IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs April 9, 2008

MICHAEL SKINNER v. KAREN THOMAS.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County

No. 95422 Jeffery S. Bivins, Judge

No. M2007-01583-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 11, 2008

This is a post-divorce case where Father petitioned for modification of the child custody order based

on alleged material change in circumstances. The Williamson County Circuit Court partially granted

the petition finding a material change in circumstances, but that a change in custody from Mother

to Father was in the best interest of only one of the children, leaving custody of the other child with

Mother. Both Father and Mother assert error by the trial court. We affirm in part, reverse in part and

remand this case for further proceedings. 

Tenn R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in part,

Reversed in part and Remanded

RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., J.,

joined. PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, P. J., M. S., not participating.

Jon Steven Jablonski, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Karen Thomas.

Phillip Edward Schell, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Michael Skinner.

OPINION

Dr. Michael Skinner (“Father”) and Karen Thomas (“Mother”) were divorced in 1997; they

are the parents of three children born during the marriage. At the time of trial, the oldest had reached

the age of majority, the middle child was 16 and the youngest was 12. When the parties’ divorced,

Mother was named the primary residential parent and Father received standard visitation consisting

of every other weekend, one night each week, split holidays and two weeks in the summer with the

three children. 

In 1998, Father married Stephanie Skinner; they have been married for ten years and have

two children born during their marriage. By all accounts, they have a stable home and marriage and

Father has significantly improved his parenting skills and involvement in his children’s lives. Since

the divorce from Father, Mother married and, subsequently, divorced Dr. Cliff Myles and is currently
 The contempt charge was apparently later withdrawn, but the court proceedings explaining the circumstances

1

of the original contempt order and subsequent withdrawal are not in this record.

 Father testified at trial that he did not want to reduce his visitation, but that Mother was making any visitation

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very difficult for Father and Father was under other financial pressures with Mrs. Stephanie Skinner pregnant with their

first child and his dental practice on the verge of bankruptcy.

 The April 2000 Order was omitted from the record, but there is no dispute that it is this Order that this action

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seeks to modify.

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married to Scott Thomas, although they have been separated since January 2006. All of Mother’s

marriages were tumultuous; her marriage to Dr. Myles resulted in the police being called to Mother’s

house in 1999 and 2002 for domestic violence. 

In 1999, conflict over visitation and co-parenting between Mother and Father escalated; the

trial courtfound Mother in contemptfor interfering with Father’s visitation and appointed Dr. David

McMillan, a clinical psychologist, to conduct a custody evaluation. Mother wanted her then current 1

husband, Dr. Myles, to adopt the children, although she later changed her mind; she frequently used

Myles as the children’s last name. Dr. McMillan recommended at the time that Father give up his

parental rights because the conflict with Mother was so intense and because Father had yet to

establish himself as a dependable parental figure. Father was adamant that he did not want to give

up his parental rights; however, he did agree to reduce his visitation in exchange for a reduction in

his child support obligation. As a result, the trial court entered an Agreed Order in April 2000, 2

which reduced Father’s visitation to one weekend per month and one week during the summer and

reduced his child support obligation from $5,500 per month to $5,000 per month; the order also

transferred the burden of paying for the children’s college education from Father to Mother with the

stipulation that if Father ever sought to increase his visitation he would resume the obligation of

paying for the children’s college education. Neither Father, Dr. McMillan, nor the court was aware

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of the domestic violence between Mother and Dr. Myles at the time. 

Since 2000, Father sought Dr. McMillan’s advice in dealing with the parties’ two oldest

children as they reached adolescence and began to exhibit behavior problems. In 2004, Father

contacted Dr. McMillan because he was concerned about the increasing level of conflict between

Mother and the parties’ oldest child just before she turned 16. There was at least one incident where

Mother was angry at her for staying at one friend’s house when she told Mother she would be at a

different friend’s house; Mother drove her to Father’s house, told her to get out of the car in the rain

and then threw her books in a puddle of mud. The child was crying and told Father that she hated

Mother and that Mother had tried to make her say things in court about Father that were not true;

Father took the child to see Dr. McMillan who spoke with her for about 40 minutes. Father again

contacted Dr. McMillan in 2006, because the parties’ middle child was starting to act out in the ways

the older child had when she was the same age. Dr. McMillan gave Father some advice on parenting

adolescents, but told Father that in order to work through the child’s issues both Mother and Father

should come with her to his office; Father asked Mother twice to make the appointment, but she did

not.
 One incident involved Mother screaming and cursing at several individuals at the child’s driving school. The 4

juvenile court incident was precipitated by an exchange between Mother and the child over the July 4 weekend revolving

around whether she could stay overnight with a friend. Mother had given her permission to stay over for an additional

night, but then reversed that decision, then reversing yet again permitting the child to stay, and then changed her mind

yet again. Apparently when Mother called the child the last time to tell her to come home the child’s cell phone was on

speaker phone and Mother said some derogatory things about her friend and her friend’s mother while they were in the

room, which embarrassed the child. Later that same day, the child apparently went to the Mall instead of returning home

and Mother went there to find her. When Mother found her she ordered her to get into the car; the child was yelling at

Mother and Mother reached into the backseat to “silence” her; in so doing she grabbed her leg which resulted in a bruise.

