U.S. 	NAVA!. !'(iilC£$ Hi NOa'l'i-Ua't RUSS IA (AH Cl{A.:il)~ AJD ).lURMA.liSK). 

1918"1919 

Pr..n~red by 


Dr. Henry P. B~er8 

RECEIVED 


NAVY DEPARTMENT LIBRARY 	 .. 

er the Su~ervislon of 

iJr. R. G. Al!l1 ':m , :iec ~e r ':If N(lvAl Ad;ni.ntstra,tion 

ecret ryl~ Office, Na vy ~e Rrtm~nt 

':"t.. Crndr. ',h;. J. I..~Ahy, Director, Office of iiecords 


;",!:n tntnrl'lti::m, Admtn1.strf. tivp. Office , 


Navy D~'1l'!rt:1'lent 

O!'f lc p. of ~Pf:1'rd*, Ad.;ninl strA tl "')n 


Ad~ 1R 1 trativ~ Office 


NflVY uenartment 


1O'V~.'Tlbp.r 194:\ 

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5')' a~1nistrativ~ '" defp~encp. ::iervtce 	 I

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Admlnictrative Reference Service Reports 

1. 	 Incentives for Civtlian Em~loyee8 of the Navy Department: 

A Review of the Enerience of the First World War, by Dr. 

Henry P. Beers. (Sneclal Renort. not for general dlstributton), May 1943. 

z. 	 U. S. NavA,l Detachment tn Tur'-::1sh '.....atere. 1919-1924, by 

Dr. Henry P. Beer8,-June lQ43. 

3. 	 U. S. NAval Port Officers in the Bordeaux Region, 1q17­

191~. by Dr. Henry p. Beers, Se t~mber lQ43. 

. 3A. U. S. NavRl Port RegulRtlone, Port of Bordp.8.ux, ,

France (Reureduction of 30 na~~ n~hlet issued 19 Ma rch 

19l9) July 1943. 

4. 	 The American Naval ).\1"810n 1n the Adriatic, 1919-1921. by 

Dr. A. C~ Davidonts, 5entember 194:L 

5. 	 U. S. Naval Forces In Northern Russin (Archangel Rnd Hurw~ n8k). 

1918-1919, by D!'. H.enry P. Beers, Novenb'H lQ41 . 

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Note: 

Attention 1s called to lle"Oo rt tlo. :lA, 'W'hich re-producee a 30 

page "pamphlet, "U. S. Nave. l Port Regulations, Port 01 .Bordesu..-.;:. 

France u , published originally P.t Bordeaux by thp. naval nOTt offlcer~ It· .i!:ives 8 comnrei"'.enslve ldl'!8 of the detflile o! the rou tine 

functions of 8 uort officer a~d mlp,ht sprve 8R ~ useful model f or ., similar issues. 

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n. s. JlAVAL FORJ!II III RuR'lllKRft RIlSSIA (AR:IIAIIG!!L AIID MUltIAlISX) 

1!>e outbreoll: or war betveen Rued.. and Oenl8ll,)' in Augat 1914 bed 

1IIportant effoot.. upon Borth Rueda. _ oloo1ng of tile Baltl0 porto 

or Rue.l.. aDd of tile exlt frca tile Black Sea through TUr1m7'. Joln1ns 

the C~ntral Powen left ller a>l7 tile ~ote porto on the Arctic Ocean 

th1'01l8h whloh to eecure milltar,- luppll•• 8lld oqui_nt !rca her Allle. 

in V81!1tern Europe J aeide f'I'QI the still 1101'8 remote port of VladlT08tok 

in Slberta. It beoa.e n.08I1S4r,. therefore for Russia to develop the 

northerri region to the greateet extent poee1ble and vith the greateBt 

potIlBlbl.e epeed. 

'!'be onl.T port 01" a!lT ei£e 111 lforthern Ru.88ia in 1914 vae Arebansel, 

an Ulp08lng and ""U-built cit,. located on e18'lated fP'OWld on the 

eaetern bank of the Borth DT1na River where it branobea into a IUIlber 

of !tl'MllB, th1rt,.-three .118e frca the White Sea. Founded in 15", 

Yhen "" Bngl1.h trading faotor,- """ buUt tilers, ArohtuJeol bed been 

Rue.ia'a 0Dl7 outlet to the eea tor yean, but after the bu1141tIB 

of Petrograd b,. Peter the Groat in 1702 It deollnod in 1IIportanoo Illthoueh It oont1m>od to be Tloltod b,. .hip. f~ England aDd tile 

JIe_rlAnd.. Jar fraa PO"" t_ ohlpping route., Archangel ..... 720 

milo. dl.tant rna MoooOll' aDd 760 .Uo. f,... Petrograd. It va. oonnected b7 rinr, oaual, and rail with the south. In ord1Dar;r tiDes it 

exported IlJllber, tar, flax, I1n11eede, &Del ak1ne. To increaee tbe 

oapao1t7 of the railroad, the teminue of which va. at BaDrltza CIl 

the Wilt 'b&lIk of the JIlorth DTina oppoelte Arcb-neel, it YNI con'gerted 

rraa & 81nglo to .. d""ble track llno in 1916. A te.por&l7 railroad 

.... bu1:Lt b,. tile Ruo.l_ to tile port or lIomca1a oOlllltruotad b,. tile 

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Brit1eh sixteen m.1lee davn the ri"Yer Crail Arolwlsel 10. order to proTide 8. plAce wlth a loneer open season; thls could be reached b,. loe 

breamro unt1l tho middle of Januar,y. _ population of Archangel 

, which in 1915 numbered 1!.o,ooo, incressed fleTeral fold and the t.port. · 

( lItlDJ'" fold durine tbe early 78s", or the war. 

Since Archangel WSf" clofled to ehlppina: 1'l"OIII. November to May be1

caUf"e of ice J whioh began f'0nn.1ne in Ootober at the beadV8.ux:e of the 

North DTine. end proenpsed dOVMtre8l!l. to the lrrIhite Ses, the Russians 

undertook the c01l(Itn1otlon of a nev port on the Mulmen ooast 4,0 alIas 

fran Arche.Deel. Althoush the Muman c08et wee farther north on the 

Barents Sea, a part of the Arctic Ocean, it was free of" ice the year 

round beeaUf:e of the influence of the Gulf stream; which paeeee nortb 

of Norvay. UDder imperial 8.uthor1t1 and st a coat of $60,000,000, a 

nl1lroad vae built durUIg 1915-1917 b;r an of labororo, foremen, 

and inspectors eouperY1t!!ed bT Russian ens:ineel"8 frca. Petrtizavodsk, to 

which a line extended frca. PetrogI'8d., to the Murman coast. Prior to 

, its CCJDpletion cara....-ane of reindeer sleighe transported l1gh·t artiolell 

and mun1tlO1l8 by road to the south. Its northern te:na1Due was a town 

Of log buts built on a plain encircled by hills at a point on the 

eastern ehore of the Kola Inlet tvent,.-flTe ~lee fram the eea, Which 

yap at f1rst Jmcvn ae RCIJII8II.ovek and after the 1'8'Y01utiOil or 1917 811 

Munnanpk. 'Dle new port, a :flask ehaped baT, afforded sheltered 

..anchoraae for large V8PFeu, and the narrovnosll or the :l:olA Inlet perinitted Eltretch1ns a bOQJl acroee it to control the pe..lJsap &Dd pl'OTide 

protection ~l1lf"t 8D1!11Q- raid!'. Here a ehltting populatioo of 8CWJ 

1,,000 of RufPlane, Chinese and war prillanere eupp11ed workmen tor the · ,

I railroad and steTedoref!; tor unloe.d1ng ehlpe. At Alo.mDdronk, a port 

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founded in lB99 at tho _til of tho :Kola Inlet but ooruoidorod lIll8uitable 

for cle'981opD&ut, beCause ot hish oliffe, were cable coanectlona with 

lI!nS'and and Archonsel. 'nlrou8I> a branch oal>le rnnnlng to AleD.Ddro"ilok, 

Mu.m!Ul8k had cammn1oatloo with thee" place". A telegraph 11.Jle ran 

the l.eugth of the Murman coast f'I'CIIl the lI'o:rvegie.n frontier T18. 

Alexendrovok and Jl:ola to Archangel. , . 

lIa'Y&l protection 80Ql had to be pl"OT1ded for the Muman Coe.et., 

tor the port at Mul'mB:Dek va" hard.l7 begun before German lIul:mar1nee besan to torpedo shipe and. la,. 1Il1nee off tho ooast. As the RuBl!llan lfa,.,. 

oould f'umleh onl.y an inadequate patrol, the British BaTT undertook 

operatl~ 10. 'th1e reSion in 191' vith a pe:t.rd equadron under Rear 

Admiral ~aoaa ". lroap. Deepite improved dot."".. in 1916, Germon 

eubmar1nee aeeounted tor :fort, 'Wtl!leels in that 18ar. ']he patrolllns 

and travl1ne: detaobllentB were :further streJJgthened in 1917, but 1n t.bo 

spring of' that 78ar the Ru"slan QoTe:nlllent reque8ted the United States 

to dispatch at the earliest date pot!lI1b1e a l'81nforcement or four 

patrol 'VeBeel:s and tour destroyers. Captain wewton A. Mc;"CUll.¥, who 

vaB then eeX'T1ne 8.8 na'tal attaeho at Petrosrsd., j0U!'n81"d b,. ra11 to 

Aroll'mse1 at the end of' JuDe 1917, Inve8tlgated oonditione there and 

at Mul'Dlnak, to vbleh he tra"reled in ·a Russian trawler, and eu1:&1tted 

8. repoI.t in the f ollovine: month. At this t1lle the Rueei811 cmmendaat 

of' the A.rohangel na..al dietriot vaa eJ.eo cameooer-in-ohief' of the 

White Sea J'l.eet BJld had charge of CCJnrnun1oationa and coastal batter1es. 

Af'loat the RuselM.8 diT1ded control with the Britieh \oIhite Sea Fleet, 

the Ru2Bi8Jlll patroll1n8 and trmrl1ng in the \llbite Sea and i te entrance 

as tar ae ST1atl Ifooe, while the Br1t1eh operated veet 01' that POint. 

Admiral Xsmp had certain rights of inspection end llIupen18ion in order 
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.. to oxpe<ti.te ship repairs at Archangel. lie controlled shipping pr0- " 

ceeding to that port where upon ite arrival respooaibilit;r ..... tranaferre<! to the Britiah Naval Transport Officer. Russian naval bases 

at Yukanskoe and lI"""""ak cooperated lIith the British. Jdmiral Kemp , 

lIa. stationed on the battle.hip Glory at IIlln1BnBk. captain . 

y~ steted thet sending destroyers was of vital ilIportenoe, if it 

was dea1red to encourage Russia to maintain opposition to the e"""lf. 

It was impossible at the t:lme, hcwever, for the n. s. No..,. to meet 

other, apparent.lJ" more urgent d.emanda, and no destroyers were sent 

'to Northern Russia. The British light cruiser Iph1genia, lIh1ch it had 

bean planned to allow to be frozen in at Archangel "here Adm1ral Kemp 

and the naval transport office lIOUld remain, "as lIit.hdrawn lIith all 

naval perso"-'lel in Dec...ber 1917, following the Bolshevik revolution, 

to llumansk where Brit10h forces cont1lmed in order to be in a pOsition 

to influence conditioIlS"" an::i to protect A] l1 ed ref'u.gess who were crowding into that port via the lIuman railroad. 

Large~ cut off fram outside source. or military supplies during 

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, 	 tha winter or 1914-19l5 because of the lack of an ioo !res port on the 

Arctic, the Russians suffered IIIilitary defeat at the hands of the Germano in 1915-1916, and "ere not able thereafter to _ effective re­

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e1etence. 	 The Csar .... deposed in a revclntion in llarch 1917, aDd a

., proviaional govel"l'lllODt """ e.tsbl1shed. Not long after ...izing power 

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,. 	 in N.......ber 1917, the Bo1ebeviks effected an armistice and began 118­

gOt1ationt!l r.or a separate peace with the Central .Powers. Excessive 

_._ on the part or Ge_ prevented this !ran being hIDed1ete~ 

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! accaoplished, resulting in February 1918 in the termination or the 

~, amiotice by the Ge:nD!Ul8 and their a dvance into Russia. B:Y I//Q' t.hey 

i; occupied both the rich greDIII7 of the 1Jkra1na and Finland. '!be Go,...., r

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OCCUpatiCD of :rinl8Dd placed her in a position to' B4'ftD08 into North '..~ 

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Rn8a1.a; OOO\lP7 Archaneel and MurmanaJr; seize the huse quantities of " 

m111'tar7 etores trBlUlported to those places frca the t1n1ted States, 

Great Britain, and 7ranoe which in the 1911 season amounted to o'Ver 

tvo million tans; eetablbh sullDar1.ne basee f'rcm which tbe7 could 

. " raid Allied ehippine route!; utilize as a base for the seizure of 

t Sp1tzbersen; eeize the RUssian naval vessels in ·the White Sea; and 

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t. entrench tbemselT88 eo as to out off Allied trade with North Ru8eia 

after the war. '!heee vere apprehensions which it was' onl..y' good

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military B8nse to contemplate. ~e defeat of Rueeia was a ste.sBerlng 

blov to the Alliu, for it meant the em of the German elUltern front 

8M the resultant transfer to the weetern front in Franca of large ~ 

bodies of German troops. '!he occupation of Russia b7 Germe.n;r placed 

it in a position to benefit fran the great reeources of rmt materi&l.e 

and the "Vast suPP17 of :&an power of the conquered nation.. To preftnt 

Gel"D!Ul7 frQll reaping a8 f~ ae poBalb1e the Bd:vant88es of her TictOI'J' 

over Russia, the Allies decided to interrene in Northem Russia in 

.an a:N'ort to rebuild a Ruseian anD.T about an Allied force ae a DUol.eua 

and reoreate an eaetern front. 

lerlT in 1918 tile Br1tloh Bent tile crui.er Cochrem to reinforce 

AdJa1rel Xomp end roque.ted na-.al •••1._ from France end the United 

Statee. On 'f888eb sent to eTaCuate refugees sCIlla Ro,a). Engineers '"c 

.­ w" carried to Munzl8nsk In order to perfOl'll demo11tiona 1n the eTent • 

of a withdrawal. b Coohrono arr1.ed on March 7 end the lnonoh 

, oru1eer .Adm1rel Aube on the 19th. 

,------, j b Allied 1nternout1m .t II1mIoanek in tbe .prins of 1918 ..... j 

effected upOn the iny1tatlc:n of the local Bonet, which bad been 

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formed following the Bolshevik revolution, 8Dd with the approval of the 

Central Soviet at Moecow, which was deeiroua of obtaining supplies and 

mil1ta.:ry equipment from the Allies with Which to Buppress the factions 

wanting to oontinue the fight aga1nat the Central Powen. 'n1e Soviet 

goT9maent, it might be added, had no means at the t1lDe of opposing the 

Allies. Early in Barch representatlTeB of Great Britain and Fnmce 

e.greed with the Murmansk: SOTiet that eupre:me authorit;r in the region 

vas to remain vith the Soviet, that the Soviet IIbould have repl'9­

Bentatlon on the military cO\mcl1 Which was to direct military' ma.ttere, 

that the Allied representatives would not interfere with the IntemaJ. 

affaire of the regioD, and that the Allies would supply food and war 

materlall3. Shortl,. af'tenre.rde, on March 9, 200 British marlD88 f"r<:n 

the Glory and 100 Frenoh marinee trom. the Admiral. Aube verB l.anded 

at Munnanek. '!hie email beginning vae Boon enlarged upon. Rear 

Admiral Kemp 1n command at Murmanak had instructions to protect and. 

further Allied interests but not to commit himself to land military 

operations away fran tha port : bB m1g."1t utilize the crews of the Bhipe 

to stiffen local resistance. A F!,l'.lC "l.tt.ack upon Pechenga was repulsed 

in May by a force of British and RuBslane. 

