Volume 4, Number 1

Spring 2003

Contents

Progress in DE Weapons

Part 1 1

News 7

FYI 8

Director’s Corner 9

WSTIACCourses: 

Directed Energy 11 

Weaponeering 12

Sensors/Seekers 13

Precision Weapons 14

Calendar of Events 15

WSTIAC is a DoD Information Analysis

Center Sponsored by the Defense

Technical Information Center 

W

WEAPON SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER

STIAC

Progress in 

DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS

Part I: High Energy Lasers

by Mark Scott

WSTIAC

Introduction

The potential for directing intense sources of radiant energy against threat targets

has intrigued many military and defense industry minds for at least as long as photon torpedoes have blazed across our television and movie screens (probably

longer - didn't Captain Marvel and Buck Rogers have ray guns?). Over the past

several years, some of these science fictional concepts have materialized into feasibility demonstrations of directed energy weapons. In this issue, the WSTIAC

newsletter begins a series of articles on the progress that has been realized over the

past decade in making the weaponization of directed energy a reality - and the

challenges that still lie ahead. The current article will address high energy laser

(HEL) weapons. Subsequent articles will address radio frequency-high power

microwave (RF-HPM) weapons, particle beams and other sources of directed energy for weapon applications.

HEL Background

In the early 1980's, the massive Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL)

was installed in the High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility (HELSTF) at White Sands

Missile Range, New Mexico. MIRACL was the third in a series of DeuteriumFluoride (DF) chemical gas lasers that evolved during the 1970's. The output of

these devices grew from initial values of tens of kilowatts (kW) of continuous wave

(CW) power, through hundreds of kW, finally culminating in megawatts (MW) with

the MIRACL laser.

Used in conjunction with a Navy-developed pointer tracker, one of the early generation DF Lasers was used to shoot down anti-tank guided missiles in the first

demonstrations of high energy lasers as tactical weapons (circa 1978). On 9

February 1996, the MIRACL laser, in conjunction with the Sea Lite Beam Director,

shot down a short range artillery rocket in the successful culmination of the Nautilus

Project. Nautilus was a joint US-Israeli demonstration of the feasibility of using HEL

to engage and destroy threat artillery rockets in flight.[Ref. 1].

4
2

Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL)

With proof of principle in hand, the US Army Space and Missile

Defense Command (SMDC) and the Israeli Ministry of Defence

(IMoD) pursued joint development of the Tactical High Energy

Laser (THEL) as an Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration

(ACTD) starting in 1996. THEL is a stationary ground-based laser

specifically designed to engage threat artillery rockets and projectiles. THEL is made up of three principal subsystems: (1) the

Laser Subsystem (LS); (2) the Pointer Tracker Subsystem (PTS); and

(3) the Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence

(C3I) Subsystem which includes a fire control radar (see Figure 1).

[Ref.2].

Figure 1. THEL ACTD System Components

Northrop Grumman Corporation 2000. All Rights Reserved. Republished by kind permission of Northrop Grumman Corporation.

THEL Laser Subsystem (LS)

The THEL LS is the latest in the lineage of high power DF chemical gas lasers. The lasing action of these devices is initiated with

high pressure combustion of ethylene, C2H4, in an oxidizer rich

mixture of nitrogen trifluoride, NF3(see Figure 2). This reaction

generates free fluorine atoms (F) which are injected into the laser

cavity along with deuterium molecules (D2). Deuterium (D or

1H2) is a stable isotope of hydrogen with an atomic weight of 2.

The D2 molecules react with the free F atoms to create DF molecules. The energy population inversion in the resulting lasing

4

Fire control radar - Part

of C3I Subsystem.

Pointer Tracker

Subsystem

DF Laser Subsystem.
3

NF3 (gas)

C2H4 (gas)

Heat

Fluorine-Rich

Combustor By-products + F

D2 (gas)

Laser Cavity

Mirrors

Laser Gain

Region (DF*)

Exhaust to

Pressure Recovery

Supersonic

Mixing Nozzle

Laser Beam

Mid-IR Wavelength

Figure 2. Generic Deuterium Fluoride (DF) Chemical Laser.

medium is a by-product of the chemical reaction, which forms the

DF molecules in an excited state (DF*). When stimulated in the

laser cavity by an unstable resonator, the excited DF molecules

decay to a lower energy state and emit a photon in the process.

The frequency of the emitted photon is proportional to the drop

in energy state of the DF molecules (see Figure 3). 

Increasing Energy (E)

DF* molecule in high energy - excited state

DF molecule decayed to lower energy base state

Mid-IR photon emitted:

wavelength = λ

frequency = f

E2

E1

DF* → DF + photon

Figure 3. Emitted Photon Frequency/Wavelength

The Laser Optical Assembly (LOA) collects the photons generated in the laser cavity and collimates them into a monochromatic,

coherent, continuous wave (CW, i.e., not pulsed) laser beam with

a wavelength in the mid-infrared (IR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The gases that create the DF medium flow

through the laser cavity during lasing and the by-products of the

4

3 x10 cm sec

c speed of light

6.626 x10 erg sec

where h Planck' s constant

E

hc hc

hf

photon energy

E E

E Changein DF moleculeenergy state

10

22

2 1

=

=

= ⋅

=

= ⇒ =

=

=

= −

=

−

D

l

l

D
4

The SAT is a high resolution short-wave infrared tracker with a

narrow field-of-view. The SAT accepts targets handed over from

the OAT and assumes the target tracking function. The SAT also

performs the critical aim point selection and laser aiming functions of target engagement. The SAT continues to track the target in the presence of the high energy laser beam via temporal/spectral filtering techniques. The PTSC accepts commands

from the SAT, OAT, and C3I subsystems to point the BDA at the

target.

The optics of the PTS, and the laser optical assembly as well,

employ very low absorption (VLA) optical coatings which dramatically reduce absorption of laser radiation and concomitant heating of the optical elements. This eliminates the need for active

cooling of the optics. THEL is the first high energy laser that does

not employ any water-cooled mirrors - a significant simplification

in the overall laser weapon design. [Ref. 2].

