COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elde r, Humphreys and Alston Argued at Richmond, Virginia

FAMILY DOLLAR ST ORES, INC. AND INDEMNITY IN SURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 2904-08-2 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER SEPTEMBER 29, 2009 JACQUELYN DENISE HUNDLEY

FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION Angela F. Gibbs (Steven H. Thei sen; Midkiff, Muncie & Ross, P.C., on briefs), for appellants. (Jacqueline Denise Hundley, pro se , on brief).
Family Dollar Stores, Inc. and Indemn ity Insurance Company of North America (hereinafter collectively employer) appeal a de cision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission awarding benefits to Jacquelyn Denise Hundley (c laimant) for a neck disability. On appeal, employer claims the commission erred in consideri ng whether claimant’s neck disability was a compensable consequence of her shoulder injur y, contending claimant argued only that she injured her neck at the same time as her s houlder and not that her neck disability arose subsequently as a compensable consequence of th e covered shoulder injur y. Employer contends the commission’s award of benefits under this theo ry violated its due process rights because it lacked notice and an opportunity to defend the cl aim under this theory. Employer also contends the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that the neck disability was a compensable consequence. Accordingly, employer contends the commission also erred in holding it

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opin ion is not designated for publication.- 2 - responsible for the cost of medi cal care claimant received for her neck while under the care of a doctor other than her author ized treating physician. We hold the commission erred in reaching the issue of whether claimant’s neck injury was a compensable consequence of her shoulder injury because employer received insufficient notice of the commission’s intent to consider this issue. Thus, we vacate the commission’s award of benefits without reaching employer’s ot her assignments of error, and we remand for further proceedings consis tent with this opinion.
I. An accidental injury that arises out of and in the course of a claimant’s employment is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act. See, e.g. , Amoco Foam Prods. Co. v. Johnson , 257 Va. 29, 32, 510 S.E.2d 443, 444 (1999). Generally speaking, an employer’s liability for an industrial injury extend s to “‘all the medical consequences and sequelae that flow from the primary injury.’” American Filtrona Co. v. Hanford , 16 Va. App. 159, 163, 428 S.E.2d 511, 513 (1993) (quoting 1 Arthur Larson, The Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 13.11 (1992)). In keeping with this principle, our Supreme Court has recognized the doctrine of “compensable consequences,” see Immer & Co. v. Brosnahan , 207 Va. 720, 722-23, 152 S.E.2d 254, 256-57 (1967), which provides that a covere d employee who suffers either a causally related “progression, deteriorati on, or aggravation” of the orig inal compensable injury or a causally related new injury is entitled to the protections of the Act for the causally related aggravation or second injury, as well. Leonard v. Arnold , 218 Va. 210, 214, 237 S.E.2d 97, 99 (1977). Where an award for the original compensable injury has been entered and a claimant alleges she has suffered a new ailment as a conseque nce of her original injury, the fact that the new ailment is a compensable consequence does not determine whether the ailment should be- 3 - treated as a change in condition , for which a change-in-condition application should be filed, or

