50 3 1 312 37 77 1 1 

22 16m 51 1 204 49 28 3 2 1

23 2m 42 9 190 26 18 14 6 

24 50 2 238 79 39 36 41 2 

25 78 4 1 162 124 20 34 16 2

26 44".y 117 5 206 63 28 10 6 1 1

27 75 1 271 24 43 9 16 1 

28 20m 46 12 261 27 40 30 1 

.

VTremor beneath Mauna Loa olcano
Earthquakes

Tremor

-- .. _--._------ - -- 

Date (m = minutes

(1971 ) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa

I Upper Lower SW Rift Off- Inter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow S-P L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P Rift PPL 

-

Mar 1 6m 5mY 3m1./ 42 4 206 13 38 24 1 1 

2 2m 4m!/ 60 9 2 210 18 48 46 6 1 2 

2ml/

3 31m 10 20 I 151 10 49 66 2 

4 58 118 21 21 10 1 2 1

5 41 1 16 41 19 1 1 1 

6 2m 11 1 92 16 25 23 

1 29 21 136 16 31 13 2

8 2m 38 23 203 23 31 18 

9 2m 42 2 211 24 53 42 4 1

10 1m]) 38 11 1 268 20 55 31 1 

11 9m 2Dm!/ lu6 28 364 40 68 23 42 3

12 85 28 311 61 43 13 61 113 109 1 168 20 19 2 5

14 93 1 1 206 22 16 5 3 1

15 2m 4m_V 65 1 1 198 10 42 61 1 I H

....

2 I 

'" 16 5m 125 11 2 226 26 22 10 1

11 10m 93 9 146 29 18 3 116 6m!/ 5m 49 19 1 153 21 35 30 1 K19 3m 83 14 263 11 21 38 4 M

20 69 1 2 223 18 50 21 2 2 K21 63 1 201 17 35 68 2 122 50 12 193 28 44 1723 38 9 175 24 24 25 3 L

24 45m 1m!/ 45 4 2 233 18 31 21 2 K25 89 13 301 54 61 231 6 426 136 64 383 128 54 163 3 11

21 61 26 216 32 41 31 L

28 83 18 1 240 13 38 43 3

29 66 26 305 38 21 1 1

30 80 13 210 28 1 K

31 14m 13 13 2 306 2 38 12 1

l/Tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes

(1977) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa

Upper Lower SW Rift OffInter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow s-p L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P s-p Rift PFL 

Apr 1 9m 7m 97 13 306 40 50 1 1 

2 95 6 1 346 61 46 1 1 

3 124 3 1 309 5 54 48 2 

4 111 9 1 334 3 48 34 1 

5 12m 114 15 2 282 2 33 19 3

6 47m 4m 81 11 1 273 12 47 2l 5 1 

7 3m!J 87 13 2 239 18 48 24 3

8 60m 96 31 1 136 15 55 3 2 

9 10m 117 32 171 58 45 2 5 1 1

10 74 175 264 28 44 37 4 

11 79 33 1 237 22 38 83 2 5 3 

12 9m 72 32 161 11 30 23 5 13 68 12 192 3 26 40 5 

14 77 5 1 224 10 43 29 5 

... 15 59 11 2 207 5 21 25 6 '" 16 4m 97 20 245 20 35 35 

17 96 7 1 258 19 57 18 5 

18 24m 2m 80 9 278 18 45 12 4 19 111 5 2 325 12 44 51 4 

20 10m!l1 3m!J 110 23 321 19 46 102 7 1 

I

21 8m 128 20 2 163 19 32 10 8 1 

2m!/

22 31m I 204 62 384 56 51 204 15 1623 14m I 238 59 350 27 52 196 14 12 1 

24 I 202 18 232 40 29 45 9 1 

I I 

25 3m!J 211 18 1 323 , 18 42 158 2 

26 4m , 180 20 335 I 24 , 40 194 3 4 27 7m 163 15 3 295 I 17 1'5 226 9 1 28 18nd/ 167 7 286 15 32 225 5 2 

29 I 5m 166 2 4 17g I 18 24 30 1m 204 3 1 13 21 30 1 3 

l/Tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes 

(1977) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank l4auna Loa

Upper Lower SW Rift OffInter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow s-p L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P s-p Rift PFL 

May 1 7m 182 30 276 18 28 218 1 

2 27m 169 23 1 338 27 44 154 2 1 

3 39m 13m 161 27 279 12 45 176 3 2 

4 9m 119 11 1 237 12 34 141 6 1 

2nd1

5 157 4 294 14 47 235 6 

6 11m 128 20 222 18 23 37 1 3

3ndI

7 15m 103 11 1 167 34 15 49 5 1 

3rn.l/

8 14m 132 6 257 21 46 214 4 

... 

... 9 27m 153 20 366 18 40 88 3 1 

10 2m 20m 110 13 371 19 39 1 1 1 

11 35m 5m 93 3 381 30 34 8 2 

12 78m 1 3m 122 4 309 18 56 22 5 

4..1 

13 14m 171 6 332 17 31 186 3 4 

14 4m 5m 126 2 1 330 23 41 245 3 1 

15 6m 3m 132 4 308 22 58 240 1 16 14m 16m 149 12 289 21 53 240 2 17 9m 170 3 356 27 61 224 2 

3ml1

18 2m 133 4 315 26 43 239 1 

19 1m 3ndI 157 6 1 249 12 39 267 4 

')adl

20 5m 134 22 311 32 61 145 8 5 

21 32m 12m 111 7 280 38 37 183 8 9 

22 95 1 227 15 38 117 3

23 3m 90 1 198 7 45 45 4 
Earthquakes

Date Tremor (m = minutes

(1977 ) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Matula Loa

Upper Lower SW Rift Off- 

Inter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow S-P L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P Rift PPL

May 24 134 5 203 8 21 24 2 

25 6m 137 12 193 14 29 -6 3 M26 115 7 3 196 20 35 73 6 2 

27 131 5 2 125 18 22 8 8 3 

28 176 3 154 33 26 16 9 529 243 2 128 24 25 7 2 5

30 46m 5m 89 2 249 22 32 i6 4 1 

M

31 109 2 240 25 43 8 6 

...

CO
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes

(1977 ) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa

IUPper SW Rift OffInter- East est end shore 

Deep mediate Shallow S-P L-P 30 KM !Rift !Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P !Rift PPL 

.run 1 10m 90 2 2 258 14 35 10 5 1 

2 100 7 1 251 17 38 5 4 1 

3 96 6 201 26 20 3 2 1 

4 2mlI 127 5 1 202 32 42 1 1 4

5 5m 157 6 2 469 27 40 55 1 

6 6m 169 13 314 24 44 33 3 

7 190 14 1 369 30 46 51 1 1 

8 147 8 387 26 34 88 2 2 

9 2mlI 91 7 2 203 26 23 5 2 2 3 

10 262 21 152 28 29 10 2 3

...

