[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 16-11951

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cr-00327-MHC-RGV-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

JEREMY SPENCER, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________

(April 18, 2017)

Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Jeremy Spencer appeals his 87-month sentence of imprisonment, imposed at 

the low end of the advisory guideline range, after pleading guilty to one count of 

possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). 

On appeal, Spencer argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because 

the district court erroneously applied several sentencing enhancements in 

calculating his advisory guideline range. He also argues that the district court 

imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence by failing to grant a downward 

variance based on his life history and the circumstances of the offense. After 

careful review, we affirm Spencer’s sentence.

I. Background

On March 12, 2015, two officers of the Atlanta Police Department pulled 

over Spencer for driving on a suspended license. During the course of the stop, 

one of the officers observed Spencer hand a firearm to the front-seat passenger, 

who then placed the firearm in the glove compartment. After observing the 

firearm, the officers removed Spencer and the two other occupants from the 

vehicle and conducted a search. 

The search of Spencer’s vehicle revealed a Llama .45 ACP caliber handgun

with eight rounds of ammunition in the glove compartment and three cellular 

telephones in the front console. Spencer claimed ownership of the phones and 

admitted to being a convicted felon. In the back seat, officers recovered a Glock 

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19 9mm handgun, loaded with an extended magazine, and a backpack, which 

contained a 50-round drum magazine, additional ammunition for the Glock, and 19 

small bags of marijuana packaged for sale. According to the presentence 

investigation report, Spencer admitted to ownership of the backpack. Spencer 

disputes that fact. 

After the traffic stop, Spencer’s cell phone was searched pursuant to a 

warrant. The search revealed over forty photographs of Spencer posing with a 

variety of firearms. 

Spencer was charged with and pled guilty to one count of possessing a 

firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). 

In anticipation of sentencing, a probation officer prepared Spencer’s PSR. 

The PSR recommended a base offense level of 24 because he had two prior felony 

convictions for a “crime of violence”—armed robbery under Georgia law. See 

U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). Next, the base offense level was increased by two levels

because, based on the cell-phone photographs, he had possessed between three and 

seven firearms, see U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(1)(A), and by four levels because, based 

on the marijuana found in the backpack, he had possessed a firearm “in connection 

with another felony offense,” namely possession with intent to distribute 

marijuana, see U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). Finally, his offense level was reduced 

by three levels for his acceptance of responsibility. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a)–(b). All 

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told, the PSR recommended a total offense level of 27, a criminal-history category 

of III, and a guideline range of 87 to 108 months of imprisonment. 

Before sentencing, Spencer filed objections to the PSR’s guideline 

calculations. He contended that the two-level number-of-firearms enhancement 

was inappropriate because the government had no evidence to show that the 

firearms depicted in the photographs from his cell phone were real. With respect 

to the “in connection with” enhancement, Spencer claimed ignorance of the 

contents of the backpack, which he stated belonged to his cousin, who was sitting 

near the backpack and whose wallet and driver’s license were found in the 

backpack. Spencer also asserted that he did not admit ownership of the backpack, 

contradicting the PSR. 

Besides his objections, Spencer moved for a downward departure under 

U.S.S.G. § 5H1.3 (Mental and Emotional Conditions). Spencer argued that a 

downward departure was justified pursuant to § 5H1.3 because, at the time of the 

offense, he was suffering from depression and trauma-related symptoms. He 

argued that his psychological evaluation, which was included as part of the PSR, 

showed that he had been brutalized throughout his life by sexual abuse, violence,

and familial loss, and he described these incidents in detail. Based on similar 

considerations, Spencer also moved for a downward variance based on the 18 

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U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors. He contended that a 36-month sentence was 

sufficient to meet the goals of § 3553(a).

At the sentencing hearing, the district court took up Spencer’s guideline

objections, and the parties presented evidence and argument on these issues. In 

support of the number-of-firearms enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(1)(A), the 

government introduced color photographs from Spencer’s cell phone, which 

showed Spencer holding various weapons. Spencer countered that he worked with 

music artists who often filmed music videos using prop firearms and that there was 

no evidence that the firearms in the photos were not also props. The district court 

overruled Spencer’s objection, finding that the markings on the firearms in the 

photographs, such as make and model information, were sufficient to support a 

finding that the firearms were real. 

