U.S. Department of Justice

Office of the Inspector General

A Review of the September 2005 

Shooting Incident Involving the 

Federal Bureau of Investigation and 

Filiberto Ojeda Ríos

Office of the Inspector General 

August 2006

DRAFT
i

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... i 

INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES.................................................................vii 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................. ix 

I. Background ................................................................................ ix 

II. The Methodology of the OIG Investigation..................................... x 

III. Planning the Operation ............................................................... xi 

A. Historical Background Regarding Ojeda and the 

Macheteros ........................................................................ xi 

B. The FBI Locates Ojeda in Hormigueros............................. xiii 

C. Deployment of the Hostage Rescue Team ......................... xiii 

D. The Surveillance and Arrest Plans.....................................xiv 

E. The Role of the Police of Puerto Rico...................................xv 

IV. Chronology of Events in the Operation .......................................xvi 

A. Events on September 22 ...................................................xvi 

B. Overnight Events on September 22-23 ..............................xvi 

C. Plan for a Pre-dawn Arrest Operation on September 24 ....xvii 

D. The Compromise of the Sniper-Observers.........................xvii 

E. Transportation to the Target ...........................................xviii 

F. The Assault on the Ojeda Residence..................................xix 

G. Events Following the Exchange of Gunfire.......................xxiv 

H. Ojeda Struck by a Shot from the Perimeter .....................xxvi 

I. The Decision Not to Enter the House on September 23.. xxviii 

J. Notification of the Puerto Rico Department of Justice......xxix 

K. Entry of the House on September 24................................xxx 

V. Findings of the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences.........xxxi 

A. Findings on the Scene....................................................xxxii 

B. Autopsy .........................................................................xxxii 

C. Bullet and Shell Casing Examinations............................xxxii 

D. Trajectory Analysis........................................................xxxiii 

E. Shooting Reconstruction............................................... xxxiv 

F. Blood Patterns .............................................................. xxxiv 

VI. Compliance with the Deadly Force Policy................................ xxxiv 

A. Assessment of the Initial Exchange of Gunfire................ xxxv 

B. Assessment of the Perimeter Shots................................ xxxvi 

VII. Assessment of the Decision to Conduct an Emergency 

Daylight Assault.................................................................... xxxvii 

A. Foreseeable Risks from a Daylight Assault .................. xxxviii 

B. The Surround and Call-out Option................................ xxxix 

C. The Extract and Withdraw Option...................................... xl 

D. Modification of the Approach Route.................................... xl 

E. Conducting the Assault on El Grito de Lares...................... xl 

VIII. Assessment of the FBI’s Decisions Regarding Entry.................... xli 

A. FBI Entry Decisions in Puerto Rico before 8:05 p.m. ......... xli 
ii

B. Entry Decisions Made at FBI Headquarters...................... xlii 

IX. The FBI’s Preparation for and Conduct of Negotiations ..............xliv 

X. Miscellaneous Issues.................................................................xlvi 

A. The FBI’s Communications with the Commonwealth of 

Puerto Rico ......................................................................xlvi 

B. Prior Opportunities to Apprehend Ojeda...........................xlvi 

XI. Recommendations....................................................................xlvii 

A. Recommendations Regarding Compliance with the DOJ 

Deadly Force Policy and Related Issues...........................xlvii 

B. Recommendations Regarding the Decision to Conduct 

an Emergency Daylight Assault.......................................xlvii 

C. Recommendations Regarding the FBI’s Entry Decisions .xlviii 

D. Recommendations Regarding the FBI’s Preparations for 

and Conduct of Negotiations ............................................xlix 

XII. Conclusion................................................................................xlix 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 

I. Background ................................................................................. 1 

II. Methodology of the OIG Review..................................................... 3 

III. Organization of the OIG Report..................................................... 7 

CHAPTER TWO: PLANNING THE OJEDA ARREST OPERATION..................... 9 

I. Historical Background Regarding Ojeda and the Macheteros ........ 9 

A. Filiberto Ojeda Ríos and the Macheteros ............................. 9 

B. The 1985 Arrest of Ojeda .................................................. 10 

C. Ojeda Becomes a Fugitive ................................................. 13 

D. Later Activities of the Macheteros...................................... 13 

II. The FBI Locates Ojeda in Hormigueros ....................................... 14 

III. The Request for the Assistance of the Hostage Rescue Team....... 17 

IV. Background on the Hostage Rescue Team and the Critical 

Incident Response Group ........................................................... 17 

V. The HRT Advance Team Reconnaissance and Assessment .......... 18 

VI. Information Regarding the Neighbors.......................................... 19 

VII. The Operations Plans ................................................................. 20 

A. The Surveillance Plan........................................................ 20 

B. The Arrest Plan................................................................. 22 

C. Consideration of the Surround and Call-Out Option.......... 23 

D. Discussions Regarding El Grito de Lares........................... 24 

E. Preparations for Medical Emergencies............................... 25 

F. Chain of Command........................................................... 25 

G. Communications Links ..................................................... 25 

H. Helicopters........................................................................ 25 

VIII. Establishment and Organization of the HRT Tactical Operations 

Center and the San Juan FBI Command Post in Aguadilla ......... 26 

IX. The Role of the Police of Puerto Rico in the Arrest Operation....... 26 
iii

CHAPTER THREE: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS IN THE SURVEILLANCE 

AND ARREST OPERATION ......................................................... 29 

I. Surveillance on September 21-22 ............................................... 29 

II. Issuance of the Search Warrant.................................................. 30 

III. Surveillance on September 22-23 ............................................... 30 

IV. Deliberations Regarding a Course of Action on September 23 ..... 34 

V. The Plan for a Pre-dawn Arrest Operation on September 24........ 35 

VI. The Compromise of the Sniper-Observers ................................... 37 

VII. Deliberations Regarding a Post-Compromise Course of Action .... 39 

VIII. Preparations for the Daylight Assault ......................................... 40 

IX. Transportation to the Target....................................................... 42 

X. The Assault on Site 1 ................................................................. 44 

A. Features and Layout of Site 1............................................ 44 

B. The Exchange of Gunfire................................................... 48 

XI. The Evacuation of the Wounded Agent ....................................... 53 

XII. The Standoff............................................................................... 53 

A. The Surrender of Elma Beatríz Rosado Barbosa ................ 53 

B. Communications between the FBI and Ojeda .................... 54 

XIII. Activation of the Strategic Information and Operations Center at 

FBI Headquarters....................................................................... 57 

XIV. Crowds Assemble at Several Locations in Puerto Rico................. 58 

XV. The Decision to Send Relief HRT Teams from Quantico............... 59 

XVI. Ojeda Struck by a Shot from the Perimeter................................. 60 

A. Brian’s Position................................................................. 60 

B. The Shots ......................................................................... 62 

XVII. The Limited Breach of the Residence .......................................... 64 

XVIII. Decisions Immediately After the Limited Breach......................... 65 

XIX. FBI Headquarters Assumes Control of the Law Enforcement 

Clear.......................................................................................... 66 

XX. Counterterrorism Division Rejects a Nighttime Entry.................. 68 

A. Reasons for the Decision................................................... 68 

B. Communication of the Final Decision................................ 69 

C. HRT Agents’ Response to the Decision............................... 72 

XXI. Notification of the Puerto Rico Department of Justice ................. 73 

XXII. Approval of a Modified Fragmentary Order for a September 24 

Daytime Clear ............................................................................ 74 

XXIII. Execution of the Daytime Clear.................................................. 75 

CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS OF THE PUERTO RICO INSTITUTE OF 

FORENSIC SCIENCES................................................................ 80 

I. Findings on the Scene ................................................................ 81 

II. Autopsy...................................................................................... 82 

III. Bullet and Shell Casing Examinations........................................ 82 

IV. Trajectory Analysis..................................................................... 85 

V. Shooting Reconstruction ............................................................ 87 

VI. Blood Patterns............................................................................ 87 
iv

CHAPTER FIVE: OIG ANALYSIS OF WHETHER THE OJEDA SHOOTING WAS 

IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DEADLY 

FORCE POLICY.......................................................................... 89 

I. The Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy........................... 89 

II. Assessment of the FBI’s Use of Deadly Force During the Initial 

Exchange of Gunfire................................................................... 90 

A. Rounds Fired Through the Wooden Gate into the Hallway. 93 

B. Rounds Fired Toward the Kitchen Window ........................ 93 

C. The Infeasibility of Providing a Warning............................. 94 

D. The Exercise of Fire Discipline .......................................... 94 

E. The Three Shots Through the Front Door .......................... 95 

III. Assessment of the Perimeter Shots............................................. 99 

IV. Lack of “Standard Load” of Ammunition ................................... 103 

V. Conclusions Regarding FBI Use of Force................................... 104 

CHAPTER SIX: OIG ASSESSMENT OF THE DECISION TO CONDUCT AN 

EMERGENCY DAYLIGHT ASSAULT.......................................... 107 

I. The Circumstances of the Reported Compromise ...................... 107 

II. The Emergency Daylight Assault .............................................. 109 

III. The Surround and Call-out Strategy......................................... 113 

IV. Whether the FBI Gave Adequate Consideration to Extracting 

the Sniper-Observers and Withdrawing .................................... 116 

V. Modification of the Approach Route.......................................... 118 

VI. The Decision to Conduct the Assault on El Grito de Lares ........ 119 

VII. Conclusions Regarding the Decision to Conduct an Emergency 

Daylight Assault....................................................................... 120 

CHAPTER SEVEN: OIG ASSESSMENT OF THE FBI’S DECISIONS 

REGARDING ENTRY OF THE RESIDENCE ............................... 123 

I. Assessment of FBI Entry Decisions in Puerto Rico from 

Approximately 6:08 p.m. to 8:05 p.m........................................ 124 

II. Differing Accounts Regarding the Chain of Command from 

6:08 until 8:05 p.m. ................................................................. 125 

III. Whether the FBI Ignored Bloodstains on the Front Doorstep..... 126 

IV. Assessment of FBI Entry Decisions at FBI Headquarters .......... 127 

A. Decision to Require Counterterrorism Division Approval 

of any Plan to Enter the Residence.................................. 128 

B. Decision Not to Enter the Residence the Night of 

September 23 ................................................................. 133 

C. The Informational Consequences of CTD Assuming 

Control of the Entry Decision.......................................... 134 

V. The Tension Between the FBI’s Aggressive Strategy Before the 

Gunfire Exchange and its Cautious Strategy after Ojeda Was 

Wounded.................................................................................. 136 

VI. Consequences for the Outcome ................................................ 137 

VII. Conclusions Regarding the FBI’s Entry Decisions..................... 138 
v

CHAPTER EIGHT: ASSESSMENT OF THE PREPARATION FOR AND 

CONDUCT OF NEGOTIATIONS................................................. 141 

I. The FBI's Preparation for Negotiations in a Barricaded Subject 

Scenario................................................................................... 141 

II. The FBI’s Conduct of Negotiations and Rejection of Ojeda's 

Demand for a Reporter ............................................................. 144 

III. Impact of Negotiations on the Outcome .................................... 145 

IV. Conclusions Regarding the Conduct of Negotiations ................. 146 

CHAPTER NINE: MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES.............................................. 149 

I. The FBI’s Communications with Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 

Government Officials Before and During the Ojeda Arrest 

Operation................................................................................. 149 

A. FBI's communications with the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico before the arrest operation ...................................... 149 

B. The FBI's Communications with the Commonwealth of 

Puerto Rico after the Emergency Assault Failed............... 151 

II. Whether the FBI Bypassed Prior Opportunities to Apprehend 

Ojeda Safely ............................................................................. 153 

III. The Landing Zone Error ........................................................... 154 

A. Causes of the Error......................................................... 155 

B. Consequences of the Failure to Locate the Landing Zone. 157 

CHAPTER 10: RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 159 

CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSIONS................................................................... 169 
vi

[BLANK] 
vii

INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES 

Figure 1: Major Events in the Macheteros/Ojeda Investigation 11-12 

Figure 2: Map of Puerto Rico 15 

Figure 3: Aerial View of Sites 1 and 2 16 

Figure 4: Aerial View of Ojeda Residence (Site 1) 21 

Figure 5: Ojeda Operation Timeline 31-32 

Figure 6: Select Features on Front (White) Side of Residence 

(Foliage Removed) 45 

Figure 7: 3-D Diagram of Interior of the Residence 46 

Figure 8: View of the Front of the Residence (Before Foliage Removed) 47 

Figure 9: View of Residence from Approximate Position of Shooter 61 

Figure 10: Doorway Bloodstain Before the Body was Removed 78 

Figure 11: Doorway Bloodstain After the Body was Removed 79 

Table 1: Comparison of Shell Casing Evidence as Described by 

Forensic Laboratory with Agent Statements 84 

Figure 12: Trajectory of Shots Through Front Door 96 

Figure 13: Ceiling Impact from Shots Through Front Door 97 
viii

[BLANK]
ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

I. Background 

On September 23, 2005, agents from the Federal Bureau of 

Investigation (FBI) attempted to arrest long-time fugitive Filiberto Ojeda 

Ríos (Ojeda) at a residence on a rural hillside near Hormigueros, Puerto Rico. 

Ojeda was one of the founders and leaders of the Ejército Popular Boricua, also 

known as the “Macheteros” (Cane-Cutters), an organization that claimed credit 

for various violent crimes during the late 1970s and 1980s in pursuit of 

independence for Puerto Rico. 

A team of FBI agents attempted to enter the residence to arrest Ojeda at 

4:28 p.m. The operation resulted in a brief but intense exchange of gunfire 

between Ojeda and the FBI. Three agents were shot and one was seriously 

wounded; Ojeda was not hit. The agents did not enter the house or complete 

the arrest. The gunfight was followed by a standoff during which Ojeda’s wife 

surrendered and FBI agents engaged in a dialog with Ojeda. At 6:08 p.m., an 

FBI agent saw Ojeda through a window and fired three shots at him. Several 

agents heard Ojeda cry out and fall. The FBI did not enter the house until 

shortly after noon the next day, at which time the agents found Ojeda on the 

floor, dead from a single bullet wound that punctured his lung. 

Journalists, elected officials, and activists in Puerto Rico criticized the 

FBI for using excessive force to capture Ojeda, for conducting the operation on 

El Grito de Lares (a holiday of great significance to the Puerto Rican 

independence movement), and for waiting 18 hours after Ojeda was shot before 

entering the house, thereby allowing Ojeda to bleed to death. 

On September 26, FBI Director Robert Mueller requested that the Office 

of the Inspector General (OIG) conduct an investigation to determine the facts 

and circumstances of the Ojeda shooting incident and to make 

recommendations regarding what actions, if any, the FBI should take in 

connection with it. The FBI and the United States Attorney General also 

received written requests from several United States Representatives and other 

elected officials for an independent investigation of the circumstances of 

Ojeda’s death.

The OIG initiated this investigation after receiving Director Mueller’s 

request. In August 2006, we completed a 172-page report detailing our 

findings and recommendations. This Executive Summary summarizes the full 

report. 
x

II. The Methodology of the OIG Investigation 

The OIG’s objective in conducting this review was to investigate the facts 

relating to the incident, and: (1) to determine whether the FBI agents involved 

in the operation complied with the Department of Justice’s Deadly Force Policy; 

(2) to assess the FBI’s decision to conduct an emergency daylight assault of the 

Ojeda residence in light of other potential options for apprehending Ojeda; (3) 

to assess the FBI’s planning for and conduct of negotiations with Ojeda during 

the standoff; (4) to determine the reasons the FBI waited 18 hours after the 

shooting to enter the residence; and (5) to evaluate communications between 

the FBI, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the public regarding the 

operation. As the investigation proceeded, the OIG identified several additional 

issues that are addressed in this report, including anonymous allegations that 

the FBI had bypassed numerous opportunities to arrest Ojeda under 

circumstances less likely to result in violence. 

The OIG investigation was conducted by a team of attorneys and OIG 

Special Agents. In the course of the investigation, the OIG interviewed over 60 

individuals, including personnel from the FBI Counterterrorism Division in 

Washington, D.C., and agents from the FBI’s Critical Incident Response Group 

(CIRG) in Quantico, Virginia. These interviews included all of the agents who 

discharged their weapons or otherwise participated in the assault on Ojeda’s 

residence, as well as other CIRG agents who planned, participated in, or had 

knowledge of the operation. We also interviewed personnel from the San Juan 

Division of the FBI (San Juan FBI) and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the 

District of Puerto Rico who were involved in the Ojeda matter. OIG 

investigators interviewed officials from the Department of Justice of the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Police of Puerto Rico (POPR). We also 

spoke with several persons living in the area near the Ojeda residence. 

The OIG reviewed thousands of pages of documents generated by the FBI 

and the U.S. Attorney’s Office relating to the Ojeda matter, including draft and 

final Operations Plans and Orders, investigative files, court filings, 

photographs, logs, intelligence reports, text messages, and relevant FBI 

policies, procedures, and training manuals. 

In addition, the OIG reviewed relevant forensic reports prepared by the 

Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences) 

related to the Ojeda incident. These reports included the autopsy report, bullet 

and shell casing analyses, trajectory analysis, shooting reconstruction, and 

blood pattern analysis. We also conducted three lengthy interviews of 

Dr. Pio R. Rechani López, the Executive Director of the Institute, and other 

scientists involved in preparing the forensic reports. The OIG acknowledges 

the cooperation of Puerto Rico Attorney General Roberto J. Sánchez Ramos and 

Dr. Rechani in making the forensic reports and scientists available to us. 
xi

The OIG also consulted with the U.S. Department of Defense Armed 

Forces Institute of Pathology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner 

(OAFME), regarding how long Ojeda survived after being shot. The OAFME 

provided a written report on this issue and responded to questions from the 

OIG. 

In addition, the OIG recruited three experts in tactical police operations 

to provide expert input and guidance on the FBI’s tactical decisions in the 

Ojeda operation and the agents’ compliance with the Department of Justice 

Deadly Force Policy: (1) Ronald M. McCarthy, a former Field Supervisor for the 

Los Angeles Police Department Tactical Unit who previously served on the U.S. 

Department of Justice Waco review committee and who has testified before the 

United States Congress as an expert in police special operations; (2) Michael S. 

Foreman, the former Chief of the Sheriff’s Office for Orange County, Florida, 

who has 24 years of experience in the field of special weapons and tactics as a 

team leader and SWAT commander; and (3) Gary Van Horn, the Assistant 

Director in the Office of Law Enforcement and Security at the U.S. Department 

of the Interior, who has over 30 years of law enforcement experience. 

During the course of its review, the OIG was unable to interview 

some witnesses and obtain some potentially relevant written materials. 

The attorney for Ojeda’s widow declined our request to interview her as 

well as our request for access to the Ojeda residence. The Department of 

Justice of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico declined our request for 

access to statements collected from approximately 40 witnesses, 

including individuals living in the neighborhood near the Ojeda 

residence, as well as an expert report prepared for the Commonwealth 

regarding the survivability of Ojeda’s wound. A Commission of the 

Puerto Rico Bar Association conducted an investigation of the Ojeda 

incident, but the Bar Association did not respond to written and 

telephonic requests from the OIG for information collected in that 

investigation. We believe, however, that although this information might 

have been useful to the OIG’s investigation, our findings and conclusions 

were not materially affected by our inability to obtain access to it. 

III. Planning the Operation 

In this section of the Executive Summary, the OIG summarizes historical 

information regarding Ojeda and the Macheteros, and then describes the FBI’s 

planning for the Ojeda arrest operation. 

A. Historical Background Regarding Ojeda and the Macheteros 

Ojeda was born in Puerto Rico in 1933. In the mid-1970s Ojeda helped 

to organize the Macheteros. The publicly stated goal of the Macheteros is to 
xii

obtain the independence of Puerto Rico by armed struggle against the United 

States government. The FBI considers the Macheteros to be a terrorist 

organization. Ojeda was the leader of and spokesman for the Macheteros. 

The Macheteros have claimed responsibility for various acts of violence in 

Puerto Rico, such as the murder of a police officer in Naguabo, Puerto Rico, in 

August 1978 and the killing of U.S. Navy sailors in Puerto Rico in 1979 and 

1982. 

The Macheteros have also claimed responsibility for numerous bombings 

in Puerto Rico. On October 17, 1979, the Macheteros conducted eight bomb 

attacks against various federal facilities across Puerto Rico. In January 1981, 

the organization used bombs to destroy nine U.S. fighter aircraft at the Muñiz 

Air National Guard Base in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Later the same year, the 

Macheteros bombed three separate buildings of the Puerto Rico Electric 

Company. In 1983, the Macheteros fired a Light Anti-Tank Weapon (commonly 

called a LAW rocket) into the U.S. Federal Building in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, 

damaging the offices of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the FBI. In 

January 1985, the Macheteros fired a LAW rocket into a building in Old 

San Juan that housed the U.S. Marshals Service and other federal agencies. 

 

The Macheteros also conducted robberies to finance their activities, 

including the theft of $7.1 million from a Wells Fargo facility in West Hartford, 

Connecticut on September 12, 1983. The Wells Fargo robbery was one of the 

largest bank robberies in U.S. history. 

On August 30, 1985, the FBI conducted a large-scale operation in 

Puerto Rico to arrest Ojeda and other alleged members of the Macheteros in 

connection with the Wells Fargo robbery. According to contemporaneous FBI 

accounts, Ojeda did not respond to loud announcements from the agents of 

their presence and intent to execute a warrant at his residence. When the FBI 

entered Ojeda’s residence, Ojeda fired several shots down a stairway at the 

arrest team. One of the shots ricocheted and struck an agent, permanently 

blinding him in one eye. Ojeda fired more shots and threatened to shoot 

anyone who attempted to climb the stairs. After a dialog with the agents, 

Ojeda allowed his wife to surrender to the FBI. A few minutes later, Ojeda 

appeared at the base of the stairs holding a pistol in his left hand and an Uzi 

shoulder weapon in his right hand. The agents instructed him in Spanish and 

English to drop his weapons. According to the agents, Ojeda then raised the 

pistol. One of the agents fired at Ojeda. The shot struck Ojeda’s pistol and 

knocked it from his hand. Ojeda dropped the Uzi and was subdued by the 

agents. 

Ojeda represented himself in his 1989 trial in Puerto Rico on the charge 

of assaulting the FBI agents during the arrest operation, arguing self defense. 

He was acquitted by a jury. 
xiii

Ojeda was released on bond pending trial in Connecticut on charges 

relating to the Wells Fargo robbery. On September 23, 1990, Ojeda cut off his 

electronic monitoring device and announced that he had gone back 

underground to continue the struggle against the government of the United 

States. Ojeda thereby violated the conditions of his release and became a 

federal fugitive. The United States District Court in Connecticut issued an 

arrest warrant the next day, charging Ojeda with bond default. In July 1992, 

Ojeda was tried in absentia in Connecticut and found guilty on 14 counts 

related to the Wells Fargo robbery, fined $600,000, and sentenced to 55 years 

in prison. 

After becoming a fugitive in 1990, Ojeda periodically gave interviews to 

the media in Puerto Rico, and his recorded speeches were played at proindependence rallies. According to media accounts and FBI files, in these 

statements Ojeda reiterated that the Macheteros remained active as an 

organization and he continued to advocate an “armed struggle” for 

independence. In 2003, Ojeda issued a letter condemning an FBI “wanted” 

advertisement that included a photograph of his wife. Ojeda described the 

Macheteros as “indestructible” and urged supporters to send him the names of 

FBI agents in Puerto Rico for future publication. 

B. The FBI Locates Ojeda in Hormigueros 

The Ojeda arrest operation was the culmination of a major investigative 

effort by the San Juan FBI that was led by Special Agent in Charge (SAC) Luis 

Fraticelli. In early September 2005, the San Juan FBI determined that Ojeda 

and his wife were likely living in a house located on a rural hillside in 

Hormigueros, on the west side of Puerto Rico. At this point, the San Juan FBI 

had not seen Ojeda at the house. The San Juan FBI was concerned that the 

remote location and rugged terrain would make it difficult to confirm Ojeda’s 

presence using conventional surveillance techniques. 

C. Deployment of the Hostage Rescue Team 

 On September 13, 2005, FBI Headquarters approved a request from SAC 

Fraticelli for the deployment of the FBI’s Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) to 

conduct a tactical assessment for the purpose of arresting Ojeda. Based in 

Quantico, Virginia, the HRT is a full-time, national level tactical team that, 

among other missions, deploys in support of FBI field division operations. HRT 

is a component of the Tactical Support Branch in the FBI’s Critical Incident 

Response Group (CIRG), which also includes the Operations and Training Unit 

and the Tactical Helicopter Unit. The Operations and Training Unit supports 

HRT by providing operations management, planning and oversight during HRT 

deployments. The Tactical Helicopter Unit provides aviation support.
xiv

The San Juan FBI sought the assistance of highly specialized HRT 

“sniper-observers” to conduct covert surveillance to determine whether Ojeda 

was present and to gather intelligence relevant to an arrest.1 In addition, SAC 

Fraticelli said he sought HRT’s expertise in conducting the arrest because he 

was concerned that Ojeda would likely “shoot it out” with the FBI again and 

that Ojeda might use grenades or explosives. 

D. The Surveillance and Arrest Plans 

Agents from the HRT and the Operations and Training Unit prepared 

plans for a two-phase operation: a surveillance phase followed by an arrest 

phase. During the surveillance phase, a team of HRT sniper-observers would 

conduct covert surveillance of the residence, with emphasis on confirming 

Ojeda’s presence. The sniper-observers would also collect other information 

relevant to a potential arrest operation, such as identifying the location and 

composition of “breach points” where the arresting agents could enter the 

residence. 

The plan also called for a Quick Reaction Force to be made up of agents 

from HRT and the San Juan FBI in vehicles stationed at a location a short 

drive from Ojeda’s residence. The function of the Quick Reaction Force would 

be to extract the sniper-observers in the event of compromise and to be 

prepared for arrest contingencies. 

 The FBI planners did not make detailed plans for the arrest phase in 

advance of the operation because they expected that the specific tactics would 

depend in large part on the results of the surveillance phase. HRT’s preference 

and primary focus was to make the arrest outside of the residence, such as in 

a vehicle stop while Ojeda was leaving or approaching the residence. 

The FBI plan did not address a scenario in which the FBI would 

surround the residence and call for Ojeda to surrender, even as a least 

preferred course of action. SAC Fraticelli told the OIG that he wanted to avoid 

a standoff or “barricaded subject scenario” because he was concerned that 

Macheteros sympathizers would assemble near the scene in large numbers and 

that it would be difficult to control the situation. 

In preparing for the operation, the HRT Commander and Deputy 

Commander decided not to include negotiators from the CIRG Crisis 

Negotiation Unit (CNU) in Quantico as part of the team. However, SAC 

 1 Within the FBI, a “sniper-observer” is an agent highly trained in marksmanship, field 

skills, and observation. Deployed sniper-observer teams are responsible for collecting and 

relaying intelligence about a target, responding to imminent threats, and supporting tactical 

assaults. 
xv

Fraticelli made arrangements for two trained negotiators from the San Juan 

FBI to be available during the operation. 

Consistent with FBI crisis management guidelines, the plan for the Ojeda 

operation provided that SAC Fraticelli was at the top of the Tactical Chain of 

Command, followed by an Assistant Special Agent in Charge (ASAC) from the 

San Juan FBI, the HRT Deputy Commander, and the HRT Squad Supervisor.

In planning the arrest operation, the FBI took into account the annual 

celebration of El Grito de Lares on September 23. San Juan FBI investigators 

believed that Ojeda might leave his residence and attend the celebration in the 

city of Lares, thereby presenting an opportunity for a safe arrest away from the 

residence. 

On September 19, HRT set up a Tactical Operations Center (TOC) at a 

location approximately 25 miles from Ojeda’s residence. In general, the TOC 

was staffed throughout the operation by the HRT Deputy Commander and 

other CIRG personnel. The agents in the field communicated with the TOC by 

radio and cell phone. The San Juan FBI set up a Command Post on a different 

floor in the same building. In addition, the San Juan FBI Command Post was 

staffed by SAC Fraticelli, two ASACs, and various agents from the San Juan 

FBI. 

As part of its surveillance plan, the FBI assigned color designations to 

the four sides of Ojeda’s house in order to facilitate communications. Facing 

the house, the front side was designated “White,” the left side was designated 

“Green,” the right side was designated “Red,” and the rear side of the house 

was designated “Black.” 

E. The Role of the Police of Puerto Rico 

 

The POPR was aware that the FBI had been attempting to locate Ojeda, 

and had provided some assistance to the FBI in this effort. However, the FBI 

did not give advance notice to the POPR that the FBI had located Ojeda in 

Hormigueros and was planning to arrest him there. SAC Fraticelli stated that 

he did not provide advance notice to the POPR because he wanted to keep the 

operation secret and limit the possibility of leaks. The POPR did not receive 

notice of the arrest operation until after the FBI began the attempt to arrest 

Ojeda and the exchange of gunfire, which we describe below, at which time 

POPR officers responded to the scene and established an outer security 

perimeter. 
xvi

IV. Chronology of Events in the Operation 

In this section of the Executive Summary, the OIG sets forth a detailed 

chronology of events in the implementation of the Ojeda surveillance and arrest 

operation. 

A. Events on September 22 

A team of FBI sniper-observers initiated surveillance of the Ojeda 

residence before dawn on Thursday, September 22. During daylight hours, the 

sniper-observers withdrew to a position under cover of vegetation a short 

distance from the residence. 

Later that day, the United States District Court for the District of Puerto 

Rico issued a search warrant for the residence. The warrant authorized the 

FBI to execute the search at any hour of the day or night for evidence of 

violations of several criminal statutes. The original arrest warrant issued 

in1990 for Ojeda’s failure to appear at trial for the Wells Fargo robbery 

remained outstanding. 

B. Overnight Events on September 22-23 

The sniper-observers resumed surveillance of the residence after dark on 

September 22. As one of the sniper-observers moved along a fence around the 

residence, two dogs began barking excitedly. Lights came on inside the 

residence and at a neighboring residence. The sniper-observer saw a woman 

on the porch and heard her talking to a man who was in the yard inside the 

fence, with a flashlight. The man walked close to where the sniper-observer 

was hiding, but apparently did not see him. The sniper-observer described the 

man as elderly, with white hair and a medium build, which met the description 

of Ojeda provided by the San Juan FBI. The sniper-observer stated that he 

could not see the man’s face clearly, but based on the San Juan FBI 

description and other information, he concluded the man was Ojeda. This 

information was relayed back to the TOC at 11:43 p.m. on September 22. 

SAC Fraticelli and the HRT Deputy Commander considered whether to 

order an immediate operation to arrest Ojeda on the morning of September 23. 

They ultimately concluded that the available information regarding the house 

was inadequate to assure a successful breach of the front door without killing 

or injuring the occupants. 

The FBI was hopeful that Ojeda would depart the residence by car later 

that morning to attend the El Grito de Lares celebration, and that he could be 

apprehended by the Quick Reaction Force at that time. Fraticelli and the HRT 

Deputy Commander doubled the size of the Quick Reaction Force team on duty 

between 6:00 a.m. and approximately 10:00 a.m. on September 23, using all 
xvii

available agents from HRT together with SWAT Team agents from the San Juan 

FBI. In addition, numerous agents from the San Juan FBI were assigned to 

maintain surveillance coverage at all potential vehicle exit routes near the 

residence. However, the FBI did not observe Ojeda again that morning. 

C. Plan for a Pre-dawn Arrest Operation on September 24 

Based on information about the residence provided by the sniperobservers and advice from the HRT Deputy Commander, Fraticelli decided on a 

deliberate assault of the residence to arrest Ojeda in the pre-dawn hours of 

September 24, when Ojeda was expected to be sleeping. At approximately 

10:00 a.m. on September 23, all of the HRT agents serving on the Quick 

Reaction Force returned to their base to rest and prepare for the assault the 

next morning. Agents from the San Juan FBI SWAT Team assumed Quick 

Reaction Force responsibilities. 

The HRT and Operations and Training Unit agents prepared a plan for 

the assault. The plan called for the sniper-observers to approach the house 

late on September 23 to confirm Ojeda’s presence. Early on September 24, the 

assault units would be delivered by vehicle to a location near the residence, 

and they would advance toward the house surreptitiously on foot. The assault 

units would approach the White side of the house, proceed through the front 

yard, and advance up onto the porch. One group would breach the residence 

at a door near the Red/White corner, and another group would breach the 

house at the large window on the Green side. Because the FBI had a “noknock” search warrant, HRT did not plan to announce itself before breaching. 

Once inside, the agents would conduct a rapid room-to-room maneuver, called 

a “clear,” until they captured Ojeda and secured the residence. 

D. The Compromise of the Sniper-Observers 

At approximately 2:30 p.m. on September 23, the sniper-observers were 

at their daytime position of cover, in the woods away from the house. One 

sniper-observer saw a vehicle stop near a trailhead leading toward their 

position. A second vehicle arrived several minutes later. The sniper-observer 

heard people talking but could not understand what they said because he does 

not speak Spanish. Other sniper-observers who were positioned further away 

from the road also told the OIG that they heard vehicles and voices, but they 

could not make out what was said. The first sniper-observer moved into 

position to observe what the speakers were doing, and he saw someone 

pointing at the ground and toward the trailhead. 

The sniper-observers became concerned that the person gesturing 

toward the trailhead had detected evidence that the sniper-observers had used 

the trail and their presence had been detected. The sniper-observers’ concern 

was heightened by the fact that the barking dog incident had occurred the 
xviii

night before and by the belief that the local population included Macheteros 

sympathizers. The sniper-observers reported these events to the TOC by radio 

and recommended to the TOC that the Quick Reaction Force “get here ASAP 

and hit the house.” Several of the sniper-observers told the OIG that their 

primary concern was that Ojeda would receive warning of their presence and 

would escape and return underground. 

Fraticelli and the HRT Deputy Commander discussed a course of action 

in response to the reported compromise of the sniper-observers. The accounts 

of the deliberations differed somewhat between the participants. However, it is 

undisputed that, based on the recommendation of the HRT Deputy 

Commander, Fraticelli decided to proceed immediately with the arrest plan that 

HRT had devised for the pre-dawn hours of September 24. The primary 

modification of the plan was to transport the arrest team by helicopter to a 

small banana field in front of the house and have the team “fast rope” to the 

ground. Fraticelli told the OIG that he was concerned that the FBI would lose 

the advantage of surprise in this kind of daytime assault by helicopter, but that 

after consulting with the HRT Deputy Commander he became convinced that 

an immediate assault on the house was the best option. 

 E. Transportation to the Target 

Fraticelli made the final “go” decision for the emergency daylight assault 

at approximately 3:45 or 4:00 p.m. on September 23. Ten HRT assaulters 

boarded two helicopters. The agents were equipped with helmets, standard 

issue body armor bearing “FBI” identifiers, and HRT-issued .223 caliber M4 

carbine shoulder weapons. 

The San Juan FBI SWAT units were at that time stationed in Quick 

Reaction Force vehicles a few minutes away from the house. The TOC 

instructed two of the agents to link up with HRT assaulters when they were 

dropped by helicopter at the banana field and to assist in the assault. The 

remainder of the Quick Reaction Force was assigned to address any threat 

posed by any persons at or near a neighboring residence, including those who 

had been seen or heard near the location of the sniper-observers. Numerous 

other agents from the San Juan FBI, including two negotiators and an ASAC 

who was also a negotiator, were summoned to assist at the scene. The HRT 

sniper-observers moved to various locations around the house and awaited the 

helicopters. 

 

The HRT helicopters departed for the scene at approximately 4:00 p.m. 

As the HRT helicopters were approaching the GPS coordinates the pilots had 

been given for the Ojeda residence, they passed over an open area that ended 

approximately 1/10 of a mile south of the target coordinates. The pilots could 

not see the target residence. One pilot sought assistance from the sniperobservers on the radio but did not hear anything. The lead pilot did not want 
xix

to fly over the target residence, so shortly after passing over the edge of the 

open area he made a clockwise turn back toward it. The second helicopter 

made a similar turn. The assaulters completed a rope drop into the open area, 

which was on a steep slope. 

On the ground, the 10 HRT assaulters realized that they were not at the 

planned banana field landing zone. They moved quickly up a steep hill to a 

road, where they encountered an agent from the San Juan FBI at a vehicle 

surveillance point in an SUV. The assaulters got into the SUV or climbed on its 

running boards and rear bumper, and the agent drove them quickly to the 

Ojeda residence. 

F. The Assault on the Ojeda Residence 

At 4:28 p.m., the SUV carrying the 10 HRT assaulters approached the 

residence. As the SUV approached, two sniper-observers moved closer to the 

house, and they were detected by dogs inside the fence, which began barking 

loudly. Another sniper-observer moved forward to open the closed driveway 

gate to the residence, but the vehicle crashed through the gate toward the 

house without stopping. The SUV came to a stop in the front yard, near a low 

cement wall. 

A break in the wall lead to cinder block steps running up a short but 

steep embankment to an open balcony porch along the White (front) side of the 

house. The front door was at the top of the steps, and there was another 

doorway covered by a wooden gate near the Red/White corner of the house. 

Between the front door and the gated doorway there was a kitchen window with 

slatted panes. 

Figure A shows the front of the house much as the agents would have 

seen it when they approached, with many features of the residence obscured by 

vegetation. Figure B is a photograph taken after the foliage was removed, with 

several important features of the residence labeled. Figure C is a threedimensional rendering of the interior of the residence, with important features 

labeled. 

When the SUV was approaching the residence, a sniper-observer who 

was already positioned near the house threw a non-lethal “flash-bang” grenade 

toward the Green/Black corner of the house as a diversionary tactic. Several 

HRT assaulters told the OIG that they thought they heard small arms semiautomatic gunfire from the house even before the SUV stopped. Other 

assaulters told us they perceived small arms fire coming from the kitchen 
FIGURE A 

View of the Front of the Residence (Before Foliage Rem

xx
FIGURE B 

Selected Features on Front (White) Side of Residence (Foliage 

Front Door 

Steps 

Embankment 

Low Cement Wall

G

Kitchen Window

Alcove

Gated Doorway 

xxi
FIGURE C 

3-D Diagram of Interior of the Residence

Narrow Hallway 

Front Door 

Kitchen Window 

Refrigerator 

Gated Doorway 

Kitchen Doorway 

Gazebo 

Alcove 

Balcony Porch Roof 

xxii
xxiii

window as they left the SUV and approached the front of the house.2 The 

agents moved through the gap in the low cement wall up the cinder block 

steps. A dog that had been frightened by the flash bang came running toward 

the steps and an agent shot it to prevent an attack. 

Several of the agents reached the porch, and two agents moved to a gated 

doorway into the house near the Red/White corner. (See the “gated doorway” 

labeled in Figure B.) The remaining assaulters took various positions on the 

steps and the embankment to each side of them but did not proceed forward 

because of the gunfire from the house. 

As one of the agents began preparing to open the locked wooden gate in 

front of the doorway near the Red/White corner, he saw that someone had 

“goose- necked” a pistol from a door on the left interior side of the hallway. 

(See the “kitchen door” labeled on Figure C.) The agent said he heard several 

shots and felt impacts on his ballistic vest. He sought cover on the porch 

beneath the kitchen window and soon realized that he had been wounded in 

the abdomen. Another agent near the gated doorway also saw a handgun 

being fired from the kitchen door behind the gate. The agent returned semiautomatic fire into the hallway with his M4 carbine, firing a full magazine of 

approximately 28 rounds. 

While the wounded agent was seeking cover beneath the kitchen window, 

a gun was fired from inside the kitchen window. One shot struck the wounded 

agent’s helmet from behind, but did not penetrate it. Another agent was struck 

twice in the ballistic vest as he moved down the porch to attempt to assist the 

wounded agent, but the other agent was not wounded. Several HRT agents 

told the OIG that thy saw or heard a burst of automatic gunfire coming from 

inside the kitchen window. At some point during the gunfight, an agent 

located on the embankment below the porch was struck in the battery pack of 

his helmet, but he was unhurt. 

Eight different HRT agents reported that they returned fire at the kitchen 

window from various positions on the front porch or the embankment below it. 

Collectively, the agents estimated that they fired approximately 80 rounds at 

the kitchen window. Several agents told the OIG that near the end of the 

gunfire exchange they perceived that several shots were fired from inside the 

 2 According to several media accounts, Ojeda’s wife, Rosado, claimed that the FBI 

agents fired first. However, Rosado declined to be interviewed for this investigation. As we 

explain in this report, we concluded, based on the evidence and the testimony, that Ojeda fired 

at the agents first.
xxiv

house through the front door, making holes in the door and shattering the 

wood.3 

Many of the agents reported that during the exchange of gunfire they 

perceived that at least two different weapons were being fired from inside the 

residence, possibly by two different subjects. Several factors were cited as the 

basis for this belief: 1) several agents reported that they heard both automatic 

and semi-automatic fire from inside the residence, leading them to believe that 

two different guns were being fired; 2) agents reported that early in the 

exchange shots were fired both out the kitchen window and out the kitchen 

door toward the gated doorway, leading some agents to believe that there might 

be two different subjects; and 3) as noted above, several agents misperceived 

semi-automatic fire coming through the front door of the residence at a 

moment simultaneous or nearly simultaneous with the bursts of automatic 

gunfire coming from the kitchen window. 

The exchange of gunfire concluded at 4:30 p.m., about two minutes after 

it began. One FBI agent was wounded. Ojeda was unhurt and the FBI had not 

entered the house or made the arrest. 

G. Events Following the Exchange of Gunfire 

After the firing subsided, the wounded agent was evacuated from the 

porch and the other agents withdrew off the porch and the embankment to 

positions offering better cover. The wounded agent was driven to a hospital 

and later airlifted to San Juan, where he underwent emergency surgery. 

At approximately 4:48 p.m., a few minutes after the agent was evacuated 

from the scene, someone inside the residence yelled in Spanish, “someone is 

coming out.” The front door of the residence opened and Ojeda’s wife, Elma 

Beatríz Rosado Barbosa (Rosado) emerged with her hands empty and extended 

in front of her. An agent placed her face down on the ground and handcuffed 

her. Rosado refused to speak to the San Juan FBI agents who attempted to 

question her about conditions inside the house, including how many people 

and weapons were in the residence, whether there were explosives, and if 

anyone was injured. She was driven to the Metropolitan Detention center in 

Guaynabo, and was released the next day without being charged. 

After the unsuccessful attempt to talk to Rosado, a San Juan FBI SWAT 

agent began talking to Ojeda in Spanish. From behind the low cement wall 

below the residence, the agent yelled for Ojeda to exit the residence with his 

 3 As explained below, the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Science determined that 

these holes were made by shots originating from outside into the residence. The OIG was 

unable to determine which agent fired these rounds. 
xxv

hands raised. Ojeda asked who everybody was, to which agent responded, “the 

FBI.” Ojeda responded that the agents were criminals, imperialists, 

colonialists, and the mafia. The agent repeated that it was the FBI and asked 

Ojeda whether he was injured. Ojeda stated that he wanted to talk to the 

press. The agent told Ojeda that the press was not coming. Ojeda refused to 

tell the agent whether anyone else was in the house and said that he would 

only talk to a particular reporter, Jesus Dávila.4 The agent told him that 

Dávila was not coming and again asked Ojeda whether he was injured. Ojeda 

responded, “I’m here.” 

Ojeda continued to refuse to surrender and began speaking in 

revolutionary slogans that, according to the San Juan SWAT agent, sounded 

like a rehearsed speech. The agent continued to attempt to communicate with 

Ojeda, but Ojeda eventually said words to the effect of, “you know what I want, 

shut up.” 

A negotiator from the San Juan FBI arrived at the scene and attempted 

to open a dialog with Ojeda, but Ojeda repeated his demand for Dávila several 

times. The negotiator contacted SAC Fraticelli by cell phone to report the 

conversation. Fraticelli refused the request to bring Dávila, telling the 

negotiator no one would be brought to the scene because it was too dangerous. 

The negotiator did not tell Ojeda of Fraticelli’s decision but continued 

calling out to Ojeda. At some point, Ojeda responded, “I am not going to 

negotiate with any of you until you bring the journalist Jesus Dávila. Then we 

can talk about my surrender.” It is not clear that Ojeda’s use of the word 

“surrender” ever reached Fraticelli, who told the OIG that he did not recall 

hearing that Ojeda had discussed surrender. However, Ojeda’s statement was 

relayed to HRT agents in the TOC. 

The San Juan FBI negotiator continued to call out to Ojeda, but Ojeda 

did not respond further. Based on the TOC log and the agent’s statements, the 

negotiator’s communications with Ojeda took place between approximately 

5:30 and 6:00 p.m. 

Reports of the incident at Ojeda’s residence were broadcast on local radio 

shortly after the exchange of gunfire between Ojeda and the HRT. Citizens, 

including members of the press, soon gathered on a road near the scene. 

Agents from the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, as well as 

officers from POPR, arrived to provide outer perimeter security. 

 4 Dávila is a journalist for El Diario La Prensa, a Spanish language newspaper that 

covers events in Puerto Rico. 
xxvi

H. Ojeda Struck by a Shot from the Perimeter 

Following the evacuation of the wounded agent at approximately 

4:40 p.m., HRT agent Brian moved to a position on a hillside to the right of the 

residence, behind a retaining wall.5 Figure D is a photograph taken from 

Brian’s approximate position. From this location Brian was able to keep watch 

over both locations from which shots had previously been fired at the FBI: the 

kitchen window and the gated doorway. Brian told the OIG he could see the 

side of a light-colored refrigerator inside the left half of the kitchen window. 

The refrigerator took up about half of his field of view inside the window. The 

other half was in darkness Agent Brian told the OIG that while in his position 

on hillside behind the retaining wall, he saw the refrigerator door open and the 

refrigerator light go on. Brian said he saw an individual crouched down with a 

gun in his left hand pointing out the window. He could not see the individual’s 

eyes or tell where he was looking. Brian stated that the individual clearly had 

the weapon pointed in the direction of Brian and other FBI agents, but he was 

unsure whether the individual was sighting the gun at anyone in particular. 

No other agent reported being in a position to see what Brian saw in the 

window. 

Brian told the OIG that at that moment he realized that the individual 

was armed and that Brian was visible to him. Brian was aware that another 

agent had been wounded earlier by a shot from inside the house and that Brian 

himself had been struck (but not wounded) by at least one shot from inside the 

house during the original gunfight. Brian said he was also aware the 

individual had previously fired his weapon from the window he was currently 

positioned at and had shot Brian from that window. Brian stated that he 

concluded that the individual posed an imminent threat to himself and other 

agents. 

Brian said he took his weapon off the “safe” setting, sighted the weapon 

where he believed the person’s center mass to be, and fired three rounds in 

rapid succession in single-fire mode. Brian estimated that about three seconds 

elapsed between the time he saw the refrigerator light come on and the time he 

fired his weapon. Brian told the OIG he did not see the refrigerator light after 

he took the shots and that it was possible that the individual was closing the 

door of the refrigerator at the time Brian took the shots. The shots were fired 

at approximately 6:08 p.m. 

Several agents told the OIG that immediately after hearing three shots 

from the perimeter, they heard Ojeda scream “ay, ay, ay” and a noise like 

someone falling down. One agent stated that he heard a moan after the 

 5 “Brian” is a pseudonym. Brian was a member of the arrest team, not a sniperobserver. 
FIGURE D 

View of Residence from Approximate Position of Shoo

Gazebo Roof 

Front Door

Kitchen Window 

Gated Doorway 
xxviii

screams. No witnesses reported hearing any other sounds from Ojeda. Several 

agents told the OIG that they heard Brian state over the radio that he thought 

he had hit the subject. 

I. The Decision Not to Enter the House on September 23 

After the three shots were fired from the perimeter, the FBI began 

making preparations to enter the Ojeda residence. The agents at the scene 

wanted to enter the residence immediately. However, SAC Fraticelli and the 

HRT Deputy Commander moved cautiously because of concern that Ojeda 

might not have been disabled and the possibility that there was a second 

gunman inside the house. 

At 6:34 p.m., the San Juan FBI contacted the power company to arrange 

to cut off electricity to the residence, in order to provide a tactical advantage to 

the HRT agents, who were equipped with night vision goggles.6 At 6:49 p.m. an 

HRT agent detonated an explosive charge that had been placed on the locked 

wooden gate at the doorway near the Red/White corner of the residence. HRT 

agents also detonated flash bangs at other locations to create a diversion. An 

agent opened the wooden gate. There was no reaction from anyone inside the 

house. The agents looked into the hallway behind the gate but did not see 

anyone. They did not enter the house during this “limited breach.” 

The events in Puerto Rico were being monitored by the HRT Commander 

in Quantico, Virginia. The HRT Commander told the OIG that shortly after 

hearing about the limited breach of the gated doorway, he ordered the HRT 

Deputy Commander in Puerto Rico not to enter the residence that night. The 

HRT Deputy Commander did not recall receiving such an order, however.7 

Both the Deputy Commander and SAC Fraticelli told the OIG that the FBI 

continued to make plans for entering the residence that night. By 7:41 p.m., a 

team of HRT agents at the scene was equipped and ready to enter the 

residence. 

By this time, however, senior officials in the Counterterrorism Division of 

the FBI in Washington, D.C. had become concerned about how events were 

unfolding in Puerto Rico. Willie Hulon, the Assistant Director for the 

Counterterrorism Division, had already received telephone reports from SAC 

Fraticelli regarding events at the scene. Hulon related these conversations to 

his superior, Gary Bald, the Executive Assistant Director for the National 

 6 The power to the residence was not cut off until 8:09 p.m. 

7 We could not reconcile the versions of events provided by the HRT Commander and 

Deputy Commander. We note that the HRT Commander in Quantico was not part of the formal 

chain of command at that point, and we found no evidence that the Commander’s order was a 

factor in deliberations regarding the entry decision in Puerto between 6:08 and 8:05 p.m. 
xxix

Security Branch. On the basis of Hulon’s description of Fraticelli’s demeanor 

during these telephone conversations and SAC Fraticelli’s repeated inquiries 

regarding the status of his request that FBI Headquarters send another SAC 

familiar with Puerto Rico to assist in the operation, Bald became concerned 

that Fraticelli needed assistance in managing the situation. Bald felt his 

concern was confirmed when he received the impression from Hulon that 

agents at the scene were acting inconsistently with Hulon’s recommendation 

that they hold the perimeter. Bald believed that there was confusion regarding 

who was in command of the scene and that HRT was making decisions 

independent of Fraticelli. On the basis of these concerns, Bald instructed 

Hulon sometime shortly before 8:00 p.m. that any entry of the residence would 

have to be approved by Hulon. 

At 8:05 p.m., Hulon called Fraticelli and told him that there would be no 

entry of the residence without Hulon’s approval. During this call, Fraticelli and 

the HRT Deputy Commander recommended that a nighttime entry be 

conducted to take advantage of the darkness. Hulon instructed them to 

submit a written entry plan to FBI Headquarters for consideration. 

A short time after the 8:05 call, Hulon and Bald discussed the 

comparative merits of entering the house that night or the next day, and they 

decided the entry should be postponed until the next morning. Therefore, 

before the agents in Puerto Rico had completed a written plan for a nighttime 

entry, Hulon told Fraticelli that Headquarters had decided against a nighttime 

entry and that a new HRT team was being sent from Quantico to conduct the 

entry the next day. Late in the evening, however, Fraticelli called Hulon’s 

deputy, John Lewis, to make a final appeal for approval of a nighttime entry. 

Fraticelli stressed the security concerns created by crowds of Macheteros 

sympathizers assembled near the scene, and the possibility that Ojeda might 

still be alive and in need of medical attention. Fraticelli told us that Lewis 

called back approximately 15 or 20 minutes later and told him that Hulon had 

rejected the proposal. 

At 11:33 p.m., the agents at the scene were told that there would be no 

entry of the residence that night. Many of the HRT agents at the scene told the 

OIG that they strongly disagreed with the decision. 

J. Notification of the Puerto Rico Department of Justice 

During the course of the operation, the FBI provided periodic updates to 

the United States Attorney’s Office (USAO) for Puerto Rico Between 

approximately 6:45 p.m. and 7:15 p.m., the Criminal Chief for the United 

States Attorney’s Office (USAO) contacted Roberto J. Sánchez Ramos, the 

Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and Pedro G. Goyco 

Amador, the Chief Prosecuting Attorney for the Commonwealth, to notify them 

of the shooting and to request that local prosecutors be sent to the scene. 
xxx

Sánchez told the OIG that this was the first notification that the Puerto Rico 

Department of Justice received from the FBI regarding an operation to 

apprehend Ojeda. Sánchez and Goyco both told the OIG that they inferred 

from the USAO’s request that Ojeda was seriously injured or dead. When the 

local prosecutors arrived at the scene, at approximately 8:36 p.m., the FBI did 

not permit them to approach the house, and at some point the FBI informed 

them that there would be no entry that evening. 

K. Entry of the House on September 24 

 The relief team of HRT agents from Quantico arrived in Puerto Rico at 

approximately 5:00 the next morning, September 24. Agents in the TOC 

drafted a written plan for a daytime entry and faxed it to FBI Headquarters. 

Hulon and Lewis reviewed the draft and recommended minor changes by 

telephone. At 9:29 a.m., Hulon called Fraticelli and told him the revised plan 

was approved. 

The daytime entry was not conducted until three hours after the plan 

was approved. The entry plan called for inserting a POPR dog into the 

residence to determine the location or activity of any occupants. The POPR dog 

did not arrive until about 11:54 a.m., and stayed only briefly because the 

handler received instructions from POPR Superintendent Pedro A. Toledo 

Dávila not to participate in the operation. Toledo told the OIG that he denied 

the FBI permission to use POPR’s dog because he understood that the FBI 

feared there might be explosives in the residence and Toledo did not want to 

put POPR’s dog handler at risk. Hulon approved Fraticelli’s request for 

permission to conduct the entry without a dog at 12:22 p.m. 