American participation in the Allied intervention in Northern 

Russia resulted from representations of the British goverunent and 

American representatives in Ruseia. It was also faTored by the 

Russian officials at Murmansk who distrusted the British and feared 

that once they vere established in the region they would never depart. 

Admiral William S . S1mB, Force Canmander, U. S. Naval Forces OperatlIl8 

in European Waters, whoso headquarters vere at London, forwarded 

vith hi!! indorsement on March 3, 1918 a request frcm the British 

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AlbdraJ.t7 ~or the diopateh o~ on _rican vareh1p to lIorthero Ruae1a 

to glYe _ten&! aaelet&nce and to 1Japreee the Ruael8D8. b Chlet 

ot BaT&l OperatlO1U1, Adalral Willlam S. :semon, rep11ed tbat atter COl1­

ferr1D8 Vith the J)epe.rt1Deut at State it bad been decided 'DOt to .end a 

a OlU1eer to Mulwmek for the present. A DOte on the eama subjeot Y88 

reooioed b7 the Dopan-nt ~ State fl'Qll the llriti.h -.7 on Maroh 5. 

ll\1r1J>g _ and April the /CunIOnOIk oft1ciUo ""re in touch vith 

Lieut. lfu8b 8. Martin, U.S.A., an aaelatant m111tar;r attache ot the 

American bbaa87 in Rue.la, who had been sent to Mu.ru.nsk b7 Bne:. Oen. 

Williaa V. Judson, chief at the American MUlt.8.r7 Mia8ion in Ruaaia, 

and the All.baeaM.or In Rwl8ia, Dartd R. J're.oo1a. Tcvarde the eDd ot 

Apr11, LieuteDfUlt Martto vent to V01ogda, to which Allbassador l'r8Dola 

bad. retired a JIOIlth before, v1th a plan for American intenentic:m. 

Mr. Francia had o ........ m1 eated hb approval. of InterTOutlon in )larCh 

and oont1nuod to "opou.o" it ol.thoush nothing c.... of the plan presented to him b7 Martin. 

Early" In Apri1, not 10ng after the Germans begsn their great 

drhe OIl the we.tern front, following the trnna!er of troops frca. 

Rueeia, .,\dm1re.1 !eDSOIl aga1n C"'IITl'nuD1cated nth Admiral. 81mB conoern1ng 

the DDed for an Americe.n naT8l. TeBeel. In Northern Rlleaia sed VM 

aoeured thot the llritloh AdJa1rol.t7 .till regarded it ... nooe••e.rr. 

The 014 CnllBOr Ol.!mpla, the fOl'Dllar flagship of Admiral. George ];)ova,1, 

whioh had been 8Jl688ed 1n COllT07 aBcort duty on the Atlantio under 

the Nl!!Mnd at capt. Bien Boyd Bierer, aftar a lena:th1' retll"e118ut 

preoed1Dg the war, ve.8 ealected for 1:Jle Northern Russia aae1gIDent. 

Sailing frca Cbarleaton 1Ia'"Q" Yard, vhere it had been giTen BaM onrhoul1ng to ~it it tor the rigorous dut7 _ad, on APril. 28, it 

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reached Scapn FlOW' 00 May 13J and. after bunkering continued a week 

later on the V01889 to Murmanek which vae reached on MaT 24. Here 

it found an 8.8eo~nt of Brlt1Bh, French, and Russian naval vessels 

all under the cOlllD8Jld. of Br!tlsh Rear Admiral nl(Da. W. Kemp. Captain 

Bierer at once called upon Admiral Kemp on the GloI7j the captain of' the 

Amiral Aube, and the MurmansJt Sov.let and. e etablle.bed official relations 

with them. W1th all the force under his cCl!r!DA.Dd Captain Bierer vas 

Bubject to orden fran Admiral Kemp. Accordine to arrangemente made 

American Yarshlpe ..mlch Bubsequently an-lved in Northern Ruseia were 

supplied by the British Na"fJ", vhoee means V'el"9 more emple and ccmTen1ent for th18 purpot!le. Certain supplies, hovevsr, were received frcm 

the United state•. 

Among a number of p8.Seengoxscarried by the Ol.mla was Brig. Gen. 

Frederick C. Poole of the Brit1sh Arm:!, 'Who had been seleoted bY' the 

. , Allied supreme War Council as commander-in-chief of the Allied forces 

in Northe"rn Ruesia. This appointment Dot only made him the superior 

of Rear Admiral Kemp but WO save him CClT!!Mnd of operationa in both 

the MunnslllJk e.nd the Archangel regions. Sinoe operations in Northern 

RuBllla vere bound to be amph1bious in character and eince the Brlt1eh 

were in the beet poe1tIon to handle such operatIonA, it vae good plan· 

nina fraa a millt..&t7 T1evpolnt to put a Br1tIeh of'ficer in oOllMcd , 

but pol1ttoal.l.y it woul.d. haTe been better to baTe 4e1l1gM.tod an American 

offIcerI for of all the Allted nations the AmerlC8ll8 vore bellt lied 

and JI08t tnleted. bT the Rulle1eJlll. 

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'DIe Allied. force at Mume.nsk vae 6'tlg1DeIlt&d at the t1lle of GeDBral 

Poole's acoeSllion to the cc..",:nd by the arr1'1'8l. ot Br1t1ah marinell 

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and infant176 Other elements in the foree included French and Serb 

!loldlere who had reached MUI1D8l18k OIl their war' from Rueela to Franoe, 

Eed Finne, Russians an4 Poles enlisted 1n a Slavo·~rlt18b lesion by 

the BritIeh, and Bolshevik troops who vere cooperat1ns with the Allies 

at thi. time. GeDenU Poole bad expected to find a etrona body or 

Czeche at Munnansk 6S arrangements had been made with the Soviet 

government for their tI'8.Jl8}Jortatlon there frca. Omek, Siberia 'Where 

they had collected after be11l6 liberated ae prisoners of war follOW'· 

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tog the ~at7 of Breet-LltToek, but a Bolshevik a~ had intercepted 

them. When neve reached Mu.rmanek at the eDd ot the :tint week 1n 

J\uleI of the approach of Finnish troops to cut the Mu.rmen railroad, 

the Mw:mansk Regional Sonet authorized an Allied MTRnCe BOUth of ~ 

Kandalakeha, 200 miles to the Bouth and the farthest point reached by 

ron.ign tl'OOpfl up to that per1od. To _ tile place of the troopo that 

ware dispatched to the Bou.th, 8 ofrican and 100 Beamen were laD4ed at 

I Mul"Mnsk f'rca. 	the Ollmpla OD. June 9. Se'Vere.l. v:rlters state 1n their 

acoount. that 	this force cOIlI!!ieted of marinee, but there were no 

DIllriDee eerv1Dg on tl Obmplo. while 1t vas stationed in Northem 

Ruesia. Those IMD vere quartered in large, well-lighted barracb {n 

the Bouthern part of' the town with the Brit1eh 1:IAI'1nee that. bad been 

landed recently and performed guard duty, and the officen llT&d in 

.. oloop11l1! car. '"'" passage of Wintor hed brouaht to lif. _ or 

moequitoee which greatl1 troubled all li~ flesh in the region. 

Genera:l Charles C. M. Maynard arri"'fed OIl June 23 vith 8. thousand 

Briti.h tl'OOpfl. lI. found General Poole PIl board tile !1.!2!z dl.""".11l1! 

/---...., the condition 	at the White See with Admiral Iemp, wbo in the follotr1Jls 

month pa1d a Tlo1t to AroluUlgel. General. Ma;,nard took charge of tho 

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lll.tt'm!ll13k area where a force was necessary to keep open communications 

nth England and France, and attempted to· recruit RussianS for service 

agp.i.n8t .the Germans; he was subord1na.te to General Poole. 

Attached to the Olympia "Were workIoon ot various cra.rts who "Ere 

kept bwsy while the ship was at :t.iurmansk working upon shipe in that 

port,. Arter assisting in overhauling and repairing the Russian 

de5troyer Kapitan Youra5ovski, a deta.il of fi:fty men fran the Ol;rmpia 

was a5signed to duty on board it,.. In succeeding weeka working parties 

were engaged on the merchant ships Porto and Stephen the GlOry. 

Because of the shortage of stevedores, assistance was also given in 

discharging and loading vessels. 

Following the establishment of peace "With Germany in the treaty 

of Brest-Litvosk, the Bolshevik government under German pressure 

sought to effect the removal of the Ali.1e8 from ),Iurmansk. It pre­

.!ented notes of protest to the Allied representatives 1n Russia 

a~nst the continuance of Allied warships in Russian harbors and 

sent a demand which was received in H·.umansk on June 16 far the dePSrture of these vessels. · In view ot this situation the British 

troops which were still on board ship were landed on June 26 under 

orders of General Poole,. The ~urmansk Reglonal Soviet, after consulting with the Allied representatives, decided to defy the order 

from ).~oscow. This decision was affirmed by a mass meeting at whi.ch 

the Allied officers, including Captain 3ierer, ·made addresses in, 

lfhich they appealed to t he local population to continue the fight 

aeains.t the Germans. Along with General Poole and Capita.1ne Fet1t 

of the Amiral Aube, Captain Bierer si,,-red an agreement with the 

Wurmansk RegjmU Councll on July 6 in which it l'fiUI provided that the" 
~', .'<I

"I 

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.~i , 

region vould be d.rended oaaltu!t the Germano and that the Allle. vOllld 	 1 

, 

·1 furnish lIIillto.l7 flUppllep. and equiJaent, foodstutfll, manufactured. goods, • .~ 

and funds which Yere to be chc.rged aea1nBt the goT&l"'DDf'Int debt of RuslBla, . t 

8lld that the 1ntemal. govenaent of the region wae to be exerci"ed by 

the MunIa.JuIk Regional Council. 'lhls accord, which opened the region 

to Allied penetration, vae provle1onal.ly approved by Admiral Sima in Q 

oable to Captain B~erer of' August 3 and b.r the Dep.a.rbDent or state in , 

I 

October._ 1!Je Moscow gOTe:rraent proteeted asalnet the Allied occupation 	 i

, 

I 

8J!I an :1nve.~lon of Soviet terrltor,y and declared that it votild be re­ " J 

steted. While on a trip on the Murme.n railroad to the south, General 

, Ma,nard encountered Red GuardsJ a force of railroad defense troops " 

raised by the Soviet Gove%'!DMnt, on the YaJ" to drive the Allies out of 	 •

-~ 

Mu.nlBnJJk; he vae lBucoeesf'ul in d.lsarm1ne them and the looal population 

alotlB: the railroad and 80 establ1shed control of it. In July .British 

forces· assisted b7 the nev17 arrl't'ed l1s}lt cruiser Attenthe and the 

carrier Jatrans. occupied Xem and Soroka, towns on the Murman raUroad , i 

which were on the shore of the White Sea. 'DlUB was 1De.usurated a 

state ot undeclared war vith the Bolsheviks which V8.s to eDdure until 

late in the succeeding 1"ar. In this etate of' affairs 1t becen;.;, the 

deelgn of the Allies to effect a Junction with WhIte RuIIelan foroes . 

under MIllral Kolcbak f'1ght1ne tbeir way veatvard alons the Siber1~ 

railroad 8.Dd then to O'Yerthrow the Bol.eheviks b,. force of arms. A 

part or the eame general eoheme vas another A1l1ed expedition which 

V8JJ landed at Vl.adiT08tok on the Pacific coast of' Siberia and aeeie1ial108 rendered the forces of General D8ruk:1n end General Wl'aDgel 

~ 

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in 801J:..'J. Ru..1A. 'lhuI traa an e.nti~rman the expedition wall tmnsfOl'l:l8d into an antl-BoleheT1k enterprise. ,/' 

l ­
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.As the continued presence of BolflbeTlk forces at A.rch.ansel constituted e. threat to the Allied occupation of Mu..I1n&n8k, an 1Jmlslon of 

the former region was plaJmed by the Allied officers, who no doubt regarded it as a more strategic base for operations. Sir Eric Geddes, 

First Sea Lord, who came on a visit with the British reinforcements, 

advised the War Cabinet to order en early 1and1ne. But General Poole 

decided to await the 8lTlve.l o:f mdre Allied forces. The removal of 

AlIbaeeador Francis and the other Allied ambassadors fran Vologda, 

where they would have been o~t off by the seizure of Archangel, their 

orr1wl at XaDdalakBba on Ju1.Y }O, eSter a train Journey to Arohangel 

and. a voyage across the lrnllte Sea; which movements verB reported to 

General Poole by Ambassador Franois, who was the dean of the diplomatic 

corpe, enabled the expedition to embark on the same date. It can- "-.,., 

prieed the Attentive, the Nalrana., the Amiral Aube and vas preceded by 

six armed trawlere. The OJ..;napla remained at Murmansk, bu~ Cap~ln 

Bi9rer aocanpanied the force on board the H.M.S. Sa.1vator with 

General Poole and. his staff. More ships left on the 31st carr3'1n8 

British nnd French troops and on the B.S. Stephen were three officers 

and fifty-one man fraa. the Olympia. The force on the warships arid 

the transports included only about 1500 troops, but the offensive 

paver of the naval vesseh added greatlJr to the total strength. After 

bombs dropped. by aircraft from the Na1~'8Dd shells fired b7 the 

Attentive subdued the Russian battery on Mod1U8Bki leland 30 miles 

north of Archal:lgel, both that place and Econaa.ia were occupied on 

Auguet 2, and on tbe following day the Bolsheviks, who durine: the 

winter bad eucceeded in removing most of the ndlitar,r stores that had 

accumule:\;ed at Archangel were driven out of Bak;arltza. After the 
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J..aOO.1ns at Archaoeel, forcee were Bent south on the railroad, and on 

the DViDe. River oombined mil1tary and na:vsl operations were under.. 

ta.ken. Special efforts bad been made b,. Moscow itself to effect the 

f!hlpDBnt to interior pOinte of the valuable stores, most of wbich 

were consequently lop.t to the Allies, and ecae of which apparently 

reached German h.e.nde. to be used for flght1.Dg the Allied troops. lha 

debt for the stores vas repud1ated b,. the Bolsheviks who did not 

oonsider themselves responsible for obligations incurred b,. tho imperial 

s~rnment of Russia. After the 101'18 of Archangel, the Bolehevlke ., 

antioipated a descent upon Moscow end began overtures to the Germans , for help. The Bol,eheTiks thereafter vere naturall,. hostile toward. <

the Allies who by thle tble had also landed in Siberia. 