C3I Subsystem and Target Engagement Sequence

The C3I subsystem controls all THEL system operations. It manages complete multiple target engagements including the following functions: target search, detection, classification, track-whilescan, and handover, via its own embedded organic fire control

radar (FCR); optical target acquisition and tracking by the PTS;

lethal laser illumination of targets via the DF laser subsystem; and

kill assessment via the PTS sensor suite to support critical retargeting timelines required for multiple target-salvo engagements.

This list of THEL control functions also describes the sequence of

operational target engagement functions (see Figure 4).

chemical reactions are vented to the atmosphere continuously.

DF lasers are still among the simplest and most efficient of the

high power lasers developed to date. They have small electrical

power requirements, with the energy population inversion being

supplied by the chemical reactions of NF3 and C2H4. They also

demonstrate small cooling requirements, with most waste heat

being vented out of the laser cavity along with the expended

chemical reactants used to generate the lasing medium. This

means that DF lasers are capable of tens to hundreds of seconds

of CW illuminaion (subject to chemical fuel availability) without

excessive heat accumulation in the laser cavity. [Ref. 2].

THEL Pointer Tracker System (PTS)

The THEL PTS design is based on the Navy Pointer Tracker (NPT)

which was the first such beam directing system to be integrated

with a DF laser in the mid 1970's. The PTS is made up of five

subassemblies: the Beam Director Assembly (BDA), the Beam

Alignment and Stabilization Assembly (BASA), the Off-Axis Tracker

(OAT), the Shared Aperture Tracker (SAT), and the PTS Controller

(PTSC).

The BDA accepts the beam generated by the DF laser, performs

beam focusing functions, and slews to follow threat targets. The

BDA employs a three gimbal pointing assembly, enabling acquisition and track of targets at any azimuth/elevation angles, for

hemispheric engagement capability. The BASA performs alignment and stabilization functions on the focused laser beam. The

OAT is a low resolution infrared tracker with a wide field-ofview.The OAT performs initial acquisition of targets handed over

from the fire control radar component of the C3I subsystem. 

THEL FCR

MRL

Multiple Rocket Launcher

(1) Target detection

classification track by FCR

(2) Handover acquisition

track by OAT

(3) SAT track

(4) Begin lasing

(5) Target destroyed

Defended

Area

4

Figure 4. THEL Target Engagement Sequence.
5

from chemical/gas lasers to solid state lasers is likely to be

required for such a high mobility laser weapon. Advancements

in solid state laser output power (to around 100 kW) will be

required in the intervening years to realize this vision. [Ref. 2].

Zeus

A prototype HEL weapon system that currently employs a solid

state laser is an anti-mine system called "Zeus." Solid state lasers

employ crystalline lasing media (such as ruby, doped silicate

glass, phosphate glass, neodymium glass, doped garnet, etc.)

instead of reactive gases. This results in a laser system with less

toxic and hazardous materials and that is also less bulky.

Unfortunately, today's solid state lasers are also less powerful than

available chemical gas lasers.

The Zeus system employs a 500W solid state laser mounted on a

HMMWV. This laser is used to illuminate surface deployed mines

and unexploded ordnance, heating outer casings until the enclosed explosives combust. The current prototype of Zeus has a

250m effective range in performing its mine-clearing mission.

Zeus will greatly reduce the time and hazard associated with com

bat engineers approaching live ordnance to neutralize it. [Ref 3].

The output power of solid state lasers is on the rise. The average

power output of Lawrence Livermore's solid-state-heat-capacity

laser (SSHCL) is 10kW and the objective of follow-on generation

systems is to achieve 100kW outputs. This higher output level

would be sufficient to accomplish a variety of missions up to and

including the THEL-type of anti-artillery function. [Ref 4].

Airborne Laser (ABL)

Perhaps the most exotic of currently planned HEL weapons is the

Air Force's prototype YAL-1A ABL. The ABL system is a massive

high power chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) system, and a

host of supporting subsystems, built into a Boeing 747 airframe

(see Figure 5). ABL's mission was originally theater defense

against intermediate-range ballistic missiles such as Scuds. The

Missile Defense Agency recently broadened this mission to

include ICBM defense as well. The effective range of this weapon

should be on the order of hundreds of miles. The program has

a goal to demonstrate a missile intercept by 2005.

The COIL laser reacts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorine

gas (Cl2) to produce oxygen molecules in an excited state - singlet delta oxygen or O2

(

1Δ). The O2

(

1Δ) gas is injected into the

laser cavity along with iodine gas (I2). The excited oxygen molecules transfer energy to the iodine which pumps the laser into

energy population inversion. The excited iodine atoms emit photons (1.3 micron wavelength) when they relax to their baseline

energy state. COIL lasers have demonstrated hundreds of kW

average power outputs. The shorter wavelength of the COIL

laser permits smaller diameter optics for long range focusing of

the beam and also incurs lower atmospheric attenuation effects.

An engagement sequence for ABL would likely begin with cueing

from a recon satellite of threat missile launch coordinates

(autonomous threat detection is also possible). Scanning infrared

sensors onboard ABL then detect and coarse track the hot exhaust

of the threat missile. Threat range is next measured by a CO2

laser. An illuminator laser performs the fine tracking function

while another illuminator is used for atmospheric compensation

via deformable mirrors that correct the outgoing beam for optical turbulence. Finally, the high power of the COIL laser is

focused into a small spot on the selected target aimpoint. A 

The optical target acquisition function mentioned above is actually a two-step process: the OAT (off axis tracker) of the PTS initially acquires the target in its wide field-of-view (FOV) based on

a target state vector generated by the C3I/FCR. The OAT tracking function centers the target in its FOV such that the target also

appears in the narrow FOV of the SAT (Shared Aperture Tracker

- shares common aperture optics with the DF HEL). The SAT then

acquires the target and assumes the tracking function from the

OAT. The SAT then maintains the high energy laser beam on the

selected aimpoint until intense heating of the target causes its

warhead to explode.

THEL ACTD Test Results

The THEL ACTD shot down its first artillery rocket-type target on

6 June 2000. Since then, many successful rocket intercepts have

been accomplished against single targets and against pairs of

rockets fired in volleys. THEL operated as an autonomous system

in these tests with no external aiding in the target engagement

process. One "surprise attack" test was included in the test series,

where the THEL operators (commander and gunner) did not have

a priori knowledge of the timing or spatial aspect of the rocket firing.