as a new injury , for which a new claim must be filed. See Bartholow Drywall Co. v. Hill , 12 Va. App. 790, 797, 407 S.E.2d 1, 5 (1991). If the compensable consequence is a causally re lated new injury, the claimant must file a new claim for benefits. See, e.g. , Leonard , 218 Va. at 213-14, 237 S.E .2d at 99-100 (holding the claimant sustained a compensable new injury when, while on crutches for his original compensable heel injury, he caught the crutches on metal trim on a flight of stairs and fell, injuring his back, shoulders, and neck). The direct causal connection between the original compensable injury and the new injury satisfies the requirement of proving the new injury “arose out of and in the course of” the claimant’s employment, as required for coverage under the Workers’ Compensation Act, but the claimant is still required to file a new claim for an injury by accident in order to provide employer with notice of the injury and to meet statute of limitations requirements. See id. at 214-15, 237 S.E.2d at 100. For this reason, the Supreme Court has held that “[a]n application for compensation based on a ‘change in condition’ cannot be used as a substitute for an original heari ng on a new and separate accident.” Id. at 215, 237 S.E.2d at 100. If, by contrast, the new ailment is something that “naturally flow[s ] from a progression, deterioration, or aggravation of ” the original injury, the claim is one for a change in condition rather than a new injury. Id. at 214, 237 S.E.2d at 99; see Oak Hill Nursing Home, Inc. v. Back , 221 Va. 411, 270 S.E.2d 723 (1980) (involving the recurre nce of pain in a previously injured wrist without an additional traumatic injury); Sergio’s Pizza v. Soncini , 1 Va. App. 370, 339 S.E.2d 204 (1986) (involving a burn injury, which led to an infection that caused “tennis elbow”). Where a claim for change in condition is erroneously filed as on e for a new injury, the commission may convert the claim to one for change in condition at or after hearing as long as the conversion does not pr ejudice the employer. See Back , 221 Va. at 416-18, 270 S.E.2d at- 4 - 726-27 (holding consolidation of wrist claim with prior claim of injury to same wrist did not prejudice the employer); Soncini , 1 Va. App. at 376-77, 339 S.E.2d at 207-08 (holding consolidation of elbow claim with prior burn cla im at the review stage prejudiced employer). In Back , the Supreme Court relied on settled due pro cess principles requiring that the challenged procedure must provide “notice reasonably calculated, und er all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of th e pendency of the action and to afford them an opportunity to pr esent their objections. . . . The notice must be of such nature as reasonably to convey the required information, . . . and it must afford a reasonable time for those interested to make their appearance . . . [.] But if with due regard for the practicalities and peculiar ities of the case these conditions are reasonably met, the constitutional requirements are satisfied.” 221 Va. at 417, 270 S.E.2d at 726 (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co. , 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S. Ct. 652, 657, 94 L. Ed. 865, 873 (1950) (citations omitted)). The Court concluded the commission’s “consolid ation of the two claims . . . was a matter within its discretion” and that the medical reports in the possession of the employer and carrier “made obvious to them that they were deali ng with a claimant who was suffering from a condition that had existed since [t he date of her original injury ] and which during the interim had progressed, deteriorated, become more aggravated, or otherwise changed.” Id. at 417-18, 270 S.E.2d at 726-27. On that basis, the Court held as follows: [T]he employer and the carrier had notice which was reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise them that Mrs. Back had suffered a change of condition subsequent to the last payment of compensation to he r growing out of the [original] January 29, 1978 accident, and was ma king a further claim. They could have offered evidence at the hearing that Mrs. Back’s condition was neither due to a tr aumatic injury on September 6, 1978, nor an aggravation of her c ondition growing out of the first accident. Id. at 418, 270 S.E.2d at 727. On that basis, the Court affirmed the commission’s award of benefits. Id.- 5 - In Soncini , we considered whether the commission “has the authority at the review stage to modify an application for benefits from injury or occupational disease to a request for review on change of condition.” 1 Va. App. at 371, 339 S.E.2d at 205 (emphasis added). In Soncini , the claimant burned her right hand at work in Ju ly 1984, which led to an infection for which she was hospitalized in August 1984. Id. at 373, 339 S.E.2d at 206. While hospitalized, the claimant first experienced pain in her right forearm and elbow, which he r treating physician said was “an inflammatory ‘reaction,’” later diagnosed as “‘tennis elbow.’” Id. at 373-74, 339 S.E.2d at 206. The claimant continued to experience elbow pain, but she was released to return to her pre-injury employment, after which she experienced el bow pain while performing her duties. Id. at 374, 339 S.E.2d at 206. Her problem was again diag nosed as tennis elbow, and she filed an application for hearing, alleging tennis elbow as her “injury or occupational disease and specifying the date of accident as August 29, 1984.” Id. Employer filed a first report, and the commission treated the claim as “a new application for benefits from a more recent injury or occupational disease.” Id. At the hearing, in contrast to the procedure followed in Back , the deputy did not consolidate the tennis elbow clai m with the prior burn claim. Id. The deputy found the claimant’s tennis elbow was “not an occupational disease related to her employment” but specifically indicated it “ma[ d]e no finding . . . whether cl aimant’s [tennis elbow] is a compensable consequence of her July . . . burn injury or the subsequent complications and medical treatment for these complications.” Id. at 374, 339 S.E.2d at 206-07 (emphases added). On review, the commission affirmed the deputy’s determination that the tennis elbow was not a compensable occupational disease, but it aw arded benefits based on its finding that the “‘claimant’s elbow complaints were the result of a staph in fection following the industrial accident (burns) rather than a separate occupational disease[,] . . . effectually chang[ing] the- 6 - claim at the review stage [from one for a new injury or disease] to an application for review on change of condition .” Id. at 375, 339 S.E.2d at 207 (emphasis added). On appeal, we acknowledged the holding in Back that the commission has authority to consider an application for original injury bene fits as an application for review on change in condition in certain circumstances , but we concluded as follows: The proceeding here was devoid of any procedure that gave notice to the employer prior to the review stage of the need to defend the claim as one for a change of condition [rather than as a new injury or occupational disease] . . . . Unlike in [ Back ], at the hearing level there was no consolidation of the pr esent claim with the earlier file. Also, at the hearing, the medical evidence did not clearly suggest a relationship between the two “injurie s.” Even if we assume that the medical evidence presented should have alerted the employer to the possibility of a conn ection, the procedure employed precluded an adequate opportunity to defend the claim since[, in the proceedings before the deputy,] it was litigated only as [a new injury or] occupational disease.
* * * * * * * The Commission, after it determined to address the claim as one for change of condition on review, did not permit or require either party to present additional evidence, although it was empowered to do so. Code § 65.1-97 [now Code § 65.2-705]; Rule 3 of the Industrial Commissi on [now Rule 2]. Under these circumstances, to consider the i ssue of change of condition for the first time at the review stage, without providing the employer an adequate and reasonable opportunity to present evidence or defend, fails to comport with due pro cess notions of fair play and substantial justice. Id. at 376-77, 339 S.E.2d at 207-08 (footnote omitted). On that basis, we reversed and vacated the commission’s finding that the claimant’s el bow complaints resulted from her compensable burn injury, and we remanded “with directions that the Commission afford both parties the opportunity to present evidence on the issue whether claimant’s condition was a compensable result of her prior injury or the result of her medical tr eatment for that injury.” Id. at 377, 339 S.E.2d at 208.- 7 - Here, employer contends it was prepared to de fend only against claima nt’s allegation that she injured her neck in the or iginal accident. Relying on Soncini , employer argues the deputy and commission, by “amending the claimant’s clai m, without notice,” to include a claim for compensable consequences, deprived employer of its due process rights, resulting in material prejudice. 1 It argues that to have defended against su ch a claim, it would have needed to offer new evidence and that, even if it had received notice of such a claim, the deputy’s ruling on remand precluded it from offering additional evidence. As a result, employer contends the deputy’s “finding of a compensable conseque nce,” affirmed by the commission, “should be vacated.” In light of the notice princi ples discussed above, we agr ee and hold that employer was entitled to adequate notice of the granting of the amendment and an opportunity to present evidence on the issue. Because the commissi on had already entered an award for medical benefits for claimant’s March 31, 2006 shoulder injury, claimant’s claim that she injured her neck at the same time she injured her shoulder was, in eff ect, a change-in-condition application. In contrast, claimant’s alternat ive allegation that she suffered an injury to her neck sometime after March 31, 2006, while in physical therapy for her shoulder, was a claim of a new injury. Although this latter neck claim was one for a co mpensable consequence alleged to be causally related to claimant’s compensa ble shoulder injury, the proper vehicle for placing this issue before the commission was the filing of a new claim for benefits for a new injury. In light of the Supreme Court’s holding in the statute-of-limitations context that “[a]n application for

