V olu m e 1, N u m ber 4

Septem ber, 2000

Program Overview

In 1985 a memorandum of understanding between the Departments of Defense and

Energy was signed for the purpose of cooperative research and development intended to

bring about major improvements in non-nuclear munitions technology by adapting and

leveraging the extensive nuclear weapons technology base at the national laboratories (Los

Alamos, Livermore, and Sandia). In an atmosphere of joint research and mutually leveraged 

capabilities, this program supports the development and exploration of new munitions

concepts and technology preceding system engineering development. The current program

supports 37 projects in warhead technology, energetic materials, advanced initiation and

fuze development, munitions lifecycle technology, and computer simulation. A specific

Service laboratory sponsors each of these active projects. The program is administered and

reviewed by a Joint Technical Advisory Committee composed of members from the Army,

Navy, Air Force, OSD, and DOE. Projects are peer-reviewed semi-annually by DoD Service 

Laboratory/Technical Center personnel in order to monitor technical excellence and ensure

that the technologies under development address priority DoD needs. A sampling of some

of the mutually beneficial technologies which have been developed throughout the years, as

well as ongoing research, is presented below.

Computational Mechanics and Simulation

A fundamental goal of the joint DoD/DOE munitions program is the leveraging of

resources within both organizations towards problems of mutual interest. One such resource 

is an initiative within the DOE aimed at significantly advancing computational capability in

the absence of nuclear weapons testing , the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative

(ASCI). The joint program serves as a gateway through which researchers can transition

W EAPO N SY S T E M S T E C H N OLO GY IN FOR M A T IO N ANA L Y SIS C E N TER 

C on ten ts

Join t D oD /D oE 

M u n ition s Tec hn ology 

D ev elopm en t ......................1

FYI ............................................... 6

D irec tor’s C orn er ........... 9

C alen d ar of 

Ev en ts .................................. 11

W STIAC is a D oD In form ation 

An alysis C en ter Spon sored by the 

D efen se Tec hn ic al In form ation 

C en ter and Operated by IiT 

Researc h In stitu te
2

applicable computational advances achieved at the national laboratories to DoD applications. An example of this sort of

transition is CTH: a family of codes, developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), for modeling complex multidimensional,

multimaterial problems that are characterized by large deformations and/or strong shocks. CTH was developed by SNL,

improved and adapted to DoD problems, and then transitioned to the DoD community for use in warhead design and evaluation. 

It has become a heavily relied upon tool for warhead designers throughout the DoD. Figure 1 shows results from simulations

performed by researchers at NAWC China Lake who used CTH to evaluate the response of the BLU-117A/B when subjected to

bullet and fragment impact.

Numerical computation of the dynamic response of solids to explosive or impact loading requires mathematical descriptions

of material behavior. These mathematical descriptions, commonly referred to as material models, are being developed in order

to accurately predict how materials of interest to the DoD and DOE behave in a variety loading of regimes. Material models

represent the harvest borne from significant intellectual investment in the experimental and theoretical understanding of how

materials behave in dynamic environments. This effort involves development of the advanced mathematical models,

implementation into existing 3D analysis codes (such as CTH, Pronto, EPIC, or ALE3D), and validation for use on an integrated

DoD or DOE problem. As shown in Figure 2, this process is founded upon fundamental theory at small scales, guided by

experimental input, and then validated for use on integrated large scale problems.

Areas currently being investigated include viscoelastic materials, damage and failure of ductile materials, anisotropic

plasticity, brittle material behavior, shape memory materials, and heterogeneous metallic materials. The thrust of this work is on

the synthesis of models and ideas from the fields of solid state physics and materials science rather than creation of a

mathematical fit to a limited set of dynamic materials data.