Next, the government addressed the “in connection with” enhancement 

under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B), calling as a witness one of the officers involved in the stop 

and search of Spencer’s car. The officer testified that Spencer had admitted that 

the backpack was his in response to another officer’s question. According to the 

officer, Spencer also explained that his cousin had put his driver’s license in the 

backpack because they had gone to a nightclub the night before. In response to the 

government’s evidence, Spencer argued that the backpack was his cousin’s, a fact 

consistent with the backpack’s location in the car and the presence of his cousin’s 

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license in the backpack, and that he did not know of the backpack’s contents. The 

district court overruled Spencer’s objection, finding by a preponderance of the 

evidence that Spencer owned the backpack containing marijuana, that possession 

of the marijuana constituted another felony offense, and that Spencer possessed the 

Llama handgun in connection with that offense. Accordingly, the court adopted 

the PSR’s guideline calculations and determined a guideline range of 87 to 108 

months of imprisonment. 

After hearing arguments from the parties and allocution from Spencer, the 

district court sentenced Spencer to serve 87 months in prison. The court noted that 

while Spencer had gone through a horrendous childhood, he had committed two 

violent felonies as a young person, received a 10-year sentence in prison, and then 

chose to associate with the wrong crowd after his release and to continue to violate 

the law. Referencing the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness 

of the offense, to afford adequate deterrence, and to protect the public, in addition 

to various other § 3553(a) factors, the court determined that 87 months of 

imprisonment, which was at the low end of the guidelines, was an appropriate 

sentence. Spencer now appeals. 

II. Procedural Reasonableness

A district court procedurally errs at sentencing “if it improperly calculates 

the sentencing guidelines range, among other things.” United States v. Almedina, 

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686 F.3d 1312, 1314–15 (11th Cir. 2012). We review the district court’s 

application of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear 

error. United States v. Demarest, 570 F.3d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir. 2009). A factual 

finding is clearly erroneous when, after reviewing all of the evidence, we are left 

with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. United States v. 

Rodriguez-Lopez, 363 F.3d 1134, 1137 (11th Cir. 2004). 

The government bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the 

evidence the facts necessary to support a sentencing enhancement. United States v. 

Askew, 193 F.3d 1181, 1183 (11th Cir. 1999); United States v. Lawrence, 47 F.3d 

1559, 1566 (11th Cir. 1995). The government must meet its burden with “reliable 

and specific evidence.” Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1315. The district court’s factual 

findings may be based on, among other things, undisputed statements in the PSR or 

evidence presented during the sentencing hearing. United States v. Louis, 559 F.3d 

1220, 1224 (11th Cir. 2009). 

A. Number-of-Firearms Enhancement

Section § 2K2.1(b)(1) provides for an offense-level increase based on the 

number of firearms involved in the offense. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(1). A two-level 

increase applies if the offense involved three to seven firearms. Id.

§ 2K2.1(b)(1)(A). 

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Spencer maintains that the district court erroneously applied this 

enhancement because there was no evidence to support a finding that the firearms 

depicted in the photos from his cell phone were real. He asserts that the 

government conducted no investigation to determine whether the firearms were 

real as opposed to props like the ones he had used in a music-video production. 

The district court did not clearly err in finding that the firearms depicted in 

the cell-phone photos were authentic. At the very least, the court properly found 

that two of the depicted firearms were real, as Spencer had pled guilty to 

possessing one real firearm—the Llama handgun. Some of the photos, as Spencer 

acknowledges, depicted make and model information on the firearms. And two 

photos in particular showed identifying information for a Sig Sauer handgun and a 

Mossberg Maverick 88 12-gauge shotgun. The court reasonably concluded that it 

was more likely than not that firearms bearing make and model information would 

be authentic. That finding is also consistent with the two real firearms found in 

Spencer’s car and other photos depicting ammunition and an extended magazine 

loaded into a handgun. 

Even if a possibility existed that the firearms were props, no clear error 

occurred here because the government presented sufficient evidence to conclude 

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that at least three firearms were more likely than not authentic.

1

 See United States 

v. De Varon, 175 F.3d 930, 945 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (factfinder’s choice 

between two permissible constructions of the evidence cannot constitute clear 

error). We affirm the district court’s application of the § 2K2.1(b)(1)(A) 

enhancement. See Rodriguez-Lopez, 363 F.3d at 1137. 

