J-A22011-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: L.S., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: A.J.-S., MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 379 WDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered March 8, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Orphans' Court at 

No(s): CP-02-AP-0000043-2022

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: November 15, 2023

A.J.-S. (“Mother”) appeals from the order entered on March 8, 2023, 

which involuntarily terminated her parental rights to her child, L.S., born in 

March 2019.1 We affirm.

Mother gave birth to L.S. when she was fourteen years old. Despite the 

Allegheny County Office of Children, Youth and Families (“CYF”) already being 

involved with Mother as a child at that time, CYF did not become involved with 

L.S. until several months later in July 2019, when it was reported that Mother 

had: (1) failed to comply with her mental health treatment, (2) brought adult 

men into her adoptive mother’s home, and (3) used marijuana. A second 

referral was made to CYF in September based upon additional mental health 

____________________________________________

1

In that order, the orphans’ court also terminated the parental rights of L.S.’s 

father, R.L. (“Father”). Father did not contest the termination proceedings 

and has not appealed to this Court.
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concerns for Mother and allegations that she had been leaving L.S. with 

strangers. CYF conducted investigations on behalf of both L.S. and Mother at 

that time. In December, a third referral was made after Mother was arrested 

for simple assault following an altercation with her biological mother in the 

presence of L.S. CYF attempted to offer in-home services, but Mother 

declined. Finally, at approximately 11:00 p.m. on December 17, 2019, CYF 

was contacted because nine-month-old L.S. had been strapped into a car seat 

and left alone on the front porch of where Father lived.2 L.S. was examined 

at the hospital and found to be unharmed.3 CYF sought and was granted an 

order for emergency protective custody over L.S., who was then placed into a 

pre-adoptive foster home, where he remained at the time of the termination 

hearing.

L.S. was adjudicated dependent based upon concerns with Mother’s

parental decision-making, instability due to her frequent abscondences from

placement, failure to follow up with mental health treatment, and marijuana 

usage.

4

 As a result, Mother was ordered to undergo a mental health and drug 

and alcohol evaluation, perform random urine screens as instructed, complete 

parenting classes, enroll in school, have supervised visits with L.S., and 

____________________________________________

2 Although Father denied being the father of L.S., a test later confirmed his 

paternity.

3 Mother simultaneously sought emergency medical care at the hospital, 

arriving there around 12:30 a.m.

4 Mother, herself, was simultaneously adjudicated dependent.
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comply with in-home services. Subsequently, a referral was made in August 

2022, for Mother to partake in intimate partner violence (“IPV”) counseling

due to her ongoing tumultuous relationship with P.J. 

In April 2022, CYF filed a petition to terminate Mother’s rights as to L.S. 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S § 2511(a)(2), (5), and (8), based on her failure to 

complete her permanency goals. The court held a hearing on the termination 

petition on March 3, 2023.

5

 CYF presented the testimony of casework 

supervisor Mary Zorn and Pressley Ridge treatment coordinator Zoe 

Baumcratz, as well as Eric Bernstein, Psy.D., who testified as an expert in the 

field of child psychology. Through their testimony, they relayed that 

throughout the three years that L.S. has been in placement, Mother: (1) did 

not complete her goals as to mental health, drugs, parenting, or school; (2)

struggled with stability, frequently disappearing from her own placements;

and (3) was inconsistent in her visits with L.S. 

Mother testified on her own behalf, explaining her actions and prior 

failure to comply with her permanency goals as being caused by immaturity 

and not fully understanding the gravity of the situation. She assured the court 

that she had since gained that maturity and understanding, and that she was 

prepared to care for L.S. Mother also presented testimony from her behavioral 

____________________________________________

5 KidsVoice was appointed to represent L.S. as legal counsel during the 

termination proceedings. See Order Appointing Legal Counsel for a Child in a 

TPR Proceeding, 6/10/22. At the hearing, counsel confirmed that due to L.S.’s 

young age and his inability to state a preference, there was no conflict 

between his legal and best interests. See N.T. Hearing, 3/3/23, at 228.
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therapist, Jasmin Murphy, who conveyed that she began working with Mother 

in individual therapy sessions in June 2022, and that Mother had made 

progress in addressing the IPV concerns and attending sessions more 

regularly.