11 374 13 8 137 27 21 3

'" 12 84 11 158 21 24 1 

13 149 2 162 24 28 1 1 2 

14 14m 181 10 208 22 49 66 4 7 

15 167 3 180 13 49 54 2 1 16 175 6 1 201 17 38 22 

17 5m 186 8 147 14 33 9 2 1 

18 5m 196 32 2 141 17 31 19 1 2 1 

6mY

19 37m 202 17 1 250 19 50 9 1 4 

2mlI 

20 8m 131 16 272 14 44 2 

21 5lm 159 12 1 230 29 26 4 

22 53m 154 40 321 17 56 7 2 2 

23 3m 16m 102 10 280 20 38 8 1 1 

24 12m 36 3 1 143 25 29 4 25 23m 304 2 164 50 21 7 2 3

26 16m 12m 192 4 271 18 48 13 

27 20m 6m 163 8 311 15 41 11 4 1 
Earthquakes

Tremor

Da.te (m = minutes

(1977 ) h = hours} Kila.uea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa

Upper Lower SW Rif't Off- 

Inter- East East and shore 

Deep mediate Shalla\( S-P L-P 30 KM Rif't Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P iRift PPL

Jun 28 3m 21m 198 7 1 266 1 44 25 1 

29 3m 12m 220 14 2 274 16 33 31 

30 16m 249 5 1 389 28 37 36 2 

'"

0

beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa (1977 ) h = hours)

, Upper Lover SW Rift !NE Off- Inter- East East and shore 

Deep mediate Shallow s-p L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P Rift PPL 

Ju1 1 ! 6m 194 12 I 250 59 31 9 2 

2 I 7m 152 10 ' 205 39 30 11 3 

I

3 I 3m 211 6 I 234 26 21 5 

4 I 5m 458 7 342 10 44 10 

I

5 2m 504 12 364 11 47 4 1 

6 3m 414 8 380 8 46 1 

7 35m 300 20 333 18 35 8 1 

8 12m 332 7 2 410 12 43 10 

9 30m 6m 355 22 1 391 18 46 27 1 2 

10 5m 581 35 300 16 43 27 1 2 11 40m 529 39 2 255 9 26 22 1 

.., 12 9m 354 8 255 10 34 26 4 2 

.... 13 328 5 278 27 35 35 1 1

14 10m 336 25 190 11 30 28 

15 334 2 126 19 14 6 4

16 388 4 154 35 29 5 3

17 10m 217 23 242 8 51 17 

18 12m 216 15 333 18 49 8 2 2 

19 3ml/ 4m 245 11 1 261 19 45 5 1 

20 4m 352 5 268 20 41 5 2 

21 240 1 1 232 20 53 3 1 

22 9m 170 15 195 32 21 2 1 

23 21m 134 14 152 34 19 1 1 24 166 10 1 253 25 55 1 

25 153 3 260 23 46 2 3

26 166 17 2 273 24 50 3 3 2 

27 88 17 218 25 49 1 1

28 2m 94 10 2 236 13 43 1 1 3

29 8m 116 7 3 270 28 53 3 

30 5m 125 21 1 217 24 59 1 3 4 

31 135 7 205 14 37 1 1 

I/Tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes

(1977) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank. Mauna Loa

Upper Lower SW Rift OffInter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow s-p L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P Rift PPL 

Aug 1 186 8 1 322 15 50 1 1 

2 4m 182 7 1 273 19 38 1 3 

3 117 17 286 34 39

4 136 9 1 277 29 47 1 1 1 

5 11m 95 2 203 75 44 2 3 

6 123 9 190 51 36

7 5m 179 28 430 29 55 1 

8 203 58 219 63 38 3 3 1 4 

9 4m 207 21 243 44 49 3' 

10 10m 208 73 240 59 48 2 11 201 47 201 10 44 

12 2m 213 15 1 230 50 32 1 1 1 3 

13 33m 219 8 250 25 36 4 2 

'" 14 14m 154 10 134 53 44 1 1 

'" 15 10m 3m 376 6 249 33 27 2 1 1 4 

16 9m 2m 266 25 295 88 52 1 2 1 1 17 10m 378 9 1 299 31 39 11 1 

18 2m 160 28 238 56 38 10 5 1 

19 8m 243 17 147 63 16 28 3 

20 6m 283 5 114 43 17 6 

21 2m 128 28 204 112 18 6 4 2 

22 6m 7m 331 5 1 228 28 35 2 1 1 

23 42m 98 17 296 50 32 9 3 4 

24 16m 154 9 236 10 27 2 1 25 6m 6m 281 6 1 182 32 32 4 2 26 7m 71 10 216 32 29 6 2 27 64m 122 8 281 44 23 7 3 2 

28 364 2 415 40 24 4 3 1 

29 37m 382 10 2 302 25 51 4 2 2 

30 17m 222 10 244 38 29 3 2 1 

31 5m 6m 387 18 1 280 20 28 2 1 

lJTremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
,

Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m

= minutes

(1977) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa

, -

I Upper Lower SW Rift Off- Inter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow S-P L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P Rift PPL 

Sep 1 16m 7m 192 11 188 41 33 1 3

2

2 361 33 1 252 21 44 5 9 

3 2m 6m 334

5 1 304 21 20 1 2 1 

4 22m 428 10

3 416 20 41 2 1 

5 3m 426

9

2 550 88 53

8

2 1 I 

I 

6 6m 10m 284

9 601 63 32

7 2 2 

7 10m 264 385 47 67 1 6

6

8 i 7m 260 1 378 88 51 2 1

2

9 j 10m 364

7 1 359 22 16

2

3

10 15m I ! 26m 265 19 580 34 16 1 2 

11 7m I 5m 351 19

2 655 43 33 20

4 2 ' 

I 

12 lill I 2m I 313 53 2048 16 36 24

4

3 I 

'" I 

'" , 

13 I 429 139 1987 61 24

2 

14 I 90m 874 65 1219 216 51

2

5 

15 384 703

2 906 50 55 10

3 

16 3m 134 61 664 50 46 1 

17 37ndl 878

5 635 21 18 1 

18 525 403 1 360 29 29 14 1 

19 80m 012 365 277 27 36 20

4 

20 4m 145 530 308 13 27

7

21 3m 388 671 336 18 39 1 1 2 1 

22 3m 2130 396 411 10 27 1 1

23 8m - 859 422 358 15 78 11

4 

24 2142 932

2 348 18 29 12

2 

25 4m 164 885 317 16 29

8 

26 950 880

2 309 16

8

3 1 

27 890 260 17 64 1 

28 090 644 1 317 12 48

2

29 86m 893 332 284

8 32 

30 10m 158 274 432

9 44

VTremor beneath Mauna Loa o",a
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes

(1977) h = hours) Kilauea Summit Kilauea Flank. Mauna Loa

Upper Lower SW Rift OffInter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow s-p L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P s-p Rift PPL 