The HRT entry team walked up the road adjacent to the Red side of the 

residence. At approximately 12:34 p.m., three diversionary flash-bang 

grenades were thrown as the team climbed over a retaining wall, entered the 

residence through the breached wooden gate, and then advanced through the 

kitchen door into the kitchen. The agents discovered Ojeda’s body near the 

front door, face down with a loaded and cocked Browning Hi-Power 9-mm 

handgun on the floor nearby. Blood from the body had flowed under the door, 

forming a single narrow stream down the face of the doorstep and creating a 

bloodstain on the floor of the exterior balcony porch. 

Ojeda was dressed in a camouflaged cap, a sleeveless body armor vest, 

camouflaged overalls, and black combat boots. An FBI emergency medical 

technician was unable to get a pulse from the body and observed that rigor 

mortis had set in. After searching the house for any additional occupants, the 

entry team reported at 12:37 p.m. that the residence was secure and there 

appeared to be a single dead subject. 
xxxi

The entry team did not immediately turn Ojeda’s body over because of 

concern that a grenade could be under Ojeda’s torso or in his left hand, which 

was under his body and not visible. A winch was attached to Ojeda’s vest and 

the body was pulled out over the front door step onto the porch. Ojeda’s hand 

fell free and no explosive device was found. The process of pulling the body out 

the door caused a substantial amount of accumulated blood to be pushed over 

the doorstep and increased the amount of blood visible on the face of the 

doorstep. 

The FBI’s bomb technicians turned their attention to two items in the 

house identified as possible explosive threats. A case with protruding wires 

was removed and opened using the winch. It contained a trumpet.8 A large 

rucksack found in the bedroom was inspected visually, and no explosive 

hazards were observed. 

At approximately 2:44 p.m., the San Juan medical examiner pronounced 

Ojeda dead. The scene was turned over to investigators from the Puerto Rico 

Institute of Forensic Sciences for processing. These investigators removed 

Ojeda’s body from the residence at approximately 5:00 p.m. A search of the 

residence was concluded at 9:30 p.m. According to the Evidence Recovery Log, 

the FBI seized over 100 items from the residence, including a substantial 

amount of computer equipment, books, and other documents. 

V. Findings of the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences 

In this section of the Executive Summary, the OIG summarizes the 

findings of the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences relevant to this 

investigation. The Institute assumed the lead role in processing the scene and 

conducting the forensic analyses relevant to the Ojeda matter. The Institute’s 

findings were based entirely on the physical evidence; the Institute was not 

aware of the contents of the agents’ statements to the OIG. 

One reason that the FBI deferred to the Institute for the forensic analysis 

was to avoid allegations that the FBI had manipulated the scene. Dr. Pio R. 

Rechani López, Executive Director of the Institute, told the OIG that the 

Institute found no evidence that the FBI had manipulated or tampered with the 

scene. 

 8 At least one Puerto Rico newspaper reported a rumor that the FBI took the trumpet 

from the scene as a “trophy.” This is not accurate. Investigators from the Puerto Rico Institute 

of Forensic Sciences took custody of the trumpet when they processed the scene. Dr. Rechani 

told the OIG that the item will be returned to Ojeda’s family when it is no longer needed for the 

Commonwealth’s investigation of the Ojeda shooting incident. 
xxxii

A. Findings on the Scene 

The Institute’s report of Findings on the Scene stated that a Browning 

9 mm pistol was found on the floor of the residence near Ojeda’s body. The 

pistol was loaded to capacity, with 13 unfired bullets inside its magazine and 

one in the chamber, indicating that it had been re-loaded. The pistol hammer 

was found cocked. The pistol had been modified to fire in both automatic and 

semi-automatic mode. Also found at the scene were 107 spent shell casings 

from .223 caliber bullets and 19 spent casings from 9 mm bullets. 

B. Autopsy 

 According to the Autopsy Report, Ojeda died of a single gunshot wound 

that entered his body just below his right clavicle, perforated the right lung, 

and exited the middle of his back on the right side. There were no other 

wounds. The bullet was recovered from inside the “flak jacket” vest Ojeda was 

wearing. 

The autopsy report did not specify a time of death. Dr. Francisco Cortés, 

the Forensic Pathologist who performed the autopsy, told the OIG that based 

on the size of the wound and reasonable assumptions about Ojeda’s heart rate 

and blood pressure, he estimated that Ojeda expired from loss of blood 

approximately 15 to 30 minutes after being shot. He opined that Ojeda could 

have survived the wound if he had received immediate first aid and surgical 

care. Dr. Cortés noted that he does not treat live patients, so that his views on 

the survivability of Ojeda’s wounds and his estimate of the length of time that 

Ojeda might have survived were based on his experience as a pathologist and 

on his review of the medical literature. 

The OIG also consulted with the U.S. Department of Defense Armed 

Forces Institute of Pathology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner 

(OAFME), regarding how long Ojeda survived after being shot. Based on its 

review of the autopsy records and other pertinent materials, the OAFME 

concluded that the wound from the bullet was not immediately fatal, but that it 

was not possible to determine exactly how long Ojeda would have survived. 

When the OIG inquired whether Ojeda could have survived longer than two 

hours, the Medical Examiner responded that it was unlikely. 

C. Bullet and Shell Casing Examinations 

 The Institute conducted microscopic comparisons of bullets and bullet 

fragments recovered from the scene with bullets fired from Ojeda’s pistol and 

from the carbines discharged by the HRT agents during the operation. The 

Institute determined that the .223 caliber bullet recovered from inside Ojeda’s 

vest was fired from an M4 carbine that the FBI had provided for comparison 

testing. According to the HRT, this was the carbine used by Brian. The 
xxxiii

Institute determined that the 9 mm bullets recovered from the abdomen and 

helmet of the wounded agent were fired from Ojeda’s Browning pistol. 

Based on distinctive marks left on the casings by the various weapons’ 

firing pins, the Institute was able to match all 107 of the .223 shell casings 

found at the scene to particular HRT weapons. The Institute provided sketches 

indicating the location where the .223 casings were found at the scene. With 

one exception, the OIG did not find any significant discrepancies between this 

forensic evidence and the statements of the agents to the OIG regarding the 

rounds they fired. The Institute determined that two rounds were fired from a 

weapon that the OIG determined was assigned to an HRT agent who did not 

initially report firing any rounds during the gunfight. Neither of these rounds 

struck Ojeda. When we sought to inquire about these rounds, the agent 

declined to provide a voluntary follow-up statement to the OIG. 

The Institute determined that all 19 shell casings found inside the 

residence were from 9 mm bullets fired from Ojeda’s pistol. 

D. Trajectory Analysis 

The Institute estimated the bullet trajectories for many of the 111 bullet 

holes and 76 bullet impacts found in the residence. The OIG found that the 

location of the holes and impacts as reflected in Institute sketches and crime 

scene photographs, together with the Institute’s trajectory analysis, were 

consistent with the FBI agents’ statements in many important respects. Most 

significantly, the Institute’s analysis identified the trajectories of the three 

perimeter shots fired by agent Brian, including the shot that struck Ojeda. The 

forensic evidence also confirmed that Ojeda fired shots from two locations: 

from the narrow hallway toward the gated doorway, and from the kitchen 

window. The trajectory evidence was also consistent with the agents’ 

descriptions of their locations during the gunfight, including the statements of 

three agents who reported firing into the kitchen window from positions on the 

balcony porch and other agents who reported that they fired from positions on 

the embankment below. 

The OIG found only one set of trajectory estimates by the Forensic 

Institute that conflicted with the statements provided by the FBI agents. 

Several agents reported perceiving shots from inside the house coming through 

the front door. No agents reported firing shots at the door. The Institute 

found, however, that there were three holes in the front door from rounds fired 

from a location outside the door and from below (from down the cinder block 

steps), not from inside the house. The Institute also found three impacts in the 

living room ceiling that corresponded to the holes in the door and confirmed 

the upward trajectory. We sought voluntary follow-up interviews from several 

agents who we believe might have fired these shots, but they declined our 
xxxiv

request. Consequently, we have been unable to determine which agent or 

agents fired these three rounds through the front door. 

E. Shooting Reconstruction 

The Institute concluded that the bullet that struck Ojeda was one of 

three shots that originated from a location near the retaining wall at the right 

side of the house at a distance of approximately 19 feet. The Institute found 

that the three bullets passed through the kitchen window, penetrated the left 

side of the refrigerator, and exited the front of the refrigerator. Two of the shots 

presented impacts or final penetrations within the residence, while the third 

(the round that struck Ojeda) did not. The third trajectory exited the 

refrigerator at a height of 49 inches, which the Institute found to coincide with 

the position of the bullet wound on Ojeda’s body, assuming a crouched 

position. 

F. Blood Patterns 

 The Institute found that Ojeda’s flak vest prevented an immediate spatter 

of blood at the location where Ojeda was wounded. The Institute concluded 

that Ojeda took one or two steps toward the front door before falling to the 

floor, with his head near the door. Two large pools of blood formed, one near 

Ojeda’s head coming from the wound near his shoulder, and the other near the 

bottom of his vest further away from the door. 

 The blood pattern report concluded that the front door was closed at the 

time the blood was flowing, but that the slope of the floor and the pattern of 

blood were consistent with slow movement toward the door, forming a stream 

on the doorstep. Institute personnel told the OIG that the bloodstain on the 

doorstep was greatly increased when Ojeda’s body was turned over and pulled 

out the front door onto the porch in order to check for explosive devices. The 

much larger and more obvious stain appeared in photographs published in 

some local newspaper reports on Ojeda’s death. 

VI. Compliance with the Deadly Force Policy 

 In this Section, the OIG summarizes its analysis of whether the shots 

fired by the FBI agents during the Ojeda operation were in compliance with the 

Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy. The Deadly Force Policy states that 

a Department of Justice law enforcement officer may use deadly force 

only when necessary, that is, when the officer has a reasonable 

belief that the subject of such force poses an imminent danger of 

death or serious physical injury to the officer or to another 

person . . . . If feasible and to do so would not increase the danger 
xxxv

to the officer or others, a verbal warning to submit to the authority 

of the officer shall be given prior to the use of deadly force. 

The FBI’s Manual of Investigative and Operational Guidelines (MIOG) sets forth 

a definition of the meaning of “imminent danger”: 

 “Imminent” does not mean “immediate” or “instantaneous,” but 

that an action is pending. Thus, a subject may pose an imminent 

danger even if he is not at that very moment pointing a weapon at 

the Agent. For example, imminent danger may exist if Agents have 

a probable cause to believe . . . [t]he subject possesses a weapon, 

or is attempting to gain access to a weapon, under circumstances 

indicating an intention to use it against Agents or others . . . . 

The FBI’s Instructional Outline for the Deadly Force Policy states that the 

Policy “shall not be construed to require Agents to assume unreasonable risks 

to themselves,” and that “[a]llowance must be made for the fact that Agents are 

often forced to make split-second decisions in circumstances that are tense, 

uncertain, and rapidly evolving.” 

 The FBI’s MIOG also contains related policies regarding “fire discipline” 

which require that all use of firepower be preceded by the acquisition of a 

known hostile target. 

 The OIG divided its review of the agents’ use of deadly force during the 

Ojeda operation into two parts: an assessment of the agents’ conduct during 

the initial intense exchange of gunfire between 4:28 and 4:30 p.m., and an 

assessment of Agent Brian’s conduct in firing three rounds from the perimeter 

at approximately 6:08 p.m., including the shot that struck Ojeda. 

A. Assessment of the Initial Exchange of Gunfire 

 Ojeda fired 19 rounds during the initial gunfight, 8 of which struck FBI 

agents. One agent was wounded seriously in the abdomen. FBI agents fired 

approximately 104 rounds during the initial gunfight, none of which struck 

Ojeda. 

 Based on our review of the evidence, we concluded that Ojeda opened fire 

on the FBI agents as they attempted to enter the residence, before any agents 

discharged their weapons. We based this conclusion on several factors, 

including the statements of numerous agents at the scene. In addition, 

because of the elevated position of the residence’s doors and windows, the 

heavy vegetation obscuring them, and the fact that the interior of the house 

was darkened, the agents would have had no clear target before Ojeda opened 

fire. In contrast, Ojeda’s position afforded him a much clearer view of the 

agents as they approached in the daylight. 
xxxvi

 Ojeda’s widow, Rosado, declined the OIG’s request for an interview but 

alleged in statements to the media that the FBI fired first. We believe, however, 

that Rosado may have interpreted the explosion of a “flash-bang” grenade 

outside the house as gunfire initiated by the FBI. As previously discussed, an 

FBI agent detonated the grenade near the Green/Black corner of house as a 

diversionary tactic as the arresting agents approached, before any gunfire 

began.9 

 We concluded that once Ojeda began firing, he clearly posed an 

imminent threat to the agents. Providing a verbal warning to Ojeda at that 

point was not feasible. Once the agents realized they were under fire, they 

were justified in applying deadly force to address the threat, without pausing to 

warn Ojeda. 

Ojeda fired at the agents from two positions: from the kitchen door 

toward the gated doorway, which the agents were attempting to open, and from 

the kitchen window at agents on or below the porch. We found that the vast 

majority of the 104 rounds fired by the FBI during the initial gunfight were 

fired at these two targets, and that these shots were consistent with the 

Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy. The Instructional Outline for the 

Deadly Force Policy states that “[w]hen the circumstances justify the use of 

deadly force, Agents should continue its application until the imminent danger 

is ended . . . .” The fact that the agents fired over 100 shots without hitting 

Ojeda reflected Ojeda’s superior position of cover and elevation, and did not 

necessarily reflect inadequate fire discipline. 

 On the basis of forensic evidence, however, the OIG found that the FBI 

fired three shots through the front door of the residence that may have violated 

the Deadly Force Policy. None of these shots struck Ojeda or his wife. Nothing 

in the available witness statements or the forensic evidence suggested that 

these three shots addressed an imminent threat posed by a person located 

directly behind the door. However, the agents who we believe may have fired 

these shots declined to provide voluntary follow-up interviews to the OIG. 

B. Assessment of the Perimeter Shots 

The OIG also assessed the three shots that Agent Brian fired into the 

kitchen window at approximately 6:08 p.m. (the “perimeter shots”). One of 

these shots struck Ojeda and resulted in his death. We concluded that these 

shots did not violate the Deadly Force Policy. 

 9 This discussion should not be construed as a finding that Ojeda would not have 

opened fire on the FBI if the flash bang had not been detonated. Ojeda had clearly made 

preparations to offer violent resistance to the FBI before the agents arrived. 
xxxvii

Brian told the OIG that he saw an individual in the kitchen window, 

illuminated by the interior light of the refrigerator. Brian stated that the 

individual was crouched down with a gun in his left hand pointing out the 

window. Brian said he sighted his carbine where he believed Ojeda’s center 

mass to be, and fired three rounds in rapid succession in single fire mode. 

We found that the forensic evidence reported by the Puerto Rico Institute 

for Forensic Sciences was consistent with Brian’s description of where he was 

and what he saw. Ojeda’s pistol was found on the floor at his side, loaded and 

cocked, confirming that Ojeda was holding the gun at the moment he was 

wounded. His wound was also consistent with a crouching position, with his 

shoulders generally squared toward Brian. Although Brian’s view of Ojeda was 

partially obscured by the refrigerator at the moment of impact, the forensic 

evidence indicates that the left side of Ojeda’s body, including his left hand 

(which Brian said was holding the gun), could have been visible to Brian at or 

immediately prior to the moment that Brian fired the shots. Based on the 

trajectory of the three perimeter shots, we believe that at the moment of impact 

Ojeda may have been moving to his right, behind the refrigerator, possibly 

because he realized he had revealed himself in the refrigerator light. 

In reaching our conclusion about the use of deadly force, we took into 

account the fact that Ojeda had already fired several rounds out the kitchen 

window, and had evidenced an intention to kill or injure the FBI agents 

attempting to arrest him. He had already shot three different agents. In 

addition, Brian and other agents covering the house were in exposed positions. 

The discussions between Ojeda and the FBI during the standoff did not 

mitigate the threat that Ojeda presented at the moment Brian fired. Ojeda had 

refused the FBI’s instructions to come out of the house. He appeared at the 

kitchen window with a gun. Even if Brian had understood Ojeda’s offer to 

discuss surrender if a reporter were brought to the scene, Ojeda could have 

resumed firing at the FBI agents at any instant. 

For all of these reasons, the OIG concluded that at the moment Brian 

fired these three shots, he had a reasonable belief that Ojeda posed an 

imminent danger of death or serious injury to Brian or to other agents, and he 

therefore did not violate the DOJ Deadly Force Policy. The OIG’s expert 

consultants agreed with this assessment. 

VII. Assessment of the Decision to Conduct an Emergency Daylight 

Assault 

In this Section, the OIG summarizes its assessment of the decision by 

SAC Fraticelli, in consultation with the HRT Deputy Commander, to order an 
xxxviii

emergency daylight assault on the Ojeda residence on the afternoon of 

September 23. 

When the sniper-observers reported their belief that they had been 

discovered by unidentified persons, Fraticelli had to select among several 

options for action, taking into account the risk that these persons might alert 

Ojeda to the presence of the sniper-observers or otherwise assist him in 

evading or resisting arrest. Fraticelli approved a plan proposed by the HRT 

Deputy Commander to transport ten HRT agents to the residence in two 

helicopters and conduct an emergency daylight assault on the residence to 

arrest Ojeda. We concluded that this plan was dangerous to the agents and 

not the best alternative available to the FBI. In reaching this conclusion, the 

OIG relied extensively on the assessments provided by its outside experts. 

A. Foreseeable Risks from a Daylight Assault 

 We found that it was readily foreseeable that Ojeda would be armed and 

prepared to offer violent resistance to the FBI assault that began at 4:28 p.m. 

on September 23. Moreover, if Ojeda had been armed with a higher power 

firearm or with an explosive device such as a grenade (which would have been 

consistent with the FBI’s prior experience with the Macheteros), several FBI 

agents likely would have been killed or seriously wounded in the operation. 

 The HRT Deputy Commander stated that when he proposed the daylight 

assault he believed the FBI would still have the advantage of surprise and 

could get into the house without a gunfight. After hearing the Deputy 

Commander’s advice, Fraticelli ordered the daylight assault. We found, 

however, that the belief that the FBI could surprise Ojeda with a helicopter 

assault was unrealistic and inconsistent with the primary justification for 

ordering the assault: the concern that whoever had detected the sniperobservers would alert Ojeda to the FBI’s presence. The assault team did not 

arrive at the residence until almost two hours after the sniper-observers 

reported the compromise, providing ample time for someone to warn Ojeda and 

for him to prepare resistance. In addition, the FBI should have recognized that 

a plan for delivering the HRT agents by helicopter into a small field located in 

plain view of the front of Ojeda’s residence would generate a great deal of noise 

and take enough time to permit Ojeda to arm himself in anticipation of the 

FBI’s arrival. 

The FBI’s plan for an emergency daylight assault was adapted from a 

plan being prepared for a surreptitious nighttime assault. It was poorly suited 

to daylight conditions, without the advantage of surprise. Once Ojeda knew 

the FBI was coming, he had the advantage of high ground, superior cover, and 

superior visibility. Moreover, the plan called for the agents to approach the 

house and pass directly in front of the front door and the kitchen window to 

reach the breach points, which exposed the agents to close range gunfire. 
xxxix

The FBI Critical Incident Handbook describes an “Emergency Assault 

Plan” as an “immediate measure designed to regain control or stabilize a 

rapidly deteriorating crisis situation that poses imminent danger to the lives of 

innocent people.” We concluded that the reported compromise of the sniperobservers and the resulting possibility that Ojeda would escape did not rise to 

this level of urgency, particularly in light of the available alternatives. 

The HRT Deputy Commander told the OIG that after the sniper-observers 

reported the compromise, no consideration was given to options other than a 

direct assault on the residence to arrest Ojeda. In light of the risks associated 

with this option, we concluded that other alternatives should have been given 

greater consideration. 

Although the OIG is critical of the decision to conduct an emergency 

daylight assault, it is important to note that we are not suggesting that this 

decision was the cause of Ojeda’s death. Ojeda was not killed or injured during 

the assault. Ojeda was shot approximately 100 minutes later when he 

presented a threat of imminent harm to the agents, not because the FBI had 

selected the emergency daylight assault option. 

B. The Surround and Call-out Option 

In consultation with its experts, the OIG determined that a superior 

option was available to the FBI for attempting to arrest Ojeda after the reported 

compromise: (1) establish a perimeter around the residence sufficient to 

prevent Ojeda from escaping, (2) demand Ojeda’s surrender with a short 

deadline for responding, and (3) if Ojeda refused to surrender, use chemical 

agents (such as tear gas and smoke) to force Ojeda from the residence. Ojeda’s 

positional advantage would have been reduced or neutralized in this scenario. 

The sniper-observers had already provided relevant information regarding the 

residence, including the limited number of exit points from the house that 

would have to be covered. This information was sufficient for the FBI to adopt, 

or at least consider, this plan. 

The reasons given by the FBI for rejecting or not considering this strategy 

were troubling. It appears that a major consideration in the advice given to 

SAC Fraticelli was the fact that several days earlier, during the planning phase 

of the Ojeda operation, Fraticelli had stated a preference to avoid a “barricaded 

subject scenario” because of the potential for crowds of sympathizers to 

assemble near the scene. But the reported compromise of the operation and 

the loss of the advantage of surprise changed the circumstances and the 

comparative risks associated with each option so significantly that the 

surround and call-out option should have received serious reconsideration. We 

believe that the mindset of avoiding a barricade situation caused the FBI to 

ignore that option when the circumstances changed. 
xl

We acknowledge that the surround and call-out option presented risks. 

If the agents attempting to establish a perimeter could not establish positions 

of adequate cover, they might be exposed to gunfire from the residence, 

particularly if the subject was armed with a rifle. The agents also faced 

uncertainty regarding whether they could establish a safe perimeter in an area 

believed to be populated with Macheteros sympathizers. (As it happened, the 

FBI successfully established such a perimeter after the agent was wounded.) If 

it had been necessary to launch chemicals into the house, some agents might 

have been exposed to fire during that procedure. However, these risks to agent 

safety were not as great as the risks from a foreseeable exchange of gunfire 

with Ojeda firing from a position of cover at agents approaching the house 

directly, or exposed on the porch, at very short range. 

C. The Extract and Withdraw Option 

We also are concerned that the FBI gave little or no consideration to the 

option of extracting the sniper-observers without taking immediate action to 

arrest or surround Ojeda at the residence. In raising this concern, we are not 

making a finding that the “extract and withdraw” option should have been 

selected in this case. However, when a subject is not creating a crisis situation 

that poses imminent danger to innocent people, and the available options for 

immediately arresting or containing the subject present major risks to agents 

or others, FBI incident commanders should at least consider seriously the 

possibility of withdrawing. In this case, we do not believe this option was given 

more than cursory consideration. 

D. Modification of the Approach Route 

We also found that the FBI could have modified the assault plan to 

reduce the risk to the agents associated with daytime conditions and loss of the 

element of surprise. The assault route that the FBI borrowed from a plan for a 

surreptitious pre-dawn raid – up the front steps and in front of the door and 

windows on the front side of the house – maximized the exposure of the agents 

to close-range fire from inside the house. As the FBI was aware, the Red and 

Black sides of the house had no doors or windows. An alternative approach to 

the breach point from the Red/ Black corner of the property would have 

reduced the exposure of the agents to gunfire from the house. 

E. Conducting the Assault on El Grito de Lares 

 We found no support for the allegation made in some media reports that 

the FBI conducted the arrest operation on El Grito de Lares (September 23) for 

symbolic reasons, such as to intimidate supporters of Puerto Rican 

independence. The operation took place in September because that was when 

the FBI found Ojeda’s house. The FBI actually planned to arrest Ojeda early 
xli

on September 24 the day after the holiday. It conducted the emergency assault 

on September 23 only because of the reported compromise of the sniperobservers. 

VIII. Assessment of the FBI’s Decisions Regarding Entry 

 In this Section we summarize the OIG’s assessment of the FBI’s 

decisions regarding the delay in entering the Ojeda house after the perimeter 

shots were fired at 6:08 p.m. The FBI has been criticized for failing to enter the 

residence for 18 hours after Ojeda was wounded. We divide this analysis into 

two parts: decisions made before 8:05 p.m. on September 23 while SAC 

Fraticelli remained in charge of the operation, and decisions made after 

8:05 p.m. when FBI Headquarters assumed approval authority over any plan to 

enter the house. 

A. FBI Entry Decisions in Puerto Rico before 8:05 p.m. 

We found that between 6:08 p.m. and 8:05 p.m., the FBI in Puerto Rico 

was following a cautious, methodical approach in preparing to enter the Ojeda 

residence. The FBI executed a limited breach of the gated doorway at 

6:49 p.m. and was preparing to enter and clear the residence after darkness 

fell and the electricity was cut off. The primary considerations driving this 

approach were the concern that Ojeda might not be incapacitated and might 

still present a threat to the agents, and the belief, based on perceptions during 

the initial gunfight, that there might be a second gunman inside the residence. 

This approach was designed to exploit HRT’s tactical advantage in the dark. It 

also provided time to gain intelligence about the situation inside the residence 

and to ensure the entry team was fully prepared. We concluded that if 

Fraticelli had retained control of the entry decision, the entry probably would 

have occurred shortly after 8:09 p.m. when electric power to the residence was 

cut off. 

The available forensic evidence indicates that Ojeda likely expired from 

blood loss before 8:09 p.m. As a result, even if Fraticelli’s plan had been 

implemented, Ojeda was likely dead by the time the FBI would have entered the 

residence. 

We concluded that the FBI’s approach was motivated by considerations 

of agent safety, not by any desire to withhold medical treatment from Ojeda. 

One allegation made after Ojeda’s death was that the FBI knew Ojeda 

was seriously injured because of the appearance of a large bloodstain on the 

front doorstep and the balcony porch floor. Several Puerto Rico media outlets 

published images of the bloodstain. However, crime scene photographs show 

that most of the staining occurred on September 24, when Ojeda’s body was 
xlii

turned over and pulled out the front door to check for explosives. Moreover, 

the agents at the scene likely would not have been able to see the blood that 

accumulated before Ojeda’s body was moved, because their view of the 

doorstep would have been obscured by heavy foliage or by the balcony railing, 

as shown in Figures A and D. In addition, it is not clear that Ojeda’s blood had 

yet flowed onto the doorstep before 8:09 p.m., when the power was cut and the 

porch was in darkness. None of the agents we interviewed reported seeing a 

bloodstain on September 23. 

B. Entry Decisions made at FBI Headquarters 

 At 8:05 p.m., Assistant Director Hulon informed SAC Fraticelli that any 

plan to enter the Ojeda residence would have to be approved in advance by the 

Counterterrorism Division in FBI Headquarters. When Fraticelli and the HRT 

Deputy Commander proposed a nighttime entry, Hulon instructed him to 

submit a written entry plan. Later that evening, before any written plan had 

been submitted, Hulon and Executive Assistant Director Gary Bald decided 

that there would be no entry until a team of relief agents from Quantico arrived 

the next day. We reviewed both the procedural decision to require 

Headquarters approval of an entry plan and the substantive decision to reject a 

nighttime entry operation. 

1. The decision to require Headquarters approval 

 Bald made the decision to assume Headquarters control over the entry 

decision. A significant factor in Bald’s decision was his assessment of 

Fraticelli’s demeanor and lack of confidence, based on Hulon’s description of 

conversations with Fraticelli. Bald stated that this assessment was confirmed 

by what he believed were indications that HRT was acting independently of 

Fraticelli. The decision to require Headquarters approval for the entry was 

made in the context of a shared belief among senior Headquarters officials that 

Headquarters involvement was needed to provide balance and perspective to 

decision-making at the scene. 

 It was difficult for the OIG to evaluate Bald’s assessment of Fraticelli’s 

demeanor and confidence. Hulon told us that Bald’s assessment was fair in 

light of the description Hulon had given to Bald of Hulon’s conversations with 

Fraticelli. In particular, Bald was disturbed by Fraticelli’s request for 

assistance from another SAC and repeated inquiries regarding the status of 

this request. However, we did not find evidence, based on the decisions made 

in Puerto Rico between 6:08 p.m. and 8:05 p.m., that Fraticelli was 

overwhelmed or lacked sufficient confidence to manage the situation. Under 

Fraticelli’s command, the FBI in Puerto Rico was proceeding cautiously and 

methodically toward a nighttime entry of the residence after the power was cut 

off. Moreover, we found that Fraticelli’s explanation of his reason for 
xliii

requesting help from a particular SAC with experience in Puerto Rico in the 

event of a protracted crisis was objectively reasonable. 

We also did not find any evidence to confirm Bald’s perception that there 

was any command confusion between HRT and the SAC in Puerto Rico. Bald’s 

perception was based on a misunderstanding of the actions that were taking 

place at the scene, probably because accuracy was lost in the multiple layers of 

reporting from the agents at the scene to Bald. In addition, Bald’s perception 

of command confusion was also based on an incorrect statement made by the 

HRT Commander (who Bald thought was in Puerto Rico but who in fact was 

still in Quantico) that HRT had the lead. We found no indication that HRT had 

in fact assumed ultimate command control over the operation or that HRT was 

operating in a manner contrary to SAC Fraticelli’s instructions. 

Ultimately, however, we did not find that Bald’s decision to require 

Headquarters approval for an entry plan to be improper. Headquarters’ 

authority to assume such control is not in dispute. Bald’s decision to exercise 

that authority in this case was based primarily on a subjective evaluation of 

Fraticelli’s demeanor that was difficult for the OIG to assess after the fact. 

Headquarters was ultimately responsible for the outcome of the operation, and 

senior officials can offer experience and perspective to a crisis situation. While 

we found that some of Bald’s understandings regarding conditions at the scene 

were inaccurate, we cannot say that his decision to require Headquarters 

approval of an entry plan was improper. 

However, we found that FBI Headquarters’ requirement that the entry 

plan be submitted in writing was unnecessary and unduly bureaucratic, 

particularly in light of the fact that FBI Headquarters officials, including Hulon, 

knew that agents at the scene believed that Ojeda was wounded and on the 

floor. We note, however, that Hulon ultimately rejected the plan for a nighttime 

entry before it was submitted in writing, so that the writing requirement had a 

limited practical impact in this case. 

2. The decision not to enter the residence 

We found that Headquarters’ decision not to approve entry of the 

residence on the night of September 23 was motivated by a concern for agent 

safety and a desire to avoid additional casualties, not any desire to let Ojeda 

die. The following considerations were important factors in the Headquarters’ 

decision: 1) agents at the scene had reported the possible presence of a second 

shooter in the residence; 2) the lack of certainty regarding Ojeda’s condition 

and whether he was still a threat; 3) the belief that Ojeda’s intimate knowledge 

of the interior of the residence mitigated HRT’s nighttime tactical advantage; 

4) the HRT agents at the scene were fatigued, and a fresh team of HRT agents 

was being flown to Puerto Rico; and 5) there might be improvised explosive 

devices inside the residence that would be more difficult to detect at night. In 
xliv

the judgment of Hulon, in consultation with Bald, these considerations 

outweighed his concern that Ojeda might need medical treatment. We believe 

that the decision Hulon made with the information then available to him was 

not improper.

However, we found that the distance and multiple layers of reporting 

between the agents at the scene and the FBI Headquarters officials in 

Washington affected the information that was the basis of the decision not to 

enter the house during the evening of September 23. The agents at the scene 

believed on the basis of what they heard from the house that Ojeda had been 

seriously wounded or killed, and over the course of the evening they became 

less concerned about the possibility of other subjects in the house. But their 

assessments did not reach Hulon, who made his decision based on the belief 

that Ojeda still posed a threat and might have an accomplice. 

Yet, Headquarters’ decision to delay entry until the next day likely had 

no impact on the outcome of the operation, or on the death of Ojeda. The 

forensic pathologist who performed the autopsy estimated that Ojeda died from 

blood loss approximately 15 to 30 minutes after being shot, which would place 

the time of death between 6:23 and 6:38 p.m. This indicates that Ojeda was 

dead before Headquarters assumed control over the entry decision. Indeed, 

according to the estimates from the Forensic Institute, the only chance to save 

Ojeda’s life would have been for the agents to enter the residence shortly after 

6:08 p.m. and evacuate Ojeda immediately. Given that an agent had been 

seriously wounded in the prior effort to enter the residence, the uncertainty 

regarding Ojeda’s condition, and the belief that more than one weapon had 

been fired from inside the house during the gunfight, an immediate effort to 

enter the house would have been a risky action and we cannot fault the FBI for 

taking a more cautious approach. 

IX. The FBI’s Preparation for and Conduct of Negotiations 

 The OIG also reviewed the FBI’s preparation for and conduct of 

negotiations with Ojeda. During the standoff with Ojeda after the initial 

gunfight, two San Juan FBI agents (one of whom was a certified negotiator) 

attempted to communicate with Ojeda and convince him to surrender. Ojeda 

demanded that the FBI bring a particular reporter to the scene, but SAC 

Fraticelli immediately rejected this proposal. 

Prior to deploying to Puerto Rico, HRT had declined an offer from the 

FBI’s Crisis Negotiation Unit in Quantico to provide negotiators for the Ojeda 

operation. We concluded that this was a mistake and was also inconsistent 

with the guidance provided in the FBI’s MIOG and Critical Incident Handbook. 

The CONOP clearly contemplated that this operation was not merely a 

surveillance mission but rather was directed at resulting in an arrest of Ojeda. 
xlv

Given Ojeda’s history of violent resistance and the challenging operational 

environment, it was foreseeable that the arrest operation could result in a 

barricaded subject scenario requiring negotiations. 

SAC Fraticelli recognized the possible need for negotiators and made 

some contingency plans by arranging for two San Juan FBI negotiators to be 

available during the operation. However, Fraticelli and his tactical advisors 

inadequately integrated the negotiation component into the operation. The 

negotiators were effectively excluded from HRT’s tactical planning and did not 

have any meaningful interaction with the HRT agents regarding the negotiators’ 

possible role in the operation. In addition, the negotiators did not function as 

FBI Crisis Management Program guidelines provide. The FBI failed to adhere 

to its two-negotiator standard by sending only one negotiator to talk with 

Ojeda. 

In addition, Fraticelli told the negotiator to reject Ojeda’s demand for the 

reporter and to tell Ojeda to come out with his hands up. Fraticelli’s abrupt 

approach was contrary to CNU training, which teaches that a negotiator should 

never reject a demand outright, because doing so can cause the subject to stop 

talking. We believe it is unlikely these mistakes would have occurred if HRT 

had deployed with a CNU negotiation team it had experience working with, or 

had at least coordinated its tactical planning with the San Juan FBI 

negotiation team. 

However, although we are critical of certain aspects of the FBI’s 

preparation for and conduct of negotiations with Ojeda during the standoff, we 

cannot conclude that they affected the outcome. A Spanish-speaking 

negotiator was in fact sent to the scene and negotiated with Ojeda for over half 

an hour. Ojeda had reason to know that his peaceful surrender would be 

accepted, as evidenced by his wife’s safe surrender. We do not believe his 

decision to remain barricaded in his residence was a consequence of the way 

the FBI’s negotiations were conducted. 

Moreover, even if the FBI had acceded to Ojeda’s demand, it would have 

taken hours to bring the reporter to the scene and to prepare him. At 

6:08 p.m., long before any reporter could have been brought to the scene, 

Ojeda was seen in the kitchen window with a weapon and the fatal shot was 

fired. Ojeda presented a threat at that moment, and we cannot conclude that a 

different decision regarding the reporter would have likely altered the outcome. 
xlvi

X. Miscellaneous Issues 

A. The FBI’s Communications with the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico 

The FBI was criticized for failing to notify Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 

officials in advance of the Ojeda arrest operation. Fraticelli told us that he did 

not notify local officials, the Police of Puerto Rico in particular, because he 

wanted to keep the operation secret to limit the possibility of compromising 

leaks.10 

FBI regulations provide the SAC discretion in whether to notify local 

authorities of operations in his jurisdiction. Restricting who is aware of or 

involved in an operation where success depends on the element of surprise is a 

legitimate precaution, and we did not find Fraticelli's exercise of the discretion 

improper in this case. 

The FBI was also criticized for providing Puerto Rico government officials 

incomplete and unsatisfying information concerning the reasons for the 

delayed entry. The explanations provided to officials by the FBI – a lack of 

personnel and technical equipment, and agent fatigue – also resulted in 

accusations that the FBI’s lack of adequate preparation for the operation 

resulted in Ojeda needlessly bleeding to death. As we described above, we 

determined that the delay was primarily attributable to good faith concerns for 

agent safety based on the belief there might be a second shooter in the 

residence and that Ojeda might still be a threat. By missing several 

opportunities to provide a better, more complete explanation for the delay to 

Puerto Rico officials, including these safety concerns, the FBI contributed to 

the criticism of its conduct. 

B. Prior Opportunities to Apprehend Ojeda 

 In the weeks after the incident, allegations were raised that the FBI may 

have had sufficient information regarding Ojeda’s whereabouts and habits over 

a period of years to enable it to safely arrest Ojeda away from his home. We 

determined that although the FBI had previously received information 

suggesting Ojeda’s possible presence in Hormigueros, the FBI did not 

intentionally bypass opportunities to arrest Ojeda at a different location. 

 10 The Puerto Rico Police were generally aware that the FBI had been attempting to 

locate Ojeda, and had provided some assistance to the FBI in this effort. 
xlvii

XI. Recommendations 

Our review identified a number of deficiencies in the FBI’s conduct of the 

Ojeda surveillance and arrest operation. In our report, we make ten 

recommendations addressing these findings. Most of the recommendations are 

intended to highlight lessons that we believe should inform the planning and 

related training for future FBI operations. Other recommendations address 

specific policy or tactical issues. We summarize the ten recommendations 

below. 

A. Recommendations Regarding Compliance with the DOJ Deadly 

Force Policy and Related Issues 

Recommendation No. 1: Conduct an inquiry relating to the three rounds fired 

by an unidentified FBI agent and the two unreported rounds fired by a known 

agent. 

After the criminal investigations into this incident have been concluded, 

the FBI should conduct an inquiry relating to the three rounds fired by an 

unidentified FBI agent through the front door of Ojeda’s residence and the two 

unreported rounds fired from a known agent, in order to determine whether 

these rounds were fired in compliance with the DOJ Deadly Force Policy. 

Recommendation No. 2: Review the use of flash bangs in outdoor operations. 

The FBI should review the use of flash bangs in outdoor environments 

and under circumstances in which their use could have the unintended effect 

of alerting the subject or providing the mistaken impression that the FBI is 

opening fire on a subject. 

Recommendation No. 3: Adopt a “standard load” procedure for HRT agents. 

The FBI’s HRT should adopt a standard load procedure that would 

enable accurate post-incident accounting of the number of rounds fired by 

each agent. Other components of the FBI should adopt similar procedures to 

the extent they are not already in place. 

B. Recommendations Regarding the Decision to Conduct an 

Emergency Daylight Assault 

Recommendation No. 4: Adequately consider all available options in 

emergency situations as time permits. 

We found a lack of consideration given to alternative courses of action 

following the reported compromise of the FBI sniper-observers, despite the 

dramatically increased risk to the FBI agents associated with an emergency 
xlviii

daylight assault of Ojeda’s residence. This case highlights the importance of 

adequately considering options in emergency situations, including revisiting 

options that may have been discarded in the initial plan (such as the surround 

and call-out option), and being prepared to consider how changed 

circumstances affect the viability of original plans. 

Recommendation No. 5: Enhance the Spanish language capability of HRT’s 

sniper-observer teams. 

In light of the prevalence of Spanish as the primary language of most 

Puerto Ricans, including Ojeda and his wife, and the need to identify Ojeda, we 

believe the FBI should have anticipated that the HRT sniper-observers might 

need to understand conversations in Spanish. It therefore would have been 

useful to have had some Spanish-speaking agents on the sniper-observer 

team. HRT should consider this need in future operations and enhance the 

Spanish language capability of its sniper-observer teams. 

C. Recommendations Regarding the FBI’s Entry Decisions 

Recommendation No. 6: Ensure that, if decision-making in critical incidents is 

assigned to FBI Headquarters, there is adequate communication between the 

field and Headquarters concerning the situation at the scene and the decisions 

that are made in Headquarters. 

FBI Headquarters’ involvement can bring significant operational 

experience to crisis incidents and can provide perspective regarding how 

decisions in one incident might impact FBI operations more broadly. 

Headquarters’ involvement can also bring a measure of deliberation and 

caution to crisis incidents that might not otherwise exist. However, this case 

demonstrated how managers’ remoteness from the scene of a crisis incident 

can affect the substance and process of decision-making. In response to the 

Ojeda operation, the FBI should carefully consider the conditions under which 

it will assume control over a crisis incident. The FBI should also evaluate how 

it ensures that adequate information flows to the Headquarters officials who 

must approve operational decisions, and how the FBI will ensure adequate 

communication between FBI Headquarters and the on-scene commanders. 

Recommendation No. 7: Ensure that the apparent miscommunication between 

the HRT Commander and Deputy Commander and the chain of command 

discrepancy are not repeated. 

Management from CIRG and HRT should review the chain of command 

discrepancy demonstrated by the HRT Commander’s order to the Deputy 

Commander that HRT not enter Ojeda’s residence, as well as the apparent 

miscommunication between the Commander and Deputy Commander 

concerning this order. Fraticelli, the Puerto Rico SAC, was the commander for 
xlix

the operation, and the HRT Commander did not have authority to make tactical 

decisions or give orders such as this. The FBI should take appropriate steps to 

ensure this situation is avoided in future HRT operations. 

Recommendation No. 8: Provide guidance regarding the circumstances under 

which operational plans from the field should be presented to Headquarters for 

approval orally or in writing. 

Assistant Director Hulon required SAC Fraticelli and HRT to present 

their proposal for a nighttime entry of Ojeda’s residence in writing under 

circumstances where an oral proposal would have been sufficient and 

appropriate. One of the reasons Hulon required that the proposal be in writing 

was that he considered it standard procedure. FBI policy permits the use of 

oral briefings in lieu of written arrest orders in “exigent circumstances.” The 

FBI should consider providing further guidance regarding what circumstances 

should be considered “exigent” for this purpose. 

D. Recommendations Regarding the FBI’s Preparations for and 

Conduct of Negotiations 

Recommendation No. 9: Adequately assess whether an arrest operation could 

result in a scenario requiring negotiations. 

The FBI should use this case in future operations planning and training 

to illustrate the importance of carefully considering whether negotiators should 

be deployed under circumstances where a scenario requiring negotiations is 

reasonably foreseeable, even if undesirable. 

Recommendation No. 10: Ensure that negotiators are integrated into the 

tactical planning where there is a potential need for negotiations. 

Recognizing that negotiators might be needed in an operation is only the 

first step in planning for their potential use. As FBI guidelines provide, 

effective negotiation requires that the negotiators be integrated into the tactical 

planning of an operation. This was not done in this case. The FBI should us 

this case to reinforce the importance of integrating negotiators into the tactical 

planning of operations where negotiations might be needed. 

XII. Conclusion 

In this report, we examined the FBI’s operation to arrest Ojeda and 

various issues related to it. We concluded that the FBI agents’ use of deadly 

force, including the shot that struck and killed Ojeda, did not violate the DOJ 

Deadly Force Policy. We also examined the FBI’s decisions to delay entry into 

the residence until 18 hours after Ojeda was shot. We found that the decisions 
l

were motivated by considerations of agent safety, not by a desire to deny 

medical care to Ojeda or to let him die. The decision by FBI Headquarters 

officials to delay entry until the next day reflected a good-faith balancing of the 

information known to them, although we determined that Headquarters 

officials’ perception of the threat of entry differed significantly from the 

perception of the agents at the scene. 

We examined other aspects of the operation, including the planning for 

the assault on the residence and the FBI’s negotiations with Ojeda. We found 

problems in the decision-making in these areas. We concluded that the 

decisions suffered from inadequate consideration of alternative options and 

inadequate preparation for foreseeable scenarios. 

While we did not conclude that any of the actions of FBI officials 

constituted misconduct, we found several of their decisions deficient because 

they reflected an inadequate assessment of the known circumstances, or were 

either contrary to or inconsistent with applicable FBI guidelines. For these 

reasons, we highlighted several of these decisions as performance issues that 

we believe the FBI should examine.

 Finally, in the report we make ten systemic recommendations relating to 

problems we found in the Ojeda arrest operation. Our systemic 

recommendations are intended to improve the planning and conduct of future 

FBI arrest operations. We believe that, if implemented, they may help the FBI 

avoid some of the problems that occurred in the Ojeda arrest operation. 
1

CHAPTER ONE: 

INTRODUCTION 

I. Background 

 This report sets forth the results of an investigation by the Office of the 

Inspector General (OIG) of the circumstances surrounding the attempted arrest 

of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (Ojeda) near Hormigueros, Puerto Rico, on 

September 23, 2005. Ojeda is one of the founders and leaders of the Ejército 

Popular Boricua, also known as the “Macheteros” (Cane-Cutters). The 

Macheteros advocate an armed struggle against the United States Government 

to achieve independence for Puerto Rico, and have claimed responsibility for 

various crimes in pursuit of that cause, including four murders, bomb attacks 

on federal facilities in Puerto Rico, and the 1983 robbery of over $7 million 

from a Wells Fargo facility in Hartford, Connecticut. 

In 1985, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested Ojeda in 

Puerto Rico in connection with the Wells Fargo robbery. Ojeda fired shots at 

the FBI agents during his 1985 arrest, wounding one of them. Ojeda was 

released on bond pending his trial in Connecticut for the robbery, and he 

became a fugitive on September 23, 1990. In July 1992, Ojeda was tried in 

absentia and found guilty on 14 counts related to the robbery, fined $600,000, 

and sentenced to 55 years in prison. 

Ojeda was a fugitive for 15 years. He made periodic public statements 

during that time reiterating the goals of the Macheteros. In September 2005, 

following an intensive investigation, the San Juan Division of the FBI (San 

Juan FBI) tracked Ojeda to a residence in a rural location in Hormigueros, 

Puerto Rico. The San Juan FBI sought the assistance of the FBI Hostage 

Rescue Team (HRT), a specialized unit of agents headquartered in Quantico, 

Virginia, to confirm Ojeda’s presence in Hormigueros and to conduct the arrest 

operation. 

Agents from the HRT and the San Juan FBI attempted to enter Ojeda’s 

residence to arrest him at 4:28 p.m. on the afternoon of September 23, 2005. 

The operation resulted in a brief but intense exchange of gunfire between Ojeda 

and the FBI agents. Three FBI agents were shot and one was seriously 

wounded. Ojeda was not hit during this exchange. The agents did not enter 

the house or complete the arrest. The gunfight was followed by a standoff 

lasting 11⁄2 hours, during which Ojeda’s wife surrendered and FBI agents 

engaged in a dialog with Ojeda. At 6:08 p.m., an HRT agent saw Ojeda through 

a window and fired three shots at him. Agents heard Ojeda cry out and fall. 
2

The FBI did not move immediately to enter the house after the three 

shots were fired because of the concerns that there might be a second gunman 

in the house and the possibility that Ojeda was not disabled. At 6:49 p.m., the 

agents detonated an explosive charge in order to open a gated doorway to the 

residence; they looked into the hallway behind the gate but saw nothing. At 

7:41 p.m., the agents at the scene reported that they were ready to enter the 

house. At 8:05 p.m., however, the Assistant Director for the FBI’s 

Counterterrorism Division in Washington, D.C., informed the San Juan FBI 

that no entry of the residence should be attempted until FBI Headquarters gave 

approval to an entry plan. Meanwhile, a team of fresh agents from HRT was 

sent from Virginia to Puerto Rico to relieve the agents at the scene. 

The FBI did not attempt to enter the residence that night. At 

12:30 p.m. the next day, the FBI entered the residence and found Ojeda on the 

floor, dead from a single bullet wound that had pierced his right lung. A 

cocked and loaded pistol was on the floor next to him. 

Ojeda’s death produced a strong reaction in Puerto Rico. 

Demonstrations against the operation occurred at several locations. The FBI 

was criticized in the media and by elected officials for attempting to arrest 

Ojeda on September 23, which is a holiday of great significance to the Puerto 

Rican independence movement. The FBI’s critics also questioned the need for 

the agents to assault Ojeda’s residence with heavy firepower in order to 

apprehend Ojeda. In addition, the FBI was criticized for failing to enter the 

residence for nearly a day after Ojeda was shot. Some people alleged that the 

FBI came to the residence with the intention of killing Ojeda and that the 

agents purposely let him bleed to death after he was wounded. Several Puerto 

Rican law enforcement and government officials also criticized the FBI for a 

lack of coordination and communication with them and with the public during 

the arrest operation. 

On September 26, FBI Director Robert Mueller requested that the OIG 

conduct an investigation to determine the facts and circumstances of the Ojeda 

shooting incident and to make recommendations regarding what actions, if 

any, the FBI should take in connection with it. Subsequently, the FBI and the 

United States Attorney General received several written requests for an 

independent investigation of the circumstances of Ojeda’s death, including 

formal requests from United States Representatives José E. Serrano, Nydia 

Velazquez, Luis Guitierrez, and Charles Rangel, from Puerto Rico Governor 

Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, and from the House of Representatives of the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. 

The OIG initiated this investigation immediately after receiving Director 

Mueller’s request. The objectives of the OIG’s review were to investigate the 

facts relating to the incident and (1) to determine whether the FBI agents 

involved in the operation complied with the Department of Justice’s Deadly 
3

Force Policy; (2) to assess the FBI’s decision to conduct an emergency daylight 

assault of the Ojeda residence in light of other potential options for 

apprehending Ojeda; (3) to assess the FBI’s planning for and conduct of 

negotiations with Ojeda during the standoff; (4) to determine the reasons for 

the delay between the time Ojeda was shot on September 23 and the time the 

FBI entered the residence on September 24; and (5) to evaluate 

communications between the FBI, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the 

public regarding the operation. As the investigation proceeded, the OIG 

identified several additional important issues that are addressed in this report, 

including an examination of the causes and consequences of the delivery of the 

HRT team by helicopter to the wrong landing zone and anonymous allegations 

that the FBI had bypassed numerous opportunities to arrest Ojeda under 

circumstances less likely to result in violence.

II. Methodology of the OIG Review 

In the course of our review, the OIG interviewed over 60 individuals. In 

Washington, D.C., the OIG interviewed personnel from the FBI 

Counterterrorism Division and agents who were involved in the operation from 

the Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) in Quantico, Virginia. These 

interviews included all of the agents from the HRT who discharged their 

weapons or otherwise participated in the assault on Ojeda’s residence, as well 

as agents from CIRG’s Operations and Training Unit, Tactical Helicopter Unit, 

and Crisis Negotiation Unit who participated in or had knowledge of the 

operation.11

OIG investigators traveled to Puerto Rico several times to interview 

personnel from the San Juan FBI, including the Special Agent in Charge (SAC), 

who commanded the operation, and over 20 other agents from the San Juan 

FBI who were involved in the Ojeda investigation or arrest operation. While in 

Puerto Rico, the OIG investigators interviewed officials from the government of 

the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, including Attorney General Roberto J. 

Sánchez Ramos, Chief Prosecuting Attorney Pedro G. Goyco Amador, 

Superintendent Pedro A. Toledo Dávila of the Police of Puerto Rico (POPR), and 

other current and former officers of the POPR with knowledge relevant to the 

OIG investigation. We also spoke with Humberto S. Garcia, the United States 

Attorney for the District of Puerto Rico, and members of the Puerto Rico U.S. 

Attorney’s Office who were involved in the Ojeda matter. 

 11 On the advice of their counsel, most of the CIRG agents interviewed by the OIG 

declined to sign the written affidavits memorializing their oral statements. However, each of 

these agents reviewed the affidavit prepared by the OIG for accuracy and provided corrections if 

they thought the draft affidavit was inaccurate. 
4

The OIG attempted to contact persons living in the area near the Ojeda 

residence who had been quoted in the media on matters suggesting that they 

may have witnessed some aspect of the operation. In connection with this 

effort, OIG investigators spoke with several persons living in the area near the 

Ojeda residence. However, several neighbors declined or did not respond to the 

OIG’s request for an interview. 

The OIG reviewed the reports of the Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (the 

Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences), which took responsibility for 

processing the incident scene and conducting relevant forensic studies, 

including the autopsy, bullet and shell casing analyses, trajectory analysis, 

shooting reconstruction, and blood pattern analysis. The OIG conducted three 

lengthy interviews of Dr. Pio R. Rechani López, Executive Director of the Puerto 

Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, along with other scientists from the 

Institute, regarding their forensic analyses. The OIG acknowledges the 

cooperation of Attorney General Sánchez and Dr. Rechani in making the 

forensic reports and scientists available to us. 

The OIG also consulted with the U.S. Department of Defense Armed 

Forces Institute of Pathology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner 

(OAFME), regarding how long Ojeda survived after being shot. The OAFME 

provided a written report on this issue and responded to questions from the 

OIG. 

In the course of this investigation, the OIG obtained and reviewed 

thousands of pages of documents generated by the FBI and the U.S. Attorney’s 

Office relating to the Ojeda matter, including draft and final Operations Plans 

and Orders, investigative files, court filings, photographs, logs, intelligence 

reports, text messages, and relevant FBI policies, procedures, and training 

manuals. 

In addition, the OIG recruited the following three experts in tactical 

police operations to provide expert input and guidance on the FBI’s tactical 

decisions in the Ojeda operation and the agents’ compliance with the DOJ 

Deadly Force Policy.

(1) Ronald M. McCarthy is a former Field Supervisor for the Los 

Angeles Police Department Tactical Unit. He was appointed 

by the United States Attorney General to the U.S. 