From there Mother drove the child to Juvenile Court where she filed an Unruly Petition. The Juvenile Court held a

hearing, which Father was unable to attend, and the child was ordered to stay one night in juvenile detention and then

remain under home detention for one month. 

 In as much as the parties’ oldest child had reached 18 at the time of trial, the final order does not address

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custody of her.

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Starting around 2004-2005, Father’s relationship with the children, particularly the older two,

began to improve. This was around the time that the oldest child received her driver’s license and

a car; she testified that she began to stay away from Mother’s home as much as possible in order to

avoid conflict with Mother. The oldest child began spending extra time at her Father’s home

including baby-sitting his two youngest children, completing chores around his house, and staying

overnight during the week and extra weekends. Sometimes the oldest child would bring the middle

child with her when she visited Father, but they would not tell Mother because she would get angry

with them and make them feel guilty for wanting to spend time with Father. 

In the summer of 2006, Father came to believe that Mother was no longer suitable as the

primary residential parent. He learned for the first time about the high level of chaos and tension in

Mother’s home and, in particular, about the domestic violence the children had observed between

Mother and Dr. Myles when they were married. Father was also concerned by several incidents

between Mother and the middle child that culminated in Mother filing an unruly petition against her

in Williamson County Juvenile Court. Father petitioned to modify custody on August 6, 2006, 4

seeking to be named the primary residential parent of the parties’ three children. Father alleged 5

there was a material change in circumstances; that Mother was routinely unable or unwilling to

properly supervise the children and was physically abusive with at least one of the children; that she

spoke badly of Father and his wife; and that she was in need of psychological counseling, treatment

and possibly medication to deal with her behavioral issues. The court again appointed Dr. McMillan

to evaluate the family with regard to this petition because of his prior involvement and familiarity

with the family. 

Dr. McMillan concluded that while Father had not always been a strong parent, he had

always provided for the children financially and his parenting skills had improved with the help and

support of his current wife. Since the April 2000 Agreed Order, Father had paid $5,000 per month

in child support as well as provided the children’s health insurance; he bought them clothes, took

them out to eat and on vacation. Father also paid the children’s private school tuition at an amount

equal to that charged by the private school they attended when they were younger.
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Dr. McMillan’s evaluation also concluded that Mother had been a verygood parent when the

children were young, but that she struggled to create an authority structure as the children reached

adolescence. Mother enmeshed the children in her personal life and she sought to please them at any

cost. Mother and the children constantly engaged in sibling-like fights and Mother would often

bargain with the children to win their affection. When she did punish one of the children for bad

behavior the child would easily manipulate her and negotiate out of the punishment. Dr. McMillan

determined that the children were Mother’s whole world and she had not developed an identity that

was separate from them; she only occasionally held part-time jobs and relied extensively on the

children for moral support through her three disastrous marriages. Dr. McMillan observed that

Mother often provided the children with inappropriate details about her personal problems. The

children reported to Dr. McMillan and in their testimony at the hearing that Mother told them she

wished Father were dead or that he should “burn in hell” and that Mother often made the children

feel guilty about wanting to see and spend time with Father, often calling them “traitors,” which led

the children to be dishonest with Mother. It was apparent to Dr. McMillan that when the children

were young they did not trust Father, but as they got older they began to develop their own

independent views of him and began wanting to spend more time with him and his current wife. The

children also reported to him that on at least one occasion Father’s current wife took the girls

shopping and the oldest child told the youngest child to tell Mother that she had bought the clothes

and not Father’s wife so that Mother would not get angry and throw the clothes away.

After several days of trial with twenty witnesses including Mother, Father, Dr. McMillan and

all three children as well as family, friends, and school officials, the trial court found there had been

a material change in circumstances; however, the court found that a change in custody from Mother

to Father was in the best interest of only the middle child, leaving the youngest child in the primary

care of Mother. Father appeals asserting error with regard to the court’s finding that a change in

custody was not in the best interest of the youngest child. Mother asserts error with regard to the

court’s finding that there was a material change in circumstances and that a change in custody was

in the middle child’s best interest. Mother also appeals the amount of child support she is to receive.