Oct 1 88m 1058 270 3 435 19 52 42 2 

2 13m 1372 1084 315 15 30 31 

3 2m 880 610 338 7 34 22

4 2m 1158 325 298 6 19 2 2

5 2m 1123 842 267 3 22 1

6 7m 1048 1130 309 14 27 10 1

7 7m 1525 2386 305 11 51 1 3

8 8m 736 1952 294 8 24 2

9 4m 2rrdI 557 2153 315 11 53 2 

12m

10 541 281 3 323 13 42 102 

11 11m 110 748 257 9 59 1 2 

12 26m 3m 258 831 324 19 41 3 

'" 13 3m 429 868 265 9 35 2 

.... 14 621 108 3 285 18 35 68 1 

15 2m 506 220 1 273 9 40 70 1 16 729 406 251 10 30 10 2 17 8m 1010 454 1 231 7 26 31 2 1 18 5m 1114 461 223 6 38 22 2 1 

19 15m 1070 1431 154 1 25 6 1 5

20 2m 879 521 180 3 26 3 1 21 856 14 98 19 10 5 22 649 8 1 134 37 7 7 1023 4m 552 2 1 121 47 12 2 2 1

24 897 465 236 15 29 6 1 1 25 5m 1094 5 171 6 22 5 6 6 

26 5m 459 226 2 185 2 37 1 4 

27 472 77 259 8 29 1 

28 3m 376 5 230 5 44 3 29 8m 549 7 152 32 6 3

30 372 30 201 18 27 2 1 2

31 3m 9m 201 11 179 4 32 3 1 

, • ,

l/Tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano

,
Tremor Earthquakes

Date (m = minutes

(1971 ) h = hours) Ki lauea Suromit Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa

Upper Lower SW Rift Off- 

Inter- East East and NE shore 

Deep mediate Shallow s-p L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P Rift PPL

Nov 1 5m 343 7 161 25 25 3 

12ml!

2 4m 201 8 179 10 31 3 1 11 

3 5m 8m 205 9 171 11 19 1 3 4 

4 4m 142 20 135 16 44 4 5 

5 125 8 1 123 16 36 2 1 2 

6 6m 4m 145 9 3 134 13 52 

7 94 3 143 9 23 4 

8 55m 2m 92 1 145 12 32 1 3 6 3 

9 4m 98 4 5 149 17 34 5 3 

10 8m 2m 112 1 1 186 17 31 1 6 6

11 3m 100 2 106 41 23 2

12 67m 3m 86 3 99 41 16 5 1 

13 122 2 1 145 10 26 1

'" 14 5m 108 2 1 159 5 40 2 5 1'" 15 3m 142 19 196 17 53 

16 3m 143 11 3 213 27 51 1 1 1 

17 3m 106 2 167 13 59 3 3 1 

18 16m 13m 91 1 137 14 43 3 3 1

19 133 2 159 24 67 1 

20 3m 130 5 165 10 51 7 7 21 115 4 164 13 57 4 9 1 

22 8m 88 4 135 15 46 4 4 1 

23 4m 10m 148 8 2 206 17 40 1 

24 95 7 130 10 44 4 4 25 143 2 160 8 39 1 1

26 2m 158 7 7 162 5 31 1 

27 187 9 2 181 11 32 3 2 

28 101 2 144 7 43 5 1 3 29 7m 183 12 2 191 6 40 5 

30 22m 109 36 165 10 62 5 19 1 1 

J:,./"J:remor oeneauU l'Jauna .LIVa
Earthquakes

Tremor

Date (m = minutes

(1971 ) h = hours} Kilauea SUIIDni.t Kilauea Flank Mauna Loa 

Upper Lower SW Rift Off- 

Inter- East East and shore

Deep mediate Shallow S-P L-P 30 KM Rift Rift Kaoiki L-P S-P PPL

Dec 1 137 5 1 172 9 54 1 8 5

2 122 4 1 100 31 15 9 2 2 

3 25m 100 1 107 36 15 3 1 

4 2m 207 4 2 213 13 56 1 4 3 

5 186 8 4 205 15 55 1 4 

6 16m 7m 187 9 1 184 13 52 1 3 

7 5m 8m 114 4 1 167 14 59 1 1 1 

8 11m 2m 106 4 166 13 48 1 1 

9 110 1 139 11 49 2 3 

10 1m 95 , 161 8 57 1

11 2m 14m 211 3 1 202 19 37 2 

'" 12 40m 97 8 153 14 56 2 1 1 

'" 13 13m 115 10 1 136 8 33 2 1 2 

14 5m 78 5 1 148 10 40 3 15 6m 64 4 109 10 30 1 

16 175 7 2 157 11 25 5 4 

17 154 3 1 147 11 34 3 2 1 

18 7m 68 1 1 123 5 44 2 2 1 

19 2m 86 2 137 6 34 1 2 2

20 6ml! 206 9 1 188 15 42 2 

21 6m 129 4 130 11 52 1 1 4 

22 1m 13m 125 1 3 156 7 19

23 45m 123 6 96 21 16 1 15 

24 11m 6m 91 10 79 22 19 4 2 3

25 9m 96 7 1 80 29 20 15 2 1

26 186 1 175 24 36 2 1 1 

27 33m 138 3 2 140 11 32 1 

28 9m 3m 148 5 1 151 18 46 2 1 6 

29 220 8 2 239 21 43 3 4 1 

,

30 3m 150 I I 156 14 55 2 

I 2 1 

31 139 2 178 10 45 3 5 

.,!/Tremor beneath Mauna Loa Volcano
..

10

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o 13.'

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Figure 5 Epicenter plot of magnitude 3 and above earthQuakes for the year 1977.

++ BIPTHS

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Figure 6. Epicenter plot of all events located for the

year 1977.

27
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Figure 7. Epicenter plot of Mauna Loa and Kilauea earthquakes magnitude 3

and above for the year 1977.

28
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Figure 8. Epicenter plot of all Mauna Loa and Kilauea earthquakes

located for the year 1977.

29
156° 155°

I

- I

......

) KOH

- DIS - DIS

/ KKU l (

HIL

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KON NER

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DIS

PPL

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•

18° 30'

Figure 9. Map indicating limits of areas for specific mnemonic codes

used in the remarks column of the earthquake summary. DEP

is a code applied to earthquakes with depths greater than

13 kilometres in the Kilauea region. SPC is used for

depths between 0 and 6 km, and LPC is used between 6 and 13

Ian.

30

20°

19°
Table 4. Coordinates of named regions.

