U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800

Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001

37–603 PDF 2007

SECURITY THROUGH REGULARIZED IMMIGRATION

AND A VIBRANT ECONOMY (STRIVE) ACT OF

2007

HEARING

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, 

CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, 

AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

ON

H.R. 1645

SEPTEMBER 6, 2007

Serial No. 110–47

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary

(

Available via the World Wide Web: http://judiciary.house.gov 

(II)

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan, Chairman 

HOWARD L. BERMAN, California 

RICK BOUCHER, Virginia 

JERROLD NADLER, New York 

ROBERT C. SCOTT, Virginia 

MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina 

ZOE LOFGREN, California 

SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas 

MAXINE WATERS, California 

WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts 

ROBERT WEXLER, Florida 

LINDA T. SA ́ NCHEZ, California 

STEVE COHEN, Tennessee 

HANK JOHNSON, Georgia 

BETTY SUTTON, Ohio 

LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois 

BRAD SHERMAN, California 

TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin 

ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York 

ADAM B. SCHIFF, California 

ARTUR DAVIS, Alabama 

DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida 

KEITH ELLISON, Minnesota 

LAMAR SMITH, Texas 

F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., 

Wisconsin 

HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina 

ELTON GALLEGLY, California 

BOB GOODLATTE, Virginia 

STEVE CHABOT, Ohio 

DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California 

CHRIS CANNON, Utah 

RIC KELLER, Florida 

DARRELL ISSA, California 

MIKE PENCE, Indiana 

J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia 

STEVE KING, Iowa 

TOM FEENEY, Florida 

TRENT FRANKS, Arizona 

LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas 

JIM JORDAN, Ohio

PERRY APELBAUM, Staff Director and Chief Counsel 

JOSEPH GIBSON, Minority Chief Counsel 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES,

BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

ZOE LOFGREN, California, Chairwoman

LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois 

HOWARD L. BERMAN, California 

SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas 

MAXINE WATERS, California 

WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts 

LINDA T. SA ́ NCHEZ, California 

ARTUR DAVIS, Alabama 

KEITH ELLISON, Minnesota 

ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York 

STEVE KING, Iowa 

ELTON GALLEGLY, California 

BOB GOODLATTE, Virginia 

DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California 

J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia 

LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas

UR MENDOZA JADDOU, Chief Counsel 

GEORGE FISHMAN, Minority Counsel 

(III)

C O N T E N T S 

SEPTEMBER 6, 2007

Page 

TEXT OF BILL

H.R. 1645, the ‘‘Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant 

Economy (STRIVE) Act of 2007’’ ......................................................................... 2

OPENING STATEMENT

The Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of California, and Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, 

Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ........................................... 1

The Honorable Luis V. Gutierrez, a Representative in Congress from the 

State of Illinois, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, 

Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ........................................... 181

The Honorable Steve King, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Iowa, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, 

Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ........................................... 183

The Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the 

State of Michigan, Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, and Member, 

Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and 

International Law ................................................................................................ 185

WITNESSES

The Honorable Jeff Flake, a Representative in Congress from the State of 

Arizona 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 189

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 191

The Honorable Joe Baca, a Representative in Congress from the State of 

California 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 193

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 195

The Honorable Ray LaHood, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Illinois 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 196

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 197

The Honorable Brian Bilbray, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of California 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 199

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 201

Mr. Tony Wasilewski, Small Business Owner, Schiller Park, IL 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 215

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 216

Petty Officer Second Class Eduardo Gonzalez, U.S. Navy, Jacksonville, FL 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 217

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 219

Reverend Luis Corte ́s, Jr., President, Esperanza USA 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 220

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 222

Page

IV

Mr. Joshua Hoyt, Executive Director, Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and 

Refugee Rights 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 231

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 232

Ms. Cassandra Q. Butts, Senior Vice President for Domestic Policy, Center 

for American Progress 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 274

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 276

Mr. Michael L. Barrera, President and CEO, United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, on behalf of Mr. David Lizarraga, Chairman of the 

Board of Directors, United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 280

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 281

Ms. Julie Kirchner, Director of Government Relations, Federation for American Immigration Reform 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 283

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 285

The Honorable Corey Stewart, Chairman at-Large, Prince William County 

Board of Supervisors 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 302

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 303

LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State of California, and Chairwoman, Subcommittee on 

Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International 

Law ........................................................................................................................ 181

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Luis V. Gutierrez, a Representative 

in Congress from the State of Illinois, and Member, Subcommittee on 

Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International 

Law ........................................................................................................................ 182

Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative 

in Congress from the State of Michigan, Chairman, Committee on the 

Judiciary, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ................................................... 186

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Sheila Jackson Lee, a Representative 

in Congress from the State of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ....... 186

APPENDIX

MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Hilda L. Solis, a Representative in 

Congress from the State of California ................................................................ 315

Prepared Statement of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ...................................................................................................... 316

Prepared Statement of the National Council of La Raza (NCLR) ....................... 330

(1)

SECURITY THROUGH REGULARIZED IMMIGRATION AND A VIBRANT ECONOMY 

(STRIVE) ACT OF 2007

THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 2007

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP,

REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, 

Washington, DC.

The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:03 p.m., in Room 

2141, Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Zoe Lofgren 

(Chairwoman of the Subcommittee) presiding. 

Present: Representatives Lofgren, Gutierrez, Berman, Jackson 

Lee, Davis, Ellison, King, Gallegly, and Goodlatte. 

Also present: Chairman Conyers. 

Staff present: Ur Mendoza Jaddou, Chief Counsel; J. Traci Hong, 

Majority Counsel; George Fishman, Minority Counsel; and Benjamin Staub, Professional Staff Member. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Now that the Ranking Member has arrived, the 

hearing on the Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law will come to order. 

I would like to welcome the Immigration Subcommittee Members, our witnesses, and the public to the Committee’s continuing 

discussion regarding comprehensive immigration reform. 

First, I would like to apologize to everyone who is here. At exactly 1:00, when the hearing was to begin, the bells rang and we 

had a series of votes that has delayed us for 1 hour. And that is 

just one of the risks that we face serving in the House of Representatives. And I am sorry that it has delayed all of you and inconvenienced you. 

Today our hearing will specifically address one comprehensive 

immigration reform bill, H.R.1645, otherwise known as the 

STRIVE Act, or the Security to Regularized Immigration in a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007. I would like to commend our Subcommittee colleague Representative Luis Gutierrez for not only 

drafting and introducing this bill, but also for his service on behalf 

of comprehensive immigration reform in the 110th Congress and in 

many Congresses before the 110th. 

[The text of the bill, H.R. 1645, follows:]

2

I 

110TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 1645

To provide for comprehensive immigration reform, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

MARCH 22, 2007

Mr. GUTIERREZ (for himself, Mr. FLAKE, Mr. BACA, Mr. LINCOLN DIAZ-BALART of 

Florida, Mr. EMANUEL, Mr. RADANOVICH, Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas, Mr. 

LAHOOD, Mr. CROWLEY, Mr. MARIO DIAZ-BALART of Florida, Ms. GIFFORDS, Ms. 

ROS-LEHTINEN, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Mr. FORTUN ̃ O, Mr. BECERRA, Mr. CARDOZA, Mr. 

CUELLAR, Mr. GONZALEZ, Mr. GRIJALVA, Mr. HINOJOSA, Mrs. NAPOLITANO, Mr. 

ORTIZ, Mr. PASTOR, Mr. REYES, Mr. RODRIGUEZ, Ms. ROYBAL-ALLARD, Mr. 

SALAZAR, Mr. SERRANO, Mr. SIRES, and Ms. SOLIS) introduced the following bill; 

which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, and in addition to the 

Committee on Homeland Security, for a period to be subsequently determined by 

the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the 

jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

A BILL 

To provide for comprehensive immigration reform, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 

of America in Congress assembled, 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Security Through Regularized 

Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007’’ or as the ‘‘STRIVE Act of 2007’’. 

(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Reference to the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

Sec. 3. Definitions. 

Sec. 4. Severability. 

Sec. 5. Certification requirements prior to implementation of the New Worker 

Program and the conditional nonimmigrant classification. 

TITLE I—BORDER ENFORCEMENT 

Subtitle A—Assets for Controlling United States Borders 

Sec. 101. Enforcement personnel. 

Sec. 102. Technological assets. 

Sec. 103. Infrastructure. 

Sec. 104. Ports of entry. 

Sec. 105. Secure communication. 

Sec. 106. Unmanned aerial vehicles. 

Sec. 107. Surveillance technologies programs. 

Subtitle B—Border Security Plans, Strategies, and Reports 

Sec. 111. Surveillance plan. 

Sec. 112. National Strategy for Border Security. 

Sec. 113. Reports on improving the exchange of information on North American 

security. 

Sec. 114. Border Patrol training capacity review. 

Sec. 115. Secure Border Initiative financial accountability. 

3

Subtitle C—Southern Border Security 

Sec. 121. Improving the security of Mexico’s southern border. 

Sec. 122. Report on deaths at the United States-Mexico border. 

Sec. 123. Cooperation with the Government of Mexico. 

Sec. 124. Temporary National Guard support for securing the southern land border of the United States. 

Sec. 125. United States-Mexico Border Enforcement Review Commission. 

Subtitle D—Secure Entry Initiatives 

Sec. 131. Biometric data enhancements. 

Sec. 132. US–VISIT System. 

Sec. 133. Document fraud detection. 

Sec. 134. Improved document integrity. 

Sec. 135. Biometric entry-exit system. 

Sec. 136. Evasion of inspection or violation of arrival, reporting, entry, or clearance requirements. 

Subtitle E—Law Enforcement Relief for States 

Sec. 141. Border relief grant program. 

Sec. 142. Northern and southern border prosecution initiative. 

Subtitle F—Rapid Response Measures 

Sec. 151. Deployment of Border Patrol agents. 

Sec. 152. Border Patrol major assets. 

Sec. 153. Electronic equipment. 

Sec. 154. Personal equipment. 

Sec. 155. Authorization of appropriations. 

Subtitle G—Border Infrastructure and Technology Modernization 

Sec. 161. Definitions. 

Sec. 162. Port of Entry Infrastructure Assessment Study. 

Sec. 163. National Land Border Security Plan. 

Sec. 164. Expansion of commerce security programs. 

Sec. 165. Port of entry technology demonstration program. 

Sec. 166. Authorization of appropriations. 

Subtitle H—Safe and Secure Detention 

Sec. 171. Definitions. 

Sec. 172. Recording secondary inspection interviews. 

Sec. 173. Procedures governing detention decisions. 

Sec. 174. Legal orientation program. 

Sec. 175. Conditions of detention. 

Sec. 176. Office of Detention Oversight. 

Sec. 177. Secure alternatives program. 

Sec. 178. Less restrictive detention facilities. 

Sec. 179. Authorization of appropriations; effective date. 

Subtitle I—Other Border Security Initiatives 

Sec. 181. Combating human smuggling. 

Sec. 182. Screening of municipal solid waste. 

Sec. 183. Border security on certain Federal land. 

TITLE II—INTERIOR ENFORCEMENT 

Subtitle A—Reducing the Number of Illegal Aliens in the United States 

Sec. 201. Incarceration of criminal aliens. 

Sec. 202. Encouraging aliens to depart voluntarily. 

Sec. 203. Deterring aliens ordered removed from remaining in the United States 

unlawfully. 

Sec. 204. Prohibition of the sale of firearms to, or the possession of firearms by 

certain aliens. 

Sec. 205. Uniform statute of limitations for certain Immigration, naturalization, 

and peonage offenses. 

4

Sec. 206. Expedited removal. 

Sec. 207. Field agent allocation. 

Sec. 208. Streamlined processing of background checks conducted for immigration benefit applications and petitions. 

Sec. 209. State criminal alien assistance program. 

Sec. 210. Transportation and processing of illegal aliens apprehended by State 

and local law enforcement officers. 

Sec. 211. Reducing illegal immigration and alien smuggling on tribal lands. 

Sec. 212. Mandatory address reporting requirements. 

Sec. 213. State and local Enforcement of Federal Immigration laws. 

Sec. 214. Increased criminal penalties related to drunk driving. 

Sec. 215. Law enforcement authority of States and political subdivisions and 

transfer to Federal custody. 

Sec. 216. Laundering of monetary instruments. 

Sec. 217. Increase of Federal detention space and the utilization of facilities identified for closures as a result of the Defense Base Closure Realignment Act of 1990. 

Sec. 218. Determination of immigration status of individuals charged with Federal offenses. 

Sec. 219. Expansion of the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transfer System. 

Sec. 220. Cancellation of visas. 

Subtitle B—Passport and Visa Security 

Sec. 221. Reform of passport fraud offenses. 

Sec. 222. Other immigration reforms. 

Subtitle C—Detention and Removal of Aliens Who Illegally Enter or Remain in the 

United States 

Sec. 231. Detention and removal of aliens ordered removed. 

Sec. 232. Increased criminal penalties for immigration violations. 

Sec. 233. Aggravated felony. 

Sec. 234. Increased criminal penalties related to gang violence, removal, and 

alien smuggling. 

Sec. 235. Illegal entry. 

Sec. 236. Illegal reentry. 

TITLE III—EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATION 

Sec. 301. Employment verification. 

Sec. 302. Clarification of ineligibility for misrepresentation. 

Sec. 303. Antidiscrimination protections. 

Sec. 304. Additional protections. 

Sec. 305. Additional worksite enforcement and fraud detection agents. 

Sec. 306. Amendments to the Social Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code. 

TITLE IV—NEW WORKER PROGRAM 

Sec. 401. Nonimmigrant worker. 

Sec. 402. Admission of nonimmigrant workers. 

Sec. 403. Employer obligations. 

Sec. 404. Alien employment management system. 

Sec. 405. Recruitment of United States workers. 

Sec. 406. Numerical limitations. 

Sec. 407. Adjustment to lawful permanent resident status. 

Sec. 408. Requirements for participating countries. 

Sec. 409. Compliance investigators. 

Sec. 410. Standing commission on immigration and labor markets. 

Sec. 411. Admission of nonimmigrants. 

Sec. 412. Agency representation and coordination. 

Sec. 413. Sense of Congress regarding personal protective equipment. 

Sec. 414. Rulemaking; effective date. 

Sec. 415. Authorization of appropriations. 

TITLE V—VISA REFORMS 

Subtitle A—Backlog Reduction 

Sec. 501. Elimination of existing backlogs. 

5

Sec. 502. Increasing country limits and exempting family-sponsored and employment-based immigrants. 

Sec. 503. Allocation of immigrant visas. 

Sec. 504. Nursing shortage. 