Following the hearing, the orphans’ court issued an order terminating 

Mother’s parental rights as to L.S. pursuant to § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b). 

Mother timely filed a notice of appeal and concise statement pursuant to 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2). The orphans’ court complied with Rule 1925(a). Mother 

presents the following questions for our consideration:

1. Did the [orphans’] court abuse its discretion and/or err as a 

matter of law in granting the petition to involuntarily terminate 

Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), 

(5), and (8)?

2. Did the [orphans’] court abuse its discretion and/or err as a 

matter of law in concluding that CYF met its burden of proving 

by clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s 

parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the 

child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)?

Mother’s brief at 6.

Our standard of review for appeals from orders involuntarily terminating 

parental rights is well-settled:

In cases concerning the involuntary termination of parental rights, 

appellate review is limited to a determination of whether the 

decree of the termination court is supported by competent 

evidence. This standard of review corresponds to the standard 

employed in dependency cases, and requires appellate courts to 

accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the 

trial court if they are supported by the record, but it does not 

require the appellate court to accept the lower court’s inferences 

or conclusions of law. That is, if the factual findings are supported, 
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we must determine whether the trial court made an error of law 

or abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion does not result 

merely because the reviewing court might have reached a 

different conclusion; we reverse for an abuse of discretion only 

upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, partiality, 

prejudice, bias, or ill will. Thus, absent an abuse of discretion, an 

error of law, or insufficient evidentiary support for the trial court’s 

decision, the decree must stand. We have previously emphasized 

our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand 

observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings. However, 

we must employ a broad, comprehensive review of the record in 

order to determine whether the trial court’s decision is supported 

by competent evidence.

In re Adoption of C.M., 255 A.3d 343, 358–59 (Pa. 2021) (cleaned up). 

“The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented 

and is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts 

in the evidence.” In re M.G. & J.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa.Super. 2004) 

(citation omitted). “[I]f competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, 

we will affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In 

re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa.Super. 2003) (citation 

omitted).

Termination of parental rights is governed by § 2511 of the Adoption 

Act and requires a bifurcated analysis of the grounds for termination followed 

by the needs and welfare of the child.

Our case law has made clear that under [§] 2511, the court must 

engage in a bifurcated process prior to terminating parental rights. 

Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party 

seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence 

that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds 

for termination delineated in [§] 2511(a). Only if the court 

determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his 

or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of 

the analysis pursuant to [§] 2511(b): determination of the needs 
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and welfare of the child under the standard of best interests of the 

child. One major aspect of the needs and welfare analysis 

concerns the nature and status of the emotional bond between 

parent and child, with close attention paid to the effect on the child 

of permanently severing any such bond.

In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citations omitted). We have

defined clear and convincing evidence as that which is so “clear, direct, 

weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear 

conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re 

C.S., 761 A.2d 1197, 1201 (Pa.Super. 2000) (en banc) (cleaned up). 

Termination is proper when the moving party proves grounds for 

termination under any subsection of § 2511(a), as well as § 2511(b). T.B.B.,

supra at 395. Mother asserts that CYS failed to establish by clear and

convincing evidence the statutory grounds for termination of her parental 

rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b). To affirm the 

termination of parental rights, we need only agree with the orphans’ court as 

to any one subsection of § 2511(a), as well as § 2511(b). See In re B.L.W., 

843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc). We focus our analysis 

on § 2511(a)(5) and (b), which provide as follows: 

(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may 

be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following 

grounds:

. . . . 

(5) The child has been removed from the care of the parent 

by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency 

for a period of at least six months, the conditions which led 

to the removal or placement of the child continue to exist, 

the parent cannot or will not remedy those conditions within 
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a reasonable period of time, the services or assistance 

reasonably available to the parent are not likely to remedy 

the conditions which led to the removal or placement of the 

child within a reasonable period of time and termination of 

the parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare 

of the child.

. . . . 

(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights 

of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental, 

physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights 

of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of 

environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings, 

income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the 

control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant 

to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any 

efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein 

which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the 

filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511. 