Name ( ___________________________ Limits____________________---------------)

NORTH SOUTH EAST WEST DEPTHS

0 M 0 M 0 M 0 M 0

SPC 19 Zl 19 23 155 15 155 19 o - 6

LPC 19 27 19 23 155 15 155 19 6 - 13

OEP 19 29 19 18 155 22 155 22 13 - 70

UER 19 23 19 19 155 6 155 15

KOA 19 23 19 17 155 15 155 19

SWR 19 22 19 16 155 19 155 25

UKF 19 29 19 22 155 19 155 30

MER 19 25 19 16 155 1 155 6

LER 19 31 19 20 154 47 155 1

POL 19 19 19 10 155 6 155 15

LSW 19 16 19 0 155 21 155 34

PPL 19 10 18 30 155 0 155 21

HLP 19 17 19 10 155 15 155 21

MOK 19 ~O 19 22 155 30 155 45

GLN 19 31 19 23 155 1 155 19

KON 19 55 19 15 155 45 156 10

HEA 19 22 19 0 155 25 155 ~5

KOH 20 15 19 55 155 30 156 0

NER 19 40 19 29 155 12 155 30

HIL 19 50 19 31 154 ~7 155 12

KKU 20 5 19 ~O 155 0 155 45

DIS EVERYPLACE ELSE

BLS QUARRY BLAST

When coordinates imply an overlap. precedence is given as shown in Figure 9.

31
Table 5 is a chronological listing of successfully located earthquakes. For

each event the following data are presented:

Origin time in Hawaiian Standard Time: date, hour (HR), minute (MN), and

second (SEC).

Epicenter in degrees and minutes of North latitude (LAT N) and west longitude

(LON W).

DEPTH - Depth of focus in km.

AMP MAG - Amplitude magnitude, if determined.

DUR MAG - 'Duration magnitude, if determined.

NR - Number of arrivals (P or S) used for solution.

NS - Number of S arrivals used for solution.

GAP DEG - Largest azimuthal separation in degrees between stations.

RMS SEC - Root mean square error of time residuals in sec.

RMS

MIN DIS - Epicentral distance in km to the third nearest station.

ERH km - Standard error of the epicenter in km.

ERZ km - Standrad error of depth of focus in km.

REM!< - Remarks, three letter code for geographic location of event. See

Figure 9 for location of mnemonic code.

Table 5 lists all events located during 1977. Table 6 lists only events of

magnitude 3.5 or larger.

32
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TABLE 6. HVD EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY L. IS T PAGE 1

ORIGIN TIME I.AT N L.ON DEPTH ,NP OU' 0" 'NS NlN E'N E" NO

YEU NON 0' H~MN SEC OEG MIN OEO NlN KN N'O N'O N' "8 OEO 8EC DIS K' K' FN REMK

1~71 J'N 1 "b 35.33 ,. l~.b~ 155 b.~5 .11 3.7 '.0 31 2 153 •O' 7 , .0 .' 29 UE'

3 17 5 51.5b .. 23.~2 155 15.80 3.3~ 3.0 3,7 27 0 31 .07 2 .5 .b 25 8PC

• 157 10.18 .. 23.48 155 17.18 3.b4 3.0 3.7 32 , 55 .13 0 •• .7 30 8PC

• 555 "5.~0 .. 23.33 155 Ib.87 2.86 2.' 3.7 ,. 2 54 • 11 0 .5 • b • 8PC

• 1023 37.6& 20 4.7b 155 38.4.s 7. 60 3. , 3,5 31 2 "2 ·,. 35 1 • 1 1 .' 25 KOH

• 1425 13.23 .. 23.2" 155 14.65 3.64 3.b '., 29 0 ., .05 2 .5 .5 27 OLN

5 o 2 38.71 .. IQ.50 155 8. U4 ~.67 2.' '.0 ,. 2 52 .05 • • b .5 32 UE'

12 3 5 59.27 ,. 24.22 '55 17. 65 17. &0 3.' '., 3& I 29 • '2 2 •• , .2 33 OEP

10 132& 42.38 ,. 19.83 '55 7. 21 ~.Q3 '.b '.5 32 0 108 .07 5 .5 •• 29 UER

20 220 27.97 ,. 1~.30 155 11.02 9.11 3.' 3.5 30 3 103 • '0 b .b , .0 27 UE'

22 732 /,12. b9 ,. 21 .32 155 15.25 10.23 3.b '.0 J2 0 b' .Ob 2 .b .7 2b KO,

22 5 2 /,l 4.18 ,. 23.04 155 PI.&2 3.87 3. , 3.5 2b 0 53 .07 3 .b .5 23 GLN

22 532 15.10 ,. 22.82 155 14.!)t\ 2.69 2 •• 3.5 11 0 120 ••• 3 .b .8 5 UE'

22 1236 28.17 21 15.07 ..0 33.7& &.92 5. , 3.b 2b • 331 .262&5 60.2 78. b I Ol8

22 20 2 • '0 " 23.25 155 14. bb 3.28 3.0 3.b 25 1 07 .10 3 • b , .0 21 OLN

23 1049 1.84 ,. 20.32 , 55 12.01 8.76 '.U '.3 3& 1 7b • O. 5 .b .7 " UE'

,. 3 7 58.46 .. 18.09 155 23.b4 10.20 2.5 3.7 j5 0 10' .12 • •• .5 ,. ...

29 1125 43.45 ,. 20.49 155 5.92 9.13 3,' 3,. 33 1 '11 • 0' 5 .8 • • 32 MER

20 2246 49.72 ,. 21 .44 155 4.lJd 9.07 '.1 '.3 35 1

'. • 0' • .0 •• 33 NER

FE' 3 1520 tP".7U .. 20.94 IS; /,l.50 9.87 '.5 '.b 37 , •• .0' 3 • • •• 33 ME'

• .25 14.b2 20 2.b2 155 27.36 lb.54 3,7 3,5 .. 2 15 • '2 53 12.0 "18.3 15 "'u

5 1QQ7 2.07 .. 23.05 155 14.b3 3.03 3. , 3,7 29 0 '5 • '0 3 .5 .b 25 OLN

8 1851 19.2Q ,. 23.07 155 1 u. 13 .15 3,' 3.7 18 , 72 .15 0 .7 2.3 ,0 OLN

5 .. 2 22.21 ,. 22.74 155 14.48 b.44 3,5 25 0 ,. • '2 • .7 , .5 25 UE'

0 1923 31 .85 ,. 23.18 '55 14.1 b 3.67 3.1 •• 0 33 0 OS .11 3 •• , .0 2. GLN

• 1926 29.9& ,. 22.93 155 1/,l.12 3.23 3.3 '.1 3. 0 •• .12 2 .5 .7 30 UE'

• 19S/,l 2b.64 .. 21 .91 155 14.17 1.06 3.0 3.' 2' 0 55 .12 3 .' 1 •• 15 UE'

• 20 2 28.50 ,. 22.97 155 13.6/,l 1.37 2 •• 3.5 2. 0 07 .17 1 .5 •• 2b UE'

• 20/,l1 50.50 ,. 22.14 155 13 .li9 1.64 2.3 3.5 '2 0 •• .05 2 •• .5 11 UE'

• 2114 1.6h .. 22.76 155 ltl.cH 1.26 2.' 3.5 25 0 b2 .11 2 .5 • •,. UE'

• 2121 35.56 .. 22.52 15S 1~.5b 1 .41 3,3 3,. 2. 2 53 .13 1 .5 •• 20 KO'