'!be part played b7 the U.S. BeV7 in the tak1ns of Archan881 " ... 

of no particular mcment, for onlJ' the small. landing force conmanded 

by Lieut. Henry F. Floyd was involved. Of this force ho.lf Yere sOOD 

Beot up the DV1na River with Allied troops in en attempt to push the 

Bolshevike farther south; they encamped at a point near the junction ., 

of that ri'98r with the Voga. A ~l detacbment of an officer and 

twelve Dien waf employed in patrolling the Archangel-Vologde. raill."tX1d 

between If!;akogorka aDd Tundra. 'lhe rest of the force 8Seieted 1n 

training a Rur,plan Allied Naval Br1gade 'vhich vae organized at 

Archaneel. A party of twenty-two bandsmen arrived shortl¥ -fran the 

Ol,ympin and vae probabl1 used to Boothe the local populatton and 

entertain the occupylna forcee. The Russian destroyer ]{apitan 

YourasoTBkl, whioh " as l argely manned by AmerIcan bluejackets, 

vas a.l.so at Archangel in AU8W!t. Captain Bierer inspected A.rcha:nsel 

and Bakarltza and their Ticin1tlee, and conferred with Adm1ral Kemp 

- 13 ­ A 
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and the other British naval officere concern1..ne; the use to be made of 

the ·Rw!:elan ice breakers, trawlerfl, patrol veseele, and eteeme:rs; which 

were found at Archangel, and the formation of the Russian Allied NaTal 

Brigade. With Admiral Kemp on the Salvator he departed tor Murmtmsk 

on August 19. Ambaeeador Francie, who in the meant1.JDe, had traveled 

to Murmanek only to reach there after the departure of the expedition, 

. returned to RAndalakeba and then to Arch~l where be arrived ~lth 

the diplanatlc corpl' on AU8Ullt 9 and established the embassy. '!he 

dlepatoh of American 80ldiers to Northern Russia vas urged by the 

British and by Ambe-seador Francie. '!he British pleaded inability to 

furnleh adequate forces because of the demands of the situation In 

France and. the lack 01' troops in England. Francie reported that the 

forcss in Northem Russia were inadequate and that the arrival of 

Americans would enhearten the Rwleians. On a visit to Parie he urged 

a ''f'orce of 100,000 men. HaTing taken the :first etep, the United States 

GcmtnDeot nov took the next step and beoame :fully iovolTed in the war 

with the Bolehevik~. General Pershing, the Commander of American 

Expedit10nary Foroe, wae opposed to the intenrentian 10 Northern Russ1a 

because it meant d1vertine troops :frcm the front in )'ranoa, but 

President Vl1pon wap persuaded to c~ent and ordered the sending o:f 

troops. 

nte American oonsul at Archangel, Felix Cole, realized what 1n~ 

tervention would lead to and addref'sed a lone; ccmmu.n1cation to Francie, 

"hich vas fONarded to the Department of State, eettina forth potent 

reaeons SSalnet it. He believed that our In'Yolvement vould. result in 

increal!ling demands for ehlpe, men, and money, and materlal..8j that to 

hold the resion and the railroads and rivera leading to the south woul.d 

require wideepread operations and erlene!,", forceej that the ground had 

- 14 ­
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not been properl,. laid and that active EUpport would not be afforded 

b,. the Ruel:'lanpi that it would be nece!"Fary to-feed the entire 

popu..llltlon; that the Bolpbe..lkll would Op'lOfie it; that it would not 

be effectlTB 1n a military vaT asalnst Germany; that it would damage 

our relat10ne with the Ruepie.n people; and that like other in?&dons 

of forelgnen into Russia it vould be swallowed up. Be d1d, boweT8r, 

raTOr the dlepatcb of' IBtrone naval forcee to Archangel, Murmanak, and 

the White Sea. ThAt there vap wisdom in hie vorde subsequent eTentB 

proved, but the,. were verde from. afar. 

A reinforcement of American troops c0I181et1ne largely of the " '9th 

Infantr,. totaling 4600 men reached Archangel on the troop shipe Somali, 

TydaUII, Nas;oze. fl"Cln England on September 4, 1918. At the time of their 

arrival, theee men were not in good shape for battle, for they had b&en 

attacked by an epidemic of Influen~a dur1ne the T01868. 'nteir cO!llD8lld1ng 

offlcer, .·Col. Ceorge X. Stewart, had dlrectione to report' to General. 

Poole and operate under hie orden. Part of these troops vere een1;. 

to the flOUth along the Dvina and the railroad while others vere, 

rtatloned in Archa.neel and vic1n1ty. "Wherever they went and vhere-..er 

other Allied troopr rerved, they vent urually under British officers, 

for the Br1tiph adopted the practice of giving temporary promotions 

to their offlcer~ .0 they vould out-rank the other Allied off1cers. 

SO!I'III!I additional .American Troope arrived at the end of September vith 

other forcee under General Wlll1em E. lI'Oru!ide. The American forces 

vere b,. far the moet numerOUE! in the Archangel region, but they It.a.d to 

fight under a Britlph general. Colonel Stevart was gl-..en quarto" in 

a steam beate~ bulld1ng, modern and roaay:. vbe~ he enjoyed cons1derable 

cO!lfort and no authority, and vhere be remained for the winter. 

... -~::' 15 - , ~, ~ :.' 

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Although they conferred with the Brit1sh, the American officers vere 


not on a confidential baelp with them. 


A naval paf>penger on one or the troop transporte, L1eut. Sersiue M. 


Riif', U.S . N.R.F., became attached to the Amorican Embassy at Arcbaneel 


B..e actlD8 naval attache . Since he h&d had previous experience in the 


Aretic end could ppeak Ru~f'ian, Eethonian, and Finnish, he was a 


valuable addition not only to the embaspy but to the whole circle of 


American offlcere in Northam Russia all or whomutl11zed b1e services 


on oCC6.f'·ion. 


AlthOl.l8h the Unitod Statee Government dispatched naval. and mi11tary 


forcae to !lorthern Rueeia, it did not cC!lllllt itself to full-fledsed 


mIl1tary intervention 1n Rueela. 'Dle pollc~ o.f the goverment was 


announced 1n e public statement iSBued on August " tho day after the 


occupat1on of Arcbangel. _ In this the cODl'lid.ered opin1OD vas expI'8eesd 


that military intervent10n in RuBeia would not be in the interest of 


her people and "Would be more likely to ~8ult in uelne thea than in 


flervlng thom, even if it were euccepsful in creatine an attack upon 


CeI"'ll1anJ' frcm the eaet. Milltary action we e.dmiesible only" to help 


the Czecbo-Slove.kF asainet tbe armed AW!trlan and German prls0D8l'8 


who were attaokiIl8 them and to etead7 efforta at se]j'-govel"'JlJD&nt or 


self-defense b:r the Russians. "Whether frCIII. Vl.ad1 vas toi; or fl'Qll 


Murm.a.nei; acd. Archangel, the onl,y prel-ent object for which American 


troope will be omployed will·be to guard milite..l7 storee which maT 


subsequently be needed by Russian forcee and to render such aid ae 


may be acceptable to the Rueeian8 in the organi~ation ot their awn 


8elf-defeDl'le." No interfereooe with the political sovereignty of 


Russia or intervention in her intemal. affa1re vas contemplated. 

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Am"f?aeB8dor Francia vas Infonned in a telegram of September 26 that 

as thent vas no hope of' effective help from. the RullJslans, the 

un1ted state. would eooperate mU1te.rlll' onJ.,y to guard tho porte 

themselTes and the ne1ghboring country. General relief' could nOt 

, 

be undertaken nor would more American troops be aent to Northern 

Russis. The eubetanc:e of th~Be documents vas cOJDaunleated b7 Admiral. 

Sims to Captain Bierer, vho acquainted bis forcss with their import. 

After the arriT8.1 of military reinforcements at Archangel, moet 

of the land1ng force and the bandsmen were returned in the middle of 

September f~<II1 that place to the Olp!pls at Mu.rmanek. }fo American 

soldiers vera lacdsd at Murmanak until April 1919 when two campanlse 

of tI'Bllllportatlon troope arrived to run the Mu.rman re.llroad. But 

"-_.. the U.5. A:trq vas represented at MUI1DtUl8k by two intelligence offloera, 

Lieut. E. S. Martin and Lieut. M. B. Rogera. 'nte former acted as 

AlMrican C0D.8ul prior to the arrival of Maurice C. Pierce to fill 

that pos1t1on in January 19l9. 

At the time of the Allied' ocoupation of Archal:lsel, lte goveroment 

p8.8eed into the hands at anti -Bolshevik officials headed bY' the veteran 

l!Ioclal.1et, Nikolai Vael1JeTloh Chalkovsq, who had spent JD8.IIT y&ara of 

hie life in Eneland and the United States ae an e.:d.1e. 1h1e gO'YUmlMDt vas put In office vith ~e help of' ill.led agents and beoame 

8ubeerrtent to the Allied cOJ'l'll!lB-1lder, General Poole, be1Ds guided bY' 

him. and the Allied ambassadors. A proclamation was issued announcing 

the 8ete.blleJ:aaent of" the supreme AdlI1nietratlon cd the Northern Region, 

vhich waD a prOTielonal bodJ' intended to function onl.T until the 

tonaatlon of a oentral democratic 8~rnment in Russia. 

_nt vas replaced early in October by the PrOTlelonal Goven:D8nt of 

- 17 ­
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the North, which allOW'ed repreeentation to middle cl.aee Sroupe. Mr. 

Francie made repeated complaints to Washington about the high-handed 

methode employed bY' General Poole in the conduct of affain. The 

general was called to England in October to report on JlBttore in 

Northern Russia and did not return, 'heine repleced by General WllllaDi 

E. Ironside, who proved to be a more concl1iatol"7 offioer. The maintenance of independent CQllDADiI at ArchBnBel and Murme.nek was difficult 

so at this time General Ironside vas given ccramand onJ.y at Archangel, 

end General Maynard vae accorded caaplete charge at Murmansk. In the 

follovlng month Rear Admiral John F. E. Green beC8me senior Brltish 

naval officer in Northern Ru~eiaJ succeeding Rear Admiral Kemp who 

returned to :;mgland. Upon Chalkovsky's departure i1' J'Uluary 1919 to 

ense-ge in anti·13olehevik agitation at the Parie peace copference,he 

was succeeded by Major General Eugene Miller, 9ll officer of the old 

Rutleian a:pny, who filled the POl'ts of minister of foreign affaire and 

cCIIIJI8.D.der-in-chief ae yell as that of governor general.. Mu.rmanak 

came under the Archangel govenlllent, and after the beg1nnin8 of 

Nc.ember 1918 it vas governed by a deputy goremor named Yermoloff} 

be worked closely with General Ma,-nard who he.d been in practical 

charge of civil affairs for ec:metime previous, owing. to the virtual 

retirement of the Munnanek Council. 

After the landine of .American soldiers at Arohangel, the Naq 

Department took up with the Department of State the matter of B.lIslgn1ng a rear ad:l!.lral to duty in Northern Russia. ibe latter department 

'ccmmunlcated to Ambae:eador Francis the plan to ~end Rear Admiral 

Newton A. MOCully, vho had previously served under him. aa Daftl attache 

at Petrosrad, and the rep1:y vae recoiTed that this orf'icer would be 

"Tery acceptable. Bear ·Adm.1ral MoCul.lT vas selected "becaUse of hiB 

- 18 ­ . • •• 0_ • • .• ,c"·",-,,," . ' ,-~ ...- ""'i- .• 
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fam1l1arit1 with Russia and the Ru.ssian l.aJ:lsua8e acquired durins a 

tour of duty in ths Far East as an observer with Rall.tan lI.1l1tar;y and 

ne:va~ forces dur1Dg the Rusl!lo-JapMOBe War and during his tenare of 

the position of naval attache in Russia fraa. 1914 to :),917. Before 

hie departure fram Russia in 1917 he had made a brief Vieit to Northern RuBsia, as alreadJ' menti~d,. and. submitted a report concerning 

the dispatch of American naval forces to that reaion. In the IIpr1.ne 

of 1917 he served for a short time with the American Mission to 

Russia and in the fall of that year, after hie return to the United 

---.,. States, with a Russian Mission to the United StateB. Whsn orders 

were Bent h1m on September 26, 1918 to assume the post 1n Northern 

lhlssla, he was serving at Rochefort, France in charse 01' a U.S. 5a'9a.l 

·District embraoing that portion ")f the French ooast fl"Qll J"raDentlne to 

the Spanish border and in oonmand of Squadron 5, Patrol Force) Atlantio 

Fleet. He prooeeded early in Ootober to London where he made 8.l"l"8.Q88­

mente with Aamlre.l S1mE' e etaff for hie new dut,.. 

Confidential instructions tor the guldance of the Cl"IIIM.l1der, U.S. 

Naval FOI'C9f!, Northern Rul!eia vere giTen McCullJ by S1mB on Ootober 10. 

In regard to polloy he was directed to oall pranptly on the Ambassador 

and to consult with him freely, and to read the President's proolaDation on Siberian intel"'f8ntion and the dispatch of the Department of' 

state to the Ambe.eeador in Rues18 a Like Captain Bierer to vhan these 

pronounoement! had. been CODIIWlloated, as hAll been seen, he was to shape 

hie polio," accordins:ly. He wall to cooperate with the Allied m1litar;r 

and na-val forces so far as the toreaoing polioies pemitted. cordial 

relatione vere to be aa1nta1ned vith the Senior U.S. AI'11JY Officer• 

.. "' ~ . 

Be vas to .support the· local Russian goTem:ment, except when its aotiOll!l 

- 19 ­
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vere contrary to the interests of the Russian people, ae the United 

States wished to be known as a friend. In resard to the operations 01 

hie forces he was to be under orders of the senior naval of'1'lcer of 

the Allies in Northern Russian waters, who va.e then Rear .AdlD.1ra1 Kemp, 

R.N., of R.M.S. Clory. Such ordnance equipment was to be taken as 

would permit interchangeability of supplies with the Allied forcesa 

Care vae to be exercised by the medical officer against contagious 

diseases that might BlJread among the populat1on and be ccmmunlcated to 

the naval pereonnel., and precautlonm yere to be adopted against froBt~ 

bite and scurvy. In supplemental orders of the 15th he was authorized 

to iseue orderp tranpferring officers vithin hiB oommand end traTel 

orders. This waE- a useful authority and even resulted 1n the Cem· 

mander, U.S, Naval Forces 1n Northern Russia leBu1ng travel ordera 

to Rear Admiral Newton A. McCully. He could order no officer hane 

except on the reCODIIll6ndatlon of a board of medical survey". Reporte 

were to be made of changes, .arrivals, and departures of officers. 

Rear Admiral McCully arrived at Murmansk an October 24 under 

escort of the Kapitan Yo~eaoveki on board the French cruiser Gueydon, 

which had been sent to replace the .Am1:ral Aube, and on the afternoon 

of that day he read hie orders before the assembled crew of the 

Olympi~, raised hie flag on that Taasel, and assumed command of the 

U.S. Naval Forces .1n Northern Ruseia, the designation thereafter 

used. He brought with him an aid, Eneign Jay Gould, U.S.N.R.F., 

and a party of enlisted men including three tor duty vith hie staff. 

Be received official calle fran the captains of the Glory and the 

Gueydon,. the Ru~Bian General. Zveginteov, the ocmna.nder of the French , 

'. 

l"orce ashore, and Lieutenant Rogers, U. S. A.rm.y. AD the chief 

of'ficers in Northern Ruesia were then at Arch8nsel, Rear Admiral 

- 20 •. 

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MoCul.l.Y sailed ror that plsce OIl October 26 on the Ol:!q>1a. loartD6 
 •. , ....-" " 

Enelgn Oliver B. Cobb, U.S.If.R.:r .. , a storekeeper, and e. eeeman 8IIilore . -' 

in ~1t tor ppeelal tempora.ry dut;r .. 