THEL shot down an artillery round on 2 November 2002 in the

first example of a successful projectile intercept by any air/missile

defense weapon system. This test against an artillery shell was

followed up on 9 December 2002 with the sequential in-flight

destruction of a mixed volley composed of a 152mm artillery

round and a 122mm rocket. THEL had shot down a total of 28

rockets and 5 artillery shells by the close of CY02. [Ref. 2].

Quo Vadis?

The THEL ACTD system has been out in the desert at WSMR for

about three years now, providing reliability/maintainability data,

as well as performance data, for an operational HEL DE weapon

feasibility demonstrator system. The next logical step in advancing THEL toward a tactical militarized configuration are size and

weight reductions to enhance the system's mobility and transportability. Accordingly, the US Army has proposed a six-year,

$500M program in its FY04 budget for a Mobile THEL (MTHEL).

MTHEL will derive mobility by being mounted on a 10 ton truck

instead of being implemented in stationary, emplaced modules.

In addition to being more mobile and transportable, MTHEL will

address a larger threat set that goes beyond artillery rockets and

projectiles to include mortars, air-to-ground munitions, cruise

missiles, UAVs, and short-range ballistic missiles. To minimize

development time, the US and Israel have decided to largely

exploit the technologies established by the THEL ACTD.

Accordingly, MTHEL will employ a DF laser that takes advantage

of recent technology advances, doubling the fuel efficiency while

simultaneously reducing laser cavity volume by a factor of one

third.

Some of the key challenges to effective implementation of MTHEL

are: efficient processing of targets in large, high density raids;

integrating soldier operators into the system; doctrine/tactics for

a DE weapon system; and establishment/maintenance of fine

aimpoint tracking designation. The program goal is to build a

MTHEL prototype in time for test demonstrations in 2007-2008,

with IOC to follow in 2010-2011. After MTHEL, an even more

mobile HEL weapon will be sought, sized to fit on a high mobility vehicle. Such a DE weapon would be designed to move with

forces and have a goal of shooting on the move. A transition

4

WSTIAC Newsletter Spring 2003
6

Figure 5. YAL-1A ABL on Boeing 747. © 2002 Boeing. All rights reserved

few seconds of dwell time is sufficient to breach fuel and oxidizer

tanks causing threat missiles to explode. ABL will be able to carry

enough chemicals to support about 20 such target illuminations.The lethality of the COIL laser beam has been demonstrated in static ground tests. The major obstacles yet to be surmounted by the ABL program lie in three main areas.

The first obstacle is the structural dynamics of the airborne platform. The optics path needs to be rigid to maintain the quality

of the laser beam, but the body of the airframe is flexible to

absorb the turbulence experienced in atmospheric flight. This

problem has been addressed through the use of multi-axis

dampers that isolate optics components from aircraft vibration.

The second obstacle is atmospheric effects. One such effect is

attenuation of the laser beam along the propagation path due to

moisture in the atmosphere including humidity, clouds, fog, and

precipitation. Another atmospheric effect is air turbulence for

which ABLs adaptive optics may only partially compensate. [Ref.

5].

The third, and most serious problem facing ABL is the weight of 

the system in comparison to the carrying capacity of the Boeing

747 aircraft. Despite extensive use of titanium and new plastic/composite materials, ABL faces a growing weight problem.

With less than half of the COIL laser components assembled, the

system already exceeds the weight constraints of the airframe.

Further weight reductions are being sought as well as increased

efficiency in laser and optics components to address this serious

technical challenge. [Ref. 6].

Conclusion

Feasibility demonstrations have shown tremendous progress in

the weaponization of high energy lasers in recent years. Despite

excellent power output characteristics, the weight and bulk of

today's generation of chemical gas lasers represents a constraint

to some missile defense roles. If advances in lighter solid state

laser technology can produce an order of magnitude increase in

power output in the coming years, then highly mobile laser

weapons will become practical for a wide variety of tactical and

strategic applications. ♦

References

1. Schwartz, Wilson, Avidor, “Tactical High Energy Laser,” SPIE Proceedings on Laser Beam Control Technologies, Vol 4632, 21 Jan

2002.

2. Schwartz, Nugent, Card, Wilson, Avidor, Behar, “Tactical High Energy Laser,” Submitted to Journal of Directed Energy, Feb 2003.

3. Sirak, “US Army Tests Anti-Mine Laser,” Janes Defense Weekly, 4 Sept 2002.

4. Parker, “Bright Future for Compact Tactical Laser Weapons,” S&TR, April 2002.

5. Farmer, “Dawn of the Airborne Laser,” Popular Science, March 2003.

6. Ratnam and Kaufman, “Pentagon Works to Solve ABL’s Weight Gain,” Defense News, 3 March 2003.
7

WSTIAC Newsletter Spring 2003

Think small (cont)

reformer, all within a compact package no larger than a dime.

When ready for final deployment, the military envisions many useful applications for this emerging miniaturized energy-generating

technology. According to Terry Doherty, director of PNNL's

Department of Defense programs, soldiers could power personal, lightweight cooling systems while wearing protective suits and

gear, prolonging their own comfort and efficiency during a reconnaissance.

"Vital personal communications devices could function for

extended periods without the added weight of bulky, inefficient

batteries," Doherty said. He added that miniature sensors powered by the same technology could be scattered before advancing troops to monitor ground vibrations or detect dangerous toxic

agents and relay this information electronically to soldiers. This

technology broadens the possibilities for using self-sustaining

items such as mobile devices in remote or difficult-to-access locations.

While methanol has proved to be the most effective fuel source,

other liquid fuels such as butane, jet fuel - also known as JP-8 -

or even diesel may be used. And, because the hydrogen power

source is only produced as needed, there is no need to store or

carry the volatile gas, reducing risk and creating a lighter load.

Testing has revealed that performance from the reformer and fuel

cell prototype is impressive. "This system can produce an equivalent power (20 mW) to batteries, but at one-third the weight,"

Jones said. Similar micro fuel cell systems with greater power output (50 W) currently under development are providing power

equal to that of batteries weighing 10 times as much. Researchers

suggest that with additional system efficiencies and improvements, even greater performance may be achievable.