Both parties appeal the trial court’s order requiring each party to pay their own attorney fees.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the trial court’s conclusions of law “under a pure de novo standard of review,

according no deference to the conclusions of law” made by the trial court. Kendrick v. Shoemake,

90 S.W.3d 566, 569-70 (Tenn. 2002); Southern Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County Bd. Of Educ.,

58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001). A “review of findings of fact by the trial court in civil actions

shall be de novo upon the record, accompanied by a presumption of correctness, unless the

preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570.

In applying the de novo standard, “we are mindful that ‘[t]rial courts are vested with wide

discretion in matters of child custody’ and that ‘the appellate courts will not interfere except upon

a showing of erroneous exercise of that discretion.’” Johnson v. Johnson, 169 S.W.3d 640, 645

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Koch v. Koch, 874 S.W.2d 571, 575 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)).
 Rule 6 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee states:

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(a) Written argument in regard to each issue on appeal shall contain: 

(1) A statement by the appellant of the alleged erroneous action of the trial court which raises the issue

and a statement by the appellee of any action of the trial court which is relied upon to correct the

alleged error, with citation to the record where the erroneous or corrective action is recorded.

(2) A statement showing how such alleged error was seasonably called to the attention of the trial

judge with citation to that part of the record where appellant’s challenge of the alleged error is

recorded.

(3) A statement reciting wherein appellant was prejudiced by such alleged error, with citations to the

record showing where the resultant prejudice is recorded.

(4) A statement of each determinative fact relied upon with citation to the record where evidence of

each such fact may be found.

(b) No complaint of or reliance upon action by the trial court will be considered on appeal unless the

argument contains a specific reference to the page or pages of the record where such action is

recorded. No assertion of fact will be considered on appeal unless the argument contains a reference

to the page or pages of the record where evidence of such fact is recorded.

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“Because ‘[c]ustody and visitation determinations often hinge on subtle factors, including the

parents’ demeanor and credibility during...proceedings themselves,’ appellate courts ‘are reluctant

to second-guess a trial court’s decisions.’” Johnson, 169 S.W.3d at 645 (quoting Gaskill v. Gaskill,

936 S.W.2d 626, 631 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)).

ANALYSIS

I. Waiver of Issue On Appeal

Mother asserts that Father’s brief to this court fails to “state the alleged erroneous action of

the trial court which raises the issue and fails to show how such alleged error was seasonably called

to the attention of the trial judge....” Mother cites Rule 6 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of

Tennessee as well as Bell v. Bell, No. M2004-01975-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2095422 at *2-3 (Tenn.

Ct. App. July 18, 2007), in support of this assertion. Mother further asserts that she preserved her 6

issues on appeal by filing a Motion to Alter or Amend, or in the Alternative Motion for a New Trial.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e) requires the filing of a Motion for New Trial before an appeal in a jury

trial can be made to a higher court. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e); McCormic v. Smith, 659 S.W.2d 804, 805

(Tenn. 1983). This rule states that:

...in all cases tried by a jury, no issue presented for review shall be predicated upon

error in the admission or exclusion of evidence, jury instructions granted or refused,

misconduct of jurors, parties or counsel, or other action committed or occurring

during the trial of the case, or other ground upon which a new trial is sought, unless

the same was specifically stated in a motion for a new trial; otherwise such issues

will be treated as waived.
 Rule 1 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee permits “for good cause, including the interest of 7

expediting a decision upon any matter, this Court . . . [to] suspend the requirements or provisions of any of these rules

in a particular case on motion of a party, or on its own motion, and may order proceedings in accordance with its

discretion.” 

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Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e). The Tennessee Supreme Court in McCormic v. Smith, 659 S.W.2d 804

(Tenn. 1983) reaffirmed that Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e) applies only to cases tried by a jury. McCormic,

659 S.W.2d at 806. The Court furtherstated that precedent “does not...stand for the proposition that

all errors of the trial judge...must be brought back for further consideration by the trial court on a

motion under Rule 59, T.R.C.P. before such issues can be considered on appeal.” Id.

The present case was tried before a chancellor without the presence of a jury. Based on Tenn.