Figure 1. The CTH shock wave 

physics code has become a 

standard tool for DoD scientists 

and engineers. At 50 μs simulation 

time a plug of high temperature 

warhead casing is sheared out and 

pushed ahead of the 0.50 caliber 

bullet. The maximum transient 

temperature of the explosive is 

600°K.
3

M a terial Mode ling A c tiv ities Te m p lat e

μ -M echan ic a l

 M ode lin g

Bas is

Con tinuu m C o d e

Im p lemen ta tio n

(2D or 3D )

• Codes : Lagrang ia n Tes t-bed 

 Codes , ASC I Cod e

• Nume ric a l Issu e s

• Compu ta tiona l E fficienc i e s

• Code Deve lope rs

V a lid a tio n

P rob le m s

Expe rim e n ta l Inpu ts

And G u idanc e

Cons tru c tion o f 

Con tinuu m Leve l

 M ode lin g

App lic a tio n

C a lc u la tio n s

• Ana ly tica l P ro b le m s

• Sma ll S c a le Tes tin g

• A ccu racy I m p rove men ts (? )

L a rge Sca le

Integrated Testin g

F ie ld Va ria b le

H o mogen iz a tio n ,

S im p le Mode ls

E ffo rts :

• V iscoelasti c Ma terial s

• D a m age And Fa ilure o f Ductile M a terial s

• A n isotropic P lasticit y

• B rittle Ma terial Behav io r

• Shape M emory M aterials

• M etallic H e terogeneous M a terial s

Figure 2. Template for material modeling activities.

Figure 3 shows the results of a “Taylor anvil” simulation, a commonly used, rigorous benchmark for material models in which a 

cylinder of material impacts a rigid wall and deforms. Depending upon the degree of anisotropy in the material, the cylinder’s 

deformed “footprint” varies. Key to predicting the behavior of many DoD materials, an anisotropic model was developed and

implemented into the EPIC analysis code to correctly represent this non-ideal behavior.

Figure 3. Comparison of 

Taylor cylinder impact 

simulation results showing 

major and minor side 

profiles and the impactinterface footprint at latetimes with digitized 

experimental post-test 

shapes from three shots. 

Also shown are calculated 

contours of plastic strain 

ranging from 0 to 2.4.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 4th Quarter 2000
4

Innovative Warhead Technology

The fields of materials science, experiment and diagnostic design, applied physics, and, increasingly, computational

mechanics, converge at conventional warhead design. Towards enhancing shaped charge jet penetration performance by

mitigating participation, joint research has resulted in warhead material processing technology for production of very ductile

metals which do not particulate as readily as standard materials. Figure 4 shows radiographs illustrating progressive

improvements achieved by careful control of the thermo-mechanical and liner material selection processes.

Given the heavy reliance on simulation and computing throughout the DoD and DOE, the GLO (Global Local Optimizer) 

code was created to exploit the utility of coupling nonlinear optimization methods with numerical modeling software. This

software package serves as a versatile general purpose nonlinear optimization tool for investigating multi-parameter problems in

science and engineering and has been successfully applied to the design of a shaped charge warhead to optimize its penetration 

into specific targets. GLO was first used to calibrate material property parameters for the jet and target by matching the tapered 

hole profiles from tests at various standoff distances. GLO was then used to redesign the warhead to create the desired hole

profile in the target. The new warhead design was verified experimentally. Figure 5 shows the nominal parameters which were

used for optimizing the warhead geometry. 

Advanced Initiation and Fuze Development

Advanced initiation is an enabling technology for the next generation of warheads. It supports development of aimable

warheads, target-adaptable warheads, and survivable high velocity hard target penetrators. This project is pointed toward

improving the single point and multipoint slapper detonator initiation system technology, including miniature firing circuit and

control capabilities, and applying it to DoD mission areas.

Figure 4. Radiographic images, 

taken at the same instant of time, 

showing the enhancement in 

performance which accompanies 

improved material processing 

and selection methods.
5

hh

dz

aa

abi

abo

tb

ta

aa

abo

abi

dz

hh

ta

tb

liner angle at apex 

(inner & outer contour)

liner angle at base 

(outer contour)

liner angle at base 

(inner contour)

distance from apex to base (outer 

contour)

explosive head height 

thickness of liner at apex

thickness of liner at base

Figure 5. Parameters used for the GLO optimization of a generic warhead geometry.

Figure 6 shows miniature firing circuit components, developed through joint DoD/DOE research, which occupy less than 0.5 

in3 and were built with commercial components for less than $100. By leveraging the large DOE investment in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other areas, it is anticipated that further gains will be made in this area resulting in

substantial cost and performance benefits to current and future DoD munitions which use in-line initiation systems.

hh

Figure 6. 1-kV Firing circuits less 

than 0.5 in3 in volume built with 

commercial components for less 

than $100 and demonstrated to 

fire single slapper detonators.

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 4th Quarter 2000
6

Advanced Image Sensor Technology

In the selective strike weapons system concepts of today, a critical and currently limiting component is the target detection

and tracking sensor. This sensor is required to detect signals from distant targets, discriminate target return from spurious

reflections and scatter, accurately determine range, and transfer data at a high rate to the data analysis and target identification

elements of the system. Currently available sensors do not have the sensitivity, spectral response, dynamic range, and speed to

fully meet the requirements of advanced weapon systems under development in the DoD. In response to these identified needs,

the fast charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, capable of 4,000 frames/sec with 512 x 512 pixel array, has been developed by 

leveraging unique DOE capabilities in this area and adapting the technology to DoD needs. This camera system offers increased 

sensitivity, improved resolution, a high frame rate, and operation in the visible to near IR range and represents a unique

technology and experience base that would otherwise not have been available for DoD applications. Current efforts are focused 

on integrating this technology into the Navy’s Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) for a demonstration in FY01. Other 

potential DoD applications for this technology include Special Operations Forces (SOF) underwater imaging, optical fuzing for air 

to air munitions, and imaging of hypervelocity projectiles for active defense of armored vehicles. 

Munitions Lifecycle Technology

To safely dispose of munitions containing high explosives and other hazardous materials, it is necessary to gain access to the 

interior of the munition so that the contents may be removed. Because conventional machining techniques involve significant risk 

of an explosive reaction, a safer method is needed to cut open munitions casings and components that are likely to be in contact 

or close proximity to HE or other energetic materials. Current research is focused on using a femtosecond laser, which pulses for 

100-150 fs at a rate of about 1 Khz, to cut energetic material with virtually no heat transfer and therefore, significantly reduced

risk to personnel. The potential for cutting explosives, both bare and encased in steel, has been demonstrated using a

femtosecond laser. Unlike conventional cutting lasers that melt and vaporize material, the femtosecond laser ablates material

and produces no measurable heating. It offers unique capabilities for use in munitions demilitarization and manufacture. A

dedicated femtosecond laser has been built in conjunction with a large blast chamber to allow the exploration of performing

demil operations on full scale munitions. A demonstration this year used the laser to cut two metal tabs holding the fuse in the

MLRS grenade. The precision cuts allow fuse removal and re-use of the grenade. Figure 8 shows an MLRS grenade before and 

after de-fuzing and Figure 9 shows the femtosecond laser which was constructed for the demil activities.

Figure 7. Fast CCD Camera and 

laboratory scale imaging test results.
7

Summary

The joint DoD/DOE munitions technology research and

development program is a cooperative, jointly funded effort

between the DoD and DOE to pursue new and innovative

warhead, explosive, and fuze technologies in order to bring

about major improvements in non-nuclear munitions. A small

sampling of some of the technology resulting from these

collaborations has been presented. For a relatively small

investment, this program effectively taps the annual billion-dollar 

DOE RDT&E investment by accessing the specialized skills,

scientific equipment, facilities, and computational tools not

available in the DoD. Please contact Mr. Steve Rojas, DoD

Office of Munitions, if you would like further information about

the Joint DoD/DOE munitions technology program. He can be

reached at (703) 695-1407 or by e-mail at

rojassp@acq.osd.mil.