1 Employer also contends that the deputy and commission amended claimant’s claim sua sponte . On the contrary, the record establishes cl aimant alleged three times before the deputy’s second consideration of the issue that she may have injured her neck after she injured her shoulder—in paragraph V of her request for review of the deputy’s first decision, in her written argument in support of that request, and in a written submission to the deputy following the commission’s remand but prior to the deputy’s second decision.- 8 - compensation based on a ‘change in condition’ cannot be used as a substitute for an original hearing on a new and separate accident,” Leonard , 218 Va. at 215, 237 S.E.2d at 100, we conclude that the commission could not award claimant benefits for a subsequently-sustained “compensable consequence” neck injury without ad equate notice to employer that it would be considering such an issue. Because employe r received no such notice here, the commission’s affirmance of the deputy’s decision on this point was error. The commission has significant discretion in determining what amounts to sufficient information to constitute the filing of a new claim. See Massey Builders Supply Corp. v. Colgan , 36 Va. App. 496, 503-06, 553 S.E.2d 146, 150-51 (2001) (noting the principle that a claim for benefits need not be filed on any partic ular form or even in a single document if the documents, construed together, contain sufficien t information to constitute a claim). In administrative proceedings before the commission, Pleading requirements . . . are tradi tionally more informal than [in] judicial proceedings. While some degree of formality or the use of standardized uniform procedur es and forms may be more conducive to an orderly and expediti ous process, rigid or technical rules of pleading, evidence, or prac tice in the conduct of hearings shall not apply so long as the procedures adopted protect the substantial rights of the parties. Soncini , 1 Va. App. at 376, 339 S.E.2d at 207 (citations omitted); see Nelson County Schs. v. Woodson , 45 Va. App. 674, 679, 613 S.E.2d 480, 483 (2005). “The procedure utilized [need only] afford the parties minimal due process safeguards.” Soncini , 1 Va. App. at 376, 339 S.E.2d at 207. The commission also had the disc retion to join the “compensable consequence” neck issue for resolution with the existing claim that the neck injury occurred at the same time as the shoulder injury, see id. at 376-77, 339 S.E.2d at 208, again so long as employer received adequate notice of the co mmission’s intent to do so.- 9 - We agree with employer’s contention that, on the facts of this case, employer did not receive sufficient notice of the new injury claim and the commission’s intent to entertain it at a time when employer had an opportunity to develo p and present evidence on the issue—prior to the deputy’s hearing and deci sion on remand. We conclude the deputy’s decision and the commission’s affirmance awarding claimant benefits for “her n eck injury [as] a compensable consequence of the original shoulder injury” deprived employer of due process. Thus, we vacate the decision of the co mmission without reaching the commission’s additional rulings and remand for further pr oceedings consistent with this opinion.
II. For these reasons, we hold the commission e rred in reaching the issue of whether claimant’s neck injury was a compensable cons equence of her shoulder injury because employer received insufficient notice of the commission’s intent to consider this issue and had no opportunity to present evidence on the issue. Thus, we vacate the commission’s award of benefits without reaching employer’s other assi gnments of error, and we remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Vacated and remanded.