Sec. 505. Expedited adjudication of employer petitions for aliens of extraordinary 

artistic ability. 

Sec. 506. Powerline workers and boilermakers. 

Sec. 507. H–1B visas. 

Sec. 508. United States educated immigrants. 

Sec. 509. Student visa reform. 

Sec. 510. L–1 visa holders subject to visa backlog. 

Sec. 511. Retaining workers subject to green card backlog. 

Sec. 512. Streamlining the adjudication process for established employers. 

Sec. 513. Providing premium processing of Employment-Based visa petitions. 

Sec. 514. Eliminating procedural delays in labor certification process. 

Sec. 515. Visa revalidation. 

Sec. 516. Relief for minor children and widows. 

Sec. 517. Relief for widows and orphans. 

Sec. 518. Sons and daughters of Filipino World War II veterans. 

Sec. 519. Determinations under the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 

1998. 

Sec. 520. S visas. 

Sec. 521. L visa limitations. 

Sec. 522. Establishment of new fashion model nonimmigrant classification. 

Sec. 523. EB–5 regional center program. 

Sec. 524. Return of Talent Program. 

Subtitle B—Preservation of Immigration Benefits for Victims of a Major Disaster or 

Emergency 

Sec. 531. Short title. 

Sec. 532. Definitions. 

Sec. 533. Special immigrant status. 

Sec. 534. Extension of filing or reentry deadlines. 

Sec. 535. Humanitarian relief for certain surviving spouses and children. 

Sec. 536. Recipient of public benefits. 

Sec. 537. Age-out protection. 

Sec. 538. Employment eligibility verification. 

Sec. 539. Naturalization. 

Sec. 540. Discretionary authority. 

Sec. 541. Evidentiary standards and regulations. 

Sec. 542. Identification documents. 

Sec. 543. Waiver of regulations. 

Sec. 544. Notices of change of address. 

Sec. 545. Foreign students and exchange program participants. 

TITLE VI—LEGALIZATION OF UNDOCUMENTED INDIVIDUALS 

Subtitle A—Conditional Nonimmigrants 

Sec. 601. Conditional nonimmigrants. 

Sec. 602. Adjustment of status for conditional nonimmigrants. 

Sec. 603. Administrative and judicial review. 

Sec. 604. Mandatory disclosure of information. 

Sec. 605. Penalties for false statements in applications. 

Sec. 606. Aliens not subject to direct numerical limitations. 

Sec. 607. Employer protections. 

Sec. 608. Limitations on eligibility. 

Sec. 609. Rulemaking. 

Sec. 610. Authorization of appropriations. 

Subtitle B—DREAM Act of 2007

Sec. 621. Short title. 

Sec. 622. Definitions. 

Sec. 623. Restoration of State option to determine residency for purposes of higher education benefits. 

Sec. 624. Cancellation of removal and adjustment of status of certain long-term 

residents who entered the United States as children. 

6

Sec. 625. Conditional permanent resident status. 

Sec. 626. Retroactive benefits under this Act. 

Sec. 627. Exclusive jurisdiction. 

Sec. 628. Penalties for false statements in application. 

Sec. 629. Confidentiality of information. 

Sec. 630. Expedited processing of applications; prohibition on fees. 

Sec. 631. Higher education assistance. 

Sec. 632. GAO report. 

Subtitle C—AgJOBS Act of 2007

Sec. 641. Short title. 

Sec. 642. Definitions. 

CHAPTER 1—PILOT PROGRAM FOR EARNED STATUS ADJUSTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

WORKERS

SUBCHAPTER A—BLUE CARD STATUS

Sec. 643. Requirements for blue card status. 

Sec. 644. Treatment of aliens granted blue card status. 

Sec. 645. Adjustment to permanent residence. 

Sec. 646. Applications. 

Sec. 647. Waiver of numerical limitations and certain grounds for inadmissibility. 

Sec. 648. Administrative and judicial review. 

Sec. 649. Use of information. 

Sec. 650. Regulations, effective date, authorization of appropriations. 

SUBCHAPTER B—CORRECTION OF SOCIAL SECURITY RECORDS

Sec. 651. Correction of Social Security records. 

CHAPTER 2—REFORM OF H–2A WORKER PROGRAM

Sec. 652. Amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

CHAPTER 3—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Sec. 653. Determination and use of user fees. 

Sec. 654. Regulations. 

Sec. 655. Reports to Congress. 

Sec. 656. Effective date. 

Subtitle D—Programs to Assist Nonimmigrant Workers 

Sec. 661. Grants to support public education and community training. 

Sec. 662. Grant program to assist applicants for naturalization. 

Sec. 663. Strengthening American citizenship. 

Sec. 664. Addressing poverty in Mexico. 

TITLE VII—MISCELLANEOUS 

Subtitle A—Increasing Court Personnel 

Sec. 701. Additional immigration personnel. 

Sec. 702. Senior judge participation in the selection of magistrates. 

Sec. 703. Study on the appellate process for immigration appeals. 

Sec. 704. Sense of Congress regarding the establishment of an immigration court 

system. 

Subtitle B—Citizenship Assistance for Members of the Armed Services 

Sec. 711. Waiver of requirement for fingerprints for members of the Armed 

Forces. 

Sec. 712. Noncitizen membership in the Armed Forces. 

Sec. 713. Provision of information on naturalization to members of the Armed 

Forces. 

Sec. 714. Provision of information on naturalization to the public. 

Sec. 715. Reports. 

7

Subtitle C—Family Humanitarian Relief 

Sec. 721. Adjustment of status for certain nonimmigrant victims of terrorism. 

Sec. 722. Cancellation of removal for certain immigrant victims of terrorism. 

Sec. 723. Exceptions. 

Sec. 724. Evidence of death. 

Sec. 725. Definitions. 

Subtitle D—Other Matters 

Sec. 731. Office of Internal Corruption Investigation. 

Sec. 732. Adjustment of status for certain persecuted religious minorities. 

Sec. 733. Eligibility of agricultural and forestry workers for certain legal assistance. 

Sec. 734. State court interpreter grants. 

Sec. 735. Adequate notice for alternate country of removal. 

Sec. 736. Standards for biometric documents. 

Sec. 737. State Impact Assistance Account. 

Sec. 738. New Worker Program and Conditional Nonimmigrant Fee Account. 

SEC. 2. REFERENCE TO THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT. 

Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this Act an amendment or 

repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other 

provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.). 

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

In this Act: 

(1) DEPARTMENT.—Except as otherwise provided, the term ‘‘Department’’ 

means the Department of Homeland Security. 

(2) SECRETARY.—Except as otherwise provided, the term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

the Secretary of Homeland Security. 

SEC. 4. SEVERABILITY. 

If any provision of this Act, any amendment made by this Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be 

invalid for any reason, the remainder of this Act, the amendments made by this Act, 

and the application of the provisions of such to any other person or circumstance 

shall not be affected by such holding. 

SEC. 5. CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS PRIOR TO IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW WORKER 

PROGRAM AND THE CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANT CLASSIFICATION. 

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, the Secretary may not implement the New Worker Program established in the amendments made by title IV or 

grant conditional nonimmigrant classification under the amendments made by title 

VI prior to the date that the Secretary submits to the President and Congress a certification that the following conditions have been met: 

(1) SECURE BORDER.—The Secretary has submitted to Congress a report on 

the status of the implementation of the border surveillance technology improvements described in the Secure Border Initiative, including target dates for the 

completion of such improvements. 

(2) SECURE DOCUMENTS.—That the systems and infrastructure necessary to 

carry out the improvements to immigration document security required by this 

Act and the amendments made by this Act, including documents that will be 

issued under the New Worker Program and to aliens granted conditional nonimmigrant classification, have been developed, tested for reliability and accuracy, and are ready for use, including systems and infrastructure necessary to 

permit the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to conduct required 

background checks. 

(3) FIRST PHASE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ELECTRONIC EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION SYSTEM.—The first phase of the Electronic Employment 

Verification System described in section 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by section 301 of this Act, for critical infrastructure employers described in subsection (c)(10)(i) of such section 274A has been implemented. 

8

TITLE I—BORDER ENFORCEMENT 

Subtitle A—Assets for Controlling United States 

Borders 

SEC. 101. ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL. 

(a) PORT OF ENTRY INSPECTORS.—

(1) ADDITIONAL INSPECTORS.—In each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012, 

the Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, increase by not 

less than 500 the number of positions for full-time active duty port of entry inspectors and provide appropriate training, equipment, and support to such additional inspectors. 

(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal 

years 2008 through 2012 to carry out paragraph (1). 

(b) BORDER PATROL AGENTS.—Section 5202 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458; 118 Stat. 3734) is amended to 

read as follows: 

‘‘SEC. 5202. INCREASE IN FULL-TIME BORDER PATROL AGENTS. 

‘‘(a) ANNUAL INCREASES.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall, subject to 

the availability of appropriations for such purpose, increase the number of positions 

for full-time active-duty Border Patrol agents within the Department of Homeland 

Security (above the number of such positions for which funds were appropriated for 

the preceding fiscal year), by—

‘‘(1) 2,000 in fiscal year 2008; 

‘‘(2) 2,400 in fiscal year 2009; 

‘‘(3) 2,400 in fiscal year 2010; 

‘‘(4) 2,400 in fiscal year 2011; and 

‘‘(5) 2,400 in fiscal year 2012. 

‘‘(b) NORTHERN BORDER.—In each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012, in addition to the Border Patrol agents assigned along the northern border of the United 

States during the previous fiscal year, the Secretary shall assign a number of Border Patrol agents equal to not less than 20 percent of the net increase in Border 

Patrol agents during each such fiscal year. 

‘‘(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012 

to carry out this section.’’. 

(c) INVESTIGATIVE PERSONNEL.—

(1) IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATORS.—Section 

5203 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public 

Law 108–458; 118 Stat. 3734) is amended by striking ‘‘800’’ and inserting 

‘‘1000’’. 

(2) ADDITIONAL PERSONNEL.—In addition to the positions authorized under 

section 5203 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, 

as amended by paragraph (1), during each of the fiscal years 2008 through 

2012, the Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, increase 

by not less than 200 the number of positions for personnel within the Department assigned to investigate alien smuggling. 

(3) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal 

years 2008 through 2012 to carry out this section. 

(d) DEPUTY UNITED STATES MARSHALS.—

(1) ADDITIONAL UNITED STATES MARSHALS.—In each of the fiscal years 2008 

through 2012, the Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, increase by not less than 50 the number of positions for full-time active duty Deputy United States Marshals that investigate criminal matters related to immigration. 

(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General such sums as may be necessary for each of the 

fiscal years 2008 through 2012 to carry out paragraph (1). 

(e) RECRUITMENT OF FORMER MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES AND MEMBERS

OF RESERVE COMPONENTS OF THE ARMED FORCES.—

(1) REQUIREMENT FOR PROGRAM.—The Secretary, in conjunction with the 

Secretary of Defense, shall establish a program to actively recruit covered memVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
9

bers or former members of the Armed Forces to serve in United States Customs 

and Border Protection. 

(2) REPORT ON RECRUITMENT INCENTIVES.—

(A) REQUIREMENT.—Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment 

of this Act, the Secretary and the Secretary of Defense shall jointly submit 

to the appropriate committees of Congress a report assessing the desirability and feasibility of offering an incentive to a covered member or 

former member of the Armed Forces for the purpose of encouraging such 

member to serve in United States Customs and Border Protection. The Secretary and the Secretary of Defense shall assume that the cost of any such 

incentive shall be borne by the Secretary. 

(B) CONTENT.—The report required by subparagraph (A) shall include—

(i) an assessment of the desirability and feasibility of offering any 

incentive, including a monetary incentive, that the Secretary and the 

Secretary of Defense jointly consider appropriate, regardless of whether 

such incentive is authorized by law or regulations on the date of enactment of this Act; 

(ii) a detailed assessment of the desirability and feasibility of such 

an incentive that would—

(I) encourage service in United States Customs and Border 

Protection by a covered member or a former member of the Armed 

Forces who provided border patrol or border security assistance to 

United States Customs and Border Protection as part of the member’s duties as a member of the Armed Forces; and 

(II) leverage military training and experience by accelerating 

training, or allowing credit to be applied to related areas of training, required for service with United States Customs and Border 

Protection; 

(iii) a description of various monetary and non-monetary incentives 

considered for purposes of the report; 

(iv) an assessment of the desirability and feasibility of utilizing any 

such incentive for the purpose described in subparagraph (A); and 

(v) any other matter that the Secretary and the Secretary of Defense jointly consider appropriate. 

(3) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 

(A) APPROPRIATE COMMITTEES OF CONGRESS.—The term ‘‘appropriate 

committees of Congress’’ means—

(i) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed 

Services, and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 

Affairs of the Senate; and 

(ii) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed 

Services, and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of 

Representatives. 

(B) COVERED MEMBER OR FORMER MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES.—The 

term ‘‘covered member or former member of the Armed Forces’’ means an 

individual—

(i) who is a member of a reserve component of the Armed Forces; 

or 

(ii) who is a former member of the Armed Forces within 2 years 

of separation from service in the Armed Forces. 

SEC. 102. TECHNOLOGICAL ASSETS. 

(a) INCREASED AVAILABILITY OF EQUIPMENT.—The Secretary and the Secretary 

of Defense shall develop and implement a plan to use authorities provided to the 

Secretary of Defense under chapter 18 of title 10, United States Code, to increase 

the availability and use of Department of Defense equipment, including unmanned 

aerial vehicles, tethered aerostat radars, and other surveillance equipment, to assist 

the Secretary in carrying out surveillance activities conducted at or near the international land borders of the United States to prevent illegal immigration. 

(b) REPORT.—Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act, 

the Secretary and the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report that 

contains—

(1) a description of the current use of Department of Defense equipment to 

assist the Secretary in carrying out surveillance of the international land borders of the United States and assessment of the risks to citizens of the United 

States and foreign policy interests associated with the use of such equipment; 

10

(2) the plan developed under subsection (b) to increase the use of Department of Defense equipment to assist such surveillance activities; and 

(3) a description of the types of equipment and other support to be provided 

by the Secretary of Defense under such plan during the 1-year period beginning 

on the date of the submission of the report. 

(c) UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PILOT PROGRAM.—During the 1-year period beginning on the date on which the report is submitted under subsection (b), the Secretary shall conduct a pilot program to test unmanned aerial vehicles for border surveillance along the international border between Canada and the United States. 

(d) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section may be construed as altering or 

amending the prohibition on the use of any part of the Army or the Air Force as 

a posse comitatus under section 1385 of title 18, United States Code. 

(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 

2008 through 2012 to carry out subsection (a). 