R. App. P. 3(e), Father was not required file a motion for new trial as a prerequisite to appeal.

Furthermore, the Bell case relied upon by Mother is inapplicable as that case involved a party

attempting to appeal a trial court’s Final Decree of Divorce after failing to appear at the trial in

person or through counsel. Bell, No. M2004-01975-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2095422 at *2. In

rejecting the appeal, the court relied on Rule 36 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure

which provides that an appellate court is not required to grant reliefto a party responsible for an error

or who failed to take reasonable action to prevent or nullify the harmful effort of an error. Finally,

while Father’s argument section of his original Brief failed to include citations to the record, the fact

section contained complete citations to the record; moreover, this error was largely corrected in his

Reply Brief. Therefore, we will review Father’s issues on appeal in order to expedite a decision

upon the matter pursuant to Rule 1 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee.7

II. Modification of Custody

A. Standard for Modifying a Custody Order

Because children are more likely to thrive in a stable environment, the courts favor

maintaining existing custody arrangements. Taylor v. Taylor, 849 S.W.2d 319, 332 (Tenn. 1993);

Kellett v. Stuart, 206 S.W.3d 8, 14 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006); Hoalcraft v. Smithson, 19 S.W.3d 822,

828 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). A valid custody order or residential placement schedule, once entered

by the court, is res judicata as to the facts in existence or reasonably foreseeable when the decision

was made. Keisling v. Keisling, 196 S.W.3d 703, 719 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); Hoalcraft, 19 S.W.3d

at 828.

Nonetheless, a custody and visitation order, or the residential schedule in a permanent

parenting plan, may be modified in certain situations. Such an order remains within the control of

the court and is subject to “such changes or modification as the exigencies of the case may require.”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(1). Both the legislature and the courts have addressed the

requirements for such a modification, in recognition of the fact that the circumstances of children

and their parents change, sometimes requiring changes in the existing parenting arrangement. When

a petition to change custody is filed, the parent seeking the change has the burden of showing that
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a material change in circumstances has occurred which makes a change in custody in the child’s best

interest. Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 148 (Tenn. 2002); In re M.J.H., 196 S. W.3d 731, 744

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); In re Bridges, 63 S.W.3d 346, 348 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

A decision on a request for modification of a parenting arrangement requires a two-step

analysis. Cranston v. Combs, 106 S.W.3d 641, 644 (Tenn. 2003). A party petitioning to change an

existing custody order must prove both (1) that a material change of circumstances has occurred and

(2) that a change of custody or residential schedule is in the child’s best interest. Kendrick, 90

S.W.3d at 575. Only after a threshold finding that a material change of circumstances has occurred

is the court permitted to go on to make a fresh determination of the best interest of the child.

Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 569; Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d at 150; Curtis v. Hill, 215 S.W.3d 836, 840

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).

As to the first requirement, i.e., a material change of circumstances, the Tennessee Supreme

Court has stated:

Although there are no bright line rules as to whether a material change in

circumstances has occurred after the initial custody determination, there are several

relevant considerations: (1) whether a change has occurred after the entry of the order

sought to bemodified; (2) whether a change was not known or reasonably anticipated

when the order was entered; and (3) whether a change is one that affects the child’s

well-being in a meaningful way.

Cranston, 106 S.W.3d at 644 (citing Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570).

The General Assembly has also addressed the question of what constitutes a material change

of circumstances:

(B) If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree

pertaining to custody, the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence

a material change in circumstance. A material change of circumstance does not

require a showing of a substantial risk of harm to the child. A material change of

circumstance may include, but is not limited to, failures to adhere to the parenting

plan or an order of custody and visitation or circumstances that make the parenting

plan no longer in the best interest of the child.

(i) In each contested case, the court shall make such a finding as to the reason and

the facts that constitute the basis for the custody determination.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B).

Only if a material change of circumstances is shown to exist is the trial court allowed to

proceed to the next step of the analysis: whether modification of the existing parenting arrangement
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is in the child’s best interest. Cranston, 106 S.W.3d at 644; Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 569; Curtis, 215

S.W.3d at 840. That determination requires consideration of a number of factors, including those

set out in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a) (factors to consider in custody determination). Kendrick,

90 S.W.3d at 570. 

The factors to be considered in the second step of the analysis that fall under Tenn. Code.

Ann. § 36-6-106(a) include:

(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents and child;

(2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food, clothing, medical

care, education and other necessary care and the degree to which a parent has been

the primary caregiver;

(3) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of time the child

has lived in a stable,satisfactory environment; provided, that where there is a finding,

under § 36-6-106(a)(8), of child abuse, as defined in §§ 39-15-401 or 39-15-402, or

child sexual abuse, as defined in § 37-1-602, by one (1) parent, and that a nonperpetrating parent has relocated in order to flee the perpetrating parent, that such

relocation shall not weigh against an award of custody;

(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;

(5) The mental and physical health of the parents;

(6) The home, school and community record of the child;

(7)(A) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or older;