Off the ontl'MlCo to- the DYln&, Rear Admiral MoCul.l1' vas met- on 

October 28 b;r L1euteMnt RU. and proceeded v1tb h1m and ZDII1gn Gould 

on 8. 8lIBll. tug to Archangel to which tho Ol.nIpla cont1nued on the 

folloviDs da,... Be reported to Rear AdJa1ral XBmp and .Amba.esador Francie 

and oalled on Mr.. Cht11k:0T8q, Mr.. Durotf, the .govsrnor g&neral of the 

northern proT1nees.., Franole Llndl.e.r, the Britisb c<:lllllieeiooer, Joseph 

Noulene, the French .AIlbaeeador, the Italian eharse, General Ironeld.e, " 

tmd Colonel Stewart. · Ambe.eeador Francie vat! in need of a major eurS1eal OJIeratlon, and, pursuant to arre..cgementEI Yhich had been made --..,. 

b;r the State and 1Ia'7 Dopsrtmeat•• Rear Admirol McCull:r had h1m _0, 

on boe.~ the Olm;la on WOVttllber 6 for COll'Te~ to:England.. 'Dle 

Rear Admiral apparently took the Ambaesador'e place 1n the American 

l!".abaeey, while 'Ensign Gould end 6 man vent ashore for dut,. with the , 

flag and three others for l!!Iel'Tico with Lieutenant RUe, who continued 

to f!l8l"'ft as acting naval attache.. There Yere still eleven other men 

at Arcbe.ns'81 serTicg under Em5ign Donald H. Hicb, U.S.N.R.F., with 

, the All10d lIa .... l Brigade. Tho Ol,pq?ia len Arch~l on November 8 

under tbe ca.aoo of Captain 'B1erer, 'whose service in Northern RUnie. 

vae ended CD tbe departure of the ship from Mu.manek on NOftImber l~ 

for ScotlaDd. Mr. DeWitt Cllnton Poole, the former conaul general i 

~ 

~ at Moscow, wbo had been appointed epacial aseietant to the embe.eeador j , 1 Y1th the nmk of oOUDeellor, took tbe embaeea.dor1e place. , '1 

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After hie arr1ftl 1n England, Captain B1erer proo&eded to London A 

i *' .' 

tor consu1tatlon with Adm1ral 51mB and to Paris for ooneultat1on with ",: 

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Admiral Benson, Earl,y 10 the following year he wae ordered hozoo, and 

in \taehingtOn he eubmltted a report to the Office of Naval Intelligenoe 

1n whiCh he stated that he had received a deep founded tmpreB~ion that 

the British and French took a epectal interest in Northern Ruseia and 

particularly the British vho because of It~ resources and possibilities 

hoped that conditions vould eo shape themsolft. that they would be able 

to ~ocure oontrol or danination of the region. 

It f).e e'I'DF' to haTe been the intention to have had t~ Olpnpla return to Northern Rueela, but this did not happen, and for eeveral 

monthe a fter itt' departure the U.5 . Naval Forcee in Northern Huee!&. 

had no forcefl af\lde fran the personnel stationed ashore. Not a Bln,glb 

na·va.l vepE'sl VtJ..B attached to the C(mIGA.nd, althou.sh a rear admiral had 

the 8.f\slgranent. An additional Tessel had been apked for by Captain 

Bierer a fter the f)ccupatlon of Archangel, but none vas provided. When 

Rear Adm1ml Green proposed in November to decilmnission the Kapitan 

YOUTa soveki t Rear Admiral McCully wae oblised to request that the 

United States naval persormel then on board that deetroyer be allowed 

to remain until the return of the Olympia. 

The azmletice of November il, 1918 had no effect on the Allied 

intenention in Northem Rusela althoU8h the need to f'l"WItrate 

German designs no loneer existed. It wae>officlaJ.ly explained that 

the approach of "'inter made evacuation impractical and that it would 

amount to desertion of the Russians who had come to the support of 

the intervent1on. The occupation continued because it afforded a 

means by which the European 1B8JDbere of the occupyine forces m1sht 

affect the situation in Russ1a, which vas then developing into a 

, . 

~, '1 ~ 

<, 

..' 


\ , 

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.J 

civil var between the Redp. (B91shevike) and the Whites (tearlete). 


- 21 a­

. 
., 

j 

f'/~ 

'''';;'' . 4

, , At the t_ of the departure of the Ol3m!>ia, the I/Ilited State. , , 

~- .~ 

naval pereonnel in Northern Russia ves d18poaed as follows: MoCullJ', .- ..' -'( 

Could, RUe, and En81gnB D. M. Ricke am C. S. Bishop in Arche.nsel, ., :1 

the last two be10g attached to the Allied Jia"'t'8.1 Brigade All 1.nIItructon j 

Ensign J. M. Griffin, U.S.N.R.F., at Onegaj Enelgn O. E. Cobb 8.11 cCID" 

municatlon officer at Muzmanekj e.leTeIl enlisted men attached to the 

I 

flas office in Archangel; and section leaden at Onega (1), Shekuvo 

, 

(6). and Mu=sk (2) _ Candr. WaDace Bertholf reported for dut,. to J 

Rear Admiral McCully at Munnanek on December 12 and. waf! immediately ; 

1 

eent o~ a trip to Archnnse1 with instructions to obe&rT8 the conditions 1 

of naviga tion betveen the two pl.acee, particularly as to 1r;:e in the 


White Sea and ite entrance; and after report1ne; to the American , 

, 

EmbB.Pey to Inveetlgate conditione in Areh.a.nsel and. the vioin1t,.. .

During this mlB~lon he raached the front lines 80Uth of Archansel in 

time to be present vhile advanoe POSitions of the AlJ.1ee were 'UDder , 

- bombardment. ,

Rear Admiral McCul1.r'e chief concern after his 8.lTiT8l. in Northern 

Russia was to acquaint h:1mself' with conditions there both at the porte 

and in the 1nterior; for th1s purpose his enforced eo.1ourn on sbore 

save hiln ample oppcrtUDit,.. Acccmpeni.d by Ensign Gould and Col. J. A. 

Ruggles, Capt. E. Prince, and Lieut. a; s. Martin, of the United States 

Military Miss10n at Areh~l, he left that place on November 1 and " 

reached Obozerekaya about 90 miles BOUth on the railroad on the Bema , 

day. The advance poet of the Allied forces at this time vas oolT a j 

few miles Bouth of 'that point. Frca. Arehe.ngel he took peeeeee OIl tho " 

.' 

, -~ , lce breaker Svlatosor with Ens18n Gould, tvo ,yecmen, and tvo mesa at- ,

.f, 

tendants on November 25 for ~k, reachine there 1n two da7flJ wbicJ 

• 

- 22 ­

",., : '.~
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, 

" ",' 

ro 

~ 

,
 ;' . 

'. 

,. , .- <~ 

_""'''.< / 

wae tha leogth of the ueual voyage between the two portf:l. The MurmM. 

railroad van the seene of McCu.11y l e next inepectlon trip, which besan 

on November 29 when he boarded a train at Mu.rm8nek with EDI!igna Gould, 

Cobb, and B. C. T8.ylor, and Lieut. Rogers of the U.S. J..J:'rJq. For this 

jouxnay Genere.l Maynard placed at their dlepoeal hie speoial oar-, in 

which the etart vas not made until the 30th because of the ~ns1ne Ie 

running off' the ·tracks. The party vent as far as Soroka., the headquarters of the detachment guarding the southern eDd of the railroad. 

Althou.sh it was located in the southwestern part of the White Sea, this 

pl~e was nearly 500 miles from Pe trograd by rail. The Allied forcel! 

ware only 25 miles eouth of Soroka by this time. In the middle of 

December, McCully visited Alexandrovsk which he found occupied by a 

emal1. detachment of' troops and by oable and telegrapb employees who 

vere ''discontented beclluee of' the poor ratione allOW'ed them. The 

ecarcity of decent a.ecamnodatione in Murmanak led Rear AdJn1ral Green 

to insist that McCully establish hi~ living quarters on the British 

armed yacht Joeepbine. 

Having vieited both regions under Allied occupation in Northern 

Rueeia, Rear Admiral McCul.l.y fONarded a general inte1l180r.ce report 

to Admiral Simf' on December 20 in which he presented infozmat1on concerning political, f i nancial, military, na~l, and economic conditions. 

Re reported that the Allied forcee controlled about two-thirds of , 

Archangel :province, eouth to the :po1nte already mentioned in connect10n with his tr1pe and west to the border between Finland and Karella. 

ConcenUng naval conditione there was little to report, for there bad 

been no naval operations. Ne1ther then nor later did the Bolsheviks 

have naval forcee on the open sea, their operations on yater be1na 

conf1ned by Allied superiority to the rivera end lakes. Part of the 

- 23 ­

::,,\

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~ 

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" 

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-,

, 

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J Allied naTal forcel!! had Bone into winter quarters at either Aroh.aDgel or '~ 

Mur.rLBnekj the French V8ssele vere at the fOI'lOOr place, and the Glo17 '1 

and Brit1sh anood ;yachts ""1'9 at MunllBnsk, wh1ch bBd tha advantej!e of i 

ba1nB: open al.l winter. Ice breakers were emplo;yed to keep the route '

-

.j

j 

~ '';; between the two porte open 8S Ions 8S possible. 

J, The :foregoing report vae one 'of a seriee of BUch periodic :reports 

Bubmitted b;y McCully to .Admiral. Sims. These general intelligence reports were factual in character and contained iDfomation which was 

, obtained throush the efforts of McCully and the officen under his ' J 

cOlDll8lld.j it vas not lPuppl1ed to hill. by the British. Beeidee theBe reports which vere fairly lengtlly, weekly" reports such aB had been Bub­

~ l'I.1ttefl by Captain Bierer were continued. 'lhe topics covered by them 

inoluded the follow-ins: "",sssle present, op9ratione, enemy actiTitlss, 

m.isce1laDeoua, reCCllDendatlons and eueeeBtio~, miles steamed dur1.ng 

the week, hours at anchor or moored, hou.re UDder yay, ruel oonaumad 

in port, :fuel coneuxned under yay, milee per ton of coal. The weekly 

- reporte were genere.lly brief and cou.ld not have been of great value to 

Admiral S1m's statf, but they do contain BCIDB data. which, for bistorical 	 , 

< 

purposes, supplement that to be found in other documents. In addition, 

epecial reports were submitted nOW" and then when events required them. 	 ' 

'~ 

Part of the naval personnel which had been serv1..Ds in Northern. 

1 

Ruesia departed dur1na'.;Decamber and January. In the fonner month 

'1 

Ens1sn Gould :Left on , _

-

tM Yaroelovna, wh1ch had on beard , tha !"reach 

-. 

:

Ambasaador, M. lfO\llens, vh1le 1n the latter Xneign Taylor and fUtsen -,

,;

---, 

enliBted :men departed on the Aepasla for EIl8l.and, and to the same 

"0 • 

count17 vent :EI:ai:d~ Ricke, Bishop, and Griffin with thirteen men an 

j the Junin, 

~4 -	 J 
.., 

'!he receipt at _ of en inquiry rro.. Archangel. at the end 

or January 1919 a. to the means exi.ting there for the .....cuatiClll or 

Archangel indicated an alarming situation and caused Rear J.dm1ral 

IIcCully to embark on t.". ice bro4kler AlrmlnMr to UDdertala> a 

personal investigation. Upon hi. arrival in uchangel on February S 

he coorerred ,nth the United States diplCllllltic and II1lltarT representeti...., the officials of the provisional government, and the British 

military anci" nava1 officers. He leamsd that. the situat10n Wa3 serious 

but not critical and so reported in a telegram to AcD1ral 51mB. 'A 

.t.rCIIg Bolahev1k ort.".i... launched in the preceding month had roreed 

the retirement ot Jmerican and lllied r orce. fran Shenkurst, • town on 

the Vaga River 1Ih1chwaa the mo.t important poaition .outh or Archangel. 

The mU1tary aituation or the Allied force. at thi. tiJE .... regarded 

by the _rieon milltarT attache .. very unoati.racto".; they lOIre 

scattered in small. detactmenta; cCl!mllUl1oations were .low aDd dif'f'1cultJ 

the _ tar... _re superior in numher or IIIflIl and quanti1;1 ot art1lle"., 

and it appeared thet turthor withdrawala would heve to he made. 

During this na1t to Archangel, Real AQain.l II~ made anothar 

trip an the railroad to Obozer.~ <m February 7, continuiDg on the 

non to _ advance pooitiono. '!he.. he town to bo under continuOUll 

baabudment by the Bolahov1ko 1IIlD employed obsenation balloons in direc~ 

bg tha1r fire. iI)" this tiJIe the _rieon troope had adapted themsolves 

to the allmate and the British rations and were in exoeptio~ healthy 

00IId1tim and in a botter otata or morala than when IIcCully had pre­

~ 

"\ 

"fioaa~ seen _. Re~nta supplied by the IIumansk • .-I¥! had 

II8Z'Obed averland fraa Soroka and .t.rongtheDed the force. in this reg1on. ,- , , 

J _ ..I'!'...._ ~ ,>­ -,'-;'-- '-: .... , , -.- ~. ~·,~~;gi~~~~~fis$j 
Reaching Mur.manek on board the S.S. Beothic. on February 23, 

Rear Admiral McCully ~ound the U.S.S. yankton in port and immediately , 

took up his quarters aboa.rd it. Under Ccmdr. Richard 6. Gallovay 

thi~ vessel had reeched there on Februs.ry 8, bringing, for duty with 

McCully, Lieut. Adolph P. Schneider,·U.S.N., Lieut. Milton O. Carlson, 

U.S.N., and Ensign Maxwell B: Saben, U.S.N.R.F. It also brought 

equipment for a radio station, and, after the approval of McCul1.1 

was obtaineji of the preliminary arrangements which had been ma:d.e 

\ 

during his absence, the erection of the station was begun on Soviet 

Bill by working partiep fran the yankton. Previously ccmnunlcation 

had been had through the ceble and the radio on the British and French 

naval V6El!!els, but thepe methode bad proved unsatisfactory. Af'ter its 

, \ completion the naval radio station was etrOIl8 enousb to intercept ,--. 

DlfIfI£le.gee from the United. States, Honolulu, · and European countries. 

Lieutenant Carlfl:on was placed 1n charge of the station in April. On 

Marcb 15 the yankton stood dCND the Kola Inlet to A!exandrovsk where 

it remained anchored with tbe Rear Admiral. on board until April 4 

wben it :returtlDd to Mun:o.ansk. Cc:munander Bertholf reported to McCully 

on board the yankton at the end 01' Marchi fran about this time he 

functioned ae cbief of staff. 

Right after his return to Murma.nek fran Archangel, Roar Admiral -

MCCully" sent a cabl.egrem on February 25 to Admiral S1m..B and followed 

1t with a report on the 28th in which he recamnended the dispatch oi' 

naval reinforcements to Northern Russia. Stattng that the military 

eltuation in the Arohangel regton was precarious and that the AllIed 

forcee along both the Archansel-Vologda railway and the Mur.man railV8.7 were insufficient, he urged stationing V9l!!sels at both Archangel 

- 26 ­
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and M\U'mB.nek and providlns another to cruise along 1600 milee of coast 

and v1f!it other porte. One 01' the vessels ehou1d be suitable for a 

flagship which the yankton vae not, and one ship should Berve 88 8. 

supply sh1p for the others becaupe great difficulties and uncertainties 

wre be1bg experienced in cowtantl,y ehl-pplng stores, and these usually 

arrived in a p111ased oondition as a result of their being ~roached 

by the crewe of the Erltleh merchant marine whose morale had detertorated. As the Allied forces on the Dvlna would be at the meroy 

of ~he Bolshevik vefF.elp. which would be released at an earlier date 

f~ the frozen vaters ~f the upper DvlDaJ he recommended a detachment of twelve eu'bmar1ne chasere. with a tender for operations on that 

river. 1beee would be neeeeeary he stated, if mil1tary opel'6tlone 

were to be. undertaken in the eprtns. In case reUef Yere to be extended on a large e-cale I naval port officers would have to be appointed 

at Archangel, Xem, and Murmanek. Admiral Benson, to whom the :request 

of McCully wae referred, adTieed the department to prepare the 

Sacramento, a oruiper of the Denver clapp, and three Easle boats for 

duty in Northern Ruppia, Decaueo, ae he ~tated, although our future 

policy in the region had not beon dooided upon, It wae necessary to 

meet the flituation which had a rieen. He aleo directed Admiral Sims 

to keep tho eub:ohaeore which it had beon plenned to return to the 

United States in read1nese. 