Department of Justice Waco review committee, and has 

testified before the United States Congress as an expert in 

police special operations. He has also testified as an expert 

witness in numerous court proceedings regarding law 

enforcement topics including deadly force, use of special 

weapons and tactics, and counterterrorism tactics. 
5

(2) Michael S. Foreman is the former Chief of the Sheriff’s Office 

for Orange County, Florida. Mr. Foreman has 24 years of 

experience in the field of special weapons and tactics as a 

team leader and SWAT commander. He has been a 

consultant, lecturer, and trainer for law enforcement 

agencies and police academies in North and South America 

and Europe. He has provided expert testimony and 

conducted independent reviews regarding law enforcement 

matters, with an emphasis on tactical issues. 

(3) Gary Van Horn is the Assistant Director in the Office of Law 

Enforcement and Security at the Department of the Interior 

and has over 30 years of law enforcement experience. He 

served for over 23 years with the United States Park Police in 

Washington, D.C., where he held command positions and 

served as the National Law Enforcement Specialist for the 

National Park Service. After retiring as a Major in 2002, he 

joined the Department of the Interior where he provides 

oversight and guidance for its law enforcement and security 

programs. He is also an instructor at the Federal Law 

Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia, and 

previously served as a law enforcement expert for the 

National Institute of Justice’s Technical Assistance and 

Support Program.12 

The OIG investigative team also included Special Agents who have had 

significant relevant experience in tactical operations with other law 

enforcement organizations in conditions of difficult terrain, including jungle 

operations. 

 The OIG was unable to interview some witnesses and obtain some 

potentially relevant written materials. 

• Ojeda’s widow, Elma Beatríz Rosado Barbosa, was present at 

the residence during the initial stages of the operation. Her 

attorney declined our request that she be interviewed by the 

OIG. He also declined our request for access to the Ojeda 

residence. The Police of Puerto Rico had returned control of 

the residence to Rosado before the OIG investigation began. 

 12 Although the OIG’s conclusions were aided by the opinions and information provided 

by these experts, the conclusions in this report are the OIG’s alone, are based on all of the 

information obtained by the OIG, and should not be attributed to the experts, except where 

specifically stated in this report. The OIG is grateful for the voluntary assistance provided by 

the three experts. 
6

• A written statement regarding the incident was submitted to 

the Puerto Rico Department of Justice on behalf of Rosado. 

Attorney General Sánchez declined to share this statement 

with the OIG, citing Rosado’s right to confidentiality and the 

fact that her attorneys did not respond to his request for 

permission to share the statement with the OIG. 

• Attorney General Sánchez told the OIG that he 

commissioned an expert report regarding the survivability of 

Ojeda’s wound. Attorney General Sánchez declined to share 

this report with the OIG. 

• According to media reports, the POPR, or the Puerto Rico 

Department of Justice, obtained statements from 

approximately 40 witnesses, most or all of whom lived in the 

neighborhood near the Ojeda residence. Citing 

confidentiality concerns, the requirements of Commonwealth 

law, and the refusal of the FBI to provide certain information 

subpoenaed by the Commonwealth, Attorney General 

Sánchez declined to provide any of the witness’s written 

statements, to identify the witnesses to the OIG, or to seek 

the consent of the witnesses to release their names or 

statements to the OIG.13 

• A Commission of the Bar Association of Puerto Rico 

conducted an investigation of the Ojeda shooting incident 

and allegations of violations of civil rights in connection with 

the incident. According to media accounts, the Commission 

interviewed over 20 witnesses as part of its investigation, 

and many of these witnesses gave testimony during a public 

hearing held on December 16 and 17, 2005. The OIG made 

a formal written request for a copy of any transcripts, written 

testimony, or witness statements from the Commission, as 

well as a copy of any videotape of the public hearing. A 

representative of the Bar Association made statements to the 

media suggesting that it would cooperate with the OIG, but 

the OIG did not receive a response to our written request or 

to several telephone calls to the Bar Association. 

 13 The FBI made the decision to decline to provide Attorney General Sánchez access to 

FBI agents in connection with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico’s investigation of the incident. 

The OIG took no position on the dispute between the FBI and the Commonwealth regarding the 

production of materials relevant to the Commonwealth’s investigation. 
7

Although the information we were unable to obtain might have been 

useful to the OIG’s investigation, we believe that our findings and conclusions 

were not materially affected by our inability to obtain this material. With the 

exception of Rosado, we have no reason to believe that any of the individuals 

whose identity or statements have not been provided to the OIG were 

eyewitnesses to events at the Ojeda residence or would have shed additional 

light on the facts related to the FBI’s actions. 

III. Organization of the OIG Report 

This report is divided into 11 chapters, including this Introduction. 

Chapter Two sets forth the historical background regarding Ojeda and the 

Macheteros and details the FBI’s planning for the Ojeda arrest operation. 

Chapter Three sets forth a detailed chronology of events in the Ojeda 

surveillance and arrest operation. Chapter Four details the findings of the 

Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences relevant to this report. 

Chapter Five evaluates whether the FBI agents complied with the 

Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy in connection with both the initial 

gunfire exchange and the shots that resulted in Ojeda’s death. Chapter Six 

assesses the FBI’s decision to conduct an emergency daylight assault on the 

residence on the afternoon of September 23. Chapter Seven examines the 

reasons for the delay between the time Ojeda was wounded and the time the 

FBI entered the Ojeda residence. Chapter Eight contains an evaluation of the 

FBI’s planning for and execution of negotiations with Ojeda during the standoff 

at his residence. 

In Chapter Nine, we address additional miscellaneous issues, including: 

(a) communications between the FBI, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and 

the public with respect to the Ojeda operation; (b) allegations that the FBI was 

aware of Ojeda’s whereabouts substantially in advance of September 2005, but 

bypassed opportunities to arrest him in circumstances less likely to lead to 

violence; and (c) the causes and consequences of the failure of the FBI 

helicopters to deliver the arrest team to the right landing zone. 

In Chapter Ten, we provide recommendations stemming from our review 

of the FBI operation to arrest Ojeda. Chapter Eleven summarizes our 

conclusions. 
8

[BLANK]
9

CHAPTER TWO: 

PLANNING THE OJEDA ARREST OPERATION

In this Chapter of the report, the OIG sets forth the historical 

background regarding Ojeda and the Macheteros and details the FBI’s planning 

for the Ojeda arrest operation. 

I. Historical Background Regarding Ojeda and the Macheteros 

 

A. Filiberto Ojeda Ríos and the Macheteros 

Filiberto Ojeda Ríos was born in Puerto Rico in 1933. According to FBI 

records and press accounts, Ojeda spent several years in Cuba in the 1960s 

and received training from the Government of Cuba as an intelligence officer. 

Ojeda returned to Puerto Rico in the mid-1960s and allegedly organized the 

Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario Armado, a pro-independence 

group suspected of several bombing attacks on the mainland United States 

during 1970-1971. In the 1970s, Ojeda allegedly fled to New York to avoid 

prosecution in Puerto Rico, and helped to found the Fuerzas Armadas de 

Liberación Nacional (FALN), whose stated goal was an armed struggle for 

Puerto Rican independence. The FALN was implicated in a series of bombings 

in the United States in the 1970s that killed six people and injured many more. 

According to press accounts and FBI investigative files, Ojeda returned to 

Puerto Rico in the mid-1970s and helped to organize the Ejército Popular 

Boricua, also known as the “Macheteros” (Cane-Cutters). Until his death, 

Ojeda was the leader of and spokesman for the Macheteros. The publicly 

stated goal of the Macheteros is to obtain the independence of Puerto Rico by 

armed struggle against the United States government. The FBI considers the 

Macheteros to be a terrorist organization. A timeline of major events in the 

history of the Macheteros is provided in Figure 1. 

The Macheteros have claimed responsibility for various acts of violence in 

Puerto Rico as part of their armed struggle. These acts included the murder of 

a police officer in Naguabo, Puerto Rico, in August 1978. In December 1979, 

members of Macheteros attacked a United States Navy bus, killing two 

passengers and wounding nine. On May 16, 1982, the Macheteros attacked 

four sailors from the U.S.S. Pensacola in San Juan, killing one. 

The Macheteros have also claimed responsibility for numerous bombings 

in Puerto Rico. On October 17, 1979, the Macheteros conducted eight bomb 

attacks against various federal facilities across Puerto Rico. In January 1981, 

the organization used bombs to destroy nine U.S. fighter aircraft at the Muniz 

Air National Guard Base in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Later the same year, the 
10

Macheteros bombed three separate buildings of the Puerto Rico Electric 

Company. In 1983, the Macheteros fired a Light Anti-Tank Weapon (commonly 

called a LAW rocket) into the U.S. Federal Building in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, 

damaging the offices of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the FBI. In 

January 1985, the Macheteros fired a LAW rocket into a building that housed 

the U.S. Marshals Service and other federal agencies in Old San Juan. 

The Macheteros have conducted robberies to finance their activities, 

including the theft of $7.1 million from a Wells Fargo facility in West Hartford, 

Connecticut on September 12, 1983. The Wells Fargo robbery was one of the 

largest bank robberies in U.S. history. 

B. The 1985 Arrest of Ojeda 

On August 30, 1985, the FBI conducted a large-scale operation in Puerto 

Rico to arrest Ojeda and other alleged members of the Macheteros in 

connection with the Wells Fargo robbery. Because Ojeda’s conduct during the 

1985 arrest operation was a significant factor in the FBI’s planning for the 

September 2005 arrest, we will describe the 1985 arrest in detail. 

According to contemporaneous FBI accounts of the incident, at 

approximately 6:00 a.m. on August 30, 1985, a team of San Juan FBI and HRT 

agents converged on the apartment in Luquillo, Puerto Rico, occupied by Ojeda 

and his wife at that time, Blanca Iris Serrano-Serrano. One of the agents made 

loud announcements in Spanish and English, directed at Ojeda and Serrano, 

identifying the agents and declaring the FBI’s intention to execute an arrest 

and search warrant. The knocking and announcements continued for several 

minutes without a response from inside the apartment. The agents made a 

forced entry at 6:08 a.m. Ojeda fired several shots at the agents from a 

position at the top of a staircase inside the apartment. One of the shots 

ricocheted and struck an agent, permanently blinding him in one eye. 

The injured agent was evacuated and the other agents took cover. Ojeda 

fired more shots in rapid succession down the stairs and threatened to shoot 

anyone who attempted to climb them. The agents engaged in a dialog with 

Ojeda, who demanded that the “leader of the FBI” come to the scene. At 

approximately 6:50 a.m., Ojeda agreed to allow his wife to leave the apartment, 

and she surrendered. The agents continued to urge Ojeda to surrender and 

instructed him to put his weapons down before descending the stairs. At 

approximately 7:00 a.m., Ojeda appeared at the base of the stairs holding a 

pistol in his left hand and an Uzi shoulder weapon in his right hand. The 

agents instructed him in Spanish and English to drop his weapons. According 

to the agents, Ojeda then raised the pistol. One of the agents fired at Ojeda. 

The shot struck Ojeda’s pistol and knocked it from his hand. Ojeda dropped 

the Uzi and was subdued by the agents. 

13

Ojeda represented himself in his 1989 trial in Puerto Rico on the charge 

of assaulting the FBI officers during the arrest operation, arguing self defense. 

He was acquitted by a jury.14 

C. Ojeda Becomes a Fugitive 

Ojeda was released on bond pending trial in Connecticut on charges 

relating to the Wells Fargo robbery. On September 23, 1990, the anniversary 

of “El Grito de Lares,” Ojeda cut off his electronic monitoring device and 

announced that he had gone back underground to continue the struggle 

against the government of the United States.15 In doing so, he violated the 

conditions of his release and became a federal fugitive. 

The United States District Court in Connecticut issued an arrest warrant 

the next day, charging Ojeda with bond default. In July 1992, Ojeda was tried 

in absentia in Connecticut and found guilty on 14 counts related to the Wells 

Fargo robbery, fined $600,000, and sentenced to 55 years in prison. 

Prior to becoming a fugitive in 1990, Ojeda married Elma Beatríz Rosado 

Barbosa (Rosado). Rosado went into hiding with Ojeda. 

D. Later Activities of the Macheteros 

FBI files indicate that since Ojeda became a fugitive in 1990, the 

Macheteros have claimed credit for one act of violence: the detonation of an 

explosive device causing damage at the super aqueduct in Arecibo, Puerto Rico 

in March 1998. Ojeda has periodically been interviewed by members of the 

print and electronic media in Puerto Rico, and his recorded speeches have been 

played at pro-independence rallies. According to media accounts and FBI files, 

in these statements Ojeda has reiterated that the Macheteros remain active as 

an organization and has continued to advocate an “armed struggle” for Puerto 

Rican independence. In 2003, Ojeda issued a letter reacting strongly to an FBI 

“wanted” advertisement that included a photograph of his wife. Ojeda 

described the Macheteros as “indestructible” and urged supporters to send him 

the names of FBI agents in Puerto Rico for future publication. 

 14 In light of Ojeda’s acquittal on the assault charges, we recognize that there may be 

accounts of Ojeda’s actions during his 1985 arrest operation that differ from the 

contemporaneous accounts of FBI agents involved in the operation summarized above. It is 

beyond the scope of the OIG’s review to resolve any factual disputes relating to Ojeda’s 1985 

conduct. The relevance for the OIG is how the FBI’s perception of this conduct affected the 

decisions it made with respect to his attempted arrest in 2005. For this purpose, the 

contemporaneous accounts by FBI agents involved in the 1985 operation are the best 

indication of the FBI’s understanding regarding Ojeda’s conduct at that time. 

15 As detailed below, El Grito de Lares commemorates an unsuccessful revolt in Puerto 

Rico against Spain in 1868, and is a holiday of great significance to advocates of Puerto Rican 

independence. 
14

II. The FBI Locates Ojeda in Hormigueros 

The Ojeda arrest operation was the culmination of a major investigative 

effort by the San Juan FBI that was led by Special Agent in Charge (SAC) Luis 

Fraticelli. Shortly after becoming SAC for the San Juan FBI in April 2004, 

Fraticelli made the apprehension of Ojeda a major priority. Fraticelli told the 

OIG that when he arrived in Puerto Rico, the San Juan FBI had assigned the 

equivalent of about 1.6 full-time agents to the Macheteros investigation. At 

Fraticelli’s direction, the San Juan FBI formed a Domestic Terrorism group, 

which was later upgraded to Squad status. By April 2005, the Domestic 

Terrorism Squad was staffed with 11 Special Agents, 4 Intelligence Analysts, 

and two Task Force Agents from the Police of Puerto Rico. The Domestic 

Terrorism Squad was utilizing the entire San Juan FBI Special Operations 

Group (SOG) for surveillance of suspected Macheteros and other associates of 

Ojeda and the other fugitives. 

In early September 2005, the San Juan FBI agents concluded as a result 

of their investigation that Ojeda and his wife were likely living in a house 

located on a rural hillside in Hormigueros, on the west side of the island of 

Puerto Rico. (See Figure 2 – Map of Puerto Rico.) The FBI’s investigation also 

revealed the existence of a second house further up the hill on a dirt road. 

Although the first house was considered the most likely location for Ojeda, the 

San Juan FBI agents considered the possibility that the second house might 

also be associated with him. The San Juan FBI designated the first house 

“House 1” or “Site 1,” and the second house “House 2” or “Site 2.” 

As shown in Figure 3, an aerial photograph of both houses and the 

surrounding area, Site 1 was located on the paved portion of a road called 

Camino Mon Segarra, and Site 2 was located on a dirt track extending beyond 

the paved portion of the road. Further investigation by the San Juan FBI 

revealed that both target sites were on “Finca Birán,” a property owned by an 

individual whom the FBI had previously identified as a member of the 

Macheteros.16 At this point, the San Juan FBI had not seen Ojeda at either 

house. The San Juan FBI became concerned that the remote location and 

rugged terrain would make it difficult to confirm Ojeda’s presence at either of 

these houses using conventional surveillance techniques. 

 16 According to news accounts, Finca Birán was named after the Cuban birthplace of 

Fidel Castro. 
Hormigueros 

FIGURE 2

Map of Puerto Rico 

15
FIGURE 3 

Aerial View of Sites 1 and 2 

Site 2 

Site 1 

Banana FieldLanding Zone 

Trailhead 

Mission Support Site (approx) 

16
17

III. The Request for the Assistance of the Hostage Rescue Team 

 On September 12, 2005, the San Juan FBI formally requested FBI 

Headquarters’ approval for the deployment of the FBI’s Hostage Rescue Team 

(HRT) “to conduct a tactical assessment for the purpose of arresting Filiberto 

Ojeda-Rios.” The request stated that the San Juan FBI sought HRT support 

because the division had exhausted conventional investigative techniques and 

needed the assistance of the highly specialized HRT “sniper-observers” to 

approach the residences surreptitiously to determine whether Ojeda was 

present and to gather intelligence relevant to an arrest.17 In addition, SAC 

Fraticelli told the OIG that the San Juan FBI was concerned that Ojeda would 

likely shoot it out with the FBI again and that Ojeda might use grenades or 

explosives. He stated that the HRT had special expertise in dealing with such 

situations. 

 On September 13, 2005, FBI Executive Assistant Director Grant Ashley, 

who oversaw the division of which HRT is a part, approved the San Juan FBI’s 

request for HRT assistance. 

IV. Background on the Hostage Rescue Team and the Critical Incident 

Response Group 

 The HRT is a component of the FBI’s Critical Incident Response Group 

(CIRG), which was established to facilitate the “FBI’s rapid response to, and the 

management of, crisis incidents” by integrating tactical and investigative 

resources and expertise.18 Crisis incidents include terrorist activities, hostage 

takings, bombings, and natural disasters. CIRG is comprised of three 

branches: Operations Support, Tactical Support, and the National Center for 

the Analysis of Violent Crime. 

 HRT is part of the Tactical Support Branch, which also includes the 

Operations and Training Unit (known within CIRG as the “3-Shop”) and the 

Tactical Helicopter Unit. Based in Quantico, Virginia, HRT is “a full-time, 

national level tactical team” that, among other missions, deploys in support of 

FBI field division operations. The Operations and Training Unit supports HRT 

by managing the HRT training programs and providing “operations 

management, planning and oversight” during HRT deployments. The Tactical 

Helicopter Unit provides aviation support.

 17 Within the FBI, a “sniper-observer” is an agent highly trained in marksmanship, field 

skills, and observation. Deployed sniper-observer teams are responsible for collecting and 

relaying intelligence about a target, responding to imminent threats, and supporting tactical 

assaults. 

18 See the FBI’s official website (www.fbi.gov). 
18

 

 HRT is comprised of three squads: Blue, Gold, and Red. Each squad 

has an Assault Team and a Sniper-Observer Team. The squads rotate through 

three 60-day cycles of mission, support, and training. HRT trains for an array 

of missions in varied environments. The specialized training includes hostage 

rescue and barricaded subjects, mobile assaults, manhunt and rural 

operations, and helicopter operations. 

V. The HRT Advance Team Reconnaissance and Assessment 

 On September 14, 2005, HRT deployed an advance team to Puerto Rico 

to conduct reconnaissance and assessment regarding the proposed operation 

to locate and apprehend Ojeda. The advance team included five agents from 

HRT and the Operations and Training Unit who later participated in the 

operation. The advance team received a briefing from the San Juan FBI on 

September 15 regarding the history and current status of the FBI’s Macheteros 

investigation. The briefing was conducted with a PowerPoint presentation that 

included biographical information about Ojeda and his criminal history, a 

description of the physical environment where the operation would take place, 

several pieces of recent intelligence obtained by the San Juan FBI concerning 

Ojeda’s wife and the target residences, aerial photographs of the target 

residences and surrounding area, and several maps of the territory. Fraticelli 

stated during the briefing that the purpose of the operation was to conduct 

surveillance on the residences believed to be occupied by Ojeda and his wife, 

and if Ojeda’s presence was established, to arrest him. 

 Following the briefing, San Juan FBI agents drove the advance team to 

the area where the target residences were located to conduct a site survey. The 

agents did not drive the team close to the residences because the access road 

did not have an outlet and the agents did not want to arouse suspicion. 

However, the team was able to assess the terrain and neighborhood by driving 

a perimeter route around the residences. Each member of the advance team 

told us that they thought the dense vegetation and steep terrain observed 

during the survey would present challenges to conducting surveillance of the 

residence, but no one questioned HRT’s ability to operate effectively in the 

environment. Special Agent (SA) Paul,19 who was responsible for determining 

the communications equipment needed for the operation, told us that he 

quickly realized only satellite communication – as opposed to land-based 

 19 In this report, we use pseudonyms for lower-level FBI employees. For senior-level 

FBI employees, we provide their real names. We identify throughout the report when a 

pseudonym is first used. Appendix A identifies by position the pseudonyms we use in the 

report. We have also provided to the Department of Justice and the FBI a key containing the 

pseudonyms and the real names of the FBI employees. 
19

communication – would work between the agents in the field and the personnel 

at the Tactical Operation Center (TOC) because of the environment.20

 The next day, September 16, 2005, the advance team met with senior 

San Juan FBI management and several San Juan FBI agents and analysts to 

discuss the team’s observations from the survey as well as specific issues 

about the proposed mission, including the sniper-observer team’s likely 

infiltration point and the duration the team could remain inserted. Following 

this meeting, Fraticelli decided to proceed with the operation using HRT 

resources. The advance team returned to Quantico, Virginia, that day and 

began mission planning. 

VI. Information Regarding the Neighbors 

 One of the FBI’s most significant concerns about the operation was the 

San Juan FBI agents’ belief that the neighborhood surrounding the targeted 

residences was populated by Macheteros sympathizers. Fraticelli told the OIG 

that this belief was based on the fact that a known member of the Macheteros 

owned the property on which the target residences were located, and on the 

assumption that Ojeda would be hiding among people sympathetic to his 

cause. Fraticelli stated that the possible presence of Macheteros sympathizers 

increased the risk of compromise and presented a potential security problem 

during any attempted arrest of Ojeda. 

 Several members of the HRT advance team told us that they recalled 

agents from the San Juan FBI expressing concern about sympathizers during 

the advance team’s visit, and that the advance team factored it into its 

assessment of the proposed mission. For example, SA Peter,21 the sniperobserver team leader, told us that the combination of the residences he 

observed during the site survey relatively close to the target residence, taken 

together with the concern about Macheteros sympathizers that was identified 

by the San Juan FBI, were among the reasons he placed high importance on 

the sniper-observer team avoiding compromise.

 As this report discusses in detail below, the concern regarding the threat 

posed by potential sympathizers figured prominently in the planning of the 

operation and was a critical factor affecting the tactical decision-making as the 

operation unfolded. 

 20 According to HRT training materials, the TOC is the base of operations for all HRT 

activity during deployments. The TOC is responsible for gathering, coordinating, and 

disseminating tactical information. 

21 “Peter” is a pseudonym.
20

VII. The Operations Plans 

Following the return of the HRT advance team from its reconnaissance 

and assessment trip to Puerto Rico, the HRT Squad Supervisor prepared a first 

draft of a written operations plan. The Operations and Training Unit (OTU) 

assumed responsibility for finalizing the plan, formally referred to as the 

“Concept of Operations, HRT/SWAT Deliberate Assault Plan,” or “CONOP.” The 

CONOP is a standard 5-part order, covering Situation, Mission, Execution, 

Administration, and Command and Control.22 The CONOP serves as a 

planning vehicle and checklist to assure that all elements of a complete plan 

are in place. The CONOP is used both to brief managers, to prepare team 

members, and to facilitate operation rehearsals. 

The final CONOP for the Ojeda operation was signed by SAC Fraticelli on 

September 21, although the elements of the plan had already been briefed to 

the HRT and San Juan FBI agents involved in the operation on September 20. 

The CONOP described the planned operation and the specific roles of HRT 

personnel and some San Juan FBI agents. The CONOP called for HRT agents 

from two different Squads (Red and Gold) to make up the teams of sniperobservers and assaulters for the Ojeda operation. 

 In preparing for the operation, HRT gave color designations to the four 

sides of the Site 1 house. As shown in Figure 4, facing the house, the front 

side was designated “White,” the left side was designated “Green,” the right side 

was designated “Red,” and the rear side of the house was designated “Black.”23 

 The CONOP specified two critical phases of the operation: a surveillance 

phase involving the infiltration of a team of HRT sniper-observers with the 

objective of confirming Ojeda’s presence at Site 1, followed by an arrest phase. 

A. The Surveillance Plan 

The CONOP provided that during the surveillance phase, a team of six 

HRT sniper-observers would infiltrate the area of Site 1 by foot and establish 

surveillance of the residence, with emphasis on collecting an image of Ojeda for 

transmission to the San Juan FBI in order to confirm his identity. The sniperobservers would also collect other information relevant to a potential arrest 

operation, such as determining the presence of vehicles, security systems, and 

other persons at the residence, and identifying the location and composition of 

“breach points” where the arresting agents could enter the house. 

 22 This is the format for Raid Orders recommended in the FBI’s Manual of Investigative 

Operations and Guidelines, Part 2, Section 11 (Techniques and Mechanics of Arrest), 

Part 4.3.3. 

23 Such designations, which are standard for critical incident planning in the FBI, 

provide a uniform frame of reference for communications regarding a target location. 
FIGURE 4 

Aerial View of Ojeda Residence (Site 1) 

Green 

Black 

White 

Red 

Driveway Gate 

21
22

 The CONOP also called for a Quick Reaction Force to be made up of HRT 

assaulters and San Juan FBI agents in 3 vehicles for each 12-hour shift during 

the surveillance phase. The Quick Reaction Force would be stationed at a 

location a short (8-10 minute) drive from Site 1. The function of the Quick 

Reaction Force would be to extract the sniper-observers in the event of 

compromise and to be prepared for arrest contingencies. In addition, the San 

Juan FBI Special Operations Group was assigned to provide vehicle 

surveillance at “choke points” where vehicles leaving from or coming to the 

residence were likely to pass. 

B. The Arrest Plan 

 According to the CONOP, the second critical phase of the operation 

would be the arrest phase. The CONOP stated that: “[b]ased on the 

information to date, an arrest of opportunity, [sic] Sniper[-observer]s, Vehicle 

Stop, or Deliberate Assault, appears to be the most likely arrest methods.” The 

CONOP did not provide any more detailed description of the arrest phase plans 

because specific plans would depend in large part on the results of the 

surveillance phase. However, a separate Course of Action outline was 

generated by the Operations and Training Unit around the time the CONOP 

was finalized and was used to brief the agents for the operation. This outline 

detailed various scenarios and contingencies for arresting Ojeda. For example, 

Course of Action #1 provided that if Ojeda was seen at the residence but did 

not leave, the first course of action would be to wait for him to leave and 

conduct a vehicle stop, and the second course of action would be to plan for a 

deliberate assault on the residence. 

 HRT Deputy Commander Steve24 told the OIG that HRT’s preference and 

primary focus was to make the arrest outside of the residence, such as in a 

vehicle stop while Ojeda was leaving or approaching the residence. Steve said 

that HRT hoped the sniper-observers would be able to report when Ojeda left 

the residence by car. Several other HRT agents also stated that a vehicle stop 

was the preferred outcome and that a deliberate assault on the residence was 

the least favored course of action during the planning phase. 

However, Fraticelli stated that he was concerned about injuries to 

bystanders that might result from a shooting incident during a car stop, 

particularly in light of Ojeda’s history of violent resistance. Fraticelli said he 

therefore preferred that the arrest be made at or near the residence. SA Andy 

from the Operations and Training Unit also told the OIG that Fraticelli 

expressed this concern during the planning phase.25 But Fraticelli told us that 

he ultimately deferred to HRT’s expertise in planning the arrest contingencies. 

 24 “Steve” is a pseudonym.

25 “Andy” is a pseudonym. 
23

 

 The San Juan FBI prepared a Surveillance Operation Plan for the Ojeda 

operation. It cross-referenced the CONOP but provided additional details 

regarding the planned functions of various San Juan FBI personnel. The 

Surveillance Operations Plan assigned various agents from the San Juan FBI 

to such post-arrest tasks as transporting Ojeda to Miami, carrying out a search 

of the residence, and providing perimeter security. The Surveillance 

Operations Plan referenced a separate San Juan FBI SWAT Operations Plan, 

but it appears that no such additional plan was ever prepared. 

 Both the CONOP and the San Juan FBI Surveillance Operation Plan 

summarized the DOJ Deadly Force Policy and stated that this policy would be 

in effect for the Ojeda operation. As discussed in more detail in Chapter Five of 

this report, the Deadly Force Policy states, among other things, that DOJ law 

enforcement officers may use deadly force “only when necessary, that is, when 

the officer has a reasonable belief that the subject of such force poses an 

imminent danger of death or serious physical injury to the officer or to another 

person.” 

C. Consideration of the Surround and Call-Out Option 

 The CONOP, the Course of Action outline, and the San Juan FBI 

Surveillance Plan did not address a scenario in which the FBI would surround 

the Site 1 residence and call for Ojeda to surrender, even as a least preferred 

course of action. Fraticelli told the OIG that he wanted to avoid a standoff or 

barricaded subject scenario because he was concerned that Macheteros 

sympathizers would assemble near the scene in large numbers and that it 

would be difficult to control the situation. Fraticelli told the OIG that he 

discussed the question of surrounding the residence with HRT Deputy 

Commander Steve, who reminded him that during the 1985 arrest of Ojeda the 

FBI’s approach was to surround him and call for his surrender but that Ojeda 

responded by firing an automatic weapon at the FBI agents. Fraticelli said that 

in light of this experience, Steve recommended that speed was the best strategy 

for dealing with the arrest of Ojeda. 

 Steve told the OIG that an approach of calling for Ojeda’s surrender 

before attempting an arrest was rejected in the planning stage because of 

Ojeda’s history of violent resistance to law enforcement and the Macheteros’ 

history of using explosives and automatic weapons. Two OTU agents told the 

OIG that Fraticelli made it clear from the beginning that he wanted to avoid a 

barricaded subject situation due to Ojeda’s history of violence and the possible 

presence of sympathizers in the area. 
24

 Steve and HRT Commander Craig26 both told the OIG that during the 

planning phase for the operation they decided not to utilize the CIRG Crisis 

Negotiation Unit (CNU). Supervisory Special Agent (SSA) Dennis,27 the Unit 

Chief for CNU, told us that he heard about the Puerto Rico operation on 

September 19 and immediately contacted Craig to ask if he needed CNU to 

organize a full package of negotiators to be deployed with the team. Craig said 

he told Dennis the negotiators were not needed because the operation was 

primarily a reconnaissance and surveillance mission. Dennis told the OIG that 

he advised Craig that the San Juan FBI team of negotiators was relatively 

inexperienced and that Craig should not rely on inexperienced negotiators with 

a subject like Ojeda. Nevertheless, Dennis said he accepted Craig’s decision 

and informed his unit. 

Steve told us that he declined CNU’s offer because HRT did not have 

enough information to justify bringing a CNU negotiator to Puerto Rico and 

because he knew that the San Juan FBI would have its own negotiators 

available for that purpose. 

 Fraticelli told the OIG that although he wanted to avoid a standoff, he 

was aware that one could develop, so he made arrangements for two trained 

negotiators from the San Juan FBI to be available during the operation. 

D. Discussions Regarding El Grito de Lares 

 El Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares) is an annual celebration held in 

Puerto Rico on September 23 to commemorate the 1868 revolt in the town of 

Lares against Spanish rule. El Grito de Lares is an important holiday in Puerto 

Rico, particularly among Puerto Ricans favoring independence, which has been 

likened to the Fourth of July. 

Fraticelli told the OIG that the date of the celebration was taken into 

account in planning the arrest operation because the San Juan FBI received 

intelligence that Ojeda might leave his residence and attend the celebration in 

the city of Lares. Fraticelli said that Ojeda had in years past provided a 

recorded statement that was played at the celebration. According to Fraticelli, 

Ojeda’s possible attendance at a celebration in Lares presented an opportunity 

for a safe arrest away from the residence if the sniper-observer team was able 

to establish surveillance and detect Ojeda’s departure from Site 1. Several HRT 

agents told us that they were made aware of the event and the intelligence 

suggesting Ojeda might attend. These agents also said they viewed the event 

as an opportunity for a safe arrest. 

 26 “Craig” is a pseudonym.

27 “Dennis” is a pseudonym.
25

E. Preparations for Medical Emergencies 

 HRT’s medical coordinator drafted a Medical Annex to the CONOP. He 

also was responsible for placing the appropriate medical equipment and 

supplies with the Quick Reaction Force vehicles and on one of the helicopters 

that the Tactical Helicopter Unit planned to bring to Puerto Rico. The medical 

coordinator told us that fairly early in the planning he learned that Ojeda had a 

cardiac condition. He therefore positioned most of the medical equipment with 

the Quick Reaction Force and placed a defibrillator – an item not usually part 

of the medical package – in the Quick Reaction Force’s communications 

vehicle. The defibrillator was placed with the communications vehicle because 

that vehicle would remain at a fixed location. The medical preparations were 

otherwise typical of most HRT operations. For example, the Medical Annex 

included important contact information and the locations and capabilities of 

the nearest medical facilities, Centro Medico Rio Piedras and Centro Medico 

Mayagüez. 

F. Chain of Command 

The CONOP listed the Tactical Chain of Command from the top down as 

SAC Fraticelli, San Juan FBI ASAC Leslie, HRT Deputy Commander Steve, and 

HRT Red Squad Supervisor Doug.28 

G. Communications Links 

HRT’s Tactical Operations Center (TOC) was equipped with a secure 

satellite radio system to permit communications between the TOC, the sniperobserver team, and the Quick Reaction Force vehicles. Communications on the 

satellite system could be monitored at HRT headquarters in Quantico, Virginia. 

 

H. Helicopters 

The CONOP called for the use of two Tactical Helicopter Unit helicopters 

for the operation: a Bell 412, which carried a crew of three (two pilots and a 

tactical air officer) plus seven passengers, and a smaller McDonnell Douglas 

530, which carried two pilots plus a maximum of three passengers on external 

pods. Both helicopters were equipped with fast rope rigs for dropping agents 

quickly without landing the aircraft. The CONOP did not call for using the 

helicopters to transport agents to the scene for an arrest operation. Rather, 

the helicopters’ planned function was to provide medical evacuation services in 

case of an injury and to evacuate Ojeda quickly after he was arrested, if 

necessary. The helicopters were also intended to be available to assist in 

 28 “Leslie,” “Steve,” and “Doug” are pseudonyms.
26

command and control by relaying information to the commander at the TOC or 

by transporting him in the helicopter if needed. 

The Tactical Helicopter Unit pilots flew the helicopters from Quantico to 

Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. The leg of the trip from Miami to Aguadilla was 

originally planned for September 19, but was delayed due to Hurricane Rita, 

which at that time was a tropical storm forming in the Caribbean. The 

helicopters left Miami on Wednesday, September 21, arriving in Aguadilla in 

the late evening. 

 

VIII. Establishment and Organization of the HRT Tactical Operations 

Center and the San Juan FBI Command Post in Aguadilla 

 On September 19, an advance party from HRT traveled from Virginia to a 

federal facility near Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, approximately 25 miles from the 

target residences. The advance team was responsible for establishing 

communications systems and infrastructure for the operation and coordinating 

with the San Juan FBI personnel supporting the operation. 

 HRT set up a Tactical Operations Center (TOC) in two rooms on the 

upper floor of a residence at the facility. In general, the TOC was staffed 

throughout the operation by HRT Deputy Commander Steve, up to three agents 

from the Operations and Training Unit, an Intelligence Analyst, and a 

communications technician. A written log was maintained by the Intelligence 

Analysts and other TOC personnel throughout the operation which recorded 

events and precise times as the operation unfolded (the “TOC Log”).

 The San Juan FBI set up a Command Post on the lower floor of the same 

building. The San Juan FBI Command Post was staffed by SAC Fraticelli, two 

ASACs (including Leslie, who was designated second in command in the 

CONOP), the San Juan FBI Chief Division Counsel, and various agents from 

the San Juan FBI Domestic Terrorism Squad, SWAT Team, and Special 

Operations Group. A separate command post was established in the FBI’s 

offices in San Juan under the supervision of another ASAC. 

IX. The Role of the Police of Puerto Rico in the Arrest Operation 

 

One issue that became controversial in the days after the operation was 

the extent to which the Police of Puerto Rico (POPR) had been given advance 

notice of the Ojeda arrest operation. We determined that although the POPR 

was aware that the FBI had been attempting to locate Ojeda, and had provided 

some assistance to the FBI in this effort, the POPR did not have advance notice 

that the FBI had located Ojeda in Hormigueros. The POPR also did not receive 

notice of the arrest operation until after the exchange of gunfire between Ojeda 
27

and HRT agents, at which time POPR officers responded to the scene and 

established an outer security perimeter. 

Fraticelli told the OIG that the POPR was aware prior to the September 

2005 arrest operation that San Juan FBI had been actively attempting to locate 

Ojeda as part of its Macheteros investigation. Fraticelli told us that he learned 

that POPR itself had previously investigated Ojeda and the Macheteros, and 

had provided its work file on the investigation to the FBI on February 11, 2005. 

Fraticelli also stated that on February 14, 2005, he met with POPR 

Superintendent Pedro A. Toledo Dávila (Toledo) concerning, among other 

things, potential POPR support for the FBI’s Macheteros investigation. 

Fraticelli said that he obtained Toledo’s approval to reassign the two POPR 

officers working with the FBI as task force agents to the Joint Terrorism Task 

Force (JTTF) to work specifically on the Macheteros investigation. 

Fraticelli told the OIG that he did not advise Toledo about the arrest 

operation, or even that the San Juan FBI believed it had located Ojeda’s 

residence in Hormigueros. Fraticelli said he did not do so because he wanted 

to keep the operation secret and limit the possibility of leaks to the public. 

Fraticelli also said that he had met with Toledo on June 11, 2005, and told 

Toledo that the FBI was close to locating Ojeda. He said that he told Toledo 

that the San Juan FBI would need POPR assistance with perimeter security in 

any arrest operation. Fraticelli said Toledo was emphatic that he did not want 

to know any other details but that Fraticelli should call when the POPR was 

needed. 

In a meeting with the OIG, Toledo confirmed that the FBI did not inform 

the POPR of the arrest operation in advance and indicated that he thought the 

FBI was concerned about it being leaked by the POPR. According to 

subsequent news accounts, Toledo acknowledged that the POPR was generally 

aware that the San Juan FBI was attempting to locate and capture Ojeda, but 

he stated that “we knew nothing about Hormigueros.” 
28

[BLANK] 
29

CHAPTER THREE: 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS IN THE SURVEILLANCE AND 

ARREST OPERATION 

 In this Chapter, the OIG sets forth a detailed chronology of events in the 

execution of the Ojeda surveillance and arrest operation during September 21-

24, 2005. Figure 5 is a timeline of significant events during the operation. 

I. Surveillance on September 21-22 

 A team of six HRT sniper-observers was inserted at 10:20 p.m. on 

Wednesday, September 21, at a roadside location approximately 800-1000 

yards from Site 1. The sniper-observers included SAs Peter (the sniperobserver team leader), Paul (the radio operator), Eric, Gary, Bruce, and Dan.29 

They carried surveillance equipment, communications equipment, weapons, 

and food and water for several days. The terrain included extremely steep 

inclines and dense vegetation, and the sniper-observers needed several hours 

to reach locations near the target residences. 

 The sniper-observers used land-based radio equipment, including 

earpieces and transmitters, to communicate with one another. In addition, 

they carried equipment for satellite voice and text communications with the 

TOC. 

 The sniper-observers reached a clearing near Site 2 in the pre-dawn 

hours of Thursday, September 22. Two sniper-observers determined that Site 

2 was under construction and appeared to be unoccupied. Two others walked 

down the steep road running adjacent to Site 1 and made a brief examination 

of Site 1. They were unable to find a location that would enable the sniperobservers to observe the residence or the gate at the entrance to the driveway 

without risking compromise. The sniper-observer team located what appeared 

to be an old, abandoned foot trail leading off the road and into the vegetation. 

The team withdrew to a position of cover down the trail, where it established a 

Mission Support Site approximately 200-250 meters from the Site 1 residence. 

According to the TOC Log, by 6:17 a.m. on September 22, all six sniperobservers had withdrawn to the Mission Support Site. 

 29 “Eric,” “Gary,” “Bruce,” and “Dan” are pseudonyms. “Peter” and “Paul” were 

previously identified as pseudonyms. 
30

II. Issuance of the Search Warrant 

 During the morning of September 22, 2005, the United States Attorney’s 

Office in Puerto Rico filed an application in the United States District Court for 

the District of Puerto Rico for a search warrant for Site 1, together with a 

motion to keep the application under seal. The application and motion were 

granted by Chief Judge José Antonio Fusté at 12:00 noon that same day. The 

warrant required the FBI to conduct the search between September 22 and 

September 26.30 

The warrant authorized the FBI to execute the search at any hour of the 

day or night for evidence of violations of several criminal statutes.31 The 

provision for a day or night search was based on several considerations set 

forth in the affidavit filed with the application: (1) the greater likelihood that 

Ojeda would be observed at night; (2) the need to limit the possibility of Ojeda 

leaving Site 1 after he was observed but before the search was executed; and 

(3) the security concern that a daylight approach of the residence would place 

the arrest team at risk. The warrant also granted the FBI an exception to the 

so-called knock and announce requirement in light of Ojeda’s previously 

demonstrated propensity for violence when confronted by law enforcement. 

III. Surveillance on September 22-23 

 During daylight hours on September 22, the sniper-observers rested at 

the Mission Support Site and took rotating security shifts at a checkpoint 

approximately 30 meters up the trail toward the road. At approximately 

12:30 p.m., the San Juan FBI Special Operations Group (SOG) observed 

Rosado at a location near the residence in her vehicle, a Red 4-Runner. The 

agents observed Rosado engage in what they believed were obvious 

countersurveillance techniques while driving. By 1:15 p.m., the SOG reported 

that Rosado had returned to Site 1. 

Based on Rosado’s activities on September 22 and other information 

developed during the investigation, the FBI command post suspected Ojeda 

and Rosado might depart between 2:00-3:00 a.m. the next morning 

(September 23) to attend El Grito de Lares festival activities. At 4:00 p.m. on 

September 22, the TOC transmitted a text message to the sniper-observers

 30 The outstanding warrant for Ojeda’s arrest was attached to the search warrant 

application. The arrest warrant was issued on September 25, 1990, by the U.S. District Court 

for the District of Connecticut for Ojeda’s failure to appear at trial for the Wells Fargo robbery. 

31 Title 18, United States Code, Sections 3148, 2332(f), 2383, 2384, 2385, 2339, 

2339(a), and 1071. 

33

advising them of that prediction and authorizing the sniper-observers to make 

an arrest if Ojeda departed the residence. 

At 5:56 p.m., the TOC transmitted another text message to the sniperobservers stating: 

Be advised, per our most recent communications with the SJ field 

office, the search warrant has been signed to expire 2400 26 

September; however, none can be executed without the sighting of 

an elderly male subject, leaving, entering, in or around the target. 

If a male is seen leaving at night or early am, it can be assumed 

that it is the subject. You are being advised that while compromise 

is still a concern, ID of a male is paramount for warrant execution. 

Feasibility of a deliberate assault rests on these observations. 

As noted above, the search warrant was made contingent on the 

identification of Ojeda at the residence, but it did not provide that any elderly 

male subject could be assumed to be Ojeda. Fraticelli told the OIG that he 

instructed HRT that if an elderly male was seen at the residence during late 

night hours they could assume it was Ojeda, based on intelligence obtained by 

the San Juan FBI that Ojeda and his wife were still together as husband and 

wife. 

At approximately 9:00-10:00 p.m. on September 22, four sniperobservers left the Mission Support Site to resume surveillance of Site 1. Two of 

these four sniper-observers took positions near the driveway gate at Site 1 to 

be in position to arrest Ojeda if he attempted to depart the residence by car. 

The other two sniper-observers, Peter and Gary, conducted 

reconnaissance around the perimeter of Site 1, trying to find a location that 

would permit daylight surveillance of the residence without risking 

compromise. They worked their way up toward the White side of the residence 

from down the hill, but encountered a chain-link fence that appeared to 

surround the house. Peter maintained a position near the fence on the White 

side, while Gary worked his way along the fence toward the Green side of the 

residence to gather intelligence about the physical features of the house and 

grounds. 

As Gary moved along the Green side of the fence toward the Black side of 

the residence, two dogs began barking excitedly. Gary told the OIG he believed 

that the dogs had detected his presence. Lights came on inside the residence 

and at a neighboring residence behind Gary on the Green side. Gary froze in 

order to evade detection. Peter moved down the hill away from the house. 

Gary told the OIG that when he peeked up, he saw a woman on the 

porch and heard her talking to a man who was in the yard inside the Green 
34

side fence, with a flashlight. The man walked to within approximately 20 feet 

of where Gary was hiding, but apparently did not see Gary. Gary described the 

man as elderly, with white hair and a medium build, which Gary said met the 

description of Ojeda provided by the San Juan FBI. Gary stated that he could 

not see the man’s face clearly. Based on the San Juan FBI description and his 

presence with the woman previously identified as Rosado, Gary concluded the 

man was Ojeda. After the couple returned to the residence, Gary attempted to 

back away from the residence, and the dogs began barking again. Once again, 

the man and woman came outside with a flashlight and then went back into 

the house. 

Gary stated that he attempted to communicate with the other sniperobservers by his headset radio, but discovered that he seemed to be in a dead 

spot. He was able to hear transmissions from the other sniper-observers but 

could respond only by clicking or “squelching” his radio on and off. In this 

way, by answering questions posed to him by Peter, Gary communicated the 

fact that he had identified an elderly male subject. According to the TOC Log, 

this information was relayed back to the TOC at 11:43 p.m. on September 22. 

The TOC instructed the sniper-observers that the SAC had authorized them to 

arrest Ojeda if he came outside the house. 

IV. Deliberations Regarding a Course of Action on September 23 

According to the TOC Log, between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. on 

September 23, there were several communications between the sniperobservers and the TOC regarding a course of action in light of the identification 

of an elderly male fitting Ojeda’s general description and the barking dog 

incident. The sniper-observers recommended to the TOC that a deliberate 

assault on the residence to arrest Ojeda be conducted that same morning. 

Some of the sniper-observers expressed concern that they might already be 

compromised as a result of the barking dog incident. According to the TOC 

Log, the sniper-observers told the TOC at 3:43 a.m. that this had been a 

“significant event.” The sniper-observers also told the TOC that they could not 

cover escape routes and could not maintain daylight surveillance to monitor 

movement from the house by foot or vehicle without being compromised. The 

sniper-observers advised the TOC that Ojeda or his neighbors would notice 

that the vegetation around the house had been disturbed when daylight 

arrived. 

Fraticelli and other agents from the San Juan FBI were initially 

persuaded that an arrest operation should be undertaken that morning 

because of concern that the sniper-observers had been detected and Ojeda 

would flee. HRT Deputy Commander Steve and the HRT Master Breacher 

became concerned, however, that the available information regarding the house 
35

was inadequate to assure a successful breach of the door by explosive charge 

without killing or injuring the occupants.

Fraticelli ultimately decided not to order an assault on the residence for 

that morning. Fraticelli said he based his decision on Steve’s assessment of 

the risks to the occupants. In addition, Fraticelli was still hopeful that Ojeda 

would depart the residence by car later that morning to attend the El Grito de 

Lares celebration, and that he could be apprehended by the Quick Reaction 

Force at that time. 

At 4:47 a.m., the TOC instructed the sniper-observers to fall back to the 

Mission Support Site. Steve and Fraticelli decided to rely on the SOG to detect 

any attempt by Ojeda to depart from Site 1 by car, and to rely on the Quick 

Reaction Force to arrest Ojeda in a car stop if that took place. They doubled 

the size of the Quick Reaction Force team on duty between 6:00 a.m. and 

approximately 10:00 a.m. from three vehicles to six, using both squads from 

HRT together with SWAT Team agents from the San Juan FBI. In addition, the 

San Juan FBI assigned the entire SOG and four agents from the Domestic 

Terrorism squad to achieve complete surveillance coverage at all potential 

vehicle exit routes. However, the FBI did not observe Ojeda again that 

morning. 

V. The Plan for a Pre-dawn Arrest Operation on September 24 

 At 7:23 a.m. on September 23, the TOC transmitted a text message to 

the sniper-observers at the Mission Support Site requesting more detailed 

information regarding the target residence, including descriptive information 

regarding the exterior and recommended points of entry. SA Gary responded in 

a detailed text message sent at 8:34 a.m. in which he described the residence 

but noted that: “The house is obscured by foliage/canopy, so observation of 

white side access points from the perimeter fence is very poor.” He noted that 

because the Black and Red sides abutted a steep hillside and bluff, the 

assaulters would only have to deal with the White and Green sides. The 

message recommended entering on the Green side through a large window that 

the sniper-observers described as a “7 ft. high by 4 ft wide glass paned window 

with no reinforcements.” The message also stated that “there appears to be a 

large glass window/door on the white/red corner.”32 No explicit 

recommendation for an approach route was stated in the message, but Gary 

described an easily breached gate in the perimeter fence toward the 

Green/Black corner and suggested “you can hop down the Black/Green corner 

of the wrap around porch to enter [the] house.” 

 32 In fact, the window on the Green side was made of block glass and the entry on the 

White/Red corner was a gated doorway. See Figure 6. 
36

 Based on this information, Fraticelli and Steve discussed options for 

arresting Ojeda. Fraticelli told the OIG that at this stage two options were 

discussed: surrounding the residence and calling Ojeda out, or conducting a 

stealthy, “deliberate” assault on the residence in the pre-dawn hours of 

September 24. As noted above, Fraticelli had previously expressed his strong 

preference to avoid a barricaded suspect scenario because of the difficulty of 

controlling crowds of Macheteros sympathizers. Other witnesses said they did 

not recall any discussion of the “surround and call-out” option at this stage, 

and stated that Fraticelli had already made clear that he wanted to avoid this 

option. 

Fraticelli and the HRT personnel agreed to conduct the deliberate predawn assault. Therefore, at approximately 10:00 a.m., all of the HRT 

assaulters were recalled from their positions on the Quick Reaction Force in 

order to rest and prepare for the assault the next morning before dawn. Agents 

from the San Juan FBI SWAT Team assumed Quick Reaction Force 

responsibilities. The details of the plan were developed by Steve and the 

Operations and Training Unit agents, with input from other HRT personnel. 

The HRT plan called for the sniper-observers to move forward at 

10:00 p.m. on September 23 to confirm the subject’s presence at the house. 

The assault would be executed by 3:00 a.m. The assault units would approach 

the residence in darkened vehicles, dismount downhill of the target, link up 

with the sniper-observers at the front gate, and use bolt cutters to enter the 

driveway gate if necessary. The assault units would approach the White side of 

the house, proceed through the front yard, and advance up onto the porch. 

The Red Squad would breach the residence at the large window or door at the 

Red/White corner, and the Gold Squad would breach the house at the large 

window on the Green side. The sniper-observers would cover the perimeter 

around the residence and agents from the San Juan FBI SWAT would be 

assigned to “clear” the area under the house (which the sniper-observers had 

described as supported by stilts on the White side). 

The plan was a “hasty deliberate assault with rolling green,” which meant 

that once the assault units were on the property they would advance quickly to 

the two breach points. In a standard deliberate assault, the breaches would be 

coordinated and would be executed only after a countdown initiated by the 

commander from the TOC after the units confirmed they were in position. 

“Rolling green” meant that the agents would breach the residences on their 

own initiative after they reached the breach points. Because the FBI had a “noknock” search warrant, HRT did not plan to announce itself before breaching. 
37

The breaches would be accomplished either mechanically with a Halligan 

tool33 or breaching shotgun, or with a small explosive charge known as a “slap 

charge.” If neither breach was successful, the HRT Master Breacher would use 

an explosive charge to breach the front door. After the breach, the agents 

would conduct a rapid room-to-room maneuver, called a “clear,” until the 

subject was captured.34 This clear would be “unbriefed” because the floor plan 

was unknown. FBI vehicles would be positioned just below the gate for a quick 

departure with the subject after the arrest. 

By the late morning on September 23 the planning for the assault was 

substantially complete and the planners met with the Red Squad Supervisor 

and the Team Leaders from the Red and Gold assault teams to review it and 

finalize details. 

VI. The Compromise of the Sniper-Observers 

 At approximately 2:30 p.m. on September 23, the sniper-observers were 

at the Mission Support Site, in the woods. Paul was on security duty at the 

checkpoint up the foot trail toward the road. According to Paul, a vehicle drove 

up the road past Site 1 and stopped near the trailhead leading toward the 

Mission Support Site. (See Figure 3.) A second vehicle arrived several minutes 

later and the doors of the vehicles opened. Paul stated that he was able to hear 

people talking in Spanish, but could not understand what was being said 

because he does not speak the language. Other sniper-observers who were 

positioned further away from the road also told the OIG that they heard 

vehicles and voices, but they could not make out what was said. 

Paul moved into position to observe what the speakers were doing, and 

saw one person gesturing with his hands and pointing at the ground and 

toward the trailhead. He could not see the second person, but heard two 

voices. Paul then heard a third vehicle arrive, but he was not sure if anyone 

got out. 

Paul returned to the Mission Support Site and reported to the sniperobserver team leader Peter and the other sniper-observers what he had 

observed. The sniper-observers became concerned that the person gesturing 

toward the trailhead had detected evidence that the sniper-observers had used 

the trail. Paul told us that this concern was heightened by the fact that the 

 33 A Halligan tool is multipurpose tool, consisting of a claw, a blade, and a pick, which 

can be used for quickly breaking through barriers, such as locked doors. 

34 A “clear” is a rapid, deliberate action to enter a particular structure, such as a 

residence, locate anyone inside, and secure the area.
38

barking dog incident had occurred the night before and by the belief that the 

local population included Macheteros sympathizers. 

According to the TOC Log, Peter informed the TOC by radio at 2:36 p.m. 

that a vehicle had pulled up near the Mission Support Site, possibly 

compromising the sniper-observers. Shortly thereafter Peter reported to the 

TOC that three vehicles were near the Mission Support Site. Several sniperobservers told us they subsequently heard one vehicle go back down the hill 

toward Site 1 and another vehicle go up the hill toward Site 2. 