(B) The court may hear the preference of a younger child upon request. The

preferences of older children should normally be given greater weight than those of

younger children;

(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent or to any

other person; provided, that where there are allegations that one (1) parent has

committed child abuse, as defined in §§ 39-15-401 or 39-15-402, or child sexual

abuse, as defined in § 37-1-602, against a family member, the courtshall consider all

evidence relevant to the physical and emotional safety of the child, and determine,

by a clear preponderance of the evidence, whether such abuse has occurred. The

court shall include in its decision a written finding of all evidence, and all findings

of facts connected thereto. In addition, the court shall, where appropriate, refer any

issues of abuse to the juvenile court for further proceedings;
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(9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents the

home of a parent and such person’s interactions with the child; and

(10) Each parent’s past and potential for future performance of parenting

responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of each of the parents to

facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the

child and the other parent, consistent with the best interest of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a).

B. Application of the Standard

The first step of our analysis requires a review of the alleged changed circumstances to

determine if they are material and unforseen. We review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo

with a presumption of correctness, but we review its conclusions oflaw based on those facts de novo

with no presumption of correctness. Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570. The trial court found: 

[T]here to be a material change of circumstances in this case. And particularly the

Court notes that although [Mother] has to some extent remedied past bad

relationships, there does appear in the Court’s mind to be a pattern of somewhat

chaotic and disruptive personal relationships involved, be it through both of her

subsequent marriages.... 

In the Court’s mind the greatest concern of this Court is [Mother’s] continuing

refusal to foster the relationship between the children and [Father]. The record is

replete from several witnesses of instances in which [Mother] continues to speak

badly of [Father], to speak badly of [Father’s] new – well, not new wife now, but the

current wife . . . . And continues to berate him and call him names. This is

something this court cannot tolerate. And [Mother’s counsel] has made a very good

argument to the Court in that his argument that this is really not a change of

circumstances because this is simply – has been going on through this relationship.

And while it is true, the Court finds that that obviously has been going on throughout

the relationship, if the Court were to accept that argument it would be accepting an

argument that this Court cannot expect compliance with its previous orders once they

are entered. 

In this situation, with the original custody order, with the agreed order of April 2000,

and with any order this Court enters regarding child custody matters, it is assumed

and expected and required by this Court that both parents foster a good relationship

with the other parent. And it is required that they particularly take no steps toward

demeaning or making derogatory comments on a consistent basis about the other.

For all of those reasons in combination the Court does conclude that there has been

a material change of circumstances in this case. 
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Mother asserts that the trial court erred by consideringMother’s circumstances; she contends

that courts may only look to the child’s circumstances, not the parents’, in order to find there has

been a material change in circumstances since the entry of the last Order. The circumstances that

most concerned the trial court here for the purposes of determining a change in circumstances were

Mother’s inability to adapt her parenting skills to deal with the children as they became adolescents,

Mother’s interference with Father’s ability to develop a meaningful relationship with his children

and the chaotic and disruptive personal relationships in which Mother enmeshed the children. The

trial court properly considered Mother’s change in circumstances as those particular circumstances

affected the children’s well-being. As the Kendrick court noted in its discussion of the factors for

determining when a child’s circumstances have changed sufficiently to warrant a change of his or

her custody, “a parent’s change in circumstances may be a material change in circumstances for the

purposes of modifying custody if such a change affects the child’s well-being.” Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d

at 570. The trial court heard expert testimony from Dr. McMillan on the ill-effects of Mother’s

inappropriate parenting techniques. Mother’s cajoling and bargaining with the children led them to

not respect Mother and manipulate her to get out of punishments. Mother’s tendency to provide the

children with too much adult information about her personal relationships resulted in them seeing

and treating Mother as a sibling rather than authority figure.

Mother contends that many of these issues of concern for the trial court were present in 1999

and 2000 when the agreed order was entered and, therefore, are not a change in circumstance. The

issue of Mother’s ability to properly parent adolescent children was clearly a change since the entry

of the April 2000 agreed order, as Mother was by all accounts a “very good” parent to the children

when they were younger; however, she continued to use techniques for younger children such as

coddling and bargaining as the children grew into adolescence rather than establishing and enforcing

consequences within a respectful, structured environment. While the latter two matters may have

existed back in 1999 and 2000, Mother’s chaotic and disruptive personal relationships were not the

subject of proof in that proceeding. With regard to Mother’s speaking badly of Father, the court

operates under the assumption that parties will abide by its orders requiring the parents to foster a

good relationship with the other parent. Those matters were not known or reasonably anticipated

by the court at the time the agree order was entered in April 2000. Therefore, we affirm the trial

court’s finding of a material change in circumstances. 