Development will now focus on creating a deployable system suitable for military use or industrial application.

PNNL researchers have found that huge processing plants, traditionally used to produce chemicals and other products, can be

scaled down exponentially. "What can be achieved on a large

scale," Jones said, "can be achieved at a microscale."

Business inquiries on PNNL research and technologies should be

directed to 1-888-375-PNNL or e-mail: inquiry@pnl.gov. For

further information on the catalytic fuel processing reactor system

and other PNNL-created microscale research, go to:

http://www.pnl.gov/microcats/fullmenu/minfuelcells.html.

Think small 

when powering today's electronic soldier

RICHLAND, Wash. - On the battlefield, having a reliable source

of power to operate the many advanced electronic devices a soldier car ries is essential. But today's heavy and cumbersome batteries fall short in satisfying the military's needs. In search of both

a lightweight and reliable alternative, the Department of Energy's

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed the smallest

power system yet, all wrapped up in a micro-sized package.

PNNL researchers, with funding from the Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency, have developed the world's smallest

catalytic fuel processing reactor system to provide a low-watt

power source for hand-held wireless equipment, sensors and

other small but essential devices required by today's troops.

The petite power system - about the size of a cigarette lighter -

converts liquid fuel to electricity via a microscale fuel processor

coupled with a microscale fuel cell developed by Case Western

Reserve University in Ohio. An integral part of the system is

PNNL's revolutionary fuel reformer, about the size of a pencil

eraser, which enables the system to convert fuel and water into

hydrogen-rich gas. The fuel cell then generates electricity by converting hydrogen and oxygen from the air into electrical power

and clean water.

"Our miniaturized fuel processor incorporates several chemical

processes and operations in one device," said Evan Jones, PNNL

principal investigator. The fuel processor system contains two

vaporizers, a heat exchanger, a catalytic combustor and a steam

PLANNING A CONFERENCE OR SEMINAR?

WSTIAC can assist with technical support:

iCall for papers

iAnnouncements

iLocal arrangements

iAuthor kits/paper selection

iRegistration

iSecurity, meals, transport

iExhibits, receptions

iProceedings

4

2003 Course Schedule

INTRODUCTION TO

SENSORS

and SEEKERS

DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONEERING

WEAPONS

SMART/PRECISION

WEAPONS

24-26 June

3-5 September

4-6 November

24 July 23-25 September

9 October

11 December 

17-19 June

5-7 August

21-23 October 

2-4 December
8

CAPSTONE DEMO A KNOX SUCCESS

FORT KNOX, Ky. (April 11, 2003) Calling it the "graduation

event" in a series of demonstrations held during the course of the

current phase of the Future Combat Systems program, The Army,

the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the Lead

Systems Integrator announced March 28 the successful completion of the program's Capstone Demonstration.

The Capstone Demonstration, which was conducted at Fort Knox,

Ky., and Fort Belvoir, Va., is a culmination and wrap-up of seven

previous demonstrations held during the FCS Concept and

Technology Development phase. 

The demonstration was intended, in part, to illustrate the FCS

program concepts and to demonstrate the program's readiness

for transition to the System Development and Demonstration

phase.

"The demonstrations have been instrumental in eliminating uncertainty and reducing risk; they have given us valuable insights into

the enhanced capabilities of an FCS-equipped force," said Col.

William Johnson, the program manager, for the Objective Force.

"It's been a tough and demanding year, but the Army/DARPA/LSI

team should be proud of their tremendous accomplishments."

"I was especially pleased with the feedback from the soldiers at

Fort Knox taking part in the simulations," said Jerry McElwee, the

vice president and FCS LSI program manager. "They provided

many frank and positive comments on the simulated FCS capabilities added to their ability to accomplish assigned missions.

More importantly, they helped us identify those capabilities and

areas that require more attention."

The Capstone Demonstration consisted of a series of multi-media

presentations, interwoven with a warfighting simulation of a Unit

of Action that showed the overall capabilities of the FCS System

of Systems-how it is organized, the technologies behind it, how it

is deployed, and how it is sustained.

The simulation portion of the demonstration was executed at the

Unit of Action Mounted Battle Laboratory at Fort Knox, Ky., with a

live video feed to the portal at Fort Belvoir.

FCS, the Army's transformation program, is a networked "family

of systems" that uses advanced communications and technologies

to link the soldier with mannedand unmanned air and ground

platforms and sensors. This highly agile and lethal force will provide the tactical formations required to fulfill the Army's vision for

an Objective Force.

The Lead Systems Integrator, working in partnership with the Army

and DARPA, has total systems performance responsibility for the

FCS program. The integrator manages the identification, selection and procurement of major systems and subsystems. The LSI

also works with the Army to develop the operational, systems, and

technical architectures, which provide links to the Objective Force

as well as Joint, Interagency and Multinational organizations.

DARPA currently manages the FCS Concept and Technology

Development phase of the program. Following entry into the

System Development and Demonstration phase, the U.S. Army

Program Executive Officer for Ground Combat Systems will take

responsibility for systems integration, production, fielding, and

sustainment.The FCS first unit equipped will be fielded in 2008,

and the initial operational capability for the first FCS equipped

Unit of Action will be in 2010. Army News Service ♦

FYI....

2003 NDIA Proceedings

Full-text proceedings of conferences sponsored by the National

Defense Industrial Association are available at

http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/.

i2003 Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Conference, 26-28 Jan 2003 

i47th Annual Fuze Conference, 8-10 April 2003 

i38th Annual Gun, Ammunition, and Missiles Symposium,

24-27 March 2003 

i2003 Interoperability & Systems Integration Conference, 

April 2003 

i2003 Science & Engineering Technology Conference, 

4-6 March 2003 

i2003 International Test & Evaluation Summitt & Exhibition, 

24-27 February 2003 

i19th Annual National Logistics Conference & Exhibition, 

3-6 March 2003 

i2003 Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Symposium

10-13 March 2003 

i2003 Munitions Executive Summit, "Reshaping the Munitions

Base" 11-13 February 2003 

i14th Annual NDIA SO/LIC Symposium & Exhibition, 11-13 

February 2003 

Latest issue of the DTIC Review:

Volume 6, Number 2: "Hidden Explosives" Fall 2002

Antipersonnel landmines and other unexploded ordnance litter

the ground in more than 80 countries. According to a recent study

by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines there are estimated to be 60-70 million buried mines worldwide and an additional 250 million landmines stockpiled in 104 countries. The

mines remain hazardous for years after they are placed in the

ground making demining methods and research extremely dangerous and detection difficult. The 2010 Initiative aims to eliminate anti-personnel mines from the world by the year 2010.