SEC. 103. INFRASTRUCTURE. 

(a) CONSTRUCTION OF BORDER CONTROL FACILITIES.—Subject to the availability 

of appropriations, the Secretary shall construct all-weather roads and acquire additional vehicle barriers and facilities necessary to achieve operational control of the 

international borders of the United States. 

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 

2008 through 2012 to carry out subsection (a). 

SEC. 104. PORTS OF ENTRY. 

The Secretary is authorized to—

(1) construct additional ports of entry along the international land borders 

of the United States, at locations to be determined by the Secretary; and 

(2) make necessary improvements to the ports of entry in existence on the 

date of enactment of this Act. 

SEC. 105. SECURE COMMUNICATION. 

The Secretary shall, as expeditiously as practicable, develop and implement a 

plan to improve the use of satellite communications and other technologies to ensure 

clear and secure 2-way communication capabilities—

(1) among all Border Patrol agents conducting operations between ports of 

entry; 

(2) between Border Patrol agents and their respective Border Patrol stations; 

(3) between Border Patrol agents and residents in remote areas along the 

international land borders of the United States; and 

(4) between all appropriate border security agencies of the Department and 

State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies. 

SEC. 106. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES. 

(a) UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE.—The Secretary shall acquire and maintain unmanned aerial vehicles and related equipment 

for use to patrol the international borders of the United States, including equipment 

such as—

(1) additional sensors; 

(2) critical spares; 

(3) satellite command and control; and 

(4) other necessary equipment for operational support. 

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary 

for each of the fiscal years 2008 and 2009 such sums as may be necessary to 

carry out subsection (a). 

(2) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available 

until expended. 

SEC. 107. SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAMS. 

(a) AERIAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—In conjunction with the border surveillance plan developed under section 5201 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention 

Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458; 8 U.S.C. 1701 note), the Secretary, not later 

than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, shall develop and implement a program to fully integrate and utilize aerial surveillance technologies, 

including unmanned aerial vehicles, to enhance the security of the international 

11

border between the United States and Canada and the international border between the United States and Mexico. The goal of the program shall be to ensure 

continuous monitoring of each mile of each such border. 

(2) ASSESSMENT AND CONSULTATION REQUIREMENTS.—In developing the program under this subsection, the Secretary shall—

(A) consider current and proposed aerial surveillance technologies; 

(B) assess the feasibility and advisability of utilizing such technologies 

to address border threats, including an assessment of the technologies considered best suited to address respective threats; 

(C) consult with the Secretary of Defense regarding any technologies or 

equipment, which the Secretary may deploy along an international border 

of the United States; and 

(D) consult with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration regarding safety, airspace coordination and regulation, and any other 

issues necessary for implementation of the program. 

(3) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—The program developed under this subsection shall 

include the use of a variety of aerial surveillance technologies in a variety 

of topographies and areas, including populated and unpopulated areas located on or near an international border of the United States, in order to 

evaluate, for a range of circumstances—

(i) the significance of previous experiences with such technologies 

in border security or critical infrastructure protection; 

(ii) the cost and effectiveness of various technologies for border security, including varying levels of technical complexity; and 

(iii) liability, safety, and privacy concerns relating to the utilization 

of such technologies for border security. 

(4) CONTINUED USE OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGIES.—The Secretary may continue the operation of aerial surveillance technologies while assessing the effectiveness of the utilization of such technologies. 

(5) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 180 days after implementing the 

program under this subsection, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report 

regarding such program. The Secretary shall include in the report a description 

of such program together with any recommendations that the Secretary finds 

appropriate for enhancing the program. 

(6) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subsection. 

(b) INTEGRATED AND AUTOMATED SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM.—

(1) REQUIREMENT FOR PROGRAM.—Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary shall establish a program to procure additional unmanned 

aerial vehicles, cameras, poles, sensors, satellites, radar coverage, and other 

technologies necessary to achieve operational control of the international borders of the United States and to establish a security perimeter known as a ‘‘virtual fence’’ along such international borders to provide a barrier to illegal immigration. Such program shall be known as the Integrated and Automated Surveillance Program. 

(2) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.—The Secretary shall ensure, to the maximum 

extent feasible, that—

(A) the technologies utilized in the Integrated and Automated Surveillance Program are integrated and function cohesively in an automated fashion, including the integration of motion sensor alerts and cameras in a 

manner where a sensor alert automatically activates a corresponding camera to pan and tilt in the direction of the triggered sensor; 

(B) cameras utilized in the Program do not have to be manually operated; 

(C) such camera views and positions are not fixed; 

(D) surveillance video taken by such cameras is able to be viewed at 

multiple designated communications centers; 

(E) a standard process is used to collect, catalog, and report intrusion 

and response data collected under the Program; 

(F) future remote surveillance technology investments and upgrades for 

the Program can be integrated with existing systems; 

(G) performance measures are developed and applied that can evaluate 

whether the Program is providing desired results and increasing response 

effectiveness in monitoring and detecting illegal intrusions along the international borders of the United States; 

12

(H) plans are developed under the Program to streamline site selection, 

site validation, and environmental assessment processes to minimize delays 

of installing surveillance technology infrastructure; 

(I) standards are developed under the Program to expand the shared 

use of existing private and governmental structures to install remote surveillance technology infrastructure where possible; and 

(J) standards are developed under the Program to identify and deploy 

the use of nonpermanent or mobile surveillance platforms that will increase 

the Secretary’s mobility and ability to identify illegal border intrusions. 

(3) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 1 year after the initial implementation of the Integrated and Automated Surveillance Program, the Secretary 

shall submit to Congress a report regarding the Program. The Secretary shall 

include in the report a description of the Program together with any recommendation that the Secretary finds appropriate for enhancing the program. 

(4) EVALUATION OF CONTRACTORS.—

(A) REQUIREMENT FOR STANDARDS.—The Secretary shall develop appropriate standards to evaluate the performance of any contractor providing 

goods or services to carry out the Integrated and Automated Surveillance 

Program. 

(B) REVIEW BY THE INSPECTOR GENERAL.—

(i) IN GENERAL.—The Inspector General of the Department shall review each new contract related to the Program that has a value of more 

than $5,000,000 in a timely manner, to determine whether such contract fully complies with applicable cost requirements, performance objectives, program milestones, and schedules. 

(ii) REPORTS.—The Inspector General shall report the findings of 

each review carried out under clause (i) to the Secretary in a timely 

manner. Not later than 30 days after the date the Secretary receives 

a report of findings from the Inspector General, the Secretary shall 

submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the 

House of Representatives a report of such findings and a description of 

any the steps that the Secretary has taken or plans to take in response 

to such findings. 

(5) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subsection. 

Subtitle B—Border Security Plans, Strategies, and 

Reports 

SEC. 111. SURVEILLANCE PLAN. 

(a) REQUIREMENT FOR PLAN.—The Secretary shall develop a comprehensive plan 

for the systematic surveillance of the international land and maritime borders of the 

United States. 

(b) CONTENT.—The plan required by subsection (a) shall include the following: 

(1) An assessment of existing technologies employed on the international 

land and maritime borders of the United States. 

(2) A description of the compatibility of new surveillance technologies with 

surveillance technologies in use by the Secretary on the date of enactment of 

this Act. 

(3) A description of how the Commissioner of the United States Customs 

and Border Protection is working, or is expected to work, with the Under Secretary for Science and Technology of the Department to identify and test surveillance technology. 

(4) A description of the specific surveillance technology to be deployed. 

(5) Identification of any obstacles that may impede such deployment. 

(6) A detailed estimate of all costs associated with such deployment and 

with continued maintenance of such technologies. 

(7) A description of how the Secretary is working with the Administrator 

of the Federal Aviation Administration on safety and airspace control issues associated with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. 

(8) A description of the program to fully integrate and utilize aerial surveillance technologies developed pursuant to section 107(a). 

(9) A description of the Integrated and Automated Surveillance Program established pursuant to section 107(b). 

13

(c) SUBMISSION TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress the plan required by this 

section. 

SEC. 112. NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR BORDER SECURITY. 

(a) REQUIREMENT FOR STRATEGY.—The Secretary, in consultation with the 

heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall develop a National Strategy for 

Border Security that describes actions to be carried out to achieve operational control over all ports of entry into the United States and the international land and 

maritime borders of the United States. 

(b) CONTENT.—The National Strategy for Border Security shall include the following: 

(1) The implementation schedule for the comprehensive plan for systematic 

surveillance described in section 111. 

(2) An assessment of the threat posed by terrorists and terrorist groups 

that may try to infiltrate the United States at locations along the international 

land and maritime borders of the United States. 

(3) A risk assessment for all United States ports of entry and all portions 

of the international land and maritime borders of the United States that includes a description of activities being undertaken—

(A) to prevent the entry of terrorists, other unlawful aliens, instruments of terrorism, narcotics, and other contraband into the United States; 

and 

(B) to protect critical infrastructure at or near such ports of entry or 

borders. 

(4) An assessment of the legal requirements that prevent achieving and 

maintaining operational control over the entire international land and maritime 

borders of the United States. 

(5) An assessment of the most appropriate, practical, and cost-effective 

means of defending the international land and maritime borders of the United 

States against threats to security and illegal transit, including intelligence capacities, technology, equipment, personnel, and training needed to address security vulnerabilities. 

(6) An assessment of staffing needs for all border security functions, taking 

into account threat and vulnerability information pertaining to the borders and 

the impact of new security programs, policies, and technologies. 

(7) A description of the border security roles and missions of Federal, State, 

regional, local, and tribal authorities, and recommendations regarding actions 

the Secretary can carry out to improve coordination with such authorities to enable border security and enforcement activities to be carried out in a more efficient and effective manner. 

(8) An assessment of existing efforts and technologies used for border security and the effect of the use of such efforts and technologies on civil rights, private property rights, privacy rights, and civil liberties, including an assessment 

of efforts to take into account asylum seekers, trafficking victims, unaccompanied minor aliens, and other vulnerable populations. 

(9) A prioritized list of research and development objectives to enhance the 

security of the international land and maritime borders of the United States. 

(10) A description of ways to ensure that the free flow of travel and commerce is not diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing 

the international land and maritime borders of the United States. 

(11) An assessment of additional detention facilities and beds that are needed to detain unlawful aliens apprehended at United States ports of entry or 

along the international land borders of the United States. 

(12) A description of the performance metrics to be used to ensure accountability by the bureaus of the Department in implementing such Strategy. 

(13) A schedule for the implementation of the security measures described 

in such Strategy, including a prioritization of security measures, realistic deadlines for addressing the security and enforcement needs, an estimate of the resources needed to carry out such measures, and a description of how such resources should be allocated. 

(c) CONSULTATION.—In developing the National Strategy for Border Security, 

the Secretary shall consult with representatives of—

(1) State, local, and tribal authorities with responsibility for locations along 

the international land and maritime borders of the United States; and 

(2) appropriate private sector entities, nongovernmental organizations, and 

affected communities that have expertise in areas related to border security. 

14

(d) COORDINATION.—The National Strategy for Border Security shall be consistent with the National Strategy for Maritime Security developed pursuant to 

Homeland Security Presidential Directive 13, dated December 21, 2004. 

(e) SUBMISSION TO CONGRESS.—

(1) STRATEGY.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this 

Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress the National Strategy for Border 

Security. 

(2) UPDATES.—The Secretary shall submit to Congress any update of such 

Strategy that the Secretary determines is necessary, not later than 30 days 

after such update is developed. 

(f) IMMEDIATE ACTION.—Nothing in this section or section 111 may be construed 

to relieve the Secretary of the responsibility to take all actions necessary and appropriate to achieve and maintain operational control over the entire international land 

and maritime borders of the United States. 

SEC. 113. REPORTS ON IMPROVING THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON NORTH AMERICAN 

SECURITY. 

(a) REQUIREMENT FOR REPORTS.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State, in coordination 

with the Secretary and the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall submit to Congress a report on improving the exchange of information related to the 

security of North America. 

(b) CONTENTS.—Each report submitted under subsection (a) shall contain a description of the following: 

(1) SECURITY CLEARANCES AND DOCUMENT INTEGRITY.—The progress made 

toward the development of common enrollment, security, technical, and biometric standards for the issuance, authentication, validation, and repudiation of secure documents, including—

(A) technical and biometric standards based on best practices and consistent with international standards for the issuance, authentication, validation, and repudiation of travel documents, including—

(i) passports; 

(ii) visas; and 

(iii) permanent resident cards; 

(B) working with Canada and Mexico to encourage foreign governments 

to enact laws to combat alien smuggling and trafficking, and laws to forbid 

the use and manufacture of fraudulent travel documents and to promote information sharing; 

(C) applying the necessary pressures and support to ensure that other 

countries meet proper travel document standards and are committed to 

travel document verification before the citizens of such countries travel 

internationally, including travel by such citizens to the United States; and 

(D) providing technical assistance for the development and maintenance of a national database built upon identified best practices for biometrics associated with visa and travel documents. 

(2) IMMIGRATION AND VISA MANAGEMENT.—The progress of efforts to share 

information regarding high-risk individuals who may attempt to enter Canada, 

Mexico, or the United States, including the progress made—

(A) in implementing the Statement of Mutual Understanding on Information Sharing, signed by Canada and the United States in February 2003; 

and 

(B) in identifying trends related to immigration fraud, including asylum 

and document fraud, and to analyze such trends. 

(3) VISA POLICY COORDINATION AND IMMIGRATION SECURITY.—The progress 

made by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to enhance the security of 

North America by cooperating on visa policy and identifying best practices regarding immigration security, including the progress made—

(A) in enhancing consultation among officials who issue visas at the 

consulates or embassies of Canada, Mexico, or the United States throughout the world to share information, trends, and best practices on visa flows; 

(B) in comparing the procedures and policies of Canada and the United 

States related to visitor visa processing, including—

(i) application process; 

(ii) interview policy; 

(iii) general screening procedures; 

(iv) visa validity; 

(v) quality control measures; and 

(vi) access to appeal or review; 

15

(C) in exploring methods for Canada, Mexico, and the United States to 

waive visa requirements for nationals and citizens of the same foreign countries; 

(D) in providing technical assistance for the development and maintenance of a national database built upon identified best practices for biometrics associated with immigration violators; 

(E) in developing and implementing an immigration security strategy 

for North America that works toward the development of a common security perimeter by enhancing technical assistance for programs and systems 

to support advance automated reporting and risk targeting of international 

passengers; 

(F) in sharing information on lost and stolen passports on a real-time 

basis among immigration or law enforcement officials of Canada, Mexico, 

and the United States; and 

(G) in collecting 10 fingerprints from each individual who applies for 

a visa. 