Contributing authors: 

Dennis Baum, LLNL

Ed Cykowski, NAWC China Lake

Gene Hertel, SNL

Tom Hitchcock, OSD

Larry Hull, LANL

Jim Kennedy, LANL

Paul Maudlin, LANL

Tom McDonald, LANL

Mike Murphy, LLNL

Steve Newfield, LANL

Frank Roeske, LLNL

Steve Rojas, OSD

Tom Smith, NSWC Dahlgren

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 4th Quarter 2000

Figure 9. The femtosecond 

laser with the protective 

covers removed for viewing.

Figure 8. The 

MLRS grenade 

(a) before and 

after de-fuzing 

(b) close up view 

of tabs and laser 

cuts.
8

GPS For Air and Space Power

For newsworthy items on the Global Positioning System, go to

http://www.anser.org/publications/gps-news/. The "GPS For Air and

Space Power" is an informal newsletter to the Air Force GPS community

produced for SAF/AQPS and SAF/AQSS by ANSER Corp. GPS for Air and 

Space Power is based on published and submitted GPS news items. The

most recent issue (dated 2 October 2000) contains articles on GPS

precise positioning service (PPS), GPS modernization, Galileo, smart

weapons' upgrades, and foreign low-cost cruise missiles. Archived copies 

go back to 1 January 1996.

DEPS

The Directed Energy Professional Society (DEPS) was founded in 1999 

to foster research and development of Directed Energy technology for

national defense and civil applications through professional

communication and education. DEPS is currently planning for the 3rd

Annual DE Symposium. It will be held during the week of 30 Oct 00

through 3 Nov 00. It will include short courses, tours, plenary sessions,

and more in-depth technical sessions. In addition, this year's Symposium

will have two public sessions (DE Vision 2000 and Basic Research). For

more information go to http://www.deps.org/. The DOD Laser Master

Plan published on 24 Mar 00 is also available at this site.

MEMS Clearinghouse

The MEMS Clearinghouse (http://mems.isi.edu/index.html) was

established to be a repository of information about

MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) and to foster communication

and the rapid sharing of information within the MEMS community. It is run 

by the CHIME Project of the University of Southern California's Information 

Sciences Institute, under funding from the Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency's Electronics Technology Office (ETO), as part of the

DARPA MEMS Program. Available at this site is an electronic discussion

group; an events section announcing courses, conferences, calls for

papers; a marketplace section for significant corporate events that impact

the MEMS industry; yellow pages which contain information on companies 

that provide MEMS products and services, as well as information on

people and other organizations associated with MEMS, such as research

centers, universities, and local MEMS associations; a jobmart section,

library and bookstore; the MEMS Material Properties Database and much

more.

The WSTIAC Newsletter is the current awareness

publication of the Weapon Systems Technology

Information Analysis Center (WSTIAC). WSTIAC,

a Department of Defense (DoD) Information

Analysis Center (IAC), is administratively

managed by the Defense Information Systems

Agency (DISA), Defense Technical Information

Center (DTIC) under the DoD IAC Program. The 

Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative

(COTR) for WSTIAC is Mr. H. Jack Taylor,

ODUSD (S&T), Defense Pentagon, Washington,

D.C. 20301-3080, (703) 588-7405. IIT

Research Institute operates WSTIAC, which

services Government, industry, and academia as

a Center of Excellence in Weapon Systems

Technology.

WSTIAC Director: Dr. Wes Kitchens

703.933.3317, Email: wkitchens@iitri.org

Database Inquiries: Vakare Valaitis

703.933.3362 Email: vvalaitis@iitri.org

General Information: Carole Simko

312.567.4587 Email: csimko@iitri.org

To order WSTIAC products:

Voice: 312.567.4587 Fax: 312.567.4889

Internet: http://iac.dtic.mil/wstiac/

All data and information herein reported are

believed to be reliable; however, no warrant,

expressed or implied, is to be construed as to the 

accuracy or the completeness of the information

presented. The view, opinion, and findings

contained in this publication are those of the

author(s) and should not be construed as an

official Agency position, policy, or decision,

unless so designated by other official

documentation.
9

D irec tor/C hief Sc ien tist’s C orn er

I plan to use this “corner” of the WSTIAC Newsletter to comment on important

developments in weapon systems technologies, programs and plans. The weapon

systems technology work taking place today in our labs, development organizations,

industry and academia will help shape joint warfighting for years to come as advanced

weapons technologies are matured and weapon systems with improved capabilities are

fielded. Joint Vision 2020 was published this summer by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to build upon and extend Joint