According to the TOC Log, at 2:48 p.m. Peter recommended to the TOC 

that the Quick Reaction Force “get here ASAP and hit the house.” Peter and 

the other sniper-observers confirmed to the OIG that they urged the TOC to 

adopt this course of action. Several of the sniper-observers told the OIG that 

their primary concern was that Ojeda would receive warning of their presence 

and would escape from Site 1 and return underground. They stated that this 

latest incident, taken together with the barking dog incident of the night before, 

gave them great concern that the operation had been compromised. They also 

told the OIG they were concerned that the compromise might lead to a 

confrontation between the sniper-observers and Macheteros sympathizers 

believed to be living in the area. 

At 2:53 p.m. the TOC received a report from the San Juan FBI SOG 

confirming that a green SUV was seen near Site 2, with people walking around 

nearby. 

At the time the sniper-observers reported the incident near the Mission 

Support Site, the TOC was being staffed by OTU agents Kevin and Andy,35 who 

had begun preparing a written “fragmentary order” for the deliberate pre-dawn 

assault being planned for September 24.36 Steve, Fraticelli, and OTU agent 

Jason37 were advised of the reported compromise and came to the TOC 

between approximately 3:00 and 3:20 p.m. They questioned the sniperobservers by radio regarding the incident, and inquired whether the sniperobservers felt they were in danger and whether they could evacuate the area 

without further compromise so the pre-dawn deliberate assault could proceed 

as planned. Peter responded that the sniper-observers were definitely 

compromised. According to the TOC Log, Peter told the TOC that the vehicle 

 35 “Kevin” and “Andy” are pseudonyms. 

36 A fragmentary, or FRAG, order is an abbreviated form of an operation order, usually 

issued on a day-to-day basis, which eliminates the need to restate information contained in the 

CONOP. Fragmentary orders are issued to change or modify a CONOP or to execute a 

particular course of action. 

37 “Jason” is a pseudonym. 
39

occupants had looked at the trailhead and it was “obvious” to the occupants 

that someone (the sniper-observers) had used the foot trail. Peter also reported 

that the only exit route for the sniper-observers by foot was the way they had 

come in, and that they did not have sufficient water to make that trip. 

VII. Deliberations Regarding a Post-Compromise Course of Action 

Entries on the TOC Log indicate that preparations for an emergency 

daylight assault via helicopter were begun almost immediately after the sniperobservers recommended that action to the TOC at 2:48 p.m. Deliberations 

regarding this course of action continued, however, until Fraticelli made the 

final decision at approximately 3:45 p.m. to conduct the day-time assault on 

Site 1 to arrest Ojeda. 

Fraticelli described for the OIG the deliberations leading to that decision. 

He stated that the option of extracting the sniper-observers by vehicle was 

rejected because there was no practical means of extracting them without 

driving very close to the residence, thereby alerting Ojeda to the FBI’s presence. 

Fraticelli also told the OIG that when the sniper-observers reported they 

were compromised he proposed to Steve that the FBI surround the residence to 

prevent Ojeda from escaping, and then call him out. Fraticelli stated that 

although he did not want to get into an extended barricaded subject scenario, 

he felt that the FBI would lose the element of surprise in a daytime assault. 

According to Fraticelli, Steve told him it would be feasible to go ahead 

immediately with the arrest plan that HRT had devised for the pre-dawn hours 

of September 24, using 2 teams totaling about 12 agents, most of who would 

be transported to the scene by helicopter. Fraticelli told the OIG, however, that 

he was concerned that Ojeda would hear the helicopters and be prepared for 

the assault. Fraticelli said that Steve told him that the helicopters would come 

in low so that Ojeda would not see them coming or hear them until very late. 

The agents would “fast rope” to the ground and assault the residence to arrest 

Ojeda. Fraticelli said that Steve reminded him that the 1985 arrest had shown 

that Ojeda would not surrender easily if surrounded and that he would use the 

time to prepare for violent resistance. 

Fraticelli told the OIG that after the discussion with Steve he became 

convinced that an immediate assault on the house was the best option. He 

said he felt that HRT was expert at this kind of operation. 

However, Steve and the OTU agents who participated in the deliberations 

provided accounts of the deliberations that differed in part from the account 

provided by Fraticelli. Steve told the OIG that no consideration was given to 

any option other than a direct assault on the house, such as surrounding the 
40

house and calling for the subject’s surrender. Steve told us that he did not 

think there was a stealthy way to surround the house, and that surrounding 

the house would create a potential hostage situation with Rosado. He stated 

that even with a helicopter insertion, he believed the HRT would have enough 

of an element of surprise to complete the operation without a gunfight or 

injury. 

OTU agent Jason told the OIG that he did not recall whether there was 

any discussion of the option of surrounding the house as an alternative to 

conducting a daylight assault. Jason stated that because Fraticelli had been 

unequivocal about wanting to avoid a barricaded subject scenario, there was 

no discussion at that stage of bringing a negotiator to the scene. OTU agent 

Andy told us that surrounding the residence instead of conducting an 

emergency assault was not considered to be an option, because Fraticelli had 

already indicated that he wanted to avoid a barricaded subject situation. OTU 

agent Kevin also stated that Fraticelli had expressed concern about avoiding a 

barricaded subject scenario, and that the planners were concerned with the 

difficulty of establishing an adequate perimeter in an area believed to be 

populated by Macheteros sympathizers. 

VIII. Preparations for the Daylight Assault 

 The HRT Squad Leader (Doug) began to marshal the Red and Gold 

assault teams to prepare for the operation. Doug utilized the original plan for 

the nighttime assault, with both teams approaching the house on the White 

side. As previously planned, the Red team would breach the window or door at 

the Red/White corner, the Gold team would breach the window on the Green 

side, and both teams would move toward the center of the house, clearing 

rooms and arresting Ojeda. 

 The primary difference from the plan for the nighttime assault was that 

the assault teams would be transported to the scene by helicopter. Ray, the 

Unit Chief for the Tactical Helicopter Unit, quickly devised an emergency 

aviation assault plan for transporting 10 HRT assaulters in 2 helicopters to a 

banana field immediately downhill of Site 1.38 Ray planned to find the banana 

field using GPS coordinates for Site 1 that had been provided to him in advance 

of the operation, and by visual recognition from an aerial photograph (Figure 3) 

that had also been provided to him by the San Juan FBI. He estimated that 

the trip from their location near Aguadilla to the banana field would take about 

11 minutes. In order to minimize the amount of time the helicopters would be 

heard in advance of the assault, the plan was to approach the target from the 

south, flying very low at an altitude of 200-300 feet above the trees. The 

 38 “Ray” is a pseudonym. 
41

sniper-observers had reported that they did not recommend that the 

helicopters attempt to land in the banana field, so Ray made preparations to 

rope drop the HRT assault teams. 

 As the emergency assault plan took shape, the TOC gave instructions to 

the San Juan FBI SWAT units who were at that time stationed in vehicles a few 

minutes away from Site 1 in their capacity as the Quick Reaction Force. The 

TOC instructed two agents from the San Juan FBI SWAT Team to link up with 

HRT assaulters at the banana field and to assist in the assault. The remainder 

of the Quick Reaction Force was assigned to secure Site 2 when the HRT 

assaulters arrived to address any threat posed by the persons at or near Site 2, 

including those who had been seen or heard near the footpath to the Mission 

Support Site. Units from the San Juan FBI SOG were assigned to cover two 

choke points on roads near the target to prevent vehicles from entering or 

exiting. Numerous other SWAT and SOG agents from the San Juan FBI were 

summoned to assist at the scene. Fraticelli also directed two San Juan FBI 

negotiators to report to the scene in case they were needed, along with an 

ASAC who was also a negotiator. 

The sniper-observers made plans to move toward Site 1 when the HRT 

assaulters approached, with two sniper-observers taking positions near the 

Green/Black corner of the residence, and the rest at a position uphill of the 

residence near the road leading toward Site 2. 

 The HRT assaulters prepared for the operation by putting on flight suits, 

standard issue body armor bearing “FBI” identifiers, helmets, boots, and 

gloves. They were equipped with radio headsets that permitted 

communications among the assaulters and the sniper-observers. The agents 

also carried “flash bangs,” which are non-lethal grenades used for creating 

diversions or disorienting subjects. The agents responsible for breaching the 

residence carried Halligan tools, breaching shotguns, and small explosive “slap 

charges.” 

 Each assaulter carried an HRT-issued .223 caliber M4 carbine shoulder 

weapon and a .45 caliber sidearm. Each assaulter determined for himself the 

quantity of ammunition to carry. The HRT M4 carbines were equipped with a 

selector switch enabling them to fire in either semi-automatic or fully 

automatic mode.39 

 39 According to Steve, use of the fully automatic mode by HRT agents is normally a 

matter of agent discretion, subject to the DOJ Deadly Force Policy and considerations of “fire 

discipline.” Steve stated that HRT agents normally do not use the automatic mode because it 

is easier to maintain fire discipline in semi-automatic mode. No specific instructions were 

given to the HRT agents regarding the use of fully automatic mode in the Ojeda operation. 

Each agent who fired his weapon during the incident told us that he only fired in semiautomatic mode. 

(continued) 
42

 Shortly before 4:00 p.m., Doug briefed the assaulters on the tarmac near 

Aguadilla before they boarded the two HRT helicopters. He reviewed the 

assault plan that had been developed for the deliberate assault originally 

planned for pre-dawn hours of September 24, including the “stack” or order in 

which the agents would proceed toward the house, and the functions they 

would perform during the assault. The HRT assaulters had originally planned 

to rehearse the assault during the afternoon of September 23, but were unable 

to do so before the emergency assault was ordered. 

 All of the HRT assaulters told the OIG that they were aware that the DOJ 

Deadly Force Policy would be in effect during the operation. 

IX. Transportation to the Target 

Fraticelli stated that he made the final “go” decision for the emergency 

assault at approximately 3:45 or 4:00 p.m. on September 23. Ten HRT 

assaulters boarded the two HRT helicopters: seven on the larger Bell 412 and 

three on the smaller McDonnell Douglas 530. The Bell 412 was piloted by Ray, 

Unit Chief for the Tactical Helicopter Unit, and by SSA Dale.40 The McDonnell 

Douglas 530 was piloted by SSAs Todd and Robert.41 The Bell 412 served as 

the lead helicopter. 

The helicopters departed from Aguadilla at approximately 

4:00 p.m. As the helicopters neared the target area, two sniper-observers 

moved down the hill to meet the assaulters near the banana field and directed 

them to the house, and two sniper-observers moved toward the residence at 

the Black/Green side to cover potential routes of escape. Vehicles from the 

San Juan FBI SOG and the San Juan FBI SWAT Team (the Quick Reaction 

Force) moved to a position on the road leading toward Site 1 at a location near 

the banana field. One San Juan FBI SWAT agent, Ron,42 got out of a vehicle 

 

We note that MIOG, Part 2, Section 12-3.1(3), restricts the operational use of fully 

automatic fire to HRT and SWAT personnel. The same provision states that qualified Special 

Agents may only use a weapon capable of automatic fire if it is equipped with a fire selector 

lock to prevent fully automatic fire, which may only be removed by authority of the SAC or his 

designee. The FBI does not interpret the fire selector lock requirement to apply to HRT or 

SWAT agents. The HRT M4 carbines used in the Ojeda operation were not equipped with such 

locks. 

40 “Dale” is a pseudonym.

41 “Todd” and “Robert” are pseudonyms.

42 “Ron” is a pseudonym. 
43

and awaited HRT near the driveway gate. The other SWAT agents moved up 

the hill to Site 2, where they took one person who was in the yard into 

temporary custody. 

Ray, who was piloting the Bell 412, told the OIG that as he was 

approaching the GPS coordinates he had been given for Site 1 from the south, 

he passed over an open area that ended approximately 1/10 of a mile south of 

the target coordinates, but he could not see the target residence. He sought 

assistance from the sniper-observers on the radio but did not hear anything. 

Robert, who was piloting the McDonnell Douglas 530, also described the open 

area and also said he was unable to see the target residence. Ray stated that 

he did not want to fly over the target residence, so shortly after passing over 

the edge of the open area he made a clockwise turn back toward it. The 

McDonnell Douglas 530 made a similar turn. 

Robert told the OIG that the Bell 412 radioed the McDonnell Douglas 530 

requesting help, and that Robert responded by stating that the open area they 

had passed over had to be the landing zone. Ray told us that his co-pilot, Dale, 

said “I think that was it,” referring to the open area they had passed over. 

On the ground, the sniper-observers heard the helicopters as they 

approached but realized they were not arriving at the banana field landing 

zone. Paul, the HRT agent responsible for communications, told the OIG that 

he attempted to make contact with the helicopters as they approached the 

location, but was unable to because the UHF antenna he had on his radio was 

not sufficient for transmission to the helicopters, and he did not have a longer 

VHF antenna. Sniper-observer Eric also said he attempted unsuccessfully to 

radio the helicopters. Sniper-observer Bruce went to mark the banana field 

with a landing panel, but the helicopters never arrived at that landing zone. 

Instead, the helicopters executed a rope drop of the assaulters over the 

open area, which was on a steep slope.43 At 4:20 p.m., Ray reported to the 

TOC that the first group of assaulters was on the ground. The second group, 

from the smaller helicopter, was dropped immediately thereafter. Within a 

minute, the sniper-observers reported to the TOC that the helicopters were not 

at the banana field. 

On the ground, the 10 HRT assaulters realized that they were not at the 

banana field landing zone. They moved quickly up a steep hill to a road. On 

the road, the assaulters encountered an agent from the San Juan FBI SOG, 

who was wearing his FBI raid jacket and manning a “choke point” in a Dodge 

 43 The site where the helicopters dropped the assault teams is not depicted on Figure 3. 

It is located beyond the right (south) edge of the photograph. 
44

Durango SUV. The assaulters got into the Durango or climbed on its running 

boards and rear bumper, and the agent drove them quickly to Site 1. 

X. The Assault on Site 1 

At 4:28 p.m., the Durango carrying the 10 HRT assaulters arrived at 

Site 1. As the Durango arrived, three sniper-observers (Peter, Eric, and Bruce) 

and an agent from the San Juan FBI (Ron) were positioned near the driveway 

gate. Two other sniper-observers (Gary and Dan) were covering potential 

escape routes from positions outside the fence near the Black/Green corner of 

the residence. As these two moved closer to the house they were detected by 

dogs inside the fence, which began barking loudly. A sixth sniper-observer 

(Paul) was positioned on the road above Site 1, relaying information about the 

operation to the TOC by satellite radio. As the Durango approached, Eric 

moved forward to open the driveway gate, but the San Juan FBI agent drove 

the vehicle through the gate toward the house without stopping. Moments 

later Bill, an HRT assaulter who had fallen off the back of the Durango on the 

way up the hill, ran into the yard and joined the other assaulters.44 Ron also 

followed the vehicle into the yard in order to join up with the assaulters. The 

three sniper-observers at the gate followed the assaulters into the yard and 

took positions of cover. 

In Subsection B below we discuss the events during the assault and 

exchange of gunfire at Site 1. It is important to understand that these events 

occurred very quickly, over a period of as little as 2-3 minutes. However, in 

order to understand the rapid sequence of these events it is necessary to 

appreciate the features and layout of the property, which we describe first in 

Subsection A. 

A. Features and Layout of Site 1 

 The driveway into Site 1 led into an open yard on the White side of the 

residence. Figure 6 (a photograph taken after a great deal of foliage had been 

removed) shows important features on the front of the house (the White side). 

There was a low concrete wall in the yard with a break in the middle, opening 

to a set of rough cinderblock steps. The steps led up a steep embankment to a 

narrow, open balcony porch running along the White side of the house. In the 

yard to the right of the low cement wall was a garden shed with an entrance 

facing away from the house, toward the driveway. The second story of the shed 

was a covered gazebo accessible from the porch. To the right of the gazebo and 

along the Red side of the house there was a very steep hillside sloping up 

toward the road. There was a low retaining wall along this slope. 

 44 “Bill” is a pseudonym. 
FIGURE 6 

Selected Features on Front (White) Side of Residence (Foliage 

Front Door 

Steps 

Embankment 

Low Cement Wall

G

Kitchen Window

Alcove

Gated Doorway 

45
FIGURE 7 

3-D Diagram of Interior of the Residence

Narrow Hallway 

Front Door 

Kitchen Window 

Refrigerator 

Gated Doorway 

Kitchen Doorway 

Gazebo 

Alcove 

Balcony Porch Roof 

46
FIGURE 8 

View of the Front of the Residence (Before Foliage Re

47
48

The front door of the house was located in the center of the White side, at 

the top of the steps. On each side of the front door were “Miami windows” with 

slatted panes. The window to the left of the front door (facing from the outside) 

opened into the living room; the window to the right opened into the kitchen 

(the “kitchen window”). Further down the porch to the right, near the 

White/Red corner of the residence, was a doorway covered by a locked wooden 

gate (the “gated doorway”). The gated doorway led into a narrow hallway 

running from the front of the house to the back. Inside the hallway on the left 

side was another door leading into the kitchen (the “kitchen door”). To the 

right of the gated doorway, somewhat around the corner of the house, was a 

small exterior alcove. Figure 7 is a three dimensional diagram of the interior of 

the residence showing many of these features. It also illustrates the 

relationship between the gated doorway leading into a narrow hallway and the 

kitchen door inside the hallway. 

 At the time of the operation, the front of the house was obscured by 

heavy vegetation, including shrubs and tree limbs. Figure 8 shows the front of 

the house before this vegetation was removed, as it would have appeared to the 

FBI agents when they approached. 

B. The Exchange of Gunfire 

 At approximately 4:28 p.m. the Durango pulled into the yard and 

stopped a short distance from the low cement wall. Several HRT assaulters 

told the OIG that they thought they heard small arms semi-automatic gunfire 

from the house even before the Durango stopped.45 

Sniper-observer Gary, who was covering the Black-Green corner of the 

house, threw a non-lethal “flash-bang” grenade toward the house as a 

diversionary tactic as the vehicle approached the house. It frightened a large 

dog, which ran from the Green side around to the front of the house. Gary and 

Dan (who was positioned near Gary) told the OIG that the flash bang detonated 

shortly before any gunfire was exchanged. Other HRT agents also stated that 

they heard the flash bang, which is extremely loud and which agents can easily 

distinguish from gunfire. Some of them told the OIG that they thought that 

they heard gunfire from the house before they heard the flash bang, however. 

 45 Two agents stated that one shot hit the windshield of the Durango as it approached 

the house. However, the San Juan FBI told the OIG that it found no evidence that the 

Durango had been struck with any shots. The left rear window of the Durango was broken 

during the operation, which agents from the San Juan FBI stated was likely the result of being 

struck by equipment carried by one of the HRT agents on the running board. This window 

would not have been exposed to the house as the Durango approached. It is possible that the 

shattering of glass gave some of the agents the misimpression that the vehicle had been struck 

by a gunshot. 
49

According to several media accounts, Ojeda’s wife, Rosado, claimed that 

the FBI agents fired first. However, Rosado declined to be interviewed for this 

investigation. As we explain in detail in Chapter Five, we concluded, based on 

the evidence and the testimony, that Ojeda fired at the agents first. 

As noted above, the assault plan called for the Gold Team assaulters 

(Bill, Tom, Alan, George and Ken46) to enter through a window on the Green 

side and the Red Team assaulters (Doug, Scott, Don, Frank, and Brian47) to 

enter through a window or door believed to be located near the Red/White 

corner (which turned out to be the gated doorway). The HRT assaulters 

jumped off the Durango and moved toward the house to conduct the assault in 

accordance with this plan. They were joined by Ron from the San Juan FBI 

SWAT. The San Juan FBI agent who was driving the Durango backed it away 

from the low cement wall toward the driveway gate. 

Several assaulters told us they perceived small arms fire coming from the 

kitchen window as they approached the house. They moved through the gap in 

the low cement wall up the cinder block steps. The large dog that had been 

frightened by Gary’s flash bang came running toward the steps and Scott shot 

it to prevent an attack on another agent. The dog fell to the base of the 

embankment near the gap in the wall. 

Frank and Don reached the porch and moved to the gated doorway. Tom 

also reached the porch and took a position to the left of the front door. 

Seconds later, Brian followed the other agents onto the porch and began 

looking for a breaching point on the right side. The remaining assaulters took 

various positions on the steps and the embankment to each side of them but 

did not proceed forward because of the gunfire from the house. 

Frank prepared to break open the locked wooden gate at the door near 

the Red/White corner with a breaching shotgun. Frank told the OIG that in 

order to get a proper angle for using the breaching shotgun effectively, he had 

to step away from the wall of the house to a position directly in front of the lock 

on the wooden gate to the door. At that moment, Frank noticed that someone 

had “goose necked” a pistol from the kitchen door on the left interior side of the 

hallway. Frank said he heard several shots and felt three separate impacts on 

his ballistic vest that he perceived to be gunshots fired from the pistol. 

Frank moved to a position of cover on the porch to the left of the gated 

door and began to check himself for wounds. Frank said he heard several 

more gunshots originating from inside the house. After finding no wounds, 

 46 “Tom,” “Alan,” “George” and “Ken” are pseudonyms. 

47 “Doug,” “Scott,” “Don,” “Frank,” and “Brian” are pseudonyms. 
50

Frank crawled on the front porch to a position below the kitchen window. 

Brian told the OIG that he saw ricochet shots near Frank, as if Frank was a 

target while he was down on the porch. A forensic examination of Frank’s 

helmet after the incident revealed that it had been struck from behind by a 

9 mm bullet that was fired from Ojeda’s pistol. Frank told the OIG he believed 

that he received the shot while he was crouched below the kitchen window. 

Frank later determined that he was hit four times during the gunfire exchange: 

two non-penetrating shots in his ballistic vest, one penetrating shot in his 

abdomen, and one non-penetrating shot in his helmet. 

Don, who was also positioned near the gated doorway, told the OIG that 

he saw an arm holding a handgun extend out from a door inside the hallway, 

fire approximately three shots, and then retreat.48 Don stated that the 

gunman repeated this action approximately three times. Don returned semiautomatic fire into the hallway with his M4 carbine after each occasion, firing a 

total of approximately 28 rounds, or one magazine. Don said he also recalled 

hearing gunshots originating from the kitchen window to his left, which led 

him to believe that there was more than one subject firing at the FBI. 

Don told the OIG that he saw Frank on the porch squatting against the 

wall. Frank said he had been hit. Don then stood up at the kitchen window 

and saw a dark figure standing on the other side. This dark figure immediately 

began firing rounds at Don through the slatted window. Don said that two 

rounds passed by his head on the left and one round passed by his head on 

the right. Don immediately returned semi-automatic fire from his M4 at the 

gunman, firing approximately 28 rounds through the kitchen window. 

At this point, Brian was on the porch near the front door. When Brian 

heard Frank say he was hit, Brian ran down the porch toward him. Brian told 

the OIG that as he ran down the porch he was struck by a round on his left 

side (the side facing the kitchen window) in the Kevlar portion of his armor 

vest. He stated that after the shot he fell over the porch railing and onto the 

slope below. Brian said the blow was painful and he initially thought he had 

been wounded. In fact, the bullet left a large bruise in Brian’s side but did not 

penetrate the vest. Brian later examined his armor and realized he had also 

been struck on the chest plate by a different shot. 

Brian took cover on the embankment below the porch. He told the OIG 

he saw George crouched under the window to the right of the front door. Brian 

said he saw a gun inside the window over George’s head. Someone was firing 

the gun without aiming it, “goose-necking” the gun out the window while 

keeping his head below the window. Brian yelled “get your head down” at 

 48 The door Don described was the doorway from the kitchen into the narrow hallway. 

(See Figure 7.) 
51

George and fired at the window, aiming high so as to avoid hitting George.49 

The gun in the window was pulled back, the firing from the house stopped 

temporarily, and George retreated down the embankment. Firing resumed 

from the window and Brian fired again at the window.50 Frank was still down 

on the porch. 

Several HRT agents told the OIG that at this point in the exchange they 

saw or heard a burst of automatic gunfire coming from inside the kitchen 

window. At this point Frank was crouching on the porch below the kitchen 

window. Frank said he saw the muzzle flash of the weapon firing over his 

head. Several HRT agents also told the OIG that they saw glass from the 

kitchen window shatter outward as result of the automatic fire. At least one 

HRT agent said he saw vegetation being impacted by the automatic fire. 

George told the OIG that at the moment the automatic gunfire began he was 

running along the embankment below the porch toward Frank, and that, in 

response to the burst of gunfire, he dove for cover below the concrete 

outcropping situated just below the porch. A forensic examination of George’s 

helmet revealed that it was struck by a bullet of indeterminate caliber in the 

battery case on the left side, which would have been the side facing the kitchen 

window as George moved toward Frank. George stated he believed he was hit 

in the helmet during the burst of automatic fire from the kitchen window. 

Frank told the OIG that immediately after the first burst of automatic fire 

above his head subsided, he raised his M4 carbine up to the window and fired 

several rounds into the house. During his interview, Frank said he did not see 

anyone in the house when he fired because he was unable to safely raise his 

head to a level where he could see through the window. He later added that his 

purpose in firing into the kitchen window was to attempt to eliminate the 

threat of additional gunfire from the subject. Frank stated that immediately 

after he fired, a second burst of gunfire came from the window. Several other 

HRT agents also told the OIG that they recalled multiple bursts of automatic 

gunfire from the kitchen window. 

A total of eight HRT agents told the OIG that they returned fire at the 

kitchen window from various positions during the exchange of fire. The 

 49 George told the OIG that he did not go on the balcony porch but rather stayed below 

it and moved along the front edge of the porch floor. George said that he moved toward Frank 

when he heard that Frank was hit, which could have put him between Brian and the kitchen 

window when Brian saw the gun being goose-necked. 

50 Brian told the OIG that he fired a total of 8-10 rounds at this point. However, as 

discussed in Chapter Four, there were only four shells found at the scene that could be 

matched to Brian’s weapon. Brian acknowledged, and the forensic evidence indicates, that 

three of Brian’s shots (including the later shot that wounded Ojeda) were fired later in the day 

from a different position. It therefore appears likely that Brian overestimated the number of 

rounds he fired from his position on the slope below the porch during the exchange of gunfire. 
52

statements of Frank, Don, and Brian are described above. In addition, Ken 

said he fired 10 to 12 rounds at the muzzle flashes he saw in the kitchen 

window, shooting from a location on the embankment below the porch, to the 

right of the front door. Doug said he fired three to five rounds at the window 

from his position near the gap in the low concrete wall. Tom said that after 

seeing automatic gunfire from the kitchen window, he fired approximately 10 

rounds toward the window from a standing position on the porch near the front 

door. Scott stated that in response to the burst of automatic fire he returned 

fire at the kitchen window with approximately 12 to14 rounds from a position 

on the embankment below the porch near the kitchen window. Eric (one of the 

sniper-observers) said that after the second burst of automatic gunfire from the 

kitchen window, he fired 5 to 10 rounds from a position behind the low 

concrete wall, aimed at the muzzle flashes he saw. 

Six agents at the scene told the OIG that near the end of the gunfire 

exchange they perceived that several shots were fired from inside the house 

through the front door, making holes in the door and shattering the wood. One 

agent stated that he thought that he observed these rounds hit the dirt near 

the cinder block steps. Three holes in the exterior of the front door of the 

residence are apparent in photographs taken after the incident. However, 

according to the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Science, these holes were 

made by shots originating from outside into the residence, and the trajectories 

of these shots correspond to impacts in the ceiling inside the residence.51 

Many of the agents interviewed by the OIG reported that during the 

exchange of gunfire they perceived that at least two different weapons were 

being fired from inside the residence, possibly by two different subjects. The 

perception of the agents that there might be two subjects firing different 

weapons was reported to the TOC and recorded in the TOC Log about a half 

hour after the firing subsided. Several factors were cited to the OIG as the 

basis for this belief: 1) several agents reported that they heard both automatic 

and semi-automatic fire from inside the residence, leading them to believe that 

two different guns were being fired; 2) agents reported that early in the 

exchange shots were fired both out the kitchen window and out the hallway 

toward the gated door, leading some agents to believe that there might be two 

different subjects; and 3) as noted above, six agents misperceived semiautomatic fire coming through the front door of the residence at a moment 

simultaneous or nearly simultaneous with the bursts of automatic gunfire 

coming from the kitchen window. 

 51 Photographs of the holes through the door and corresponding ceiling impacts are 

provided in Chapter Five. As explained in Chapter Five, the OIG did not learn about the origin 

of these shots until after we interviewed the HRT agents. When we attempted to obtain 

information from the HRT agents regarding this issue, they told the OIG, through their 

attorney, that they declined to provide voluntary follow-up interviews. We therefore have been 

unable to identify the agent who fired these rounds. 
53

According to the TOC Log, the initial exchange of gunfire subsided at 

4:30 p.m., about two minutes after it began. At this point, Frank and Tom 

were still on the porch. Scott and Don had taken cover in an alcove near the 

Red/White corner, out of any line of fire from the kitchen window or the 

hallway behind the gated door. The other HRT assaulters and Ron from the 

San Juan FBI were in various locations on the embankment below the porch or 

behind the low concrete wall at the base of the bank. 

At this point, Frank began experiencing severe pain in his abdomen from 

the bullet wound, and he reported that he was hurt. Other agents threw flashbang grenades onto the porch as a diversion and George assisted Frank off the 

porch onto the embankment below it. Additional flash-bangs were detonated 

and Tom got off the porch. George attempted to search Frank for wounds but 

initially could not find any. Because they were still exposed on the 

embankment, George and Frank moved down the embankment and behind the 

low cement wall, to the right of the gap. Other HRT agents also moved off the 

embankment into positions of better cover. George resumed his examination of 

Frank and discovered a wound in the abdomen. George called out that Frank 

needed to be evacuated. 

XI. The Evacuation of the Wounded Agent 

As Frank was being helped down the embankment, the agent who was 

driving the Durango turned it around and backed it up toward the residence, 

close to the low concrete wall. Two agents assisted Frank into the rear of the 

vehicle. Bruce, who was an emergency medical technician, got into the vehicle 

to provide first aid to Frank. At approximately 4:40 p.m., the Durango left 

Site 1 to transport Frank to a hospital in Mayagüez. At approximately 

5:50 p.m., Frank was airlifted by a U.S. Customs Service helicopter to a 

hospital in San Juan for abdominal surgery. The round that struck Frank 

damaged his small intestine. 

By 9:45 p.m., Frank was out of surgery. A portion of his small intestine 

was surgically removed. Frank has since recovered and rejoined HRT. 

XII. The Standoff 

A. The Surrender of Elma Beatríz Rosado Barbosa 

At approximately 4:48 p.m., a few minutes after Frank was evacuated 

from the scene, Ojeda’s wife, Elma Beatríz Rosado Barbosa (Rosado), 

surrendered to the FBI. San Juan FBI SWAT agent Ron – who speaks and 

understands Spanish – told the OIG that somebody inside the residence yelled 
54

in Spanish, “someone is coming out.”52 The front door of the residence opened 

and Rosado emerged with her hands empty and extended in front of her. Alan, 

who was at the top of the cinder block steps, told the OIG that he observed 

someone else’s hands behind Rosado guide her out and then shut the door. 

Alan said Rosado appeared nervous but not panicked, and initially walked 

toward the Green side of the residence. Alan told her she could not go that 

way, grabbed her, and moved her back down the steps to Ken. Ken then 

placed her face down behind the concrete wall in front of the residence and 

handcuffed her. 

Ron questioned Rosado in Spanish and asked her to help the agents talk 

to her husband. He also asked her how many people and weapons were in the 

residence, whether there were explosives, and if anyone was injured. Ron said 

that Rosado did not respond. Rodger, a San Juan FBI negotiator and native 

Spanish speaker, also attempted to communicate with Rosado by asking her 

name and whether anyone other than Ojeda was in the residence.53 He told us 

that Rosado remained silent and did not answer his questions. 

Fraticelli told the OIG that he ordered Rosado taken to FBI office space in 

a General Services Administration facility. He also instructed that a hood be 

placed over her head during part of the transport so she would not learn the 

location of a facility housing FBI assets. Rosado was removed from the scene 

at 5:46 p.m. She was ultimately transported to the Metropolitan Detention 

Center in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.54

B. Communications between the FBI and Ojeda 

Ron told the OIG that after his unsuccessful attempt to talk to Rosado he 

began talking to Ojeda in Spanish. From behind the low cement wall below the 

residence, Ron yelled for Ojeda to exit the residence with his hands raised. 

Ojeda asked who everybody was, to which Ron responded, “the FBI.” Ojeda 

responded that the agents were criminals, imperialists, colonialists, and the 

mafia. Ron repeated that it was the FBI and asked Ojeda whether he was 

injured. Ojeda stated that he wanted to talk to the press. Ron told Ojeda that 

 52 As mentioned above, Ron was the only San Juan FBI agent who participated in the 

initial assault. He was also the only agent present during the assault who was fluent in 

Spanish. After the initial exchange of gunfire subsided, additional Spanish-speaking San Juan 

FBI agents arrived at the perimeter, including Rodger, a negotiator. 

53 “Rodger” is a pseudonym. 

54 The following day, September 24, 2005, Fraticelli spoke with Humberto Garcia, the 

U.S. Attorney for the District of Puerto Rico, and they agreed that it would not be possible to 

convict Rosado for harboring a fugitive or assaulting a federal officer. She was therefore 

released that day. Rosado’s hands were never tested for gunshot residue during her arrest or 

detention. 
55

the press was not coming. Ojeda refused to tell Ron whether anyone else was 

in the house and said that he would only talk to a particular reporter, Jesus 

Dávila.55 Ron told him that Dávila was not coming and again asked Ojeda 

whether he was injured. Ojeda responded, “I’m here.” 

Ojeda continued to refuse to surrender and began speaking in 

revolutionary slogans that, according to Ron, sounded like a rehearsed speech. 

A radio could be heard playing in the residence. Ron asked Ojeda whether they 

could speak by telephone, but Ojeda said he did not have one. Ron estimated 

that he continued trying to talk Ojeda out of the residence for 30 minutes. 

According to Ron, during this time, Ojeda stated in Spanish, “I know you are 

the FBI,” and words to the effect of, “you know what I want, shut up.” 

The San Juan FBI had sent two certified crisis negotiators to the scene, 

SAs Larry and Rodger, as well as an ASAC who was also a negotiator.56 Larry 

told us that he was able to hear from his location on the hill above the house 

that Ron was trying to communicate with Ojeda. At some point, Larry got word 

that HRT asked for a negotiator. Larry told us it is standard practice to use 

two negotiators when talking to a subject – one to engage the subject and the 

other to keep focus. Here, however, he was told HRT requested only one. 

Rodger, a Spanish speaker who Larry said was well-versed in Puerto Rican 

culture, was sent to the Ojeda residence. 

Rodger arrived at the residence at approximately 5:30 p.m. and took a 

position near a window inside the garden shed below the gazebo. (See 

Figure 6.) Rodger told the OIG that he called out to Ojeda by his first name, 

but did not get a response. Ron, who had not moved from his position, told 

Rodger to call Ojeda “Señor” because he had previously responded to that when 

Ron addressed him that way. Rodger told Ron that if he already had contact 

with Ojeda, he should try again. 

Rodger joined Ron’s calls to Ojeda, and Ojeda eventually responded. 

According to Rodger, Ojeda stated, “Traigan al periodista Jesus Dávila,” which 

translated meant, “Bring the journalist Jesus Dávila.” Rodger asked Ojeda why 

he wanted Dávila brought, but Ojeda did not respond. Rodger asked a second 

time, but Ojeda only said, “Traigan a Jesus Dávila,” which translated meant, 

“Bring Jesus Dávila.” Rodger stated that Ojeda repeated this approximately 

three times. 

 55 Dávila is a journalist for El Diario La Prensa, a Spanish language newspaper in New 

York City that covers events in Puerto Rico. 

56 “Larry” is a pseudonym. “Rodger” was previously identified as a pseudonym. 
56

During this period, bottles of water were being tossed from one agent to 

another around the perimeter. According to Rodger, when the bottles hit the 

ground, Ojeda yelled “cuidado, cuidado ahi,” meaning “be careful, be careful 

there.” 

Rodger said he told a HRT agent in the shed with him that he needed 

another negotiator. Rodger stated that he felt a second negotiator would 

facilitate the negotiation process. The agent told Rodger that he could not leave 

his post. Rodger contacted Fraticelli with his cell phone. He told Fraticelli 

about Ojeda’s request for Dávila and who Dávila was. Rodger told the OIG he 

did not mention anything about surrender because he did not recall Ojeda 

discussing it prior to this call. Rodger said that Fraticelli spoke with someone 

and then told him that no one would be brought to the scene because it was 

too dangerous. 

Fraticelli told the OIG that he recalled Rodger calling him from the scene 

regarding Ojeda’s demand for the reporter Dávila. According to Fraticelli, he 

immediately told Rodger to tell Ojeda that the reporter would not be brought to 

the scene and that he should come out with his hands up. Fraticelli said that 

he made this decision immediately, because he had been trained not to insert a 

third party – such as a reporter – into a gun fight situation. 

Rodger told the OIG that based on his negotiations training he did not 

inform Ojeda of Fraticelli’s decision, and instead continued calling out to him. 

At some point, Ojeda responded, “Yo no voy a negociar con ninguno de ustedes 

hasta que no traigan al periodista Jesus Dávila. Entonces podemos hablar de 

mi entrega.” The statement translated meant, “I am not going to negotiate with 

any of you until you bring the journalist Jesus Dávila. Then we can talk about 

my surrender.” 

Ojeda’s use of the word “surrender” apparently reached the TOC, but it is 

not clear that this information ever reached Fraticelli. The TOC Log contained 

two entries, both at 5:37 p.m., reporting that the negotiators were 

communicating with Ojeda and that he would surrender if a reporter was 

brought to the scene (although according to Rodger’s recollection this is not 

exactly what Ojeda actually stated). HRT Deputy Commander Steve told the 

OIG that he recalled hearing over the radio about Ojeda’s offer to surrender if a 

specific reporter was brought to the scene, but said he did not discuss Ojeda’s 

demand with Fraticelli or anyone else. Fraticelli told the OIG that he did not 

recall hearing that Ojeda had discussed “surrender.” Fraticelli’s recollection is 

consistent with Rodger’s statement that his first conversation with Fraticelli 

occurred before Ojeda had used that word. Rodger told us that at some point 

he made a second cell phone call to Fraticelli, but could not recall whether this 

was before or after Ojeda used the word “surrender.” 

 
57

Rodger asked Ojeda if he had a telephone so they could talk that way. 

Ojeda replied that he did not. Rodger offered to provide Ojeda a phone, but he 

did not respond. Rodger continued to call out to Ojeda, telling him that things 

would be more difficult if he did not communicate. Ojeda still did not respond. 

Based on the TOC Log and agent statements, we believe that Rodger’s 

communications with Ojeda took place between approximately 5:30 and 

6:00 p.m. 

XIII. Activation of the Strategic Information and Operations Center at 

FBI Headquarters 

According to a log maintained in the San Juan FBI command post in the 

federal office building in San Juan, at 4:40 p.m. the San Juan FBI notified the 

Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) in FBI Headquarters about 

the shooting incident in Puerto Rico. The San Juan FBI called SIOC with more 

details about the incident at 5:18 p.m. Information regarding the shooting also 

was relayed to the FBI’s Domestic Terrorism Operations Unit (DTOU) in the 

Counterterrorism Division (CTD) at FBI Headquarters.57 This information was 

relayed to senior managers in the Counterterrorism Division as it was received. 

Gary Bald (the Executive Assistant Director (EAD) for the National Security 

Branch, which contains the Counterterrorism and Counterintelligence 

Divisions, and the Directorate of Intelligence), Willie Hulon (Assistant Director 

(AD) for CTD), and John Lewis (Deputy Assistant Director (DAD) for CTD) 

subsequently began monitoring the events in Puerto Rico. 

At approximately 5:30 p.m., shortly after learning of the exchange of 

gunfire between Ojeda and HRT, DAD Lewis ordered the activation of a 

command post within SIOC to monitor the events in Puerto Rico, coordinate 

communication with the TOC and the San Juan FBI, and provide guidance to 

Fraticelli. The OIG was told that activating SIOC under these circumstances 

was standard operating procedure and that it did not automatically shift 

command of the operation from the field to FBI Headquarters. We were told 

that as the SAC for the San Juan FBI, Fraticelli remained in charge. 

The SIOC was staffed with personnel from DTOU. Based on entries in 

the SIOC log maintained during the event, FBI Headquarters’ involvement in 

the incident was initially limited to monitoring events in real time and 

coordinating the FBI’s response to the incident by alerting several management 

 57 The DTOU oversees FBI domestic terrorism operations (such as the Macheteros 

investigation) and had supported the San Juan FBI’s decision to use HRT to locate and 

apprehend Ojeda. DTOU had been briefed by the San Juan FBI case agent regarding various 

critical events as the Ojeda arrest operation unfolded. 
58

officials and SWAT components from FBI field offices to prepare for possible 

deployment to Puerto Rico in the event the situation became prolonged. 

AD Hulon told us that he spoke with Fraticelli shortly after learning of 

the exchange of gunfire. He said they discussed the need to establish and 

maintain a perimeter and begin negotiating Ojeda out of the residence – 

standard FBI procedure with a barricaded subject, according to Hulon. 

Fraticelli asked Hulon during this call for additional SAC support in Puerto 

Rico and specifically requested that the SAC from the FBI’s Dallas Division 

(Dallas FBI) be sent. Fraticelli told us that he made this request because the 

Dallas FBI SAC was a Spanish speaker and had an understanding of Puerto 

Rico from the five years he served there as an agent earlier in his career. 

Fraticelli also said that the SAC had been his mentor and that he trusted his 

judgment. Fraticelli stated that he requested both SAC and ASAC support 

because he believed San Juan was faced with a protracted situation and those 

involved to that point in time had already worked for several days with limited 

rest. Fraticelli told us that after he spoke with Hulon he called the SAC to see 

if he was available to come to Puerto Rico. The SAC responded that he was. 

Hulon told us that he assumed Fraticelli’s request for the Dallas FBI SAC 

was made because Fraticelli had previously served under him as an ASAC in 

Dallas and because the SAC had experience working as an agent in Puerto 

Rico. However, Hulon also said he found the request unusual. He told us that 

in his experience SACs typically turn to their ASACs for support during division 

operations; the need for additional SAC support is not an immediate 

consideration and Hulon said that Fraticelli’s request for help so early in the 

event was somewhat out of the ordinary. Hulon said Fraticelli was fairly 

insistent about the request and characterized Fraticelli during this call as 

intense, excitable, and stressed. Hulon said he told EAD Bald about Fraticelli’s 

request and shared his impression that it was unusual. As we explain below, 

Fraticelli’s specific request for the Dallas FBI SAC was a factor in FBI 

Headquarters’ decision to require that Fraticelli obtain CTD’s approval for any 

plan to enter Ojeda’s residence. 

XIV. Crowds Assemble at Several Locations in Puerto Rico 

 Reports of an incident at Ojeda’s residence involving the FBI were 

broadcast on local radio shortly after the exchange of gunfire between Ojeda 

and HRT. The reports claimed Ojeda had been arrested and that the FBI had 

picked El Grito de Lares as the day on which to take the action because of its 

significance to the independence movement. It was also reported that an FBI 

agent (Frank was not identified by name) had been shot and transported to the 

Mayagüez Medical Center, prompting one radio station to announce, “FUPI has 
59

been rallied to attack the dog at Mayagüez Medical Center.”58 POPR officers 

were dispatched to the hospital to provide security from the crowds that 

appeared in response to the radio announcement. In addition, San Juan FBI 

ASAC Adam59 arranged for FBI agents to provide Frank with 24-hour security. 

Adam characterized the scene at the hospital as a “media circus.” 

 The combination of the radio reporting and the conspicuousness of the 

operation – the loud exchange of gunfire preceded and followed by multiple 

helicopters circling over the location – caught the public’s attention. Citizens, 

including members of the press, soon gathered on a road near the scene. 

According to the FBI, agents from the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and 

Firearms, as well as officers from POPR, arrived to provide outer perimeter 

security shortly after the exchange of gunfire. According to POPR Mayagüez 

Area Commander Héctor Agosto, POPR deployed 40 to 50 officers to the 

location. Agents from the San Juan FBI SWAT primarily took up positions 

along an inner perimeter close to and around Ojeda’s residence. 

The FBI and POPR worked together to coordinate road blocks and control 

access to the area. The San Juan FBI agents we interviewed stated that the 

POPR did an effective job controlling the crowd even as it grew agitated as the 

night progressed. The OIG was told the crowd numbered approximately 100 

people by 5:30 p.m. and that it chanted at various times, “FBI assassins.” At 

some point during the night, it began raining. A POPR commander responsible 

for coordinating perimeter security told the OIG that the rain caused a 

considerable number of people to leave the area, reducing the potential for a 

riot. 

XV. The Decision to Send Relief HRT Teams from Quantico 

 At approximately the same time that the conversations between the FBI 

negotiator and Ojeda were taking place (between 5:00 and 6:00 p.m.), the 

decision was made to send a new team of HRT agents to the scene from 

Quantico to relieve the team that was in a standoff at the scene. In the course 

of the afternoon of September 23, HRT Deputy Commander Steve provided 

several telephone updates to HRT Commander Craig in Virginia. Craig told the 

OIG that after the initial exchange of gunfire, Steve asked Craig to deploy 

additional HRT resources from Quantico to Puerto Rico because the HRT 

agents at the scene were fatigued after being awake for up to 48 hours. Craig 

said that he called the Acting SAC for CIRG and asked him to contact FBI 

 58 FUPI is the Spanish acronym for the Pro-Independence University Federation 

(Federación Universitaria Pro-Independencia). FUPI is an organization of students primarily 

studying at the University of Puerto Rico, dedicated to the goal of an independent Puerto Rico.

59 “Adam” is a pseudonym.
60

Executive Assistant Director Ashley to obtain verbal authority to deploy HRT’s 

Blue Squad and the remainder of Gold Squad. After approval was granted, 

Craig called the Unit Chief for CIRG’s Operations and Training Unit, and asked 

him to prepare the HRT teams for deployment later that night. 

According to Steve, he spoke with Craig on several occasions on 

September 23 and said that they discussed sending reinforcements to the 

scene. Steve said that he told Craig that replacements would only be needed if 

the situation was not resolved that night and carried into the next day. Steve 

said he also told Craig that evidence recovery would likely continue through the 

daylight hours on September 24 even if the standoff were resolved that night 

(September 23). 

At 5:33 p.m. on September 23, the HRT agents at the scene were told 

that because some of them had gone without rest for 50 hours or more, plans 

were being made to relieve them but it might take a day for the fresh agents to 

arrive. 

XVI. Ojeda Struck by a Shot from the Perimeter 

A. Brian’s Position 

Immediately after Frank was evacuated, the HRT agents began a “cover 

and withdrawal” process to permit the agents who were exposed on the bank to 

move back to better cover. 

A makeshift on-scene command post was established behind the garden 

shed. Don and Scott remained in the alcove around the Red/White corner. 

Brian told the OIG that he became concerned that Don and Scott were exposed 

in that location because someone could come quickly out of the gated door and 

fire at them around the corner, and they would have no cover. Brian therefore 

moved back behind the shed, climbed up the steep hill behind and to the right 

of the shed, and moved toward the house. 

There was a retaining wall part of the way up the hillside running to the 

right of the shed toward the house. (See Figure 6.) Brian stated that there was 

an area behind the retaining wall that was large enough to provide him with a 

crawl space as he moved toward the house. Brian stated that while he moved 

along the wall he did not receive any specific instructions. 

Brian said he heard discussions in Spanish (which he does not speak) 

between Ojeda and a San Juan FBI agent during the time he was moving into 

position on the hillside and while he was covering the house. However, Brian 

told us that at no time did he hear anyone from the FBI say that the subject 
FIGURE 9 

View of Residence from Approximate Position of S

Gazebo Roof 

Front Door

Kitchen Window 

Gated Doorway 

61
62

was discussing the possibility of surrender. He also said that at some point 

these discussions seemed to come to an end. 

Brian told the OIG he was trying to get a clear view of Don and Scott, and also 

to get a view of the gated door and the window between that door and the front 

door. Brian said he found a position behind the wall where he could make eye 

contact with Don and Scott and also cover the window and the gated door. 

Brian said his head and shoulders were above the retaining wall and his M4 

was pointed at the house. Figure 9 is a photograph of the residence taken from 

a location close to where Brian was positioned. 

Ken told the OIG that he was instructed to take a similar position behind 

the retaining wall to see and support Scott and Don. Ken stated that he 

climbed up the hillside and crawled forward to a position which was about five 

feet to the left of Brian. Ken said that he felt very exposed at this location 

because his head and part of his body were above the wall and in view of 

anyone in the house. Ken said that Brian was in a similar position of 

exposure. 

During this time frame, there were discussions among the HRT agents at 

the scene and between Doug and the TOC regarding a course of action. Doug 

moved from the command post behind the garden shed around the Red side of 

the residence and was able to get on the roof of the house. He moved near the 

alcove in order to consult with Scott and Don. Brian said he was not given any 

new instructions and that he continued to cover the house from his position. 

B. The Shots 

Brian was at an elevation slightly higher than the kitchen window. He 

told the OIG that he shifted his attention between the window and the gated 

door. He could also see Don and Scott in the alcove. Brian’s view into the 

window was at a fairly sharp angle from the right. He told the OIG he could 

see the side of a light-colored refrigerator inside the left half of the window. 

The refrigerator took up about half of his field of view inside the window. The 

other half was in darkness. 

Brian told the OIG that while in his position on the wall, he saw 

movement in the kitchen window on several occasions but that he took no 

action because he could not identify a threat due to the dark conditions. 

However, Brian said that at one point, he saw some kind of movement 

inside the window and then saw the refrigerator door open and the refrigerator 

light go on. Brian stated that he saw an individual crouched down with a gun 

in his left hand pointing out the window. He said he could not see the 

individual’s eyes or tell where he was looking. Brian stated that the individual 

clearly had the weapon pointed in the direction of Brian and his teammates, 
63

but he was unsure whether the individual was sighting the gun at anyone in 

particular. 

Brian told the OIG that at that moment he realized that the individual 

was armed and that Brian was visible to him. Brian said he was aware that 

another agent had been wounded by a shot from inside the house and that 

Brian himself had been hit by at least one shot from inside the house. Brian 

said he was also aware the individual had previously fired his weapon from the 

window he was currently positioned at and had shot Brian from that window. 

Brian stated that he concluded that the individual posed an imminent threat to 

himself and other agents. Brian took his weapon off the “safe” setting, sighted 

the weapon where he believed the person’s center mass to be, and fired three 

rounds in rapid succession in single-fire mode. Brian estimated that about 

three seconds elapsed between the time he saw the refrigerator light come on 

and the time he fired his weapon. Brian told the OIG he did not see the 

refrigerator light after he took the shots and that it was possible that the 

individual was closing the door of the refrigerator at the time Brian took the 

shots. According to the TOC Log, Brian fired the three shots at 6:08 p.m. 

Brian said that he had no communications with anyone between the time 

he saw the light come on and the time he fired his weapon. None of the other 

agents interviewed by the OIG reported any communications with Brian at that 

time. 

Several agents told the OIG that immediately after hearing three shots 

from the perimeter, they heard Ojeda scream “ay, ay, ay.” Brian stated that the 

scream trailed off into a gurgling sound that he believed indicated a significant 

injury to the lung or airway. Several agents reported hearing noise from inside 

the house that sounded like someone stumbling or falling down, objects falling, 

or moving furniture. Bill stated that he heard a moan after the screams. No 

witnesses reported hearing any other sounds from the subject, although the 

radio continued to play inside the house. 

Scott (who was in the alcove) and Ken (who was to Brian’s left behind the 

wall on the hillside) were both able to identify Brian as the source of the three 

shots. Several agents told the OIG that they heard Brian state over the radio 

that he thought he had hit the subject. No other agent reported being in a 

position to see what Brian saw in the window at the moment he fired the shots, 

however. Ken was the only agent near Brian, and he told the OIG that from his 

position he could see the gated door but not the window. 

At approximately 6:16 p.m., the SIOC was informed that shots had been 

fired from the perimeter and that Ojeda might have been hit. Hulon conferred 

with Bald, and they agreed that the best course of action at that point was to 
64

hold the perimeter.60 Hulon stated that he communicated this 

recommendation to Fraticelli. 

XVII. The Limited Breach of the Residence 

Doug (the assault team leader at the scene) told the OIG that after he 

heard the perimeter shots he requested approval from the TOC to conduct a 

“law enforcement clear” of the residence. At approximately 6:13 p.m., HRT 

Deputy Commander Steve advised Doug that entry should not be attempted 

yet. Steve told the OIG this decision was based on the possibility that Ojeda 

had not been disabled and that additional armed and hostile subjects might be 

in the residence. 

At approximately 6:22 p.m., as nightfall approached, Steve approved 

Doug’s request to conduct a “limited breach” of the gated door near the 

Red/White corner of the residence in anticipation of entering under cover of 

darkness. Steve told us that he did not discuss this request with Fraticelli. 

However, Fraticelli told us that Steve asked his permission to take this action 

and that he gave it. 

At approximately 6:49 p.m., an HRT agent detonated an explosive charge 

that had been placed on the wooden gate covering the doorway near the 

Red/White corner. HRT agents also detonated flash bangs at other locations to 

create a diversion. The charge failed to break open the wooden gate, however, 

so one of the agents breached the gate by physically prying it open. 

Consistent with their instructions, the agents did not enter the gated 

doorway. However, the agents were able to see through the doorway into the 

narrow hallway leading toward the back of the house. (See Figure 7.) They 

could also see the kitchen door cracked open on the left side of the hallway 

interior. The agents did not see or hear any activity inside the house in 

response to the explosive charge. Doug reported to the TOC that the agents 

were not able to see any persons or bodies down the hallway past the breached 

door. This information was relayed to the SIOC a few minutes later. 