The second step of our analysis requires a review of the trial court’s determination of whether

the modification of child custody was in the best interest of the children. The trial court found that

factors (1), (5), and (9) were neutral neither favoring Mother or Father; factors (2) with regard to

both children and (6) and (7) with regard to the youngest child favored Mother; and factors (3), (4),

(8) and (10) with regard to both children and (6) and (7) with regard to the middle child favored

Father. We will discuss the trial court’s determination with respect to each child separately as the

court found that modification to be in the best interest of one, but not the other. 
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1. Custody of the Middle Child

Mother asserts that the trial court erred in changing custody of the parties’ middle child from

Mother to Father because “[her] best interest is not served by the Permanent Parenting Plan entered

by the Court on July 3, 2007.” Mother relies on testimony by Mother’s friends and neighbors that

the children are polite and well-behaved to show that despite her troubled marriages and personal

problems that she “has still raised three fine young women.” While the trial court found the children

to be polite, their lives have not been without difficulty. All three children testified to constant

arguing and raised voices in Mother’s home – between Mother and her ex- and current husbands and

between Mother and the children. They also testified that Mother often curses at them and at others

in their presence. The level of anger and disrespect that Mother allows the children to show her has

certainly not been without repercussion as the two older children both developed behavior problems

around the age of 14. Dr. McMillan testified that the older child was raised by Mother until she

reached the age of 14 and then raised herself; at the age of 16 she began spending as much time away

from Mother’s house as possible, including spending extra days and nights at Father’s house. The

middle child’s behavioral problems appear to be more drastic than the older child’s, resulting in

Mother filing an unruly petition in Juvenile court against her. 

The trial court found that, based on the totality of the evidence and upon consideration of the

statutory factors, it was in the best interest of the middle child that custody be changed to Father.

In particular, the trial court found that Father appeared to be better able to control her than Mother.

See Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(6). The court appointed psychiatrist, Dr. McMillan, believed

this child presented a great challenge to any parent, but that Mother in particular was ill-equipped

to deal with her; Mother‘s lack of boundaries and enmeshment with her children resulted in an

inability to provide the authority structure that she needed. Id. The court found that the stability of

the family unit with Father and Father’s current wife appeared to be strong at this point in contrast

with Mother’s household. Id. § (a)(4). The court was “very concerned” about whether the children

were living in a “stable and satisfactory environment” and was particularly troubled by the

deteriorating relationship between the middle child and Mother. Id. § (a)(3). While the court did

not believe Mother’s actions rose to the level of emotional abuse, the court found that she “failed and

refused to encourage a close and continuing parent/child relationship between [the children] and

[Father] and [Father’s current wife]” including calling them names and calling the children “traitors”

for wishing to spend time with them. Id. § (a)(8), (10). Contrasting with Mother’s behavior, the

court noted that Father and Father’s current wife encouraged the children to have a continuing and

strong relationship with Mother. Id. The middle child did not wish to express a preference in this

matter, but the court deduced from her testimony that, in all likelihood, she would prefer to live

primarily with Father. Id. § (a)(7). Finding no error, we affirm the trial court’s determination that

a change in custody from Mother to Father is in the middle child’s best interest.

2. Custody of the Youngest Child

Father asserts that the trial court erred in not changing custody of the parties’ youngest child

from Mother to Father because the same factors that lead the trial court to change the custody of the
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middle child existed for the youngest child and the trial court failed to articulate sufficient reason

for leaving her in the care of Mother.

The trial court found that the best interest of the youngest child to be a “close call” and

acknowledged that its conclusion to grant custody to different parents with regard to different

children was “rare for this Court to do, as it should be.” The court was most concerned about “the

fragile state of [youngest child] at this point and her strong emotional ties to her mother.” The court

further explained its decision:

The Court recognizes Dr. McMillan’s red flag for that very reason and is concerned

about the fact that [Mother], as Dr. McMillan points out, appears to be a wonderful

mother as these children are younger children, but tends to have problems with these

children as they grow older and the relationship begins to deteriorate. There clearly

is no ill will and intent in the Court’s finding with [Mother] with that regard.

However, it is a fact. And while the Court is not ready to change custody of [the

youngest child] at this point in time, the Court does note for the record for [Mother’s]

consideration that this Court is very concerned about that relationship, and is

concerned about [Mother’s] desire to give these children everything at the cost of

appropriate discipline in many instances.

It appears to the Court that as these children become older that [Mother] does not –

wishes for their relationship to remain the same as it was. And unfortunately for all

of us as parents, that simply cannot be. And while this Court struggles with the issue

of [the youngest child], again, because of the strong emotional ties, at this point in

time the Court does not feel that it is appropriate to change custody with regard to

[the youngest child].