Vision 2010 and help guide the continuing transformation of America’s Armed Forces. Joint Vision 2020 describes

the professional forces and operational capabilities required to succeed across the full range of military operations in 

2020 and beyond. Today’s capabilities for maneuver, strike, logistics and protection will transition over the next two

decades into dominant maneuver, precision engagement, focused logistics and full dimensional protection, forming

the foundation for achieving full spectrum dominance. Joint Vision 2020 does not list weapons, communications or

other systems we need to develop and field in the future, nor does it describe the counters we need to employ to

defeat specific threats. Rather, it focuses on how we can achieve full spectrum dominance through the

interdependent application of dominant maneuver, precision engagement, focused logistics and full dimensional

protection. The realization of full spectrum dominance will require a steady infusion of new technologies and

modernized weapons, communications and other systems, as well as the development of doctrine, organizations,

people and leaders that can effectively take advantage of these systems. The weapon systems technology community 

will play a critical role in helping shape Joint Vision 2020 and making it a reality. 

Although the U. S. doesn’t currently have any fielded laser weapons, laser technology offers great promise for

future weapon systems and it may eventually provide our joint forces a significant technological edge over potential

adversaries. High energy lasers can provide several benefits, including: 

u deliver a lethal blow at the speed of light; 

u deal effectively with high speed and highly maneuverable targets; and 

u produce graduated terminal effects, ranging from less-than-lethal to lethal.

The DoD recently formed a High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office under the leadership of Mr. Alan R.

Shaffer, Director for Multidisciplinary Systems, DUSD(S&T). This Joint Technology Office (JTO) will develop a DoDwide high energy laser weapons investment and execution strategy and plan & manage a joint laser technology

program. During FY01 the JTO will invest approximately $30M in critical underlying laser technology efforts. The

members of the JTO staff are: Mr. Bill Barcley (DUSD(S&T)), LTC Mike Donovan (Army, SMDC), Mr. Joung Cook

(Navy, NRL), Lt. Col. Terry Franks (Air Force, AFRL- DE), Mr. Steve Post (Air Force, AFRL-DE), MAJ Franz Gayl (Marine 

Corps), Maj. Kim McCrae (BMDO Focal Point) and Dr. Tim Grayson (DARPA Focal Point). Lt. Col. John Wisstler is

expected to replace Lt. Col. Franks in January 2001. We wish Mr. Shaffer and the JTO staff great success in

enhancing our high energy laser science and technology efforts and helping ensure that future laser weapons can

realize their full potential.

by Dr. Wes Kitchens
10

We have recently formed a WSTIAC Steering

Committee to help ensure that WSTIAC is: 

u closely coupled to the DoD weapon systems 

technology and warfighting communities; 

u responsive to and supportive of DoD weapon 

systems technology scientific and technical 

information needs; and 

u sustained as a valuable resource for providing 

weapon systems technology scientific and technical 

information to authorized users.

The Steering Committee will provide guidance on

technical issues concerning the WSTIAC and its

contributions to DoD weapon systems technology scientific

and technical information. The Steering Committee will also 

review WSTIAC’s overall performance and provide technical

guidance for prioritizing WSTIAC’s core program. The

members of the Steering Committee are:

u Mr. H. Jack Taylor (Co-Chair) – DUSD(S&T) 

Weapons Systems Directorate, Rosslyn, VA;

u Mr. Ronald E. Hale (Co-Chair) – Defense Technical 

Information Center, Fort Belvoir, VA;

u Dr. Bruce W. Fowler, U.S. Army Aviation and 

Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, AL;

u Dr. David L. Burdick, Naval Air Warfare Center 

Weapons Division, China Lake, CA;

u Mr. Frederick Davis, Air Force Research Laboratory, 

Eglin Air Force Base, FL;

u Mr. J. Thomas Hitchcock, OSD Office of Munitions, 

Pentagon, Washington, DC; and

u Mr. J. Frank Wattenbarger, U.S. Special 

Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, FL.

The Steering Committee held its first meeting in

Alexandria, VA on 20 September 2000 where the members

reviewed progress during WSTIAC’s first year of operation

and made a number of suggestions for expanding

WSTIAC’s value to warfighters and the RDT&E community. 

This issue of our Newsletter highlights accomplishments

and recent progress in the Joint DoD/DOE Munitions

Technology Program. This Program, sponsored by the OSD 

Office of Munitions, was started in 1985 as the result of a

Memorandum of Understanding signed between DoD and

the DOE. Many critical conventional weapons-related 

technologies have been developed by the DOE Laboratories 

and transferred to the DoD through this program. The

article discusses several examples of DOE-developed 

technologies that are making a difference in DoD weapons

technology, development and/or production programs.u

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 4th Quarter 2000

WSTIAC Wants Your Contributions

u We hope you find this issue of the WSTIAC Newsletter useful and interesting. You can help us to better serve you by 

your contributions, such as:

u Your comments on what you liked and disliked about the Newsletter

u Your suggestions for WSTIAC data products and services

u Technical articles, opinion pieces, tutorials, news releases or letters to the Editor for publication in the 

Newsletter

u To contact WSTIAC, use any of the ways listed on the back cover, or use the feedback form on the WSTIAC 

webpage

u We welcome your contributions.
11

6-7 November 2000

Technology Transfer and Import/Export

Regulations in Foreign Military Sales

Washington D.C.

For additional information contact SMi Conferences

Tel: +44 20 7252 2222, Fax: +44 20 7252 2272 

E-mail: customer_services@smiconferences.co.uk 

7-9 November 2000

AIAA Missile Sciences Conference (SECRET/NOFORN)

San Diego CA

For additional information call 760.939.3409

Email: custserv@aiaa.org

http://www.aiaa.com/calendar/MSC00cfp.html

13-14 November 2000

Joint Battlefield Digitization

Washington D.C.

For additional information contact SMi Conferences

Tel: +44 20 7252 2222, Fax: +44 20 7252 2272 

E-mail: customer_services@smiconferences.co.uk 

http://www.smiconferences.co.ukhttp://www.smiconferences

.co.uk

14-17 November 2000

Guidance Navigation and Control:

Theory and Application

Short Course/$1195

Georgia Institute of Technology

For additional information call 404.385.3502

Email: conted@gatech.edu

http://www.conted.gatech.edu 

14-17 November 2000

Infrared/Visible Signature Suppression

Short Course/$1495

Georgia Institute of Technology

For additional information call 404.385.3502

Email: conted@gatech.edu

http://www.conted.gatech.edu 

27-30 November 2000

Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Symposium

San Antonio, TX

For additional information

Email: fbajowski@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?~Brochure~

155

12-14 February 2001

12th Annual SO/LIC Symposium & Exhibition

"Capabilities To Meet Future National Security Threats"

Crystal City, Arlington, VA

For additional information

Email: adekleine@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?~Brochure~

188 

26-29 March 2001

US Army Gound Vehicle Survivability

Monterey, CA

For additional information

Email: fbajowski@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?~Brochure~

154 

27-29 March 2001

Second Biennial National Forum on 

Weapon System Effectiveness

"The Weapon System as a Whole"

Applied Physics Laboratory 

Laurel, MD

For additional information

http://www.aiaa.org/calendar/WSE01cfp.html 

16-18 April 2001

45th Annual Fuze Conference

"The Evolving Nature of Value Added Fuzing"

Long Beach, CA

For additional information

Email: kdouglass@ndia.org

http://register.ndia.org/interview/register.ndia?~Brochure~

156

WSTIAC NEWSLETTER, 4th Quarter 2000
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