First, we address whether the orphans’ court abused its discretion by 

terminating Mother’s parental rights pursuant to § 2511(a)(5). Termination 

under this subsection requires that the moving party prove the following 

elements: 

(1) the child has been removed from parental care for at least six 

months; (2) the conditions which led to the child’s removal or 

placement continue to exist; (3) the parents cannot or will not 

remedy the conditions which led to removal or placement within 

a reasonable period time; (4) the services reasonably available to 

the parents are unlikely to remedy the conditions which led to 

removal or placement within a reasonable period of time; and (5) 

termination of parental rights would best serve 

the needs and welfare of the child.

In re B.C., 36 A.3d 601, 607 (Pa.Super. 2012) (citation omitted).
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Mother argues that she had engaged in treatment throughout L.S.’s 

placement, demonstrated increased stability, participated in parenting and 

drug and alcohol services while in a group home at Taylor Diversion, and 

obtained housing separate from P.J. to alleviate the IPV concerns. See

Mother’s brief at 16-17. Moreover, she asserts that there was “insufficient 

evidence that [her] mental health prevented [her] from providing basic 

parental care of L.S.” Id. at 17.

The parties stipulated that L.S. has been removed from Mother’s care 

for three years. Thus, the first element of § 2511(a)(5) is satisfied. As to the 

second, third, and fourth elements, we observe that the initial placement was 

based upon concerns with Mother’s parental decision-making, instability, 

failure to comply with her mental health treatment, and marijuana usage. 

Subsequently, IPV concerns were added in light of Mother’s tumultuous

relationship with P.J. The orphans’ court determined that Mother was aware 

of the concerns and because she had not addressed them within a reasonable 

period, the concerns remained and were unlikely to be remedied. See

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 5/18/23, at 8.

Our review of the certified record bears out the conclusion of the 

orphans’ court and undercuts Mother’s claims. In reviewing this matter, we 

are cognizant of the fact that Mother was a dependent child herself at the 

same time L.S. was also determined to be a dependent child. In that regard, 

Mother was placed at Taylor Diversion in July 2020, where she initially did well 

and was granted unsupervised visits with L.S. However, she abused her home 
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passes and unsupervised visits, leaving with L.S. at one point for an entire 

weekend. L.S. was vomiting for one to three days upon his return, due to 

Mother’s failure to address his dietary issues while in her care. After that, 

Mother returned to supervised visits with L.S. See N.T. Hearing, 3/3/23, at 

81-82, 113-14. She absconded from Taylor Diversion in December 2020, her 

whereabouts were unknown, and she had no contact with CYF until February 

2021. Id. at 82-83. Due to Mother’s unavailability in January 2021, the foster 

parents were made the primary medical decision-makers for L.S. so that he 

could receive the appropriate care for his increasing medical concerns, 

including his diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Id. at 79-80.

Once Mother was located again, she intermittently spent time at Taylor 

Diversion, Family Links, and her adoptive mother’s home while simultaneously 

fleeing from care multiple times. Id. at 84-86. CYF ultimately sought an 

emergency protective order for Mother in late September 2021. She returned 

to Family Links, gave birth to a second child, and in less than one month 

absconded again. She contacted CYF in February 2022, to flee from P.J., and 

entered placement with her adoptive sister in March 2022. Id. at 88-89. 

However, she left that placement and a subsequent one in the following 

months, and thereafter turned eighteen. Her later reported whereabouts 

included staying with friends, being homeless, and living with P.J. Id. at 91-

93, 208-09. According to Mother, at the time of the hearing, she was living 

in P.J.’s apartment while he was incarcerated, and she would either remain 
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there when he returned, or move into an as-yet unsecured apartment of her 

own. Id. at 208-12.

CYF explained the resources it attempted to provide to Mother to 

accomplish her permanency goals. Id. at 101-02, 107-08, 110-12, 118-21. 

However, Mother only participated in schooling when she was placed at Taylor 

Diversion and during the short period that she was homebound pregnant with 

her second child. Id. at 94, 109-11. She testified that she resumed school 

in January 2023. Id. at 167. 

Mother missed most of her drug screens, completing only ten of fiftysix. She complied with recommended treatment while at Taylor Diversion but 

did not continue once she left. After being evaluated again in June 2022, she 

was recommended to continue only with mental health treatment, but she 

thereafter tested positive for THC. Id. at 9, 104-06. 