(4) NORTH AMERICAN VISITOR OVERSTAY PROGRAM.—The progress made by 

Canada and the United States in implementing parallel entry-exit tracking systems that, while respecting the privacy laws of both countries, share information regarding third country nationals who have overstayed their period of authorized admission in either Canada or the United States. 

(5) TERRORIST WATCH LISTS.—The progress made in enhancing the capacity 

of the United States to combat terrorism through the coordination of 

counterterrorism efforts, including the progress made—

(A) in developing and implementing bilateral agreements between Canada and the United States and between Mexico and the United States to 

govern the sharing of terrorist watch list data and to comprehensively enumerate the uses of such data by the governments of each country; 

(B) in establishing appropriate linkages among Canada, Mexico, and 

the United States Terrorist Screening Center; and 

(C) in exploring with foreign governments the establishment of a multilateral watch list mechanism that would facilitate direct coordination between the country that identifies an individual as an individual included 

on a watch list, and the country that owns such list, including procedures 

that satisfy the security concerns and are consistent with the privacy and 

other laws of each participating country. 

(6) MONEY LAUNDERING, CURRENCY SMUGGLING, AND ALIEN SMUGGLING.—

The progress made in improving information sharing and law enforcement cooperation in combating organized crime, including the progress made—

(A) in combating currency smuggling, money laundering, alien smuggling, and trafficking in alcohol, firearms, and explosives; 

(B) in determining the feasibility of formulating a firearms trafficking 

action plan between Mexico and the United States; 

(C) in developing a joint threat assessment on organized crime between 

Canada and the United States; 

(D) in determining the feasibility of formulating a joint threat assessment on organized crime between Mexico and the United States; 

(E) in developing mechanisms to exchange information on findings, seizures, and capture of individuals transporting undeclared currency; and 

(F) in developing and implementing a plan to combat the transnational 

threat of illegal drug trafficking. 

(7) LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION.—The progress made in enhancing law 

enforcement cooperation among Canada, Mexico, and the United States through 

enhanced technical assistance for the development and maintenance of a national database built upon identified best practices for biometrics associated 

with known and suspected criminals or terrorists, including exploring the formation of law enforcement teams that include personnel from the United States 

and Mexico, and appropriate procedures for such teams. 

SEC. 114. BORDER PATROL TRAINING CAPACITY REVIEW. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct 

a review of the basic training provided to Border Patrol agents by the Secretary to 

ensure that such training is provided as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible. 

(b) COMPONENTS OF REVIEW.—The review under subsection (a) shall include the 

following components: 

(1) An evaluation of the length and content of the basic training curriculum 

provided to new Border Patrol agents by the Federal Law Enforcement Training 

Center, including a description of how such curriculum has changed since SepVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
16

tember 11, 2001, and an evaluation of language and cultural diversity training 

programs provided within such curriculum. 

(2) A review and a detailed breakdown of the costs incurred by United 

States Customs and Border Protection and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center to train 1 new Border Patrol agent. 

(3) A comparison, based on the review and breakdown under paragraph (2), 

of the costs, effectiveness, scope, and quality, including geographic characteristics, with other similar training programs provided by State and local agencies, 

nonprofit organizations, universities, and the private sector. 

(4) An evaluation of whether utilizing comparable non-Federal training programs, proficiency testing, and long-distance learning programs may affect—

(A) the cost-effectiveness of increasing the number of Border Patrol 

agents trained per year; 

(B) the per agent costs of basic training; and 

(C) the scope and quality of basic training needed to fulfill the mission 

and duties of a Border Patrol agent. 

SEC. 115. SECURE BORDER INITIATIVE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Inspector General of the Department shall review each 

contract action relating to the Secure Border Initiative having a value of more than 

$20,000,000, to determine whether each such action fully complies with applicable 

cost requirements, performance objectives, program milestones, inclusion of small, 

minority, and women-owned business, and time lines. The Inspector General shall 

complete a review under this subsection with respect to each contract action—

(1) not later than 60 days after the date of the initiation of the action; and 

(2) upon the conclusion of the performance of the contract. 

(b) INSPECTOR GENERAL.—

(1) ACTION.—If the Inspector General becomes aware of any improper conduct or wrongdoing in the course of conducting a contract review under subsection (a), the Inspector General shall, as expeditiously as practicable, refer information relating to such improper conduct or wrongdoing to the Secretary, or 

to another appropriate official of the Department, who shall determine whether 

to temporarily suspend the contractor from further participation in the Secure 

Border Initiative. 

(2) REPORT.—Upon the completion of each review described in subsection 

(a), the Inspector General shall submit to the Secretary a report containing the 

findings of the review, including findings regarding—

(A) cost overruns; 

(B) significant delays in contract execution; 

(C) lack of rigorous departmental contract management; 

(D) insufficient departmental financial oversight; 

(E) bundling that limits the ability of small businesses to compete; or 

(F) other high-risk business practices. 

(c) REPORTS BY THE SECRETARY.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 30 days after the receipt of each report required under subsection (b)(2), the Secretary shall submit a report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of 

the House of Representatives, that describes—

(A) the findings of the report received from the Inspector General; and 

(B) the steps the Secretary has taken, or plans to take, to address the 

problems identified in such report. 

(2) CONTRACTS WITH FOREIGN COMPANIES.—Not later than 60 days after the 

initiation of each contract action with a company whose headquarters are not 

based in the United States, the Secretary shall submit a report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of 

the House of Representatives, regarding the Secure Border Initiative. 

(d) REPORTS ON UNITED STATES PORTS.—Not later that 30 days after receiving 

information regarding a proposed purchase of a contract to manage the operations 

of a United States port by a foreign entity, the Committee on Foreign Investment 

in the United States shall submit a report to Congress that describes—

(1) the proposed purchase; 

(2) any security concerns related to the proposed purchase; and 

(3) the manner in which such security concerns have been addressed. 

(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—In addition to amounts that are otherwise authorized to be appropriated to the Office of the Inspector General of the Department, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Office, to enable the Office 

to carry out this section—

17

(1) for fiscal year 2008, not less than 5 percent of the overall budget of the 

Office for such fiscal year; 

(2) for fiscal year 2009, not less than 6 percent of the overall budget of the 

Office for such fiscal year; and 

(3) for fiscal year 2010, not less than 7 percent of the overall budget of the 

Office for such fiscal year. 

Subtitle C—Southern Border Security 

SEC. 121. IMPROVING THE SECURITY OF MEXICO’S SOUTHERN BORDER. 

(a) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary of State, in coordination with the 

Secretary, shall work to cooperate with the head of Foreign Affairs Canada and the 

appropriate officials of the Government of Mexico to establish a program—

(1) to assess the specific needs of the countries of Central America in maintaining the security of the international borders of such countries; 

(2) to use the assessment made under paragraph (1) to determine the financial and technical support needed by the countries of Central America from 

Canada, Mexico, and the United States to meet such needs; 

(3) to provide technical assistance to the countries of Central America to 

promote issuance of secure passports and travel documents by such countries; 

and 

(4) to encourage the countries of Central America—

(A) to control alien smuggling and trafficking; 

(B) to prevent the use and manufacture of fraudulent travel documents; 

and 

(C) to share relevant information with Mexico, Canada, and the United 

States. 

(b) BORDER SECURITY FOR THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.—The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall work to cooperate—

(1) with the appropriate officials of the governments of the countries of Central America to provide law enforcement assistance to such countries to specifically address immigration issues to increase the ability of such governments to 

dismantle human smuggling organizations and gain additional control over the 

international borders between the countries of Central America; and 

(2) with the appropriate officials of the governments of the countries of Central America to establish a program to provide needed equipment, technical assistance, and vehicles to manage, regulate, and patrol such international borders. 

(c) TRACKING CENTRAL AMERICAN GANGS.—The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 

shall work to cooperate with the appropriate officials of the governments of other 

countries of Central America—

(1) to assess the direct and indirect impact on the United States and Central America of deporting violent criminal aliens; 

(2) to establish a program and database to track individuals involved in 

Central American gang activities; 

(3) to develop a mechanism that is acceptable to the governments of the 

countries of Central America and of the United States to notify such a government if an individual suspected of gang activity will be deported to that country 

prior to the deportation and to provide support for the reintegration of such deportees into that country; and 

(4) to develop an agreement to share all relevant information related to individuals connected with Central American gangs. 

(d) LIMITATIONS ON ASSISTANCE.—Any funds made available to carry out this 

section shall be subject to the limitations contained in section 551 of the Foreign 

Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2006 

(Public Law 109–102; 119 Stat. 2218). 

SEC. 122. REPORT ON DEATHS AT THE UNITED STATES-MEXICO BORDER. 

(a) COLLECTION OF STATISTICS.—The Commissioner of the United States Customs and Border Protection shall collect statistics relating to deaths occurring at the 

border between the United States and Mexico, including—

(1) the causes of the deaths; and 

(2) the total number of deaths. 

(b) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and 

annually thereafter, the Commissioner of United States Customs and Border Protection shall submit to the Secretary a report that—

18

(1) analyzes trends with respect to the statistics collected under subsection 

(a) during the preceding year; and 

(2) recommends actions to reduce the deaths described in subsection (a). 

SEC. 123. COOPERATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO. 

(a) COOPERATION REGARDING BORDER SECURITY.—The Secretary of State, in cooperation with the Secretary and representatives of Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies that are involved in border security and immigration enforcement efforts, shall work with the appropriate officials from the Government of Mexico to improve coordination between the United States and Mexico regarding—

(1) improved border security along the international border between the 

United States and Mexico; 

(2) the reduction of human trafficking and smuggling between the United 

States and Mexico; 

(3) the reduction of drug trafficking and smuggling between the United 

States and Mexico; 

(4) the reduction of gang membership in the United States and Mexico; 

(5) the reduction of violence against women in the United States and Mexico; and 

(6) the reduction of other violence and criminal activity. 

(b) COOPERATION REGARDING EDUCATION ON IMMIGRATION LAWS.—The Secretary of State, in cooperation with other appropriate Federal officials, shall work 

with the appropriate officials from the Government of Mexico to carry out activities 

to educate citizens and nationals of Mexico regarding eligibility for status as a nonimmigrant under Federal law to ensure that the citizens and nationals are not exploited while working in the United States. 

(c) COOPERATION REGARDING CIRCULAR MIGRATION.—The Secretary of State, in 

cooperation with the Secretary of Labor and other appropriate Federal officials, 

shall work with the appropriate officials from the Government of Mexico to improve 

coordination between the United States and Mexico to encourage circular migration, 

including assisting in the development of economic opportunities and providing job 

training for citizens and nationals in Mexico. 

(d) CONSULTATION REQUIREMENT.—Federal, State, and local representatives in 

the United States shall work to cooperate with their counterparts in Mexico concerning border security structures along the international border between the 

United States and Mexico, as authorized by this title, in order to—

(1) solicit the views of affected communities; 

(2) lessen tensions; and 

(3) foster greater understanding and stronger cooperation on this and other 

important security issues of mutual concern. 

(e) ANNUAL REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of 

this Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to Congress 

a report on the actions taken by the United States and Mexico under this section. 

SEC. 124. TEMPORARY NATIONAL GUARD SUPPORT FOR SECURING THE SOUTHERN LAND 

BORDER OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(a) AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE.— (1) IN GENERAL.—With the approval of the Secretary of Defense, the Governor of a State may order any units or personnel of the National Guard of such 

State to perform annual training duty under section 502(a) of title 32, United 

States Code, to carry out in any State along the southern land border of the 

United States the activities authorized in subsection (b), for the purpose of securing such border. Such duty shall not exceed 21 days in any year. 

(2) SUPPORT.—With the approval of the Secretary of Defense, the Governor 

of a State may order any units or personnel of the National Guard of such State 

to perform duty under section 502(f) of title 32, United States Code, to provide 

command, control, and continuity of support for units or personnel performing 

annual training duty under paragraph (1). 

(b) AUTHORIZED ACTIVITIES.—The activities authorized by this subsection are 

any of the following: 

(1) Ground reconnaissance activities. 

(2) Airborne reconnaissance activities. 

(3) Logistical support. 

(4) Provision of translation services and training. 

(5) Administrative support services. 

(6) Technical training services. 

(7) Emergency medical assistance and services. 

(8) Communications services. 

(9) Rescue of aliens in peril. 

19

(10) Construction of roadways, patrol roads, fences, barriers, and other facilities to secure the southern land border of the United States. 

(11) Ground and air transportation. 

(c) COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS.—Units and personnel of the National Guard of 

a State may perform activities in another State under subsection (a) only pursuant 

to the terms of an emergency management assistance compact or other cooperative 

arrangement entered into between Governors of such States for purposes of this section, and only with the approval of the Secretary of Defense. 

(d) COORDINATION OF ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall, 

in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Governors of the States concerned, coordinate the performance of activities under this section by units and personnel of the National Guard. 

(e) ANNUAL TRAINING.—Annual training duty performed by members of the National Guard under subsection (a) shall be appropriate for the units and individual 

members concerned, taking into account the types of units and military occupational 

specialties of individual members performing such duty. 

(f) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) The term ‘‘Governor of a State’’ means, in the case of the District of Columbia, the Commanding General of the National Guard of the District of Columbia. 

(2) The term ‘‘State’’ means each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. 

(3) The term ‘‘State along the southern border of the United States’’ means 

each of the following: 

(A) The State of Arizona. 

(B) The State of California. 

(C) The State of New Mexico. 

(D) The State of Texas. 

(g) DURATION OF AUTHORITY.—The authority of this section shall expire on January 1, 2009. 

(h) PROHIBITION ON DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN LAW ENFORCEMENT.—Activities 

carried out under the authority of this section shall not include the direct participation of a member of the National Guard in a search, seizure, arrest, or similar activity. 

SEC. 125. UNITED STATES-MEXICO BORDER ENFORCEMENT REVIEW COMMISSION. 

(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—There is established an independent commission to be 

known as the United States-Mexico Border Enforcement Review Commission 

(referred to in this section as the ‘‘Commission’’). 

(2) PURPOSES.—The purposes of the Commission are—

(A) to study the overall enforcement and detention strategies, programs 

and policies of Federal agencies along the United States-Mexico border; and 

(B) to make recommendations to the President and Congress with respect to such strategies, programs and policies. 

(3) MEMBERSHIP.—The Commission shall be composed of 16 voting members, who shall be appointed as follows: 

(A) The Governors of the States of California, New Mexico, Arizona, 

and Texas shall each appoint 4 voting members of whom—

(i) 1 shall be a local elected official from the State’s border region; 

(ii) 1 shall be a local law enforcement official from the State’s border region; and 

(iii) 2 shall be from the State’s communities of academia, religious 

leaders, civic leaders or community leaders. 