Hulon told the OIG that at some point after he was informed that Ojeda 

may have been hit, he called HRT Commander Craig in Quantico, Virginia. 

Hulon told us that he spoke with Craig several times from SIOC to discuss the 

situation and knew that Craig was also having conversations with HRT in 

 60 Hulon told us that he recalled hearing that the shots were in response to gunfire 

from inside the residence, although he said the initial reporting was not clear on this point. 

This understanding is reflected in contemporaneous notes taken by Bald. However, we found 

no evidence that Brian’s shots were fired in response to gunfire from the residence and believe 

what Hulon heard may have been inaccurate reporting from the TOC. 
65

Puerto Rico. Hulon said he called Craig because he trusted his judgment and 

was aware of his knowledge and expertise regarding HRT’s capabilities. 

According to Hulon, Craig told him during this call that Steve was talking 

about entering the residence using night vision goggles. Craig told Hulon that 

this was not a good idea and said that HRT should stand down and not enter 

the residence that night. Hulon said he agreed. He told us that he got the 

sense Craig might have already told Steve not to enter the residence, but that 

he was not certain this was the case. 

Craig told the OIG he recalled this conversation with Hulon and said that 

Hulon solicited his opinion about how to proceed. Craig said he recommended 

that HRT stand down and maintain a perimeter around the residence until the 

HRT deployment from Quantico arrived in relief. Craig said Hulon concurred. 

Craig stated that Hulon then asked who was in charge of the scene, and Craig 

told him HRT was unless Hulon ordered otherwise.61

 

 

XVIII. Decisions Immediately After the Limited Breach 

The OIG received conflicting accounts regarding the decision-making 

immediately after the limited breach at 6:49 p.m. Craig said that Steve wanted 

to clear the residence at that point because he felt the assaulters had a tactical 

advantage. Craig told us that he disagreed and ordered Steve not to enter. 

Craig stated he based this decision on several considerations: (1) the 

possibility that there might be more than one shooter, (2) the subject(s) had 

demonstrated a willingness to kill FBI agents, (3) the agents at the scene were 

tired, (4) the subject(s) appeared to be prepared for an encounter and may have 

established a bunker inside the residence, rigged improvised explosive devices, 

or possessed a hand grenade, (5) it was not a hostage situation, (6) the 

subject(s) had already shot three HRT agents, one of whom required 

evacuation, (7) any advantage of speed or surprise was lost once the perimeter 

had been established after the initial exchange of gunfire, (8) it was not 

prudent to further risk HRT lives, and (9) the HRT agents being sent from 

Quantico would be rested and have with them a robot and bomb technicians. 

However, Steve’s statements to the OIG were in conflict with Craig’s 

assertion that he told Steve not to enter the residence after the limited breach. 

Steve said he spoke with Craig several times on Friday, September 23, 

following the exchange of gunfire between Ojeda and HRT, and that Craig did 

not give him any instructions or advice. In fact, according to Steve, as night 

 61 In fact, the SAC was in charge at this time. As we discuss in Chapter 7, Craig’s 

statement to Hulon figured prominently in FBI Headquarters’ decision to require the SAC to 

obtain its approval for any plan to enter the residence. 
66

fell the TOC began planning an operation to clear the residence under cover of 

darkness using night vision goggles and stealth. 

Fraticelli’s recollection of events was consistent with Steve’s. Fraticelli 

said he fully intended to authorize entering the residence after he learned 

Ojeda had likely been shot. He told us that as night fell, HRT began preparing 

for the “law enforcement clear” by calling out to Ojeda, making the limited 

breach, assessing entry points, assembling an entry team, and ensuring that 

the agents had night vision goggles. 

In addition, Fraticelli approved HRT’s request to cut the electricity to the 

residence to increase HRT’s tactical advantage during the entry. Fraticelli told 

us there was a significant delay in actually getting the electricity turned off: 

the utility company was called at 6:34 p.m., but the electricity was not turned 

off until approximately 8:09 p.m. Fraticelli said that he was aware Steve had 

spoken with Craig some time after the exchange of gunfire between Ojeda and 

HRT, but Fraticelli believed Steve was just providing an update on the 

situation. Fraticelli told us that he did not know if Craig ever gave Steve an 

order or a recommendation not to enter the residence. 

The TOC Log supports Steve’s and Fraticelli’s statements that HRT was 

planning a law enforcement clear of the residence following the limited breach. 

According to entries made between 7:05 and 7:58 p.m., the HRT agents were 

checking that they had the proper gear (body armor, helmets, and night vision 

goggles), assessing alternative entry points, and determining how many agents 

were needed. By 7:41 p.m., Doug had a 7-man team ready to enter the 

residence. There are no entries in the TOC Log reflecting any order from Craig 

not to enter. 

XIX. FBI Headquarters Assumes Control of the Law Enforcement Clear 

At FBI Headquarters, EAD Bald became concerned with Fraticelli’s ability 

to manage the situation in Puerto Rico when Hulon told him about Fraticelli’s 

request for help. Bald said that his impression, based on his conversation with 

Hulon, was that Fraticelli was overwhelmed and lacked the confidence in his 

own ability to manage the situation. He said this impression was reinforced 

when Fraticelli inquired about the status of his request for the Dallas FBI SAC 

in subsequent calls with Hulon. Bald said that in his experience, SACs receive 

outside SAC assistance when the situation is prolonged. He felt that Fraticelli’s 

request was attributable to a lack of confidence, not to ensure an extended SAC 

presence. We asked Hulon whether it was fair for Bald to draw the impression 

he did based on what Hulon told him about his conversations with Fraticelli, 

and Hulon told us he believed that it was. 
67

Bald said that his concerns regarding Fraticelli were confirmed when he 

was told at approximately 7:00 p.m. that an HRT agent had gotten close 

enough to the residence to look inside through a window.62 In Bald’s view, the 

agent’s actions were inconsistent with the earlier guidance he believed Hulon 

had given Fraticelli, which was to hold the perimeter. Bald said he was also 

concerned that HRT was making decisions independent of Fraticelli. In his 

contemporaneous notes, Bald wrote, “call [Craig]. Who is calling shots now – 

Lou [Fraticelli]? CIRG? CTD?” Hulon made this call to Craig – we believe at 

approximately 7:25 p.m. – who told him that HRT had the lead. Told this by 

Hulon, Bald thought Craig was wrong and believed CTD, through the SAC, 

should have control. Bald addressed the issue with EAD Ashley, who agreed 

that CTD had the lead and that HRT should report to the substantive division 

it is supporting (CTD in this operation).63

Based on his impression that Fraticelli was overwhelmed by events and 

lacked the confidence to manage the situation, together with a concern that 

HRT might be acting independent of the SAC, Bald concluded that he needed to 

act to ensure there was a proper chain of command in place before any further 

deliberate action was taken at the scene. He therefore instructed Hulon 

sometime shortly before 8:00 p.m. that any deliberate assault or entry of the 

residence would have to be approved by Hulon. 

 Hulon told the OIG that he was aware of Bald’s concerns about who was 

in charge of the operation and knew that Bald and Ashley had discussed the 

subject. Hulon also said that while he personally was not concerned at that 

time about management of the operation, he did not disagree with Bald’s 

decision because he believed Fraticelli probably needed some support, which 

Hulon had been providing up to that point. Hulon told us that he did not 

consider the decision to give him approval authority over the entry of the 

residence unusual. He said he believed Bald’s decision was intended to 

eliminate any command confusion, clearly delineate that one entity was 

responsible for decision-making, and provide as much support to the SAC as 

 62 Bald told us that Hulon provided this information to him, and his contemporaneous 

notes support this recollection. However, Hulon said that while he recalled talking with Bald 

about making sure HRT did not enter the residence prematurely, he did not recall any 

reporting about an agent looking through a window and therefore did not believe he could have 

passed that information to Bald. Fraticelli, who would have been Hulon’s primary source of 

information about events at the scene, also told us that he did not recall any such reporting. 

We did not find any evidence during our investigation that an agent looked though a window 

around the time Bald recalled receiving the information; therefore, either the reporting or 

Bald’s understanding of the reporting was erroneous. 

63 We interviewed Craig before we interviewed Bald and Hulon. We therefore could not 

ask Craig in that interview about Bald’s interpretation of his statement to Hulon that HRT was 

in charge of the scene unless Hulon said otherwise. When we asked to conduct a follow-up 

interview with Craig, his counsel declined our request for the follow-up interview. 
68

possible. Hulon added that Fraticelli still retained authority to act in exigent 

circumstances. 

 

XX. Counterterrorism Division Rejects a Nighttime Entry 

At 8:05 p.m., Hulon called Fraticelli and told him that there would be no 

entry of the residence without Hulon’s approval. During this call, Fraticelli 

recommended that a nighttime entry be conducted and HRT Deputy 

Commander Steve explained to Hulon that HRT could take advantage of the 

darkness. Although Hulon did not believe this was the best course of action, 

he left open the possibility by requesting that HRT draft an entry plan and 

provide it to FBI Headquarters for consideration. HRT began drafting such a 

plan after this call ended.64 

However, a short time later, Hulon and Bald discussed the comparative 

merits of entering the house at night or during daylight, and decided the entry 

should be postponed until the next day. 

Fraticelli told us that he recalled having a second phone conversation 

with Hulon at some point that evening – we believe before 9:00 p.m. – during 

which Hulon conveyed this decision. However, the HRT agents at the scene 

were not notified until 11:33 p.m. The reasons for Hulon and Bald’s decision, 

the circumstances surrounding the delay in the decision reaching HRT, and 

the HRT agents’ reaction to the decision are set forth below. 

A. Reasons for the Decision 

 Bald and Hulon each identified several reasons for not approving a plan 

to enter the residence the night of September 23. First, they believed, based on 

reporting from Fraticelli, Steve, and the TOC, that there might be a second 

shooter in the residence. This belief was based on the HRT agents’ perceptions 

of the location and sound of gunfire being directed at them as they assaulted 

the residence. 

 Second, although the reporting indicated that Ojeda might have been hit 

by the shots from the perimeter, it was not known whether he was 

incapacitated and therefore whether he still presented a threat to agents 

entering the residence. The fact that Ojeda had already shot at the agents and 

had refused to surrender with his wife or at any time during negotiations 

indicated that Ojeda would resist any effort to apprehend him. 

 64 By 8:45 p.m., the HRT agents at the scene were told that FBI Headquarters had to 

approve any entry plan and that the TOC was drafting one. 
69

 Third, Ojeda’s intimate knowledge of the interior of the residence – and 

HRT’s complete lack of knowledge – countered the tactical advantage HRT 

might have had at night using night vision goggles. 

 Fourth, Hulon told us that he also felt the HRT agents’ fatigue factored 

against entering that night. (Some of the agents had been without rest for up 

to 48 hours.) 

Fifth, Hulon considered the possibility, based on the history of Ojeda and 

the Macheteros, that the residence contained improvised explosive devices that 

would be more difficult to detect during a nighttime entry. 

 Sixth, Hulon told us that while he was aware that Ojeda might have been 

hit by the perimeter shots and in need of medical attention, this significant 

factor favoring a night entry had to be balanced against the other factors 

favoring a delay. Hulon told us that the decision to delay entry was not made 

to let Ojeda bleed to death. In Hulon’s judgment, which was informed by HRT 

Commander Craig’s recommendation and the discussion with Bald, waiting 

until the next day to enter the residence was the better course of action. Bald, 

who was also aware that Ojeda might have been hit by the perimeter shots, 

stated that Ojeda’s possible need for medical attention was a consideration but 

believed the factors favoring a carefully planned deliberate action outweighed 

Ojeda’s uncertain needs. 

B. Communication of the Final Decision 

Even though Hulon did not think HRT should conduct a nighttime entry, 

he told Fraticelli and Steve during the 8:05 p.m. telephone call to put a 

nighttime entry plan in writing and send it to FBI Headquarters for review. 

Hulon told us that he asked for the plan in writing because he considered it 

standard procedure and a written plan would allow FBI Headquarters to 

carefully review the proposal. Hulon stated that he did not think it would take 

more than 30 minutes to draft the plan, particularly if HRT was ready at that 

time to enter the residence and just waiting for approval. HRT Deputy 

Commander Steve said he told Hulon the plan could be provided within an 

hour. At the end of the call with Hulon, both Steve and Fraticelli believed that 

a nighttime entry might still be conducted.65

 Hulon told us that he spoke with Bald about the nighttime entry option 

after his call with Fraticelli and Steve. Bald said that he recalled talking to 

 65 We asked Bald whether there is a requirement that entry plans be provided in 

writing and he said there is not. He told us that he believes such plans should be in writing if 

time permits because doing so decreases the chance for misunderstanding or confusion. 

However, Bald said there would have been nothing wrong with proposing the entry plan orally 

in this case. 
70

Hulon about the comparative merits of a nighttime and daytime entry and 

characterized the conversation as a brainstorming discussion. Bald said that 

although Hulon had authority to make the entry decision without Bald’s 

approval, Bald thought it was prudent for Hulon to discuss the matter with 

him. Both Hulon and Bald told us that they agreed in this conversation that a 

nighttime entry was not a good idea. Hulon told us that he considered this 

judgment a final decision on the matter and recalled that the conversation took 

place sometime before 9:00 p.m. 

 However, Hulon said he could not recall whether he explicitly 

communicated this decision to Fraticelli or Steve after the conversation with 

Bald. Hulon told us that he assumed the decision was understood because he 

had not received an entry plan and because Craig was in contact with Fraticelli 

and Steve regarding the relief HRT agents being sent from Quantico. 

 Fraticelli told us that he recalled a second phone conversation with 

Hulon that evening during which Hulon said they had decided against a 

nighttime entry. Fraticelli said Hulon told him that the perimeter should be 

maintained and that a new HRT team was being sent from Quantico to conduct 

the entry the next day. 

 Apparently, Steve was not made aware of Hulon’s decision because HRT 

did in fact draft an entry plan and fax it FBI Headquarters later that evening, at 

11:25 p.m. By that time, Hulon and Lewis had left FBI Headquarters for the 

night.66 The HRT plan, drafted as a Fragmentary Order, stated: 

This type of entry must be conducted at night-time gives the HRT 

operators the advantage of sight that the subject will not have. 

The same type of operation conducted during daylight hours 

exposes the HRT Operators to unnecessary risk and provides equal 

advantage to the subject because he will be able to see as well as 

the Operators. 

Tactically, the plan called for HRT agents to enter the White side of the 

residence through the breached wooden gate and the kitchen door inside it, 

take the subject into custody, and transport him to a designated holding area 

or medical facility. The order stated, “if the subject is still alive, but unable to 

move to surrender, then we have an obligation to assess his condition and 

render medical assistance.” The order also indicated that the power to the 

residence had been cut off and that the agents would utilize night vision 

goggles and infrared lasers. The order stated, “[a]t this point, it is anticipated 

 66 The SIOC Log indicates that Hulon and Lewis departed FBI Headquarters at 

11:15 p.m. Bald had left FBI Headquarters earlier that evening. 
71

this type of entry is the safest manner available in which to successfully resolve 

this crisis with the least amount of risk to FBI personnel and the subject.” 

 Hulon and Lewis did not see the nighttime entry plan. Both officials told 

us that when they left FBI Headquarters that night – at approximately 

11:15 p.m. according to the SIOC log – they did not believe the entry decision 

was still pending. Hulon said he felt a final decision had been made. Lewis 

recalled this decision being conveyed to him earlier that evening. Hulon, who 

reviewed the entry plan for the first time with OIG investigators, also said he 

was surprised that it took over three hours for the plan to be drafted and faxed, 

particularly in light of what he considered to be the plan’s relative simplicity 

and brevity.

The decision to delay the entry until the next day did not reach the HRT 

agents until late in the night, following Fraticelli and Steve’s attempt to 

persuade DAD Lewis that a nighttime entry was the best course of action. 

Fraticelli told us that he hoped Lewis, if persuaded, could in turn persuade 

Hulon, who Fraticelli knew from his earlier conversation had decided against a 

nighttime entry. 

Fraticelli said he called Lewis and emphasized to him the security 

concerns at the scene created by the large crowds of Macheteros sympathizers, 

and the possibility that Ojeda might still be alive and in need of medical 

attention. Fraticelli told us that Lewis, who gave the impression that Hulon 

had gone home for the night, said he would talk to Hulon. Fraticelli told us 

that Lewis called back approximately 15 or 20 minutes later and told him that 

he had spoken to Hulon, who had rejected the proposal. Steve told us that 

Fraticelli announced after he spoke with Lewis that there would be no entry 

that night and that a fresh HRT team was being brought down to enter the next 

morning. According to the TOC Log, the HRT agents at the scene were 

informed at 11:33 p.m. that FBI Headquarters had rejected the proposed 

nighttime entry. This was the first time that the HRT agents were informed 

that there would not be a nighttime entry. 

 Lewis told us that he did not recall a conversation with Fraticelli late in 

the evening on September 23 in which Fraticelli tried to persuade him to obtain 

approval to enter the residence that night. Lewis said that by this time he 

believed Hulon had already made a final decision. However, Lewis did recall 

having a brief conversation with Hulon that evening about entering the 

residence to provide medical care to Ojeda if needed and about the SAC’s 

concern regarding hostile crowds. Lewis said Hulon reiterated in this 

conversation his decision not to enter until the next day. 

 Hulon did recall speaking with Lewis by cell phone after they left FBI 

Headquarters at about 11:15 p.m. and drove separately to their homes. Hulon 

said they discussed the decision to enter the residence the next day instead of 
72

that night, but Hulon could not recall any details of the conversation and did 

not know whether Lewis had a prior call with Fraticelli that prompted the 

discussion. 

C. HRT Agents’ Response to the Decision 

Many of the HRT agents at the scene strongly disagreed with the decision 

to reject the nighttime entry and wait until the next day. In fact, several told 

us that they believed HRT should have entered the residence shortly after the 

limited breach of the gated door. Don, who was located in the alcove when the 

door was breached, told the OIG that he repeatedly sought permission from 

Doug to enter the residence following this action. Don identified to us several 

reasons for believing this was the best course of action, including that it would 

enable HRT to take custody of any other persons in the house, render the 

scene safe for the HRT and San Juan FBI agents on the front perimeter of the 

residence, and administer medical aid to Ojeda. Don and other HRT agents at 

the scene told us they were trained Emergency Medical Technicians capable of 

rendering emergency medical care. 

Scott, who was in the alcove with Don when the gated door was 

breached, echoed Don’s reasons for wanting to enter the house immediately 

after the breach. Scott stated that the approaching darkness would have given 

HRT a significant tactical advantage in entering the house, and it also created a 

security risk for the San Juan FBI agents at the perimeter who did not have 

night vision goggles. Scott said this had the potential to compromise the San 

Juan FBI agents’ ability to distinguish between HRT agents and members of 

the public Scott heard gathering near the scene, as well as the San Juan FBI 

agents’ ability to keep members of the public from penetrating the outer 

perimeter. Scott also noted that the batteries for the radios and night vision 

goggles deplete over time and that the HRT agents’ increasing fatigue would 

create more potential for mistakes and exposure to danger. 

Red Squad Supervisor Doug told us he also favored entering the 

residence that night because the assault team would have the advantage of the 

cover of darkness. However, consistent with instructions he was receiving from 

the TOC, Doug declined the agents’ requests for permission to enter. 

 Most of the agents told us they were under the impression that FBI 

Headquarters made the decision not to enter the night of September 23 

primarily out of concern for the agents’ fatigue and emotional state.67 Some 

also believed that the possibility of explosives or a second shooter in the 

 67 However, HRT Deputy Commander Steve told us that he never heard that emotions 

or fatigue were among the reasons given for not entering on September 23. He said that he 

was told FBI Headquarters simply did not think a nighttime entry was worth the risk. 
73

residence were factors. The agents stated, however, that they believed HRT 

was capable of entering the residence that night. For example, Paul told us he 

was upset with the decision because he was confident the agents at the scene 

could conduct the entry and believed waiting until daylight actually increased 

the danger. He said HRT trains for the very circumstances it faced in Puerto 

Rico and would not have needlessly placed their lives at peril because of 

emotion. Bill told us that he did not believe the HRT agents at the scene were 

significantly affected by fatigue and said they had the necessary equipment and 

were ready and able to perform the entry. 

 

Kevin of the Operations and Training Unit, which is responsible for 

drafting HRT operations plans, told us he was not aware of any tactical reason 

not to enter and clear the residence. He said he did not feel the HRT personnel 

at the scene were too fatigued or emotionally involved. He also said he believed 

it was unlikely there were any explosives or booby traps in the residence based 

on the amount of movement in the house during the exchange of gunfire and 

the fact that Ojeda’s wife came out the front door when she surrendered. Alan 

also questioned the concern about explosives and told us that one of the 

reasons HRT wanted to clear the residence quickly was to prevent Ojeda from 

setting booby traps that might kill or injure agents entering the residence. 

XXI. Notification of the Puerto Rico Department of Justice 

During the course of the operation, the FBI provided periodic updates to 

the United States Attorney’s Office (USAO) for Puerto Rico. Shortly after the 

perimeter shots were fired, the FBI notified the USAO that Ojeda had been 

shot. Between approximately 6:45 p.m., and 7:15 p.m., the Criminal Chief for 

the USAO alerted Roberto J. Sánchez Ramos, the Attorney General for the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and Pedro G. Goyco Amador, the Chief 

Prosecuting Attorney for the Commonwealth, of the shooting and requested 

that local prosecutors be sent to the scene. Sánchez told the OIG that this was 

the first notification that the Puerto Rico Department of Justice received from 

the FBI regarding an operation to apprehend Ojeda. 

Sánchez and Goyco both told the OIG that the request for local 

prosecutors was made pursuant to a requirement under Puerto Rican law that 

they be present before any bodies could be removed from the scene. Sánchez 

and Goyco said that they inferred from the USAO’s request that Ojeda was 

seriously injured or dead. 

According to a log maintained in the San Juan command post, local 

prosecutors who worked for Sánchez and Goyco arrived at the scene at 

8:36 p.m. Goyco told the OIG that when the prosecutors arrived, the FBI did 

not permit them to approach the house, and at some point the FBI informed 

them that there would be no entry that evening. Goyco called the USAO and 
74

was told that the prosecutors could go home that night. However, Sánchez 

instructed the prosecutors to wait at the scene overnight. 

XXII. Approval of a Modified Fragmentary Order for a September 24 

Daytime Clear 

The HRT relief team departed from Dulles International Airport at 

1:00 a.m. on September 24. HRT Commander Craig accompanied the team. In 

addition to HRT’s Blue Team and the remainder of the Gold Team, the 

deployment group included several bomb technicians and a bomb disposal 

robot from the FBI’s Laboratory Division, a negotiator team that Craig said was 

brought in an advisory capacity, and two agents from the Operations and 

Training Unit. The Squad Supervisors for the Blue and Gold Teams both told 

the OIG that before departing from Dulles they understood their teams’ mission 

was to replace the HRT agents at the scene and conduct a clear of Ojeda’s 

residence. 

The deployment from Quantico arrived in Puerto Rico on September 24, 

2005, at approximately 5:00 a.m. The newly arrived agents were told, among 

other things, that there was a possibility the residence held explosives or booby 

traps and that there had been no communication with Ojeda since the time it 

was believed he had been shot. 

At approximately 6:45 a.m., Fraticelli provided a status report to Hulon, 

who had returned to FBI Headquarters. Fraticelli told Hulon the deployment 

from Quantico had arrived and was assessing the situation. Fraticelli also told 

him that a course of action was being developed and that Fraticelli would 

forward it to FBI Headquarters after he reviewed it. Craig, who by then was at 

the TOC in Aguadilla, informed the SIOC at approximately 7:02 a.m. that the 

plan would be completed within an hour. 

The plan was drafted at the TOC by two relief agents from the Operations 

and Training Unit shortly after they arrived. The plan was written as a 

fragmentary order and modeled after the nighttime clear fragmentary order 

that had been prepared the previous evening. The new plan called for a twophased daylight clear of the residence. The first phase involved the insertion of 

a POPR canine unit to determine the location or activity of the subject(s) in the 

residence. If the dog alerted on occupant presence or activity, HRT would try to 

make verbal contact; if the dog returned to his handler – indicating no subject 

presence or activity – the HRT entry team would conduct a clear of the 

residence. The order provided that the subject would be given medical 

attention as necessary once he was located and secured. 
75

The proposed order was faxed to FBI Headquarters by 9:00 a.m. Hulon 

and Lewis reviewed the draft and recommended minor changes by telephone.68 

Fraticelli reviewed and initialed the final version, and it was faxed to FBI 

Headquarters by 9:19 a.m. At 9:29 a.m., Hulon called Fraticelli and told him 

the fragmentary order was approved. 

Three helicopters transported the relief HRT agents and Laboratory 

Division personnel to the scene, arriving at approximately 8:30 a.m. There, 

Blue Squad Supervisor Victor69 met with Red Squad Supervisor Doug and 

began replacing the HRT agents maintaining the perimeter with the new 

personnel from Quantico. Victor was advised at 9:33 a.m. that FBI 

Headquarters had approved the fragmentary order and that the operation could 

move forward.70

XXIII. Execution of the Daytime Clear 

Although the daytime clear was approved at 9:33 a.m., it was not 

conducted until three hours later. The primary reason for the delay was 

related to the first phase of the entry plan: inserting a dog into the residence to 

determine the location or activity of the subject(s).71 Victor said that San Juan 

FBI ASAC Leslie, who was the On-Scene Commander at the time, told him that 

a POPR dog could be brought to the residence within 30 minutes. This dog 

was never brought to the scene, however, because it was determined to be an 

explosives dog and not a “bite dog” that keys on live humans. Victor told us 

that the San Juan FBI SWAT contacted POPR and requested that the correct 

type of dog be brought to the scene. POPR said it would take about an hour. 

 The hour passed and the dog was still not at the scene. Victor said the 

San Juan FBI contacted POPR again regarding the dog’s status and was told it 

would be another hour before the dog arrived. Victor communicated this 

 68 The primary changes concerned the language used to describe Ojeda’s condition. 

For example, the sentence fragment, “close observation into the residence for any indications of 

life inside,” was changed to, “close observation into the residence for any indications of subject 

movement or activity.” Similarly, the sentence “[t]he dog will be sent into the residence to alert 

to any conscious person,” was changed to, “[t]he dog will be sent into the residence in an effort 

to determine the location or activity of any subject(s) currently in the residence.” 

69 “Victor” is a pseudonym.

70 The substantial crowd that formed near the outer security perimeter during the 

previous night did not reappear on September 24.

71 Victor told us there was also some early consideration given to using the bomb 

disposal robot brought by the Laboratory Division. The idea was quickly rejected because the 

steep access to the house would have made it difficult to move the robot into position without 

exposing agents to possible gunfire from the residence. 
76

information to the TOC at 10:52 a.m. and recommended that the clear proceed 

without the dog. However, Hulon required the entry team to wait for the dog to 

conduct the clear. 

The dog finally arrived at about 11:54 a.m., but stayed only briefly 

because the handler received instructions from POPR Superintendent Toledo 

not to participate in the operation. Toledo told the OIG that he denied the FBI 

permission to use POPR’s dog because he understood that the FBI feared there 

might be explosives in the residence and Toledo did not want to put POPR’s dog 

handler at risk. Victor reported the situation to the TOC at approximately 

12:00 noon and again recommended that the clear be conducted without the 

dog. Fraticelli concurred and called Hulon for approval, which he gave at 

approximately 12:22 p.m. 

 Once Hulon approved the clear, Victor’s 7-man entry team walked up the 

road adjacent to the Red side of the residence. At approximately 12:34 p.m., 

three diversionary flash bangs were thrown as the team climbed over a 

retaining wall, entered the residence through the breached wooden gate, and 

then moved through the kitchen door into the kitchen. The agents discovered 

Ojeda’s body prone on the floor with a small pool of coagulated blood and a 

loaded and cocked Browning Hi-Power 9-mm handgun on the floor nearby. 

The body was located near the front door. Ojeda was dressed in a green 

camouflaged cap; a green, sleeveless vest; green camouflaged, long-sleeved 

overalls; and black combat boots.72 An FBI emergency medical technician was 

unable to get a pulse from the body and observed that rigor mortis had set in. 

After searching the house for any additional occupants, the entry team 

reported at 12:37 p.m. that the residence was secure and there appeared to be 

a single dead subject. 

Victor told us that the entry team did not immediately turn Ojeda’s body 

over because Victor was concerned a grenade could be under Ojeda’s torso or 

in his left hand, which was under his body and not visible. Two additional 

items were identified during the clear as potential explosive threats: a case 

with some wire protruding from it and a large rucksack in the bedroom. Before 

the bomb technicians were called in to resolve these threats, a preliminary 

survey of the residence was conducted by the San Juan FBI Evidence Response 

Team Coordinator, a San Juan FBI Task Force agent, a San Juan FBI 

photographer, a medical examiner from the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic 

Sciences, and a local prosecutor. According to the FBI, Dr. Rechani, Executive 

 72 A label inside the vest worn by Ojeda bore the inscription, “important body armor 

fragmentation protective: upper torso (w/collar, m-1955).” The Forensics Institute referred to 

this item both as a “body armor vest” and “bullet-proof vest.” The FBI referred to it as a “flak 

jacket” vest in a report describing what Ojeda was wearing when he was found. 
77

Director of the Institute, and Chief Prosecutor Goyco were also present during 

this walk-through. The survey was completed by 2:00 p.m. 

An HRT bomb technician participated in the explosives sweep of the 

residence. He told us that to deal with the possibility that Ojeda might have an 

explosive device under him or in his hand, a winch was attached to Ojeda’s 

vest and the body was pulled out over the lip of the exterior door step to the 

front door. As the torso passed over the lip, Ojeda’s hand fell free; no explosive 

device was found. The bomb technician recalled observing some blood over the 

lip of the exterior door step before the body was moved, but told us that it was 

not a significant amount. This observation was consistent with photographs of 

the doorway taken before and after HRT moved Ojeda’s body. Figure 10 is a 

photograph of the doorstep before Ojeda’s body was moved. Figure 11 is a 

photograph taken after the body was moved. The increased amount of blood 

visible in Figure 11 resulted from pulling Ojeda’s body over the exterior door 

step on September 24. The agents at the scene told the OIG that they did not 

notice a blood stain on the doorstep prior to the entry at 12:34 p.m. 

 

When it was clear the body did not present a risk, the bomb technicians 

turned their attention to the other two items identified as possible threats. The 

case with the protruding wires was removed and opened using the winch. It 

contained a trumpet.73 The large rucksack found in the bedroom was 

inspected visually, and no explosive hazards were observed. 

Ojeda’s body was first moved at approximately 2:00 p.m. and the bomb 

technicians completed their work at approximately 2:44 p.m. Victor told us 

that the San Juan medical examiner then reentered the residence and 

pronounced Ojeda dead. The local prosecutors were again permitted into the 

residence at this point. The scene was subsequently turned over to 

investigators from the Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences for processing. 

These investigators removed Ojeda’s body from the residence at approximately 

5:00 p.m. The San Juan FBI Evidence Response Team remained at the scene 

to provide the Institute investigators technical assistance and then search the 

house pursuant to the federal search warrant obtained on September 22. The 

search was concluded at 9:30 p.m. According to the Evidence Recovery Log, 

the FBI seized over 100 items from the residence, including a substantial 

amount of computer equipment, books, and other documents. 

 73 At least one Puerto Rico newspaper reported a rumor that the FBI took the trumpet 

from the scene as a “trophy.” This is not accurate. Investigators from the Puerto Rico Institute 

of Forensic Sciences took custody of the trumpet when they processed the scene. The Director 

of the Institute told us that the item will be returned to Ojeda’s family when it is no longer 

needed for the investigation. 
FIGURE 10 

Doorway Bloodstain Before the Body was Moved 

78
FIGURE 11 

Doorway Bloodstain After the Body was Move

79
80

[BLANK] 
81

CHAPTER FOUR: 

FINDINGS OF THE PUERTO RICO INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC 

SCIENCES 

 Following the law enforcement clear of the residence on 

September 24, the Instituto de Ciencas Forenses de Puerto Rico (the Puerto 

Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences) assumed the lead role in processing the 

scene and conducting the forensic analyses relevant to the Ojeda matter.74 

One reason that the FBI deferred to the Institute was to avoid allegations that 

the FBI had manipulated the scene. Members of the San Juan FBI Evidence 

Response Team (ERT) monitored the Institute’s processing and documentation 

of the scene, assisted in making measurements, and made suggestions to the 

Institute personnel. However, the FBI did not participate in generating any of 

the forensic reports related to the scene. Dr. Pio R. Rechani López, Executive 

Director of the Institute, also told the OIG that the Institute found no evidence 

that the scene had been manipulated or tampered with by the FBI. 

 Since late October 2005, the Puerto Rico Forensic Institute has made 

several findings and generated forensic reports regarding the Ojeda crime 

scene. Much of the material prepared by the Institute was shared with the OIG 

for this investigation, and scientists from the Institute met with OIG 

investigators on three occasions to describe their findings in more detail and to 

answer questions. The findings of the Forensic Institute relevant to the issues 

addressed in this report are summarized below. 

I. Findings on the Scene 

 The Institute prepared a report of Findings on the Scene. Among other 

things, the report stated that a Browning 9 mm pistol was found on the floor of 

the residence near Ojeda’s body. The pistol was loaded to capacity, with 13 

unfired bullets inside its magazine and one in the chamber, indicating that it 

had been re-loaded. The pistol hammer was found cocked. Subsequent 

examination of the pistol revealed that it had been modified to fire in both 

automatic and semi-automatic mode. There were 107 spent shell casings from 

.223 caliber bullets and 19 spent casings from 9 mm bullets found at the 

scene. 

 74 The Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences is a component of the Puerto Rico 

Department of Justice, and its Director reports to Puerto Rico Attorney General Sánchez. 
82

II. Autopsy 

 The Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences conducted the autopsy of 

Ojeda. According to the Autopsy Report, Ojeda died of a single gunshot wound 

that entered his body just below his right clavicle, perforated the right lung, 

and exited the middle of his back on the right side. There were no other 

wounds. The bullet was recovered from inside the “flak jacket” vest Ojeda was 

wearing. 

The autopsy report did not specify a time of death. Dr. Francisco Cortés, 

the Forensic Pathologist who performed the autopsy, told the OIG that based 

on the size of the wound and reasonable assumptions about Ojeda’s heart rate 

and blood pressure, he estimated that Ojeda expired from loss of blood 

approximately 15 to 30 minutes after being shot. He opined that Ojeda could 

have survived the wound if he had received immediate first aid and surgical 

care. 

However, Dr. Cortés noted that he does not treat live patients, so that his 

views on the survivability of Ojeda’s wounds and his estimate of the length of 

time that Ojeda might have survived were based on his experience as a 

pathologist and on his review of the medical literature. 

The OIG also consulted with the U.S. Department of Defense Armed 

Forces Institute of Pathology, Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner 

(OAFME), regarding how long Ojeda survived after being shot.75 Based on its 

review of the autopsy records and other pertinent materials, the OAFME 

concluded that the wound from the bullet was not immediately fatal, but that it 

was not possible to determine exactly how long Ojeda would have survived. 

When the OIG inquired whether Ojeda could have survived longer than two 

hours, the Medical Examiner responded that it was unlikely. 

III. Bullet and Shell Casing Examinations 

 The Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences conducted microscopic 

comparisons of bullets and bullet fragments recovered from the scene with 

bullets fired from Ojeda’s pistol and from the carbines discharged by the HRT 

agents during the operation. The Institute determined that the .223 caliber 

bullet recovered from inside Ojeda’s vest was fired from an M4 carbine bearing 

serial no. W034332, which according to the HRT was the carbine used by 

Brian. The other .223 bullet fragments found at the scene were too deformed 

for the Institute to match them to a particular weapon. 

 75 The OAFME is a component of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, a 

Department of Defense agency specializing in pathology consultation, education, and research. 
83

The Institute determined that the 9 mm bullets recovered from Frank’s 

abdomen and from his helmet were fired from Ojeda’s Browning pistol. The 

Institute also determined that eight other bullet fragments found at various 

locations at the scene were fired from Ojeda’s pistol. We were unable to 

determine the locations where these fragments were found from the reports 

provided by the Institute. 

The Institute conducted microscopic comparisons of 107 shell casings 

from .223 bullets that were found on the outside of the residence with sample 

casings from bullets fired by M4 carbines used by the HRT agents. Based on 

distinctive marks left on the casings by the firing pins, the Institute was able to 

match all 107 shell casings to particular HRT weapons.76 Table 1 reports these 

results for each weapon matched to a shell casing found at the scene. For 

comparison purposes, the table also provides the estimate given by the agents 

during their interviews of the number of rounds they fired. 

The Institute also provided sketches indicating the location where .223 

casings matched to each weapon were found at the scene. This information is 

summarized in Table 1. For comparison purposes, we have also summarized 

each agent’s statement regarding his location at the time he discharged his 

weapon in the last column of the Table. The OIG did not find any significant 

discrepancies between the locations reported by the Institute and the 

statements provided by the agents, particularly in light of the fact that when 

the shell casings were ejected from the M4 carbines they would not necessarily 

have landed in the precise location where the agent was firing. In addition, the 

agents reported firing many rounds from locations on the narrow paved porch. 

These casings were particularly likely to have bounced off the porch or 

otherwise have been moved during the operation as agents moved around the 

residence. 

A total of 19 shell casings were found on the floor inside the residence. 

The Institute determined that all of these casings were from 9 mm bullets fired 

from Ojeda’s pistol. Because Ojeda did not leave the house during the 

incident, all of the spent casings from the rounds he fired should have been 

found in the interior of the residence. We therefore concluded that Ojeda fired 

a total of 19 rounds during the gunfight. 

 76 Two of the shells were not initially matched to any of the weapons carried by the 

eight agents who recalled firing during the operation. The Institute subsequently matched 

these shells to a weapon that the FBI told us was carried by SA George, who did not originally 

report that he had fired his weapon. After learning of these results in May 2005, the OIG 

requested a follow-up interview of George, but his attorney told the OIG that no further 

voluntary interviews would be provided. The trajectories and impact points of these two 

rounds are unknown, although neither round struck Ojeda. Ron McCarthy, who is one of the 

OIG’s experts regarding shooting investigations, told the OIG that it is not unusual for an 

individual agent present during an intense and stressful shooting incident that involves many 

agents firing their weapons to fail to recall that he fired his weapon. 
84

TABLE 1 

Comparison of Shell Casing Evidence as 

Described by Forensic Laboratory with Agent 

Statements

M4 Carbine 

Serial 

Number 

Agent 

Name 

Number of 

shell casings 

matched 

Agent’s 

estimate of 

rounds fired 

Location of 

shell casings 

matched to this 

weapon 

Agent’s 

statement of 

location when 

rounds fired 

WO34332 Brian 

 

 4 

 

 11-13 Bank and 

pavement near 

retaining wall 

Bank and behind 

retaining wall 

WO34222 Don 

 

 54 

 

 56 Bank and 

pavement near 

gazebo 

Porch near gated 

doorway and 

kitchen window 

WO34351 Scott 

 

 11 

 

 12-14 Bank, pavement 

near gazebo 

Porch near 

kitchen window 

WO32819 Tom 

 

 8 

 

 10 Bank and low 

wall 

Porch near front 

door 

8207452 Ken 10 

 

 10-12 Bank Bank 

WO34315 Frank 

 

 7 “several” Bank below 

kitchen window 

Porch below 

kitchen window 

WO32487 Eric 

 

 8 

 

 5-10 Bank and low 

wall 

Low wall 

WO34429 Doug 

 

 3 

 

 3-5 Bank Bank 

W349993 George 2 0 Pavement near 

gazebo 

Did not recall 

firing 

 
85

IV. Trajectory Analysis 

 The Forensic Institute identified 111 bullet holes and 76 bullet impacts 

in various areas of the residence. The Institute estimated the bullet trajectories 

for many of these holes and impacts. The Institute’s estimates were 

constructed without the benefit of the witness statements given to the OIG by 

the FBI agents. However, the OIG found that the location of the holes and 

impacts as reflected in Institute sketches and crime scene photographs, 

together with the Institute’s trajectory analysis, were consistent with the FBI 

agents’ statements in many important respects. 

• There were a large number of bullet holes and impacts in the 

back and sides of the narrow hallway behind the gated 

doorway. These holes and impacts were consistent with 

Don’s description of the rounds he fired into the hallway 

during an exchange of gunfire with Ojeda, when Don saw a 

pistol being “goose necked” out the kitchen door. 

• There were six impacts in the interior walls of the narrow 

hallway near the gated doorway that were consistent with 

rounds being fired from inside the hallway toward the front 

of the house. We found that these impacts were consistent 

with Don’s description of shots being fired toward him from 

inside the kitchen door. The shots were poorly aimed, 

probably as a result of Ojeda firing them without sighting his 

target, by “goose necking” his pistol. 

• There were approximately 12 bullet holes in the left side of 

the refrigerator indicating trajectories through the kitchen 

window at an acute angle to the side of the house. The OIG 

concluded that these trajectories were consistent with Don’s 

description of the rounds he fired into the window during an 

exchange of fire with Ojeda, and with Brian’s description of 

the three rounds he fired from the perimeter. Several of the 

holes entering the side of the refrigerator corresponded to 

exit holes in the front of the refrigerator. The Forensic 

Institute analyzed three of these trajectories in its shooting 

reconstruction, described below. 

• There were a large number of bullet holes in the frame and 

lattices of the kitchen window. The Forensic Institute 

identified several holes indicating a trajectory from the inside 

out, reflecting rounds fired out the window by Ojeda. The 

Institute found a larger number of holes indicating a 

trajectory from the outside in, from a variety of angles that 
86

appear to correspond generally to the locations that the FBI 

agents stated they fired from.77 

• There were several holes and impacts in the interior of the 

residence that were consistent with shots fired through the 

kitchen window that traveled diagonally across the interior of 

the residence toward the Green side or the Black/Green 

corner, including one that exited a window on the Green side 

and struck a ladder in the yard. The location and trajectory 

of some of these shots suggested that they were among those 

fired by Don into the kitchen window. The Institute 

determined that two of these impacts represented the 

termination points for two of the rounds fired by Brian from 

the perimeter. 

• There were nine impacts in the kitchen ceiling and five over 

the kitchen cabinets opposite the kitchen window. The OIG 

concluded that these impacts were consistent with shots 

fired upward into the kitchen window, possibly from an 

elevation below the window. These shots may have been 

fired by Frank from his position on the porch underneath the 

window or by other agents positioned on the bank below the 

porch. 

• There were five holes or impacts in the interior of the 

kitchen, in the wall to the right of the kitchen door. These 

impacts appeared to be consistent with rounds being fired 

into the kitchen window from a location on the porch near 

the front door, which was the location from which Tom said 

he fired. 

• There were a number of holes and impacts in parts of the 

balcony, gazebo structure, and exterior of the house. The 

Forensic Institute found that some of these holes and 

impacts originated from the direction of the residence and a 

larger number from outside the residence toward it, from 

below upward. The OIG concluded that the former impacts 

were consistent with rounds fired by Ojeda and the latter 

impacts were consistent with rounds fired toward the 

 77 The number of holes in the frame and lattices of the kitchen window is likely 

considerably smaller than the total number of rounds that were fired through the window, 

because some shots shattered the glass and left no holes, and other shots likely passed 

through the window without striking any part of it, especially after the glass was shattered. 

Ojeda was positioned close to the window and may have been able to aim his weapon between 

the glass slats, firing without striking the frame or lattices. 
87

kitchen window from positions on the bank below it, as 

described by several agents. 

 The OIG found only one set of trajectory estimates by the Forensic 

Institute that clearly conflicted with the statements provided by the FBI agents. 

Several agents reported perceiving shots from inside the house coming through 

the front door. The Institute found, however, that there were three holes in the 

front door from rounds fired from a location outside the door and from below 

(from down the cinder block steps), not from inside the house. The Institute 

also found three impacts in the living room ceiling that corresponded to the 

holes in the door and confirmed the upward trajectory. In Chapter Five we 

describe our analysis of these shots. 

 

V. Shooting Reconstruction 

 The Forensic Institute also produced a written report titled 

“Reconstruction of a Shooting,” and personnel from the Institute provided 

additional information regarding their conclusions during an interview with the 

OIG. The Institute concluded that the round that struck Ojeda was one of 

three shots that originated from a location near the retaining wall at the right 

side of the house, at a distance of approximately 19 feet. The Institute found 

that the three rounds passed through the kitchen window, penetrated the left 

side of the refrigerator, and exited the front of the refrigerator. Two of the shots 

presented impacts or final penetrations within the residence, while the third 

(the round that struck Ojeda) did not. The third trajectory exited the 

refrigerator at hole I-85 at a height of 49 inches, which the Institute found to 

coincide with the position of the bullet wound on Ojeda’s body, assuming a 

crouched position. From these facts, the Institute concluded that Ojeda was 

behind the refrigerator when he was struck by the shot, and that he was most 

likely in a position about one step away from the refrigerator toward the living 

room at the moment of impact. 

 The Institute’s reconstruction of the shooting was based entirely on the 

forensic evidence, without any knowledge of the statements provided by the FBI 

agents. 

VI. Blood Patterns 

 The Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences conducted a blood pattern 

analysis, which it described in a written report. The Institute also provided the 

OIG with additional information regarding this analysis. The Institute found 

that Ojeda’s flak vest prevented an immediate spatter of blood at the location 

where Ojeda was wounded. The Institute concluded that Ojeda took one or two 

steps toward the front door before falling to the floor, with his head near the 
88

door. Two large pools of blood formed, one near Ojeda’s head coming from the 

wound near his shoulder, and the other near the bottom of his vest further 

away from the door. 

 The blood pattern report concluded that the front door was closed at the 

time the blood was flowing but that the slope of the floor and the pattern of 

blood were consistent with a slow movement toward the door, forming a flow on 

the front step. As shown in Figure 10 (a photograph taken after the FBI 

entered at 12:35 p.m. on September 24 but before Ojeda’s body was moved to 

check for explosives), there was a flow of blood down the front step making a 

stain on the floor of the balcony porch. Institute personnel told the OIG that 

the bloodstain on the front step was greatly increased when Ojeda’s body was 

turned over and pulled out the front door onto the porch in order to check for 

explosive devices. The much larger and more obvious stain was reflected in 

later photographs (e.g., Figure 11) and in photographs published in some 

Puerto Rico newspapers. 
89

CHAPTER FIVE: 

OIG ANALYSIS OF WHETHER THE OJEDA SHOOTING WAS IN 

COMPLIANCE WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DEADLY 

FORCE POLICY 

 In this Chapter, the OIG analyzes the issue of whether the shots fired by 

the FBI agents during the Ojeda operation, including the one that struck 

Ojeda, were in compliance with the Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy. 

We also address related issues pertaining to the FBI agents’ discharge of 

weapons in this case. 

We first describe the Deadly Force Policy. We then discuss our 

conclusions regarding whether the agents complied with the Policy in the 

course of firing over 100 rounds during the initial exchange of gunfire during 

the period from approximately 4:28 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. on September 23. We 

separately address whether the three rounds fired from the perimeter at 

approximately 6:08 p.m. that afternoon, including the shot that struck Ojeda, 

were in compliance with the Policy. Finally, we discuss the lack of a “standard 

load” or equivalent policy for assuring that agents can provide an accurate 

accounting for the number of rounds that they discharge during a shooting 

incident. 

I. The Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy 

 FBI agents are required to comply with the Department of Justice Deadly 

Force Policy in discharging their weapons during an arrest operation. The 

Deadly Force Policy, which is included in the FBI’s Manual of Investigative and 

Operational Guidelines (MIOG), Part 2, Section 12-2.1, states in relevant part: 

Law enforcement officers of the Department of Justice may use 

deadly force only when necessary, that is, when the officer has a 

reasonable belief that the subject of such force poses an imminent 

danger of death or serious physical injury to the officer or to 

another person . . . . If feasible and to do so would not increase 

the danger to the officer or others, a verbal warning to submit to 

the authority of the officer shall be given prior to the use of deadly 

force. 

The MIOG contains definitions of terms used in the Policy. In addition, the 

Department has issued an Instructional Outline to guide the interpretation of 

the Policy, together with scenarios illustrating various applications of the 

Policy. Complete copies of the Deadly Force Policy, Instructional Outline, and 

Scenarios are provided in Appendix B. 
90

Among other definitions, the MIOG elaborates on the meaning of 

“imminent danger”: 

 “Imminent” does not mean “immediate” or “instantaneous,” but 

that an action is pending. Thus, a subject may pose an imminent 

danger even if he is not at that very moment pointing a weapon at 

the Agent. For example, imminent danger may exist if Agents have 

a probable cause to believe . . . [t]he subject possesses a weapon, 

or is attempting to gain access to a weapon, under circumstances 

indicating an intention to use it against Agents or others . . . . 

The Instructional Outline also states that the Deadly Force Policy “shall not be 

construed to require Agents to assume unreasonable risks to themselves,” and 

that “[a]llowance must be made for the fact that Agents are often forced to 

make split-second decisions in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and 

rapidly evolving.” 

 Section 30-3.8 of the FBI’s MIOG, Part 2, provides additional guidance to 

FBI agents regarding “fire discipline” in the application of deadly force. It 

states that a situation meeting the criteria set forth in the Deadly Force Policy 

does not justify indiscriminate “area” type firing. All use of 

firepower must be preceded by the acquisition of a known hostile 

target. This does not preclude the directing of selective 

suppressive fire at a low visibility target (such as a window from 

which gunfire is emanating) to cover movement of personnel, 

rescue of wounded individuals, or evacuation of innocents. 

MIOG, Part 2, Section 30-3.8(4). 

 In the sections below, we evaluate the FBI’s use of deadly force during 

the Ojeda arrest operation in reference to the standards set forth in the Deadly 

Force Policy and related provisions of the MIOG. 

II. Assessment of the FBI’s Use of Deadly Force During the Initial 

Exchange of Gunfire 

As noted above, the HRT agents fired approximately 104 rounds from 

their M4 carbines during the initial exchange of gunfire between approximately 

4:28 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. The OIG concluded that the vast majority of these 

shots were fired in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy. However, the OIG 

concluded that if the three rounds fired through the front door of the Ojeda 

residence by an unidentified agent were fired intentionally, they were not fired 

in compliance with the Policy and did not reflect appropriate fire discipline. 
91

In reaching the conclusion that most of the rounds were fired in 

compliance with the Deadly Force Policy, the OIG examined the preliminary 

question of how the exchange of gunfire began. At least nine agents who 

approached the house from the front yard and three sniper-observers 

positioned near the house told the OIG that they heard gunfire originating from 

inside the house before any FBI agents returned fire. Several agents stated 

that the firing from inside the house began even before the agents got off the 

vehicle. None of the agents reported that they thought that any FBI agent fired 

on Ojeda in the house before the agents were fired upon. According to the 

Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, the forensic evidence did not permit 

a determination of who fired the first shot. 

The OIG found no persuasive evidence that the FBI fired any shots at the 

residence until after Ojeda began firing on the agents. First, the emergency 

assault plan under which the agents were operating called for the agents to 

breach the residence at two points and to clear the house rapidly and arrest 

Ojeda. Firing on the residence before breaching it would have been 

inconsistent with this plan and could have disrupted the plan by slowing the 

agents’ advance and giving Ojeda further notice of their presence. It also would 

have been inconsistent with the explicit instruction given to the agents in 

advance of the operation to comply with the Deadly Force Policy. 

Moreover, as the agents approached the house from the front yard they 

were in an extremely poor position to initiate a gunfire exchange. Because of 

the heavy vegetation obscuring their view of the front of the house, the fact that 

the doors and windows were elevated well above the level of the yard, and the 

darkened condition of the interior, the agents would not have had a clear target 

to shoot at. (See Figure 8.) In contrast, from Ojeda’s elevated position behind 

the window he would have had a clearer view of the agents as they got off the 

vehicle in the front yard in the daylight and ran up the cinder block steps 

toward the porch. 

The only suggestion that the FBI fired at the residence before Ojeda 

opened fire was the allegation made by Rosado (Ojeda’s wife) in subsequent 

public speeches and media interviews that the FBI fired first. Rosado declined 

to be interviewed by the OIG for this investigation. The OIG concluded that it 

is possible that Rosado got the impression that the FBI opened fire first as the 

result of the detonation of a diversionary “flash bang” grenade by one of the 

sniper-observers at the moment the FBI vehicle pulled up to the house. As 

previously noted, the two FBI sniper-observers who were positioned near the 

Green/Black corner of the residence both told the OIG that one of them 

detonated a flash bang grenade near the house as a diversionary tactic 

moments before any gunfire was exchanged, and other agents confirmed 
92

hearing a flash bang. Rosado and Ojeda might have interpreted the sound of a 

flash bang as gunfire initiated by the FBI.78 

The OIG’s experts agreed that the use of a flash bang outside the 

residence could have created the impression inside the residence that the FBI 

was firing on the house. The experts pointed out that using a flash bang 

outdoors to create a distraction is not nearly as effective as using it indoors, 

where the noise, pressure waves, and extremely bright light all work to the 

advantage of the arrest team. They felt that using a flash bang outdoors 

creates a firecracker effect and risks alerting the subject rather than distracting 

or confusing him. We concluded that the FBI should review the implications of 

this incident for the use of flash bangs in an outdoor environment and under 

circumstances in which their use could have the unintended effect of alerting 

the subject or being mistaken as the FBI opening fire on a subject before 

seeking his surrender. 