TWo U.S, Naval veeeele the Calvopton and the Chester arrived at 

Murmanek on April 8 v tth lO mon of the 161th U. S . Enaineers and 

forty Britiph replacement troope. Sbortl,r before, tho S .S. Stephen 

had brousht in 350 lOOn of the 1613th U.S. Engineers and other Allied 

troopE', Brig. Gen . Wilde P. :Rlchardon C8lI1e on the Chester to take 

,• 

) 

- 27 ­
,­

f 

over the CQlDllltlOO of' the United states troops in Northern Rwslllaj he BOOll 

proceeded vith hie staff am. Rear AdlI1ra.1 Green on the loe breakBr 

Canada to Archangel where he eupeneded Colonel Stewart. After effect108 a readJuetment ·of the naval personnel attaohed to tho thl'Ml DAval 

V8Ppels by making traneferp to t~e yankton, the Galveston and the 

l ChaFter f!8.11ed for EnglAnd on the 13th. F 

It yap a month later when the naval reinforoements ordered by 

Admiral Benson for Northern Rueel'a began to arrive. The oruiser Dee 

MolnefJ, capt. Z.aeharlah H. MadiSOD, put into Murmanek on May l~ while 

the yankton was on a cruiee 1n the White Sea, but it encountered the 

latter vessel at I'YanOTSki Bay on the 11th. McCully transferred hie 

f1as to the 1)&8 MolneF- on the next ~ay and proceeded to Archangel while 

the yankton went to Murmanek. At the latter place arrived on the 22d 

the Saoramento, Ca:ndr. Otto C. bowline, and the Eagles 1, 2, and 3 

after a week'e voyage from Inverness, Scotland. With Commander 

:Bertholf and Lieut. Peter J. Bukowski aboard, the Sacramento on June 5 

reached Archangel where the cOl1lll.8Ildlng officer reported to McCully on 

the MOines and. paid visits to the H.M.S. Clclope and the Gueydon. 

'!he port WB,fl a buey pl.a..ce durins that month, :for American and French 

troopp were being brought in from the interior and evacuated. Rear 

AdmIral McCully, who pince hie arrival there on the 26th had been con- r 

ferrtng with Allied and Ru~~ian officials, inspeoted EaB1e No. 1 after 

, 

~ Ib arrival there with Eagle No.3; Eagle No.2 also reached that port I 


i on June 11. A week later the Yankton eecorted into Archangel 8ub­


I 

chaeerr;o 95, 256, and :354, which it had met of:f Vardo, Norway; togoth~r with the British tanker Birchol they completed the 1975 run 

fran Invernees, Scotland 1n 12 days. 

- 28 ­ ..". 
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, 

Towarde the end of April McCull7 eeems to ba"M contemplated dlvldtog hl~ foroe~ into tvo dlT1ei0D8, the first conet.ttng of the cruieere 

and the Eagles to guard the baeee­ at Arohansel, Xera, and Muzmansk, and 

the aBeoM cone18tlIl6 of tho Bubchaaers to operated in the North Drlna 

RiTer but he had no opportunltT to perfeot the 8.rl'8IlgelDOnt. To the 

officers of the ?e8eole then attached to hie command, he iBBUSd lnetruc~ 

tiO[lB on April 25 to oultlTft.te ClOBO and cordtal. relatl~ with all the 

.officiale in the region and to prepare monthl;r intelligence reporte. 

Near the end of Mal'" he establ1ehed the Eeele boate ae a weekly cUepatch 

service betveen Mul'menek, Archansel end IBm to o6.rr7 dispatohes, maU, 

and lIliUtar.r, naval or diplomatic of'ficials and light fre18ht of an 

urgent or per1.hable charaoter; it 118.8 to be a"t'fl,11able for both Rueelan 

~ and .Al.l1ed ueB. PB.f:l!snsere, hovBTer, had to:ma.ke their beds on the opeID 

,.

,

.. decks and proTide their own protection. 'Die .errloe vas operated by the U.B. naval port officen in cooperation with other port o:fflcleJ..e 

in the region. Subeequent lnetructl0n8 stipulated that tho diBpatch 

Tenele might carry a! freight gold, lIilnr or Jwele under special 

circUII.Bte.nces e.nd that bille of la.d1ne misht be sinD fo~ tbe:m., chargee 

_de, and 1'eeporudbllit7 assumed. Rear Admiral Groen regarded this 

88l'Tlce as an expeDlli-.e lU%U17 ha?lne no conneotion with DaTal opel"8.­

tiOllB. To a considerable extent this op1nIon vas probabl1 correot. 

The staff of the Camwmder, U.S. JIa'Yfll Forcee in Northern Ruesia 

conai.ted in the sprIng of 1919 of CCJmMooer Bertholf U · lIenior aIde 

and acting obief of etaff, XDsign Cobb 8e aide and flag lieutenant, 

and En8isn Saben 8e aide and flag eecre'tar7. :Bertholf du.r1.Ds this 

period shuttled back and forth 'between Arcbensel and MUl1IItlD8k. 

,. , Sh1ft1D8 to the Saoro.nto on JUDe 15, MoCullT loft Arohangel 

- 29 ­
0-"", 

"~ that day aDd after vie i ting Soenovaya Bay end. Keret Bay anchored at '--.-. 

Kem harbor. At thi~ place he stayed on No.1 for a day and on 

the Moinep for tvo days, and then at the invitation of General 

Maynard be accCllDpanied him with Lieutenant Cobb on an 1nepectlon trip 

to the Munnan ra1lroad front. ibe party Journeyed by train to Medvyejye

( 

Cora, a 	statIon 00 the M\ll'1lIAIl railroad at the northern tip of Lake Onega, 

, whiCh wap then the advance ba ee- of Allied military and naval operatIons, 

!Uld whIch waB only 95 mIles fran Petro2.vodsk farther dO\rffi the lake. 

'!bough some places on the shore of the lake were in Allied possession, 

the Bolsheviks controlled the lake with a ~orce of armed steamers and 

tuge. The Allied naval flotIlla based at MedvyeJya Cora did not have 

armament that could combat the Bolshevike. Thie flotilla included tvo 

American motor sailen brought by train fran Mll%'!D8.Mk and launched on 

~ the lake on May 29, operatins with crews of American b).ueJac~te under 

the conmand of Lieut. Douglas C. Woodward. At the time of )(cCull.r'e 

vieit one of theBe boats was beins prepared tor shipment to the yankton • 

. 	and the British were Il&gotlatine: for the other. Tbe force on the )(urman 

front, in MoCullyts opinion, va. not eutfioient for an M'Y8.IlCe, and the: 

more.le of the troopo was not good aB a reeult of the: witbdraval of 

part of the Allied forces and the. approaching retIrement of the 

Amerioan engineer troops wilo had greatly improved the ettioienc7 of 

the IIunIIan railroad. 

During the last week in June allot the V'OBllele attached to the 

Of)!!IVIOO 88eembled in the Gulf of Kandalaksha In the northweet8rn portion 

or the lIhite So.. to e_ in target practice. McCully joined the proceadtnee, 'follClW'ing hiB return fran the Mul'mBn front, at K1v BaJ" on 

.', 

\ June 27 on board Bubchaser 95, which had picked up h:tm and LleuteDADt '-.-. 

Cobb at l'opoT (Port or !rem) on tho preoeding da1. Tho rear ad!Iiral'. 

- 30 ­
". -. .'. " 

flas flew fran the ])as MOines, the Sacra.nto, alld then the Yankton; on - . 

bQard the last he reached l'OPOT on Jul:.T 1. With a l1bertT port.r or 

officers and. men he wont tl:Jat day" on Bubchaeer 256 to SolcmrtakJ 

IelaDd where on the e8etern aide of Bl.aeopoluchla baTen wae a monaetery, 

whIch vas evidently vorth th& trip for it contained slz churches, gardeDII, 

cattle ~e, and one of the richest sacristies in Russia, constituting 

a IIhrine visited by thOWlande of pIlgrJmi, eveq sUIIID:I9r. Be continued 

on the yankton to Archangel on the 3m carry1ns W!I p8.8sengere Lieutenant 

Rogers, of the .American Military Mission at KmD., and an al"IIJ' sergeant. 

The Moines and the eubcha.eere alf.lO steamed to Archaneel, after the 

praotlcee were ended, while the Sncremento vent to Murmanek. 

A phase of .aet:1vltlee of the U.S. Naval Forces in Northern Ruesia-­

that concerning the naval port o:f'ficers--whlch hal! onJ..y been referred 

to thus far in theBe p8gee can nov be treated in a cont1nuoue te.ahion. 

One of the principal duties eJl8El8ed in by MeCuu,. 88 District CO'Mulder 

at .Rochefort, France fran Februar,y to October 19lB had been the direotion of a system of ne:va.l port officen located at porte in that dietrlct but .chiefly in the region of :Bordeaux on the Gironde-{;al'ocne River. 

'Dlv.e he bad a good baclrground for thi8 aspect of affaire in Northern 

'nle ehipp1ng boem experienced b;r the porte of Archangel and Murme.nek du·r1ne the war when Russia was an active participant on the 

Allied side collapeed after her defeat b;r GeIm8llJ'". 'ftle Bo1sbevik revolution Y8.1!! the signal for the A~lee to ceaee the exportation of war 

materials to thope porte, for' they ~ad nO desire to strengthen the a.nDf! 

of the Rede nor throueh them the Germane. When McCu.1.1.y viaited ArOhe.nsel 

in July 1911, he observed in tho harbor e1xty-f'l'99 steamers dieche.rgins, 

awaiting dieoharse ; loadiDg, or diecharged, and nine sailing vessels. 

,, 

~---'" 
i. 

At thi. t1llle about 120,000 tODll of goods were being unloadod mOQth~; 

1Ddeed, BO Jmlch was received that ,.ear that an 1m:Dense quentlt,. had 

to be etored in the open without adequate proteotion at Bakar1tza, 

pending shipment on the overworked railroad. I%IRDI!Idlately arter the 

( ' 	 Eolehev1k revolutlO11, however, the Allies 1n8tltuted an embargo not 

by publicly aunounc1Qg it but by withholding licensee for exports of 

war euppllee to ltorthern Russia, this method be1Dg employed in order 

not to give the Rwsslan people tho idea the..,. vere being abandoned by 

the Allie•• ' Ear~ in 1918 the Briti.h Admiralty attempted to reco..,r 

SODe of the stores at B8kar1tze. b1 offering food in exchange, but 

the ~lsbeT1b just continued hauling them ava'S. COJIID8rce with tho 

porte of Northern :Ru:sei8 vas not ccmpletely cut off, for after the 

Allied forces occupied the reSion they had to 8UPP~ themselves with 

munition. and food end to feed the whole population which rmmbered 

three hw>dred thou.eand people. During the w1nter of 1918-1919 oup­

:.. ! , ~ .. ' . (; .. .. , " 

plies unloaded at MUl'mfllmk vere taken by rail to Ke.ndn]slmha and 

thence by sledges OTer the 200 mile frozen expanse of the Whlte Sea 

to Arohange1. 

n.e Br1tleh NaTT, which entenHl Northern Russian vatsre ear17 lfi 

the Vft.r to cooperate vith the Russian NaT,T, obtained contro1 o'f all 

.hipping in both Archangel and Murmanek. B;r arrangement with the 

provisional 	govel"IX!!1ent in Northern Russia this control vae continued 

after the revolution ot- 1917. It vas discontinued at A.rch.e.ngel atter 

the British Navy retired fran there in December 1917, but, following 

th8 Al1ied occupation of that port in Auguet 1918, British navel. 

officers again assumed charge. The Principal Na-val 'rrsneIport Officer 

\......-.. (P.N.T.O.) at Arohange1 throughout the period of the inte~ntion 

- ~2 ­ , -.' " --..."'-'" ~ ..--.-- ---"..,,' ..... .. ~ ... ~--- -,.~ ".-, 
 .. ,-T.......... , 

,, "~'" .. 
 .,: 'C. .'" '... .. ,~...,";l~-;; .. . ..i' .•' . . '. 

,,-;.. ..,... . ,­

V&e Ccmaodore Richard lr7de, R.If., who had a number of 8epistante . 

Dur1l18 the V8l" French ~s8e18 were cCJnelsned to the Frencn T1ce-conaul 

and vere discharged and loaded by the Budson'a BaJ" C~ UDder the 

general charge of the chief British t.nul8port otf'tcer. He al.Bo handled 

the unload1ne of AlIer1ean Te8sels of which only 81x 8})poar to have ar-' 

riTed at tbe port during 1917, thoush American supplies were brought 

in in greet quantities, undoubtedly, 1n British and RuBsie.n 'Vessels. 

A British port officer aleo operated at ~k, and later enother 

waf! stationed at Kem. At eJ.l. of theee places there were Russian and 

French })ort officen ae veIl. 'ftle British naval transport officen 

hand.led all _tten connected with shipping; diecharging, berth1.ns, 

ballast1De, tuel1.n8, repairing, euPPl11nB:, 8lld .sailing. ApparentlJ' 

with the approval of the United States GoTel'lD5nt, the Britieh, tlt'ter 

,--.. 

the intervention began, continued the ' olO8i118 ot the Russian Arctic 

porte, Which had been decreed by the RuBslsu Qavenuent in April 1916, 

to other thaD AU1ed 'Y9ssele 8:J:cept by ponll1t 1Bsued b7 .the Britieh . 

~re.lty. But, JudB1ne: trail. CCftl!\8Dd er Bertholf's report on his 

trip to Varelo, 110"'8,1 In Moxch 1919, tha llr1t1eh kept th1. traruI In 

their own bands by refusing, permite. The exportation of Bueeltm 

products frail. ArchaJ:lse1 vas prohibited by Moscow authOrities at the 

time of the Allied tntenent1on, but Allied control ade th1e 1DetfeotwU, 

and, according to the hi.torian, Strakhonq, the Britieh took tDI8.7 

good. TIl1ued at 2,79',700 poundo and tha FreDCh 821,'00 pOUDde--at 

requio1t1on pr100B. IDdub1tabl,r o-..rc1a1 c0IUI1dorat1ons--the 

opportun1t;r .to lIIBlco a proflt.-·pl.a1&d a part in the Br1t1Bb adm1n1atrat10n ~ .h1pp1.ng, but then tha ilr1t1eh, like tho French, bad loot 

heaT1l,y by the Bo1ehoviII: repud1at1on of tho dobt for tha goodo ou,ppl1ed 
~, ,'. 

Russia during the \1ar . 

The expe riFlncp.s or the 5 . S. Portonia, an ~rican ship which 

reached Arc;langel in June 1917, reve al some of the difficulties ships 

enool.D'ltered in t ;l8.t port. Captain ~Cully found the crew dissatisfied 

because they could not go ashor'::' , !lecause their quart..ers were insufficient, 

anc i.>ecausp. they could get no provi sior.s. A number of the crew had no 

passports and without them t he :tussian authorities would not permit 

'!::oi ng a shore . The 3hi~ had no seal, and dOCl1r.1E!nt s without seals were 

not r ecogniz('!d by the Russians. The ship had to be ballasted with 600 

tons of coal at 050 a ton althoueh that amount of cargo c ould have been 

loaded except .for peculiar' re~ati',ms oy ..r.uch American vesse ls ,rere 

stl11 r egarded as neutrals ann not eligible for cargo. To top everything else, the ship had no glUl for protection against suhmarines. 