• '17 39.45 .. 22.14 155 15.01 3.09 2.' 3,b 23 1 51 ·,. 2 ., • 7 .. KO,

• .22 1 .02 .. 23.09 '55 4.21 8.31 3.3 3.5 30 2 •• .09 b •• 1 • 1 2b ME'

• 2114 46.96 .. 23.25 155 14.76 3.49 2.' 3.7 2b 0 07 .07 3 .5 .7 25 GLN

12 0 • 32.56 ,. 11 • 24 155 1& • .58 10.41 2.5 3.5 31 1 137 .06 • •• .S 27 KO'

2U 1729 42.8& .. 19.38 155 1&.29 10.14 3.7 •• 0 37 I 27 .0' 2 .5 • b " KO'

21 1159 4q.12 .. 21.41 155 7. 91 8.&& 3. , 3.' 3& 2 72 •O' • .5 •• 32 UE'

25 1750 51 .94 .. 20.&5 155 2.95 5.14 3. , 3.7 25 0 131 .0' 1 ,., I •• 21 ME'

27 350 1 .77 ,. 25.Q3 I,. 57.57 11.25 2 •• 3.' 2. U 175 • '5 5 , .3 2.1 22 LE'

.,. • 115 III .36 .. 36.65 '" 6.43 13.23 3.' 3 •• ,. • 35 ·,. 29 , .5 , .5 '0 KON

• 029 11.40 .. 2S .02 155 30.29 44.21 '.0 '.0 30 2 .. .20 7 1.2 3,2 15 .OK

12 0'0 1.7q .. IQ.85 155 8.36 9.47 3.0 3.5 33 2 .2 .0' 5 • • .5 31 UEO

15 2" 3S.32 ,. 19.31 155 11 • !:loS 9.87 2.' 3,' 3' 0 ., .0' 5 .7 •• " UE'

21 ... 24.73 ,. 22.20 , 55 4.1 tl 8.12 3,. 3.' 31 1 ., • '0 • .5 •• 29 MER

,. 1937 ." .. 20.1& 155 8.44 1.37 3,5 '.0 3& 1 73 • 11 • •• •• 32 ...

25 2321 34.96 .. 14.92 '55 23.43 29.83 2.7 3.7 " 0 143 ... • 2. , 5.' 13 L8.

27 '37 ~8.69 ,. 21.48 '" IS.23 Q.91 3.' 3 •• '" 2 b' •• w 2 .5 .7 32 KO'

27 w35 6.85 ,. 21.3& 155 4.27 7 • .24 2.9 3.' 31 2 .5 .12 • .7 1 .2 2. 'E'

..
HVO EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY LIST PAGE 2

ORIGIN TIME LAT N LON W DEPTH ,MP OUR G,P NMS MIN ERM EN' NO

YEAR MaN 0' HRMN SEC DEG MIN OEG MIN ,M M'G M,G NR NS DEG SEC OIS ,M 'M FM REMK

1977 M'N lO 1517 38.04 " 43.98 15' I .31 8.54 '.' '

.. ,. 0 22. .23 20 2 •• I •• 3. 'ON

APN 2 2058 50.88 " 19.94 155 7.98 8.5& 3.2 3.5 31 0 6_ .0_ 5 .6 .6 2_ UEN M

• II 0 25.20 I- 21.44 155 ll.81 9.07 ,.. 3._ 32 0 67 .06

- I • 0 •• 31 MER

• II 1 52.1& I- 21.75 155 ll.5& 8.31 3. I 3.' 13 0 65 • 06 • I • I I •• 13 MEN

• 1731 /4 1.2& I- 17 .01 155 &.47 q.34 3.3 3.7 2_ 0 202 .10 , I •• .7 2_ POL

20 18/4q 23.01 I- 5& .12 155 18.48 10.47 5.0 _.3 32 2 265 .11 • 1. _ .6 23 "U

21 151 31. q9 I- 19.11 155 H.02 9.84 3.' ],7 36 2

-- .11 3 .5 •• 30 '0'

22

_..

.12 I- 19.1& 155 15.&1 10.10 _.0 _. I 35 0 _3 .10

- .7 •• " '0'

22 10Sq 18.3& I- 20.98 155 ll.80 11. qO 3.' _.0 lO 1

-- .17

- I .0 •• 26 MER

22 2145 23.2& I- 20.q8 155 13.2b 9.8/4 3.2 3.' .. 2 5_ .0_ 3 .5 .7 ,- UEN

25 1027 3.q3 1_ 20.23 155 11. 00 8.98 3.2 3.' " 2 .3 .10

- .5 .7 30 UEN

25 1820 53.10 1_ lQ.Q2 155 13.47 9.31 3.5 _.0 .. 0 .5 .10 5 •• •• 35 UEN

MAY 2 65_ 5.85 20 3.01 155 22.bO 8.44 3.7 _.0 " 1 216 .10 I. 1• 7 1.0 35 "U

2 Ib • 47.10 1_ 20.51 155 11.28 9.80 3.1 3.5 35 2 7b .0.

- .5 .7 31 UE'

5 512 19.29 I- 19.32 155 8.q9 9.19 ],2 3.' 20 2 62 .0_ - I.I 1.0 1. UE'

II 2311 &.37 I- 18.11 155 13.47 9.72 3.1 3.5 " 1 7b • I 0 3 •• .7 " POL

1_ 535 10.79 I- 19.87 155 13. SO 9.b7 2._ ],5 37 1 .. • 11 5 .5 •• .. UEO

.. 2127 13.02 I- 22.0b 155 5.90 a.9b ,.. 3.6 " 1 7b •0_ 5 •• .7 .. MEN

.. 2132 22.b8 1_ 22.44 155 5.70 8.49 ],2 ],... 0 .- • 0_ 5 ·, .7 .. "E' 17 1832 42.73 1_ 22.15 155 5.84 8.47 3.3 ],. 13 0

'" .0_ 5 .7 .7 31 ME'

lO 1310 '3.97 I- 20,b& 1'55 b.Ol 8.3b ],2 3._ 32 1 10' ." • •• .- lO UEN

JUN

- ..2 52.b9 I- 25.85 15. 5b.22 b.30 301 3.5 27 2 167 .16 5 1.3 1.3 Ib LEN

5 2342 18.92 I- 21 ,bb 155 4.'n 9.31 5. I -.' 35 0 ., .0_ , •• .5 35 ME'

• 1058 31.78 " lQ.52 155 11.2d 6.99 3._ 3.' 35 0 .. .11 , • • .7 30 UE'