(B) 2 nonvoting members, of whom—

(i) 1 shall be appointed by the Secretary; and 

(ii) 1 shall be appointed by the Attorney General. 

(4) QUALIFICATIONS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Members of the Commission shall be—

(i) individuals with expertise in migration, border enforcement and 

protection, civil and human rights, community relations, cross-border 

trade and commerce or other pertinent qualifications or experience; and 

(ii) representative of a broad cross section of perspectives from the 

region along the international border between the United States and 

Mexico; 

(B) POLITICAL AFFILIATION.—Not more than 2 members of the Commission appointed by each Governor under paragraph (3)(A) may be members 

of the same political party. 

20

(C) NONGOVERNMENTAL APPOINTEES.—An individual appointed as a voting member to the Commission may not be an officer or employee of the 

Federal Government. 

(5) DEADLINE FOR APPOINTMENT.—All members of the Commission shall be 

appointed not later than 6 months after the enactment of this Act. If any member of the Commission described in paragraph (3)(A) is not appointed by such 

date, the Commission shall carry out its duties under this section without the 

participation of such member. 

(6) TERM OF SERVICE.—The term of office for members shall be for the life 

of the Commission, or 3 years, whichever is sooner. 

(7) VACANCIES.—Any vacancy in the Commission shall not affect its powers, 

but shall be filled in the same manner in which the original appointment was 

made. 

(8) MEETINGS.—

(A) INITIAL MEETING.—The Commission shall meet and begin the operations of the Commission as soon as practicable. 

(B) SUBSEQUENT MEETINGS.—After its initial meeting, the Commission 

shall meet upon the call of the chairman or a majority of its members. 

(9) QUORUM.—Nine members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum. 

(10) CHAIR AND VICE CHAIR.—The voting members of the Commission shall 

elect a Chairman and Vice Chairman from among its members. The term of office shall be for the life of the Commission. 

(b) DUTIES.—The Commission shall review, examine, and make recommendations regarding border enforcement policies, strategies, and programs, including recommendations regarding—

(1) the protection of human and civil rights of community residents and migrants along the international border between the United States and Mexico; 

(2) the adequacy and effectiveness of human and civil rights training of enforcement personnel on such border; 

(3) the adequacy of the complaint process within the agencies and programs 

of the Department that are employed when an individual files a grievance; 

(4) the effect of the operations, technology, and enforcement infrastructure 

along such border on the—

(A) environment; 

(B) cross border traffic and commerce; and 

(C) the quality of life of border communities; 

(5) State and local law enforcement involvement in the enforcement of Federal immigration law; 

(6) the adequacy of detention standards and conditions, and the extent to 

which the standards and conditions are enforced; and 

(7) any other matters regarding border enforcement policies, strategies, and 

programs the Commission determines appropriate. 

(c) INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE FROM FEDERAL AGENCIES.—

(1) INFORMATION FROM FEDERAL AGENCIES.—The Commission may seek directly from any department or agency of the United States such information, 

including suggestions, estimates, and statistics, as allowed by law and as the 

Commission considers necessary to carry out the provisions of this section. 

Upon request of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall 

furnish such information to the Commission. 

(2) ASSISTANCE FROM FEDERAL AGENCIES.—The Administrator of General 

Services shall, on a reimbursable basis, provide the Commission with administrative support and other services for the performance of the Commission’s functions. The departments and agencies of the United States may provide the Commission with such services, funds, facilities, staff, and other support services as 

they determine advisable and as authorized by law. 

(d) COMPENSATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Members of the Commission shall serve without pay. 

(2) REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES.—All members of the Commission shall 

be reimbursed for reasonable travel expenses and subsistence, and other reasonable and necessary expenses incurred by them in the performance of their duties. 

(e) REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after the date of the first meeting called 

pursuant to (a)(8)(A), the Commission shall submit a report to the President and 

Congress that contains—

(1) findings with respect to the duties of the Commission; 

(2) recommendations regarding border enforcement policies, strategies, and 

programs; 

21

(3) suggestions for the implementation of the Commission’s recommendations; and 

(4) a recommendation as to whether the Commission should continue to 

exist after the date of termination described in subsection (g), and if so, a description of the purposes and duties recommended to be carried out by the Commission after such date. 

(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

(g) SUNSET.—Unless the Commission is re-authorized by Congress, the Commission shall terminate on the date that is 90 days after the date the Commission submits the report described in subsection (e). 

Subtitle D—Secure Entry Initiatives 

SEC. 131. BIOMETRIC DATA ENHANCEMENTS. 

Not later than December 31, 2008, the Secretary shall—

(1) in consultation with the Attorney General, enhance connectivity between 

the Automated Biometric Fingerprint Identification System (IDENT) of the Department and the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System 

(IAFIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to ensure more expeditious data 

searches; and 

(2) in consultation with the Secretary of State, collect all fingerprints from 

each alien required to provide fingerprints during the alien’s initial enrollment 

in the integrated entry and exit data system described in section 110 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 

1365a). 

SEC. 132. US–VISIT SYSTEM. 

Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, 

in consultation with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall submit 

to Congress a schedule for—

(1) equipping all land border ports of entry of the United States with the 

U.S.-Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US–VISIT) system implemented under the authority of section 110 of the Illegal Immigration Reform 

and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1365a); 

(2) developing and deploying at such ports of entry the exit component of 

the US–VISIT system; and 

(3) making interoperable all immigration screening systems operated by the 

Secretary. 

SEC. 133. DOCUMENT FRAUD DETECTION. 

(a) TRAINING.—Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary shall 

provide all officers of the United States Customs and Border Protection with training in identifying and detecting fraudulent travel documents. Such training shall be 

developed in consultation with the head of the Forensic Document Laboratory of 

United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 

(b) FORENSIC DOCUMENT LABORATORY.—The Secretary shall provide all United 

States Customs and Border Protection officers with access to the Forensic Document 

Laboratory. 

(c) ASSESSMENT.—

(1) REQUIREMENT FOR ASSESSMENT.—The Inspector General of the Department shall conduct an independent assessment of the accuracy and reliability 

of the Forensic Document Laboratory. 

(2) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Inspector General shall submit to Congress the findings 

of the assessment required by paragraph (1). 

(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2008 

through 2012 to carry out this section. 

SEC. 134. IMPROVED DOCUMENT INTEGRITY. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 303 of the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry 

Reform Act of 2002 (8 U.S.C. 1732) is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ each place it appears and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(2) in the heading, by striking ‘‘entry and exit documents’’ and inserting ‘‘travel and

entry documents and evidence of status’’; 

22

(3) in subsection (b)(1)—

(A) by striking ‘‘Not later than October 26, 2004, the’’ and inserting 

‘‘The’’; and 

(B) by striking ‘‘visas and’’ both places it appears and inserting ‘‘visas, 

evidence of status, and’’; 

(4) by redesignating subsection (d) as subsection (e); and 

(5) by inserting after subsection (c) the following: 

‘‘(d) OTHER DOCUMENTS.—Not later than December 31, 2008, every document, 

other than an interim document, issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security 

which may be used as evidence of an alien’s authorization to travel shall be machine-readable and tamper-resistant, and shall incorporate a biometric identifier to 

allow the Secretary of Homeland Security to verify electronically the identity and 

status of the alien.’’. 

SEC. 135. BIOMETRIC ENTRY-EXIT SYSTEM. 

(a) COLLECTION OF BIOMETRIC DATA FROM ALIENS DEPARTING THE UNITED

STATES.—Section 215 (8 U.S.C. 1185) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (g); 

(2) by moving subsection (g), as redesignated by paragraph (1), to the end; 

and 

(3) by inserting after subsection (b) the following: 

‘‘(c) The Secretary of Homeland Security is authorized to require aliens departing the United States to provide biometric data and other information relating to 

their immigration status.’’. 

(b) INSPECTION OF APPLICANTS FOR ADMISSION.—Section 235(d) (8 U.S.C. 

1225(d)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(5) AUTHORITY TO COLLECT BIOMETRIC DATA.—In conducting inspections 

under subsection (b), immigration officers are authorized to collect biometric 

data from—

‘‘(A) any applicant for admission or alien seeking to transit through the 

United States; or 

‘‘(B) any lawful permanent resident who is entering the United States 

and who is not regarded as seeking admission pursuant to section 

101(a)(13)(C).’’. 

(c) COLLECTION OF BIOMETRIC DATA FROM ALIEN CREWMEN.—Section 252 (8 

U.S.C. 1282) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(d) An immigration officer is authorized to collect biometric data from an alien 

crewman seeking permission to land temporarily in the United States.’’. 

(d) GROUNDS OF INADMISSIBILITY.—Section 212 (8 U.S.C. 1182) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)(7), by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(C) WITHHOLDERS OF BIOMETRIC DATA.—Any alien who knowingly fails 

to comply with a lawful request for biometric data under section 215(c) or 

235(d) is inadmissible.’’; and 

(2) in subsection (d), by inserting after paragraph (1) the following: 

‘‘(2) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall determine whether a ground 

for inadmissibility exists with respect to an alien described in subparagraph (C) 

of subsection (a)(7) and may waive the application of such subparagraph for an 

individual alien or a class of aliens, at the discretion of the Secretary.’’. 

(e) IMPLEMENTATION.—Section 7208 of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act 

of 2004 (8 U.S.C. 1365b) is amended—

(1) in subsection (c), by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(3) IMPLEMENTATION.—In fully implementing the automated biometric 

entry and exit data system under this section, the Secretary is not required to 

comply with the requirements of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as the Administrative Procedure Act) or any other law relating to rulemaking, information collection, or publication in the Federal Register.’’; and 

(2) in subsection (l)—

(A) by striking ‘‘There are authorized’’ and inserting the following: 

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized’’; and 

(B) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(2) IMPLEMENTATION AT ALL LAND BORDER PORTS OF ENTRY.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal 

years 2008 and 2009 to implement the automated biometric entry and exit data 

system at all land border ports of entry.’’. 

23

SEC. 136. EVASION OF INSPECTION OR VIOLATION OF ARRIVAL, REPORTING, ENTRY, OR 

CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 27 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 

adding at the end the following: 

‘‘§ 556. Evasion of inspection or violation of arrival, reporting, entry, or 

clearance requirements 

‘‘(a) PROHIBITION.—A person at a port of entry or customs or immigration checkpoint shall be punished as described in subsection (b) if such person attempts to 

elude or eludes customs, immigration, or agriculture inspection or fails to stop at 

the command of an officer or employee of the United States charged with enforcing 

the immigration, customs, or other laws of the United States at a port of entry or 

customs or immigration checkpoint. 

‘‘(b) PENALTIES.—A person who commits an offense described in subsection (a) 

shall be—

‘‘(1) fined under this title; 

‘‘(2)(A) imprisoned for not more than 3 years, or both; 

‘‘(B) imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both, if in commission of this 

violation, such person attempts to inflict or inflicts bodily injury (as defined in 

section 1365(h) of this title); or 

‘‘(C) imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, if death results, 

and may be sentenced to death; or 

‘‘(3) both fined and imprisoned under this subsection. 

‘‘(c) CONSPIRACY.—If 2 or more persons conspire to commit an offense described 

in subsection (a), and 1 or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of 

the conspiracy, each shall be punishable as a principal, except that the sentence of 

death may not be imposed. 

‘‘(d) PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE.—For the purposes of seizure and forfeiture under 

applicable law, in the case of use of a vehicle or other conveyance in the commission 

of this offense, or in the case of disregarding or disobeying the lawful authority or 

command of any officer or employee of the United States under section 111(b) of this 

title, such conduct shall constitute prima facie evidence of smuggling aliens or merchandise.’’. 

(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—The table of sections for chapter 27 of title 18, 

United States Code, is amended by inserting at the end:

‘‘556. Evasion of inspection or during violation of arrival, reporting, entry, or 

clearance requirements.’’. 

(c) FAILURE TO OBEY BORDER ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS.—Section 111 of title 18, 

United States Code, is amended by inserting after subsection (b) the following: 

‘‘(c) FAILURE TO OBEY LAWFUL ORDERS OF BORDER ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS.—

Whoever willfully disregards or disobeys the lawful authority or command of any 

officer or employee of the United States charged with enforcing the immigration, 

customs, or other laws of the United States while engaged in, or on account of, the 

performance of official duties shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not 

more than 5 years, or both.’’. 

(d) TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 27 of title 18, United States Code, is amended 

by redesignating the section 554 added by section 551(a) of the Department of 

Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007 (Public Law 109–295; 120 Stat. 

1389) (relating to border tunnels and passages) as section 555. 

(2) TABLE OF SECTIONS.—The table of sections for chapter 27 of title 18, 

United States Code, is amended—

(A) by striking the following:

‘‘554. Border tunnels and passages.’’; and 

(B) inserting the following:

‘‘555. Border tunnels and passages.’’. 

(3) CRIMINAL FORFEITURE.—Section 982(a)(6)(A) of title 18, United States 

Code, is amended by striking ‘‘554’’ and inserting ‘‘555’’. 

(4) DIRECTIVE TO THE UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION.—Section 

551(d) of the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007 (Public Law 109–295; 120 Stat. 1390) is amended in paragraphs (1) and (2)(A) by 

striking ‘‘554’’ and inserting ‘‘555’’. 

24

Subtitle E—Law Enforcement Relief for States 

SEC. 141. BORDER RELIEF GRANT PROGRAM. 

(a) GRANTS AUTHORIZED.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary is authorized to award grants, subject to 

the availability of appropriations, to an eligible law enforcement agency to provide assistance to such agency to address—

(A) criminal activity that occurs in the jurisdiction of such agency by 

virtue of such agency’s proximity to the United States border; and 

(B) the impact of any lack of security along the United States border. 

(2) DURATION.—Grants may be awarded under this subsection during fiscal 

years 2008 through 2012. 

(3) COMPETITIVE BASIS.—The Secretary shall award grants under this subsection on a competitive basis, except that the Secretary shall give priority to 

applications from any eligible law enforcement agency serving a community 

with a population of less than 50,000. 

(b) USE OF FUNDS.—Grants awarded pursuant to subsection (a) may only be 

used to provide additional resources for an eligible law enforcement agency to address criminal activity occurring along any such border, including—

(1) to obtain equipment; 

(2) to hire additional personnel; 

(3) to upgrade and maintain law enforcement technology; 

(4) to cover operational costs, including overtime and transportation costs; 

and 

(5) such other resources as are available to assist that agency. 