Only a few American ships reached !~orthern Russia during the period 

of the inte rvention. In the first part of 1 91 8 Ambassador Francis urged 

sending shiploads of foodstuffs to Archangel to relieve hunger among 

the :Russian population, whose sources of supply had been interfe red with 

by Czechosl.ovak operations along the Siberian railroad, to teed the 

Allied representatives at Vologda should they have tO 'retire to the 

north, and for propaganda purposes. Not until after the Allied occupation of Archangel, however, when the need was greatly increased J wero 

&oorican ships routed there. The U.S.S9 Aniwa and the U.S.S. ,',est 

Garrbo arrived in a convoy on Cetober 12 with flour and Red Cross Stores. 

These 'were U.S. Shipping Board vessels operated by the Nava l Overseas 

Transportation Service with naval crews and allotted by the U.S. Shipping 

Cwtrol Committee for this voyage to the Bri tish !.I1ni.try of Shipping. , 

'-----" About the same time the S.S. Ascutney, another U.S. Shipping Board 

-34­
".-,"' -"""::-'" :"'''' " -

, 

, 

f 

",88el, e.rr1""d with a cargo ~ D!d Crees eu,ppllee • ..... 

_ .......1llod in port nee.rl,y a mCllth, not dapert1n8 unt11 

_r 10,. It roached the .ntrance to the DVi... in the .....nin8 of 

Ootober il, but remained there at anchor OTern1ght. 1ar17 the next 

morning upon recelT1ns a e1gnal to proceed into the harbor, it Y&:ot 

ahead a short dlet8nce and then stopped to piok up the pilot, who 

came frcm the light vee~el stationed at the entrance, aDd. e. boarding 

officer. '!he latter I'!oon ehoved off, and the ,",88el followed the 

])ViDa Ri.... r channel under pllota£e, anchor1n8 at ArohMsel at 1:06 P.M. 

Over an hour and e. haJj' later a custcme offl01al and a 11eutell8.tLt 

, ccmaande~ frOlll. the British transport offioe C8m' aboard in separate 

tugs, the f ormer to make an 1n.epectioo e.Dd the latter with orden. 

1- During their vieits the captain vas ashore on off1oial business. 

While the vessel awaited dlechargins, pel'"SOIlDel attached to it, includ1ns l1bort,. parties, vent ashore. On the lAth .8. repreesntatlve 

t: 

of the American coneul oems on board as dId the repreeentatlve of the t 

British transport office, both of whom made subsequent viSits. 

., 'lhrougbout the stay in the port a guard was maintained on the ship 

and apparently on the eho~ :oearby. Discharging began on the 18th and 

was canpl.eted on the 31et vhen the loading of 1200 tcne of flax for 

ballast started. Tvo steTEldoreB vere detected in the act of smuggling 

flour off ship. Hatches vere sealed by a ouetcme officer. A repreesntat ivs of the Americe.n consul came aboard again on the 28th nth 

papere f or the captain. Rear Admiral McCul.l.y cams aboard on 1fovember 1. 

011 va. pumpod into tank!! fran the British S.S . Seattle beg1nniDB an 

the Mxt day. After the loading wae finished OIl 'lfcmmber 9J British 

and llueeian oontrol offioers came aboard. Before the departure on 

tho lOtll 1:mmigratioo officials visited tho ship. A pilot conducted 

- 35­
it dCMl ';he Dvina to the light ship where he vae taken ave.,- in a emall 

boat. 

The experiencee of the West Gambo were very eimilar :to those of 

the .Aniwa. In connection with the discharging of soma ord.naoce BUpplies a visit was made by a Brit-ish ordnance officer. Lieutenant 

Riie, the U.S. naval attaohe, twice oame on board this vessel whereas 

no mention 1s made in the l,?S ·of the Aniwa. of visits by him to it. 

Discharging began an the 16 and wae completed an the 31et, a total 

of 6~69 tons of flour. It departed fran the dock under pilotage on 

the naxt day to tak:e on fuel fran the Seattle. Some passensera were 

brought on board for passage to the United States at the request of 

the American ambassador and with the consent ~f tho naval authorities. 

Under ordera issued by COmmodore Hyde It proceeded to Bea on November 2. 

No re:ferencee vere found 1n regard to 1ts ta.k:1ne on cargo or ballast. 

While the Ascutney vae engae;ed in taking on fle.x and. coal, the 

Chief engineer on the morning of October 21 dlBcO'Vered a fire in the 

maIn crOBe bunker. He reported 1l:mned1ately to the captain, end the 

removal of coal from tho bulkhead. vae begun in order to locate the 

fire. That afternoon the master made a report to the British tre.nsport office, but the officere sent aboard by Commodore Hyde did not 

enter the bunker, according to a statement of the chief engineer, and 

saw no fire. When E'urmD.oned to Commodore Hyde's office on the 26th, 

Lieutenant Riie learned from him that the master of the Ascutney had 

called several times cJ.a1miIl8 there wae a fire on hiB ship, Which the 

COl1l:lodore disbelieved on the basis of reporte submitted by his subordinates and charged the master with having a lively 1mae:ination 

, end pose 1bl.,y other reasons for holding hie ship in port as long as ,­

possible. Rl1s sav the master that day, am, after rec8iving fTOCl. 

- 36 ­
.~. 

ht. the 88Su.re.nee that there vas a fire, IIUrgSel!rted that he be info:noed 

11 it got Yone and. he would sl"X'8lJ88 for a board of 1.nqui17. It shortly 

got yone, be1ne OCl!mrun1cated to the cargo (rt fl.a:J:, end help had to be 

a:ffordod bT both tho Glory and tho Olpg?1a. To .xt1nsu1oh tho fire 

the holde had to be flooded, and this forced besch1n8 the I!Ihlp on 

the flate oppofllte Archangel; then the holds had to be pmlPed out, the 

- ship taken along aide the dock and the CB?go discharsed 10 order that 

the wet portion couJ.d be landed and new cargo and coal loaded. Captain 

Bierer and other officerp attached to the O!l!Pia, oonatitut1Dg a board 

of 1IJVestigation, conducted an examination of the ship dur1ne the first 

three da,-e of November and submitted a report 1n wh1ch the conclusion 

1(8.8 reached that the fire in the cre8S bunker bad or1g1.nated :rrca 

opontoDOoue c_ustion and thot tho heat fran 1t 181lited the flax; 

no ev1dence of 1ncend1ariam. vas found. Sl18ht dsaae V88 Buffered 

b,.. the TeBee1, 'but demaee to the cargo of flax exoeeded halt a mllion 

dollars. So the :remi~eness of the P.N.T.O. in not reoeiT1118 with 

credenoe the mallter'e report of the fire and tak1Dg Pl"CIIlPt measurell 

to disoover and extinguish it turned out to be a costly mistake. 

Theft ae well as fire wae experienced b,.. the Ascutney. Of 119,000­

cases of Red Cross goode shipped on this Tessel, the Red Croea officials 

reported a .hortage of 4:;64 ca... snd dtJmI>.se 6IIOUI1t1ng to ,o:t to ••~ntT 

bags of sugar for which a claim wae made. Up to Karch 1919 thll1!1 ve.e 

the outstanding cose of theft of cargo encountered bT the U.S _ Shipp1ng Boo.rd. 

Sinc. the)' vere pramll8"ted during war t_, the following ",gul.e.- • 

tione are of 1ntere8t al.thoueh the1 8Dtedate the Allied intervention: 
CQlPlJUiORY REGUIATION 	 'j 

1 

relating to accoP! to the shore from shipe arriving at the Port of 

Arch.angel fran abroad, and the visiting of such shipe- b;r casual 

strangers. Issued by the COl!m8.Il:der·ln-Chief of the Town of Archangel 

and of the \Ih!te Sfta D1&trlot by virtue of Seo. 1 Pare. 19 of Regulations regarding places declared 'to be under martial lav. (Supplement 

to Art. 23 vol. 2 of the Civil Code). 

1. Al.l peraone arriving at the port of Arohangel on foreigngOing weaels (including shipe' creve) are required to be in poescssion 

~: of a passport or a document certifying to ';;heir ident!ty vith a 

. 	 photograph a ttached thereto. The Master of the ehip 115 responsible 


for the fulfilment of this regulation. 


Note. consular corti:flcates based on 'Verbal deolarat:lone 

aannot in this case be considered to take the place of pae e ­

porte . 

I 	 2 . All subjeots of neutral states and passengers on and creve of 

I , eblpe sailing UDde r a neutral flag are absolutelY forb1dden to So ' I aehore • 

Note. The landing of passeD88re frQll reutral IIhipe 1e permitted onl.J" on the authorizat1on of Ru8sie.n off1oial.B baT1Dg 

speoial paver to do so. 

3. If there ie no war material (Coven:aent or prln:te ) on a 

neutral shIp and 1f at the sema ttme the ship i8 not berthed alocse1de 

a military diBchargins area, the Master of such a ship and ODe of the I . 	 orew seleoted b;r the Master &lODe have the right to SO ashore. The 

Maeter i s requIred i:DIIMdiately on arrival in the port of Archangel I ­ (11. e. at CbiJovka) to notify the Port Defence Officer in writing of I the person thus selected. When the sa1d person 18 g1ven leave to go 

ashore, the Master must provide him with a leave permit in the Ru8~ 

sian language t.1gnea by himself and sealed with the ship's seal. 

Bote. If a IlButral E'h1p is moored eJ.oD8side a m.i11tary 

discharging area, and also as lons as there 111 war lIIB.terlal on 

a nautreJ. ehip, the Master is perm.J.tted ~ ae an exception, to 

go aahore once only on the I!Ihlp t s business for a period not 

exceedins 8 hours and he must be accaape.nled by an offloer frca 

the Marine 1'ranoport lIoadquarters. 

4. Russian and Allied wssele are diVided into two categories A aod B: 

a) to category A belong all ships conta1ning geD&ral war caXgoes 

either GovenJDent or pr1vate, until such parga has been dIscharged, end 

a leo all. V6p.",.elp, witbout exception whIle theJ' are q1De alongside 

military dbcbarg1ns areae. 

b) a ll other .hips belong to cateSOl1' B. 

, , 5. paesensers and creve of allied ehipe in catego17 A and 'such 

.,." . '--' "Rap_pian ehipp in oategory A as fltill have- on board high exploeiTOB

-'"

(of the first category) undhcharged, and also all subjects of allied 

8,tat.eS On bOard R1U!8ian ships in oategory A are absolutely' forb1dden 

.'>, " ." " 	 - 38 ­ I ~. ,.:. 
•• 

,., ' . </ ' - ,- '.--" .... ~,"" "I" e''' ~~ >."G"""7r~~ ::;-:. 

r-.'. 

.,; 

to 80 ashore. 

]Iote. (1) _ Master (or in hi••tead the Chier Officer) 

at an allied ship in categor;r A or a Rueeian ship with high 

explosives is permitted, as an exception, after the ehlp has 

stopped to 00 aehore once onl7 en the ship1 s bua1.DeIBB e.nd tor 

a period not exceeding 12 hours. 

Bote. (2) Paeeensers on allied T8l!1sals in catee:or;r A 

aDd Buselan "YeBl!lelB nth high explosiTeS may be taken ashore 

0Dly b;y tho mll.iter;r authoritie.. Mil1ter;r unit. ma;y go ashor.. 

with the permdssian of the ' local military authorities only 

it required to be present at discharg~ operations or for dispatch to their dest1Dation. 

6. 'Dl.e creve of allied "RBlalB in categor;r B and all Russian 

"nn~selB with the exception ot those contain1ne: h1gb. exploeives are 

permitted to go ashore on the responsibility of the )lMlter UDder the 

f'ollow1Dg conditione: 

a) ihe Master and hie Chief' Officer IlUBt not be absent frail. the 

ship at the same ttme; 

b) The Chief and Second Engineers are alBo forbidden to be absent 

at the same time; 

c) Not more than half of the crey ma,. be absent frca the sh1p at 

the B8Bt t1iDe; 

d) The Master JlJA7 grant permission to go ashore onl7 to such persone as are in posseeeion of passporte or certificates ot .indentit,. 

(with photograph. attBohed) acknowledged .e bo1Dg in order b;y tho Port 

Defence Officialo at the entrBllC. to the Port of Archangel (ChiJOTka); 

e) I.eSTe may only be granted to ship's officers (excluding the 

Mae-ter) and crews fran 6 a.m. up to 10 p.m. and onlJ' on the iesU8 of 

leave permite in tho Rueeian langu.ase B1sned by the M!ieter and sealed 

with the ship'f seal. 

]Iote. (1) Officers and crew. of Rus.ion ehlpe, prortded that 

the,. are Russian eubjects, mAT be e:ranted leaTlt by Masters in exceptional caees for a longer period than 1e latd down in Sec . 6 

above 1 but this period must not exceed three days. 

"ote. (2) When a Russian ohip is l;y1Dg alongside. m111ter;r 

d1e.charglne: area the paeeeoeere and orew of such a Russian ehip 

1II8J' be al1CNed to paS!! throush that area b,. means of a list of their 

names and i:f accompanied by one of the ship;e offioers and a Port 

Defence 'Offioial; the some liet giTee them. the right ot readJa.1ttanoe . 

through the militar)" di.cherglng ar..a to thoir ohlp, pl'OYlded tho;y 

are asa1n accompanied by an off1cer and a Port Defence OffIcial. --


" _.' 1. Pereons who haTe obtained perm1BlI1on to go uhol"8 tl"Cm a ship 

., 

- -.,"'-'--, ",~,' 

> ' • 

(Socti_ 3 ODd 6) must show their 1ea~ pom1to vho"''l9r required 

to do so by the local author1ties. It is forbidden to go ashore 

vi1fu1l.7 Y1thout a leaTe pezm.1t or to return to the eh1p late. 

8. If "OJ' person vil!~ goo. ashore fran a .hip (without 

pel'1D1eeion or in contravent1Ql of the rules le.id down in sections 

. 2 ODd , of tho pro.ent R.gulati0D8), the MaBter lIIUBt 1mIIIodiatol,y 

info,," in vrit1ns the Defence Officer of tho militeq diechorg1ns 

aroa or the harbour authorities through the Cuatca. HOWIe offioial on 

the spot, and hie Consul. 

9. It Ie forbidden on the responsIbility- of the .Master to admit on board. Tesf!ele in oateS017 A aJlJ" pereone not poeseesing the 

regular pennits of admittanoe to ml11"tar7 discharglnB areas. 

10. Poreon.guilt;rof infriog1ns this Caapul.or;y Regulation 

render them.eelveF liable under adDtinistratl'Ye order to a riDe not 

exceeding 5000 rouble~, or to tmprisonment for a pertod not exceeding three months, or to detent10n for the e8m8 period. 

ll. '!hie CCIIpUl.!'ory :Regulat1on CCDe8 into force til May- 10th, 

1917, and. frca that date as far as the Port of .Archa.llsel 1s conoor...d Rogulotion Ro. 956 of Januar;r 25th, 1917, 10 canccllod. 

(BigDod) N. SAVITSKY C'-"""""1"-in-<:h1.f. 

Archangel, 

April 30th, 1917. 

110. 4612 • 

. . 

'",--<­

. . - 40 - . '~~;f~;.;::k -'-'''_'_;~'': ~'~~_ __'____.'' . 
 