• 1441 b.U8 " 22.73 155 U.7n 6./,10 2.' 3.5 31 I 81 • 10

- • 7 •• 29 MEN

.. 1522 •• 5

" 19.26 155 10.62 10.07 3. I 3.' 37 I 10_ .10 5 .7 •• 35 UEN

15 .. • Ib.b7 " 21 .06 155 7./,1/,1 7.79 3. I 3.' " 3 .3 • 11 5 •• •• " UEN

17 _56 51 • as " 21.10 155 b.91 8.25 3.0 3.5 35 2 •• • 10 5 •• •• 32 UE' 17 • 5 3b.b3 16 55.28 155 30.5/,1 /,13. 40 3.5 3.2 3. 0 2" .11 16 3.2 ..5 3. OIS 20 ... 44.35 " 20.bb 155 3.43 7.26 2.' 3.' 29 I 100 .10 2 .' 1.0 2. ME'

22 305 21.7b " 20.03 155 b,U7 9.80 ],7 •• 0 35 1 117 .0_ • .6 •• 3. UE' 29 ,,- 3b.13 " 21 ,10 155 15.29 10.28 ],7 •• 0 31 2 39 .09 ; .5 .7 29 '0' JUL 6 .. 5b.3b " 20.0U 155 8.20 9.b1 ],2 3.7 32 0

" .10 5 .6 •• 2b UE' 5 759 u2.03 " 2b.l.ll 155 27. 14 11 .89 _. I _.3 13 2 .5 .12 7 • b •• 2b UKF

• 650 16.47 I- 19.uO 155 b.40 9.40 3.5 ],- .. 2 135 .10 5 .7 .7 31 UEM

, lib 30,25 " 23.29 155 1&.90 3.16 3. I 3._ 33 0

" ... 2 ., .6 32 sPC

'UG 7 2154 20.32 " 20.07 155 13.30 10.29 •• I _.2 3. 2 .. • 10 5 .5 •• 3• UE' 10 1919 10,79 " 19,26 155 11. Sb 6.19 3 •• •• 0 35 3 101 .09 5 •• •• 29 UE' 10 23£l3 U,94 " 19.98 155 13.97 9.2& ],2 ],7 '2 2 59 .10 5 .5 .7 2. UEN

13 122/,1 26.46 20 9.71 155 36.3b £l.bl '. I 3 •• 37 2 231 ... " 2._ 2. I 2. 'OM

15 lIB6 15.09 " 19.59 155 15. 12 .20 2.7 ],. 2b 2 lOb .2'

- .b .7 2' '0' " ." 13.34 " 19.71 155 7.05 10.15 _.2 •• I .. I '" .09 5 .7 .5 " UEM

22 2142 16.Sa 17 33.59 152 5.40 &.88 3.5 ],0 25 7 349 .623ba bO.oS 7!l.b 20 6LS 22 23S7 1'5.11 " 26.71 155 2U.01 9.1& 2.7 3.5 35 2 .5 • ,5 • .5 1. ; lO UKF

24 20 7 1 5. d I " 19.4& 155 11.B 9.94 3.' ,.. " 2 97 .09 b .5 .' 33 UEM

lO 2 •• 21.3/,1 " 22.&1 155 27. 31 10.35 ],- _.0 37 I bI

·" 0 .5 .R 33 UKF SEP 5 ,"0 35.90 21 £l/,I.l1 157 /,I&.&S 8.6q •• 2 2.b 37 7 3/,1Ql.10214 59.0 19.5 35 OIS

7 1351 &.11 .. 22.52 155 19.32 31 • cb _.5 •• 3 33 0 ., .10 2 1.0 1. _ 27 DEP

66
Hva EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY LIST PAGE ,

ORIGIN TIME LAT N LON W DEPTH 'MP DU" G'P "MS MIN E"M E"' ND

YEU MDN OA HRMN SEC OEG MIN DEG MIN 'M M.G M.G N" NS DEG SEC OZS 'M 'M FM REMK

1~17 SEP •II • 5S • .?1 " 20.&5 155 7.~~ 9.0~ '.' '.5 52 I

" .0' 5 •• •• 2. UE"

13 I • H.88 19 25 • .?! '55 15.98 lI.18 3.0 3.5 B 0 •• • Ib 3 •• ,.. 52 SPC

13 1213 13.75 ,. 23.25 '55 3.68 .1. 3.3 ,.. 25 D 10' .20 3 .1 , .3 22 ME"

13 1912 211.08 ,. 19.52 155 3.01 7.&7 3.1 3.1 33 3 191 .13 , •• •• 29 ME"

13 2131 5&.52 ,. 20.8& '55 3.01 8.37 '.1 •• 0 33 2 '21 .0' 2 •• •• 30 ME"

I' Oll 20.57 " 22.15 '55 5.80 8.59 3.5 3.1 ., 3 15 .10 5 .5 .7 37 ME"

I' 020 17.&8 ,. 20.99 155 17.0q 1. &0 3 •• '.2 24 0 •• .10 2 •• •• 21

,. '0' 11 1 38.24 ,. 21 .55 155 .33 &.88 3.' 3 •• 32 I 215 .15 5 ,.. •• 25 CE"

I' 1150 8.32 ,. 21.11 155 7.11 9.1& 3 •• 3 •• 3b 2 87 .11 5 •• .8 2. UE"

,. 1859 45.41 ,. 21.21 155 15.33 .29 3.' '.1 32 , b7 .28 2 .5 , • 0 31 '0'

15 132 21.8& ,. 20.05 '54 5&.1& q.8q 3.1 3.5 32 2 235 .20 ,° ,.' I •• 29 CE"

15 b2' 4b.00 ,. 21 .20 155 1&.80 1.52 3.2 '.0 35 0 29 • '2 2 • • .7 32 '0.

15 ... 20.20 ,. 19.21 155 7.20 8.q& 3 •• 3.7 3b , '23 • '0 • •• •• 35 UE" , 5 111 q 3&.72 " 22.09 '54 57.29 q.b2 3.5 3.' 31 0 211 .ll • , • 8 ,.. 20 LEO

15 '2 3 42.05 ,. 20.01 , 54 57.80 4.7 b 3. , 3.1 27 2 231 .ll • , • 5 , .7 2' LEO

15 1850 5.45 ,. 20.55 155 3.b5 9.30 '.0 '.0 37 , 157 .10 7 •• .7 21 ME"

Ib 920 33.74 ,. 20.0& '54 57.17 ll.59 3., 3.7 20 , 235 .20 10 ... ,.' 28 LEO

Ib 1137 43.88 ,. 21.3& 155 3.7q 8.58 3.3 3.' 38 2 100 .10 3 .1 .7 32 ME"

II 1519 23.71 ,. 21.87 155 &.35 8.57 3.1 '.0 ,. 3 7. .11 • .5 •• " UE.

II 2331 &.89 " 23.77 155 1&.&3 .00 2.8 3.1 2& 2 '5 .54 2 .8 , • 0 2' SPC

'8 235 2.5& ,. 23.33 155 S.U2 2.43 3.0 3 •• 28 0 77 • '2 3 .7 1.2 2. ME"

,. 259 10.0:5 ,. 18.7& 155 13.Q2 10.19 3.5 3.5 3. 2 77 .10 3 .5 •• " POL

,. 337 50.23 ,. 20.1& 155 15.42 ... 3.5 '., 32 , " .20 3 •• .7 23 '0'

,. b!2 44.70 ,. 20.89 155 1b. UO .1' 2.8 3.5 " 3 73 .13 j •• • • 21 '0'

,. 11. 39.41 ,. 21.1 b 155 8.09 7.~b 3.1 3.' 31 , " .12 • •• ,., 33 UE"

,. •, 45. 11 ,. 21.59 155 7. 78 8.17 '.0 '.2 ,. 2 13 .10 • .S .8 " UE"

23 2 8 44.01 ,. 21.20 15S 2.83 8.37 3.' '.2 ,. 2 13' .10 2 .1 •• 35 ME"

23 259 5&.&8 ,. 24.94 155 15.42 2.22 2.' 3.8 " , 3b ·,. 2 .5 .1 31 ,PC

23 1033 40.05 ,. 1&.811 155 22.31 8.17 3.' '.0 3b I '28 .11 • • 1 •• 33 SWN

24 201& .1' ,. 59.91 157 ll&.7q 2.60 3 •• 2.'

" 11 235 .27160 2.' ,.' 35 DIS

2b ,. 5 39.71 ,. 20.511 155 3.4& 7.97 3.2 3.1 33 0 OS •O. 2 , .0 .7 52 ME"

2. 138 1.12 " 20.77 155 3.41 7.9& 3.7 '.0 35 , 103 .09 2 .8 .7 " ME"

30 71' 36. 18 ,. 25.73 155 15.911 2.37 2 •• 3 •• 30 , 5b .10 2 •• •• 20 SPC

OCT , 152 32.27 19 21. 2& 155 1&.21 • 52 2.7 3.' 24 0 b7 .,. 2 • 7 I •• 22 '0'

, 1&24 7. 14 ,. 20.69 155 1&.14 ••• 2.1 3.8 31 , " .1' 3 .5 .7 30 '0'

• 1438 51 .90 ,. 23.98 155 15.22 2ll.90 '.0 '., 3. , b! .11 2 .8 , .0 28 OEP

2. 111 43.43 ,. 5.20 155 3.94 46.41 3.5 S.2 35 2 2&2 • '2 24 ,.. 3.0 24 PPl

2. 1318 22.87 ,. 25.1'9 '54 53.90 9.01 3.0 3 •• 3' , 227 .13 • , • 7 •• 2b lEO

NOV d> 133. 23.39 ,. 21.2S 155 &.78 9.3S 3.8 '., 3' 2 •• .0' • •• .8 31 UE"

b 724 IS.23 ,. 22.7& 155 24.91 11.18 3 •• 3.8 35 3 '2 • '2 5 • 7 • • 30 UKF

11 123'1 12.49 ,. 9.53 155 33. bb 38.&4 3.' 3.' 31 , 138 .11 '2 ,.' 2.3 30 lSw

22 13 • 4b.47 ,. 18.:3 7 155 20.!l.5 10.20 3.3 3.5 3b 2 117 .13 • •• .S 2• SWR

2S 854 51 .35 ,. 21 • 11 155 1. '17 7.71 3.5 '.0 3. 2 ,.. • '2 3 •• •• 32 ME~

DEC • 2225 37.79 ,. 21 .07 155 2.70 8.98 3.2 3.7 38 2 '" .10 2 •• .5 35 ME"

21 2225 55.07 ,. 20.14 155 13.74 9.80 3.' 3. T ,. 2

" •O. 5 .5 .1 ,. OE"

2T 3ST 50.11 ,. 18.'13 , 54 53.78 43.13 3.5 2.' 37 0 245 .10 15 3.8 3.' 30 DIS

..
TILT INSTRUMENTATION

In addition to the seismic network, a network of spirit-level tilt

stations (dry), borehole tiltmeters, and water-tube (wet) tilt stations is

maintained. The network is located on the summits and flanks of Kilauea and

Mauna Loa Volcanoes. In December 1977 the tilt network consisted of:

82 spirit level tilt stations (dry)

9 borehole tiltmeters

10 water-tube tilt stations (wet)

1 continuous recording Ideal-Arrowsmith tiltmeter

Dry and wet tilt stations are generally occupied at irregular intervals.

Critical stations are measured more frequently than the entire network.

Digital borehole tiltmeters data are telemetered by VHF radio and recorded at

the observatory. An Ideal-Arrowsmith mercury-pool capacitor-type tiltmeter

with a I m base is located at the Uwekahuna vault, and the analog signal is

recorded at the observatory.

67
TILTING OF THE GROUND AROUND KILAUEA CALDERA

Tilting of the ground around the summit of Kilauea is monitored daily

by a short-base water-tube tiltmeter in the Uwekahuna Vault, and at

irregular intervals it is measured on a regional scale by means of a

network of field tilt-bases and a portable water-tube tiltmeter. The

attitude of the ground surface at each tilt-base is reported in terms

of north-south and east-west tilt coordinates. Both coordinates at

each station were arbitrarily set equal to 500 when measurements at

that station were begun. Increasing tilt coordinates correspond to

northward and eastward tilting of the earth's surfacej that is, to a

relative subsidence toward the north and east. A one-unit change in

coordinate corresponds to a tilting of 1 microradian (1 mm per km) in

the direction indicated.

Table 7.--Tilt Coordinates at Uwekahuna, 1977

Date

Jan 2

9

16

23

30

Feb 6

13

20

27

Mar 6

13

20

27

Apr 3

10

17

24

May 1

8

15

22

29

Jun 5

12

19

26

N-S

545

548

551

551

550

550

548

546

545

543

542

540

539

537

537

537

536

528

536

535

534

534

540

532

532

532

E-W

366

369

366

363

363

362

368

382

389

386

388

387

389

392

393

392

390

390

391

390

377

393

396

393

395

397

68

Date

Jul 3

10

17

24

31

Aug 7

14

21

28

Sep 4

11

18

25

Oct 2

9

16

23

30

Nov 6

13

20

27

Dec 4

11

18

25

N-S

532

533

532

532

532

531

531

530

529

530

525

475

448

458

454

455

453

453

450

449

449

449

449

449

447

449

E-W

395

390

391

391

390

391

388

387

385

387

402

493

478

484

487

484

481

478

478

477

473

471

468

467

467

460
Table 8.--U.S. Geological Survey vater-tube tiltmeter

stations in Havaii

Location Frequency Base

Station Symbol of length Description

Lat. N. Long. W. reading M

Deg. Min. Deg. Min.

Tree Molds TM 19 - 26.3 155 - 17.3 50.79 NS. and EW.

Sand Spit SS 19 - 24.1 155 - 16.8 25.40 Equilateral

triangle.

Keamoku Kea 19 - 25.1 155 - 19.0 47.55 do

Ahua

Kamokukolau Kam 19 - 22.7 155 - 16.6 50.79 do

Kipuka Nene KN 19 - 19.4 155 - 16.7 47.73 do

HUina Pal1 HP 19 - 18.2 155 - 18.6 47.73 do

Kapapala

Ranch Kap 19 - 20.5 155 - 23.8 50.79 do

Mehana M 19 - 26.2 155 - 14.3 25.00 do

Uwekahuna U 19 - 25.5 155 - 17.4 50.79 do

Uwekahuna

Vault 19 - 25.4 155 - 17.6 Daily 3.48 NS. and EW.

69
Table 9. Tilt coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea Caldera. (See f

-6

Rate (10 rad

and direction 

Til t base Date Tilt coordinates til t i og sinc

and location ( 1977) N-S E-W last reading 

Uwekahuna (U on fig.lO) Not Occupied This Epoch

Lat. 190 25.5'N Long. 155° 17.4'w

Tree Molds (TM) 3 May 486.9 515.5 0.46 S12.

Lat. 19° 26.3'N Long. 155 0 17.3'W

Sand Sp;t (SS) Not Occupied This Epoch

Lat. 190 24.1'N long. 155° 16.8'w

Keamoku bKea)

155 0 19.0","" Not Occupied This Epoch ..., Lat. 19 25.1'N Long .

0

Ahua Kamokukolau (Kam)

155

0

16.6 1w

Not Occupied This Epoch

lat. 190 22.7'N Long.

Kipuka Nene (KN)

155° 16.7'W

26 Apr 171. 3 562.7 0.98 N11.

lat. 190 19.4 1N Long.

Hilina Pali (HP) 26 Apr 336.3 527.3 2.83 N41. 

Lat. 190 18.2 ' N long. 155° 18.6'w

Kapapa I a (Kap) 3 May 509.7 531. 9 1. 51 S62.

Lat. 190 20.5 1N Long. 155° 23.3'w

Hehana (H) Not Occupied This Epoch

Lat. 19° 26.2 1 N long. 155° 14.3'W
• M

U....ahuno

•

K"

55·

0

Kam- 0 0' "

• 0

o

Kop

...

HP

TILTING R~TE 5.0 X 10-6 RADIANS/MONTH

5 K M

•

I

Figure 10 September 197b to May 1917 tilting of the ground around Kilauea

Caldera. The vector depicting tilt at a given tilt base points

in the direction of maximum relative subsidence, and its length

is proportional to the rate of tilting during the measurement

interval. Closed circles represent field tilt basesj open

Circles, short-base watertube tiltmeters. See Table for

explanation of abbreviations.

71
Table10. Tilt coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea Caldera. (See fi

Not Occupied This Epoch

8 Aug 485.2 511. 3 1.42 567.8

Not Occupied This EpochNot Occupied This Epoch

Not Occupied This Epoch

16 Aug 174.2 552.9 2.74 N73.8

11 Aug 341.4 522.4 1. 98 N44.3

9 Aug 508.9 533.3 0.50 560.1 

Not Occutied This Epoch

Tilt base

and location

Uwekahuna (U on fig.11)

Lat. 190 25.5'N Long. 1550 17.4'1.1

Tree Molds (TM)

Lat. 190 26.3'N Long. 1550 17.3'1.1

5and 5pit (55)

Lat. 190 24.1 1N '..ong . 1550 16.8'1.1

...,

'" Keamoku bKea)

lat. 19 25.1'N long. 1550 19.0'1.1

Ahua Kamokukolau (Kam)

1550 lat. 19 16.6'1.1 0 22.7 1 N Long.

Kipuka Nene (KN)

1550 Lat. 19 16.7'1.1 0 19.4 1N long.

Hil ina Pal i (HP)

1550 lat. 19 18.6'1.1 0 la.2 l N Long.

Ia (Kap)

lat. 190 20.5 t N long. 1550 23.3'1.1

Mehana (M)

1550 lat. 19 14.3'1.1 0 26.2'N long.

Date

(1977)

Tilt coordinates

N-5 E-W

-6 Rate (10 rad

and direction 

tilting sinc

last reading
• M

Kam- 0

'V

•

,.

'"

0

Kop

,

--. KN

NP

, ............

2000~~ r TI LTiNG RATE 5.0 X 10-6 RADIANS/MONTH

••

" 5 K M

0-

o

Figure 11 May to August 1977 tilting of the ground around Kilauea

Caldera.

73
Tablell. Tilt coordinates and changes at bases around Kilauea Caldera. (See fi

-6 Rate (10 rad

and direction 

Tilt base Date Tilt coordinates tilting sinc

and location (1977 ) N-S E-W last reading 

Uwekahuna (U on fig.12)

155° 17.4'w

S Dec 477.3 413.0 42.68 S35.

lat. 190 2S.S ' N long.

Tree Molds (TN) 6 Dec 422.0 531. 8 16.61 S18.

lat. 19° 26.3'N long. 155° 17.3'W

Sand Spit (55) S Dec 736.0 963.4 23.26 S50.

lat. 190 24.1 1N long. 155° 16.8'w

-'l Keamoku bKea) 6 Dec 483.6 618.4 30.06 S57.

... lat. 19 2S.1 1N long. 155° 19.0'W

Ahua Kamokukolau (Kam)

155° 16.6'W

7 Dec 907.6 467.2 44.50 N11.

lat. 19° 22.]IN Long.

Kipuka Nene (KN) 8 Dec 191. 8 550.3 4.69 N8.4°

Lat. 190 19.4 1N Long. 155° 16.7'W

Hilina Pali (HP) 8 Dec 349.5 519.0 2.22 N23.

Lat. 190 la.2 l N Long. 155° 18.6'w

KapapaJa (Kap) 7 Dec 509.1 538.4 1. 29 N88.1 

Lat. 19° 20.S I N long. 155° 23.8'w

Mehana (M) 6 Dec 505.0 540.7 9.96 S35.7

Lat. 19° 26.2 1N long. 155° 14.3'W
K"

- o

Q

Q'

o

Figure 12 August to December 1917 tilting of the ground around

Kalauea Caldera.

75
GPO 769·107

REFERENCES CITED

Dzurisin, Daniel, Anderson, L. A" Eaton, G. P., Koyangi, R. Y., Lipman, P. W.,

Lockwood, J. P., Okamura, R. T., Puniwai, G. S., Saka, M. K., and

Yamashita, K. M., 1979, Temporal variations in gravity on Kilauea Volcano,

Hawaii: 2. Implications for the magma budget, November 1975 - September

1977: Jour. Volcanology and Geotherm. Res., (in press).

Klein, F. W., 1978, Hypocenter location program HYPOINVERSE, U.S. Geological

Survey Open-file Report 78-694, Menlo Park, California.

Koyanagi, R. Y., Stevenson, P., Endo, E. T., and Okamura, A. T., Hawaiian

Volcano Observatory Summary 14, January to December 1974.

Moore, R. B., Dzurisin, Daniel, Eaton, G. P., Koyanagi, R. Y., Lipman, P. W.,

Lockwood, J. P., and Puniwai, G. 5., 1979, Preliminary report on the 1977

eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Jour. Volcanology and Geotherm. Res.,

(in press).

76