Eradication of landmines throughout the world requires the development of technical and mechanical systems that are flexible, reliable, cost-effective and able to perform landmine detection and

mapping of enormous reaches of land. The documents included

within this edition of the DTIC Review seek to provide some clarity regarding DoD and commercial efforts in the research and

development of cost-effective technologies for wide area detection, marking and mapping of land mines. CD-ROM: ADM001418

Electronically: Free (The electronic version of full- text documents

included in this volume are also available through the full text

search capabilities of DTIC's STINET Services.)

The DTIC Review brings its readers the full-text of selected technical reports and a bibliography of other references of interest

under one cover. Volumes are either $15 or $25 depending on

the date of issue. Each issue provides a sampling of documents

from our collection on a specific topic of current interest. The

DTIC Review is also available to DTIC® registered users as a subscription product. One subscription costs $85 and includes four

quarterly issues on selected topics. ♦
Director/Chief Scientist’s

Corner

by Dr. Ed Scannell

9

With "transformation" the major theme and actual basis for many new programs in all of the military services and much

of the US government as a whole, it is fitting with this issue of the WSTIAC Newsletter, that we begin a series of articles

on a revolutionary set of weapons based on Directed Energy (DE). Indeed, Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) will, in the

not too distant future, usher in a whole new generation of technologies that will be a natural adaptation of and integration with the present crop of new electric or hybrid-electric ground, air and sea platforms and other electromagnetic

launchers, guns, armor, etc., that will take advantage of and be responsive to, the whole "transformed" electromagnetic

battlefield threat environment as well. The services' new platform transformations could not have been more evident than

in the recent Ground and Sea Vehicles Technology Area Review Assessment (TARA), held at the Naval Surface Warfare

Center (NSWC), David Taylor Center, MD, on 17-20 March 2003, where a large portion of the presentations concerned

electric/hybrid-electric power and energy (P&E) systems and components. Although the title was the traditional "Ground

and Sea Vehicles," the Air Force also gave an excellent account of itself in P&E with their "Aircraft Power Overview," wherein, like the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, much of the obvious ultimate weapon electrical (and thermal) loads were anticipated to be in the DEW area. From this TARA, the obvious continuing theme of size and weight reductions to produce

practical, compact DEW systems will have to be the emphasis of all the services' programs for some time to come.

The DEW theme was actually cited in the very first issue of this Newsletter along with the introduction of the WSTIAC itself

(Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2002)*, wherein the first WSTIAC Director, Richard Hayes, pointed out in the WSTIAC Mission

Statement that: "The mission of WSTIAC is to provide a single point of contact to DoD and authorized users for information related to conventional and directed energy weapons including knowledge products and services in the following

areas: research, development, test and evaluation, production, acquisition, training, operations, and maintenance. ......

The technologies assigned to WSTIAC include conventional and directed energy weapons, the platforms that use the

weapons (aircraft, ships, undersea vehicles, ground vehicles, etc), components (sensors, seekers, guidance systems, fuses,

communication systems, flight controls, etc) satellites, and enabling technologies (GPS, acoustics, lasers, microwaves,

miniaturization technologies, imaging, target recognition, aerodynamics, electronics, inertial navigation, actuators, etc." 

WSTIAC Newsletter Spring 2003

The WSTIAC Newsletter is the current awareness publication of the Weapon Systems Technology Information Analysis Center (WSTIAC). WSTIAC, a Department of Defense (DoD) Information Analysis Center (IAC), is administratively managed by the Defense

Information Systems Agency (DISA), Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) under the DoD IAC Program. The Contracting

Officer's Technical Representative (COTR) for WSTIAC is Mr. H. Jack Taylor, ODUSD (S&T), Defense Pentagon, Washington, D.C.

20301-3080, (703) 588-7405. WSTIAC, serves Government, industry, and academia as a Center of Excellence in Weapon Systems

Technology.

WSTIAC Director: Dr. Edward P Scannell Database Inquiries: Vakare Valaitis

703.933.3317, Email: escannell@alionscience.com 703.933.3362 Email: vvalaitis@alionscience.com

Internet: http://iac.dtic.mil/wstiac/

All data and information herein reported are believed to be reliable; however, no warrant, expressed or implied, is to be construed as to the accuracy

or the completeness of the information presented. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this publication are those of the author(s) and should

not be construed as an official Agency position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by other official documentation.

4
10

The DEW theme was continued with the very first "Director/Chief Scientist's Corner" article in the WSTIAC Newsletter as part of an overall weapons technology review by the second Director (and first Chief Scientist), Dr. Wes Kitchens, in the Sept 2000 issue (Vol. 1, No.

4). That issue mainly highlighted High Energy Lasers (HELs--as in this issue with our THEL/MTHEL article, by Mr. Mark Scott, Senior

Science Advisor at our Alion Huntsville Office) since Dr. Kitchens was also introducing the then newly formed Joint Technology Office

(JTO--which was deliberately restricted to only HEL DEWs). He also used the opportunity to introduce to our readership the Directed

Energy Professional Society (DEPS--which had just been founded in the previous year, 1999)**. The JTO has just made major strides

in its mission to advance new HEL concepts, especially in Solid State High Energy Lasers (SSHELs) with the launching of major contracts

for their three-phase "High Power Solid State Laser" (HPSSL) Program, which has a deliverable goal of a 25kW HPSSL, scalable to

100kW in two years, and a 25kW package, tailored to a specific military platform, by the end of the third year. The dramatic advancements made in the last few years (building, of course, on decades of previous heavy investments in basic research), not only in the HEL

"engines," or sources, but especially in the equally important (for weapons applications) "Pointer-Tracker Systems" (PTS), atmospheric

propagation (especially due to Adaptive Optics (AO) subsystems), and target interaction physics, was also evident in the large number

of quality service overviews and individual papers presented at the recent annual DEPS Conference, held at the Naval Postgraduate

School (NPS), Monterey, CA, 13-15 Nov 2002.

In the Jan, 2001 WSTIAC Newsletter (Vol. 2, No. 1), the feature article was on Nonlethal Weapons (NLWs). Although much of their

early history, even for years prior to the formation of the Joint Nonlethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD--with the US Marine Corps as

the Executive Agent, in Quantico, VA), NLWs involved mainly technologies that were basically kinetic, chemical or electromagnetic in

origin (40mm sponge grenades, vehicle stoppers utilizing either nets or High Power Microwaves (HPM--the main NL-DE technology

being used at the time), sticky foams, etc.), the present main thrust for the JNLWD is in the HEL area, particularly relating to the

Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL) Program, now under direction by the Special Operations Command (SOCOM), MacDill AFB, FL. As Dr.

Kitchens pointed out in his Sep 2000 Director/Chief Scientist's Corner, one of the three top advantages for DEWs over conventional

weapons is the potential for tunable, or agile target effects, i.e., nonlethal-to-lethal, temporary-to-permanent (the two others he mentioned, speed-of-light propagation speeds and ability to engage very high speed and maneuverable targets are really complimentary-

-others include a "deep magazine," since the photon ammo only depends on fuel for the prime power, and another being the potential for either point or area target coverage at extreme ranges). The great potential for tunable nonlethal target effects of DEWs also

makes them great candidates for Homeland Security and Peacekeeping applications, allowing for their use where terrorists with

Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and other Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) might be intermixed with noncombatants. In this

case, DE-NLWs based on HPM sources have a distinct advantage, as well, with both counter-electronics/fuze and counter-personal

applications being possible. We anticipate featuring these topics in future articles.

As the third Director/Chief Scientist of the WSTIAC, at this point I should also reintroduce myself. Dr. Wes Kitchens, unfortunately for

WSTIAC, left Alion Science & Technology (formerly IIT Research Institute--IITRI), the contractor operating the WSTIAC for the Defense

Information Services Agency (DISA), at the beginning of this year, to join Hicks & Associates. The WSTIAC Directorship falls under the

Tactical Systems Division of Alion Science, and so, Wes introduced me to the readership as the new manager of that division back in

the March 2002 (Vol. 3, No. 2) issue with a brief background summary. An abstract of this summary should suffice here for your convenience: I am an experimental physicist with over 30 years of experience in a broad range of technical areas, in both conducting and

managing research and development (R&D) programs. Some areas of technical expertise include: plasma physics; alternative energy

sources, such as controlled fusion, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators, nuclear isomers, and fuel cells for both large scale industrial and compact military applications; electromagnetic (EM) accelerators for EM guns, space propulsion and nuclear weapons simulation; and high power microwave (HPM), particle beam, high energy laser (HEL) and pulse power physics for directed energy (DE)

applications. Prior to joining Alion Science in Jan 2002, I was the Chief of the Directed Energy and Power Generation (DEPG) Division

of the Sensors and Electron Devices (SED) Directorate of the Army Research Laboratory at Adelphi, MD.

Hopefully, my background, which also includes over a decade of teaching experience at North Carolina State University (where I

received my PH.D. in Plasma Physics) and elsewhere, will allow me to bring to the community a new DEW Course that I have added

to the pantheon of excellent WSTIAC course offerings in Smart/Precision Weapons, Sensor-Seekers, and another new course-

"Weaponeering." The DEW Course was given for the first time on 24 Jan 2003, and both the Weaponeering Course for the first time

and the DEW Course for the second time, at the Army's Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, last 9-11 Apr 2003. Brief course descriptions and their

next available schedules are given at the end of this issue and on the WSTIAC website. The new Weaponeering Course is taught by

Professor Morris Driels of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), and features the analytical basis for the Joint Munitions Effectiveness

Manuals (JMEM's) produced by the Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness (JTCG/ME). The JMEM's are used

by all Services to plan offensive missions and allow the planners to predict the effectiveness of selected weapon systems against a variety of targets. Special times and availability for your own site for all of these courses may be arranged by contacting Ms. Kelly Hopkins,

our WSTIAC Course Administrator at (256) 382-4747. ♦

* Previous WSTIAC Newsletter issues can be found on the WSTIAC website: 

http://wstiac.alionscience.com/NewsAndEvents/Wstiac_NewsLetter.html

** See the DEPS Website: http://www.deps.org/
11

Directed Energy Weapons Course

Instructor: Dr. Edward Scannell, WSTIAC

Course Description: 

This one day classified short course provides an introduction to the basic principles and techniques of Directed

Energy Weapons (DEWs). The technologies behind each

type of DEW will be examined, and the critical path components will be identified and explored with respect to their

effect on future DEW development. In addition, advantages that can be achieved by employing DEWs will be

discussed, as well as the status of U.S. and foreign DE

developments and deployments. The key DEW programs

in High Energy Lasers and RF-DEWs or High Power

Microwaves will be fully described.

This short course will be of great benefit to people who

need to understand the basic concepts, technologies,

design requirements and practical applications of DEWs,

including program and business managers, political decision makers, engineers, scientific researchers and military

personnel. An undergraduate technical degree is recommended. Mathematics is kept to a minimum, but important formulas are introduced. 

Training at Your Location:

WSTIAC can conduct this course at your location to reduce

your travel time and cost. Please call Mrs. Kelly Hopkins

to discuss.

Fee:

$700.00 for government personnel; $800.00 for government contractors.

Location: Huntsville, Alabama

24 July, 9 October, 11 December 2003

Notice: WSTIAC reserves the right to cancel and/or

change the course schedule and/or instructor for any reason. In the event of a schedule change or cancellation,

registered participants will be individually informed.

WSTIAC Newsletter Spring 2003

Questions to be examined include:

iWhat is Directed Energy and what are the different

types of Directed Energy Weapons?

iWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of

each type of DEW and what are their target effects and tactical and strategic capabilities?

iHow do DEWs work and what are the critical technologies that must be developed for their eventual use in

practical systems?

iHow may threat DEW effects be countered and how

can we protect our own systems?

iWhat are the major U.S. and international DEW

programs that are being pursued?

iWhat is the prognosis for future DEW development?

About the Instructor: 

Dr. Edward Scannell is the Manager of the Tactical

Systems Division, acting Director of WSTIAC, and formerly

Chief of the Directed Energy and Power Generation

Division of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. He has 30

years of experience in technical areas related to DEWs,

including: plasma physics; conventional and alternative

energy sources, electromagnetic (EM) guns, particle beam,

laser, high power microwave (HPM), and pulse power

physics. 

Security Classification:

The information presented is kept at the unclassified level,

but is designated FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO) and

is export controlled. The security classification of this

course is SECRET (U.S. citizens only) to facilitate discussions.

Handout Material:

Each student will receive a comprehensive set of course

notes covering the material presented. 

For additional information, contact: 

Mrs. Kelly Hopkins, Seminar Administrator, 

at (256) 382-4747, or by e-mail khopkins@iitri.org
12

Introduction to Sensors and Seekers for Smart Munitions

and Weapons Course

Instructor: Mr Paul Kisatsky, WSTIAC

Location: Huntsville, Alabama

24-26 June; 3-5 September; 4-6 November 2003

Course Description: 

This 2-1⁄2 day short course provides an introduction to the

most commonly used sensors and seekers employed in

smart munitions and weapons (projectiles, missiles and

wide area mines). It is oriented to managers, engineers,

and scientists who are engaged in smart weapons program development and who desire to obtain a deeper

understanding of the sensors they must deal with, but who

do not need to personally design or analyze them in depth.

An undergraduate technical degree is recommended.

Mathematics is kept to a minimum, but important formulas are introduced. This course also provides an excellent

foundation for those scientists and engineers who desire to

pursue this discipline to intermediate and advanced levels. 

The course covers:

iClassification of seekers and sensors

iFundamentals of waves and propagation

iFundamentals of noise and clutter

iFundamentals of search footprints

iIntroduction to infrared

iIntroduction to radar

iIntroduction to ladar

iIntroduction to visionics

iIntroduction to acoustics

iFuture projections and interactive brainstorming

Noise and clutter, the predominant obstacles to success in

autonomous seekers, are given emphasis. The major sensor types are classified and each is discussed. In particular, infrared, radar, optical laser radar (ladar), imaging

and non-imaging, and acoustic sensors are individually

covered. Of special interest is the discussion on human

visionics versus machine recognition, since this concept is

of central importance to understanding autonomous versus man-in-the-loop sensing systems. The implications of

"artificial intelligence", "data fusion", and "multi-mode" 

sensors are also briefly discussed. System constraints,

which force tradeoffs in sensor design and in ultimate performance, are also covered. Time permitting, a projection

of future trends in the role of sensors for smart munitions will

be presented, followed by a "brain-storming" session to

solicit student views.

About the Instructor: 

Mr. Paul Kisatsky is a Senior Physical Scientist. He is a

nationally recognized expert on sensors and seekers for

smart munitions and weapons and has more than 30 years

of hands-on experience developing sensors and seekers

fielded in modern smart munitions and weapons.

Security Classification:

This course is unclassified.

Training at Your Location:

WSTIAC can conduct this course at your location to reduce

your travel time and cost. Please call Mrs. Kelly Hopkins

to discuss.

Fee:

The registration fee for this 2-1⁄2 day course is $950 for

U.S. government personnel and $1150 for government

contractors. Contractor teams of 3 or more, registered at

the same time, are charged $950 per person.

Handout Material:

Each student will receive a comprehensive set of course

notes covering the material presented. 

For additional information, contact: 

Mrs. Kelly Hopkins, Seminar Administrator, 

at (256) 382-4747, or by e-mail khopkins@iitri.org

Notice: WSTIAC reserves the right to cancel and/or

change the course schedule and/or instructor for any reason. In the event of a schedule change or cancellation,

registered participants will be individually informed.
13

Weaponeering Course 

Instructor: Professor Morris Driels, US Naval Postgraduate School

Course Description: 

This 2-1⁄2 day short course is based on a very successful

graduate-level weaponeering course developed by

Professor Driels and taught at the Naval Postgraduate

School, Monterey, CA. The course will provide an

overview of the fundamentals of the weaponeering

process and its application to air-to-surface and surfaceto-surface engagements. The course explains the analytical basis of current weaponeering tools known as the Joint

Munitions Effectiveness Manuals (JMEM's) produced by the

Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions

Effectiveness (JTCG/ME). The JMEM's are used by all

Services to plan offensive missions and allow the planners

to predict the effectiveness of selected weapon systems

against a variety of targets. 

Training at Your Location:

WSTIAC can conduct this course at your location to reduce

your travel time and cost. Please call Mrs. Kelly Hopkins

to discuss.

Fee:

The registration fee for this 2-1⁄2 day course is $950 for

U.S. government personnel and $1150 for government

contractors. Contractor teams of 3 or more, registered at

the same time, are charged $950 per person.

Location: Huntsville, Alabama

23-25 September 2003

Notice: WSTIAC reserves the right to cancel and/or

change the course schedule for any reason. In the event of

a schedule change or cancellation, registered participants

will be individually informed.

WSTIAC Newsletter Spring 2003

The short course is divided into three parts. 

Part I covers the basic tools and methods used in 

weaponeering:

iThe weaponeering process

iElementary statistical methods

iWeapon trajectory

iDelivery accuracy of guided and unguided 

munitions

iTarget vulnerability assessment

Part II covers the weaponeering process for air-launched

weapons against ground targets:

iSingle weapons directed against point and 

area targets

iStick deliveries (point and area targets)

iProjectiles (guns and rockets)

iCluster munitions

iWeaponeering for specific targets: bridges,

buildings etc.)

iCollateral damage modeling

About the Instructor: 

Professor Driels is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering

at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey

California. He has worked with the JTCG/ME on a variety

of topics in support of the JMEM's for a number of years.

He has taught a quarter long weaponeering course at NPS

for three years and is preparing a text book on the subject.

Security Classification:

The security classification of this course is SECRET (U.S.

citizens only) to facilitate discussions.

Handout Material:

Each student will receive a comprehensive set of course

notes covering the material presented. 

For additional information, contact: 

Mrs. Kelly Hopkins, Seminar Administrator, 

at (256) 382-4747, or by e-mail khopkins@iitri.org

Part III covers the weaponeering process for ground

engagements:

iIndirect fire systems - artillery and mortars.

iDirect fire systems - infantry and armored vehicles.

iMines - land and sea.
14

Training at Your Location:

WSTIAC can conduct this course at your location to

reduce your travel time and cost. Please call Mrs. Kelly

Hopkins to discuss.

Notice: WSTIAC reserves the right to cancel and/or

change the course schedule and/or instructor for any

reason. In the event of a schedule change or cancellation, registered participants will be individually

informed.

Handout Material:

Each student will receive a comprehensive set of course

notes covering the material presented. 

For additional information, contact: 

Mrs. Kelly Hopkins, Seminar Administrator, 

at (256) 382-4747, or by e-mail khopkins@iitri.org

Smart/Precision Weapons Course

Instructors: Mr. Hunter Chockley and Mr. Mark Scott, WSTIAC

Location: Huntsville, Alabama

17-19 June; 5-7 August; 21-23 October; 2-4 December 2003

Course Description: 

This 2-1⁄2 day short course provides a comprehensive understanding of smart weapons and related

technologies. This course is aimed at providing

general knowledge about smart weapons technology and a source of current information on selected

U.S. and foreign smart weapons, to include system

description, concept of employment, performance

characteristics, effectiveness and program status.

A variety of ground, sea and air smart/precision

weapon systems are discussed, to include fielded

and/or developmental U.S. systems such as Joint

Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), Joint Air-to-Surface

Standoff Missile (JASSM), Small Diameter Bomb,

Javelin, Line-of-Sight Anti-Tank (LOSAT), XM982

Excaliber, Extended Range Guided Munition

(ERGM), Common Missile, Tomahawk, Standoff

Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response (SLAMER), Cluster Bomb Munitions and Airborne Laser,

among others, as well as representative foreign

smart/precision weapons.

The objective of this course is to inform materiel and

combat developers, systems analysts, scientists,

engineers, managers and business developers

about smart/precision weapons, to include:

iState of the art of representative U.S. and 

foreign smart weapons systems;

iEmployment concepts

iSmart weapons related systems, subsystems,

and technologies; and

iTechnology trends.

Fee:

The registration fee for this 2-1⁄2 day course is $950 for

U.S. government personnel and $1150 for government

contractors. Contractor teams of 3 or more, registered

at the same time, are charged $950 per person.

Security Classification:

The information presented is kept at the unclassified

level, but is designated FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

(FOUO) and is export controlled. The security classification of this course is SECRET (U.S. citizens only) to

facilitate discussions.

About the Instructors: 

Mr. Mark Scott and Mr. Hunter Chockley are Science

Advisors. Each instructor has more than 25 years of

experience with weapons technology and/or

smart/precision weapons.
15

JULY 2003

8-9 July 2003

DoD Fuze IPT Advanced Planning Briefing for Industry

Crystal City, VA

For additional information:

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?PID=Brochure

&SID=_0XI1DFB5G&MID=356A

15-17 July 2003

Tri-Service Power Expo 2003

Norfolk, Virginia

For additional information

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?PID=Brochure

&SID=_0XI1DFB5G&MID=3670

15-17 July 2003

Team Redstone APBI

“Transforming Partnerships in Technology and Logistics

for the 21st Century Battlefield”

Redstone Arsenal AL

For additional information:

http://apbi.redstone.army.mil/index.asp

15-19 Jul 2003

SIAM Conference on Applied Linear Algebra

Williamsburg, VA USA

For Additional Information:

Web site: http://www.siam.org/meetings/

AUGUST 2003

5-7 August 2003

Smart/Precision Weapons Course

Huntsville AL

For additional information Call Kelly Hopkins 256.382.4747

Email: khopkins@iitri.org

11-14 August 2003

AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference

Austin TX

For additional information

http://www.aiaa.org/calendar/index.hfm?cal=1 

18-20 August 2003

Space and Missile Defense Conference and Exhibition

"Space & Missile Defense: Evolution or Revolution"

Huntsville AL

For additional information:

http://www.ndia-tvc.org/smdc2003/

SEPTEMBER 2003

9-12 September 2003

ION GPS/GNSS 2003

Institute of Navigation

Portland, OR

For additional information

http://www.ion.org/meetings/meetings.cfm#am

15-18 September 2003

2nd AIAA Unmanned Systems, Technologies and

Operations Aerospace, Land and Sea Conference 

San Diego, Ca

For additional information

http://www.aiaa.org/calendar

SEPTEMBER 2003

Sep 09, 2003 thru Sep 12, 2003

ION GPS/GNSS 2003.

Portland, OR USA

For Additional Information:

Institute of Navigation

Web site: http://www.ion.org/

Sep 15, 2003 thru Sep 18, 2003

2nd AIAA Unmanned Systems, Technologies and

Operations Aerospace, Land and Sea Conference &

Exhibit.

Call for papers. 

San Diego, CA

For Additional Information:

Web site: http://www.aiaa.org 

Sep 16, 2003 thru Sep 18, 2003

AFA Aerospace Technology Exposition.

Washington DC

For Additional Information:

Air Force Association

Email: pteevan@afa.org

Web site: http://www.afa.org 

Sep 22, 2003 thru Sep 25, 2003

2003 Joint Undersea Warfare Technology Fall

Conference.

SECRET - NOFORN 

Groton, CT

For Additional Information:

Email: kwilliams@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?PID=Brochure

&SID=_0Z40OP2A3&MID=3240

Upcoming Conferences and Courses

WSTIAC Newsletter Spring 2003
16

Inside this issue

DEWs

FYI

Director’s Corner

In the news

New Weaponeering Course

Calendar of Events

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