,­

,"' 

I

, 

r

! ,.4, 

l 

, 

' , 

":--. 

The pilote who oonducted the U.S. Naval. 'ft)sselll up the DT1J:Ja to 

Archangel vent piead up at the l1sht vessel at the mouth c:rf tbe 

river or from the flrat appee..r8nC& of ice to the olose of ra visat10n 

at tbe Mocl.yua.ld l1ghthOWle . n.. capte1n8 U8UAll.T coomed tbe ......1 

alone with the pll.otl!l 1ll order to f8.ll.il1ar1ze tbauelves with the 

obaDDel, but becauee of 8 bar. and. the MaD88abl11t,.. or the cbarm&l 

in which dredging operatl0D8 bad been earrled on for ;years it vas 

the praotloe to tab a pIlot . In the harbor pilote vere al.Bo em.­

plO78d in cbang1ns anchorage!!, docking, end taJdng the Tessel away 

frao _ dock. _ TOPJaO dovn tbe ri...r vas alBO under pllotaae. 

On the Kola Inlet pilote vere empl018d to steer the vessels up to 

Mul1aanek, and the7 were alec taken on board at Xem. A schedule: ot 

fees 1I8.B establIshed for pilot 8enioe and tc:JW8Se. Vessels were 

BCIiI& t1mes dela1ed at the mouth of the Drine. becauee the tide SlId 

dql1ght did not ••r.... -..rd. tbe end of tbe ~ar v:lth _ 'ep. 

p1"08Ch of tbe Arctia n16J!t the hoo.ro of dB;rl1ght be...... ~r)' obort 

while in tile _r tbe1'8 vee dB;rl1ght tvont;r-four houro in the dq. 

!lot lons after hi. arrtTal in Iforthern _0111, Roar AdJII1ral 

JIoCull7 ,,"Ie attel1.tlcm to oa.erolal _t'ten. 1'he r8eulta ~ his 

stad7 vera preeented 1n a report on the "Port of Arobaneel, Hueaian 

ou1aitted to AdIl1ral S1Jl. em .""""ber 28, 19JB. It aonte1ned 11 

dooar1ption of _ port and it. facil1tioe. DIlted a voek p1'8­

T101.l811' are "In8tructlont! to lIaTBl Port or:f'1cere" aDd "l'!1IItl'UCtlone 

tor Cc:anand 1J:l8 otrioere of U. S KaTal To.aela aDd Malltet'll of other 

U. S . V.I.ola ArriT1ns in Porte of lfortheni lIIIaeill." Both of _e. 

papere were aoe4ea1o at the tme I tor tbere were DO port ott1­

ooro and no _r1oan oh1pp1ll6 of anT ldnd in .orthorn lIIIa.ia. III 

, - 41 ­ {.. ~, ~ . . ._--,.-". .,,- .. - --­ .---. --~
," 

> 

" 

r,, 


.--..... 

hi. ee"'re.l intell1aeooe report or Do.....ber 20, he pointed out that 

the proTince Y88 not ee1f-8Ullta1n1Ds &Nl that it vae be1Ds: supported 

b;r tho Brit1Bh on an extl'8lllOl,y :ua1ted rat1on. 1h. populat1co ....dod 

azrtl-eoorbutlcil to CCI:!lbat 1!C'U%'T.7'I druge which wel'8 · aJaoet entll'e1.T 


~okins, and. preeened milk for children ae there wae DO treah mlk. '. 

L1adted a1d va. beine furni.hed b;r the _rican Iled croo., but _. 

in add.ition' to what the ·Allies Yere doing vas not enougb to preTent 

outter1ng. Sinoe 1t 100bd a. thoosh _r1can .hiPPine vould be d1­

rected tc the reg1en, MCCull,y continued h1. in~.t1gat1on during the 

winter, and on JODUal7 21, 1919 he IOddre••ed to Adloire.l S1Jns a special 

report on "Steaaer RO\lte. frc:a Un.1ted States to Porte at the MurDan 

Cout "and 'White Sea." In th1e he etated that contl"lU7 to the data 

pre..nted in the Arctic P1lot prepared b;r tho ,Brit1Bh Mlldre.lt;r f~ 

tho RwI.1an lfa~ II;rdrogrsphic Off100 SalllDB D1rect1ons tho Wh1ie 

Sea V8.8 8cC88s1ble for n1De rather than tl~ mantha cd the :ear, aDd 

be praeented eorrootlone: tor the guidance of .American ehlpe that 

lII1ght go there. 

In cc:aplle.nce with the reoOlllDendAtlon of MoCul.l7, Lints. Adolph 

P. Solmold.er and Milton O. Carleon were "eut to lfortbem Ru..eele. OlD. the 

Yankton in Fubroar;r 1919 to fill the pqe1t1cna or port off1.... at 

Archansel end Mu.lwtnek. Ordere w" 18.ued to the. OIl :Febru.e,.t'J 25 

b;r vl!.1oh tho !o;"'r;}l8.O to be port offlcer at Arohango1 and 'tho latter 

at IIu11Ianolc. UeuteD8l1t SohM1dor ..... 1""truc!ed to report to CQa­

.adore lIld., P.If.T.O. at .Arcbaase1, to oOoperate with 8Dd aaeiat him 

u a 2M&ber of hi. etatr. L1eutenent Carleon vall cl1rectecl to eltabl1eh an effie. at Mun.e.n.lc but to report to capt. J. O. lIatcher, 

R.II., D.P.lI.T.O., (Doput;r) for dut1 on hi••taff. -;r wro .poc1f1osll 

- 1>2 ­
l 

, 

.\...." 

told to act under tho direet.1on of tho British officers, and thaT 

both became located in their oftices. Carlson was also given C~ 

mand of tho naval radio station at IlurmaMk. 

Instructions isausd to the navel. port officer b-y McCul..ly on 

llarch 7 stated that hi. mi.sioo wae to expodite tho IIKm!IIIIIInt. of all 

.. U. S. shipping; to_be in charge or all matters connected with naval 

• 

vessels and nav&l. pers'onnel in the port of Archangel; to assist the 

arrival, discharge, repair, loading, supply, ballasting, and departure of all U.S........1. under tho direction of the P.N.T.O. in 


cooperation with the U.S. cONSul and the comtlBrciaJ. attache} to be 

guidoidhy the dipl....tic reprooentat.1ve in matter. affecting international relations; to JIUlintain friendly relations with Russian and 

Allied officials; to keep infonoed about shipping attar. in order 

to be ab1e to assist the master ot .American yeasels; a.od to act as 

cClllDunicatlon officer at Archangel, keeping the conmander of the 

torces informed. 

American shipping to Northern Russia did not develop to a 

dsgroe ~nsurate with the proparatiocs that were made to handle 

• it. Nor was it the intention 01' the United States lJovernment and 

the governments of Great Britain and France to allow Russia to engage in external trade. After the prohibition ot trade instituted 

as a result of the Bolshevik revolution, American exports to European 

Ruosia dropped trom .over 315 million in 1917 to 1••• than nine million in 1918. Licsnsss ter export. were not granted atter February 

1918 without the perms.ion of the Department or State, and • year 

later thifl, department began refusing all requests t:or export lieenaea. , . ,--. But the lbited States did not go 80 far &s to participate in the nav&­

-43­
blockade of BolsbeYik porta .wntained b7 tile British ODd French 

na'O'1... SU:h _r1can gooda ... reached NOI"tborn RUB.ia arriTed 

l.ergoly in foreign bottOlllS. 

The naval. port officers at both IiUl'llalUlk and Archangel had 

aCE American busineas before they were demobilized. "nle 5.5. 

Sli.drecht reached the fonner pl.aee in I/ay 1919 with a cargo of 

foodstuff. which we,.. d1echarged 1I1th great difficulty boca_ 

of the lack 	of suffi cient stevedores. These were obtained through 

Ruaoiao authorities who had trouble procuring them. The British 

naval transport officer had been unable to improve conditiona. 

Lieutenant Carlson thought that & stevedoring depar1:.lrent directly 

under the transport officer and entirely' independent of the petty 

Rwss1an arricialE! 'WOuld improve the lahor supply. Two vessels 

chartered by_tile U. S. Shipping Board, the Norwegian ship and 

'.' ; 	 the Chinese l!!!!! Yik arrived at Archangel in June .from Pb1..L&delphia 

each carrying over 4,000 tons of seed, which was distributed in 

Northern Rus:sia in order that crops of grain and vegetables could 

be prodw;ed. other employment was furnished the Amer:1can port officers 

in connection with our naval vessels and probably with the British, 

French, and Russian ships whieh carried on rIOst of the sbipping with 

No;-t,hern Russia during 1919. 

AIlerican withdrawal. from Northern RU8~ia having beep. decided 

", ' uponJ the port officers were detached. Lieutenant Carlson lett 

, 

, 

I )lurma.nsk on a le&Te of absence CI1 June; his place 1fIlS occupied by 

· 

I- Ensign H. D. Glover Wltil the end of the month when the activities " 

~ . 	 . ot the port officer and the radio station were taken over by the 

·

, Yank'tm.. Lieutenant Schneider was ordered detached and to London on 

,

, 

f 

,

· 	 -L4­

.'..' 
.. , 

l 

Notes upm the navigation of the waters in Nort.bern Russia 

collected by the meni>ers of UcCully's starf and the coananding 

officers of the Tessels were cClDpUed into a report or fifty pages. 

As a supplement to the printed directions which .ere then available, 

this would' have been a valuable guide for our naval forces had they 

rema.1.ned in those waters. 

The last of the Allied nations to provide forces for the intervention in Northern Russia, the United States was about the first to 

decide upon their withdrawal. These forcss consisted of soldiers 

conscripted under the selective service act to fiE;ht Gennany'; consequentl,. it 1Rl8 impossible to retain them in Northern Russia to 

fiEht Reds. The continuance of our soldiers there after the Armistice 

during the winter of 1918-1919, in lIhich they enll"ged in hostilities 

1f1th the Bolsheviks, led to demands from the public and from ner.Jbers 

of .Congress for their Withdrawal. The war in Northern Russia was 

not popular with the soldiers themselves, particularly as they "Were 

not told why .they _re kept there to fight the Bolsheviks all"in.t 

whom they 'Were not interested in -.aging war. 

l!any manentous questions engaged the thoughts and energy of our 

st.atesmen cOIIpOsiJlg the American Cond.!:8ion to Negotiate Peace, which 

headed by President Wilson reached Paris at the middle of December 

1918 and remainltd there ror many months. The fate of our troops in 

Northern RW!Jsia was 8<Dewhat lost sight of, but not for long because 

they ra1.eed a elaaor which. neither the Arctic night, nor deep sn0W8~ 

nor <l1:stance could long muffl,.e. At the end of Januuy 1919 WUliam '­

C. Bullitt, a member of the American delegation at Paris, suggested 

- 45 ­ . r~ _ _ , ._" 
to Colonel House, one of the Aloorican counissioners, that, since the 

Allied forces at Archangel were no loneer senihc a useful purpose, 

that they be removed on ice breakers across the White Sea to Kern 

whence they 	could be entrained for \!urmansk. Shortly aftenrards, 

~~. Poole, 	referring to the discontent of the soldiers, suceested to 

the Department of State t.hat an announcement be made to them to the 

effect that 	they would be removed by a specified ti.Irl3. fJhen a .•'tar 

Department 	radio aMounceJOOnt that the American troops in Northern , 

Russia would be withdrawn early in the spring was intercepted on 

, 	 February 19, the American embassy at Archangel was forced to state 

that the message referred to troops then in the region and did not 

mean that complete American withdrawal. had been decided upon. The 

morale of the troops continued to decline, resulting in Yarch in open .. 

refusal to 	return to the front after a rest period. By April the 

retirerrent 	of American forces was determined upon" and Brig.. Gen.. 

Wildfl P. Richardson was sent to arrange it. The railroad transportation 

troops that arrived on the Murman front at this time were sent for 

the ·purpose of rehabilitating the l-lurman railroad in order that it 

could be used to reinforce the Archangel front, if necessary, and to 

facilitate 	the withdrawal of American .and Al.l.ied troops as soon as 

the weather 	conditions woul.d permit. Admiral Benson, then :iJ1. Paris 

as naval advisor to the .American peace ccmmissloners, inquired of 

President Wilson on May 1, 1919 whether our policy was to be one of 

active operations or withdralf8l and was informed that it was the 

latter, which information enabled him to prepare orders in regard 

to the disposltiOll of the naval forces in Northern Russia" the effect 

' ..... _- ,. of which will be presented. t­

.. 

-46­
" ' .1"--"'-" :!, 

. " Most of the American soldiers were withdrawn from the Arehangel 

region during June in transports which had brought reinforcements of 

British troops. In preparation for their emb8..J;'katlon most of them 

were brought in from the front by the end of Yay. Their attitude was 

, . 

expressed by the weekly report of the Moines of UAy 29 in the words: 

"The men are all pretty sore and probably ldll talk a good deal on 

arriving in the United States." OVer 1800 officers and men of the 

339th Infantry sailed on the transport ~. and 323 miscellaneous 

troops on the British hospital ship Kalyan on June 3 for Brest, France; 

French troops left on the same day on the Stephen. The t.::enominee a.~d 

the Porto took allaY more than 2000 others of the same regiment, the 

'.,".­

337th Ambulance Company, the 310 th Sanitary Train, and casuals on the 

15th and 16th, respectively. The American charge, lIlr. Poole, also 

departed on the Menominee in 'What VIas a general exodus of Allied 

diplomatic representatives, affairs beine left in the hands of the 

consuls. A few members of the headquarters staff took passage on the 

Quilpue on the 25th to be followed three days later by over )00 members 

of the ) l Oth Engineers on board the Steigerwald. In the aggregate 

172 off'1cer~ and 4949 soldiers were embarked during the month. Sone 

forty soldiers were accompanied by Russian girls whom they had married. 

The transportation of these forces both from the front to the port and 

frOJll the port to western Europe was arranged with efficiency by the 

British naval t r ansport officers. There remained for later evacuation 

a small headquarters · staff under General Richardson at Archangel and 

674 men of the 167th and l 6Bth ~ompanies of transportation troops along 

the ooW"'l:la11 railroad. Of the forces eneaged, there had been 553 casual· 

ties, including 204 dead, )05 wounded, a nd ~our prisoners. 

- 47 ­
-, ..... 

In the ..w.t 01: the troop eal>arkaUCX1B, Adairal 1ICcull7 wrote on 

Juno 14 to Rear Admiral !larry S. KnapP,. who had succeeded .S1JIa aa 

Force Conmander, U.S. Naval Forces llIerating in European Waters at 

Yarch 31, that the forces under his CCX!Dmd· were IIOre t.ban l!Jufficient 

for the purpose of observation, cOllm\Jr1.icatlon, and report- and. JI1ght be 

deere.aed although byshould not be wl l.Arawn entirely. Iii believed 

the presence of U.S. naval vessels desirable because they represented 

a p~r w::l.thout seUish interests to serre. In order to gain -.ore 

knowledge of the region, he proposed that the !!!! Kaines and one of 

the slJb-chasers cruise along the nart.bern coast of Russia during 

the .UIIIll8r. By order of the Secretary of the Navy' of June 30, tllO 

days after the signing of the peace treaty at Versailles, McCully 

was detached from the cc.mDSnd in Northern Russia and directed to. pr~ 

ceed to London. Upon receiving this order at Arch1.olgel he. made arrange­

...nts for hi. departure. The Yankton left there on July 5 nth Lieutenant 

Schneider and Ensign Saben as passengers for llU1"'l:lJlU1.Sk whence it proceeded with oubchasers 95, 2$6 and 354 on the 9th" for England. Coomande 

Bertholf "WaS detached on the following day; soon at"ter reaching &:Igl.and 

he _s attached to the American llilltary Mission to Armeni& as naval 

liaison o1'f1cer under Kajor General James G. Harbord, a position which 

took him into southern Russia. JJcCully transferred his command to 

Captain lrla.d1son of the Des Woines on the 9th and proceeded nth IJ.eutenant 

Cobb 00. Eagle No. 1 to llurmansk. Leaving that place on the Sacramento 

four days later, they reached Bergen on the 18th and by other conveyances 

arrived in London em the 21st. After serving as senior United states 

member on the Allied Naval Armistice Commission and 88 a naval advisor 

to the peace cdmlUiasion at Paris, McCully was assigned in December 1918 

- 48­
L 

:. ,-

-. 