B. Possession “In Connection With” Enhancement 

Next, Spencer contends that the district court erred in applying the four-level 

enhancement for possessing a firearm “in connection with” another felony offense, 

U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B), because there was no evidence that Spencer had any 

knowledge of the marijuana in the backpack, which Spencer claims was his 

cousin’s. He contends that the officer’s testimony that Spencer claimed ownership 

of the backpack is not plausible.

A district court’s finding that a defendant possessed a firearm “in connection 

with” another felony offense is generally reviewed for clear error. See United 

States v. Whitfield, 50 F.3d 947, 949 & n.8 (11th Cir. 1995); see also United States 

v. Carillo-Ayala, 713 F.3d 82, 88 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[W]e generally review a 

district court’s application of [a legal] standard to ‘a detailed fact pattern’ for clear 

error.”). Furthermore, we defer to the district court’s credibility determinations, 

unless the credited testimony is contrary to the laws of nature or is so inconsistent 

 1 As the government pointed out at the sentencing hearing, however, there is reason to 

doubt whether the firearms used in the music videos actually were props and not real. 

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or improbable on its face that no reasonable factfinder could accept it. United 

States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir. 2002). 

Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) provides a four-level enhancement if the defendant 

“used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony 

offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). Application Note 14 to § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) 

explains that the enhancement can be applied “if the firearm or ammunition 

facilitated, or had the potential of facilitating, another felony offense.” Id. § 2K2.1 

cmt. n.14(A). We have determined that “[a] firearm found in close proximity to 

drugs or drug-related items simply ‘has’—without any requirement for additional 

evidence—the potential to facilitate the drug offense.” Carillo-Ayala, 713 F.3d at 

92 (emphasis in original).

Here, the district court did not clearly err in applying the four-level 

enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). Spencer does not dispute that he possessed 

a firearm in close proximity to a backpack containing marijuana packaged for sale. 

But he argues that the evidence failed to show that he either owned the backpack or 

knew of its contents. We disagree.

In overruling Spencer’s objection to the enhancement, the district court 

credited the testimony of an officer who was on the scene when the backpack was 

found. The officer testified that Spencer admitted owning the backpack during the 

course of the arrest and provided an explanation for why the passenger’s 

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identification was present in the backpack. Spencer maintains that it defies 

common sense for him to have admitted ownership of the backpack when it 

contained a felony amount of marijuana, but it is not at all uncommon for 

defendants either to consent to a search or to make an admission when it would be 

in their best interest not to. The officer’s testimony was not so inconsistent or 

improbable on its face that no reasonable factfinder could accept it. See RamirezChilel, 289 F.3d at 749. Accordingly, we defer to the court’s decision to credit the 

officer’s testimony, which is sufficient to establish that Spencer possessed a 

firearm in connection with the felony offense of possession with intent to distribute 

marijuana. See Carillo-Ayala, 713 F.3d at 92; U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). 

C. Prior Convictions for Crimes of Violence

As a final guideline challenge, raised for the first time on appeal, Spencer 

contends that the district court erred in setting his base offense level at 24, pursuant 

to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2), by determining that his two prior Georgia armedrobbery convictions qualified as “crimes of violence.” Spencer asserts that his 

convictions may no longer qualify as crimes of violence under the Supreme 

Court’s decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015).

2

 

 2

 In the 2015 Sentencing Guidelines, which were used to sentence Spencer, 

§ 2K2.1(a)(2) assigns a base offense level of 24 in cases where the defendant committed the 

instant offense after sustaining at least two felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a 

controlled-substance offense. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2). The term “crime of violence” is 

defined in § 4B1.2(a). 

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In Johnson, the Supreme Court held that the “residual clause” of the Armed 

Career Criminal Act’s definition of “violent felony” was unconstitutionally vague. 

See id. at 2557. Spencer maintains that Johnson’s holding should likewise be 

applied so as to invalidate the identically worded residual clause in the guidelines’ 

definition of “crime of violence.” See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). 

As he concedes, however, we resolved this issue against him in United 

States v. Matchett, 802 F.3d 1185, 1193 (11th Cir. 2016), holding that § 4B1.2’s 

residual clause was not void for vagueness because the vagueness doctrine did not 

apply to advisory sentencing guidelines. Id. at 1194–96. At the time Spencer 

briefed this case, there was a possibility that Matchett would be overruled, since 

the Supreme Court had granted certiorari in Beckles v. United States, 616 Fed. 