Mother participated in parenting classes during her stay at Taylor 

Diversion, but the sessions closed without successful completion when Mother 

absconded. Id. at 107. Mother subsequently declined the re-referral for 

coached parenting in August 2022. Id. at 108-09. 

As for her mental health treatment, she complied while at Taylor 

Diversion, but otherwise only resumed treatment as of June 2022, and has 

been inconsistent with attendance. Id. at 100-01, 103. Indeed, she did not 

submit to the ordered mental health evaluation until November 2022. Id. at 

101.
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Finally, with respect to the IPV concerns, a referral was made to the 

Women’s Center and Shelter in March 2022. Mother spoke with the shelter 

but did not participate in their group program. Id. at 111-12. In May 2022, 

Mother threw herself in front of a car and was struck, following feelings of 

being overwhelmed and violence from P.J. Id. at 96-97. As recently as 

January 2023, P.J. was charged with simple assault and harassment, with 

Mother listed as the victim. Id. at 98. Mother maintains that her intentions 

are to remain in a committed relationship with P.J. and start a family together. 

Id. at 215.

Despite her recent engagement with services related to accomplishing 

her permanency goals, CYF testified that it remained concerned about her 

instability in housing, continued relationship with P.J., and inconsistent 

visitation with L.S. Id. at 103. Regarding visitation, Mother attended eightysix of the 118 scheduled visits, which included only four of twelve scheduled

since December 2022. Id. at 153-54. CYF acknowledged that Mother had 

made progress while in Taylor Diversion, but her progress deteriorated after 

leaving. Id. at 81-82, 95. In summary, the casework supervisor testified as 

follows: 

She showed stability while she was at Taylor Diversion and 

focused on the drug and alcohol, mental health, her education, 

overall well-being for herself and showed stability. Since that time 

I think she struggled with instability and impulsivity at times and 

hasn’t been consistent as she hasn’t been able to maintain herself 

in a consistent environment.
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Id. at 122. According to CYF, they have had “the same concerns for the past 

three years” and Mother “continue[d] to put herself in situations that she 

hasn’t been able to resolve[,]” such as “[t]he IPV incidents[ and] the lack of 

having [a] stable environment.” Id. at 129. 

It is evident from the certified record that Mother’s main barrier to being 

able to care for L.S. has been “[h]er instability and inconsistency.” Id. at 128. 

Moreover, she has failed to substantially comply with her court-ordered goals 

or remedy the causes leading to her incapacity. While we commend Mother 

for her recent progress and hope that she perseveres on that path, 

the statute implicitly recognizes that a child’s life cannot be held 

in abeyance while a parent attempts to attain the maturity 

necessary to assume parenting responsibilities. The court cannot 

and will not subordinate indefinitely a child’s need for permanence 

and stability to a parent’s claims of progress and hope for the 

future.

In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 513 (Pa.Super. 2006). Accordingly, 

the orphans’ court did not abuse its discretion in finding statutory support for 

termination pursuant to § 2511(a)(5) as to L.S.

Finally, we turn to § 2511(b). Our Supreme Court has explained the 

requisite analysis as follows:

[C]ourts should consider the matter from the child’s perspective, 

placing her developmental, physical, and emotional needs and 

welfare above concerns for the parent. 

Accordingly, the determination of the child’s particular 

developmental, physical, and emotional needs and welfare must 

be made on a case-by-case basis. We have observed the law 

regarding termination of parental rights should not be applied 

mechanically but instead always with an eye to the best interests 
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and the needs and welfare of the particular children involved.

Thus, the court must determine each child’s specific needs.

Moreover, the child’s emotional needs and welfare include 

intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability. As 

further guidance, we have identified factors, i.e., specific needs 

and aspects of the child’s welfare, that trial courts must always 

consider. The court must consider whether the children are in a 

pre-adoptive home and whether they have a bond with their foster 

parents. And, if the child has any bond with the biological parent, 

the court must conduct an analysis of that bond, which is not 

always an easy task.

Int. of K.T., 296 A.3d 1085, 1105–06 (Pa. 2023) (cleaned up). 

This Court has emphasized that “the extent of the bond-effect analysis 

necessarily depends on the circumstances of the particular case.” In re 

Adoption of J.M., 991 A.2d 321, 324 (Pa.Super. 2010) (cleaned up). As a 

general matter, Pennsylvania does not require the orphans’ court to enlist a 

formal bonding evaluation or base its needs and welfare analysis upon expert 

testimony. In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa.Super. 2011). In weighing 

the bond considerations pursuant to § 2511(b), “courts must keep the ticking 

clock of childhood ever in mind.” In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 269 (Pa. 2013). 

“Children are young for a scant number of years, and we have an obligation 

to see to their healthy development quickly. When courts fail . . . the result, 

all too often, is catastrophically maladjusted children.” Id. A court cannot 

“toll the well-being and permanency” of a child indefinitely in the hope that a 

parent “will summon the ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting.” 

In re C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1007 (Pa.Super. 2008) (en banc) (citation 

omitted).
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Mother argues that the record was “unclear that termination of Mother’s 

parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of L.S.” Mother’s brief 

at 20. She maintains they share a bond and that the evidence did not “prove 

that L.S. would be better off if Mother were removed from his life.” Id. 

According to Mother, the orphans’ court failed to make specific findings with 

regard to the § 2511(b) factors and thus it “is unclear as to how the court 

made its decision.” Id. at 21. 

Mother is correct that the orphans’ court’s analysis leaves much to be 

desired with respect to § 2511(b). See Orphans’ Court Opinion, 5/18/23, at 

9-10 (stating, without discussion, that the court “fully and completely 

considered the developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of 

L.S.” and that, based thereon, termination was appropriate). Nonetheless,

the court did consider the best interests of L.S. with regard to its analysis of 

§ 2511(a)(5), therein focusing on L.S.’s need for permanency. See id. at 8.

Despite the paucity of the orphans’ court’s opinion, the certified record 

supports its conclusion that L.S. is best served by terminating the parental 

rights of Mother in anticipation of an adoption by his foster parents. Dr. 

Bernstein explained the relationship between L.S. and Mother “as more of a 

playmate-like relationship than so much a parent-child connection.” N.T. 

Hearing, 3/3/23, at 26. He acknowledged that it was a positive relationship, 

and it was testified to more than once that L.S. refers to Mother as “Mommy 
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A.”6 Id. at 26-27, 156. However, L.S. also refers to his foster parents as 

“mom” and “dad,” and they have been the ones who have ably tended to his 

medical needs and complex diet for the past three years. Id. at 53-54, 125-

26, 145, 150-51. Indeed, he has looked to his foster parents for parental care 

for the majority of his life. The certified record supports the conclusion that 

the foster parents have been the source of the intangibles such as “love, 

comfort, security, and stability” for L.S. over the past three years. See Int. 

of K.T., supra at 1106 (cleaned up). 

Dr. Bernstein stressed the importance of permanency for L.S. at his age 

and opined that there would be no immediate detrimental impact on L.S. as a 

result of terminating Mother’s parental rights. See N.T. Hearing, 3/3/23, at 

30-31. Conversely, Dr. Bernstein posited that removing L.S. from his foster 

parents “could be traumatizing” as “he is relying upon them in all necessary 

ways for his everyday needs, not to mention he has relationships with them.” 

Id. at 31. Likewise, CYF suggested that termination would be in the best 

interests of L.S., noting that “his stability has been maintained in his foster 

home. His medical needs have been met consistently. And he, for all intents 

and purposes, does see the foster parents as his parents. And [Mother] 

continues to be inconsistent and not consistently stable.” Id. at 145. Finally, 

____________________________________________

6 We note that the “A.” does not signify L.S. using the letter “A” but rather his

Mother’s first name. We use the letter “A” in place of her name as we use 

initials for the parties within this memorandum.
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L.S.’s counsel argued that “it would serve both his legal and best interests to 

terminate parental rights and to free him for adoption.” Id. at 228. Therefore, 

the record supports the assessment of the orphan’s court that the effect of

legally severing the parental bond between Mother and L.S. will not result in 

detrimental effects on L.S.

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the order of the orphans’ court 

terminating Mother’s parental rights as to L.S.

Order affirmed.

DATE: 11/15/2023