.. " ' •

1'" ' - . 

' to the Department of State for duty as a special agent to observe

'., ". ",> • 

and report upon conditiona in southern Russia and to establish an 

informal connection ~th General Denikin, leader of the White forces 

operating there, a mission which took him to the opposite section of 

,

.! 

Russia and which lasted almost a year. The small detachment of bluejackets which had been operating in the naval flotilla on Lake Onega 

unrler Lieutenant Woodward left the lake on July 9, embarked on Eagle's 

Noa.2 and 3 at Popov, and reported on board the Des Moines at Archangel. 

At the time of its l'lithdrawal the motor sailer which had been taken 

from the Galveston was transferred to the British in order to strengthen 

their forces on the lake. 

The Des Moines and the Eagles left for Murmansk on July 18 to 

cover the withdrawal of the railroad troops who were then in camp 

at Kola awaiting transportation. Captain Madison felt strongly and 

50 cabled Admiral Knapp that the forces should be withdralm promptly 

as their presence embarrassed and made difficulties for the British. 

The dem.olition of the radio station at J.1urmansk was undertaken by the 

crew or the Des llomes. All U.S. naval interests and activities were 

closed out here at this time. The transportation troops embarked here 

at the end of July. Both the 3ritish and the Russian govcnlJ'lmlt of 

General 11iller It'8J1ted these troops to remain, but they refused to 

volunteer since they would lose the benefits of their draft status, 

and so they --.rere brought h~. 

, 

In compliance With an order from AdLrl.ral Green, the :u.o1.nes 

and Eagles !los. 2 and 3 returned to Archangel on July 23. When Captain 

Madison reported there, he learned that mutinous uprisings had taken 

pl.ace among the conscripted Russian troops on the front and that they 

had murdered some of their officers and gone over to the Bolsheviks. 

- 49 ­
The morale of the Hussian troops had been riously affected oy the 

American- withdrawal, he wrote to Admiral Knapp, and the impression 

had been particularly bad because the gradual manner in which the 

evacuation had been effected had kept attention on it. I-e again 

urged the withdra'n3.l of: the American naval forces, 'o'fhich were in Ule 

pec uliar position of not being able to partic1~~te with the British 

-. . Navy in active opf!rations because of instructions from Washington 

and yet which ....rere dependent upon the 3ritish for supplies. If the 

u.s. naval vessel;; were to be allowed to remain as part of t he combined 

forces, they should be unrestricted, otherwise they should be withdrawn. In view of the circumstances he favored the latter alternative. 

The United States nae could be shown in the region by assigning vessels 

from the .European station for short cruises during which they would 

be independent of 3ritiah control and supplies. The recall of the 

vessels, moreover, would relieve t he monotony which their crews ~re 

beginning to experience. Despite the status of the American vessels, 

Admiral Green assured CalJtain 11adison that there would be no question 

or hesitation a'·Jout furnishing supplies and fuel while they remained 

on the station remardless of duty performed. 

The continuance of the naval vessels in the region was favored 

by the diplomatic representatives stationed at Archangel, ,·tho had 

received an appeal from Gene ral Mille r and who recommended that at 

least one warship be kept at that place in order to make the removal 

of the American military forces appear less urgent and abrupt and to 

await the departure of the en0assy. This recommendation was approved 

by General Richardson. Hobert Lansing, e Secretary of State J forwarded 

it to the Navy Departrrent with his indorsement receiving a reply from ' __ .r 

-50­
· 

:~.!, 

1.< 

:;; 

,~,.' 

' the acting Seeretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, dated 

, . August IS, that orders had been sent on July I e tor the retention 

of,the,E!! Moines at Archangel until further notice. 

The E!! Momes remained at Archangel from the time of its arrival 

there on JuJ.y 25 until its departure from Northern Russia. It landed 

,t a party of f'ifty bluejackets on the 31st under Lieutenant Woodward 

- ' 	 to assist in keeping order as a shore patrol at Solombola. Relieved 

from time to timeJ these -men were quartered in the Russian naval 

barracks; this duty was continued without striking incident until 

September 7. The American military headquarters closed on August 5 

and General Richardson departed on the 23rd. He was .followed on 

September 3 by Colonel Ruggles <.lnll the members of the United states 

M1l1tary Mission. All of the embassy staff sailed for London on the 

Kildonan Castle on September 2, except the consul, Felix Cole, and 

two others, who f1nal1y left on the 14th. Ch the latter date, the 

E!! Moines, having concluded all matters connected With the service 

, 

of U.S. naval vessels in the. waters of Northern Russia, made its 

last journey down the Dvina and proceeded to Har.rlch, England. 

\. There remained at Archangel after the departure of the naval 

forces only a reW" military officers connected with the Grave!, Registration 

Bureau whose task it was to arrange for the transportation of the bOdie~ 

of the American Arncr and Navy dead which had al.ready been assembled 

at the port. The bodie s of the dead were brought to New York in NoveuiJer where they were claimed by their relatives.. 

Near the end of his command in Northern RUSSia, Captain lfadison 

lfI'.ote the Secretary of the Navy an appreciation of' the services rendered 

,,-~. the U.S.. Naval Forces in Northern Russia by the British Navy. The most 

-Sl­
:friendly relations, he stated, had existed between the personnel or 

the forces and those of the British and French naval forces. Concerning 

his commanding officer, Admiral Green, he declared "All matters of' 

camnand and. duty have been handled smoothly and with a mutual understanding that has been most satisfactor,y and pleasing. II The British 

naval transport officers had handled matters cQfUlected With f\EIJ 

supplies, and trans~ortation of the naval forces with good will and 

efficiency. 

The British continued in Northern Russia after the withdra-wal of 

the American forces but not for lone. The transports which took away 

the American soldiers in J\Dle brought I3ritish volunteers who were used 

to launch an of'fensive against the Bolsheviks. This was \Ul.successful, 

for the Russians mutinied, forcing the Sritish at last to make preparations for evacuation. General Lord Rawlinson arrived at Archancel 

on August 5 to ,:-: o·:)rdinate the arrangements for evacuation on that and 

the M:urmansk railroad f'ront. When a puolic announcement was made on 

August 20 of the British intention to withdrawJ no marked excitement 

was evince~ by the Russian mlitary or civilian population, who, 

ho)'rever, were offered the opportunity to leave t he COW'ltry, and about 

5000 who could furnish satisfactory evidence of' character and political 

views were carried away, three steamers to the 3altic and t'ffO to sout~ 

.ern Russia where Whites were still in control. At the end of August 

furt ~r aritish r e inforcements arrived to assist in the withdrawal. 

The conduct of operations was t urned over to the Russians, who had 

chosen to r 8main and continue the struggle against the Bolshevik•• and 

on September 27 the British sailed from Archangel. Kem was abandoned 

on the 29, and on October 12 the last of t he ~illied troops embarked 

from Russian soil at ~ur.mansk. 

- 52 ­

.-,-

f; • 

.. " ... 
: ; " ,----, ::-- ' 

.­, 

, 

! -'

•, 

Althou£h it failed in its largest oojective--the overthrow of 

the aolsheviks if. conjunction with other anti-Red forces--the Allied 

intervention in Northern Russia prolonged the struggle bet'WPen the 

Reds and the ~. ,nites and thus kept thA Reds from s preading Bolshevik 

principles, -which were anAthema to the ne i [hborin& nations, outside 

of the boundaries 01' Russ i a . In the meanti.r.le the new cDWltries on 

its borders had time in which to €rP.ct governments and oreanize armies. 

The American pa:t i ci pa t ivn and early withdrawal influenced the. 3ritish 

to e vacuate and forsake any imperialistic desif}1s they may have entertai.!led and ~ncoura[~d 301shevik propat:;anda which was influential in 

in st i catinc the muti.nies t.hat finally forced the 3ritish OUt4 Not 

until the end of 1933 were dipl omatic relations e stablished between 

the Soviet Government and t he Unit e d States. 

BlaLIOGaAPHY 

b:an.uscr:i.pt ~aterial 

Navy Department 

Offi ce of ?'laval Records and Library. 

The extant records of the avy Department relating to the U.S. 

Naval Forces in 11Jorthern Russia a r e filed in some twenty folders 

under classification ',lAb. Consi sting of reports, memoranda, 

cables, telegrams, and correspondence, these papers are arranged 

chronolaeica11y within the f olders. The collection i ncludes 

papers which once composed the files of the Commander, U.S. 

Naval Forces in l:iorthern Russia and other papers obtained from 

file s of the Navy Department. 

!3UI'E"au of Naval Personnel 

GP.neral Files (Officers Records) of the following officers; 

I.~ilton O. Carlson , Newton A. McCully, and Adolph .P. Schneider. 

National Archive. 

Bureau of Naval Personnel 

General File s (Officers Records) of the following officers: 

'flallace Bertholf, aion 3. !3ierer 
: , . ... :: .. -..­

Log books of the following naval vessels: Aniwa, Chester, Des h:Qines, 


Eaeles Ho• . 1, 2, and 3, Galvestoo, Olympia, West Canioo, andYankton. 


Office of too Secretary of the Navy 


General CorrespondE'mcc File, 1918-1919 


u.s. Shlppine 30ard 


General Files, 618-17 Foreign countries Hussia 


It It 1091-885 ASGutnef 


Division of Operations Files, 2 200 Ascutney, Aniwa , ltest Gambo 


Chief Officer's Log Book, A.scutney, Oct. 3-Nov • . 29 , 19"lO ' 
 '. Published Material 

Albertson, Halph. Fighting without a -;la.rj an AccO\Ult of 1oi.ilitary .Intervention in North ltussia. New York, 1920 

Altham, E. "The Dvina Campai{11,11 JOW'nal of the Royal United Service 

Institution, LXVIII, 228-253 (.fay 1923) 

Bunyan, James. Intervention, Civil War and CornmWli3JT1 in Russia . Baltimore, 1936 

Chamberlin, Hilliam H. The !tussian Revolution, 1917-1921. New York, 

1935 . 2 vol•• 

Chronicler, A (John Cudahy). A..tchaneel, the American ',far with Russia. ' 

ChicagoI 1924 

Coates, 'i,'. P. and Zelda K. Armed Intervention in Russia, 1918-1922., 

London, 1935 -._"" 

Dupuy, Richard E. Perish by the Sl\ord j the Czcchoo1ovakian .\naoasis 

and Our SupportinG Carnpaic;ns ' in (1orth H.ussia and Siooria, 1915-1920. 

Ha:rrisburg, Pa., 1939 

Francis, David !-t. HU5sia from the American Embassy. ;·iew York, 1921 

Great nritain, Admiralty. A Bandbook of Siberia and Arc tic Russia. 

Vol. L Gf>nE'!raL Compo lJy the Geoeraphical Sectfon 01;' the Naval 

Intelligence Division, Haval Staff, Admiralty. London, 1920 

Great Britain. Admiralty. naval Stai f. Intelligence Depar tment. 

:tussia: tic Port 

• n.p., 

Army • The Evacuation of North Russia, 1919. • 

London, 1920 

Liaynard, Charles C. ti. Tr.e 1i.urmansk Venture . London, n.d. 

Uoore, Joel R., iJ.ead, Harry H., and JaMS, Le,ns E. The ::.istory of the 

American E..'-:eedition Fi tin the 301sheviki' Camoai _ in in lJorth 

Russia, 191 -1919. Detroit, 1920 

Moulis, E. et ,lerL'Oni e r, E. La Guerre entre les Allies P,t la Russie 

(1918-1920) tocuments -{eunis . Paris, 1937 

Newb01t, ~nry. ttItussi8., " in History- of t he Great War. :4aval Operations. 

London, 1931. vol • . V, p. 301-333 

Pratt, Julius li. "Robe rt !.ansinc , Secretary of State, Tune 23, 1915 , to 


February 13, 1920,11 in The American Secretarie s of State and Their 


Diplomacy, edited by Samuel f . Bemis. New York, 1929, vol. X, p. 45-175. 


- 54 ­
-

""." " .. 

';.':­

Richardson, Wilda:. 'P,. uAmerica's War in Korth Russia, lit Current History. 

XIII, 287-294 (Feb. 1921). 

Schuman, Frederick L. American Po11c 


oE Pi lamatic Histo Internati • & c 


toward Russia since 1917- a St 

28 

Slos.on, Edwin E. 'Carrying the War into Lapland. the Strategic Import,.. 

-.~ance of the J4urman Coast," Independen~;LXCV, 222, 229, 231 232 

(Aug. 17, 1918) 

Soutar, Andrew. With London, 1940 

stewart, George. of Counterin 

"The Arctic CB.tellay for Ame-rican and Allied Expeditionary 

Forces in European RUSSia, It National Geographic Magazine, 

XXXV, 331-348 (April 1919) 

Times (London). "The Russian Expeditions," in The Times History of the 

War. London, 1919, vol. XX, p. 145-163. 

u..s. Depa~nt of Cooooerce. rs or the Department of Commerce, 

1917-1920. Washington, 191 1921 

u.s. Department of Commerce. Statistical Abstract of the United states, · '-,.' 1917-1920. Washington, 191s:1921. -t=.==' ' 

.-," u.s. Depart.Joont of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of tl,le 

United States. The Lansing Pal1:r't 19l1i-1920. Washington, 1940. vol. II. 

u.s. Department of state. pa~rs 1a tng to the Foreign ~lations of the 

.. _ted States, 1918-1919.1!ussra. W"'liiilgton, 1931;1932, 1937. 4 vols :,.," U.S. Navy Department. AnliWil Report, 1918-1919. 'Kaahington, 1919-1920

., 

,'::: U.S. War Department. Annual Report, 1918-1920. Washington, 1919-1921 -,,, ' 

.-, " 

55­

~--. 

----.--..-" 
of thl" Grl"l1t 

VI f)~J·!f)R1t .. 

~..;<~__ ~;;~ "J -'. ,- -, .,. :,~;; -~:~/.,:-;. -.: 

i.""" 

, 

I 

RAILWAY SYSTE.M IN NORTH RUSSIA, 


,~ 

1\"I'N:lIitt 

/ 

J 

I'''~''' i'.''',' , '­

..•• j

I 

, ', '

),' 

- . 

r ii.~r' 

, 

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7 


PRePAlleo IN 7H£ ~ISrORICA L StCT/ON or THE COMMITla OF IMPf.RIAl DeFENCE, IJ"I"~/". ',,,,, . I', ' 

401~ ! I I. 

SCALE Of MIl.lS 

100 !,O 0 100 201) 300 400 

_=08""-"-"""-;;::'-"-""--'"'>I·======<,____j'=====~ 

a,!1'"):":)d: J.cl'!d fT?m Hl'!nr;1 n~"Wbf)ltI8. lll.!l..l:)r;v 

:Javal OnI'lTAtionB. (:il"w y?r....:. l~;n). "{':"II. 

., 

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