Dr. McMillan testified that while the youngest child had good things to say about Father, she

was very frightened to talk and was the most fragile of the children. In explaining her fragility, Dr.

McMillan said that she was “very, very connected” to Mother and often slept with Mother. See

Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(1), (7). In the family dynamic, she is Mother’s apologist to the

other children and takes on Mother’s version of reality. Id. Dr. McMillan noted that the same was

true of the two older children when they were this child’s age. Dr. McMillan explained that Mother

was very dependent on her role as mother and did not know how to separate her own identity from

the children. This put a lot of pressure on the children and he warned that, with the two older

children growing up and not being around the house much anymore, Mother was likely to put all of

this pressure on the youngest child, which could be disastrous for her. Id. § (a)(10). While the

youngest child was apparently always a shy child and struggled in school, she seemed to find an

outlet in athletic activities, which Mother was able to facilitate. Id. § (a)(2), (6). The child testified

that she played severalsports and Mother was very active in supporting those activities both through

attendance and coaching. Id. Father, on the other hand, was unable to be as active in the child’s

extracurricular activities because of his work schedule, although he attended games when he could.
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Dr. McMillan recommended that initially the youngest child’s custody change from Mother

to Father, but expressed hope that she would be able to be returned to Mother’s primary care if

Mother could be rehabilitated back into the role of primary residential parent. Dr. McMillan testified

that it would be a lot of work for Mother, but that it would be “a fine outcome” and he hoped that

would be the outcome. Dr. McMillan testified that, in addition to working on her parenting

techniques and ability to co-parent with Father, Mother had many personal problems she needed to

work on. See Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(5). While he was not able to provide a diagnosis on

whether Mother was bipolar, he thought probably she was not. Id. Regardless, Mother’s constant

“chaotic raging and dramatic behavior” was something he believed she should seek professional

assistance to correct either through medication or counseling. Id. Dr. McMillan noted that while

he thought it would be positive for the youngest child to return to Mother’s primary care if Mother

improved, he did not believe the same regarding the middle child. When asked whether he preferred

the sisters live with the same primary residential parent, Dr. McMillan said that they need not live

together; that the most important factor was that each child lived with an effective parent and he

hoped that Mother would work on her ability to be an effective parent for the youngest child and coparent with Father. 

We are mindful that “[t]rial courts are vested with wide discretion in matters of child

custody” Johnson, 169 S.W.3d at 645 (quoting Koch, 874 S.W.2d at 575), because, among other

things, “[c]ustody and visitation determinations often hinge on subtle factors,” Id. (quoting Gaskill,

936 S.W.2d at 631), including the demeanor and credibility of the parties during the proceedings;

consequently, “appellate courts ‘are reluctant to second-guess a trial court’s decisions.’” Id. In this

case the trial court obviously considered Dr. McMillan’s recommendation that the youngest child

change custody, at least temporarily, from Mother to Father, but was ultimately swayed by other

subtle factors in the case including the court’s observation of this child during her testimony.

Although the court departed from Dr. McMillan’s ultimate recommendation on custody, the court

accepted Dr. McMillan’s recommendation that the youngest child receive counseling because the

court found Dr. McMillan to be a credible witness. In so doing, the court also gave Mother a stern

warning to seek counseling for herself in order to address her parenting and personal issues while

there was still time for her to salvage her relationship with the youngest child. The court explained

that it was “concerned if [Mother] continues in her current parenting skills, continues to utilize those

same ways she has, that we will be back here again in a few years with [the youngest child].”

Finding no error, we affirm the trial court’s determination that it is in the best interest of the youngest

child to remain in the primary care of Mother, but that the youngest child receive counseling. 

III. Child Support

Mother asserts that the trial court erred in not deviating upward when setting the amount of

child support in this action. The April 2000 Agreed Order set child support for the three children

at $5,000.00 per month, which was a deviation upward of approximately $900.00 per month from

that as was required by the Child Support Guidelines. Following the entry of the order that forms

the basis of this appeal, Mother filed a Motion to Alter or Amend seeking, inter alia, “a new trial

on the issue of the amount of child support.” Mother’s motion was denied by the trial court and, on
 The order disposing of her Motion did not specify why the court denied the request for a hearing. 

8

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appeal, she asks this Court to apply the same upward deviation to the current child support order as

existed in the April 2000 Agreed Order or, in the alternative, for a hearing to determine if she is

entitled to a deviation. 