App’x 415 (11th Cir. 2015), cert. granted, 136 S. Ct. 2510 (2016), to consider the 

issue of whether the holding in Johnson applied to the advisory guidelines. 

Beckles has now been decided, however, and it held that the advisory guidelines 

are not subject to constitutional vagueness challenges. Beckles v. United States,

580 U.S. ___, ___, 2017 WL 855781, at *6, 9 (U.S. March 6, 2017) (No. 15-8544). 

Accordingly, the district court did not err in assessing a base offense level of 24 

pursuant to § 2K2.1(a)(2). 

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III. Substantive Reasonableness

We review a sentence for reasonableness, which “merely asks whether the 

trial court abused its discretion.” Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 351 (2007). 

We examine whether the sentence is substantively reasonable under the totality of 

the circumstances and in light of the sentencing factors listed in 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3553(a). United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir. 2014).

At sentencing, the district court is tasked with imposing a sentence 

“sufficient, but not greater than necessary to comply with the purposes” listed in 18 

U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). These purposes include the need for the sentence to reflect 

the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just 

punishment for the offense, deter criminal conduct, and protect the public from the 

defendant’s future criminal conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). The district court 

must also consider the nature and circumstances of the offense, the history and 

characteristics of the defendant, the kinds of sentences available, the applicable 

guidelines range, the pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission, 

the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities, and the need to provide 

restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (3)–(7). 

The court must consider all of the § 3553(a) factors, but it may, in its 

discretion, give greater weight to some factors over others. United States v. 

Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d 1249, 1254 (11th Cir. 2015). Moreover, “[i]n assigning 

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weight to the § 3553(a) factors as part of the weighing process, a court may (and 

should) consider individualized, particularized, specific facts and not merely the 

guidelines label that can be put on the facts.” Id. at 1260. 

Our review of the district court’s choice of sentence is deferential. Id. at 

1254–55. Nevertheless, a sentencing court can abuse its considerable discretion by 

(1) failing to afford consideration to relevant factors that were due significant 

weight; (2) giving significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor; or (3) 

committing a clear error of judgment in weighing the proper factors. United States 

v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). A district court’s 

unjustified reliance on any one § 3553(a) factor may be indicative of an 

unreasonable sentence. United States v. Crisp, 454 F.3d 1285, 1292 (11th Cir. 

2006). The party challenging the sentence bears the burden of demonstrating that 

the sentence is unreasonable “in light of the entire record, the § 3553(a) factors, 

and the substantial deference afforded to sentencing courts.” Rosales-Bruno, 789 

F.3d at 1256. 

Here, Spencer has not demonstrated that his sentence is substantively 

unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors. The district court 

considered the PSR and the guideline range, listened to the parties’ arguments and 

Spencer’s allocution, expressly referenced the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, and 

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then fully explained the basis for the 87-month sentence by reference to the 

pertinent § 3553(a) factors. 

Spencer’s argument that the district court ignored his “devastatingly difficult 

life,” which led him to possess a firearm in fear for his safety, is belied by the 

record. In fact, the court expressly recognized that Spencer “ha[d] gone through a 

horrendous childhood. There is no question about it.” The court went on to 

explain, however, that Spencer had served a lengthy prison sentence for 

committing two armed robberies, and then, upon his release, had chosen to 

associate himself with those even Spencer concedes were the “wrong people,” 

which in turn led to his conviction in this case. Weighing these concerns, the court 

found it appropriate to impose a sentence at the low end of the guideline range in 

order to account for what no one disputes was an extremely harsh upbringing. But 

the court reasonably concluded that it was not appropriate to go below the 

guideline range because of the need for the sentence to reflect the seriousness of 

the offense, to afford adequate deterrence, and to protect the public. See 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3553(a)(2)(A)–(C). The weight the court placed on these factors, whether great 

or slight, was fully within its discretion, and nothing in the record indicates that the 

court abused its discretion by unreasonable balancing the relevant factors in this 

case. See Irey, 612 F.3d at 1189–90; Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d at 1256. 

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Accordingly, Spencer has not shown that the district court abused its 

discretion in sentencing him to 87 months of imprisonment. And, because the 

court did not procedurally err in calculating his guideline range, we affirm 

Spencer’s sentence as both procedurally and substantively reasonable. 

AFFIRMED.

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