(c) APPLICATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Each eligible law enforcement agency seeking a grant 

under this section shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time, in 

such manner, and accompanied by such information as the Secretary may reasonably require. 

(2) CONTENTS.—Each application submitted pursuant to paragraph (1) 

shall—

(A) describe the activities for which assistance under this section is 

sought; and 

(B) provide such additional assurances as the Secretary determines to 

be essential to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section. 

(d) DEFINITIONS.—For the purposes of this section: 

(1) ELIGIBLE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY.—The term ‘‘eligible law enforcement agency’’ means a tribal, State, or local law enforcement agency—

(A) located in a county that is not more than 100 miles from a United 

States border with—

(i) Canada; or 

(ii) Mexico; or 

(B) located in a county more than 100 miles from any such border, but 

where such county has been certified by the Secretary as a High Impact 

Area. 

(2) HIGH IMPACT AREA.—The term ‘‘High Impact Area’’ means any county 

designated by the Secretary as such, taking into consideration—

(A) whether local law enforcement agencies in that county have the resources to protect the lives, property, safety, or welfare of the residents of 

that county; 

(B) the relationship between any lack of security along the United 

States border and the rise, if any, of criminal activity in that county; and 

(C) any other unique challenges that local law enforcement face due to 

a lack of security along the United States border. 

(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated $50,000,000 for 

each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012 to carry out the provisions of this section. 

(2) DIVISION OF AUTHORIZED FUNDS.—Of the amounts authorized under 

paragraph (1)—

(A) 2⁄3 shall be set aside for eligible law enforcement agencies located 

in the 6 States with the largest number of undocumented alien apprehensions; and 

(B) 1⁄3 shall be set aside for areas designated as a High Impact Area 

under subsection (d). 

25

(f) SUPPLEMENT NOT SUPPLANT.—Amounts appropriated for grants under this 

section shall be used to supplement and not supplant other State and local public 

funds obligated for the purposes provided under this title. 

(g) ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL IMMIGRATION LAW.—Nothing in this section shall 

be construed to authorize State or local law enforcement agencies or their officers 

to exercise Federal immigration law enforcement authority. 

SEC. 142. NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN BORDER PROSECUTION INITIATIVE. 

(a) REIMBURSEMENT TO STATE AND LOCAL PROSECUTORS FOR PROSECUTING FED- ERALLY INITIATED DRUG CASES.—The Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, reimburse State and county prosecutors located in States 

along the Northern or Southern border of the United States for prosecuting federally 

initiated and referred drug cases. 

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appro- priated $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2013 to carry out subsection (a). 

Subtitle F—Rapid Response Measures 

SEC. 151. DEPLOYMENT OF BORDER PATROL AGENTS. 

(a) EMERGENCY DEPLOYMENT OF BORDER PATROL AGENTS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—If the Governor of a State on an international border of 

the United States declares an international border security emergency and requests additional agents of the Border Patrol (referred to in this subtitle as 

‘‘agents’’) from the Secretary, the Secretary, subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), 

may provide the State with not more than 1,000 additional agents for the purpose of patrolling and defending the international border, in order to prevent 

individuals from crossing the international border into the United States at any 

location other than an authorized port of entry. 

(2) CONSULTATION.—Upon receiving a request for agents under paragraph 

(1), the Secretary, after consultation with the President, shall grant such request to the extent that providing such agents will not significantly impair the 

Department’s ability to provide border security for any other State. 

(3) COLLECTIVE BARGAINING.—Emergency deployments under this subsection shall be made in accordance with all applicable collective bargaining 

agreements and obligations. 

(b) ELIMINATION OF FIXED DEPLOYMENT OF BORDER PATROL AGENTS.—The Secretary shall ensure that agents are not precluded from performing patrol duties and 

apprehending violators of law, except in unusual circumstances if the temporary use 

of fixed deployment positions is necessary. 

SEC. 152. BORDER PATROL MAJOR ASSETS. 

(a) CONTROL OF BORDER PATROL ASSETS.—The Border Patrol shall have complete and exclusive administrative and operational control over all the assets utilized in carrying out its mission, including aircraft, watercraft, vehicles, detention 

space, transportation, and all of the personnel associated with such assets. 

(b) HELICOPTERS AND POWER BOATS.—

(1) HELICOPTERS.—The Secretary shall increase, by not less than 100, the 

number of helicopters under the control of the Border Patrol. The Secretary 

shall ensure that appropriate types of helicopters are procured for the various 

missions being performed. 

(2) POWER BOATS.—The Secretary shall increase, by not less than 250, the 

number of power boats under the control of the Border Patrol. The Secretary 

shall ensure that the types of power boats that are procured are appropriate 

for both the waterways in which they are used and the mission requirements. 

(3) USE AND TRAINING.—The Secretary shall—

(A) establish an overall policy on how the helicopters and power boats 

procured under this subsection will be used; and 

(B) implement training programs for the agents who use such assets, 

including safe operating procedures and rescue operations. 

(c) MOTOR VEHICLES.—

(1) QUANTITY.—The Secretary shall establish a fleet of motor vehicles appropriate for use by the Border Patrol that will permit a ratio of not less than 

1 police-type vehicle for every 3 agents. These police-type vehicles shall be replaced not less often than once every 3 years. The Secretary shall ensure that 

there are sufficient numbers and types of other motor vehicles to support the 

mission of the Border Patrol. 

26

(2) FEATURES.—All motor vehicles purchased for the Border Patrol shall—

(A) be appropriate for the mission of the Border Patrol; and 

(B) have a panic button and a global positioning system device that is 

activated solely in emergency situations to track the location of agents in 

distress. 

SEC. 153. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT. 

(a) PORTABLE COMPUTERS.—The Secretary shall ensure that each police-type 

motor vehicle in the fleet of the Border Patrol is equipped with a portable computer 

with access to all necessary law enforcement databases and otherwise suited to the 

unique operational requirements of the Border Patrol. 

(b) RADIO EQUIPMENT.—The Secretary shall augment the existing radio communications system so that all law enforcement personnel working in each area where 

Border Patrol operations are conducted have clear and encrypted 2-way radio communication capabilities at all times. Each portable communications device shall be 

equipped with a panic button and a global positioning system device that is activated solely in emergency situations to track the location of agents in distress. 

(c) HANDHELD GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM DEVICES.—The Secretary shall ensure that each Border Patrol agent is issued a state-of-the-art handheld global positioning system device for navigational purposes. 

(d) NIGHT VISION EQUIPMENT.—The Secretary shall ensure that sufficient quantities of state-of-the-art night vision equipment are procured and maintained to enable each Border Patrol agent working during the hours of darkness to be equipped 

with a portable night vision device. 

SEC. 154. PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. 

(a) BORDER ARMOR.—The Secretary shall ensure that every agent is issued 

high-quality body armor that is appropriate for the climate and risks faced by the 

agent. Each agent shall be permitted to select from among a variety of approved 

brands and styles. Agents shall be strongly encouraged, but not required, to wear 

such body armor whenever practicable. All body armor shall be replaced not less 

often than once every 5 years. 

(b) WEAPONS.—The Secretary shall ensure that agents are equipped with weapons that are reliable and effective to protect themselves, their fellow agents, and innocent third parties from the threats posed by armed criminals. The Secretary shall 

ensure that the policies of the Department authorize all agents to carry weapons 

that are suited to the potential threats that they face. 

(c) UNIFORMS.—The Secretary shall ensure that all agents are provided with all 

necessary uniform items, including outerwear suited to the climate, footwear, belts, 

holsters, and personal protective equipment, at no cost to such agents. Such items 

shall be replaced at no cost to such agents as such items become worn or unserviceable or no longer fit properly. 

SEC. 155. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be 

necessary for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012 to carry out this subtitle. 

Subtitle G—Border Infrastructure and Technology 

Modernization 

SEC. 161. DEFINITIONS. 

In this subtitle: 

(1) COMMISSIONER.—The term ‘‘Commissioner’’ means the Commissioner of 

United States Customs and Border Protection. 

(2) NORTHERN BORDER.—The term ‘‘northern border’’ means the international border between the United States and Canada. 

(3) SOUTHERN BORDER.—The term ‘‘southern border’’ means the international border between the United States and Mexico. 

SEC. 162. PORT OF ENTRY INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT STUDY. 

(a) REQUIREMENT TO UPDATE.—Not later than January 31 of each year, the Administrator of General Services shall update the Port of Entry Infrastructure Assessment Study prepared by United States Customs and Border Protection in accordance with the matter relating to the ports of entry infrastructure assessment 

that is set out in the joint explanatory statement in the conference report accompanying H.R. 2490 of the 106th Congress, 1st session (House of Representatives 

Rep. No. 106–319, on page 67) and submit such updated study to Congress. 

27

(b) CONSULTATION.—In preparing the updated studies required in subsection 

(a), the Administrator of General Services shall consult with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Secretary, and the Commissioner. 

(c) CONTENT.—Each updated study required in subsection (a) shall—

(1) identify port of entry infrastructure and technology improvement 

projects that would enhance border security and facilitate the flow of legitimate 

commerce if implemented; 

(2) include the projects identified in the National Land Border Security 

Plan required by section 164; and 

(3) prioritize the projects described in paragraphs (1) and (2) based on the 

ability of a project to—

(A) fulfill immediate security requirements; and 

(B) facilitate trade across the borders of the United States. 

(d) PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION.—The Commissioner shall implement the infrastructure and technology improvement projects described in subsection (c) in the 

order of priority assigned to each project under paragraph (3) of such subsection. 

(e) DIVERGENCE FROM PRIORITIES.—The Commissioner may diverge from the 

priority order if the Commissioner determines that significantly changed circumstances, such as immediate security needs or changes in infrastructure in Mexico or Canada, compellingly alter the need for a project in the United States. 

SEC. 163. NATIONAL LAND BORDER SECURITY PLAN. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, 

an annually thereafter, the Secretary, after consultation with representatives of 

Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies and private entities that are involved in international trade across the northern border or the southern border, 

shall submit a National Land Border Security Plan to Congress. 

(b) VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The plan required in subsection (a) shall include a vulnerability assessment of each port of entry located on the northern border or the 

southern border. 

(2) PORT SECURITY COORDINATORS.—The Secretary may establish 1 or more 

port security coordinators at each port of entry located on the northern border 

or the southern border—

(A) to assist in conducting a vulnerability assessment at such port; and 

(B) to provide other assistance with the preparation of the plan required in subsection (a). 

SEC. 164. EXPANSION OF COMMERCE SECURITY PROGRAMS. 

(a) CUSTOMS-TRADE PARTNERSHIP AGAINST TERRORISM.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of 

this Act, the Commissioner, in consultation with the Secretary, shall develop a 

plan to expand the programs of the Customs–Trade Partnership Against Terrorism established pursuant to section 211 of the SAFE Port Act (6 U.S.C. 961), 

including adding additional personnel for such programs, along the northern 

border and southern border, including the following programs: 

(A) The Business Anti-Smuggling Coalition. 

(B) The Carrier Initiative Program. 

(C) The Americas Counter Smuggling Initiative. 

(D) The Container Security Initiative established pursuant to section 

205 of the SAFE Port Act (6 U.S.C. 945). 

(E) The Free and Secure Trade Initiative. 

(F) Other industry partnership programs administered by the Commissioner. 

(2) SOUTHERN BORDER DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.—Not later than 180 days 

after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commissioner shall implement, on 

a demonstration basis, at least 1 Customs–Trade Partnership Against Terrorism program, which has been successfully implemented along the northern 

border, along the southern border. 

(b) DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commissioner shall establish a demonstration program to develop a cooperative trade security system to improve supply chain security. 

SEC. 165. PORT OF ENTRY TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. 

(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall carry out a technology demonstration 

program to—

(1) test and evaluate new port of entry technologies; 

(2) refine port of entry technologies and operational concepts; and 

(3) train personnel under realistic conditions. 

28

(b) TECHNOLOGY AND FACILITIES.—

(1) TECHNOLOGY TESTING.—Under the technology demonstration program, 

the Secretary shall test technologies that enhance port of entry operations, including operations related to—

(A) inspections; 

(B) communications; 

(C) port tracking; 

(D) identification of persons and cargo; 

(E) sensory devices; 

(F) personal detection; 

(G) decision support; and 

(H) the detection and identification of weapons of mass destruction. 

(2) DEVELOPMENT OF FACILITIES.—At a demonstration site selected pursuant to subsection (c)(2), the Secretary shall develop facilities to provide appropriate training to law enforcement personnel who have responsibility for border 

security, including—

(A) cross-training among agencies; 

(B) advanced law enforcement training; and 

(C) equipment orientation. 

(c) DEMONSTRATION SITES.—

(1) NUMBER.—The Secretary shall carry out the demonstration program at 

not less than 3 sites and not more than 5 sites. 

(2) SELECTION CRITERIA.—To ensure that at least 1 of the facilities selected 

as a port of entry demonstration site for the demonstration program has the 

most up-to-date design, contains sufficient space to conduct the demonstration 

program, has a traffic volume low enough to easily incorporate new technologies 

without interrupting normal processing activity, and is able to efficiently carry 

out demonstration and port of entry operations, at least 1 port of entry selected 

as a demonstration site shall—

(A) have been established not more than 15 years before the date of enactment of this Act; 

(B) consist of not less than 65 acres, with the possibility of expansion 

to not less than 25 adjacent acres; and 

(C) have serviced an average of not more than 50,000 vehicles per 

month during the 1-year period ending on the date of enactment of this Act. 

(d) RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER AGENCIES.—The Secretary shall permit personnel from an appropriate Federal or State agency to utilize a demonstration site 

described in subsection (c) to test technologies that enhance port of entry operations, 

including technologies described in subparagraphs (A) through (H) of subsection 

(b)(1). 

(e) REPORT.—

(1) REQUIREMENT.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of 

this Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the activities carried out at each demonstration site under the technology demonstration program established under this section. 

(2) CONTENT.—The report submitted under paragraph (1) shall include an 

assessment by the Secretary of the feasibility of incorporating any demonstrated 

technology for use throughout United States Customs and Border Protection. 

SEC. 166. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—In addition to any funds otherwise available, there are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal years 2008 

through 2012 to carry out this subtitle. 

(b) INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS.—Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subsection (a) may be used for the implementation 

of projects described in the Declaration on Embracing Technology and Cooperation 

to Promote the Secure and Efficient Flow of People and Commerce across our 

Shared Border between the United States and Mexico, agreed to March 22, 2002, 

Monterrey, Mexico or the Smart Border Declaration between the United States and 

Canada, agreed to December 12, 2001, Ottawa, Canada that are consistent with the 

provisions of this subtitle. 

Subtitle H—Safe and Secure Detention 

SEC. 171. DEFINITIONS. 

In this subtitle: 

29

(1) ASYLUM SEEKER.—The term ‘‘asylum seeker’’ means an applicant for 

asylum under section 208 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1158) or for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of that Act (8 U.S.C. 

1231(b)(3)) or an alien who indicates an intention to apply for relief under either such section and does not include a person with respect to whom a final 

adjudication denying an application made under either such section has been 

entered. 

(2) CREDIBLE FEAR OF PERSECUTION.—The term ‘‘credible fear of persecution’’ has the meaning given that term in section 235(b)(1)(B)(v) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(v)). 

(3) DETAINEE.—The term ‘‘detainee’’ means an alien in the Department’s 

custody held in a detention facility. 

(4) DETENTION FACILITY.—The term ‘‘detention facility’’ means any Federal 

facility in which an asylum seeker, an alien detained pending the outcome of 

a removal proceeding, or an alien detained pending the execution of a final 

order of removal, is detained for more than 72 hours, or any other facility in 

which such detention services are provided to the Federal Government by contract, and does not include detention at any port of entry in the United States. 

(5) REASONABLE FEAR OF PERSECUTION OR TORTURE.—The term ‘‘reasonable 

fear of persecution or torture’’ has the meaning described in section 208.31 of 

title 8, Code of Federal Regulations. 

(6) STANDARD.—The term ‘‘standard’’ means any policy, procedure, or other 

requirement. 

(7) VULNERABLE POPULATIONS.—The term ‘‘vulnerable populations’’ means 

classes of aliens subject to the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 

et seq.) who have special needs requiring special consideration and treatment 

by virtue of their vulnerable characteristics, including experiences of, or risk of, 

abuse, mistreatment, or other serious harms threatening their health or safety. 

Vulnerable populations include the following: 

(A) Asylum seekers. 

(B) Refugees admitted under section 207 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1157) and individuals seeking such admission. 

(C) Aliens whose deportation is being withheld under section 243(h) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act (as in effect immediately before the 

effective date of section 307 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–208; 110 Stat. 3009–612)) 

or section 241(b)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1231(b)(3)). 

(D) Aliens granted or seeking protection under article 3 of the Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhumane, or Degrading Treatment 

or Punishment, done at New York, December 10, 1994. 

(E) Applicants for relief and benefits under the Immigration and Nationality Act pursuant to the amendments made by the Trafficking Victims 

Protection Act of 2000 (division A of Public Law 106–386; 114 Stat. 1464), 

including applicants for nonimmigrant status under subparagraph (T) or 

(U) of section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)). 

(F) Applicants for relief and benefits under the Immigration and Nationality Act pursuant to the amendments made by the Violence Against 

Women Act of 2000 (division B of Public Law 106–386; 114 Stat. 1491). 

(G) Unaccompanied alien children (as defined by 462(g) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 279(g)). 

SEC. 172. RECORDING SECONDARY INSPECTION INTERVIEWS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish quality assurance procedures to 

ensure the accuracy and verifiability of signed or sworn statements taken by employees of the Department exercising expedited removal authority under section 

235(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1225(b)). 

(b) FACTORS RELATING TO SWORN STATEMENTS.—Where practicable, as determined by the sole and unreviewable discretion of the Secretary, the quality assurance procedures established pursuant to this section shall include taped interviews 

to ensure the accuracy and verifiability of signed or sworn statements taken by employees of the Department. 

(c) INTERPRETERS.—The Secretary shall ensure that a professional fluent interpreter is used when the interviewing officer does not speak a language understood 

by the alien and there is no other Federal, State, or local government employee 

available who is able to interpret effectively, accurately, and impartially. 

30

SEC. 173. PROCEDURES GOVERNING DETENTION DECISIONS. 

Section 236 (8 U.S.C. 1226) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)—

(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1)—

(i) in the first sentence by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(ii) by striking ‘‘(c)’’ and inserting ‘‘(d)’’; and 

(iii) in the second sentence by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary’’; 

(B) in paragraph (2)—

(i) in subparagraph (A)—

(I) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary’’; 

and 

(II) by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking ‘‘but’’ at the end; and 

(iii) by inserting after subparagraph (B) the following: 

‘‘(C) the alien’s own recognizance; or 

‘‘(D) a secure alternatives program as provided for in this section; but’’; 

(2) by redesignating subsections (b), (c), (d), and (e) as subsections (d), (e), 

(f), and (h), respectively; 

(3) by inserting after subsection (a) the following new subsections: 

‘‘(b) CUSTODY DECISIONS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In the case of a decision under subsection (a) or (d), the 

following shall apply: 

‘‘(A) The decision shall be made in writing and shall be served upon the 

alien. A decision to continue detention without bond or parole shall specify 

in writing the reasons for that decision. 

‘‘(B) The decision shall be served upon the alien within 72 hours of the 

alien’s detention or, in the case of an alien subject to section 235 or 

241(a)(5) who must establish a credible fear of persecution or a reasonable 

fear of persecution or torture in order to proceed in immigration court, 

within 72 hours of a positive credible fear of persecution or reasonable fear 

of persecution or torture determination. 

‘‘(2) CRITERIA TO BE CONSIDERED.—The criteria to be considered by the Secretary and the Attorney General in making a custody decision shall include—

‘‘(A) whether the alien poses a risk to public safety or national security; 

‘‘(B) whether the alien is likely to appear for immigration proceedings; 

and 

‘‘(C) any other relevant factors. 

‘‘(3) CUSTODY REDETERMINATION.—An alien subject to this section may at 

any time after being served with the Secretary’s decision under subsections (a) 

or (d) request a redetermination of that decision by an immigration judge. All 

decisions by the Secretary to detain without bond or parole shall be subject to 

redetermination by an immigration judge within 2 weeks from the time the 

alien was served with the decision, unless waived by the alien. The alien may 

request a further redetermination upon a showing of a material change in circumstances since the last redetermination hearing. 

‘‘(c) EXCEPTION FOR MANDATORY DETENTION.—Subsection (b) shall not apply to 

any alien who is subject to mandatory detention under section 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV), 

236(c), or 236A or who has a final order of removal and has no proceedings pending 

before the Executive Office for Immigration Review.’’; 

(4) in subsection (d), as redesignated—

(A) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary’’; and 

(B) by striking ‘‘or parole’’ and inserting ‘‘, parole, or decision to release;’’; 

(5) in subsection (e), as redesignated—

(A) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary’’ each place 

it appears; and 

(B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘or for humanitarian reasons,’’ after 

‘‘such an investigation,’’; 

(6) in subsection (f), as redesignated—

(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary’’; 

(B) in paragraph (1), in subparagraphs (A) and (B), by striking ‘‘Service’’ and inserting ‘‘Department of Homeland Security’’; and 

(C) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘Service’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of 

Homeland Security’’; 

31

(7) by inserting after subsection (f), as redesignated, the following new subparagraph: 

‘‘(g) ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW.—If an immigration judge’s custody decision has 

been stayed by the action of an officer or employee of the Department of Homeland 

Security, the stay shall expire in 30 days, unless the Board of Immigration Appeals 

before that time, and upon motion, enters an order continuing the stay.’’; and 

(8) in subsection (h), as redesignated—

(A) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’s’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’s’’; and 

(B) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary’’. 

SEC. 174. LEGAL ORIENTATION PROGRAM. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary, 

shall ensure that all detained aliens in immigration and asylum proceedings receive 

legal orientation through a program administered and implemented by the Executive Office for Immigration Review of the Department of Justice. 

(b) CONTENT OF PROGRAM.—The legal orientation program developed pursuant 

to this section shall be based on the Legal Orientation Program carried out by the 

Executive Office for Immigration Review on the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(c) EXPANSION OF LEGAL ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary shall ensure the expansion through the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service of public-private partnerships that facilitate pro bono counseling and legal assistance for asylum 

seekers awaiting a credible fear of persecution interview. The pro bono counseling 

and legal assistance programs developed pursuant to this subsection shall be based 

on the pilot program developed in Arlington, Virginia by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service. 

SEC. 175. CONDITIONS OF DETENTION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall ensure that standards governing conditions and procedures at detention facilities are fully implemented and enforced, and 

that all detention facilities comply with the standards. 

(b) PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS.—The Secretary shall promulgate new standards, or modify existing detention standards, to improve conditions in detention facilities. The improvements shall address at a minimum the following policies and 

procedures: 

(1) FAIR AND HUMANE TREATMENT.—Procedures to ensure that detainees are 

not subject to degrading or inhumane treatment such as verbal or physical 

abuse or harassment, sexual abuse or harassment, or arbitrary punishment. 

(2) LIMITATIONS ON SHACKLING.—Procedures limiting the use of shackling, 

handcuffing, solitary confinement, and strip searches of detainees to situations 

where the use of such techniques is necessitated by security interests or other 

extraordinary circumstances. 

(3) INVESTIGATION OF GRIEVANCES.—Procedures for the prompt and effective 

investigation of grievances raised by detainees, including review of grievances 

by officials of the Department who do not work at the same detention facility 

where the detainee filing the grievance is detained. 

(4) ACCESS TO TELEPHONES.—Procedures permitting detainees sufficient access to telephones, and the ability to contact, free of charge, legal representatives, the immigration courts, the Board of Immigration Appeals, and the Federal courts through confidential toll-free numbers. 

(5) LOCATION OF FACILITIES.—Location of detention facilities, to the extent 

practicable, near sources of free or low-cost legal representation with expertise 

in asylum or immigration law. 

(6) PROCEDURES GOVERNING TRANSFERS OF DETAINEES.—Procedures governing the transfer of a detainee that take into account—

(A) the detainee’s access to legal representatives; and 

(B) the proximity of the facility to the venue of the asylum or removal 

proceeding. 

(7) QUALITY OF MEDICAL CARE.—Prompt and adequate medical care provided at no cost to the detainee, including dental care, eye care, mental health 

care, individual and group counseling, medical dietary needs, and other medically necessary specialized care. Medical facilities in all detention facilities used 

by the Department shall maintain current accreditation by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC). Requirements that each medical 

facility that is not accredited by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of 

Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) will seek to obtain such accreditation. 

Maintenance of complete medical records for every detainee which shall be 

made available upon request to a detainee, his legal representative, or other authorized individuals. 

32

(8) TRANSLATION CAPABILITIES.—The employment of detention facility staff 

that, to the extent practicable, are qualified in the languages represented in the 

population of detainees at a detention facility, and the provision of alternative 

translation services when necessary. 

(9) RECREATIONAL PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES.—Daily access to indoor and 

outdoor recreational programs and activities. 

(c) SPECIAL STANDARDS FOR NONCRIMINAL DETAINEES.—The Secretary shall promulgate new standards, or modifications to existing standards, that—

(1) recognize the special characteristics of noncriminal, nonviolent detainees, and ensure that procedures and conditions of detention are appropriate for 

a noncriminal population; and 

(2) ensure that noncriminal detainees are separated from inmates with 

criminal convictions, pretrial inmates facing criminal prosecution, and those inmates exhibiting violent behavior while in detention. 

(d) SPECIAL STANDARDS FOR VULNERABLE POPULATIONS.—The Secretary shall 

promulgate new standards, or modifications to existing standards, that—

(1) recognize the unique needs of asylum seekers, victims of torture and 

trafficking, families with children, detainees who do not speak English, detainees with special religious, cultural or spiritual considerations, and other vulnerable populations; and 

(2) ensure that procedures and conditions of detention are appropriate for 

the populations listed in this subsection. 

(e) TRAINING OF PERSONNEL.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall ensure that personnel in detention facilities are given specialized training to better understand and work with the 

population of detainees held at the facilities where such personnel work. The 

training should address the unique needs of—

(A) asylum seekers; 

(B) victims of torture or other trauma; and 

(C) other vulnerable populations. 

(2) SPECIALIZED TRAINING.—The training required by this subsection shall 

be designed to better enable personnel to work with detainees from different 

countries, and detainees who cannot speak English. The training shall emphasize that many detainees have no criminal records and are being held for civil 

violations. 

SEC. 176. OFFICE OF DETENTION OVERSIGHT. 

(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OFFICE.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—There shall be established within the Department an Office of Detention Oversight (in this section referred to as the ‘‘Office’’). 

(2) HEAD OF THE OFFICE.—There shall be at the head of the Office an Administrator who shall be appointed by, and shall report to, the Secretary. 

(3) SCHEDULE.—The Office shall be established and the Administrator of 

the Office appointed not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this 

Act. 

(b) RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE OFFICE.—

(1) INSPECTIONS OF DETENTION CENTERS.—The Administrator of the Office 

shall—

(A) undertake frequent and unannounced inspections of all detention 

facilities; 

(B) develop a procedure for any detainee or the detainee’s representative to file a written complaint directly with the Office; and 

(C) report to the Secretary and to the Assistant Secretary of Homeland 

Security for United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement all findings of a detention facility’s noncompliance with detention standards. 

(2) INVESTIGATIONS.—The Administrator of the Office shall—

(A) initiate investigations, as appropriate, into allegations of systemic 

problems at detention facilities or incidents that constitute serious violations of detention standards; 

(B) report to the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary of Homeland 

Security for United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement the results of all investigations; and 

(C) refer matters, where appropriate, for further action to—

(i) the Department of Justice; 

(ii) the Office of the Inspector General of the Department; 

(iii) the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties of the Department; or 

(iv) any other relevant office of agency. 

33

(3) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the Office shall submit to the 

Secretary, the Committee on the Judiciary and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate, and the Committee 

on the Judiciary and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of 

Representatives an annual report on the Administrator’s findings on detention conditions and the results of the investigations carried out by the Administrator. 

(B) CONTENTS OF REPORT.—Each report required by subparagraph (A) 

shall include—

(i) a description of the actions to remedy findings of noncompliance 

or other problems that are taken by the Secretary or the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and each detention facility found to be in noncompliance; and 

(ii) information regarding whether such actions were successful 

and resulted in compliance with detention standards. 

(4) REVIEW OF COMPLAINTS BY DETAINEES.—The Administrator of the Office 

shall establish procedures to receive and review complaints of violations of the 

detention standards promulgated by the Secretary. The procedures shall protect 

the anonymity of the claimant, including detainees, employees, or others, from 

retaliation. 

(c) COOPERATION WITH OTHER OFFICES AND AGENCIES.—Whenever appropriate, 

the Administrator of the Office shall cooperate and coordinate its activities with—

(1) the Office of the Inspector General of the Department; 

(2) the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties of the Department; 

(3) the Privacy Officer of the Department; 

(4) the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice; or 

(5) any other relevant office or agency. 