Because child support decisions retain an element of discretion, we review them using the

deferential "abuse of discretion" standard. Richardson v. Spanos, 189 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2005). This standard is a review-constraining standard of review that calls for less intense

appellate review and, therefore, less likelihood that the trial court's decision will be reversed. Id.

(citing State ex rel. Jones v. Looper, 86 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000); White v. Vanderbilt

Univ., 21 S.W.3d 215, 222-23 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)). Discretionary decisions must, however, take

the applicable law and the relevant facts into account. Ballard v. Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 661

(Tenn. 1996). 

The amount of support derived from a proper application of the formula in the Child Support

Guidelines becomes the presumptive amount of child support owed. Richardson, 189 S.W.3d at 725

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). This amount of support, however, is rebuttable, Tenn.Code Ann. §

36-5-101(e)(1)(A); Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.01(1)(d)(1) (2008); Taylor v. Fezell, 158

S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tenn. 2005), and a trial court may, in its discretion, deviate from the amount of

support required by the Child Support Guidelines. State v. Wilson, 132 S.W.3d 340, 343 (Tenn.

2004); Jones v. Jones, 930 S.W.2d 541, 545 (Tenn. 1996). Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(B)

permits the court to deviate from the Child Support Guidelines “if the net income of the obligor

exceeds ten thousand dollars ($10,000) per month;” however, the custodial parent “must prove, by

a preponderance of the evidence, that child support in excess of the amount provided for in the child

support guidelines is reasonably necessary to provide for the needs of the minor child or children of

the parties.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(B). 

The trial court ordered child support to be calculated in accordance with the Guidelines. The

court adopted the Permanent Parenting Plan and Child Support Worksheet, which resulted in Father

paying $2,100.00 per month to Mother for the support of the youngest child. Mother then filed a

Motion to Alter or Amend, inter alia, seeking a new trial on the issue of child support; she sought

to put on proof with regard to whether an upward deviation was appropriate. In light of the

modification of other provisions of the April 2000 Agreed Order, Mother is not correct that an

upward deviation is automatic or that the amount of the deviation should be automatically continued.

When seeking an upward deviation, the statute clearly places the burden on the custodial parent to

“prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that child support in excess of the amount provided for

in the Guidelines was reasonably necessary to provide for the needs of the minor child left in her

primary care.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(B). Since Mother is the custodial parent of the

youngest child and was awarded child support, she bears the burden of proving that an upward

deviation is appropriate. When the trial court denied her motion, she did not have an opportunity

to present such proof; consequently, we reverse this action of the court and remand the case to the 8
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trial court for the limited purpose of determining whether an upward deviation from the Child

Support Guidelines is appropriate. 

IV. Attorney’s Fees

Both parties take issue with the trial court's denial of their respective requests for attorney's

fees. Father asserts that because custody of the middle child was changed from Mother to Father that

he is the prevailing party and entitled to an award of attorney’s fees; Mother asserts that because

custody of the youngest child was not changed that she is also a prevailing party and because Father

has the ability to pay that she is entitled an award of attorney’s fees.

There is no question that Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c) empowers the courts to award

reasonable attorney's fees incurred by persons who are required to return to court to enforce a child

support order. The statute provides in relevant part: 

“the spouse or other person to whom the custody of the child, or children, is awarded

may recover from the other spouse reasonable attorneyfees incurred in enforcing any

. . . suit or action concerning the adjudication of the custody or the change of custody

of any child, or children, of the parties, . . . at any subsequent hearing, which fees

may be fixed and allowed by the court, before whom such action or proceeding is

pending, in the discretion of such court.”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c). The question of whether to award attorney’s fees, and the amount

thereof, are within the sound discretion of the trial court and we will not disturb the trial court’s

decision on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Id.; See Richardson v. Spanos, 189 S.W.3d 720,

725 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). An abuse of discretion occurs “only when the trial court applies an

incorrect legal standard, reaches a decision that is illogical, bases its decision on a clearly erroneous

assessment of the evidence, or employs reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party.”

Perry v. Perry, 114 S.W.3d 465, 467 (Tenn. 2003); Clinard v. Blackwood, 46 S.W.3d 177, 182

(Tenn. 2001).

Both parties in this case were partially successful; thus, neither party is a clear winner. Under

these circumstances, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion by denying both parties'

requests for attorney's fees; consequently, we affirm the denial of the requests.
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CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of trial court with respect to

modification of custody and attorney’s fees; we reverse the court’s denial of a hearing on Mother’s

request for a hearing on the amount of child support and remand the issue of child support to the trial

court for the purpose of determining whether Mother is entitled to an upward deviation from the

Child Support Guidelines. Costs are assessed to the parties equally, for which execution may issue,

if necessary.

___________________________________ 

RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE