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Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring 

Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington, June 2002

By R.S. Dinicola

Prepared in cooperation with the

Department of the Navy

Engineering Field Activity, Northwest

Naval Facilities Engineering Command

Open-File Report 2004-1203

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225-0286

U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

For more information about the USGS and its products:

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Dinicola, R.S., 2004, Selected natural attenuation monitoring data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

DIvision Keyport, Washington, June 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-FIle Report 2004–1203, 19 p.
iii

Contents

Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Methods and Data Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Volatile Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

June 2003 Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
iv

Figures

Figure 1. Map showing location of Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 2. Map showing location of June 2002 data-collection sites and 

other features at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
v

Tables

Table 1. Construction data and water-level measurements for monitoring wells 

and piezometers sampled during June 2002 at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data 

collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Table 3. Concentrations of selected chlorinated volatile organic compounds 

in ground water from piezometers and monitoring wells sampled from 

1999 to 2002 by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
vi 

Conversion Factors and Datum

CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply By To obtain

acre 4,047 square meter

acre 0.4047 hectare

feet (ft) 0.3048 meters

Temperature in degrees Celsius (oC) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (oF) as follows:

oF=1.8 oC+32.

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) may be converted to degrees Celsius (oC) as follows:

oC=(oF-32)/1.8.

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given in milligrams per liter, micrograms 

per liter, or nanomoles per liter (nanomolar). One milligram per liter is equivalent to one thousand 

micrograms per liter. One microgram per liter is equivalent to “parts per billion.”

DATUMS

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NGVD of 1988). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the NAD27.

ABBREVIATIONS

Organizations

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

EFANW Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Engineering Field Activity, 

Northwest

NUWC Naval Undersea Warfare Center

NWIS National Water Information System

NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory

Other

CA Chloroethane

cisDCE cis-1,2-dichloroethene

CVOCs Chlorinated volatile organic compounds

DO Dissolved oxygen

H2 Dissolved hydrogen

HCO3

- Bicarbonate

nM Nanomolar

mg/L Milligrams per liter

ORP Oxidation-reduction potential

OU 1 Operable Unit 1

TCA 1,1,1-trichloroethane

TCE Trichloroethene

VC Vinyl chloride

VOC Volatile organic compound

μm Micrometer

1,1-DCA 1,1-dichloroethane

1,1-DCE 1,1-dichloroethene
Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable 

Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington, June 2002

By R.S. Dinicola

Abstract

Previous investigations indicated that natural attenuation 

and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds 

(CVOCs) are substantial in shallow ground water beneath the 

9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Division Keyport, 

Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has 

continued to monitor ground-water geochemistry to assure that 

conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation. 

This report presents the geochemical and selected CVOC data 

for ground water at OU 1, collected by the USGS during June 

10-14, 2002, in support of long-term monitoring for natural 

attenuation.

Overall, the geochemical data for June 2002 indicate that 

redox conditions in the upper-aquifer water remain favorable 

for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated VOCs because 

strongly reducing conditions persisted beneath much of the 

former landfill. Redox conditions in the intermediate aquifer 

downgradient of the landfill also remained favorable for 

reductive dechlorination, although the 2002 dissolved 

hydrogen (H2) concentration from well MW1-28 is 

questionable. Changes in redox conditions were observed at 

certain wells during 2002, but a longer monitoring period and 

more thorough interpretation are needed to ascertain if 

phytoremediation activities are affecting redox conditions and 

if biodegradation processes are changing over time. The Navy 

intends to complete a more thorough interpretation in 

preparation for the 5-year review of OU 1 scheduled for 2004.

There were a few substantial differences between the 2002 

concentrations and previously observed concentrations of 

volatile organic compounds. Total CVOC concentrations in 

2002 samples decreased substantially in all piezometers 

sampled in the northern plantation, and the largest percentages 

of decrease were for the compounds trichloroethene (TCE) and 

cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE). Changes in total CVOC 

concentrations in the southern plantation were less consistent. 

Historically high concentrations were observed in samples 

from three piezometers, with particularly substantial increases 

in TCE and cis-DCE concentrations, and historically low 

concentrations were observed in two piezometers, with 

particularly substantial decreases in TCE and cis-DCE 

concentrations. Similarly to the redox chemistry, a longer 

monitoring period and more thorough interpretation are needed 

to ascertain if phytoremediation activities are affecting CVOC 

concentrations and if biodegradation processes are changing 

over time.

No changes in monitoring plans are proposed for June 

2003, although the practice of deploying a data sonde 

downhole while purging the wells will be discontinued. 

Downhole monitoring added uncertainty to selected measured 

dissolved H2 concentrations because of the possibility that the 

sonde and cable created a bridge that resulted in nonequilibrium dissolved H2 concentrations at the wells.
2 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

Introduction

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) have 

migrated to ground water beneath the 9-acre former landfill at 

Operable Unit 1 (OU 1) of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center 

(NUWC), Division Keyport. The NUWC is located mostly on 

a small peninsula in Kitsap County, Wash., in an extension of 

Puget Sound called Liberty Bay (fig. 1). The 9-acre former 

landfill at OU 1 is on the narrow strip of connecting land and 

is adjacent to some tidal flats that are an extension of Dogfish 

and Liberty Bays. The OU 1 landfill is unlined at the bottom 

and was constructed in a former marshland. The landfill was 

the primary disposal area for domestic and industrial wastes 

generated by NUWC Keyport from the 1930s through 1973. 

Paints, thinners, solvents, acids, dried sludge from a 

wastewater-treatment plant, and other industrial wastes were 

disposed of at various locations in the landfill. The most 

concentrated disposal area for waste paints and solvents was at 

the southern end of the landfill.

CVOCs are present in the upper and intermediate aquifers 

and in surface water at OU 1. Ground water beneath OU 1 

occurs within a series of aquifers that are composed of 

permeable sand, gravel, or fill materials separated by finergrained silt or clay layers. Contamination at OU 1 is known to 

occur only in about the top 60 feet of the unconsolidated 

deposits in the hydrogeologic units referred to as the 

unsaturated zone, the upper aquifer, the middle aquitard, and 

the intermediate aquifer. Ground water in the unconfined 

upper aquifer generally flows from the east to the west toward 

Dogfish Bay. Ground water in the predominately confined 

intermediate aquifer flows from the south and west toward the 

landfill, and then northwest from the landfill toward Dogfish 

bay. Two perennial freshwater creeks drain the marsh adjacent 

to the landfill.

The predominant contaminants in ground water are 

trichloroethene (TCE) and its degradation byproducts 

cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). 

The compound 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and its 

degradation byproducts 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), 1,1-

dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), and chloroethane (CA) are of 

concern at a few locations at OU 1. A need for remedial action 

was identified because those hazardous compounds present a 

potential risk to humans (URS Consultants, Inc., 1998). 

Phytoremediation combined with on-going natural attenuation 

processes was chosen by the Navy as the preferred remedy 

(URS Consultants, Inc., 1998). The Navy planted two hybrid 

poplar plantations on the landfill (fig. 2) in spring of 1999 to 

remove and control the migration of CVOCs in shallow ground 

water (URS Greiner, Inc., 1999).

Purpose and Scope

The Navy began a cooperative effort with the USGS in 

1995 to investigate various natural attenuation mechanisms at 

OU 1. Field and laboratory studies conducted from 1996 

through 2000 have shown that natural attenuation and 

biodegradation of CVOCs in shallow ground water at OU 1 are 

substantial (URS Consultants, Inc., 1997; Bradley and others, 

1998; Dinicola and others, 2002). The USGS has continued to 

monitor the geochemistry of ground water to assure that 

conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation.

This report presents the ground-water chemical and 

selected CVOC data collected by the USGS at OU 1 during 

June 10-14, 2002, in support of the long-term monitoring for 

natural attenuation. USGS data collected from 1996 through 

2001 were presented in Dinicola and others (2002) and 

Dinicola (2003). The June 2002 data collection focused on 

constituents used to evaluate ground-water redox conditions. 

The USGS collected ground-water samples from 13 wells and 

9 piezometers (table 1 and fig. 2). Concentrations of various 

geochemicals were determined in all samples, however 

concentrations of VOCs were determined by the USGS in 

samples from all 9 piezometers and from only 4 of the 13 

monitoring wells. The Navy collected samples to determine 

VOC concentrations at other OU 1 monitoring wells, and those 

data are presented in a different report (The TEC LTM Team, 

2003). The June 2002 data were not interpreted in detail for 

this report because natural attenuation will be thoroughly 

evaluated again at OU 1 in support of the 5-year review 

scheduled for 2004.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Matthew Butler of the Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command, Engineering Field Activity, 

Northwest (EFANW) for his guidance and funding for the 

continued monitoring. Mick Butterfield of EFANW and Gene 

Ellis of NUWC Keyport provided logistic support for field 

activities. Stephen Cox, Raegan Huffman, and Greg Justin of 

the U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash., assisted with data 

collection and analysis.
SR

308

BROWNSVILLE

HIGHWAY

SR

303

1000 2000 3000 FEET

0 900 METERS

0

300 600

Base map modified from URS Consultants, Inc., 1997,

Projection: Washington State Plane, North Zone

Location of figure 2

WASHINGTON

Seattle

Bremerton

Figure

location

L I B E R T Y

B A Y

Dogfish Bay

Shallow

lagoon

Tide

flats

Marsh

KEYPORT

VIRGINIA POINT

Landfill

(Operable Unit 1)

Port

Orchard

Naval Undersea

Warfare Center,

Keyport

Introduction 3

Figure 1. Location of Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington.
Keys Road

BROWNSVILLE HIGHWAY

Bradley Road

Shapely Road

SR

308

SR

303

Tide flats

Marsh

Landfill

DOGFISH BAY

Shallow

lagoon

NUWC

Keyport

50 200 250 METER 100 150 S

200

0

0 400 600 800 FEET

N-1

N-2

N-3

N-5 N-4

N-7 N-6

N-8

C-1

C-2

C-3

S-1

S-2

S-3

S-4

S-5

S-6

DB-14

TF19

MA09

MA11

MA10

MA12

MA13

MW1-22

MW1-30

PZ1-5

MW1-23

MW1-24

1MW-4

MW1-36

MW1-37

MW1-39

MW1-38

MW1-32

MW1-21

MW1-29

MW1-40

MW1-25

MW1-28

MW1-9

PZ1-2

PZ1-4

MW1-7

MW1-31

MW1-27 MW1-11

MW1-33

PZ1-3

1MW-5

MW22-7

MW1-19

MW1-18

MW22-6

MW1-3

MW1-17

1MW-1 MW1-15

MW1-2

PZ1-1

Private

Well 1

Private

Well 2

MW1-10

MW1-14

MW1-41

P1-1

P1-2 P1-3

MW1-6 MW1-35

MW22-5

MW3-5

MW22-1

MW1-20

MW22-2

MW1-34

MW1-8

P1-4 P1-5

P1-6

P1-7

P1-8

P1-9

P1-10

MW1-5

MW1-16

MW1-4

MW1-1

Diffusion sampler, not sampled

Surface-water sampling site,

not sampled

EXPLANATION

NUWC, KEYPORT

FORMER LANDFILL

PHYTOREMEDIATION PLANTATION

SURFACE WATER

DATA-COLLECTION SITES– MW – monitoring wells

P – piezometers

Monitoring well or piezometer

in upper aquifer, sampled

Monitoring well in intermediate

aquifer, sampled

Monitoring well or piezometer

in upper aquifer, not sampled

Monitoring well in intermediate

aquifer, not sampled

Base map modified from URS Consultants, Inc., 1997, Projection: Washington State Plane, North Zone

4 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

Figure 2. Location of June 2002 data-collection sites and other features at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, 

Washington.
Table 1. Construction data and water-level measurements for monitoring wells and piezometers sampled during June 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington

[Well No.: MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer. USGS site No.: Unique number for each site based on latitude and longitude of the site. First six digits are 

latitude, next seven digits are longitude, and final two digits are a sequence number to uniquely identify each site. Altitudes of water levels and measuring points 

are given in feet above or below (-) NAVD88. Water level is in feet below measuring point (bmp). Depth of well and screened interval are in feet below land 

surface. Measuring point: Water levels in wells are usually reported as depths below land surface, although the measuring point can be any convenient fixed place 

near the top of the well. For these wells and piezometers, the measuring points are marked points on the tops of well casings—they vary from being near the 

ground surface to a few feet above ground surface. The altitude of the measuring point is commonly recorded so that static water levels can also be reported as 

altitudes. Abbreviations: ft, foot; in, inch; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ROD, Record of Decision; dup, field duplicate sample. Symbols: –, not measured; na, 

not applicable]

Well No. USGS site No. Date Time 

sampled

Waterlevel 

altitude

(ft)

Waterlevel

(ft bmp)

Altitude 

of measuring 

point (ft)

Depth of 

well

(ft)

Casing 

diameter 

(in.)

Screened 

interval 

(ft)

VOCs sampled by Geochemical 

sampling 

specified 

in ROD

USGS Navy

1MW-1 474151122373201 06-10-02 15:00 3.08 6.98 10.06 16.5 2 5.5-15.5 X X

MW1-2 474153122373101 06-11-02 10:35 3.04 8.85 11.89 18.5 4 12.5-17.5 X X

MW1-3 474152122372501 06-10-02 13:00 9.50 4.05 13.55 11.5 4 5.5-10.5

MW1-4 474145122372801 06-13-02 12:45 5.60 6.60 12.2 13.0 4 7-12 X X

MW1-5 474146122373201 06-13-02 15:30 4.24 8.84 13.08 12.0 4 6-11 X X

MW1-16 474146122372801 06-13-02 11:30 5.44 7.39 12.83 12.0 2 6-11 X X

MW1-20 474145122372501 06-12-02 15:00 6.53 3.91 10.44 16.0 2 10-15 X

MW1-25 474154122373201 06-14-02 13:00 2.22 9.69 11.91 49.0 2 38-48 X X X

MW1-28 474153122373301 06-14-02 13:30 -.81 11.04 10.23 45.0 2 39-44 X X X

MW1-33 474140122373201 06-10-02 16:35 11.02 .48 11.50 41.0 2 30-40

MW1-38 474156122373701 06-12-02 12:00 -.57 10.40 9.83 51.0 2 – X

MW1-39 474157122373701 06-11-02 12:45 -.72 10.57 9.85 33.7 2 27.7-32.7 X X

MW1-41 474152122372901 06-10-02 16:35 6.81 8.40 15.21 15.0 2 5-15 X

P1-1 474153122372801 06-11-02 14:15 – 8.31 na 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-3 474153122373101 06-11-02 10:30 – 9.77 na 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-4 474152122373101 06-11-02 12:45 4.30 8.25 12.55 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-5 474152122372801 06-10-02 16:30 – 9.15 na 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-6 474146122373001 06-14-02 14:15 5.17 7.59 12.76 15.0 1 10-15 X

(dup) 14:16 X

P1-7 474145122373101 06-14-02 11:00 6.88 5.24 12.12 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-8 474147122372801 06-13-02 11:00 6.06 6.00 12.06 15.0 1 10-15 X

(dup) 11:01

P1-9 474145122372901 06-13-02 16:00 5.39 6.52 11.91 15.0 1 10-15 X

P1-10 474145122372601 06-12-02 13:45 6.42 5.44 11.86 15.0 1 10-15 X

Introduction 5
6 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

Methods and Data Analysis

Sample collection, processing, and field analyses 

were in accordance with applicable USGS procedures (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1997 to 2002). The analytical methods 

used for the June 2002 data-collection activities were 

generally consistent with previous USGS data-collection 

activities at OU 1.

The geochemical measures and concentrations 

determined for samples from all wells and piezometers 

included dissolved H2, dissolved oxygen (DO), filtered 

organic carbon, filtered nitrate plus nitrite, filtered manganese, 

filtered iron (II), filtered sulfate, unfiltered sulfide, dissolved 

methane, dissolved carbon dioxide, filtered bicarbonate, pH, 

specific conductance, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), 

and filtered chloride. The concentrations of 64 VOCs, 

including all CVOCs of interest at OU 1, also were determined 

for samples from the piezometers and selected monitoring 

wells. Monitoring wells and piezometers sampled at OU 1 are 

of different depths and diameters (table 1), but all were 

constructed with PVC casings and screens with sand filter 

packs.

All samples were collected with a peristaltic pump and 

single-use polyethylene tubing. A stainless-steel weight was 

attached to the bottom of the pre-measured length of tubing to 

accurately collect the sample from the mid-screen elevation in 

each well or piezometer. Samples were collected after 

approximately three casing volumes of water were purged 

from the wells or piezometers and after allowing pH, specific 

conductance, and DO to stabilize within ±0.1 units, 5 percent, 

and 0.3 mg/L (milligrams per liter), respectively. Those three 

analytes, as well as oxidation-reduction potential, were 

measured in a flow-through chamber using temperature 

compensated probes from a YSITM data sonde. The specificconductance probes were checked daily with standard 

reference solutions; the pH probes were calibrated daily with 

two pH standards; and the DO probes were calibrated daily 

with water-saturated air and occasionally verified with zerodissolved-oxygen solution. DO analyses were confirmed for 

most samples using 0 to 1 mg/L CHEMetes Rhodazine- DTM 

colorimetric ampoules (manufactured by CHEMetrics, Inc., 

Calverton, Va.). The ampoules were filled directly from the 

sampling tube after well purging was complete.

The purge-related analytes were measured using two 

different techniques. At seven monitoring wells (1MW-1, 

MW1-2, MW1-5, MW1-16, MW1-20, MW1-28, and MW1-

41), the analytes were measured by deploying the sonde into 

the wells at a depth immediately above the mid-screen level of 

the sample tubing, and the sonde readings were monitored 

remotely while purging. At the remaining monitoring wells 

and the piezometers, sample water was pumped through a 

flow-through chamber attached to the sonde or stand-alone 

probes at the wellhead. The difference in techniques is relevant 

because the downhole sonde deployment may have affected 

the quality of the dissolved H2 data (as discussed later in this 

report.)

Bicarbonate concentration (HCO3

-

) was measured in the 

field by titration of a sample filtered through a 0.45-

micrometer (μm) membrane filter, and the concentration was 

calculated from the titration results. The inflection points of the 

titration curve were used to determine equivalence end-points. 

Iron (II) concentrations were measured in the field in a sample 

filtered through a 0.45-μm membrane filter using a 

colorimetric 1,10 phenanthroline indicator method and a Hach 

Model 2010 spectrophotometer according to Hach analytical 

method number 255 (Hach Company, 1998). Concentrations 

of sulfide were measured in the field using a colorimetric 

methylene-blue indicator method using the same 

spectrophotometer according to analytical method number 690 

(Hach Company, 1998). Information about the methodologies 

used to determine field iron and sulfide concentrations is 

described at http://www.hach.com.

Dissolved H2 in ground water was sampled using the 

bubble-strip method of Chapelle and others (1997) and 

concentrations were measured in the field using a gas 

chromatograph equipped with a reduction gas detector. Initial 

gas samples from each well or piezometer were collected and 

analyzed after at least 20 minutes of stripping; subsequent 

samples were collected and analyzed at about 5-minute 

intervals until consecutive H2 concentrations stabilized to 

within 10 percent. If dissolved H2 did not stabilize and did not 

consistently increase or decrease over time, the range over 

which the concentrations fluctuated was reported. 

Samples for analysis of nitrate, manganese, sulfate, and 

chloride were filtered through a 0.45-μm membrane filter into 

polyethylene bottles, chilled, and sent to the USGS National 

Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Lakewood Colo. The 

manganese sample was acidified in the field with nitric acid to 

a pH of less than 2, and then analyzed at NWQL by inductively 

coupled plasma as described by Fishman (1993). Chloride and 

sulfate were analyzed using ion chromatography as described 

by Fishman and Friedman (1989). Nitrate plus nitrite (reported 

as nitrite plus nitrate as N) were analyzed calorimetrically by 

cadmium reduction and diazotization as described by Fishman 

(1993). The results for the nitrate plus nitrite analyses are 

referred to simply as nitrate in this report because of the 

expected small contribution of nitrite to the total concentration 

determined.
Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 7

Samples for filtered (dissolved) organic carbon were 

filtered through a 0.45-μm filter and collected in amber glass 

bottles, acidified in the field with sulfuric acid to a pH of less 

than 2, chilled to less than 4°C (degrees Celsius), and shipped 

to the USGS laboratory in Ocala, Fla., for analysis. Organic 

carbon concentrations were determined using high-temperature 

combustion according to Standard Method 5310B as described 

by Franson (1992).

Dissolved methane and carbon dioxide samples were 

collected in 150-ml glass bottles, sealed with rubber stoppers, 

chilled to less than 4°C, and analyzed at the USGS Dissolved 

Gas Laboratory in Reston, Va. Samples were analyzed using a 

gas chromatograph with a flame-ionization detector as 

described at http://water.usgs.gov/lab/dissolvedgas/lab/DG_method.html.

VOC samples were collected in 40-mL glass vials, 

acidified to a pH of less than 2 with hydrochloric acid, sealed, 

and placed on ice. The samples were shipped to the NWQL for 

analysis using purge-and-trap capillary-column gas 

chromatography/mass spectrometry (Conner and others, 1998).

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data

The data collected in support of long-term monitoring for 

natural attenuation included geochemical and selected CVOC 

data. The predominant redox conditions at each sample 

location were determined from the geochemical data.

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox 

Conditions

The June 2002 data and the previous geochemical data 

collected by USGS at OU 1 (Dinicola and others, 2002; 

Dinicola, 2003) are shown in table 2. Duplicate samples were 

collected at piezometers P1-6 and P1-8 and analyzed for 

concentrations of organic carbon, manganese, sulfate, and 

chloride. The duplicate results for those constituents agreed 

within 7 percent. Duplicate methane and carbon dioxide 

samples were collected and analyzed at all wells according to 

the Reston laboratory protocols. The duplicate methane 

concentrations were within 0 to 21 percent for all samples 

except those with very low concentrations (less than 0.1 mg/L). 

Duplicate carbon dioxide concentrations were within 40 

percent. Carbon dioxide concentrations were not analyzed for 

OU 1 samples prior to 2002, but were analyzed during 2002 

because they are included in the methane analysis schedule 

from the Reston laboratory. The analyte is of interest for 

natural attenuation because it is a direct measure of the primary 

byproduct of microbial respiration, whereas bicarbonate 

concentration is an indirect measure of the carbon dioxide 

concentration.

The predominant redox conditions for June 2002 samples 

were determined primarily by DO and dissolved H2

concentrations. The process and uncertainties in determining 

the predominant redox conditions from geochemical data are 

described in greater detail in Dinicola and others (2002). 

Generally, DO concentrations greater than 1 mg/L indicate 

aerobic conditions, and DO concentrations less than 1 mg/L 

indicate anaerobic conditions. More specific anaerobic 

conditions are indicated by dissolved H2 concentrations: 0.2-

0.8 nM (nanomolar) indicates iron reduction, 1-5 nM indicates 

sulfate reduction, and greater than 5 nM indicates 

methanogenesis. Anaerobic ground water with a dissolved H2

concentration less than 1 nM is referred to as mildly reducing, 

and water with a dissolved H2 concentration greater than 1 nM 

is referred to as strongly reducing. These general terms for 

describing anaerobic redox conditions are useful because 

reductive dechlorination of CVOC contaminants is more likely 

to occur under strongly reducing conditions (McCarty and 

Semprini, 1994; Gossett and Zinder, 1996).

The selected predominant redox conditions for 1996-2001 

shown in table 2 were updated during 2002 after consideration 

of the variation and contradictions in the data. The updated 

redox determinations are based primarily on a more strict 

interpretation of DO and dissolved H2 concentration data, as 

described in the previous paragraph. Samples with a DO 

concentration less than 1 mg/L and no associated H2

concentration data were assigned a general anaerobic (An) 

redox condition. For the few samples (mostly from 1996) 

where DO concentrations exceeded 1 mg/L and where iron (II) 

concentrations were greater than 0.5 mg/L, the iron (II) data 

were assumed to be better indicators of actual aquifer 

conditions. Therefore, less weight was given to the DO data 

and the samples were considered anaerobic. The updated redox 

assignations better reflect our understanding of the assignment 

of specific redox conditions, although they do not change the 

overall conclusion that redox conditions in the upper aquifer 

are favorable for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated VOCs 

because strongly reducing conditions persisted beneath much 

of the former landfill.
8 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; mV, millivolt. 

Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No. Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite (mg/L 

as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)

1MW-1 09-17-96 Fe 0.4 2.8 7.0 – <0.02 0.18 0.24

04-16-97 Fe .8 .4 – – .11 – 8.0

03-05-98 Fe/S .2 .1 8.3 – – .39 12

10-09-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – .08 .39

06-21-00 Mn/Fe .1 .5 12 – <.05 .96 13

06-11-01 Fe .6 .7 13 12 <.05 .24 2.9

06-10-02 Fe .4 .2 14 – <.05 .37 7.3

1MW-4 09-17-96 Fe .6 1.6 23 – <.02 .77 1.5

04-16-97 S 1.8 .0 – – .03 – 1.7

MW1-2 09-17-96 A .5 2.4 6.0 – <.02 .05 .23

04-16-97 Fe .7 .2 – – <.02 – .13

03-02-98 Fe .3 – – – – – .16

10-07-98 Fe .1 .1 – – – .05 .14

06-09-99 Fe .9 .2 – – – .08 .09

06-21-00 Fe .3 .1 6.0 – <.05 .06 .10

06-12-01 S 3.5 .3 5.3 5.0 <.05 .08 .29

06-11-02 An >20 .1 45 – <.05 .09 .27

MW1-3 06-09-99 Fe .8 .4 – – – .07 <.01

06-20-00 Fe .2 .3 2.0 – .99 .08 <.01

06-12-01 A – 4.0 2.3 1.1 1.1 .04 .02

06-10-02 S 2.7 .4 1.4 – 1.6 .10 .01

MW1-4 09-17-96 Fe .5 2.8 2.0 – <.02 .28 1.8

04-16-97 Fe .6 .4 – – .24 – <.01

03-03-98 S 1.7 .2 4.0 – – .10 .01

10-08-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – – .28

06-07-99 Fe .9 .1 – – – .20 1.2

06-22-00 Fe .2 .1 8.6 – – .70 –

06-14-01 S .9 - 3.2 .5 2.9 2.5 .08 .54 1.6

06-13-02 S 2.4 .1 3.8 – .08 .47 1.2

MW1-5 09-17-96 S 1.2 .0 15 – <.02 1.6 19

04-16-97 Fe .5 .0 – – .08 – 3.1

03-04-98 Fe .7 .0 12 – – 1.3 4.5

10-08-98 S 2.4 .0 – – – 1.5 11

06-08-99 Fe .6 .3 – – – 1.2 31

06-22-00 Fe – .0 17 – – 1.5 39

06-13-01 Fe .8 .3 10 9.6 .12 1.5 25

06-13-02 S 3.4 .5 11 – .14 1.5 20

MW1-6 09-17-96 S 1.1 .0 33 – 1.2 1.2 30

04-16-97 Fe/S .5 .0 – – .07 – 36

10-08-98 Fe .2 .0 – – – 1.1 32

MW1-14 09-17-96 Fe .6 .0 42 – <.02 2.0 67

04-16-97 Fe .7 .0 – – .05 – 78

03-04-98 Fe/S – .1 36 – – 11 68

10-07-98 S 1.2 .0 – – – 1.5 48

06-09-99 S 1.0 .3 – – – .30 57
Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 9

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; ORP, oxidation 

reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No.

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon 

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)

1MW-1 7.5 <0.01 10 640 7.9 – – 43

1.4 .01 29 1,100 7.2 – – –

– .06 – – – – – –

– .01 – 660 7.7 1,080 -- --

.9 <.01 .39 590 7.0 1,070 -92 44

2.2 <.01 5.6 550 7.1 974 -110 50

1.7 <.01 14 (15) 77 (81) 520 7.7 835 -160 54

1MW-4 .04 <.01 16 780 7.3 – – 25

.36 .02 47 1,300 7.3 – – –

MW1-2 4.6 <.01 1.2 510 6.9 – – 50

4.6 <.01 2.5 1,100 6.7 – – –

– – – – – – – –

– <.01 – 300 6.7 868 – –

– <.01 – 490 6.8 901 – –

4.3 <.01 .04 460 6.8 870 37 36

5.4 <.01 .78 470 6.5 853 27 48

4.2 <.01 .92 (.92) 200 (200) 500 6.6 829 200 37

MW1-3 – <.01 – 81 6.0 202 – –

13 <.01 .02 82 5.9 205 180 8.4

14 <.01 .12 90 6.1 203 220 10

11 <.01 .06 (0.02) 140 (140) 80 5.8 182 400 9.7

MW1-4 7.1 <.01 1.2 130 6.9 – – 15

8.6 <.01 .70 270 7.3 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 170 6.7 368 – –

– <.01 – 180 6.6 350 – –

5.5 <.01 .56 230 6.8 412 -26 19

5.4 <.01 3.7 180 6.5 360 -8 22

5.5 <.01 5.2 (5.5) 60 (65) 190 6.6 442 -14 20

MW1-5 6.4 <.01 2.4 410 6.7 – – 21

2.8 .03 18 1,400 6.6 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 410 6.4 1,740 – –

– .01 – 510 6.5 855 – –

6.4 <.01 1.1 460 6.6 790 -80 19

6.0 .01 2.4 470 6.4 766 -70 12

6.3 .02 7.4 (7.2) 180 (180) 740 6.5 608 -77 9.6

MW1-6 .10 <.01 7.0 840 6.7 – – 27

4.1 .15 15 1,100 6.5 – – --

– .01 – 720 6.4 1,170 – –

MW1-14 .27 <.01 9.2 1,200 6.4 – – 25

.13 <.01 46 1,800 6.4 – – –

– .05 – – – – – –

– .01 – 600 6.3 1,450 – –

– .04 – 810 6.4 1,220 – –
10 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

MW1-15 09-16-96 Fe 0.2 0.0 50 – <0.02 5.7 68

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 .0 – – <.02 – 77

030-5-98 S 1.2 .0 33 – – 18 51

10-09-98 S 2.9 .0 – – – 5.8 64

MW1-16 09-17-96 S 2.1 .0 480 – <.02 3.9 130

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 .0 – – <.02 – 120

03-04-98 Fe .7 .3 350 – – 18 100

10-08-98 M 9.6 .0 – – – 5.4 180

06-07-99 M 6.8 .6 – – – >5 140

06-22-00 S – .1 61 – – 1.9 60

06-14-01 S 1.7 .2 64 66 .33 2.4 56

06-13-02 M 4.6 - 7.6 .9 71 – <.05 3.2 38

MW1-17 09-17-96 Fe .7 .0 23 – <.02 1.3 62

04-16-97 Fe .6 .0 – – <.02 – 37

10-09-98 Fe – .0 – – – .80 56

06-22-00 S 1.2 .0 11 – – 1.2 68

06-12-01 S 2.0 - 2.7 .4 9.2 8.0 <.05 1.2 48

MW1-18 09-17-96 Fe/S 1.0 .0 28 – <.02 4.0 12

04-16-97 Fe .5 .0 – – .05 – 23

10-07-98 Fe – .2 – – – .77 3.3

MW1-20 06-08-99 Fe .9 .3 – – – .35 .03

06-21-00 Fe .4 .0 2.2 – <.05 .24 .11

06-13-01 S 2.1 .2 3.0 1.4 <.05 .28 .01

06-12-02 An >100 .1 1.4 – <.05 .16 .01

MW1-25 09-17-96 Fe .4 2.7 7.4 – .14 .16 .74

04-17-97 Fe .8 .1 – – <.02 – .88

03-05-98 Fe .3 .3 7.9 – – .20 .73

10-05-98 Fe .2 .1 – – – .19 .99

06-22-00 Fe .4 .2 6.5 – – .16 .80

06-12-01 S 2.8 - 4.3 .2 7.1 6.8 <.05 .16 .99

06-14-02 S 0.7 - 2.4 .1 6.2 – <.05 .18 1.1

MW1-28 09-16-96 Fe .3 2.1 7.2 – <.02 .20 1.0

04-17-97 Fe 1.0 .0 – – .04 – .99

03-05-98 Fe .4 .5 7.7 – – .20 .67

10-07-98 Fe .6 .0 – – – .19 1.0

06-22-00 Fe .3 .0 13 – – .16 .66

06-12-01 S/M 4.1 - 5.7 .5 10 6.9 <.05 .16 .90

06-14-02 An >100 .1 7.0 – <.05 .16 .92

MW1-29 09-16-96 Mn/Fe .0 1.9 – – <.02 .86 2.0

04-17-97 Fe .7 .0 – – .29 – 2.1

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; mV, millivolt. 

Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No. Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite (mg/L 

as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)
Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 11

MW1-15 0.11 <0.01 8.8 1,200 – – – 18

.08 .03 44 1,600 6.3 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 750 6.3 1,110 – –

MW1-16 .17 <.01 4.3 1,400 6.5 – – 150

2.2 .06 29 1,800 6.5 – – –

– .01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 1,600 6.3 3,370 – –

– .01 – 1,200 6.7 1,820 – –

1.2 .02 1.2 510 6.7 902 -130 43

1.1 .08 10 610 6.4 953 – 40

.4 .04 24 (21) 270 (270) 700 6.5 1,400 -140 17

MW1-17 4.3 <.01 8.9 760 6.5 – – 61

68 .02 23 1,200 6.6 – – –

– .02 – 510 6.4 1,740 – –

– .02 2.8 450 6.5 1,260 -41 160

12 .01 9.4 500 6.5 1,200 -280 120

MW1-18 4.6 <.01 11 880 7.0 – – 86

8.2 <.01 52 1,500 6.8 – – –

– <.01 – 920 6.6 1,780 – –

MW1-20 – <.01 – 260 6.7 546 – –

16 <.01 .01 240 6.8 530 79 14

20 <.01 .27 260 6.4 544 250 33

17 <.01 .06 (.05) 97 (99) 250 7.0 701 180 29

MW1-25 16 <.01 3.6 360 7.1 – – 140

15 <.01 7.9 1,000 7.0 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 450 6.9 1,240 -- --

13 <.01 .79 380 6.9 1,230 -49 170

13 <.01 4.7 440 6.7 1,180 -36 160

9.7 <.01 7.0 (7.1) 83 (83) 370 6.7 1,030 -60 170

MW1-28 48 <.01 1.7 350 -- – – 380

51 <.01 5.3 1,100 7.4 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– .02 – 320 6.6 2,630 – –

44 <.01 .45 480 7.3 2,460 -87 510

45 <.01 4.1 480 7.4 2,200 -220 490

39 <.01 3.9 (4.0) 40 (40) 470 7.2 2,580 -110 460

MW1-29 1.8 .02 8.1 300 – – – 500

1.1 <.01 18 710 7.3 – – –

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; ORP, oxidation 

reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No.

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon 

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)
12 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

MW1-31 09-16-96 Mn/Fe – – 5.6 – – 3.6 0.32

MW1-32 09-16-96 Fe 0.4 2.7 .8 – 0.07 0.23 1.3

04-17-97 Fe – 1.2 – – .17 – .87

03-02-98 Fe – <1.0 – – – .10 1.1

10-05-98 Fe .1 .0 – – – .36 1.0

MW1-33 10-07-98 A – 3.3 .1 – – .003 <.01

06-21-00 A – 3.8 .7 – 1.3 <.002 <.01

06-11-01 A – 3.8 1.5 1.4 1.1 <.003 <.01

06-10-02 A – 3.4 1.2 – 1.1 <.002 <.01

MW1-35 10-07-98 A – 2.4 1.9 – – .15 <.01

06-08-99 A – 2.1 – – – – –

06-20-00 A – 3.0 2.2 – .16 <.002 <.01 –

MW1-36 10-09-98 Fe – .0 – – – .30 3.6

06-20-00 Fe .5 .1 2.4 – <.05 .28 3.2

MW1-37 09-16-96 Fe .8 1.5 6.9 – <.02 .12 .48

04-17-97 S 3.3 .0 – – <.02 – .80

03-03-98 Fe .4 .4 5.7 – – .10 .86

10-09-98 Fe .4 .0 – – – <.01 .43

06-07-99 Fe .4 .4 – – – .10 .32

06-20-00 Fe .1 .1 5.8 – <.05 .13 .25

MW1-38 10-09-98 Fe – .1 – – – .20 .08

06-20-00 Fe .1 .2 5.6 – <.05 .08 .10

06-12-02 S 1.4 .0 5.0 – <.05 .08 0.42

MW1-39 09-16-96 Fe/S .6 2.0 4.4 – <.02 .02 <.01

04-17-97 S 4.5 .0 – – <.02 – .05

03-03-98 Fe/S .3 .3 3.7 – – .10 .03

10-09-98 Fe/S .5 .0 – – – <.01 .04

06-07-99 Fe/S 1.0 .3 – – – .10 .02

06-20-00 Fe/S .5 .1 2.4 – <.05 .01 .07

06-12-01 S 1.4 .3 3.4 3.3 <.05 .01 <.01

06-12-02 M >30 .0 2.8 – <.05 .01 0.1

MW1-41 06-09-99 S 1.0 .3 – – – 2.2 60

06-21-00 S 1.2 .1 22 – <.05 3.5 55

06-11-01 S 2.0 .3 14 14 <.05 3.7 66

06-10-02 S 2.2 .8 20 – <.05 3.6 52

P1-1 06-09-99 Fe .7 .4 – – – 4.0 59

06-11-02 S 1.4 .0 17 – <.05 2.7 40

P1-3 06-09-99 Fe .4 .2 – – – 1.0 19

06-11-02 Fe .3 .0 45 – <.05 2.6 39

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; mV, millivolt. 

Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No. Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite (mg/L 

as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)
Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 13

MW1-31 – – – – – – – –

MW1-32 16 0.01 <0.01 110 – – – 7.4

17 .01 <.01 300 7.1 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 130 7.2 270 – –

MW1-33 -- <.01 – 78 6.6 177 – –

7.5 <.01 .05 74 6.7 164 160 4.0

8.2 <.01 .07 71 6.2 154 300 3.6

7.3 <.01 .004 (0.000) 31 (32) 81 6.5 138 360 3.4

MW1-35 – <.01 – 110 6.4 301 – –

– – – 76 6.4 187 – –

3.9 <.01 .01 77 6.6 151 360 2.3

MW1-36 – <.01 – 280 7.3 8,610 – –

180 .02 .01 270 7.3 7,940 -130 2,300

MW1-37 23 .03 .30 280 – – – 660

27 .02 .90 730 7.7 – – –

– <.01 – – – – – –

– <.01 – 340 7.9 2,440 – –

– .03 – 340 7.7 2,920 – –

29 .02 .07 350 7.6 3,240 -160 840

MW1-38 – .02 – 310 7.8 1,460 – –

2.3 .03 .10 300 7.8 1,240 -130 230

2.9 .04 1.1 (1.1) 7.7 (7.9) 310 7.6 1,350 -160 230

MW1-39 .71 .04 1.6 140 – – – 85

13 .06 6.1 360 7.9 – – –

– .05 – – – – – –

– .07 – 170 8.1 502 -- --

– <.01 – 180 8.0 512 -- --

.2 .08 .41 180 8.0 481 -130 61

.1 .05 2.7 170 7.8 472 -130 61

.1 .06 4.8 (4.8) 2.4 (2.4) 180 7.9 464 -120 60

MW1-41 – .01 – 860 6.6 1,260 – –

<.3 <.01 1.9 1,000 6.5 1,500 -75 8.3

30 .02 25 980 6.3 1,330 -89 9.9

.4 .04 21 (26) 540 (530) 830 6.3 1,190 -68 7.9

P1-1 – <.01 – 930 6.4 1,350 – –

<.1 <.01 29 (29) 400 (400) 650 6.3 987 -80 9.3

P1-3 – .04 – 730 6.8 1,470 – –

1.0 .03 24 (19) 400 (400) 820 6.4 1,340 -73 61

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; ORP, oxidation 

reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No.

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon 

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)
14 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

P1-4 06-09-99 Fe 0.7 0.3 – – – 0.34 2.6

06-13-01 Fe .1 .5 9.8 8.7 <0.05 .38 3.4

(duplicate) 06-13-01 Fe – – 8.4 6.2 <.05 .38 3.6

06-11-02 Fe .2 .1 8.0 – <.05 2.6 3.7

P1-5 06-08-99 S 3.0 .3 – – – 3.1 72

06-10-02 S 1.7 .1 25 – <.05 2.6 62

P1-6 06-08-99 S 1.8 .1 – – – .12 .02

06-14-01 S 1.8 .2 34 34 .23 .45 .95

06-13-02 S 1.6 .0 – 26 <.05 .88 1.0

(duplicate) 06-13-02 – – – – <.05 .84 –

P1-7 06-08-99 S 1.2 .1 – – – .61 2.1

06-22-00 Mn/Fe – .1 19 – – 2.6 3.2

06-14-01 Mn/Fe .2 .2 11 11 <.05 2.3 2.0

06-14-02 Mn/Fe .2 1.3 8.9 – <.05 2.2 1.9

P1-8 06-07-99 S 1.8 .0 – – – .20 .08

06-14-01 Fe .7 .1 4.8 4.7 .06 .16 .22

06-13-02 Fe .6 .3 8.8 – <.05 .21 .38

(duplicate) 06-13-02 – – 9.0 – <.05 .21 –

P1-9 06-08-99 M 19 .3 – – – .90 .03

06-22-00 S/M – .1 10 – – .69 .20

06-14-01 M 6.7 .1 2.3 1.7 <.05 .19 .05

06-13-02 An – .6 9.8 – <.05 1.2 .42

P1-10 06-07-99 Fe .7 .3 – – – .10 .11

06-22-00 Fe – .0 7.2 – – .07 .25

06-13-01 S 2.0 .2 3.0 4.2 <.05 .07 .20

06-12-02 Fe .3 .1 3.5 – <.05 .05 .41

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; mV, millivolt. 

Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No. Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox

condition

Dissolved 

hydrogen

(nM)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

(total) organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic 

carbon (mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate 

+nitrite (mg/L 

as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered

iron (II)

(mg/L)
Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 15

P1-4 – 0.02 – 450 6.9 867 – –

3.8 <.01 0.9 390 6.6 761 -78 53

(duplicate) 3.8 <.01 3.2 390 – – – 53

3.5 <.01 5.9 (6.7) 90 (86) 380 6.7 734 -86 56

P1-5 – .01 – 850 6.2 1,320 – –

<.6 .02 23 (25) 400 (570) 730 6.2 1,200 -59 17

P1-6 – .04 – 300 6.8 574 – –

4.9 .12 6.3 350 6.4 657 -38 47

4.3 .11 11 (11) 170 (170) 380 6.4 604 -11 37

(duplicate) 4.6 – – – – – – 38

P1-7 – <.01 – 310 6.7 627 – –

24 <.01 1.5 400 6.8 851 -35 55

18 <.01 4.0 320 6.5 666 -32 41

12 <.01 6.0 (6.5) 87 (95) 300 6.6 601 -41 60

P1-8 – .01 – 210 7.6 381 – –

.13 .02 6.9 200 7.0 363 -73 18

.3 .02 11 (--) 40 (--) 104 6.9 482 -46 35

(duplicate) .3 – – – – – – 35

P1-9 – <.01 – 270 6.6 680 – –

6.6 <.01 1.7 250 6.8 548 -17 59

7.6 <.01 1.4 200 7.8 289 -120 14

5.6 <.01 7.5 (7.5) 91 (94) 280 6.5 601 17 71

P1-10 – <.01 – 300 6.7 560 – –

<.31 <.01 1.3 290 7.1 500 -19 15

.06 <.01 4.9 290 7.2 476 -24 15

<.1 <.01 18 (18) 51 (54) 270 6.8 438 8 14

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions and ground-water geochemical data collected from 1996 to 2002 at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003); 2002 dissolved methane and carbon dioxide 

concentrations were collected and analyzed in duplicate. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; Fe, iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese 

reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius; ORP, oxidation 

reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well No.

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane

(mg/L)

Dissolved

carbon 

dioxide

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride

(mg/L)
16 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

Dissolved H2 concentrations from wells MW1-2, 

MW1-20, MW1-28, and MW1-39 were extremely high 

(greater than 20 nM) during June 2002, and it is questionable 

whether those data represent actual aquifer conditions. 

Erroneous gas-chromatography analyses were rejected as a 

cause of the high readings after a review of calibration notes 

and quality assurance/quality control data for the dissolved H2

measurements. Three other possible causes for extreme 

increases in dissolved H2 concentrations were considered: (1) 

chemical reactions involving pulverized aquifer materials that 

may have occurred during and immediately after well drilling, 

(2) a sudden increase in the bioavailability of organic carbon 

(such as following injection of acetate to an aquifer to 

stimulate reductive dechlorination), or (3) sampling with 

electric submersible pumps, sampling wells with steel casing, 

or other sampling procedures that create a "bridge" between 

different redox zones from the ground surface to the bottom of 

the well (Chapelle and others 1997). The first possible cause 

was ruled out for OU 1 data because all of the wells were 

installed years ago. The second possible cause is unlikely at 

most OU 1 wells, although it may have played a role at well 

MW1-2, where organic carbon concentration increased from 5 

to 45 mg/L between 2001 and 2002. The third possible cause 

is the most likely explanation for the 2002 data. The first three 

of the four wells with extremely high dissolved H2

concentrations were purged and sampled while the YSITM 

sonde was deployed down the well, and it is possible that the 

sonde and cable created a bridge that resulted in nonequilibrium production of dissolved H2 . There is some 

uncertainty in this explanation because the sonde was also 

deployed downhole in four additional wells (1MW-1, MW1-5, 

MW1-16, and MW1-41), where 2002 dissolved H2

concentrations were similar to historical data. The practice of 

deploying a data sonde downhole while purging the wells will 

be discontinued for future monitoring.

Overall, geochemical data from June 2002 indicate that 

redox conditions in the upper-aquifer water remain favorable 

for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated VOCs because 

strongly reducing conditions persisted beneath much of the 

landfill. Those strong reducing conditions are maintained by 

generally abundant organic carbon beneath the landfill that 

ranges in concentration from 4-71 mg/L, as compared to 1.4 

mg/L in the upgradient wells MW1-3 and MW1-20. Redox 

conditions in ground water from the intermediate aquifer just 

downgradient of the landfill (wells MW1-25 and MW1-28) 

also remained favorable for reductive dechlorination, although 

the 2002 dissolved H2 concentration from MW1-28 is 

questionable. Although changes in redox conditions were 

observed at certain wells during 2002, a longer monitoring 

period and more thorough interpretation are needed to 

ascertain if phytoremediation activities are affecting redox 

condition and if biodegradation processes are changing over 

time. The Navy intends to complete a more thorough 

interpretation in preparation for the 5-year review of OU 1 

scheduled for 2004.

Volatile Organic Compounds

June 2002 and previous CVOC data (Dinicola and others, 

2002; Dinicola 2003) collected by the USGS at OU 1 are 

shown in table 3. Duplicate samples were collected and 

analyzed for piezometers P1-6 and P1-8 and the CVOC 

concentrations agreed within 6 percent (table 3). A field blank 

that was subject to all aspects of sample collection and field 

processing was also collected. Concentrations of the 

compounds of interest were not detected in the field blank. 

Complete analytical results, including chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs, for June 2002 and previous years are 

available from the USGS National Water Information System 

(NWIS) web site http://waterdata.usgs.gov/wa/nwis/qwdata.

There were a few obvious differences between the 2002 

and previously observed VOC concentrations. Total CVOC 

concentrations decreased substantially in all piezometers 

sampled in the northern plantation (P1-1, -3, -4, and -5), and 

the largest percentage decreases were observed for the 

compounds TCE and cis-DCE. Changes in total CVOC 

concentrations in the southern plantation were less consistent. 

Historically high concentrations of TCE and cis-DCE were 

observed in P1-7, -8, and -9, and historically low 

concentrations were observed in P1-6 and -10. Similarly to the 

redox chemistry, a longer monitoring period and more 

thorough interpretation are needed to ascertain if 

phytoremediation activities are affecting CVOC 

concentrations and if biodegradation processes are changing 

over time.

June 2003 Sampling

No changes in monitoring plans are proposed for June 

2003, although the practice of deploying a data sonde 

downhole while purging the wells will be discontinued.
Natural Attentuation Monitoring Data 17

Table 3. Concentrations of selected chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water from piezometers and monitoring wells sampled from 1999 to 

2002 by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002). Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs): PCE, 

tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; TCA, 1,1,1-

trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. 

Abbreviations: μg/L, micrograms per liter; dup, duplicate. Symbols: <, actual value is less than value shown; nd, not detected]

Piezometer or 

monitoring 

well

No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

transDCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

1,1,1-

TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total

BTEX

(μg/L)

Total

CVOCs

(μg/L)

P1-1 06-09-99 <2 11 6.1 <1 <4 <2 0.24 <4 <2 19 17

06-11-02 <.2 <.20 .16 .11 <.2 <.20 .46 <.2 <.20 6.8 .73

P1-3 06-09-99 <16 35 450 20 120 <16 <16 3.6 <16 nd 630

06-11-02 <.2 <.20 53 4.3 72 <.20 .60 9.9 .20 3.3 140

P1-4 06-09-99 <130 160 4,800 56 540 <130 <130 <270 <130 nd 5,600

06-13-01 <20 <20 4,900 46 650 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 5,600

(dup) 06-13-01 <20 <20 5,000 44 670 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 5,700

06-11-02 <.2 1.2 3,600 41 640 <.20 <10 .8 9.9 1.1 4,300

P1-5 06-08-99 <13 440 400 3.5 11 <13 <13 15 <13 47 870

06-10-02 <.2 <.20 .28 .78 .4 <.20 .27 20.9 <.20 18 23

P1-6 06-08-99 <400 74 16,000 170 5,400 <400 1,500 300 <400 nd 23,000

06-14-01 <20 370 16,000 220 9,900 <20 4,800 610 11 88 32,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 3,700 170 5,100 <20 4,300 1,400 <20 63 15,000

(dup) 06-13-02 <20 <20 3,500 170 4,800 <20 4,400 1,400 <20 65 14,000

P1-7 06-08-99 <670 26,000 35,000 210 3,100 <670 <670 <1,300 <670 nd 64,000

06-22-00 3.60 27,000 44,000 220 3,800 .24 17 8.4 72 16 75,000

06-14-01 <20 26,000 37,000 190 4,000 <20 <20 <20 44 nd 68,000

06-14-02 <20 37,000 62,000 400 57,000 <20 14 <20 64 nd 156,000

P1-8 06-07-99 <710 190 25,000 210 3,400 <710 <710 <1,400 <710 nd 29,000

06-14-01 <20 810 8,600 62 4,200 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 14,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 24,000 190 7,700 <20 <20 <20 16 nd 32,000

(dup) 06-13-02 <20 <20 25,000 200 8,200 <20 <20 <20 16 nd 33,000

P1-9 06-08-99 <2,000 48,000 88,000 470 7,200 <2,000 <2000 <4,000 <2,000 nd 140,000

06-22-00 5.00 88,000 64,000 320 5,800 <10 2.6 <20 47 22 160,000

06-14-01 <40 29,000 7,300 32 450 <40 <40 <40 <40 nd 37,000

06-13-02 <20 90,000 79,000 590 7,900 <20 <20 <20 54 11 180,000

P1-10 06-07-99 <1,000 14,000 34,000 270 2,500 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 nd 51,000

06-22-00 1.00 8,700 13,000 100 2,300 <.1 1.2 .13 16 12 24,000

06-13-01 <20 6,600 12,000 68 1,900 <20 <20 <20 11 nd 21,000

06-12-02 <20 4,600 7,000 55 1,970 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 14,000

MW1-20 06-12-02 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 nd nd

MW1-25 06-14-02 <20 280 1,800 31 280 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 2,400

MW1-28 06-14-02 <20 69 1,600 72 700 <20 <20 <20 <20 nd 2,400

MW1-38 06-12-02 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 <.20 nd nd
18 Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, WA, June 2002

Summary

Previous investigations have shown that natural 

attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds (CVOCs) are substantial in shallow ground water 

beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Division Keyport, 

Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has 

continued to monitor ground-water geochemistry to assure that 

conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation. 

This report presents the ground-water geochemical and 

selected CVOC data collected at OU 1 by the USGS during 

June 10-14, 2002, in support of long-term monitoring for 

natural attenuation.

Overall, the June 2002 geochemical data indicate that 

redox conditions in the upper-aquifer water remain favorable 

for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated VOCs because 

strongly reducing conditions persisted beneath much of the 

former landfill. Redox conditions in the intermediate aquifer 

downgradient of the landfill also remained favorable for 

reductive dechlorination, although the 2002 dissolved 

hydrogen (H2) concentration from well MW1-28 is 

questionable. Although changes in redox conditions were 

observed at certain wells during 2002, a longer monitoring 

period and more thorough interpretation are needed to 

ascertain if phytoremediation activities are affecting redox 

condition and if biodegradation processes are changing over 

time. The Navy intends to complete a more thorough 

interpretation in preparation for the 5-year review of OU 1 

scheduled for 2004.

There were a few significant differences between the 

2002 concentrations and previously observed VOC 

concentrations. Total CVOC concentrations decreased 

substantially in all northern plantation piezometers sampled, 

and the largest percentages of decrease between 2002 and 

previous data were for the compounds TCE and cis-DCE. 

Changes in total CVOC concentrations in the southern 

plantation were less consistent. Historically high 

concentrations were observed in three piezometers, with 

particularly substantial increases in TCE and cis-DCE 

concentrations, and historically low concentrations were 

observed in two piezometers, with particularly substantial 

decreases in TCE and cis-DCE concentrations. Similarly to the 

redox chemistry, a longer monitoring period and more 

thorough interpretation are needed to ascertain if 

phytoremediation activities are affecting CVOC 

concentrations and if biodegradation processes are changing 

over time.

No changes in monitoring plans are proposed for June 

2003, although the practice of deploying a data sonde 

downhole while purging the wells will be discontinued. 

Downhole monitoring added uncertainty to selected measured 

dissolved H2 concentrations due to the possibility that the 

sonde and cable created a bridge that resulted in nonequilibrium dissolved H2 concentrations at the wells.

References Cited

Bradley, P.M., Landmeyer, J.E., and Dinicola, R.S., 1998, 

Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-14C] dichloroethene under 

Mn(IV)-reducing conditions: Applied and Environmental 

Microbiology, v. 64, no. 4, p. 1,560-1,562.

Chapelle, F.H., Vroblesky, D.A., Woodward, J.C., and Lovely, 

D.R., 1997, Practical considerations for measuring 

hydrogen concentrations in groundwater: Environmental 

Science and Technology, v. 31, no. 10, p. 2,873-2,877.

Connor, B.F., Rose, D.L., Noriega, M.C., Murtagh, L.K., and 

Abney, S.R., 1998, Methods of analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—

Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by 

gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including 

detections less than reporting limits: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 97-829, 78 p. 

Dinicola, R.S., 2003, Natural attenuation monitoring data 

during June 2001, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 03-344, 17 p.

Dinicola, R.S., Cox, S.E., Landmeyer, J.E., and Bradley, P.M., 

2002, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Weapons Center, Division Keyport, Washington: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 02-4119.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—

Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in 

water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 93-125, 217 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., 1989, Methods for 

determination of inorganic substances in water and fluvial 

sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of WaterResources Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p.

Franson, M.H., ed. 1992, Standard methods for the 

examination of water and wastewater (l8th ed.): 

Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association, 

American Water Works Association, and Water 

Environment Federation, variously paged. 

Gossett, J.M., and Zinder, S.H., 1996, Microbiological aspects 

relevant to natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes, in

Proceedings of the symposium on natural attenuation of 

chlorinated organics in ground water: EPA/540/R-96/509, 

Dallas, TX, September 1996, variously paged.

Hach Company, 1998, DR/2010 spectrophotometer 

procedures manual: Loveland, Colo., Hach Company, 

variously paged.

McCarty, P.L., and Semprini, L., 1994, Ground-water 

treatment for chlorinated solvents, in Handbook of 

Bioremediation: Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers, p. 87-116.
References Cited 19

The TEC LTM Team, 2003, 2002 annual report Operable Unit 

1, Area 1, former base landfill, Naval Undersea Warfare 

Center Division, Keyport, Washington: Prepared by 

CH2MHill Constructors, Inc., Seattle, Wash., for 

Engineering Field Activity, Northwest, Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command, Poulsbo, Wash., 28 p.

URS Consultants, Inc., 1997, Final summary data assessment 

report for Operable Unit 1 Naval Undersea Warfare Center 

Division Keyport, Washington: Prepared by URS 

Consultants, Seattle, Wash., for Engineering Field Activity, 

Northwest, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 

Poulsbo, Wash., 3 v.

URS Consultants, Inc., 1998, Final record of decision for 

Operable Unit 1 Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division 

Keyport, Washington: Prepared by URS Consultants, 

Seattle, Wash., for Engineering Field Activity, Northwest, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Poulsbo, Wash., 

111 p.

URS Greiner, Inc., 1999, Phytoremediation closure report for 

Operable Unit 1 Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division 

Keyport, Washington: Prepared by URS Greiner, Inc., 

Seattle, Wash., for Engineering Field Activity, Northwest, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Poulsbo, Wash., 

variously paged.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1997 to 2002, National field manual 

for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological 

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 

9, chaps. A1-A9, 2 v., variously paged. [Also available 

online at http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A. Chapters 

originally were published from 1997-1999; updates and 

revisions are ongoing and are summarized at: 

http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/mastererrata.html.
Manuscript approved for publication, April 21, 2004

Prepared by the Publishing Group, U.S. Geological Survey, 

Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, Washington

USGS Publishing staff

Judith A. Wayenberg

Bill Gibbs

Linda S. Rogers

For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the 

Washington Water Science Center Director, 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1201 Pacific Avenue – Suite 600 

Tacoma, Washington 98402

http://wa.water.usgs.gov
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