FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

May 14, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 07-14231

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 06-00075-CV-4

BENJAMIN R. SINGLETON, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

versus 

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 

MR. FNU HAYNES, Transport 

Officer, Georgia State Prison, 

et al., 

Defendants, 

MR. FNU JOHNSON, 

Sergeant, Transport Officer, 

Georgia State Prison, 

DOUGLAS FRANKS, 

JANE DOE, Nurse, 

Georgia State Prison, 

DARLENE PARKER, 

Defendants-Appellees. 
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________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Georgia

_________________________

(May 14, 2008)

Before BIRCH, DUBINA and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Benjamin R. Singleton, a Georgia prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the

district court’s denial of his motion for reconsideration of its order dismissing his

42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint. The district court found that Singleton’s

administrative appeal of his prison grievance was untimely, concluding that he

failed to exhaust his administrative remedies under the Prison Litigation Reform

Act (“PLRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Singleton argues that he timely handed the

appeal to his counselor and that any delay was caused by prison officials. In the

alternative, he argues that he had no administrative remedy “available” because

prison officials prevented him from filing a timely administrative grievance appeal.

Singleton’s complaint stems from a February 19, 2004, incident where a bus

transporting prisoners caught fire. Singleton claims that he suffered injuries and a

loss of property as a result of prison officials’ wrongdoing. Two days later, on

February 21, Singleton began the administrative grievance process by filing an
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informal grievance. Then, on March 9, 2004, he filed a formal grievance regarding

the incident with the Georgia Department of Corrections (the “DOC”). On March

30, 2004, Singleton received a response from the Warden denying him relief. The

Standard Operating Procedures in place at that time provided that an inmate may

appeal the Warden’s response (by submitting the grievance and an appeal form to

his assigned counselor or the Grievance Coordinator) within with four business

days. In this case, Singleton had until April 5, 2004 to submit the forms to his

counselor. Singleton’s administrative appeal was denied by the DOC, which stated

it was not received by the grievance office until April 9, 2004, and was therefore

untimely.

The defendants assert that Singleton did not submit his appeal until April 6,

2004, one day late. They rely primarily on the “Date Appeal Received” line on

Singleton’s grievance form, which reads April 6, 2004 and is signed by an

unidentified prison official. The form is also marked with a stamp noting that the

appeal was received on April 9 by the Grievance Office. Singleton, on the other

hand, asserts that he submitted his appeal to his assigned counselor days earlier. 

He relies, in part, on an affidavit stating that he handed his completed appeal and

grievance form to his assigned counselor, Mr. Berglin, on or about April 1, 2004. 

He states that Berglin assured him that Berglin would place the forms in Chief
 It is not clear whether the signature on the “Date Appeal Receive” line is Peal’s. It does 1

not, however, seem to be that of Berglin, who appears to have signed the grievance form on

March 9, 2004, confirming when the form was issued to Singleton.

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Counselor Joseph Peal’s box. Singleton also submitted as evidence a grievance 1

form dated May 21, 2004, where he complains that he timely handed his appeal

forms to Berglin on March 31, 2004 and that Berglin was thus responsible for any

delay in providing the forms to Peal. 

Citing Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108 (9th Cir. 2003), the district court

treated the motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust as an “unenumerated Rule 12(b)

motion” to dismiss rather than a motion for summary judgment. Under this

procedural framework, the district court indulged in considering matters outside

the pleadings as well as deciding disputed issues of fact and making credibility

determinations. Accordingly, the district court considered both Singleton’s and the

defendants’ evidence, and found that the “best evidence” of when Singleton

submitted his appeal was the “Date Appeal Received” line on the grievance form,

presumably finding that Singleton’s contrary evidence lacked credibility. The

court concluded that Singleton had, thus, not “met his burden” of showing that he

was thwarted from filing a timely appeal.

We review the district court’s denial of a motion for reconsideration for

abuse of discretion. Corwin v. Walt Disney Co., 475 F.3d 1239, 1254 (11th Cir.
If a plaintiff fails to make sufficient allegations in his complaint such that an affirmative defense

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appears on its face, his complaint may be subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). Jones, 127 S. Ct. at

921; Cottone v. Jenne, 326 F.3d 1352, 1357 (11th Cir. 2003) (“A complaint is subject to dismissal under

Rule 12(b)(6) when its allegations, on their face, show that an affirmative defense bars recovery on the

claim.”).

 Once “matters outside the pleadings are presented,” a motion for dismissal pursuant to 12(b)(6) 3

is no longer appropriate, and “the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d).

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2007). We review de novo a district court’s interpretation and application of 42

U.S.C. § 1997e(a)’s exhaustion requirement. Johnson v. Meadows, 418 F.3d 1152,

1155 (11th Cir. 2005). “[A] mistake of law is, by definition, an abuse of

discretion.” Obasohan v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 479 F.3d 785, 788 (11th Cir. 2007)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

The PLRA’s exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional. Woodford v. Ngo,

548 U.S. 81, —, 126 S. Ct. 2378, 2392, 165 L. Ed. 2d 368 (2006) (stating it is

“clear that the PLRA exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional”). Instead,

exhaustion under the PLRA is an affirmative defense to be raised by the defendant

and is subject to the usual procedural practice. Jones v. Bock, — U.S. —, 127 S.

Ct. 910, 919-21, 166 L. Ed. 2d 798 (2007). While the existence of an affirmative

defense may be clear from the face of the pleadings, in which case a Rule 12(b)(6)

dismissal is appropriate, we ordinarily treat affirmative defenses on summary

2

judgment pursuant to Rule 56. Furthermore, the burden of establishing an 3

affirmative defense lies on the defendant, not on the plaintiff as the district court
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seems to suggest. See e.g., Int’l Stamp Art, Inc. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 456 F.3d

1270, 1274 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (“If the movant bears the burden of proof

on an issue, because, as a defendant, it is asserting an affirmative defense, it must

establish that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to any element of that

defense.”). In this case, the district court looked beyond the pleadings, and

therefore Rule 56 applies. Summary judgment is not appropriate where a genuine

issue of material fact exists about an affirmative defense. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). 

Accordingly, we find that district court abused its discretion in denying

Singleton’s motion for reconsideration, as its decision was based on an erroneous

application of the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement. We reverse the district court’s

denial of Singleton’s motion and remand the case for the district court to determine

whether Singleton has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether his

appeal was timely filed.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.