It is also possible that the round fired by Scott at Ojeda’s dog as it ran 

toward the HRT agents might have been interpreted by Rosado as firing on the 

house. Gary said that the dog ran to the front of the house in response to the 

flash bang Gary threw at the Green/Black corner, before any gunfire had 

begun. If so, Scott’s shot at the dog would have occurred seconds after the 

flash bang and could have preceded the other shots in the exchange. We note, 

however, that Scott said he thought that firing from the house had already 

begun by the time he shot the dog. 

Taking all of these factors into account, the OIG concluded that Ojeda 

opened fire on the approaching FBI agents before any agents discharged their 

weapons at him or at the residence.79 However, we found that Rosado and 

Ojeda might have erroneously perceived that the FBI initiated the gunfire.80 

 78 We also believe that it is unlikely that the HRT agents began firing at the house in 

response to hearing the flash bang explosion. The agents are familiar with the use of flash 

bang grenades and are able to distinguish the sound from gunfire. Moreover, as noted above, 

at the moment the flash bang was detonated the agents would not have had a specific target to 

fire at. 

79 The OIG is not suggesting that there are no circumstances under which it would 

have been appropriate for the agents to fire first. There is no requirement in the Deadly Force 

Policy that a subject fire his weapon before deadly force can be used. There are numerous 

circumstances under which it would be reasonable for an agent to believe that a subject posed 

an imminent danger of death or serious injury without the subject firing a weapon. In the 

Ojeda case, however, the agents could not see the subject clearly as they approached the 

residence, and the basis for the agents’ belief that the subject posed an imminent danger was 

the fact that shots had been fired at them before they began firing back. 

80 Our concerns regarding the detonation of the flash bang as the agents approached 

should not be construed as a finding that Ojeda would not have opened fire on the FBI if the 

flash bang had not been detonated. Ojeda had clearly made preparations to offer violent 

resistance to the FBI before the agents arrived. 
93

Once Ojeda began firing at the agents from the house, he clearly posed 

an imminent danger of death or serious physical injury to the agents, justifying 

their application of deadly force. The agent statements and the forensic 

evidence establish that the vast majority of .223 shots from FBI weapons were 

directed in two locations: into the hallway behind the wooden gate and into the 

kitchen window. Numerous agent statements and the forensic evidence 

confirm that Ojeda was firing his pistol at FBI agents from these two locations. 

 

A. Rounds Fired Through the Wooden Gate into the Hallway 

Don told the OIG that he fired approximately 28 shots, or one full 

magazine, through the wooden gate in an exchange with someone who was 

firing from inside the house. There were a large number of impacts found in 

the back and side walls of the narrow hallway behind the wooden gate that 

were consistent with Don’s statement. Both Frank and Don described seeing a 

pistol being “goose necked” out the kitchen door into the hallway, aimed toward 

agents outside the gate. 

The forensic evidence confirms that Ojeda was firing at the agents from 

inside the hallway. This was the location from which Frank was shot and 

seriously wounded while attempting to breach the wooden gate. The Forensic 

Institute confirmed that the bullet that wounded Frank was fired from Ojeda’s 

gun. In addition, based on photographs and sketches of the scene provided by 

the Forensic Institute, we found that there were six impacts in the inside wall 

of the hallway near the gated door that could only have resulted from rounds 

fired toward the front of the house from inside the hallway. The FBI agents did 

not enter the hallway until long after the gunfight was over. 

In light of this evidence, the OIG concluded that 28 rounds fired by Don 

down the hallway early in the gunfight were in response to shots from Ojeda 

originating from the hallway. Because there was gunfire from this area, Don 

had a reasonable belief that there was a subject located inside the hallway who 

posed an imminent danger of death or injury to Don and the other agents. 

Don’s shots into the hallway were consistent with the Deadly Force Policy. The 

OIG’s experts concurred with this conclusion. 

B. Rounds Fired Toward the Kitchen Window 

According to the agent statements and the available forensic evidence, 

the vast majority of the remaining shots fired by the FBI agents were directed 

at the kitchen window. All of the agents who reported discharging their 

weapons described this window as a location from which the subject was firing. 

The agents reported gunfire originating from the window in both semiautomatic (single-shot) and automatic mode. The Puerto Rico Institute of 

Forensic Sciences was able to trace the trajectory of at least five shots from 
94

inside the kitchen that struck the lattice of the kitchen window. The Institute 

also confirmed that Ojeda’s pistol had been modified to permit it to be fired in 

either automatic or semi-automatic mode. 

The shots fired from inside the kitchen window likely included several 

shots that struck FBI agents, including the shot that struck Frank in the back 

of the helmet, the shot that struck Brian in the side of his ballistic vest, and 

the shot that struck George in the battery pack of his helmet. The OIG 

concluded that the agents had a reasonable belief that the person inside the 

window posed an imminent danger of death or serious injury, and that the 

numerous rounds fired by the FBI agents at the person firing from the window 

were in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy.81 

C. The Infeasibility of Providing a Warning 

The Deadly Force Policy states that “[i]f feasible and to do so would not 

increase the danger to the officer or others, a verbal warning to submit to the 

authority of the officer shall be given prior to the use of deadly force.” The OIG 

concluded that it was not feasible for the FBI agents at the scene to give such a 

warning. This conclusion follows from our determination that Ojeda fired at 

the agents first. Once the agents realized they were under fire, they were 

justified in applying deadly force to address the threat, without pausing to 

warn Ojeda. 

D. The Exercise of Fire Discipline 

The OIG also considered whether the number of rounds fired into the 

narrow hallway or at the kitchen window during the gunfight by the agents as 

a group (approximately 100 rounds) and by Don in particular (over 50 rounds) 

violated FBI standards, described above, relating to appropriate fire discipline. 

According to the OIG’s experts, an M4 carbine can fire 50 rounds in semiautomatic mode in as little as 9 seconds. The experts did not find the volume 

of fire by Don or the agents as a group to be disproportionate to the threat or to 

reflect a lack of fire discipline. We also note that the Instructional Outline for 

the Deadly Force Policy states that: 

When the circumstances justify the use of deadly force, Agents 

should continue its application until the imminent danger is ended 

 81 We are unable to determine whether the two rounds fired from SA George’s weapon 

were in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy or requirements of fire discipline because 

George did not report firing his weapon during the incident, and he declined to give a voluntary 

follow-up interview on this subject. We therefore do not know exactly where or why George 

fired his weapon, although we believe it is likely that he was responding to the same imminent 

threat perceived by the other agents, namely, the shots coming from inside the narrow hallway 

or from the kitchen window. 
95

through the surrender or physiological incapacitation of the 

subject(s). 

This guidance informs our assessment of the volume of fire used by the agents 

in an effort to bring the threat posed by Ojeda firing at them at close range to a 

timely halt. Don and the other agents were permitted to continue applying 

force until Ojeda no longer posed a threat. They were not required to limit their 

shots in order to match the number of rounds fired by Ojeda. 

Section 30-3.8 of the FBI’s MIOG, Part 2, states that “[a]ll use of 

firepower must be preceded by the acquisition of a known hostile target.” The 

experts also stressed that agents should be trained to fire only at an identified 

target posing the imminent threat of harm. They stated that suppressive fire at 

a general area does not satisfy this standard, particularly where the possibility 

of injury to innocent persons exists. This does not mean the subject must be 

identified visually, although several agents said they saw a gun in the window 

or in the narrow hallway. We found that the “target” requirement was satisfied 

with respect to the shots that the agents took into the hallway and into the 

kitchen window because there was no doubt that a threat was coming from 

those specific locations in the form of shooting from inside the house. In 

addition, the fact that the agents fired a large number of shots without hitting 

hit Ojeda reflected Ojeda’s superior position of cover and elevation and did not 

necessarily reflect indiscriminate targeting. We did not find a basis to conclude 

that any of the agents violated FBI requirements of fire discipline. 

E. The Three Shots Through the Front Door 

 

Although the OIG concluded that the vast majority of rounds fired by the 

agents during the initial exchange of gunfire were fired in compliance with the 

Deadly Force Policy and did not violate FBI standards for fire discipline, we did 

not reach the same conclusion with respect to three rounds fired by the FBI 

through the front door of the residence. Several agents told the FBI that they 

perceived that several shots came from inside the house through the front door 

during the initial exchange of gunfire, a perception that contributed to their 

belief that there was more than one weapon being fired inside the house. The 

Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences reported, however, that there were 

three holes in the front door and that all of them were made by shots from the 

outside. The estimated trajectory of these shots is shown in Figure 12. Each 

of these trajectories could be matched to a bullet impact found in the ceiling of 

the living room, behind the front door, as shown in Figure 13. 

Because there were no bullets or bullet fragments found in the house 

that could be attributed to these particular holes and impacts, it was 

impossible to determine from the forensic evidence which of the FBI agents 

fired the three rounds through the front door. We interviewed all of the agents 
96

FIGURE 12

Trajectory of Shots Through Front Door
97

FIGURE 13 

Ceiling Impacts from Shots Through Front Door 
98

who recalled firing their weapons, and none reported having fired any rounds 

at or through the front door. 

At the time of the OIG interviews of the HRT agents, the findings of the 

Puerto Rico Institute for Forensic Sciences regarding the shots through the 

door had not yet been provided to the OIG. Therefore, we did not explicitly ask 

each agent whether he fired any shots through the door. Several agents told us 

that they perceived rounds coming out of the door, which we have since 

interpreted as equivalent to a denial that these agents fired the shots. After 

receiving the information from the Institute, we sought follow-up interviews 

with agents Eric, Ken, and Doug, who did not mention any shots through the 

door during their original interviews and who, based on the descriptions they 

gave of their positions at the time they fired their weapons, might have been at 

the location near the bottom of the steps where these shots originated. As 

noted above, these agents declined to provide voluntary follow-up interviews. 

We consulted with the OIG experts regarding these three shots. The 

experts stated that the three shots through the front door may not have been 

appropriate or in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy, because it is 

unclear what the agents could have been targeting in that location. One expert 

stated that these shots might have been the result of an “unintentional press” 

as the agent approached the house during the latter part of an intense 

gunfight, and that the agent might not even have known that he fired his 

weapon at the time. However, the experts pointed out that it was not known 

whether other people were in the house or whether Rosado was involved in the 

gunfight, so that untargeted shots through the door created a danger of injury 

to innocent occupants. The Deadly Force Policy states that “[e]ven when deadly 

force is permissible, Agents should assess whether its use creates a danger to 

third parties that outweighs the likely benefits to its use.” 

The OIG concluded that if these three rounds were fired intentionally, 

they violated the Deadly Force Policy and the fire discipline requirements of the 

MIOG. There is no evidence, in the form of witness statements or the forensic 

evidence, to suggest that these three shots addressed an imminent threat of 

death or injury posed by a person located behind the door. There is also no 

evidence to suggest that these shots were “preceded by the acquisition of a 

known hostile target” behind the door. Based on the trajectory of the shots, as 

shown in Figure 12, the OIG concluded that these shots were not aimed at the 

kitchen window or inside the gated doorway, the locations from which Ojeda 

fired. 

If the shots were unintentional they would not normally be analyzed in 

terms of the Deadly Force Policy. Instead, the FBI would evaluate whether the 

agent was negligent in firing the accidental shots. However, we do not have 

sufficient information regarding the circumstances under which these shots 
99

were fired to make a determination as to whether the shots were intentional or 

unintentional or whether the agent or agents were negligent in firing the shots. 

Because we cannot identify the agent or agents who fired these three 

shots, and cannot determine whether they were intentionally fired or the result 

of an unintentional press, the OIG has not recommended any disciplinary 

action with respect to these three shots. However, we recommend that after 

the conclusion of any criminal investigations into this matter – by either 

Department of Justice prosecutors or the Puerto Rico law enforcement 

authorities – the FBI should consider compelling the agents to provide followup interviews and determine who fired the shots through the front door, and 

their stated reason for doing so. Depending on the result of such an inquiry, 

disciplinary action could be warranted.82

III. Assessment of the Perimeter Shots 

The OIG also assessed the three shots that SA Brian fired into the 

kitchen window at approximately 6:08 p.m. (the “perimeter shots”). One of 

these shots struck Ojeda and resulted in his death. These shots were not part 

of the original exchange of fire but rather took place approximately 100 

minutes later. 

The OIG concluded that at the moment Brian fired the perimeter shots, 

he had a reasonable belief that Ojeda posed an imminent danger of death or 

serious injury to Brian and to other agents. We concluded that that these 

shots therefore did not violate the Deadly Force Policy. The OIG’s experts 

concurred with these conclusions. 

In evaluating Brian’s assessment of the threat that Ojeda posed, we 

considered all of the events preceding the shots. Ojeda had already fired 

several rounds out the kitchen window, and had evidenced an intention to kill 

or injure the FBI agents attempting to arrest him. He had already shot three 

different agents. Brian was in an exposed position because the retaining wall 

that he was crouched behind was quite low and Brian’s head and shoulders 

were above the wall. Ken was in a similar exposed position to Brian’s left. 

Other FBI agents were also in exposed positions crouched behind the low 

concrete wall in front of the house. 

 82 As stated above, we also do not know whether the two rounds fired from George’s 

weapon were fired intentionally or how they were targeted. We therefore did not assess their 

compliance with the Deadly Force Policy or whether they were fired negligently. Accordingly, 

we did not recommend disciplinary action with respect to these shots. However, we believe the 

FBI should also pursue this inquiry, after all criminal investigations have concluded. 
100

In light of Ojeda’s conduct, Ojeda posed a continuing imminent threat to 

the agents throughout the standoff. Ojeda had already proved that he was 

armed and prepared to kill or injure the arresting agents. He had not 

surrendered his weapon or manifested an intent to do so. Brian was justified 

in assuming that Ojeda was still armed and dangerous. Put into the terms of 

the definition of “imminent danger” in the FBI’s MIOG, throughout the standoff 

Brian had probable cause to believe that Ojeda possessed the weapon and that 

the circumstances indicated an intention to use it against the agents. See 

MIOG, Part 2, Section 12-2.1(3). 

Brian told the OIG that he saw an individual in the kitchen window, 

illuminated by the interior light of the refrigerator. Brian stated that the 

individual was crouched down with a gun in his left hand pointing out the 

window. Brian said he could not see the Ojeda’s eyes or tell where he was 

looking. Brian stated that Ojeda clearly had the weapon pointed in the 

direction of Brian and his teammates but he was unsure at whom in particular 

the subject was sighting the gun. Brian said that he concluded that Ojeda 

posed an imminent threat to him and other agents. Brian said he sighted his 

carbine where he believed the Ojeda’s center mass to be and fired three rounds 

in rapid succession in single fire mode. 

 

 The statements of the other HRT agents are consistent with what Brian 

told us about his position at the moment of the perimeter shots – that he was 

on the hillside to the right of the house, behind the retaining wall. (See 

Figure 9.) No other HRT agent was in a position to see Ojeda in the window or 

to confirm or dispute what Brian saw at the moment he fired. 

However, we reviewed the available forensic evidence to determine 

whether it was consistent with Brian’s statement. The most significant forensic 

finding was the discovery of Ojeda’s Browning 9 mm pistol on the floor at his 

side, loaded and cocked, confirming that Ojeda was holding the gun at the 

moment he was wounded.83 

The Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences concluded, on the basis of 

its trajectory and shooting reconstruction analyses, without knowing the 

content of Brian’s statement, that the fatal round was one of three rounds fired 

from a location behind the retaining wall approximately 19 feet from the 

subject. According to the Institute, all three rounds entered the left side of the 

refrigerator (the side facing the kitchen window) and all three exited the front of 

the refrigerator. Two of the shots left impacts in the house, while the third 

struck Ojeda. These findings were consistent with Brian’s description of his 

location when he fired the perimeter shots. 

 83 To conclude otherwise would require us to assume that Ojeda had put the gun down 

on the floor before he was shot, which we did not find to be a plausible scenario. 
101

Ojeda’s wound did not contradict Brian’s description of what he saw and 

his determination that Ojeda posed a threat. The autopsy report and 

photographs establish that the bullet entered Ojeda’s body near his right 

clavicle and exited the middle of his back, also on his right side. The trajectory 

of the bullet wound thus establishes that Ojeda was facing toward Brian at the 

moment of impact – that his shoulders were rotated to the left relative to the 

kitchen window. In that stance, Ojeda could have very quickly fired out the 

window at Brian on the hillside. 

The forensic evidence indicates that Brian’s view of the right side of 

Ojeda’s body was obscured by the refrigerator at the moment of impact, 

because the fatal shot passed through the side of the refrigerator and exited 

the front before it struck Ojeda near the right clavicle. We did not find this fact 

to be inconsistent with Brian’s statement. Brian stated that from his position 

on the hillside he saw the side of a light colored refrigerator inside the window, 

and that the refrigerator took up about half of his field of view inside the 

window.84 It is not surprising, therefore, that Brian’s view of Ojeda was 

partially obscured by the refrigerator. Brian said that after the refrigerator 

light came on he sighted his gun where he “believed the subject’s center mass 

to be.” Brian could have aimed at Ojeda’s “center mass” through the 

refrigerator. 

The fact that Brian’s view of Ojeda was partially obscured at the moment 

of impact does not mean that Brian did not see him. Taking into account the 

trajectory of the shot that struck Ojeda (including the location of the bullet 

holes in the refrigerator) and the fact that Ojeda was turned toward Brian’s 

direction rather than facing directly forward, we determined that the left side of 

Ojeda’s body, including his left hand, could have been visible to Brian at or 

immediately before the moment of impact.85 

Moreover, Brian stated that about three seconds elapsed between the 

time he saw the refrigerator light come on and the time he fired his weapon. 

Even if Brian’s view of Ojeda was unobscured at the moment the light came on, 

three seconds would have provided Ojeda with ample time to move to his right 

behind the refrigerator, which would have been a logical reaction if Ojeda had 

 84 Computer reconstructions of the scene from the shooter’s standpoint prepared by 

the Puerto Rico Institute for Forensic Science confirmed Brian’s description. 

85 We found Brian’s statement about seeing Ojeda in the refrigerator light to be credible 

because it explained how Brian could see Ojeda inside a dark house clearly enough to take 

aim. To conclude otherwise would require us to believe that Brian took blind shots into a dark 

window and happened to hit a target he could not see. 
102

spotted Brian and realized that he had been illuminated.86 Brian stated that, 

given the three-second interval and the fact that the window was dark after he 

fired the rounds, Ojeda may have been closing the door when Brian was 

firing.87 Scientists from the Puerto Rico Institute for Forensic Science told the 

OIG that the trajectory evidence was consistent with Ojeda moving to his right 

at the moment of impact, and that such movement would explain why only one 

of the three perimeter shots struck Ojeda. 

We also found it significant that, without having seen the autopsy report 

or photographs, Brian stated that Ojeda was crouching at the moment Brian 

saw him. Dr. Rechani, the Director of the Institute, told the OIG that Ojeda 

was crouching at the moment the bullet struck him. A crouching posture 

would explain the trajectory of the wound, which indicated that the bullet 

entered near the clavicle but exited in the lower back. 

 We also considered the potential inconsistency between Brian’s 

statement that he saw Ojeda holding the gun in his left hand and the fact that 

Ojeda was wearing a holster that was oriented for a right-hand draw. This 

holster is evidence that Ojeda’s dominant or preferred shooting hand was his 

right hand. From press accounts and information provided by the Forensic 

Institute, however, there is second-hand evidence that Ojeda was left-handed. 

Moreover, when Ojeda “goose-necked” the pistol out the kitchen door and down 

the hallway, he most likely used his left hand, which would have maximized his 

ability to keep his body inside the kitchen and out of the line of Don’s shots 

down the hallway. It therefore appears that Ojeda sometimes shot with his left 

hand, even if his dominant shooting hand was his right hand. Finally, the 

logical way for Ojeda to open the refrigerator door (which opened from left to 

right) while being concerned about the FBI agents out the kitchen window to 

his left, was to open the unit with his right hand, while holding the gun in his 

left hand. Thus, even if Ojeda was generally a right-handed shooter, this does 

not mean he would not hold the gun in his left hand. We therefore concluded 

that the orientation of the holster did not contradict Brian’s statement that he 

saw Ojeda holding the gun in his left hand. 

 86 As an HRT agent, Brian is a highly trained shooter. If Brian saw Ojeda moving 

behind the refrigerator while Brian was aiming, he could have tracked Ojeda in that direction 

without having to think about it. This is another plausible explanation for why Brian’s shots 

went through the refrigerator.

87 Two of the three shots (including the fatal shot) pierced the freezer door at the top of 

the unit in a trajectory indicating that the freezer door was closed. These trajectories do not 

reveal whether the refrigerator door (located below the freezer) was open when those shots 

passed through the freezer. The other round pierced the lower refrigerator door at a trajectory 

indicating that the door was closed at the moment of impact. We do not know, however, 

whether this shot occurred before or after the shot that struck Ojeda. In view of the fact that 

Brian fired the three shots in rapid succession, it appears likely that the refrigerator door was 

closed or was being closed at the moment Ojeda was struck. 
103

We also considered whether it was reasonable for Brian to conclude that 

Ojeda posed an imminent danger at the moment Brian saw him. We recognize 

that Ojeda may have been looking for something to drink or eat when he 

opened the refrigerator door. However, this did not mean that the threat he 

presented was not imminent. Ojeda had his gun in his hand, and he could 

have fired at Brian and possibly Ken from his position very quickly. He also 

could have fired at the agents behind the wall in the front of the house from the 

window merely by moving slightly to his left. 

We also considered the fact that Ojeda had engaged in a dialogue with 

FBI agents after the initial exchange of gunfire, and that Ojeda had stated he 

would discuss surrender if the FBI brought a particular reporter to the scene. 

Brian told us he had heard a discussion in Spanish between Ojeda and a 

San Juan agent while Brian was moving into position on the hillside, but Brian 

said he never heard anyone say that Ojeda was discussing the possibility of 

surrender. Brian and other witnesses also said these discussions seemed to 

have come to an end before the perimeter shots were taken. 

We concluded that the discussions between Ojeda and the FBI did not 

mitigate the threat that Ojeda presented at the moment Brian fired. Ojeda had 

refused the FBI’s instructions to come out of the house. He appeared at the 

kitchen window with a gun. Even if Brian had understood Ojeda’s offer to 

discuss surrender if a reporter were brought to the scene, Brian would have 

been justified in believing that Ojeda could resume firing at the FBI agents at 

any instant. Given these circumstances, under the DOJ Deadly Force Policy, 

Brian was justified in using deadly force to address the threat. 

For all of these reasons, the OIG concluded that the three perimeter 

shots fired by Brian at Ojeda at approximately 6:08 p.m. did not violate the 

Department of Justice Deadly Force Policy. The OIG’s experts concurred with 

this conclusion. 

IV. Lack of “Standard Load” of Ammunition 

 In the course of interviewing the HRT agents who discharged their 

firearms, the OIG learned that there is no “standard load” required for HRT 

weapons that would have permitted the FBI to establish precisely how many 

rounds had been fired from each weapon by determining how many magazines 

had been spent and how many rounds were left in the unspent magazines. As 

a result, the OIG attempted to reconstruct the number of rounds fired by each 

agent by relying on the agent’s recollection and on the ability of the Puerto Rico 

Institute of Forensic Sciences to correctly match each spent .223 shell found at 

the scene to a particular HRT weapon. 
104

As summarized above in Table 1, there were some differences between 

the findings of the Forensic Institute and the recollections of individual agents 

as to the number of rounds fired by each agent. For the most part, these 

discrepancies were minor and could be attributed to the imperfect recollection 

of agents who had experienced an intense gunfight, during which one FBI 

agent was seriously wounded, two other agents were hit, and Ojeda was killed. 

It may be the case that the forensic evidence provided more objective and 

reliable evidence than agent recollections as to the precise number of rounds 

fired by each weapon, but the reliability of the forensic evidence depended on 

the recovery of all spent shell casings by the evidence response team. In the 

rugged landscape surrounding Ojeda’s residence, there can be no certainty 

that every casing was recovered. 

In this case, the forensic evidence was consistent with the agent 

statements in most significant respects, and the minor discrepancies between 

agent recollections and the forensic evidence did not affect the OIG’s central 

findings with respect to the Deadly Force Policy. However, if “standard load” 

procedures were in place, there would have been additional, reliable evidence 

regarding the number of rounds fired by each agent. This information might 

have assisted in determining whether any agents fired rounds that they did not 

realize they fired, due to an “unintentional press” in the heat of battle. Such 

information would also have been made it easier and faster for investigators to 

determine that two rounds had been fired from SA George’s weapon, as 

described in footnote 66. Moreover, in other cases a precise accounting of how 

many rounds were fired by each agent could be critical to a shooting incident 

investigation. 

Accordingly, the OIG recommends that the HRT adopt a standard load 

procedure that would enable accurate post-incident accounting of the number 

of rounds fired by each agent, and that other components of the FBI adopt 

such procedures to the extent they are not already in place. The experts 

consulted by the OIG concurred with this recommendation. 

V. Conclusions Regarding FBI Use of Force 

 For the reasons stated in this Chapter, the OIG concluded that the vast 

majority of the rounds fired by the FBI during the initial exchange of fire were 

in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy and related requirements of fire 

discipline. We also concluded that the three rounds fired from the perimeter 

later in the afternoon, including the shot that killed Ojeda, were in compliance 

with the Policy. 

We did not reach the same conclusion regarding three rounds fired 

through the front door, however. No agent has admitted firing these rounds, 

and we have insufficient evidence to attribute the rounds to a particular agent. 
105

If the rounds were fired intentionally, they were not in compliance with the 

Deadly Force Policy. Even if fired accidentally, they could have been the result 

of negligence. 
106

[BLANK] 
107

CHAPTER SIX: 

OIG ASSESSMENT OF THE DECISION TO CONDUCT AN 

EMERGENCY DAYLIGHT ASSAULT 

 In this Chapter, the OIG analyzes the decision made by SAC Fraticelli, in 

consultation with HRT Deputy Commander Steve, to conduct an emergency 

daylight assault on the Ojeda residence. This decision was made in response 

to the report from the sniper-observers at approximately 2:36 p.m. on 

September 23 that their position in the woods near the residence had been 

discovered. As part of this analysis, we examine several issues, including: 

1) the circumstances of the reported compromise; 2) the risky nature of the 

daylight assault plan; 3) the availability of other options for capturing Ojeda; 

and 4) whether a better assault route was available. 

In conducting this assessment, the OIG relied extensively on input from 

its experts. The OIG also considered the assessments provided by the FBI 

agents involved in the matter, including the SAC, agents from CIRG, and senior 

agents from the Counterterrorism Division at FBI Headquarters. 

 In making our assessment, the OIG was mindful of the fact that the 

agents involved in deciding what action to take in response to the reported 

compromise were required to make decisions with imperfect information under 

circumstances that were tense and rapidly evolving, and that they had limited 

time for reflection or consultation. However, we concluded that the decision to 

conduct an emergency daylight assault was based on an inadequate 

assessment of the foreseeable risks of conducting such an operation under 

conditions in which the element of surprise had been lost. Because Ojeda was 

prepared for the FBI’s frontal assault on the residence, the assault failed and 

an agent was seriously wounded. As explained below, we believe that the FBI 

should have given more consideration to other available options, such as 

surrounding Ojeda’s residence and forcing him out with tear gas, or 

withdrawing without taking any further immediate action to arrest or surround 

Ojeda. We discuss both of those options below. 

I. The Circumstances of the Reported Compromise 

During the afternoon of September 23, the sniper-observers were 

positioned at the Mission Support Site, approximately 200-250 meters from the 

Site 1 residence, when they heard vehicles stop on the road near their position 

and heard the occupants get out and begin talking. One of the sniperobservers (Paul) saw a person gesturing with his hands and pointing at the 

ground and toward the trailhead. The sniper-observers concluded that their 

presence had been detected, and at 2:36 p.m. they requested by radio that the 
108

TOC order a “deliberate” assault on the residence to prevent Ojeda from 

escaping. 

SAC Fraticelli and other agents in the San Juan FBI subsequently told 

the OIG that they now believe that the sniper-observers were not in fact 

compromised and that the people who exited the vehicle or vehicles and who 

were overheard conversing in Spanish were in fact discussing matters 

unrelated to the operation. The agents told the OIG that FBI interviews with a 

person or persons at Site 2 at the time of the assault persuaded them that the 

people who had stepped out of the vehicles near the road were discussing 

matters unrelated to the sniper-observers. This information was passed on to 

FBI Headquarters in an informal report prepared by a CTD Intelligence Analyst 

shortly after the incident, which stated: “One of the individuals that exited the 

vehicle was the owner of [Site 2] and it is believed the other men with him were 

discussing the purchase of a horse. No arrests were made and it is believed 

that this vehicle and the three (3) individuals are total[ly] unrelated to this 

operation.”

The OIG was unable to locate any information to confirm or refute the 

information regarding the activities of the persons who were seen and heard by 

the sniper-observers. The Intelligence Analyst who wrote the informal report 

told us she could not recall who provided this information. The only formal 

written report produced by the San Juan FBI relating to this question was a 

memorandum of interview written by a San Juan FBI agent who had 

interviewed an individual who was detained at Site 2 during the arrest 

operation. The memorandum contains no information regarding the people 

who stopped near the sniper-observers, and the agent told the OIG that at the 

time of the interview he was unaware that anyone had been seen or heard by 

the sniper-observers near Site 2. None of the San Juan FBI agents interviewed 

by the OIG was able to provide any additional information regarding the 

circumstances of the compromise. We were therefore unable to determine with 

certainty whether the sniper-observers were actually compromised. 

 

 Yet, it is important to note that because none of the sniper-observers 

sent to the scene spoke Spanish, they were unable to determine the substance 

of the conversation that they overheard. If the individuals who stopped near 

the sniper-observers had in fact been discussing unrelated matters such as the 

purchase of a horse, there was no way for the sniper-observer team to know it. 

In light of the prevalence of Spanish as the primary language for most residents 

of this area, including Ojeda and his wife, and the need to identify Ojeda, it 

should have been anticipated that the sniper-observers might need to 

understand relevant conversations in Spanish. It clearly would have been 

useful to have had some Spanish-speaking agents on the sniper-observer team, 

particularly because one of their important objectives was to identify Ojeda. 
109

However, during the afternoon of September 23, the information 

available to Fraticelli was that the HRT sniper-observers were convinced that 

their presence had been detected. Fraticelli had no basis to reject the sniperobservers’ assessment that someone had detected them. At that point, 

Fraticelli had to select among several options for action, taking into account 

the risk that these persons might alert Ojeda to the presence of the sniperobservers or otherwise assist him in evading or resisting arrest. 

In the next sections we examine Fraticelli’s decision to respond to the 

reported compromise by ordering an emergency daylight assault on Ojeda’s 

residence to effectuate an arrest, in light of the available alternatives.

II. The Emergency Daylight Assault 

The OIG concluded that a daylight assault of the kind implemented at 

the Ojeda residence was extremely dangerous and not the best alternative 

available to the FBI. Indeed, if Ojeda was more heavily armed, more casualties 

would likely have occurred. As HRT Deputy Commander Steve pointed out, if 

Ojeda had been firing a high-powered rifle, several FBI agents could have been 

killed in the operation. 

The conclusion that the emergency daylight assault was not the best 

available option was shared by all of the OIG’s experts who participated in this 

investigation. 

Fraticelli told the OIG that he was concerned that in light of the 

compromise of the sniper-observers and the daylight conditions, the FBI would 

not have an element of surprise in a daylight assault. He stated that after 

Steve explained the speed with which the HRT agents would be transported by 

the helicopters and rope-dropped to the ground, he became convinced that an 

immediate assault on the house was the best option. Steve stated that he felt 

that even with a helicopter insertion the FBI had enough of an element of 

surprise to get into the house without a gunfight. 

 However, the assumption that the FBI still had the advantage of surprise 

was inconsistent with the reasons given for the emergency daylight assault. 

The FBI’s primary reason for deciding that action was necessary was the 

concern that the persons seen by the sniper-observer near the trailhead were 

sympathizers who would warn Ojeda. If this risk was sufficient to justify 

ordering an immediate arrest operation, it should likewise have been sufficient 

to support an assumption that Ojeda would be ready for the FBI by the time 

the assault team arrived, two hours after the compromise was reported. The 

FBI also had reason to be concerned that the persons believed to have detected 

the sniper-observers or other Macheteros sympathizers might have joined 
110

Ojeda to assist his resistance during the nearly 2-hour interval from the time 

the compromise was reported to the time the HRT agents arrived.88 

 

In addition, the FBI was aware that delivering the HRT agents by 

helicopter with a rope drop in a small field located in plain view of the front of 

Ojeda’s residence would generate a great deal of noise and alert Ojeda. Even a 

perfectly executed rope drop would require several minutes for both helicopters 

to complete, because they could not have dropped their passengers into such a 

small target simultaneously. The HRT agents would also require additional 

time to assemble into the planned order of march and to ascend the steep hill 

between the banana field and the Ojeda residence. Any hovering or circling by 

the helicopters as they located the small landing zone would result in 

additional noise, further ensuring that Ojeda would be prepared. In light of 

these factors, it was not realistic to expect that Ojeda, a violent fugitive believed 

to be familiar with FBI tactics, would be surprised by the assault. 

The FBI’s plan for assaulting the house was quickly adapted from the 

plan being prepared for a surreptitious nighttime assault. However, it was 

poorly suited to daylight conditions in which Ojeda would very likely be 

prepared to offer violent resistance. Once he knew the FBI was coming, Ojeda 

had the advantage of high ground, superior cover, and superior visibility. As 

the FBI was also aware, Ojeda’s house provided him with a highly defensible 

position with cement walls and limited entry points. 

Moreover, the FBI’s plan called for the assault team to follow a route of 

approach in plain view of the house through the front yard, up the front steps, 

and across the porch to two breach points. The selected route required the 

agents to approach the house and pass directly in front of the kitchen window 

to reach the breach points, exposing agents to close-range gunfire.89 While this 

route may have been suitable for a surreptitious nighttime approach, in 

daytime conditions, with Ojeda alerted, the approach maximized the agents’ 

exposure to gunfire. 

 88 The sniper-observers were stationed at the Mission Support Site at the time of the 

alleged compromise because they were concerned that they could not maintain surveillance 

during the daytime without being detected. Because they did not have “eyes on” the residence, 

they could not be sure whether anyone had joined Ojeda. 

89 HRT training materials for “Law Enforcement Clears” state: “Try to avoid bypassing 

doors or windows to get an entry point. If the team must bypass doors or windows, treat them 

as danger areas and use operators to cover them while the entry team moves past. 

Sniper/observer teams can also be used to cover entry points while the entry team approaches 

them.” The assault plan for the Ojeda arrest, which called for the agents to move up the steps 

toward the front door and then along the front porch to the breach points, was inconsistent 

with this recommendation. 
111

Ojeda’s positional advantage was demonstrated by the outcome of the 

initial assault. During the initial exchange of gunfire, Ojeda fired 19 times and 

struck Frank 4 times, Brian twice, and George once. If Ojeda had been armed 

with a higher-powered weapon that could penetrate FBI’s armor or helmets, he 

likely would have killed at least two agents. The FBI agents fired their highpowered M4 carbines at least 107 times and did not strike Ojeda at all during 

the initial exchange. 

In addition, if Ojeda had been armed with explosive devices, the 

casualties would have been great. The HRT had been specifically warned that 

explosives were a danger, given Ojeda’s history and associations. After the 

initial exchange of gunfire, there were several agents in exposed positions on 

the bank below the balcony porch. A grenade tossed onto the bank from the 

front door, the gated doorway, or the kitchen window could have resulted in far 

more numerous and severe casualties. 

These dangers were not unknown to the FBI. The San Juan FBI 

specifically recognized the difficulties inherent in a daylight assault to arrest 

Ojeda when they requested authority to execute the search warrant at any 

hour, without having to “knock and announce.” The supporting affidavit 

signed by an agent from the Domestic Terrorism squad in the San Juan FBI on 

September 22 stated: 

Ojeda-Rios has shown that he does not recognize law enforcement, 

particularly the FBI, as having any authority, and would likely 

refuse to comply with orders to surrender himself. This becomes a 

significant concern to the security of the arrest team if the arrest 

occurs during the daylight hours, because Ojeda-Rios, from the 

relative safety of his residence, will be able to see the arrest team 

approaching which puts them at greater risk. . . . As such, it is 

requested that the Court authorize the FBI to execute the Search 

Warrant at any hour of the day or night. . .. 

Based on [Ojeda’s] violent history, including the murders of the 

U.S. military personnel, the numerous bombings and his final act 

of shooting at the FBI during his [1985] arrest, the likelihood that 

Ojeda-Rios would again resort to violence is very great. History 

has shown that if Ojeda-Rios is notified of the FBI’s intentions to 

search his residence and arrest him, he will have time to arm 

himself and fire upon the FBI arrest team. The element of surprise 

by not having to knock and announce would eliminate much of the 

risk of a violent confrontation between Ojeda-Rios and the arrest 

team. 
112

The San Juan FBI agent-affiant was remarkably prescient in his description of 

the threat Ojeda would present in daylight conditions, under circumstances 

when he would have enough warning of the FBI’s approach to arm himself. 

When questioned about the risks inherent in the daylight entry, several 

HRT agents responded with words to the effect of “we are trained to handle 

these situations.” However, the fact that HRT agents were trained to conduct 

risky operations and exhibited courage during the assault does not mean that 

clear and known risks to HRT agents should have been discounted in choosing 

a dangerous course of action. 

The FBI Critical Incident Handbook, which is “designed to assist the FBI 

On-Scene Commander (OSC) in quickly organizing and executing an effective 

response to a critical incident,” repeatedly emphasizes that assessment of risks 

and “risk effectiveness” is essential to selecting any planned action or tactical 

response in a crisis situation. The Handbook contains a discussion of 

emergency assaults that has particular relevance to this discussion: 

An Emergency Assault Plan (EAP) is an immediate measure 

designed to regain control or stabilize a rapidly deteriorating crisis 

situation that poses imminent danger to the lives of innocent 

people. It generally lacks contingency planning, preparation, 

rehearsal, and full use of tactical capabilities. Consequently, 

execution of the EAP presents a high level of risk to all concerned. 

By this definition (which we recognize is not a binding regulation), the 

circumstances presented to the FBI when the compromise was reported by the 

sniper-observers did not justify an “emergency assault.” The only “crisis” was 

the FBI’s concern that Ojeda would escape.90 At that moment, he had no 

hostages and was not posing an imminent danger to the lives of innocent 

people. The implication of the Handbook is that unrehearsed, quickly devised 

emergency assaults are inherently risky and typically justified only by serious 

and imminent threats. While we recognize that decisions must be made 

quickly in the field, with imperfect information, we believe that the FBI should 

have given more careful consideration to alternative strategies. 

It is important to note that the OIG is not suggesting that the decision to 

conduct an emergency daylight assault was the cause of Ojeda’s death. Ojeda 

was not killed or injured during the assault. Ojeda was shot approximately 

100 minutes after the assault because he presented a threat of imminent harm 

 90 There was a potential threat to the sniper-observers as a result of the reported 

compromise, but an emergency assault was obviously not needed to address that threat. The 

sniper-observers could have been extracted by the Quick Reaction Force (at the time staffed by 

San Juan FBI agents) in a vehicle within minutes of reporting the compromise. Instead, the 

sniper-observers remained in place for almost two hours to assist with the assault. 
113

to the agents at that moment, not because the FBI had selected the emergency 

daylight assault option. 

III. The Surround and Call-out Strategy 

 The OIG’s experts told us that they believe there was a superior strategy 

for arresting Ojeda that was available to the FBI after the sniper-observers 

reported that they were compromised. Specifically, the experts noted that 

another option available to the FBI was: (1) to establish a perimeter around the 

residence sufficient to prevent Ojeda from escaping, (2) demanding Ojeda’s 

surrender with a short deadline for responding, followed by (3) the use of 

chemical agents, such tear gas and smoke. The experts concluded that this 

approach would have offered a superior strategy from the standpoint of agent 

safety and offered at least as good a chance to take Ojeda into custody without 

injury as did the emergency assault. 

Under this plan, the arrest team could have established a perimeter from 

positions of cover permitting them to monitor Ojeda’s potential escape routes. 

The arrest team could have demanded that Ojeda and his wife surrender, with 

a short deadline for compliance.91 If Ojeda and his wife refused to surrender 

by the deadline, chemical agents (tear gas) could have been fired into the 

residence to force them out of their positions inside the house. If the gas 

proved ineffective, the next step would have been to insert smoke into the 

house. Smoke cannot be filtered by a gas mask and would have forced Ojeda 

and his wife to exit the residence. 

According to one OIG expert, chemical agents are fired in 37mm or 

40mm rounds capable of penetrating doors (up to 3⁄4 inch plywood) and 

windows. The rounds are accurate up to 50 yards from the target. The rounds 

are shot with an upward trajectory to decrease the chance an occupant is hit. 

The rounds ricochet inside the target and break, releasing the gas. There are 

three chemical agents that can be utilized, individually or in some combination: 

CN (chloracetophenone), CS (ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile), or OC 

(Oleoresin Capsicum). Our experts told us that no one has died from the use of 

CS, the most common chemical agent, and that chemical agents work 

 91 Under this scenario, the San Juan FBI SWAT could have moved to the scene within 

minutes after the compromise was reported and could have immediately established a 

perimeter from positions of cover to reduce Ojeda’s opportunity to escape, pending the arrival 

of the HRT agents. At the moment of the compromise, the San Juan FBI SWAT was serving as 

the Quick Reaction Force because the HRT agents had returned to Aguadilla to rest and 

prepare for the planned nighttime assault. As a result, it took nearly two hours after the 

compromise for the HRT arrest team to arrive. For most of this period, there were no agents 

covering potential escape routes from the house, although San Juan FBI agents were 

positioned at choke points to intercept Ojeda’s car. 
114

90 percent of the time when deployed properly. One expert noted that the use 

of CN in a pyrotechnic form has resulted in death by oxygen deprivation in a 

couple cases.92

We believe that Ojeda’s positional advantage would have been reduced or 

neutralized in this scenario. We also believe that the FBI had enough 

information regarding the residence to adopt, or at least consider, this plan. In 

particular, the sniper-observers had already reported that there were no exit 

points on the Black or Red sides, and that there were windows but no doors on 

the Green side. Ojeda’s only true exit points were the front door and the gated 

doorway, both on the White (front) side of the house. Finding positions of cover 

from which to guard the available exit points would not have been an 

impossible problem; indeed, the assault team retreated to such positions 

shortly after the dynamic assault failed and Frank was wounded and 

evacuated. 

Given Ojeda’s history, the likelihood that this scenario would have 

ultimately resulted in a gunfight with Ojeda cannot be excluded. But if Ojeda 

began shooting after he had been forced outdoors by gas, with the agents in 

positions of cover, the danger to the agents would have been far less than an 

exchange with Ojeda firing from a dark window at agents exposed on the porch, 

at very short range. 

We concluded that the reasons given by the FBI witnesses for rejecting or 

not considering a surround and call-out strategy were not persuasive and were 

in some cases troubling. Fraticelli claimed that he proposed the surround and 

call-out when the compromise was reported by the sniper-observers. He said 

that although he originally wanted to avoid a standoff, he felt the calculation 

changed when the element of surprise was lost. However, Fraticelli said that 

after Steve pointed out that Ojeda had previously used a barricade situation to 

resist arrest, Fraticelli became convinced that an assault was the best option. 

 Steve told us, however, that “no consideration” was given to a surround 

and call-out option. The OTU agents (Kevin, Andy, and Jason) who 

participated in developing an assault plan told us that the surround and callout option was excluded because Fraticelli had previously said he wanted to 

avoid a barricade situation. We found a significant conflict between the 

statements of Fraticelli and the other witnesses on this point, which we were 

not able to reconcile. At a minimum, it appears that there was no significant 

 92 The MIOG, Part 2, Section 12-14.2(5), permits the use of pyrotechnic munitions in 

connection with chemical agents only in outdoor situations. An OIG expert stated that nonpyrotechnic methods of delivering chemical agents by projectile into a target such as the Ojeda 

residence were available. 
115

reconsideration or discussion of the surround and call-out option after the 

reported compromise of the sniper-observers. 

We also believe that the reported compromise of the sniper-observers and 

the need to deliver the arrest team by helicopter changed the circumstances so 

significantly that the relative merits of a surround and call-out option as 

compared to an emergency daylight assault should have been given more 

consideration. Although we recognize that the ultimate decision was made 

under conditions of great stress, we note that the final determination to 

conduct an emergency assault was not made until approximately 3:45 p.m., 

over an hour after the compromise was reported. We believe that there was 

adequate time to revisit the surround and call-out option at this stage.93 

We believe that the mindset of avoiding a barricaded subject scenario 

caused the FBI to make inadequate preparations in advance for contingencies 

under which such a scenario might arise. This mindset also prevented the 

agents from revisiting the surround and call-out strategy when circumstances 

changed as a result of the reported compromise. 

 

We also acknowledge that the surround and call-out option was not a 

perfect one. If the agents attempting to establish a perimeter could not 

establish positions of adequate cover, they might be exposed to gunfire from 

the residence, particularly if the subject was armed with a rifle. The agents 

also faced uncertainty regarding whether they could establish a safe perimeter 

in an area believed to be populated with sympathizers. (As it happened, the 

agents were required to establish such a perimeter after Frank was wounded, 

and they were able to do so successfully.) If it had been necessary to launch 

chemical agents into the house, the agents doing so might have also been 

exposed to fire during that operation.94 

 93 As a related matter, the OIG’s experts commented on the CONOP. They expressed 

the opinion that, although the operation plans for the Ojeda nighttime arrest were generally 

thorough and well reasoned, there appeared to have been little advance planning for dealing 

with any contingency that might result in a barricaded subject scenario. We agree that 

although Fraticelli clearly and reasonably articulated a preference for avoiding such a scenario, 

it was foreseeable, in light of the totality of the circumstances, that a standoff with Ojeda could 

occur, just as it did during his 1985 arrest. The only planning that appears to have occurred 

to deal with this scenario was the decision by Fraticelli to have two trained negotiators from the 

San Juan FBI available. We address the inadequacy of the FBI’s planning and execution of 

negotiations with Ojeda in Chapter Eight. 

94 According to FBI records, a gas mask was recovered during the search of the Ojeda 

residence. If the mask was operational and Ojeda was able to use it, gas might not have been 

effective in this instance, and it would have been necessary to utilize smoke. The OIG expert 

said that the insertion of smoke would have required an agent to approach the house closer 

than the insertion of gas because smoke cannot be fired into a residence the same way as gas. 

This would have potentially exposed the agent to fire from Ojeda, although the risk would be no 

greater than the one that the agents faced in attempting a frontal assault. At worst, the agents 

(continued) 
116

We also recognize that during his 1985 arrest, Ojeda had apparently 

used the time after the agents called him out to prepare for his violent 

resistance. However, in this case the assault option did not eliminate this 

problem, because it took almost two hours for the HRT agents to arrive at the 

scene after the compromise was reported. During this interim, Ojeda had 

ample time to prepare for a gunfight. 

In sum, we concluded that the surround and call-out option presented 

significantly less risk to the agents and at least as great a likelihood of success 

as did the emergency daylight entry that was advocated by Steve and ordered 

by Fraticelli. We recognize that the advantages may not necessarily have been 

obvious to the commanders in Puerto Rico, and that we are making this finding 

with the benefit of hindsight. But at the very least, we believe that the 

surround and call-out option should have been considered and revisited with 

greater attention, which the FBI never did. 

IV. Whether the FBI Gave Adequate Consideration to Extracting the 

Sniper-Observers and Withdrawing 

We also are concerned that the FBI gave little or no consideration to the 

option of extracting the sniper-observers without taking immediate action to 

arrest or surround Ojeda at the residence. In raising this concern, we are not 

making a finding that the “extract and withdraw” option should have been 

selected in this case. As we explain below, there were several valid reasons for 

the FBI to decide that immediate affirmative steps should be taken to capture 

or contain Ojeda. However, we believe that when a subject is not creating a 

crisis situation that poses imminent danger to innocent people, and the 

available options for immediately arresting or containing the subject present 

major risks to agents or others, FBI incident commanders should at least 

consider seriously the possibility of withdrawing. In this case, we do not 

believe this option was given more than cursory consideration. 

As noted above, we determined that when the potential compromise was 

reported, the TOC asked the sniper-observers by radio if they could exit the 

area by the same route they came in. The sniper-observers – who were urging 

immediate action by the FBI to “hit the house” to arrest Ojeda – reported that 

they did not have adequate supplies to exit the area by the same route. 

Fraticelli and Steve told us that in order to extract the sniper-observers the FBI 

would have had to send a vehicle up the road that runs alongside Ojeda’s 

residence to pick up the sniper-observers near the trailhead. They said they 

 

would have found themselves in a standoff situation similar to the one that occurred after the 

assault plan failed. 
117

rejected this option because sending a vehicle up the road near the residence 

would alert Ojeda to the FBI’s presence. 

When we asked Steve to describe the deliberations regarding what action 

to take in response to the reported compromise of the sniper-observers, he 

stated that “[w]e gave no consideration to options other than a direct assault on 

the house.” 

It is not clear that a vehicle extraction would have alerted Ojeda or 

exposed the HRT agents to danger.95 In any event, the incident commanders 

should have weighed the risk of that outcome against the foreseeable risk to 

the agents or other persons posed by the more aggressive alternatives. 

The OIG’s experts told us that they did not believe that an “extract and 

withdraw” strategy should have been selected in this case. Among other 

things, they pointed out that Ojeda was a high priority fugitive who had eluded 

capture for 15 years and who was considered a threat. They noted that 

allowing Ojeda to escape may have resulted in his disappearance for many 

more years. They also noted that there was no assurance that the FBI would 

get a future opportunity to arrest Ojeda under circumstances offering a greater 

tactical advantage. The experts felt that Ojeda’s isolated location and limited 

resources gave the FBI a tactical advantage if exercised properly and with 

adequate law enforcement manpower (including sufficient resources to control 

potential crowds of sympathizers). 

 

The FBI was justifiably concerned that Ojeda would elude apprehension 

again. While Fraticelli had no specific information regarding the identity or 

sympathies of the persons who were seen and heard by the sniper-observers, 

he knew that the Ojeda house was one of six residences on a property owned 

by a known Machetero. Given all of these circumstances, we concluded that it 

was not inappropriate for the FBI to reject an “extract and withdraw” strategy 

after due consideration. 

However, we are not persuaded that such consideration actually took 

place in this case. We believe that Fraticelli and Steve started from the 

unexamined assumption that affirmative steps had to be taken immediately to 

arrest Ojeda. We concluded that one lesson to be learned from the Ojeda 

incident is that in the absence of a crisis situation involving an imminent 

danger to FBI employees or innocent people, incident managers should at least 

 95 The road rises steeply above Ojeda’s residence as it passes by and the residence has 

no windows on the Black or Red sides facing the road. In addition, there was a newly 

constructed or under-construction house further up the road at Site 2, so vehicular traffic on 

that road was probably not an unusual event. Therefore, although Ojeda might hear a vehicle 

traveling up the road or briefly glance at it from the White side, he would not inevitably 

conclude that it was an FBI vehicle. 
118

seriously consider the “withdraw” or “no action” option along with other, more 

aggressive options. 

V. Modification of the Approach Route 

Even assuming an immediate assault was justifiable, there were ways 

that the HRT could have modified the assault plan to reduce the additional 

risks to the arresting agents associated with the daytime conditions. The 

approach route – through the front yard, up the steps and laterally along the 

porch to the breach points – was originally part of a plan for a clandestine 

nighttime assault, when the occupants were expected to be sleeping. As noted 

above, during the daytime this route maximized the visibility and exposure of 

the agents to fire from inside the house. 

An alternate approach route was available. Earlier that day, during 

deliberations regarding plans for the deliberate nighttime assault, the sniperobservers suggested a route to the house from the direction of the Black/Red 

corner, which would have required the agents to go further up the road 

adjacent to the house before going over a fence and down a slope toward the 

Red/White corner. The agents could not be seen or fired on from inside the 

house on this route, because there were no windows or doors on the Black or 

Red sides. An approach from this direction would have reduced the exposure 

of the agents to fire from the house as they approached it from the road.96 

We recognize that this route would not have eliminated all risk to the 

agents. Frank was wounded as he attempted to breach the gated doorway, a 

maneuver that would have been required no matter what route the agents took 

to get to the house. But the other agents (including SAs Brian and George, 

both of whom were shot by Ojeda) might not have taken the route along the 

porch or bank that exposed them to fire from the kitchen window. 

The OIG experts also pointed out that there was an opportunity to adjust 

the emergency assault plan when the helicopters missed the intended landing 

zone. The emergency assault was premised on a very short amount of time 

between the arrival of the helicopters and entry of the house, to minimize 

Ojeda’s opportunity to prepare resistance. After the helicopters failed to find 

the banana field landing zone, circled near the target, and delivered the agents 

 96 According to the TOC Log, when presented with this recommendation, Red Squad 

Supervisor Doug responded that he “wanted to avoid dogs on route.” We are not certain why 

Doug perceived that the dogs would be a greater problem on the Black/Red corner than on the 

White side during a nighttime assault, although it may be that the approach by this route 

would be slower, giving the dogs more time to detect the presence of the agents. In any event, 

the advantage would not seem to apply to a daylight assault, given that the agents would be 

inserted by helicopters in full view of the residence. 
119

to the wrong location, the leader of the assault team should have recognized 

that any remaining element of surprise had been lost and halted the assault in 

order to regroup and adjust the plan. 

Instead, the 10 HRT agents boarded an SUV driven by a San Juan FBI 

agent who was positioned at a choke point, drove to the Ojeda residence, 

crashed the gate, and began running up the front steps of the house in the face 

of fire from the kitchen window. According to the TOC Log, at least 10 minutes 

elapsed from the time the helicopters could be heard by the sniper-observers 

near the Ojeda residence and the time the HRT assault team arrived on the 

SUV. We agree with the OIG experts that at that stage it should have been 

clear that a daylight assault on the White side would be unduly dangerous to 

the agents, given Ojeda’s known history of violence and the additional 

opportunity he had to prepare an ambush. 

VI. The Decision to Conduct the Assault on El Grito de Lares 

The FBI’s decision to conduct the assault on September 23, 

El Grito de Lares, a holiday of great significance to the independence 

movement, has also been questioned by many people in Puerto Rico. Some 

have alleged that the FBI chose this day intentionally to send a message of 

intimidation to the independence movement. 

 We found no evidence to suggest that the FBI wanted to arrest Ojeda on 

El Grito de Lares because of the symbolic significance of that day. It is true 

that the FBI perceived the holiday as a potential opportunity to arrest Ojeda if 

he left his house to attend the festival and that HRT considered a car stop of 

Ojeda to be the safest means to arrest him. The consideration was one of 

opportunity, not symbolism or intimidation. 

 When Ojeda did not travel on the morning of September 23, the FBI 

began making plans to arrest him at his residence before dawn the next day, 

September 24. It was only because the sniper-observers reported that they 

were compromised during the afternoon of September 23 that the operation 

was conducted that day. Absent the compromise, the operation would not 

have taken place on the holiday. We found no support for the allegation that 

the FBI was attempting to intimidate or demoralize supporters of independence 

through its selection of the holiday as the day to arrest Ojeda. 
120

VII. Conclusions Regarding the Decision to Conduct an Emergency 

Daylight Assault 

 In sum, we believe that the decision to conduct an emergency daylight 

assault was a flawed decision and not the best option available. However, we 

do not believe that Fraticelli and Steve’s selection of this option constituted 

misconduct. Rather, their actions raise performance issues that we believe the 

FBI should address. 

 More importantly, this case should provide important lessons for the FBI 

in the future. These include: 

• The importance of anticipating and preparing for contingencies 

that may reflect lesser preferred outcomes but that may 

nevertheless occur for reasons outside the control of the arresting 

agents – in this case compromise of the sniper-observers and the 

possibility that a barricaded subject scenario might arise. The FBI 

should guard against allowing a mindset for or against a particular 

strategy to prevent it from preparing for foreseeable contingencies. 

• The importance of adequately considering all options in emergency 

situations, as time permits, including revisiting options that may 

have been discarded in prior planning. In this case, Fraticelli told 

the OIG that he suggested a surround and call-out option, but 

Steve and his subordinates from the OTU stated that they 

assumed that Fraticelli still would not consider this option because 

it might result in a barricaded subject situation. And it appears 

that the withdrawal option was given only cursory consideration. 

At the very least, it does not appear that the communication 

between Fraticelli and the OTU/HRT agents was clear or effective. 

• The importance of considering how changed conditions affect the 

viability of a plan intended for different circumstances. In this 

case, the FBI adapted a plan that was being developed for a 

surreptitious nighttime assault as the basis for an emergency 

daylight assault, under circumstances in which the planners 

should have foreseen that the element of surprise would be lost. 

The planners did not adequately account for how the change in 

circumstances would affect the viability of the original assault 

plan. 

• The importance of having Spanish language capability on the 

sniper-observer team in cases in which the subject of surveillance 

and other relevant individuals are likely to communicate in 

Spanish. 
121

• The dramatic advantages that high ground, superior cover, and 

superior visibility can provide to a subject. In this case, these 

factors contributed significantly to enabling Ojeda, using a single 

pistol, to shoot three agents and to hold off a coordinated assault 

of 10 agents armed with high-powered carbines. 

• The importance of considering a “withdraw” or “no action” option 

as well as more aggressive options for dealing with a subject when 

there is no crisis situation posing imminent danger to innocent 

people and when the alternatives involve significant risks to agents 

or others. 
122

[BLANK] 
123

CHAPTER SEVEN: 

OIG ASSESSMENT OF THE FBI’S DECISIONS REGARDING 

ENTRY OF THE RESIDENCE 

In this Chapter, the OIG assesses the FBI’s decision not to enter the 

Ojeda residence until 12:35 p.m. on September 24, over 18 hours after the 

agents at the scene reported that they believed Ojeda had been shot. This 

decision has been criticized because Ojeda bled to death from his bullet wound. 

Some individuals have alleged that the FBI’s failure to provide medical 

assistance to Ojeda during this 18-hour period reflected negligence, poor 

planning, or an intent on the part of the FBI to allow Ojeda to die. The 

controversy may have been further fueled by the FBI’s failure to make any 

public statements regarding the operation until 7:00 a.m. on September 24, 

even though reports that Ojeda had been shot and wounded or killed had 

begun to circulate widely in the media during the evening of September 23. 

 The OIG found that the decision by the FBI to delay entry of the 

residence until September 24 was motivated by considerations of agent safety 

and not by an intent to let Ojeda die. In the hours after 6:08 p.m. on 

September 23, when the agents at the scene reported that Ojeda had likely 

been wounded, the primary concern of the FBI commanders in Puerto Rico was 

that Ojeda might not have been disabled and that there might be an additional 

armed subject inside the residence posing a continuing deadly threat to agents 

who might enter the house. Accordingly, the agents in Puerto Rico took 

deliberate and reasonable steps in preparation for a “clear” of the residence 

after dark, when the agents believed they would have a significant tactical 

advantage. If control of the operation had remained in Puerto Rico, the clear 

would likely have begun shortly after 8:09 p.m., when electric power to the 

residence was cut off. 

 At approximately 8:05 p.m., however, Counterterrorism Division (CTD) 

AD Hulon in FBI Headquarters informed Fraticelli that any deliberate entry of 

the residence would require CTD approval. AD Hulon, in consultation with 

EAD Bald, ultimately decided that no entry would take place until relief units 

from HRT in Quantico arrived at the scene the next morning. Again, we found 

that the decision was motivated by concerns for agent safety because of the 

unsuccessful assault earlier on September 23 and because of uncertainty 

regarding the continuing threat posed by Ojeda and any other occupants of the 

house. 

We did not find CTD’s decision to assume control over the entry decision 

improper and believe the decision to postpone the entry until the next day 

reflected a good-faith balancing of the available information. We also found, on 

the basis of expert forensic analysis, that by the time CTD assumed control 

and made the decision not to enter the residence that evening, Ojeda had very 
124

likely already died. Therefore, the decisions made by CTD after assuming 

control at 8:05 p.m. likely had no impact on the outcome of the operation. 

However, we did find troubling aspects in the entry decisions regarding 

the clarity in the chain of command in Puerto Rico and the accuracy of 

information Bald and Hulon relied upon in making their decisions. We believe 

the FBI can learn important lessons from this incident that will benefit future 

operations. 

I. Assessment of FBI Entry Decisions in Puerto Rico from 

Approximately 6:08 p.m. to 8:05 p.m. 

From the time that Ojeda was shot until 8:05 p.m., SAC Fraticelli and 

HRT Deputy Commander Steve were responsible for decisions relating to 

whether to enter the residence. We concluded that their decisions during this 

period were reasonable under the circumstances. 

At approximately 6:13 p.m., immediately after Ojeda was hit, Red Squad 

Supervisor Doug requested permission to conduct a “clear” of the residence. 

Steve rejected this request because of the uncertainty about Ojeda's condition 

and whether he was still a viable threat to the HRT agents. In addition, the 

reporting from the scene following the exchange of gunfire between Ojeda and 

HRT suggested the possibility that a second armed subject was in the 

residence. Moreover, Ojeda's wife, Rosado, refused to answer FBI questions 

when she surrendered about the number of people inside the residence, as did 

Ojeda when asked by San Juan FBI agents Rodger (the negotiator) and Ron. 

Steve, with Fraticelli's apparent consent, elected to proceed slowly and 

methodically. As described in Chapter Three, this strategy involved making a 

limited breach of the gated door on the residence to try seeing inside, calling 

out to Ojeda for a response, assessing alternative entry points to the residence, 

and assembling an entry team and ensuring it was properly equipped. The 

strategy was also designed to provide HRT the tactical advantage of operating 

under cover of darkness by waiting for nighttime and shutting off the electricity 

to the residence. 

The OIG’s experts agreed that a cautious, deliberate approach was the 

appropriate one, even considering the likelihood that Ojeda was wounded and 

needed medical care. In their judgment, the agents were not required, legally 

or ethically, to place themselves at risk by immediately entering a residence to 

provide medical aid to a person who still could present a threat and who had 

demonstrated a propensity for violence that day, and in the past. They said 
125

that the incremental steps taken by HRT to assess the situation and ensure 

agent safety were entirely appropriate for the circumstances.97

II. Differing Accounts Regarding the Chain of Command from 6:08 until 

8:05 p.m. 

Before assessing the decisions made by CTD after it assumed control of 

the situation, we comment here on the differing accounts that the OIG received 

regarding the chain of command during the period from 6:08 p.m., when Ojeda 

was wounded, until 8:05 p.m., when Hulon told Fraticelli that CTD approval 

would be required for any entry into the residence. 

Our conclusion that San Juan FBI and HRT approached the entry 

decision cautiously but reasonably credited Fraticelli’s and Steve’s accounts 

that they were in fact planning to enter Ojeda's residence that night. As we set 

out in Chapter Five, however, their accounts directly conflicted with HRT 

Commander Craig's statement to us that he ordered Steve not to enter the 

residence after the limited breach, which took place at approximately 7:00 p.m. 

In contrast, Steve told us Craig did not give him any orders at all during their 

conversations and Fraticelli told us that he thought Steve’s conversations with 

Craig were limited to providing situation reports. We did not find evidence of 

any communications between Steve and Fraticelli or between the TOC and the 

scene suggesting otherwise.98 In effect, what Craig considered at the time, and 

asserted to us was an order, evidently was a non-factor in San Juan FBI and 

HRT’s entry decisions between 6:08 and 8:05 p.m.

 97 We identified two issues relevant to San Juan FBI’s and HRT’s decisions that relate 

to the level of preparedness and include them here for the FBI’s consideration in future 

operations. First, one of the OIG’s experts questioned whether HRT had equipment available 

that could have been used to see inside the residence, such as fiber optic video equipment. He 

thought this should be standard equipment for an operation such as this and considered it a 

mistake that it was not brought. None of the experts believed that having the equipment would 

have changed the FBI's obligation to enter the residence, but using it might have provided 

intelligence that could have hastened the decision to enter. 

Second, regarding the significant delay shutting off the electricity to the residence, the 

experts questioned whether more thorough intelligence gathering before the operation began 

could have hastened this process. Of course, one possible explanation for this not being done 

was that neither San Juan FBI nor HRT anticipated a barricaded subject scenario and 

therefore did not consider in advance how the utilities could be shut off. However, we found in 

Chapter Six that there should have been contingency planning for this scenario. As we discuss 

in Chapter Eight, the FBI’s failure to anticipate a barricaded subject scenario also affected its 

negotiations preparedness. 

98 In fact, on the subject of Craig sending HRT reinforcements to Puerto Rico, Steve 

said he told Craig that they would not be needed if the situation was resolved that night 

(September 23), suggesting that entry that evening was still considered a viable option. 
126

The conflict between the versions of events provided by Craig and Steve 

is troubling for several reasons. Apparently, Steve misinterpreted or ignored 

what his superior considered an order, indicating a significant lapse in either 

communication or command. Alternatively, Craig did not communicate the 

order to Steve at all. Just as troubling is the fact that Craig, although Steve's 

superior, was not the tactical advisor to the SAC for this operation. We do not 

believe Craig had authority to make tactical decisions at that time. Thus, 

whatever Craig intended to convey in his discussions with Steve, its proper 

status was that of a recommendation. Assuming it was in fact made to Steve, 

the recommendation should have been passed along to Fraticelli for his 

consideration, and it apparently was not. 

We do not believe this circumstance occurred because the FBI's chain of 

command policies lacked clarity. Chain of command responsibilities were set 

forth in the FBI’s Crisis Management Program guidelines and were clearly 

defined in the CONOP for this operation, which provided that Fraticelli was at 

the top of the chain of command, followed by San Juan FBI ASAC Leslie, HRT 

Deputy Commander Steve, and Red Squad Supervisor Doug. Therefore, to 

avoid a repeat of this situation in future operations, we recommend that CIRG 

and HRT management review and discuss the miscommunication described 

here and the discrepancy in the chain of command that Craig’s order 

demonstrates. 

III. Whether the FBI Ignored Bloodstains on the Front Doorstep 

 One allegation made in the Puerto Rico press was that the FBI knew 

Ojeda was seriously injured and bleeding because a large amount of blood 

came out under the front door, making a large stain on the front step and the 

balcony porch door. Several Puerto Rico newspapers published photographs 

similar to Figure 11 as support for this allegation. Some individuals suggested 

that because the agents at the scene would have seen the blood stain on 

September 23, the FBI’s delay in entering the house must have reflected an 

intention to let Ojeda bleed to death. 

 The OIG found no evidence to support this inference. To begin with, the 

dramatic bloodstain photographs published in the newspapers reflected the 

appearance of the doorstep on or after the afternoon of September 24, by which 

time Ojeda’s body had been turned over and pulled out onto the porch to check 

for explosive devices. (See Figure 11.) Before the body was turned over, the 

appearance of the doorstep was very different. As shown in Figure 10, there 

was a thin stream of blood at one corner of the doorstep. A substantial amount 

of blood gradually accumulated on the floor of the balcony porch. 

 None of the agents at the scene said they saw a blood stain on the 

doorstep before the FBI entered the house on September 24. We found the 
127

agents’ statements that they did not see a stain to be credible for several 

reasons. First, as noted above, before Ojeda’s body was moved the stain was 

not nearly as dramatic as suggested in the newspaper photographs. 

 Second, many of the agents covering the Ojeda residence after Ojeda was 

shot were positioned at locations below the elevation of the balcony porch and 

therefore could not have seen the doorstep or the floor. The agents’ view of the 

porch also was significantly obscured by heavy foliage. The newspaper 

photographs were taken after the foliage was removed, giving the impression 

that the doorstep was much more visible than it in fact was during the 

operation. Figure 8, a photograph taken from a position in the front yard 

before the foliage was removed, gives a more accurate illustration of how the 

porch would have looked to many of the agents on September 23. 

 The agents positioned on the hillside behind the retaining wall (Brian 

and Ken) also may not have had a clear view of the area of the porch where the 

bloodstain formed. As shown in Figure 9 – a view of the residence from the 

approximate location where Brian was positioned when he fired at Ojeda – the 

view of the doorstep and the porch floor near the front door was obscured by 

the balcony railing. 

Third, the blood on the porch floor would have accumulated gradually as 

blood flowed from Ojeda’s body under the door. Ojeda was shot at 6:08 p.m. 

Sunset on that day was around 6:30 p.m. There was no light on the porch. 

Therefore, it likely was dark before blood would have been present in an 

amount visible to the agents from their positions of cover, even assuming that 

their views had not otherwise been obscured. 

Finally, we found it significant that most of the agents who were present 

at the scene on September 23 told us that they believed that Ojeda was 

wounded on the basis of hearing him cry out and fall, even without seeing any 

blood under the door. Most notably, the two agents in the best position to view 

the blood stain – Don and Scott, who breached the gated door at 6:49 p.m. and 

remained in the alcove for some time after – strongly advocated entering the 

residence and therefore would not have had any reason to disregard the 

significance of the blood stain. To the contrary, the presence of the stain would 

have made their argument for entering the residence that night more 

compelling. 

IV. Assessment of FBI Entry Decisions at FBI Headquarters 

In this section, we assess separately two aspects of the entry decisions 

made at FBI Headquarters: first, the reasons for requiring CTD approval for 

any entry, and second, the explanation for not entering the residence the night 

of September 23. We also address how removing the entry decision from the 
128

San Juan FBI Command Post affected the accuracy of the information available 

to the CTD decision-makers.

 

A. Decision to Require Counterterrorism Division Approval of any 

Plan to Enter the Residence 

CTD’s authority to require, as it did at 8:05 p.m. on September 23, that 

Hulon approve any plan to enter the residence is undisputed. The Macheteros 

investigation, which included the arrest operation for Ojeda, was classified as a 

terrorism case and therefore fell under Hulon’s authority as the Assistant 

Director for CTD. In addition, following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the 

FBI mandated that FBI Headquarters, instead of the field division with primary 

investigative responsibility, would be the lead in all FBI counterterrorism cases 

and their related operations. 

The issue for the OIG, therefore, was to assess the reasons CTD 

exercised its authority in the manner it did in this particular case. We 

interviewed the FBI Headquarters officials most closely involved in the matter – 

EAD Bald, AD Hulon, and DAD Lewis. Based on these interviews, we found 

that Bald decided to require CTD approval for any entry plan because he 

thought that Fraticelli was “overwhelmed” and lacked confidence in his own 

ability to manage the situation, a perception Bald felt was confirmed by what 

he believed were indications of command confusion between San Juan FBI and 

HRT. The decision was made in the context of a shared belief among all three 

Headquarters officials that FBI Headquarters’ involvement was needed to 

provide balance and perspective, and to ensure sound decision-making. 

For the reasons explained below, although we did not find this 

explanation entirely satisfying, we did not conclude that the decision was 

improper. 

1. Perception that the SAC lacked confidence 

 Bald’s perception that Fraticelli felt overwhelmed by the situation and 

lacked the confidence to manage it was based on what he was told about 

Fraticelli’s demeanor in calls with Hulon, and the significance of what Bald 

considered Fraticelli’s premature request for the help of another SAC. The fact 

that Fraticelli requested a specific SAC with whom he had previously worked 

and that he made “repeated” follow-up inquiries about the status of the request 

reinforced Bald’s perception. 

 It is difficult for us to assess Bald’s perception that Fraticelli lacked 

confidence. Bald had years of experience overseeing and supervising crisis 

situations that informed his response to Fraticelli’s request. In addition, Hulon 

– who as the person actually talking to Fraticelli was in a position to assess his 

demeanor – told us that he thought it was fair for Bald to form the perception 
129

he did based on what Hulon related about his conversations with Fraticelli. 

Hulon told us that Fraticelli seemed excitable and stressed during their calls. 

 However, the agents we interviewed who were at the scene, the TOC, and 

the Command Post did not tell us anything that supported the perception that 

Fraticelli lacked confidence or was overwhelmed during the period after 

6:08 p.m. when the perimeter shots were fired. In addition, we did not find 

unreasonable Fraticelli’s explanation for requesting that another SAC be sent 

to Puerto Rico. Fraticelli told us that while he did not know how long the 

situation was going to last, he wanted to ensure that he had a counterpart 

available who could speak Spanish and had experience working in Puerto Rico. 

2. Indications of confusion between San Juan FBI and HRT 

regarding who was in charge 

Bald also told us that he felt his perception of Fraticelli’s lack of 

confidence to manage the situation was confirmed when Hulon told him at 

approximately 7:00 p.m. that an HRT agent had gotten close enough to the 

residence to look inside through a window. This suggested to Bald that HRT 

was making decisions independent of Fraticelli because the agent’s alleged 

activity was inconsistent with the earlier guidance Hulon had given Fraticelli to 

hold the perimeter. 

This aspect of Bald’s decision is also problematic. Hulon told the OIG 

that he does not believe he could have been the person who reported this 

information to Bald because he did not recall hearing that any agent got close 

to the window. Fraticelli, who was Hulon’s primary contact in Puerto Rico, also 

told us that he did not recall anything about an agent getting close to a 

window. And we concluded, on the basis of our interviews with the HRT agents 

who were at the scene, that no one got close to the window at or near the time 

Bald recalled it being reported to him. Therefore, the particular activity that 

Bald said confirmed his perception of Fraticelli’s lack of confidence never 

actually occurred.99

Nevertheless, it was apparent from Bald’s contemporaneous notes that 

some event prompted Bald to question who was in charge of the operation. 

Some of the concern apparently resulted from a statement made by Craig, the 

HRT Commander in Quantico. Hulon called Craig – we believe at about 

7:25 p.m. – to discuss the situation. Craig told Hulon that HRT had the lead at 

 99 We believe it likely that the incident described by Bald was actually the limited 

breach of the residence. Agents at the point of the breach reported that they were able to look 

into the hallway behind the wooden gate but could not see Ojeda. 
130

the scene.100 When this statement reached Bald, he consulted EAD Ashley, 

who agreed with Bald that CTD, through the SAC, had the lead. This resolved 

in Bald’s mind that he needed to act to ensure there was a proper chain of 

command in place before any further deliberate action was taken. 

Yet, here too, the information Bald relied on did not accurately portray 

the situation at the scene. Craig, who Bald incorrectly believed was in Puerto 

Rico, was not at that time in the chain of command. Moreover, whatever 

authority Craig believed he was exercising apparently was not registering in 

Puerto Rico, where Steve and HRT were preparing for a nighttime entry under 

Fraticelli’s authority. Therefore, the chain of command problem in Puerto Rico 

that Bald believed was indicated by Craig’s comment about who had the lead 

did not actually exist. 

We recognize that Bald had to rely on the information he was given, and 

we do not believe he was required to verify everything he was told. However, we 

also observed that Bald did not consult with Hulon regarding the chain of 

command implications of the agent reportedly looking in the window or Craig’s 

statement that HRT had the lead. In fact, while Hulon told us that he agreed 

with Bald’s ultimate decision because he felt Fraticelli needed support, he said 

he was not personally concerned with the management of the operation up to 

that point. 

3. Belief that FBI Headquarters would provide balance and 

perspective, and ensure sound decision-making 

The context of Bald’s decision to require CTD approval for any entry plan 

was his view of the appropriate role for FBI Headquarters in circumstances like 

those in Puerto Rico after the emergency assault failed: to force the managers 

and agents in the field to step back from the action, carefully review the 

situation, and methodically assess the next possible courses of action. The 

goal, as Bald told us, was to avoid making a bad situation worse. 

Hulon and Lewis shared Bald’s view of FBI Headquarters’ role. Hulon 

told us that while he considers HRT an exceptionally well-trained unit capable 

of taking dynamic action upon command, he believes there are circumstances 

where it is appropriate and even necessary for FBI Headquarters to provide an 

additional, broader-based perspective. Similarly, Lewis told us that in his 

experience SWAT agents, like those on HRT, are action-oriented and sometimes 

 100 Craig told the OIG that when Hulon asked him who was in charge of the scene, he 

replied HRT was unless Hulon ordered otherwise. In fact, that was incorrect – according to the 

CONOP and FBI policies, SAC Fraticelli was in charge. 
131

inclined to be aggressive in barricaded subject scenarios.101 He said that while 

there are limited circumstances when quick action is required, he felt the 

situation in Puerto Rico called for stepping back from the earlier violent 

encounter. Lewis also explained that FBI Headquarters gets involved in 

situations such as the one in Puerto Rico because ultimately Headquarters is 

responsible for the outcome. 

 These officials’ views have significant implications for many FBI 

operations, and it was beyond the scope of this review to analyze their effect 

and ramifications on FBI operations generally. We believe, however, that after 

Ojeda was shot the FBI commanders in Puerto Rico were doing precisely what 

Headquarters would expect of them: cautiously and methodically planning the 

next course of action. 

On the other hand, as we discussed in Chapter Six, we found that HRT 

had earlier persuaded the SAC to approve an extremely aggressive and risky 

daylight assault by helicopter, in which the element of surprise was foreseeably 

absent. The failure of the assault to that point would have been a reasonable 

explanation for Bald’s concern that further aggressive action be planned 

carefully and justified. 

However, Bald told us that his decision to require CTD approval for any 

entry did not reflect a judgment about the earlier daylight assault because he 

did not have sufficient information at that point to assess the action. Rather, 

he said the fact that HRT agents had been shot indicated the severity of the 

situation and impressed on him the importance of having someone in firm 

control of the operation. Based on the considerations we discussed above, 

Bald said he concluded Fraticelli was not the right person. 

4. Conclusion regarding the decision to require CTD 

approval for any entry 

 

We were troubled by Bald’s explanation for requiring CTD approval for 

entry because we determined that two of the purported factual predicates for 

the decision – an agent’s activity near a window and the command confusion 

suggested by Craig’s statement that HRT had the lead – did not reflect what 

was actually happening at the scene. In addition, we believe that at the time 

CTD assumed control over the decision, the commanders in Puerto Rico were 

exercising caution and deliberation in preparing for a nighttime entry to be 

conducted after the power was cut. 

 101 The OIG’s experts likewise told us the dynamic approach designed to overwhelm a 

subject through confrontation and force is very popular in law enforcement training today and 

that, as a result, HRT-type units are most comfortable in environments requiring that 

approach. 
132

The most important reason for CTD’s decision to assume control was 

Bald’s perception that Fraticelli was overwhelmed and lacked the confidence to 

manage the situation. Bald’s perception was largely based on Hulon’s 

characterization of Fraticelli’s demeanor during their phone conversations, and 

it is difficult for us to assess this subjective judgment after the fact. While we 

found Fraticelli’s explanation for requesting assistance from another SAC to be 

objectively reasonable, Hulon believed, based on his conversations with 

Fraticelli, that Fraticelli was stressed and that the request for another SAC was 

an unusual request under the circumstances. Bald believed the request 

indicated a lack of confidence. While we are not completely persuaded by the 

evidence supporting these judgments, we cannot say that Bald’s decision, 

based primarily on Fraticelli’s perceived demeanor, was improper. 

 

Finally, there was an additional aspect of the requirement that CTD 

approve any entry decision that warrants comment. When Hulon called 

Fraticelli at 8:05 p.m. to tell him that CTD must approve any entry, Hulon 

initially left open the possibility of a nighttime entry and told Fraticelli and 

Steve that the proposal should be put in writing and sent to Headquarters for 

review. 

The FBI’s Manual of Investigative Operations and Guidelines states: “It 

is recommended that whenever possible, written arrest plans be prepared prior 

to conducting law enforcement activities that may result in the arrest of a 

potentially dangerous subject.” It also provides that: “Certain situations may 

necessitate an oral briefing in lieu of a written plan in exigent circumstances.” 

In our view, Hulon’s requirement that the plan be in writing was 

unnecessary and unduly bureaucratic, particularly in light of the fact that 

Hulon had been told that Ojeda was believed to be wounded and on the floor. 

Hulon told us that he asked for the plan in writing because he considered it 

standard procedure under the circumstances and because it would allow FBI 

Headquarters to carefully review the proposed action. However, Bald told us 

that although written plans should be done if time permits, there would have 

been nothing wrong in this case with HRT presenting the plan orally to the SAC 

and then to Hulon. We concluded that the fact that Ojeda was believed to be 

wounded and on the ground created an “exigent circumstance” that justified an 

oral briefing in lieu of a written plan. We recognize that Hulon ultimately 

rejected the plan for a nighttime entry before it was submitted in writing, so 

that the writing requirement had a limited practical impact on the outcome. 

While we believe Hulon still would have rejected the plan, allowing Fraticelli or 

Steve to present it orally might have accelerated the decision and avoided the 

confusion between Fraticelli and Steve and the agents at the scene, who were 

preparing until 11:33 p.m. that evening to enter the residence, long after Hulon 

had decided that the entry would be delayed until the next morning. 

 
133

B. Decision Not to Enter the Residence the Night of 

September 23 

We found that CTD’s decision not to approve entry of the residence on 

the night of September 23 was motivated by a concern for agent safety and a 

desire to avoid additional casualties. We found no evidence that Bald, Hulon, 

or Lewis was motivated by a desire to withhold medical assistance from Ojeda. 

Rather, the decision reflected a good-faith balancing of the available 

information regarding circumstances at the scene. 

As we discussed in detail in Chapter Three, CTD ultimately rejected a 

nighttime entry based on its belief that there might be a second shooter in the 

residence; the lack of certainty regarding Ojeda’s condition and whether he was 

still a threat; the belief that Ojeda’s intimate knowledge of the interior of the 

residence mitigated HRT’s nighttime tactical advantage; and the fatigue of the 

HRT agents at the scene. Hulon also told us that he believed there was a risk 

based on the history of Ojeda and the Macheteros that the residence contained 

improvised explosive devices. In Hulon’s judgment, these considerations 

outweighed concerns that Ojeda might need medical treatment.

Hulon recognized that, in addition to Ojeda’s possible need for medical 

attention, there were other considerations that favored resolving the situation 

on September 23. For example, delaying the entry until the next day meant 

that the already fatigued HRT agents would have to hold the perimeter 

overnight. Hulon told us that he felt the San Juan FBI SWAT agents and POPR 

officers would be available to assist on the perimeter, which in fact is what 

happened (San Juan FBI SWAT on the inner perimeter, POPR on the outer 

perimeter). Hulon was also aware of the potential security risk posed by the 

crowds at the scene but believed this, too, could be managed by San Juan FBI 

and POPR personnel. With the assistance of a rainstorm that induced much of 

the crowd to disperse, San Juan FBI and POPR personnel were in fact able to 

control the crowd. 

The theme that the FBI Headquarters officials stressed in our interviews 

was that there was no compelling reason to rush the entry and that the 

information available indicated a sufficient level of risk to warrant delay. We 

did not find that this consideration reflected indifference for Ojeda’s medical 

condition. While there was reporting in the SIOC log indicating that Ojeda was 

“on the floor” and “possibly injured,” the officials told us that they did not know 

for certain Ojeda had been shot or what his condition was, although the 

perception of the agents at the scene was that Ojeda had been killed or was 

seriously wounded, as we discuss in the next subsection. 

Although the CTD officials took into account Ojeda’s possible need for 

medical care, they concluded that the continuing potential threat to the agents 

posed by Ojeda or others inside the house was a more important consideration. 
134

We do not believe the FBI was required to enter a residence under 

circumstances that it had reason to believe constituted a continuing threat to 

its agents. 

We recognize a legitimate argument can be made that the FBI should 

have entered the residence that evening, as some of the HRT agents at the 

scene advocated. This argument relies on HRT’s significant tactical advantage 

in nighttime operations; the near certainty – based on his screaming “ay, ay, 

ay,” followed by sounds from the residence suggesting a fall – that Ojeda had 

been seriously wounded and was “on the floor;” the deteriorating security 

environment on the outer perimeter; the possibility that delay would give Ojeda 

and any other occupant time to fortify their positions; and the interest in 

rendering medical care to Ojeda. In retrospect, given our current knowledge 

regarding Ojeda’s condition at the time, it would have reduced (but surely not 

eliminated) the criticism of the FBI if the agents had entered the house on 

September 23, as Fraticelli and Steve initially recommended. However, Hulon 

did not have this knowledge at the time and knew only that Ojeda might have 

been hit but that his precise condition was unknown. We found that the 

decision Hulon made with the information then available to him was not 

improper. 

C. The Informational Consequences of CTD Assuming Control of 

the Entry Decision 

We described above how Bald’s decision to require CTD approval for any 

entry was based in part on inaccurate information regarding what was 

occurring at the scene. We saw a similar problem regarding the decision not to 

enter the residence on the night of September 23. In our view, the information 

available to Hulon and Bald was somewhat inaccurate because of their 

distance from the scene, their lack of continuous communication with the San 

Juan FBI Command Post, and the filtering of information through at least two 

levels of reporting. As a result, the CTD officials’ perception of the threat to the 

agents entering the residence was different in important respects from HRT 

agents’ perception of that threat. The agents at the scene who were closest to 

the action said they were virtually certain, based on what they saw and heard, 

that Ojeda had been killed or very seriously wounded by the perimeter shots at 

6:08 p.m. The agents’ certainty on this point, and their increasing confidence 

in the belief that there were no other subjects in the house, was reinforced by 

the lack of any response to the partial breach and the absence for several 

hours of any noise from inside the house except for the sound of a radio 

playing. 

In contrast, the CTD officials were operating throughout the evening of 

September 23 under the assumption that there may have been a second armed 

subject in the house and the belief that Ojeda may have been wounded but 

that his condition was essentially unknown. We believe that this difference is 
135

one reason (but not the only reason) the agents at the scene were so much 

more eager to conduct an entry that night than CTD. 

Fraticelli told us that he was not aware of the HRT agents’ growing 

certainty as time passed that the threat from the residence was minimal. In 

our view, this was because the HRT agents anticipated that the nighttime entry 

plan would be approved by CTD and therefore did not report their evolving 

perception of the threat. Further, Fraticelli did not solicit the information 

because he understood, based on his earlier call with Hulon, that CTD had 

made a decision to conduct the entry the next day with the relief HRT team 

from Quantico. In fact, in his later call to Lewis to persuade him that a 

nighttime entry was the better course of action, Fraticelli said he told Lewis 

that Ojeda might still be alive. 

The evident disconnect in the assumptions underlying the entry 

deliberations troubled us. CTD was making decisions based on assumptions 

about the threat from inside the residence that were not entirely supported by 

the observations of the HRT agents at the scene. Yet, because the agents at the 

scene believed it was only a matter of time before the entry would be approved, 

they did not report their evolving perception of the threat to the TOC. And 

because Fraticelli believed that CTD already had made its decision relatively 

early in the evening – for reasons that he told us he found reasonable – he did 

not solicit from HRT its assessment of the threat as time passed and then 

report this information to Hulon. 

We asked Hulon whether a different decision might have been made if 

CTD had been informed during the night of September 23 that the HRT agents 

at the scene were virtually certain Ojeda had been seriously wounded, if not 

killed, and were increasingly confident there were no other subjects in the 

house. Hulon told us that this information would have prompted additional 

discussion with Bald, and possibly input from Lewis and Craig as well, but that 

he could not state whether this would have changed his decision about 

delaying entry. Hulon said they likely would have assessed the basis for the 

agents’ judgment and considered that together with the other relevant factors, 

such as agent fatigue and the possibility of explosives in the residence. 

We concluded that the distance and multiple layers of reporting between 

the agents at the scene and the FBI Headquarters officials in Washington D.C. 

affected the information that was the basis of the decision not to enter the 

house during the evening of September 23. However, we cannot say with 

certainty that the decision in this case would have changed if the more 

immediate assessment of conditions at the scene had been available to the CTD 

officials. 

The OIG’s experts were critical of the command and control structure 

where tactical decisions are made from a location other than the scene of the 
136

operation. As one expert explained, circumstances in crisis incidents like that 

in Puerto Rico are frequently changing and the tactical decision-maker must be 

at the scene to keep pace with what is happening and to best appreciate the 

relevant risk factors. In the expert’s view, remote management that relies on 

intelligence being accurately reported through multiple layers is problematic. 

In contrast, the FBI Headquarters officials we interviewed told us there 

are circumstances where Headquarters’ involvement in a crisis incident is 

important. In this case, for example, Hulon felt Bald’s decision to require CTD 

approval for any entry plan was appropriate because it eliminated any 

command confusion and provided additional support to the operation. Hulon 

also told us that the involvement of senior managers from Headquarters brings 

significant operational experience to crisis incidents and provides perspective 

regarding how decisions in one incident might impact FBI operations more 

broadly. Headquarters’ involvement can also bring a measure of deliberation 

and caution to crisis incidents where, as Lewis told us, stepping back from a 

violent encounter is a preferable strategy to the quick, aggressive tactics 

sometimes favored by action-oriented agents such as those on HRT. 

It is beyond the scope of our review to determine generally the relative 

merits of our experts’ opinion (that any command and control structure where 

FBI Headquarters makes tactical decisions is a poor model for crisis incidents) 

versus the desire to vest ultimate decision-making authority in a senior 

manager who while removed from the scene has a broader perspective. 

However, this case demonstrates how an information disconnect can affect the 

decisions of remote managers. In considering when, and how, to vest decisionmaking authority for crisis situations in FBI Headquarters, we believe that the 

FBI should take this consequence into account in assessing the conditions 

under which Headquarters will assume control over a crisis incident. And 

when FBI Headquarters assumes such operational control, the FBI should 

ensure that adequate information flows to the Headquarters officials who must 

approve operational decisions and that Headquarters officials adequately 

communicate with on-scene commanders. 

V. The Tension Between the FBI’s Aggressive Strategy Before the 

Gunfire Exchange and its Cautious Strategy after Ojeda Was 

Wounded 

There was an obvious change in the degree of aggressiveness in the FBI’s 

strategy during the course of the operation. When the sniper-observers 

reported that they had been compromised, Fraticelli approved the extremely 

aggressive immediate assault strategy recommended by Steve. After three HRT 

agents were shot and one was seriously wounded, the agents at the scene still 

wanted to immediately enter the residence, but the FBI adopted a far more 

cautious approach. CTD’s decision not to approve a nighttime entry after 
137

Ojeda was wounded clearly reflected a greater emphasis on caution and safety 

than informed the selection of the emergency assault plan. 

This change in emphasis subjected the FBI to harsh criticism, ranging 

from the suggestion that the FBI was not prepared to finish what it had started 

to the accusation that the FBI’s decisions were part of an intentional plan to 

assassinate a symbol of the Puerto Rican independence movement. 

We determined that the change in emphasis toward a more cautious 

approach was not the result of malicious intent, but rather FBI Headquarters’ 

adjustment from the initial strategy that had failed.102 As we discussed in 

Chapter Six, we concluded that HRT’s decision to conduct an emergency 

daylight assault was extremely risky in comparison to available alternatives. 

The selection of a more cautious approach after Ojeda was shot was, in 

significant part, an understandable reaction to the results of the more 

aggressive approach, which had resulted in three agents being shot and one 

seriously wounded. Thus, in our judgment, the contrast in approaches was the 

result of an overly risky assault as opposed to an overly cautious entry 

afterwards. 

In addition, the circumstances had changed by the time the nighttime 

entry decision had to be made. The emergency assault, in theory, required 

rapid action so that Ojeda did not have time to prepare any resistance. After 

the assault failed and Ojeda was believed shot, there was a wholly different 

scenario to contend with: the apprehension of a barricaded, potentially 

wounded subject who had shot at law enforcement, with the possibility of a 

second shooter in the residence. The OIG’s experts concluded, and we agreed, 

that this scenario supported the FBI’s cautious approach. 

VI. Consequences for the Outcome 

 

It is critical to note that, although the decision to put off entry into the 

residence until the next day was one of the most controversial aspects of the 

operation, we found that it likely had no impact on Ojeda’s death. As we 

discussed in Chapter Four, the Forensic Pathologist who performed the 

autopsy told us that based on the size of the wound and reasonable 

assumptions about Ojeda's heart rate and blood pressure, he estimated that 

 102 The OIG experts also told us that, based on their review, HRT did not send enough 

agents to Puerto Rico to conduct the operation. It is possible that, with an additional shift of 

agents available the fatigue factor might not have been as persuasive a reason for CTD to reject 

a nighttime entry. In this sense, it could be said that the change to a cautious approach 

reflected inadequate preparation. But in light of the outcome of the emergency assault, we 

believe that CTD would have selected a more cautious approach even if more HRT agents had 

been available at the scene. 
138

Ojeda died from loss of blood approximately 15 to 30 minutes after being shot, 

which would place the time of death at between 6:23 and 6:38. In addition, 

when the OIG asked the Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner whether 

Ojeda could have survived longer than two hours (the period during which 

Fraticelli was in charge of the entry decision), the Medical Examiner responded 

that it was unlikely. 

If these medical opinions are accurate, Ojeda died from blood loss before 

the agents at the scene conducted a partial breach of the gated doorway at 6:49 

and well before CTD took control of the entry decision at 8:05 p.m. Indeed, if 

the estimates from the Forensic Institute are accurate, the only chance to save 

Ojeda’s life would have been for the agents to enter the residence some time 

before 6:38 p.m. and evacuate Ojeda immediately. At 6:38, the partial breach 

had not yet been conducted. Given the result of the earlier effort to enter the 

residence, the uncertainty regarding Ojeda’s condition, and the belief that more 

than one weapon had been fired from inside the house during the gunfight, an 

immediate effort to enter the house would have been a risky action and we 

cannot fault the FBI for taking a more cautious approach. 

VII. Conclusions Regarding the FBI’s Entry Decisions 

In this Chapter, we considered the entry decisions made by the FBI 

commanders in Puerto Rico and the officials at FBI Headquarters. We 

concluded that the decisions were motivated by considerations of agent safety 

and not by any desire to withhold medical treatment from Ojeda. The FBI’s 

primary concern was the threat posed to agents entering the house by the 

uncertain condition of Ojeda and the possibility of an additional armed subject 

in the residence. Early in the evening of September 23, this concern justified 

the cautious and deliberate approach taken to preparations for entering the 

residence after dark. Later in the evening, after CTD assumed control over the 

entry decision, this concern was the reason for CTD’s decision that no entry 

would take place until the relief team of HRT agents from Quantico arrived the 

next day, on September 24. Additional reasons for CTD’s decision included 

agent fatigue and the possibility of explosives in the residence. We concluded 

that CTD’s decision reflected a good-faith balancing of the information known 

at the time, and we found no evidence that the decisions made by the FBI 

commanders in Puerto Rico or the CTD officials were based on any desire to 

withhold medical attention from Ojeda. 

We also assessed in this Chapter the decision to require that SAC 

Fraticelli obtain CTD approval before entering the residence. This decision was 

primarily based on the perception at FBI Headquarters that Fraticelli appeared 

overwhelmed and lacked the confidence to handle the situation. Although we 

found that CTD’s decision to assume control was based in part on a 
139

misperception of events at the scene, we could not conclude the decision was 

improper. 

 

We concluded that there were troubling aspects to the entry decisions in 

terms of the clarity in the chain of command in Puerto Rico and the accuracy of 

information used by the CTD officials in making their decisions. A clear chain 

of command is critical in operations where HRT is deployed in support of an 

FBI field division. In this case, Fraticelli was in charge of the operation and 

Steve served as his tactical advisor and was the ranking HRT manager in the 

CONOP’s chain of command. Yet, according to Craig, he gave Steve a tactical 

order not to enter the residence after the limited breach of the gated door. In 

our view, Craig’s order was troubling because we do not believe he had 

authority to make tactical decisions at that time, and because Steve – who told 

us Craig did not give him any advice or recommendations at all – either 

misinterpreted or ignored what Craig considered an order. Craig also 

incorrectly told Hulon that HRT was in charge, which caused Bald to question 

Fraticelli’s leadership. In fact, Fraticelli was in charge, contrary to Craig’s 

statement. This apparent discrepancy in the chain of command should not 

occur, and we recommend that HRT management take measures to ensure it 

does not happen in the future. 

There also was an evident lack of clarity between Fraticelli and Steve 

regarding CTD’s decision not to enter Ojeda’s residence on September 23. 

Based on the statements of Fraticelli and Hulon, CTD’s final decision was 

conveyed to Fraticelli sometime before 9:00 p.m. However, the decision 

apparently was not conveyed to Steve because HRT continued to draft a 

nighttime entry plan, which was finally faxed to FBI Headquarters for approval 

at 11:25 p.m. By that time Hulon had already left for the night. According to 

Steve, he did not learn CTD had made a final decision until he and Fraticelli 

called Lewis to try to persuade him – in the hope that he could then persuade 

Hulon – that HRT should conduct a nighttime entry. Although the recollections 

of those involved were imperfect as to the exact timing of the calls, we believe 

this call and Lewis’s return call occurred after 11:15 p.m., when Hulon and 

Lewis had already left FBI Headquarters for the night. When Fraticelli told 

Steve that Lewis said there would be no entry, the decision was conveyed for 

the first time to the HRT agents at the scene. According to the TOC Log, this 

occurred at 11:33 p.m. While we could not determine precisely why Steve and 

HRT believed a nighttime entry was a possibility nearly three hours after CTD 

decided against that course of action, this demonstrated a troubling lack of 

communication between Fraticelli and Steve concerning the most significant 

tactical decision left to be made. 

Finally, in this Chapter we also highlighted the significant informational 

consequences of CTD’s decision to assume control of the entry decision. A 

disconnect existed between CTD’s assumptions regarding the threat from 

inside the residence and the HRT agents’ assessment of that threat as time 
140

passed. Although we could not conclude that the decision in this case would 

have changed if the more immediate assessment of conditions at the scene had 

been available to CTD, we believe that the FBI should take into account the 

potential adverse informational consequences when assessing the conditions 

under which Headquarters will assume control over a crisis incident and in 

ensuring that adequate information flows to and from Headquarters officials 

who must approve operational decisions. 
141

CHAPTER EIGHT: 

ASSESSMENT OF THE PREPARATION FOR AND CONDUCT OF 

NEGOTIATIONS 

After the emergency daylight assault failed to apprehend Ojeda, the FBI 

was confronted with the barricaded subject scenario it had sought to avoid. 

The Crisis Negotiation Unit (CNU) agents who typically are deployed with HRT 

as its crisis negotiators were not included in the CONOP for this mission. 

Instead, two San Juan FBI negotiators were assigned to the operation, and only 

one of them was sent to the scene to communicate with Ojeda following the 

failed assault. In this Chapter, the OIG assesses the FBI’s level of 

preparedness for the scenario that occurred here. This Chapter also assesses 

the conduct of the negotiations between the FBI and Ojeda, including the 

decision to reject Ojeda’s demand that a specific reporter be brought to the 

scene. 

I. The FBI's Preparation for Negotiations in a Barricaded Subject 

Scenario 

CNU Unit Chief Dennis told the OIG that when he learned on 

September 19, 2005, about the operation to apprehend Ojeda, he immediately 

contacted HRT Commander Craig to ask if he needed CNU to organize a full 

complement of negotiators to deploy with HRT. He said Craig told him it was 

unnecessary because the operation was primarily a reconnaissance and 

surveillance mission. Dennis told us that this was the first occasion in his 

experience that Craig declined to include CNU negotiators on an HRT 

deployment.103

Craig said that he told Dennis he did not believe negotiators were needed 

because the deployment was primarily a surveillance mission and he felt the 

chances of making a positive identification of Ojeda were remote. Craig was 

skeptical the mission would succeed in light of the difficult terrain around the 

residence, the presence of sympathizers in the neighborhood, and the fact that 

no one had seen Ojeda in at least 10 years. Craig told us that he expected a 

course of action would be drawn up for an arrest if HRT made a positive 

identification. 

HRT Deputy Commander Steve also told us that he declined Dennis’s 

assistance because he did not believe there was sufficient information at the 

 103 Dennis told us that CNU did not have any Spanish-speaking negotiators at the time, 

but said all the negotiators are trained to negotiate through interpreters. In addition, he said 

the CNU negotiators could have worked with the Spanish-speaking negotiators from the San 

Juan FBI negotiation team. 
142

beginning of the operation to justify bringing CNU negotiators to Puerto Rico. 

He said HRT normally uses CNU negotiators when a barricaded subject 

scenario is anticipated from the beginning of the operation. He said he also 

knew that San Juan FBI had negotiators available if such a scenario arose and 

that CNU negotiators could be flown to the scene if necessary. 

In our view, HRT should have deployed with a CNU crisis negotiation 

team to Puerto Rico. Craig’s statement that CNU negotiators were unnecessary 

because the operation was primarily a surveillance mission was inconsistent 

with the CONOP’s stated purpose of the mission – ‘[t]his CONOP supports the 

surveillance and arrest plan for the subject [Ojeda]” – and the fact that the 

CONOP included several arrest scenarios. Craig’s skepticism about the 

likelihood of success in identifying Ojeda, and belief that there would be an 

opportunity to send down negotiators if and when Ojeda was identified, also 

seemed inconsistent with the planning reflected in the CONOP. We believe 

Craig’s skepticism led to inadequate consideration of the possible scenarios 

that could result from any attempted arrest of Ojeda. One foreseeable 

scenario, given Ojeda’s history, was violent resistance and a potential standoff. 

The ability to timely deploy CNU negotiators to the scene is one important 

option for resolving such a situation. 

Steve’s claim that HRT uses CNU only when a barricaded subject 

scenario is anticipated from the beginning of an operation is inconsistent with 

FBI guidelines. The FBI’s Manual of Investigation Operations and Guidelines 

(MIOG) states that negotiators should deploy with field office SWAT teams “if 

and when” the potential exists for the use of negotiation resources. MIOG, 

Part 2, Section 30-2.3. The FBI Critical Incident Handbook provides similar 

guidance: “Involve the [Crisis Negotiation Team] in the planning stages of a 

high-risk situation where negotiation may be required.” We did not find any 

FBI policies or regulations exempting HRT from these guidelines or establishing 

a different standard for it. 

In this case, negotiation contingency planning was warranted under the 

MIOG and Critical Incident Handbook guidance. HRT recognized when drafting 

the CONOP that Ojeda likely would violently resist any attempted 

apprehension, that Ojeda had previously created a stand-off situation with 

HRT, and that HRT would be operating in a challenging environment where 

compromise and the loss of the element of surprise were distinct possibilities. 

A barricaded subject scenario, while undesirable to Fraticelli, certainly fell 

within the range of reasonable possibilities and should have merited 

contingency planning in HRT’s CONOP. In this scenario, the use of negotiators 

may have been required. 

We also found unsatisfying Steve’s statement that he knew 

San Juan FBI negotiators would be available if the situation called for 

negotiations. Dennis told us that the San Juan FBI negotiators were relatively 
143

inexperienced and that he told at least Craig that he should not rely on 

inexperienced negotiators with a subject like Ojeda. We do not know if Steve 

was also told this, but if he was not, it merely highlights the point that 

negotiations contingency planning was an afterthought in the tactical planning 

of the operation. 

Moreover, leaving the negotiations to San Juan FBI effectively removed 

negotiators from HRT’s tactical planning of the operation. The OIG’s experts 

believed this was a significant mistake. In their judgment, HRT should have 

brought its own negotiators and integrated them into the tactical operation. 

Because this was not done, there was no plan or even discussions regarding 

how the San Juan FBI negotiators would be used or how they would 

communicate with HRT. This scenario is incompatible with the FBI Critical 

Incident Handbook, which recommends that negotiators be involved in the 

planning stages of high-risk situations where negotiation may be required. The 

Handbook also states that “[n]egotiation and tactical strategies should 

complement/parallel each other. Utilize each in synchronization to affect the 

safest outcome as possible for law enforcement personnel.” HRT failed to follow 

this guidance in the planning for this operation. 

In contrast to HRT, Fraticelli did consider the need for negotiators. He 

told us that even though he wanted to avoid a barricaded subject scenario, he 

recognized its possibility and therefore arranged for two negotiators to be 

available during the operation. Fraticelli’s decision adhered to the FBI 

regulations described above. The two negotiators assigned to the operation – 

SAs Larry and Rodger – deployed to the San Juan FBI Command Post near 

Aguadilla on September 21, where they were briefed on the mission. They also 

discussed with each other how they would handle various scenarios if called 

upon. 

Fraticelli’s planning for negotiations fell short, however, in two important 

respects. First, we found no evidence that Larry or Rodger had any meaningful 

interaction with the HRT agents with whom they would be working if called to 

the scene. The negotiators simply were not part of any phase of HRT’s 

planning process. 

Second, the negotiation component of the operation was not organized 

and did not function as FBI regulations provide. According to the FBI’s Crisis 

Management Program guidelines, a negotiation team deployed by a field office 

should have three negotiators: a primary, a coach, and a crisis negotiation 

coordinator. Dennis told us that the primary and the coach work together at 

the scene as a team during negotiations with the subject. The crisis 

negotiation coordinator is the advisor to the on-scene commander regarding 

negotiation-related matters and should be co-located with him to provide 

expert assessment and recommendations. As we discuss further in the next 

subsection, these negotiation team guidelines were not followed in this case: 
144

only Rodger was sent to the scene to conduct negotiations, and the San Juan 

FBI’s crisis negotiation coordinator was not at the Command Post during the 

operation and did not even arrive at the scene until after the shots from the 

perimeter were fired. 

II. The FBI’s Conduct of Negotiations and Rejection of Ojeda's Demand 

for a Reporter 

The FBI’s lack of negotiation preparedness described above was evident 

in the conduct of the negotiations with Ojeda. Even though we cannot 

determine whether these failings affected the operation’s outcome, we discuss 

them here as lessons learned so they are not repeated in future operations. 

To begin with, the FBI failed to follow its own guidelines at the very 

outset by sending in only one negotiator to talk to Ojeda. Dennis told us that 

the FBI has a two-negotiator standard to account for the reality that even a 

well-trained primary negotiator will not always be able to think of everything 

that should or could be said to keep the subject engaged. Negotiations can be 

stressful and the primary negotiator must concentrate on listening and talking. 

The second negotiator – the coach – is there to keep the primary focused and 

provide suggestions about how to handle issues that arise during talks. The 

coach is also there to provide the primary updates on the crisis situation. 

In this case, there were two unsuccessful efforts to get a second 

negotiator to the scene to assist Rodger. First, Rodger himself requested 

through an HRT agent with him in the storage shed that a second negotiator be 

sent to the location for support. Rodger told the OIG that he thought this 

would facilitate the negotiation process.104 Rodger said the HRT agent simply 

responded that he could not leave his post. The second effort was made by a 

San Juan FBI ASAC who is also a certified negotiator. He told us that the FBI 

normally requires the use of two negotiators and that he requested permission 

to join Rodger at the site when he learned Rodger had been escorted there. The 

ASAC said HRT refused his request based on safety considerations.105 

 

The FBI’s lack of negotiations preparedness was also evident in two 

aspects of its response to Ojeda’s demand that a reporter be brought to the 

scene. First, Steve did not take any action when he learned of Ojeda’s demand 

 104 Dennis told us that Rodger told him several times later that night that “he was so 

alone” during the negotiation and wanted a second negotiator brought to the scene to act as 

coach. 

105 Although we appreciate HRT’s safety concerns, we were skeptical that the 

introduction of a second negotiator – himself an armed FBI agent – presented an unacceptable 

risk, especially in light of Rodger’s statement to us that he proceeded to the residence 

unescorted after receiving instructions from an HRT agent at the driveway entrance.
145

and mention of surrender. As the operation’s tactical advisor to the SAC, we 

would have expected Steve, at a minimum, to discuss the possible avenue for 

surrender with Fraticelli. In our view, Steve’s silence on the subject highlighted 

the lack of coordination between the tactical and negotiation sides throughout 

the operation. Indeed, judged by Steve’s failure to confer with Fraticelli 

regarding Ojeda’s demand for a reporter, HRT appeared disengaged from the 

ongoing negotiations. 

 

The second significant aspect of the FBI’s response to Ojeda’s demand 

was that Fraticelli immediately rejected it. Fraticelli said he made this decision 

as soon as Rodger called and told him about the demand. Fraticelli told 

Rodger to convey this decision to Ojeda and tell him to come out with his 

hands up. 

According to Dennis, Fraticelli’s handling of Ojeda’s demand for a 

reporter was contrary to CNU training, which teaches that a negotiator should 

never reject a demand outright. Dennis told us that even if there is no 

intention to consider a subject’s demand, the negotiator should not 

communicate this fact to the subject because doing so can cause the subject to 

stop talking. Dennis also said it is important to keep all options available 

because a prolonged stand-off might at some point present an appropriate 

opportunity to use a third-party intermediary, such as a reporter, to resolve the 

situation.106 

 

This is the type of expert guidance the crisis negotiations coordinator is 

expected to provide, and it is why the FBI Critical Incident Handbook 

recommends that the on-scene commander “consult with the crisis negotiation 

coordinator as to the status of negotiations, as well as the [crisis negotiation 

team’s] assessment and recommendations.” In this case, Fraticelli did not 

consult with his crisis negotiations coordinator, who was not even at the 

Command Post. The situation gave one of our experts the impression there 

was no plan to deal with Ojeda’s request; another felt Fraticelli should have 

called an expert for advice. We agree with these assessments and believe the 

preparation and handling of the negotiations was contrary to FBI policies and 

significantly flawed. 

III. Impact of Negotiations on the Outcome 

Although we are critical of certain aspects of the FBI’s preparation for 

and conduct of negotiations with Ojeda during the standoff, we cannot 

conclude that they affected the outcome. A Spanish-speaking negotiator was 

 106 To Rodger’s credit, he adhered to his negotiations training by not telling Ojeda that 

the FBI had rejected his demand for a reporter. 
146

in fact sent to the scene and negotiated with Ojeda for over half an hour. Ojeda 

had reason to know that his peaceful surrender would be accepted, as 

evidenced by his wife’s safe surrender. We do not believe his decision to 

remain barricaded in his residence, much like he did in 1985 when he shot it 

out with HRT, was a consequence of the way the FBI’s negotiations were 

conducted. 

There have been suggestions in the media that Ojeda would have 

surrendered if the FBI had acceded to his demand to bring a reporter to the 

scene. While we criticized Fraticelli for the process by which he rejected 

Ojeda’s demand, we could not find that the decision itself was improper, and 

we have no basis to conclude that better preparation or the use of more 

experienced negotiators would have resulted in a different outcome. The OIG’s 

experts agreed that using a third-party intermediary is a risky course of action, 

particularly where the subject has demonstrated a propensity for violence, and 

they did not find fault with Fraticelli’s decision to reject using one in this case. 

Moreover, even if the FBI had acceded to Ojeda’s demand, it would have 

taken hours to bring the reporter to the scene and to prepare him. At 

6:08 p.m., long before any reporter could have been brought to the scene, 

Ojeda was seen in the kitchen window with a weapon, and the fatal shot was 

fired. Ojeda presented a threat at that moment, and we cannot conclude that a 

different decision regarding the reporter would have likely altered the outcome. 

IV. Conclusions Regarding the Conduct of Negotiations 

 We concluded that because a barricaded subject scenario was a 

reasonable possibility given the information available to HRT during its mission 

planning, HRT should have deployed with a crisis negotiation team from CIRG’s 

Crisis Negotiation Unit. This conclusion is consistent with the guidance 

provided in the FBI’s MIOG and the Critical Incident Handbook. We did not 

find Craig’s and Steve’s explanations for departing from this guidance 

persuasive. 

We also concluded that although Fraticelli properly anticipated the need 

for negotiators, he inadequately implemented the negotiation component into 

the operation. The two negotiators used for the operation did not have any 

meaningful interaction with the HRT agents next to whom they would be 

working, and the San Juan FBI negotiation team was not organized and did not 

function as FBI regulations provide. The FBI failed to adhere to its twonegotiator standard by sending only Rodger to talk with Ojeda, a mistake 

compounded when two attempts to get a second negotiator to the scene were 

rebuffed. In addition, Fraticelli’s handling of Ojeda’s demand for a reporter was 

contrary to CNU training, a misstep that might have been avoided if the San 
147

Juan FBI crisis negotiation coordinator had been in the Command Post with 

Fraticelli to provide expert guidance. 

We believe it is unlikely these mistakes would have occurred if HRT had 

deployed with a CNU negotiation team it has experience working with, or had 

at least coordinated its tactical planning with the San Juan FBI negotiation 

team. While we cannot conclude that the outcome would have changed if the 

negotiations had been handled differently, we believe this case demonstrates 

the importance of integrating negotiations contingency planning into the 

tactical planning of operations where the potential exists for the use of 

negotiators. 
148

[BLANK] 
149

CHAPTER NINE: 

MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES 

I. The FBI’s Communications with Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 

Government Officials Before and During the Ojeda Arrest Operation 

The FBI was criticized in the aftermath of the Ojeda arrest operation for 

failing to notify Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government officials in advance 

of the operation in Hormigueros and for failing to provide timely and accurate 

information concerning the situation after the emergency daylight assault 

failed. In this Chapter, we address separately the FBI’s communications with 

Puerto Rico government officials before the operation commenced and after the 

assault failed. We did not conclude that the approach the FBI took regarding 

communications with Puerto Rican officials was improper, and we do not have 

any reason to believe that a different approach would have significantly affected 

the conduct or the public’s criticism of the operation. However, we found that 

the explanations that the FBI provided local officials for delaying the entry 

failed to include details that might have given the officials a greater 

appreciation of the circumstances driving the entry decision. 

A. FBI's Communications with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 

before the Arrest Operation 

The FBI's Manual of Investigative Operations and Guidelines (MIOG) 

provides the following guidance for arrest operations: 

Special concern should be given to the utilization, or at least the 

alerting, of local authorities in instances where it may logically be 

anticipated that resistance could be forthcoming from the 

subject(s) or member of the community. Although the time of 

notification to local authorities concerning arrests made within 

their jurisdictions by FBI Agents is being left to the discretion of 

the SACs, concern must be given to the sensitivity of our 

associates in local law enforcement to know what is transpiring in 

their jurisdictions and we must respect their responsibility to the 

people in their communities. 

MIOG, Part 2, Section 11-2.1.2 (Authority to Serve Arrest Warrants). 

This guidance was applicable to the operation in Puerto Rico, where the 

FBI anticipated Ojeda would violently resist efforts to apprehend him. 

However, SAC Fraticelli did not notify POPR Superintendent Toledo of the 

surveillance and arrest operation or even of the San Juan FBI's belief that it 

had located Ojeda's residence in Hormigueros. Fraticelli told us that he wanted 
150

to keep the operation secret and limit the possibility of leaks that might 

compromise the operation. POPR was only generally aware that the FBI had 

been attempting to locate Ojeda, and had provided some assistance to the FBI 

in this effort. Fraticelli told us that he had informed Toledo in June 2005 that 

the FBI was close to locating Ojeda and that POPR assistance would be needed 

for perimeter security during any arrest operation. 

Restricting who is aware of or involved in an operation where success 

depends on the element of surprise is a legitimate precaution, and we did not 

find Fraticelli's exercise of the discretion the MIOG discusses improper in this 

case. In addition, we reviewed FBI documents from September 2005 indicating 

that information about the Macheteros investigation was supplied by someone 

from the POPR to members of the Macheteros. One of the documents we 

reviewed stated, “[i]t has long been known that the Macheteros have friends 

within the Puerto Rican Police Department.”107

However, the San Juan FBI’s concern about POPR's ability to maintain 

secrecy is significant because of its potential impact on operations. Local law 

enforcement is a valuable asset to FBI field offices because it expands the 

resources available for an operation and can provide important intelligence 

regarding the environment where an operation will be conducted. In this case, 

for example, POPR might have been able to provide insight regarding the 

neighborhood where Ojeda's residence was located, such as the resident 

population, the construction of the homes, and access to utilities. In addition, 

earlier POPR involvement and its availability to provide perimeter security 

might have made a surround and call out a more viable option to the San Juan 

FBI. While we have no basis to conclude that advance notice of the operation 

to POPR, or using POPR officers earlier in the operation, would have caused the 

FBI to make different decisions or changed the result, Fraticelli's decision not 

to notify POPR had significant consequences. 

 

 107 The FBI’s concern regarding the POPR was evident 20 years earlier when, in 1985, it 

simultaneously executed arrest warrants for members of the Macheteros (including Ojeda) at 

multiple locations in connection with the 1983 Wells Fargo bank robbery in West Hartford, 

Connecticut. According to one account of the arrest operation, 

[T]he FBI consciously opened itself to charges of abuse of power when it 

failed to notify local authorities about the impending arrests. With closet 

nationalists behind so many Puerto Rican government desks, agents 

understandably argued that to tell the locals was to tell Los Macheteros. 

Ronald Fernandez, Los Macheteros – The Wells Fargo Robbery and the Violent Struggle 

for Puerto Rican Independence (Prentice Hall Press 1987). 
151

B. The FBI's Communications with the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico after the Emergency Assault Failed 

 In letters to the U.S. Department of Justice and the FBI, top Puerto Rico 

officials criticized the FBI for not providing sufficient information about the 

status of the operation immediately after the assault failed and for providing 

incomplete and unsatisfying information when it did discuss the matter. For 

example, Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá explained this frustration to Attorney 

General Alberto Gonzales in a September 26, 2005, letter, which stated: 

While the FBI undertook their activities at the site, the Secretary of 

Justice, the Superintendent of Police, and my staff were given 

contradictory and incomplete information by both the 

representatives of the FBI and the U.S. Attorney’s Office. 

At about 6:00 p.m. on Friday evening [September 23], the 

Secretary of Justice was notified by the U.S. Attorney’s Office in 

Puerto Rico that Mr. Ojeda Ríos was probably either dead or 

injured by gunfire, and was asked to send local prosecutors to the 

perimeter of the scene. Later that night, however, federal agents at 

the scene stated that they would not enter, nor allow anyone to 

enter, Mr. Ojeda Ríos’s residence until the next day. At that point, 

we were informed that there was not the necessary equipment to 

secure the scene in light of a perceived risk that explosive traps 

might have been set. In the end, it was not until approximately 

2:00 p.m. on Saturday afternoon that the FBI and the U.S. 

Attorney’s Office notified us that Mr. Ojeda Ríos has been killed in 

the gunfight and allowed our personnel to enter Mr. Ojeda’s scene. 

The reason that I have been given for the delay in allowing the local 

authorities access to the scene is that the FBI did not have 

sufficient personnel, nor the necessary technical equipment in 

order to complete the operation and enter Mr. Ojeda Ríos’s 

residence. However had basic precautions been taken, essential 

personnel and technical assistance would have been present at the 

site well before Friday afternoon, and the mentioned delay in entry 

would have been unnecessary. For this reason, I am not satisfied 

with the explanations for the delay that have been shared with me. 

Furthermore, I would like to share with you that the preliminary 

results of our ongoing investigation of this matter show that Mr. 

Ojeda Ríos’s life would have probably been spared had he received 

immediate medical attention. Consequently, the issue regarding 

the timing of the entry to his house is of paramount importance. 
152

While we believe our report provides a detailed review of the substantive 

issues Governor Acevedo highlights in his letter, we did not as part of our 

investigation reconstruct the exact timing or content of the communications 

between FBI and Puerto Rico officials, or assess how the historical relationship 

between the two might have affected those communications. However, we 

believe it important to make several points in response to Governor Acevedo’s 

concerns. 

 In our view, Governor Acevedo fairly questioned the FBI’s preparedness 

for the operation based on the explanations he was apparently provided for the 

delayed entry. A lack of personnel and technical equipment would not have 

been compelling reasons for delaying entry when balanced against Ojeda’s need 

for medical attention. However, as we found in Chapter Seven of this report, 

the delay was attributable to good faith concerns for agent safety, not a lack of 

sufficient personnel or technical equipment. Specifically, the FBI believed that 

there might be a second shooter in the residence and that Ojeda might still be 

a threat. While there were also concerns about agent fatigue and the presence 

of explosives in this house, we did not find these indicated a lack of 

preparedness.108 In fact, the commanders at the scene and the officials at FBI 

Headquarters believed HRT was capable of entering the house on 

September 23, but decided it safer to wait until the next day when fresh HRT 

agents could be used and any explosives would be detected more easily. 

 In retrospect, the FBI could have provided Puerto Rico officials a better, 

more complete explanation for the delayed entry. SAC Fraticelli talked to POPR 

Superintendent Toledo several times during the night of September 23, and 

also provided a summary of the operation to Governor Acevedo’s Chief of Staff. 

The FBI also issued two press releases on September 24, and Fraticelli held a 

news conference that afternoon. Therefore, the FBI had several opportunities 

to adequately explain its safety concerns. Instead, by highlighting things such 

as a need for police dogs and specialized equipment – neither of which were 

actually used in the entry – the FBI exacerbated criticism that, in our view, was 

based on its lack of adequate disclosure regarding the reasons the entry was 

delayed. 

 108 For example, some local officials pointed out that the FBI’s explanation that the 

agents were fatigued suggested a lack of adequate preparation for the September 23 assault. 

The FBI apparently did not explain to local officials that the assault was conducted on an 

emergency basis because of the reported compromise of the sniper-observers. As a result, and 

because of the double shift ordered for the Quick Reaction Force earlier that morning, the FBI 

agents were less rested than they would have been if the assault had been conducted the next 

night, as originally planned. With this context, the Puerto Rico officials might have appreciated 

that the “fatigue” factor was not a product of inadequate preparation but rather the result of 

the reported compromise. 
153

II. Whether the FBI Bypassed Prior Opportunities to Apprehend Ojeda 

Safely 

The OIG investigated rumors that were reported in the press that the FBI 

had sufficient information regarding Ojeda’s whereabouts and habits over a 

period of years to permit it to establish surveillance at a public location and 

safely arrest Ojeda away from his home. For example, a report published in 

the New York Daily News on October 6, 2005, stated: 

A former naval intelligence officer says he knows for a fact that 

Puerto Rican nationalist fugitive Filiberto Ojeda Rios didn’t have to 

die in a shootout with the FBI. 

He says he knows this because he told FBI agents a year ago where 

they could find Ojeda – even telling them where he liked to eat. 

“What they did was an injustice,” the former Navy officer told me 

last week. “No matter what Ojeda did, he was still a human 

being.... They could easily have taken him alive.” 

The informant, who asked not to be identified, has given his 

account to the Justice Department’s Inspector General’s Office, 

which opened an independent review of the shooting last week. 

Similarly, while questioning FBI Director Mueller at a House 

Appropriations Committee hearing on March 28, 2006, Representative Jose 

Serrano stated: 

I took a call in my office from a very distraught person who said, 

“I’m a former Marine. I am pro-statehood for Puerto Rico. You 

can’t get any more American than that,” he told me. “And I’m very 

distraught because I’ve been an FBI informant for the last couple 

of years, and I told the FBI where Ojeda Ríos was, at every step of 

the way for the last couple of years. I told them when he was in 

church. I told them when he was at the supermarket. I told them 

when he went for a jog. I told them, and I feel somehow 

responsible that he was killed because he could have been gotten 

somewhere else, and yet they chose to do it this way.” 

 The OIG reviewed the FBI’s investigative files and interviewed members of 

the San Juan FBI Domestic Terrorism Squad and Special Operation Group 

responsible for locating Ojeda. We found no support for the statements 

attributed to the “former naval intelligence officer” described in the Daily News 

article or the “former Marine” who provided information to Representative 

Serrano. Moreover, the statement in the Daily News report that the purported 
154

informant had given an account of these matters to the OIG was also incorrect. 

No such person has ever approached or been interviewed by the OIG. 

 However, we found that the FBI’s investigative files contain records of 

many leads and tips collected over the years relating to Ojeda’s whereabouts at 

various locations in Puerto Rico. In September 2005, after the San Juan FBI 

identified the house in Hormigueros as possibly being Ojeda’s residence, the 

San Juan FBI conducted an internal case file review to determine whether any 

prior investigative efforts had linked Ojeda to Hormigueros. This review 

revealed that information had previously been developed that potentially linked 

Ojeda to Hormigueros and to a property known as “Finca Viram” or “Finca 

Byran.” There was also a tip from several years earlier that Ojeda had been 

seen at a particular restaurant in the Hormigueros area. 

On the basis of our review of the file, we concluded that these 

investigative leads did not ultimately lead to any documented sighting of Ojeda. 

In retrospect, it appears that these leads could have led the FBI to Ojeda 

sooner. It was beyond the scope of our review, however, to assess the quality of 

the FBI’s earlier investigation of the leads regarding Ojeda and Hormigueros. 

For the purpose of this report, we found that the quality and detail of these 

leads also did not resemble the information attributed to the anonymous 

sources who spoke to the New York Daily News or to Representative Serrano 

after the Ojeda operation took place. In particular, we found no basis for the 

reports that a former marine or naval intelligence officer was providing the FBI 

with information regarding Ojeda’s daily whereabouts “every step of the way.” 

 We also found that, in contrast to the allegation that the FBI had known 

about his location and habits for a year or more, the FBI San Juan expended 

intensive effort and significant commitment of resources to finding Ojeda for 

more than a year. Put simply, if the FBI already knew where Ojeda was living, 

worshipping, eating, or jogging, the San Juan FBI would not have needed to 

expand the scope of its effort to locate Ojeda, as it did, from less than two fulltime agents to an entire Domestic Terrorism Squad supported by the entire 

Special Operations Group. In fact, we found that the San Juan FBI mounted 

an intensive and expensive effort to locate Ojeda, which was inconsistent with 

the claims that the FBI was told repeatedly where Ojeda could be located but 

ignored that information. 

III. The Landing Zone Error 

During the emergency arrest operation on September 23, the Tactical 

Helicopter Unit (THU) helicopters were unable to locate the intended landing 

zone in the banana field adjacent to Site 1. Instead, after the helicopter pilots 

circled near the residence, the agents were rope-dropped into a different 

landing zone in a field to the south of the target. They encountered a surprised 
155

San Juan FBI agent who was positioned at a “choke point” near their landing 

zone. The noise of the helicopters likely led to Ojeda being alerted to the 

presence of the assault teams and gave him more time to prepare for the 

assault. The San Juan FBI agent then drove the assault team to the residence, 

where they encountered gunfire from Ojeda. In this Section, the OIG assesses 

the causes and consequences of the failure of the THU pilots to locate the 

correct landing zone. 

A. Causes of the Error 

 The banana field landing zone presented a challenging target for the THU 

pilots to locate in order to deliver the HRT agents to Site 1 to conduct the 

emergency arrest operation. The intended landing zone was a small oblong 

field surrounded by extremely steep terrain and a thick, high canopy of trees. 

These conditions made it difficult for the pilots to see the landing zone from a 

distance. 

 The OIG found that, despite these difficult conditions, the pilots’ failure 

to locate the correct landing zone was an error that could have been avoided 

with better contingency planning and communications. 

 The helicopter pilots told the OIG that to locate the banana field they 

were relying on an aerial photograph (Figure 3) and on GPS coordinates for 

Site 1 that were provided to them by the San Juan FBI. Three pilots told the 

OIG that they had been told that the photograph had been taken from the 

south of Site 1, facing north, but that they later discovered that the photograph 

had in fact been taken from the west, facing east. They stated that this 

misunderstanding prevented them from orienting themselves with visual cues 

that could have enabled them to find Site 1 and the nearby banana field. 

 The pilots were uncertain who provided the incorrect information 

regarding the orientation of the photograph, although two of them thought the 

source of the information may have been the San Juan FBI Aviation 

Coordinator. The Aviation Coordinator told the OIG, however, that he did not 

recall seeing the aerial photograph (Figure 3) prior to his interview with the 

OIG, and that he did not provide information regarding the orientation of this 

photograph to the helicopter pilots. One of the pilots told the OIG that he 

heard that the orientation information had been provided by the sniperobservers, but he had no firsthand information. The OIG was ultimately 

unable to determine the source of the incorrect orientation. 

 The OIG concluded, however, that whatever the source of the inaccurate 

information regarding the orientation of the aerial photograph, the error could 

have been caught by comparing the aerial photograph with any of several street 

maps and a satellite image that were already being used to brief the HRT 

agents in preparation for the operation. These maps clearly showed that 
156

Camino Fondo del Saco runs in a northwest direction and that Camino Mon 

Segarra (the small road on which Site 1 is located) runs to the southeast from 

Fondo del Saco. A comparison of the satellite image and maps to Figure 3, the 

aerial photograph (on which Camino Fondo del Saco and Mon Segarra are 

labeled), plainly reveals that the aerial photograph was not taken from the 

south looking north but rather from the west or northwest, looking east or 

southeast. If the pilots had attempted to confirm their information regarding 

the orientation of the aerial photograph with available maps or by questioning 

San Juan FBI agents familiar with the area, they would have realized that their 

understanding of the orientation of the photograph was wrong.109 

Despite these omissions, it still would have been possible for the 

helicopters to drop the HRT agents in the correct landing zone if the sniperobservers had been able to communicate with the helicopters as they 

approached Site 1. Paul, the sniper-observer primarily responsible for 

communications, told the OIG that he attempted to make contact with the 

helicopters as they approached the location, but was unable to because the 

UHF antenna he had on his radio was not working and he did not have a 

longer VHF antenna. He stated that he might have brought his VHF antenna 

with him if the original plan had called for inserting the arresting agents by 

helicopter. Ray, the Unit Chief for the THU and the lead pilot on the Bell 412 

helicopter, told the OIG that as he approached what he thought were the GPS 

coordinates for the Ojeda residence he asked for assistance from the sniperobservers by radio but did not hear anything. Ray stated that the 

communications systems on the helicopters have since been upgraded to 

prevent a recurrence of the communications failure that occurred in this case. 

 The THU helicopters were inadequately prepared to find the banana field 

landing zone because the FBI did not originally anticipate that the helicopters 

would be used to transport arresting agents to the scene for an emergency 

assault. Ray stated that the planned function of the helicopters in the 

operation was to provide medical evacuation services in case of an injury, to be 

prepared to evacuate Ojeda quickly after he was arrested, and to assist in 

command and control by relaying information or transporting the commander 

if needed. This plan did not contemplate the helicopters attempting to 

approach the landing zone in a manner intended to preserve the element of 

surprise. In performing any of the originally planned functions, the helicopters 

 109 The OIG also found that there was a discrepancy between the GPS coordinates for 

the residence that appear in the Aviation Annex prepared by one of the pilots and the 

coordinates that appear in the PowerPoint presentation given on September 15 and the 

coordinates that appear in the CONOP that was signed on September 21. We have not been 

able to determine which set of coordinates was the most accurate. It appears that the 

discrepancy between the GPS coordinates corresponded to a distance of approximately 200 

yards. In light of the heavy vegetation and hilly terrain, the discrepancy may have contributed 

to the pilots’ inability to locate the banana field. 
157

could have relied on overt visual signals from the ground, such as a smoke 

bomb or signals from agents, without concern regarding whether the signal 

would alert the subject to law enforcement activity. 

When the sniper-observers reported they were compromised, the decision 

was made to use the helicopters to transport the arrest team. At that point it 

was too late to take any significant additional steps to assure that the 

helicopters would be able to find the banana field landing zone accurately and 

with minimum noise. 

B. Consequences of the Failure to Locate the Landing Zone 

Fraticelli told the OIG that one of the reasons he was persuaded to 

approve the emergency assault was the assurance he received from Steve that 

the assault team could execute a rope drop from the helicopters and enter the 

residence very quickly. Fraticelli said that Steve told him the helicopters would 

approach the landing zone at a low altitude so that Ojeda would not hear or see 

them until very shortly before the arrest team reached the residence. 

Yet, as discussed above, the helicopters were not adequately prepared to 

locate the small banana field landing zone. However, we concluded that the 

helicopters’ failure to make the rope drop in the correct location likely did not 

have a major impact on the outcome of the operation. The banana field was 

located immediately adjacent to the front yard of Site 1 residence but down a 

steep slope. Even if the helicopters had found the banana field they would 

have made a significant noise and would have been visible from Ojeda’s front 

porch or windows as they executed the rope drop. The two helicopters could 

not have executed the rope drop in this small area simultaneously; they would 

have had to take turns and the agents from the first helicopter would have had 

to wait for the second rope drop to be completed in order to assemble for the 

assault. The agents would then have had to scale a steep hill to reach the front 

yard of the residence. Under these circumstances, Ojeda would have had 

ample time to detect the presence of the helicopters and to arm himself in 

preparation for a confrontation. 

Indeed, the central premise of the emergency assault was that the 

operation had been compromised and that Ojeda was likely to be tipped off by 

sympathizers. The helicopters did not arrive at the scene until 4:28 p.m., 

nearly two hours after the sniper-observers reported the compromise. By that 

time, San Juan FBI agents had already established a visible presence at “choke 

points” near the residence, another fact that could have been relayed to Ojeda 

by sympathizers. When Ojeda was found, he was wearing a “flak jacket” vest, 

combat boots, camouflage pants, and a holster. Ojeda was likely prepared for 

the assault substantially in advance of 4:28 p.m., and the relatively short delay 

caused by the helicopters dropping the agents in the wrong landing zone was 

not a major factor affecting the outcome of the assault. 
158

However, in a future case, similar errors could significantly harm an FBI 

operation. We believe that pilots should make a standard practice of checking 

the orientation of any aerial photographs on which they will depend to find 

landing zones. In addition, we believe the Ojeda operation offers a useful case 

study of the utility of pilot reconnaissance operations and of the difficulty of 

implementing tactics that require rapid and error-free helicopter insertions in 

conjunction with an effort to maintain the element of surprise. 
159

CHAPTER 10: 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

 The OIG reviewed the FBI’s attempted arrest of Ojeda and found that the 

shot that killed Ojeda was fired in compliance with the DOJ Deadly Force 

policy. We found that the FBI delayed entering the house after Ojeda was shot 

for legitimate reasons of agent safety, not because the FBI wanted to allow 

Ojeda to bleed to death. However, our detailed review found several problems 

in the conduct of the FBI operation. For example, we concluded that the 

emergency daylight assault that preceded the exchange of gunfire was 

extremely dangerous to the agents and not the best choice available. Similarly, 

while we concluded that the FBI’s decisions regarding the entry of the 

residence were not improper, we determined that some of the decisions were 

based on inaccurate or incomplete information about what was happening at 

the scene. 

 We also found deficiencies in the FBI’s preparations for the operation. 

For example, we determined that the FBI failed to adequately prepare for the 

possibility that negotiators would be needed. 

In this chapter, we make ten recommendations stemming from these and 

other aspects of the operation. Most of our recommendations are intended to 

highlight lessons that we believe should inform the planning and related 

training of future FBI operations. Other recommendations address specific 

policy or tactical issues. 

I. Recommendations Regarding Compliance with the DOJ Deadly 

Force Policy and Related Issues 

Recommendation No. 1: Conduct an inquiry relating to the three rounds fired 

by an unidentified FBI agent and the two unreported rounds fired by SA 

George. 

Several FBI agents reported that they perceived that several shots came 

from inside the house through the front door during the initial exchange of 

gunfire, a perception that contributed to their belief that there was more than 

one weapon being fired from inside the house. The Puerto Rico Institute of 

Forensic Sciences found, however, that the three bullet holes in the front door 

all were made by shots from outside the house. Because there were no bullets 

or bullet fragments found in the house that could be attributed to these 

particular holes and impacts, it was impossible to determine from the forensic 

evidence which of the FBI agents fired the three rounds through the front door. 

When we interviewed all of the agents who recalled firing their weapons, none 

reported having fired any rounds at or through the front door. 
160

Based upon the available forensic evidence and testimony, we 

determined the agents who we believe were in a position to have fired these 

shots. However, these agents declined to provide voluntary follow-up 

interviews to the OIG. Because we were unable to determine which agent fired 

shots through the front door or to determine whether the agent was targeting a 

particular threat in firing these shots, we could not conclude whether they were 

fired in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy. 

 In addition, the Forensic Institute recovered outside the residence two 

.223 shells that did not match any of the weapons carried by the eight FBI 

agents who recalled firing during the operation. The Institute subsequently 

matched these shells to the weapon carried by SA George, who did not tell us 

in his interview that he had fired his weapon. The trajectories and impact 

points of these two rounds are unknown, although neither round struck Ojeda. 

Because George, through counsel, declined our request for a follow-up 

interview, we also do not know whether he fired these two rounds intentionally 

or how they were targeted. 

We recommend that after criminal investigations into this incident have 

been concluded, the FBI conduct an inquiry relating to the three rounds fired 

by an unidentified FBI agent through the front door of the residence and the 

two unreported rounds fired from SA George’s weapon, in order to determine 

whether these rounds were fired in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy. 

Recommendation No. 2: Review the use of flash bangs in outdoor operations. 

We concluded that Ojeda opened fire on the FBI agents as they 

attempted to approach and enter the residence before any agents discharged 

their weapons at him or at the residence. The evidence did not support the 

allegation made by Ojeda’s wife in public speeches and media interviews 

subsequent to Ojeda’s death that the FBI fired first. We observed, however, 

that it was possible that Ojeda and his wife got the impression that the FBI 

opened fire first as the result of the detonation of a flash bang by one of the 

sniper-observers at the moment the FBI vehicle pulled up to the house. 

Our experts commented that using a flash bang outdoors to create a 

distraction is not nearly as effective as using it indoors, where the noise, 

pressure waves, and extremely bright light all work to the advantage of the 

arrest team. They also believed that using a flash bang outdoors creates a 

firecracker effect and risks alerting the subject rather than distracting or 

confusing him. 

We recommend that the FBI review the use of flash bangs in outdoor 

environments and under circumstances in which their use could have the 
161

unintended effect of alerting the subject or providing the mistaken impression 

that the FBI is opening fire on a subject before seeking his surrender. 

Recommendation No. 3: Adopt a “standard load” procedure for HRT agents. 

 In Chapter Five, we explained that there is no “standard load” required 

for HRT weapons that would have permitted the FBI to establish precisely how 

many shells had been fired from each weapon by determining how many 

magazines had been spent and how many rounds were left in the unspent 

magazines. As a result, the number of rounds fired by each agent had to be 

reconstructed by relying on the agent’s recollection and on the ability of the 

Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences to correctly match each spent .223 

shell found at the scene to a particular HRT weapon. Although the forensic 

evidence was consistent with the agent statements in most significant respects, 

if “standard load” procedures were in place there would have been additional, 

reliable evidence regarding the number of rounds fired by each agent. 

We therefore recommend that HRT adopt a standard load procedure that 

would enable accurate post-incident accounting of the number of rounds fired 

by each agent, and that other components of the FBI adopt similar procedures 

to the extent they are not already in place. 

II. Recommendations Regarding the Decision to Conduct an 

Emergency Daylight Assault 

Recommendation No. 4: Adequately consider all available options in 

emergency situations as time permits. 

 

We examined whether other options were available to the FBI following 

the reported compromise of the sniper-observers near Ojeda’s residence, and 

whether the FBI commanders in Puerto Rico gave adequate consideration to 

alternatives other than a daylight emergency assault. We, along with our 

experts, concluded that a surround and call-out strategy was an available, 

superior option and that the FBI had sufficient information regarding the 

exterior of the residence to adopt it, or at least consider it seriously. We also 

reviewed the strategy of extracting the sniper-observer team as a possible 

alternative to an immediate course of action that posed foreseeable and 

significant risks to the agents. 

SAC Fraticelli told the OIG that he suggested a surround and call-out 

option when the compromise was reported by the sniper-observer team. 

However, HRT Deputy Commander Steve and his subordinates from the HRT’s 

Operations and Training Unit stated that they assumed, even after the reported 

compromise of the sniper-observers, that Fraticelli still would not consider this 

option because it might result in the barricaded subject situation he wanted to 
162

avoid. We also found that the extraction option was given only cursory 

consideration. 

HRT Deputy Commander Steve told the OIG that after the sniperobservers reported the compromise, no consideration was given to options 

other than a direct assault on the residence to arrest Ojeda. 

 We were troubled by the lack of consideration given to alternative 

courses of action. Despite the change in circumstances that dramatically 

increased the risk associated with an assault of the residence – that is, 

assaulting the front of the residence in broad daylight instead of surreptitiously 

at night – the commanders chose not to deviate from an approach that was 

established early in the planning process for the arrest operation and that was 

based on conditions that no longer existed. 

We believe this case highlights the importance of adequately considering 

options in emergency situations, including revisiting options that may have 

been discarded in the initial plan. In addition, operational commanders should 

be prepared to consider how changed conditions affect the viability of their 

original plans in light of changed circumstances. 

Recommendation No. 5: Enhance the Spanish language capability of HRT’s 

sniper-observer teams. 

In Chapter Six, we examined the circumstances of the reported 

compromise of the HRT sniper-observer team that lead to the decision to 

conduct a daylight emergency assault. We found it significant that SAC 

Fraticelli and other agents in the San Juan FBI told us that they now believe 

that the sniper-observers were not in fact compromised and that the people 

who were overheard conversing in Spanish near the sniper-observers were 

discussing matters unrelated to the FBI’s presence. Because none of the 

sniper-observers sent to the scene spoke Spanish, they were unable to 

understand the substance of the conversation that they overheard or to 

determine whether their presence was in fact compromised. 

In light of the prevalence of Spanish as the primary language for most 

residents in Hormigueros, including Ojeda and his wife, and the need to 

identify Ojeda, we believe the FBI should have anticipated that the sniperobservers might need to understand conversations in Spanish. It therefore 

would have been useful to have had some Spanish-speaking agents on the 

sniper-observer team. We recommend that HRT consider this need in future 

operations and enhance the Spanish language capability of its sniper-observer 

teams. 
163

III. Recommendations Regarding the FBI’s Entry Decisions 

Recommendation No. 6: Ensure that, if decision-making in critical incidents is 

assigned to FBI Headquarters, there is adequate communication between the 

field and Headquarters concerning the situation at the scene and the decisions 

that are made in Headquarters. 

In Chapter Seven, we highlighted several significant examples of the 

consequences associated with FBI Headquarters’ involvement in the incident 

after the emergency assault failed. With respect to Bald’s decision to require 

CTD approval for any entry decision, we found that this decision was based 

primarily on a perception that Fraticelli was “overwhelmed” by the situation. 

However, we determined that information reported to Bald that he said 

confirmed his concerns about Fraticelli’s command did not necessarily reflect 

what was actually happening at the scene. Bald told us that the report of an 

HRT agent getting close enough to Ojeda’s residence to look inside through a 

window suggested to him that HRT was making decisions independent of 

Fraticelli. But we concluded that this incident did not occur and noted that 

even if the reporting actually related to the limited breach of the residence, the 

activity was taken with the SAC’s approval. 

Bald was also told that the HRT Commander made a statement that HRT 

had the lead at the scene. This statement, which suggested a chain of 

command that violated FBI policy, reinforced Bald’s concerns because he knew 

that the chain of command placed CTD, through the SAC, in charge. Yet, we 

determined that the HRT Commander’s statement – made from Quantico, 

Virginia – did not reflect the situation at the scene in Puerto Rico, where HRT 

was cautiously preparing for a nighttime entry under the SAC’s authority. 

The consequences of FBI Headquarters’ involvement were also evident in 

the decision to delay entry until the next day. As, we explained in Chapter 

Seven, Headquarters was operating throughout the evening of September 23 

under the assumption that there was a second armed subject in the house and 

on the belief that Ojeda may have been wounded but that his condition was 

essentially unknown. By contrast, the HRT agents at the scene who were 

closest to the action told us they were virtually certain as time passed that 

Ojeda had been killed or very seriously wounded. The agents’ evolving 

perception of the lessening of the threat was never communicated to officials at 

FBI Headquarters. 

FBI Headquarters’ involvement apparently also affected the clarity of 

communications between SAC Fraticelli and HRT Deputy Commander Steve 

concerning CTD’s rejection of the nighttime entry. As we described in Chapter 

Seven, while CTD’s final decision was conveyed to Fraticelli sometime before 

9:00 p.m., the decision apparently was not shared with Steve at that point 

because HRT continued to draft a nighttime entry plan, and the HRT agents 
164

continued to prepare to enter the residence that evening. Steve only learned of 

CTD’s decision much later, when he and Fraticelli called DAD Lewis to try to 

persuade him that HRT should conduct a nighttime entry. When Fraticelli told 

Steve that Lewis said there would be no entry, the decision was conveyed for 

the first time to the HRT agents at the scene – at 11:33 p.m. We found this 

lack of communication between Fraticelli and Steve troubling and believe it was 

in part a consequence of adding another level of management to the operation. 

In our view, these examples demonstrate how the quality of decisionmaking – both the substance and the process – can be affected by managers’ 

remoteness from the scene of a crisis incident. Through regular and 

continuous communication, FBI managers must protect against the 

information disconnects we identified in this case. We recognize that FBI 

Headquarters’ involvement brings significant operational experience to crisis 

incidents and can provide perspective regarding how decisions in one incident 

might impact FBI operations more broadly. Headquarters’ involvement can 

also bring a measure of deliberation and caution to crisis incidents that might 

not otherwise exist. In response to the Ojeda operation, we believe the FBI 

should carefully consider the conditions under which it will assume control 

over a crisis incident. The FBI should also evaluate how it ensures that 

adequate information flows to the Headquarters officials who must approve 

operational decisions, and how the FBI will ensure continuous communication 

between FBI Headquarters and the on-scene commanders. 

Recommendation No. 7: Ensure that the apparent miscommunication between 

the HRT Commander and Deputy Commander and the lack of adherence to the 

proper chain of command are not repeated. 

Following the FBI’s limited breach of the gated door to Ojeda’s house, 

HRT Commander Craig, who was in Quantico, Virginia, told us that he gave an 

order to HRT Deputy Commander Steve in Puerto Rico that HRT not enter the 

residence. However, Steve told us that Craig did not give him any orders at all 

during their conversations on September 23. This discrepancy was troubling. 

Steve either misinterpreted or ignored what his superior considered an order, 

indicating a significant lapse in either communication or command. But just 

as problematic was Craig’s issuance of any tactical order at all. Although Craig 

was Steve’s superior as the CIRG ASAC for the Tactical Operations Branch, 

Craig was not the tactical advisor to SAC Fraticelli, who was the commander 

for this operation. Under FBI policies that placed the SAC in charge of the 

operation, Craig did not have authority to make tactical decisions at that time. 

Chain-of-command responsibilities are set forth in the FBI’s Crisis 

Management Program guidelines and were clearly defined in the CONOP for 

this operation, which identified Fraticelli as the on-scene commander. 

We therefore recommend that CIRG and HRT management review the 

chain of command discrepancies that Craig’s order demonstrated, as well as 
165

the apparent miscommunication between Craig and Steve, and take 

appropriate steps to ensure this situation is avoided in future HRT operations. 

Recommendation No. 8: Provide guidance regarding the exigent circumstances 

under which operational plans from the field may be presented to 

Headquarters for approval orally rather than in writing. 

When AD Hulon called SAC Fraticelli at 8:05 p.m. to tell him that CTD 

must approve any entry plan, Hulon initially left open the possibility of a 

nighttime entry and told Fraticelli and the HRT Deputy Commander that the 

proposal should be put in writing and sent to Headquarters for review. Hulon 

told us that he asked for the plan in writing because he considered it standard 

procedure under the circumstances and because it would allow FBI 

Headquarters to carefully review the proposed action. 

We questioned Hulon’s requirement that the proposal be put in writing 

and believed it was unduly bureaucratic in light of the circumstances. We also 

noted that Bald told us written plans should be done if time permits, but that 

there would have been nothing wrong in this case with HRT presenting the 

plan orally to the SAC and then to Hulon. While we believe Hulon still would 

have rejected the plan, we also believe presenting it orally would have 

accelerated the decision and avoided the disconnect we described between 

Fraticelli, the HRT Deputy Commander, and the agents at the scene about 

whether a nighttime entry was going to be approved. As we explained in 

Chapter Three, CTD’s decision was not conveyed to the agents at the scene 

until 11:33 p.m., several hours after Hulon had decided that the entry would 

be delayed until the next morning. 

FBI policy allows the use of an oral briefing in lieu of a written arrest 

plan “in exigent circumstances.” We recommend that the FBI consider 

providing further, more specific guidance regarding what circumstances may 

be considered “exigent.”

IV. Recommendations Regarding the FBI’s Preparations for and 

Conduct of Negotiations 

Recommendation No. 9: Adequately assess whether an arrest operation could 

result in a scenario requiring negotiations. 

In Chapter Eight, we examined HRT’s decision not to deploy to Puerto 

Rico with a CIRG negotiation team from the Crisis Negotiation Unit. We 

concluded that this decision reflected inadequate consideration of a barricaded 

subject scenario that could result from any attempt to arrest Ojeda. The lack 

of a negotiation team was caused by the HRT Commander’s narrow view of the 

goal of the operation and skepticism about the operation’s chances for success, 
166

and the Deputy Commander’s understanding that the SAC wanted to avoid a 

barricade or hostage scenario. We found unpersuasive these explanations for 

the decision not to include a negotiation team. 

HRT recognized during its planning for the operation that Ojeda likely 

would violently resist apprehension, knew that he had previously created a 

stand-off situation with HRT, and understood that the operation was being 

conducted in a challenging environment where compromise and the loss of the 

element of surprise were distinct possibilities. We do not believe that 

skepticism about an operation’s chances for success or a SAC’s tactical 

preferences were adequate reasons not to prepare for the foreseeable possibility 

of negotiations. 

We also found that applicable FBI guidelines supported the deployment 

of negotiators with HRT under the circumstances in this case. The Manual of 

Investigation Operations and Guidelines states that negotiators should deploy 

with field office SWAT teams “if and when” the potential exists for the use of 

negotiation resources. The FBI Critical Incident Handbook states, “[i]nvolve the 

[Crisis Negotiation Team] in the planning stages of a high-risk situation where 

negotiation may be required.” HRT failed to adhere to this guidance. 

It is important to anticipate and prepare for contingencies that may 

reflect lesser preferred outcomes but that may nevertheless occur for reasons 

outside the control of the arresting agents – in this case, compromise of the 

sniper-observers and the possibility that a barricaded subject scenario might 

arise. The FBI should use this case in future operations planning and training 

to illustrate the importance of carefully considering whether negotiators should 

be deployed under circumstances where a scenario requiring negotiations is 

reasonably foreseeable, even if undesirable. 

Recommendation No. 10: Ensure that negotiators are integrated into the 

tactical planning where there is a potential need for negotiations. 

Recognizing that negotiators might be needed in an operation is only the 

first step in planning for their potential use. Effective negotiation requires that 

the negotiators be integrated into the tactical planning of an operation. The 

FBI Critical Incident Handbook states that “[n]egotiation and tactical strategies 

should complement/parallel each other. Utilize each in synchronization to 

affect the safest outcome as possible for law enforcement personnel.” Effective 

negotiation also relies on organizing the negotiators to enhance communication 

with the subject and provide expert guidance to the on-scene commander. 

Under FBI guidelines, this is accomplished with three negotiators: a primary 

and a coach who work together at the scene as a team, and a crisis negotiation 

coordinator who is co-located with the on-scene commander to serve as the 

negotiations advisor. 
167

In this case, while Fraticelli anticipated the possible need for negotiators 

and arranged for two San Juan FBI negotiators to be available, he did not 

integrate the negotiators into the tactical planning for the operation. HRT 

shares responsibility for this deficiency, because even though HRT Deputy 

Commander Steve told us that he knew San Juan FBI negotiators would be 

available if needed, he did not take any steps to integrate them into HRT’s 

tactical planning. In our view, the consequence of this lack of integration was 

that once negotiations were needed, the negotiators were not organized and did 

not function as FBI guidelines instruct. Specifically, only one negotiator was 

allowed at the scene and the crisis negotiation coordinator was not at the 

Command Post with Fraticelli to serve as an advisor. As we discussed in 

Chapter Eight, Fraticelli might have handled Ojeda’s demand for a reporter 

differently if FBI guidelines had been followed. 

While we could not find that the outcome in Puerto Rico would have 

changed if negotiators were involved in the planning of the operation, we 

believe this case highlights the importance of adhering to the guidelines the 

FBI has developed to make negotiations an effective tool for resolving crisis 

situations. The FBI should use this case to reinforce the importance of 

integrating negotiators into the tactical planning of operations where 

negotiations might be needed. 
168

[BLANK] 
169

CHAPTER 11: 

CONCLUSIONS 

After an intensive investigative effort, the San Juan FBI located Ojeda’s 

residence on a rural hillside near Hormigueros, Puerto Rico. An HRT sniperobserver team from Quantico, Virginia, conducted surveillance on the residence 

and confirmed Ojeda’s presence. The FBI began planning for a surreptitious 

arrest operation to take place during the pre-dawn hours of September 24. 

However, the HRT sniper-observer team reported on the afternoon of 

September 23 that their presence had been detected by several persons who 

stopped a vehicle near Ojeda’s residence and began speaking in Spanish. A 

sniper-observer saw one of these individuals gesture with his hands and point 

at the ground and toward the trailhead that led to the location of the sniperobserver team. Approximately two hours later, because of the belief that its 

agents’ presence was compromised, the FBI conducted an emergency daylight 

assault on Ojeda’s residence by dropping the arrest team from helicopters near 

the residence and conducting an emergency assault up the front steps of the 

house in an attempt to arrest Ojeda. 

Ojeda was prepared for the assault and fired on the agents as they 

approached the residence. The FBI returned fire. Ojeda shot three agents 

during the gunfight, wounding one of them seriously. A standoff ensued, and 

subsequently Ojeda’s wife came out of the residence. An FBI negotiator called 

out to Ojeda, but Ojeda responded that he would not negotiate unless a 

particular reporter was brought to the scene. 

Approximately 100 minutes after the initial assault, an HRT agent saw 

Ojeda in the kitchen window when he was illuminated by a refrigerator light. 

The HRT agent observed Ojeda holding a gun and fired at Ojeda three times. 

Agents heard Ojeda cry out and fall. The agents at the scene began preparing 

to enter the residence and cut the electricity as darkness approached. 

However, FBI Headquarters assumed command of the entry decision at 

approximately 8:05 p.m., and subsequently ordered the agents at the scene not 

to enter the residence that evening. Instead, the FBI sent another HRT team to 

Puerto Rico, and this new team entered the residence the next day at 

approximately 12:34 p.m., 18 hours after Ojeda was shot. They discovered 

Ojeda on the floor of the residence, dead from a gunshot wound. 

Our review evaluated the arrest operation and several issues relating to 

it. First, we examined whether the HRT agents’ use of deadly force during the 

gunfight with Ojeda violated the DOJ Deadly Force Policy. We concluded that 

it did not. We determined that Ojeda opened fire on the FBI agents as they 

attempted to approach and enter the residence before any agents discharged 

their weapons at him or at the residence. Once Ojeda began firing, and then 
170

continued firing when the agents were on or below the porch, he clearly posed 

an imminent threat to the agents, justifying their application of deadly force. 

 We concluded that the three shots fired by the HRT agent at Ojeda 

through the kitchen window, one of which struck Ojeda and caused his death, 

did not violate the Deadly Force Policy. At the moment the agent fired these 

shots, he had a reasonable belief that Ojeda posed an imminent danger of 

death or serious injury to himself or to other agents. 

The exceptions to our conclusions regarding the Deadly Force Policy 

concern the three rounds fired by an unidentified FBI agent or agents through 

the front door of the residence and two unreported rounds fired from SA 

George’s weapon. Because we were unable to conduct follow-up interviews 

concerning these shots, we were unable to determine whether they were fired 

in compliance with the Deadly Force Policy. 

We also examined the FBI’s decisions to delay entry into the residence 

until 18 hours after Ojeda was believed shot. We assessed separately the entry 

decisions made before and after FBI Headquarters required CTD approval for 

any entry plan. We concluded that the decisions were motivated by 

considerations of agent safety and not by a desire to deny medical care to 

Ojeda. The FBI managers in Puerto Rico who made the decision were not 

certain that Ojeda had been incapacitated and, based on the information they 

had been provided, were legitimately concerned there was an additional armed 

subject in the residence. As a result, the cautious, deliberate approach taken 

by the FBI in response to these potential threats was reasonable. 

We also found that the decision made by officials at FBI Headquarters to 

delay the entry until the next day reflected a good-faith balancing of the 

information known to them concerning these threats, although we determined 

that the officials’ perception of the threats differed significantly from the 

perception of the agents at the scene. 

Other aspects of the operation that we examined included the assault on 

the residence and the FBI’s negotiations with Ojeda. We found problems in the 

decision-making in both areas and concluded that these decisions suffered 

from a common deficiency: an inadequate consideration of and preparation for 

a foreseeable barricaded subject because it was an undesirable scenario. We 

found that this mindset adversely affected critical decision-making relating to 

tactics and contingency planning. These findings figured prominently in our 

recommendations that FBI managers should prepare for foreseeable 

contingencies, including whether an arrest operation likely could result in a 

scenario requiring negotiations. 

We also examined in this review several of the criticisms of the FBI 

operation made by members of the public, the media, and elected officials of 
171

Puerto Rico. For example, some people alleged that the FBI intentionally 

conducted the arrest operation on El Grito de Lares (September 23) to 

intimidate supporters of Puerto Rican independence. We found no support for 

his allegation. We determined that the FBI actually planned to arrest Ojeda 

early on September 24, and conducted the emergency assault on September 23 

only because of the reported compromise of the sniper-observers. 

In addition, we examined the criticism that the FBI failed to notify Puerto 

Rico government officials in advance of the operation and inadequately 

communicated with them during the operation. We determined that the FBI 

made the decision not to notify Puerto Rico officials of the operation because of 

concerns about leaks that could compromise the operation, which was a 

reasonable consideration under the circumstances. However, we concluded 

that the explanations the FBI provided local officials for delaying entry after 

Ojeda was shot failed to include important details – such as the perceived 

threat to the entry team and the exigent nature of the assault – that would 

have given the Puerto Rico officials a greater understanding of the 

circumstances surrounding the decision not to enter the residence until the 

next day. 

We evaluated whether any of the actions taken by FBI personnel 

constituted misconduct warranting disciplinary action. We concluded that 

they did not. However, we were critical of SAC Fraticelli’s and Deputy HRT 

Commander Steve’s decision-making regarding the emergency assault. We also 

questioned their, and HRT Commander Craig’s, reasoning regarding the 

preparations for and conduct of the negotiations. In making these criticisms, 

we were mindful of the fact these managers had to make decisions based on 

imperfect or incomplete information. This was particularly the case after the 

reported compromise of the sniper-observers, when the circumstances were 

tense and rapidly evolving, and the managers had limited time for reflection 

and consultation. Nevertheless, we found several of their decisions deficient 

because they reflected an inadequate assessment of the known circumstances, 

or were either contrary to or inconsistent with applicable FBI guidelines. For 

these reasons, we highlighted several of their decisions as performance issues 

we believe the FBI should examine. 

In this report, we make ten systemic recommendations relating to 

problems we found in the Ojeda arrest operation. Our systemic 

recommendations are intended to improve the planning and conduct of future 

FBI arrest operations. We believe that, if implemented, they may help the FBI 

avoid some of the problems that occurred in the Ojeda arrest operation. 
172

[BLANK] 
APPENDIX A 
1

APPENDIX A 

PSYEUDONYM LIST FOR FBI AGENTS IDENTIFIED IN OIG REPORT 

LISTED ALPHABETCALLY110

Pseudonym Position First appearance in 

report (page no.) 

Adam Assistant Special Agent in Charge, San Juan FBI 60 

Alan Member, Gold Squad Assault Team, HRT 50 

Andy Supervisor, Operations and Training Unit 22 

Bill Assistant Team Leader, Gold Squad Assault Team, 

HRT 45 

Brian Member, Red Squad Assault Team, HRT 50 

Bruce Member, Red Squad Sniper-Observer Team, HRT 29 

Craig 

Assistant Special Agent in Charge, Critical Incident 

Response Group; 

HRT Commander 

24 

 110 The OIG provided pseudonyms for all FBI personnel except the following senior 

executive officials: Executive Assistant Directors Grant Ashley and Gary Bald; Assistant 

Director Willie Hulon; Deputy Assistant Director John Lewis; and Special Agent in Charge Luis 

Fraticelli. 
2

Dale Pilot (Bell 412), Tactical Helicopter Unit 43 

Dan Member, Gold Squad Sniper-Observer Team, HRT 29 

Dennis Unit Chief, Crisis Negotiations Unit 24 

Don Team Leader, Red Squad Assault Team, HRT 50 

Doug Supervisor, Red Squad 25 

Eric Member, Red Squad Sniper-Observer Team, HRT 29 

Frank Breacher, Red Squad Assault Team, HRT 50 

Gary Member, Gold Squad Sniper-Observer Team, HRT 29 

George Member, Gold Squad Assault Team, HRT 50 

Jason Acting Unit Chief, Operations and Training Unit 39 

Ken Member, Gold Squad Assault Team, HRT 50 
3

Kevin Supervisor, Operations and Training Unit 39 

Larry Crisis Negotiator, San Juan FBI 56 

Leslie Assistant Special Agent in Charge, San Juan FBI 25 

Paul Member, Gold Squad Sniper-Observer Team, HRT; 

Acting Supervisor, Communications Squad, HRT 18 

Peter Team Leader, Red Squad Sniper-Observer Team, HRT 19 

Ray Unit Chief, Tactical Helicopter Unit 41 

Robert Pilot (MD-530), Tactical Helicopter Unit 43 

Rodger Crisis Negotiator, San Juan FBI 55 

Ron Assistant Team Leader, SWAT Blue Team, San Juan 

FBI 43 

Scott Assistant Team Leader, Red Squad Assault Team, 

HRT 50 

Steve Deputy Commander, HRT 22 
4

Todd Pilot (MD-530), Tactical Helicopter Unit 43 

Tom Team Leader, Gold Squad Assault Team, HRT 50 

Victor Supervisor, Blue Squad 76 
APPENDIX B