SEC. 177. SECURE ALTERNATIVES PROGRAM. 

(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.—The Secretary shall establish a secure alternatives program under which an alien who has been detained may be released 

under enhanced supervision to prevent the alien from absconding and to ensure that 

the alien makes appearances related to such detention. 

(b) PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS.—

(1) NATIONWIDE IMPLEMENTATION.—The Secretary shall facilitate the development of the secure alternatives program on a nationwide basis, as a continuation of existing pilot programs such as the Intensive Supervision Appearance 

Program (ISAP) developed by the Department. 

(2) UTILIZATION OF ALTERNATIVES.—The secure alternatives program shall 

utilize a continuum of alternatives based on the alien’s need for supervision, including placement of the alien with an individual or organizational sponsor, or 

in a supervised group home. 

(3) ALIENS ELIGIBLE FOR SECURE ALTERNATIVES PROGRAM.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Aliens who would otherwise be subject to detention 

based on a consideration of the release criteria in section 236(b)(2), or who 

are released pursuant to section 236(e)(2), shall be considered for the secure 

alternatives program. 

(B) DESIGN OF PROGRAMS.—Secure alternatives programs shall be designed to ensure sufficient supervision of the population described in subparagraph (A). 

(4) CONTRACTS.—The Secretary shall enter into contracts with qualified 

nongovernmental entities to implement the secure alternatives program. 

(5) OTHER CONSIDERATIONS.—In designing such program, the Secretary 

shall—

(A) consult with relevant experts; and 

(B) consider programs that have proven successful in the past, including the Appearance Assistance Program developed by the Vera Institute 

and the Intensive Supervision Appearance Program (ISAP) developed by 

the Department. 

SEC. 178. LESS RESTRICTIVE DETENTION FACILITIES. 

(a) CONSTRUCTION.—The Secretary shall facilitate the construction or use of secure but less restrictive detention facilities. 

(b) CRITERIA.—In developing detention facilities pursuant to this section, the 

Secretary shall—

34

(1) consider the design, operation, and conditions of existing secure but less 

restrictive detention facilities, such as the Department’s detention facilities in 

Broward County, Florida, and Berks County, Pennsylvania; 

(2) to the extent practicable, construct or use detention facilities where—

(A) movement within and between indoor and outdoor areas of the facility is subject to minimal restrictions; 

(B) detainees have ready access to social, psychological, and medical 

services; 

(C) detainees with special needs, including those who have experienced 

trauma or torture, have ready access to services and treatment addressing 

their needs; 

(D) detainees have ready access to meaningful programmatic and recreational activities; 

(E) detainees are permitted contact visits with legal representatives, 

family members, and others; 

(F) detainees have access to private toilet and shower facilities; 

(G) prison-style uniforms or jumpsuits are not required; and 

(H) special facilities are provided to families with children. 

(c) FACILITIES FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN.—For situations where release or 

secure alternatives programs are not an option, the Secretary shall ensure that special detention facilities are specifically designed to house parents with their minor 

children, including ensuring that—

(1) procedures and conditions of detention are appropriate for families with 

minor children; and 

(2) living and sleeping quarters for parents and minor children are not 

physically separated. 

(d) PLACEMENT IN NONPUNITIVE FACILITIES.—Priority for placement in less restrictive facilities shall be given to asylum seekers, families with minor children, 

other vulnerable populations, and nonviolent criminal detainees. 

(e) PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS.—Where necessary, the Secretary shall promulgate new standards, or modify existing detention standards, to promote the development of less restrictive detention facilities. 

SEC. 179. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS; EFFECTIVE DATE. 

(a) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this subtitle. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This subtitle and the amendments made by this subtitle 

shall take effect on the date that is 6 months after the date of enactment of this 

Act. 

Subtitle I—Other Border Security Initiatives 

SEC. 181. COMBATING HUMAN SMUGGLING. 

(a) REQUIREMENT FOR PLAN.—The Secretary shall develop and implement a 

plan to improve coordination among United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement and United States Customs and Border Protection and any other Federal, 

State, local, or tribal authorities, as determined appropriate by the Secretary, to improve coordination efforts to combat human smuggling. 

(b) CONTENT.—In developing the plan required by subsection (a), the Secretary 

shall consider—

(1) the interoperability of databases utilized to prevent human smuggling; 

(2) adequate and effective personnel training; 

(3) methods and programs to effectively target networks that engage in 

such smuggling; 

(4) effective utilization of—

(A) visas for victims of trafficking and other crimes; and 

(B) investigatory techniques, equipment, and procedures that prevent, 

detect, and prosecute international money laundering and other operations 

that are utilized in smuggling; 

(5) joint measures, with the Secretary of State, to enhance intelligence sharing and cooperation with foreign governments whose citizens are preyed on by 

human smugglers; and 

(6) other measures that the Secretary considers appropriate to combat 

human smuggling. 

(c) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after implementing the plan described in 

subsection (a), the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on such plan, includVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00040 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
35

ing any recommendations for legislative action to improve efforts to combating 

human smuggling. 

(d) SAVINGS PROVISION.—Nothing in this section may be construed to provide 

additional authority to any State or local entity to enforce Federal immigration 

laws. 

SEC. 182. SCREENING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE. 

(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘commercial motor vehicle’’ 

has the meaning given the term in section 31101 of title 49, United States Code. 

(2) COMMISSIONER.—The term ‘‘Commissioner’’ means the Commissioner of 

United States Customs and Border Protection. 

(3) MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE.—The term ‘‘municipal solid waste’’ includes 

sludge (as defined in section 1004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 

6903)). 

(b) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment 

of this Act, the Commissioner shall submit to Congress a report that—

(1) indicates whether the methodologies and technologies used by United 

States Customs and Border Protection to screen for and detect the presence of 

chemical, nuclear, biological, and radiological weapons in municipal solid waste 

are as effective as the methodologies and technologies used by United States 

Customs and Border Protection to screen for such weapons in other items of 

commerce entering the United States through commercial motor vehicle transport; and 

(2) if the report indicates that the methodologies and technologies used to 

screen municipal solid waste are less effective than the methodologies and technologies used to screen other items of commerce, identifies the actions that 

United States Customs and Border Protection will take to achieve the same 

level of effectiveness in the screening of municipal solid waste, including actions 

necessary to meet the need for additional screening technologies. 

(c) IMPACT ON COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES.—If the Commissioner fails to 

fully implement an action identified under subsection (b)(2) before the earlier of the 

date that is 180 days after the date on which the report under subsection (b) is required to be submitted or the date that is 180 days after the date on which the report is submitted, the Secretary shall deny entry into the United States of any commercial motor vehicle carrying municipal solid waste until the Secretary certifies to 

Congress that the methodologies and technologies used by United States Customs 

and Border Protection to screen for and detect the presence of chemical, nuclear, 

biological, and radiological weapons in municipal solid waste are as effective as the 

methodologies and technologies used by United States Customs and Border Protection to screen for such weapons in other items of commerce entering into the United 

States through commercial motor vehicle transport. 

SEC. 183. BORDER SECURITY ON CERTAIN FEDERAL LAND. 

(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) PROTECTED LAND.—The term ‘‘protected land’’ means land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary concerned. 

(2) SECRETARY CONCERNED.—The term ‘‘Secretary concerned’’ means—

(A) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Agriculture; and 

(B) with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the 

Interior, the Secretary of the Interior. 

(b) SUPPORT FOR BORDER SECURITY NEEDS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—To gain operational control over the international land 

borders of the United States and to prevent the entry of terrorists, unlawful 

aliens, narcotics, and other contraband into the United States, the Secretary, 

in cooperation with the Secretary concerned, shall provide—

(A) increased United States Customs and Border Protection personnel 

to secure protected land along the international land borders of the United 

States; 

(B) Federal land resource training for United States Customs and Border Protection agents dedicated to protected land; and 

(C) unmanned aerial vehicles, aerial assets, remote video surveillance 

camera systems, and sensors on protected land that is directly adjacent to 

the international land border of the United States, with priority given to 

units of the National Park System. 

(2) COORDINATION.—In providing training for United States Customs and 

Border Protection agents under paragraph (1)(B), the Secretary shall coordinate 

with the Secretary concerned to ensure that the training is appropriate to the 

36

mission of the National Park Service, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Forest Service, or the relevant agency of the Department of the Interior 

or the Department of Agriculture to minimize the adverse impact on natural 

and cultural resources from border protection activities. 

(c) INVENTORY OF COSTS AND ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary concerned shall develop and submit to the Secretary an inventory of costs incurred by the Secretary 

concerned relating to illegal border activity, including the cost of equipment, training, recurring maintenance, construction of facilities, restoration of natural and cultural resources, recapitalization of facilities, and operations. 

(d) RECOMMENDATIONS.—The Secretary shall—

(1) develop joint recommendations with the National Park Service, the 

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Forest Service for an appropriate cost recovery mechanism relating to items identified in subsection (c); 

and 

(2) not later than March 31, 2008, submit to the Committee on the Judiciary and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the 

Committee on the Judiciary and the Committee on Natural Resources of the 

House of Representatives the recommendations developed under paragraph (1). 

(e) BORDER PROTECTION STRATEGY.—The Secretary, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary of Agriculture shall jointly develop a border protection strategy that supports the border security needs of the United States in the manner that 

best protects—

(1) units of the National Park System; 

(2) National Forest System land; 

(3) land under the jurisdiction of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; and 

(4) other relevant land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Agriculture. 

TITLE II—INTERIOR ENFORCEMENT 

Subtitle A—Reducing the Number of Illegal Aliens 

in the United States 

SEC. 201. INCARCERATION OF CRIMINAL ALIENS. 

(a) INSTITUTIONAL REMOVAL PROGRAM.—

(1) CONTINUATION.—The Secretary shall continue to operate the Institutional Removal Program (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Program’’) or shall 

develop and implement another program to—

(A) identify removable criminal aliens in Federal and State correctional 

facilities; 

(B) ensure that such aliens are not released into the community; and 

(C) remove such aliens from the United States after the completion of 

their sentences, in accordance with section 241 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1231), as amended by section 231 of this Act. 

(2) EXPANSION.—The Secretary may extend the scope of the Program to all 

States. 

(b) TECHNOLOGY USAGE.—Technology, such as videoconferencing, shall be used 

to the maximum extent practicable to make the Program available in remote locations. Mobile access to Federal databases of aliens, such as the Automated Biometric 

Fingerprint Identification System (IDENT), and live scan technology shall be used 

to the maximum extent practicable to make these resources available to State and 

local law enforcement agencies in remote locations. 

(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment 

of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report 

on the participation of States in the Program and in any other program carried out 

pursuant to subsection (a). 

(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary in each of the fiscal years 2008 through 

2012 to carry out this section. 

SEC. 202. ENCOURAGING ALIENS TO DEPART VOLUNTARILY. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 240B (8 U.S.C. 1229c) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)—

(A) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: 

37

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If an alien is not removable under paragraph (2)(A)(iii) 

or (4) of section 237(a)—

‘‘(A) the Secretary of Homeland Security may permit the alien to voluntarily depart the United States at the alien’s own expense under this subsection instead of being subject to proceedings under section 240; or 

‘‘(B) the Attorney General may permit the alien to voluntarily depart 

the United States at the alien’s own expense under this subsection after the 

initiation of removal proceedings under section 240 and before the conclusion of such proceedings before an immigration judge.’’; 

(B) in paragraph (2), by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: 

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.— ‘‘(i) INSTEAD OF REMOVAL.—Subject to subparagraph (B), permission to voluntarily depart under paragraph (1)(A) shall not be valid for 

any period in excess of 120 days. The Secretary may require an alien 

permitted to voluntarily depart under paragraph (1)(A) to post a voluntary departure bond, to be surrendered upon proof that the alien has 

departed the United States within the time specified.’’; 

‘‘(ii) BEFORE THE CONCLUSION OF REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS.—Permission to voluntarily depart under paragraph (1)(B) shall not be valid for 

any period longer than 60 days, and may be granted only after a finding that the alien has the means to depart the United States and intends to do so. An immigration judge may require an alien to voluntarily depart under paragraph (1)(B) to post a voluntary departure 

bond, in an amount necessary to ensure that the alien will depart, to 

be surrendered upon proof that the alien has departed the United 

States within the time specified. An immigration judge may waive the 

requirement to post a voluntary departure bond in individual cases 

upon a finding that the alien has presented compelling evidence that 

the posting of a bond will pose a serious financial hardship and the 

alien has presented credible evidence that such a bond is unnecessary 

to guarantee timely departure.’’; and 

(C) by striking paragraph (3); 

(2) by amending subsection (c) to read as follows: 

‘‘(c) CONDITIONS ON VOLUNTARY DEPARTURE.— ‘‘(1) VOLUNTARY DEPARTURE AGREEMENT.—Voluntary departure under this 

section may only be granted as part of an affirmative agreement by the alien. 

‘‘(2) CONCESSIONS BY THE SECRETARY.—In connection with the alien’s agreement to depart voluntarily under paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary of Homeland 

Security may agree to a reduction in the period of inadmissibility under subparagraph (A) or (B)(i) of section 212(a)(9). 

‘‘(3) ADVISALS.—Agreements relating to voluntary departure granted during 

removal proceedings under section 240, or at the conclusion of such proceedings, 

shall be presented on the record before the immigration judge. The immigration 

judge shall advise the alien of the consequences of a voluntary departure agreement before accepting such agreement. 

‘‘(4) FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH AGREEMENT.—If an alien agrees to voluntary 

departure under this section and fails to depart the United States within the 

time allowed for voluntary departure or fails to comply with any other terms 

of the agreement (including failure to timely post any required bond), the alien 

is—

‘‘(A) ineligible for the benefits of the agreement; 

‘‘(B) subject to the penalties described in subsection (d); and 

‘‘(C) subject to an alternate order of removal if voluntary departure was 

granted under subsection (a)(1)(B) or (b). 

‘‘(5) VOLUNTARY DEPARTURE PERIOD NOT AFFECTED.—Except as expressly 

agreed to by the Secretary in writing in the exercise of the Secretary’s discretion before the expiration of the period allowed for voluntary departure, no motion, appeal, application, petition, or petition for review shall affect, reinstate, 

enjoin, delay, stay, or toll the alien’s obligation to depart from the United States 

during the period agreed to by the alien and the Secretary.’’; and 

(3) by amending subsection (d) to read as follows: 

‘‘(d) PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO DEPART.—If an alien is permitted to voluntarily 

depart under this section and fails to voluntarily depart from the United States 

within the time period specified or otherwise violates the terms of a voluntary departure agreement, the alien will be subject to the following penalties: 

‘‘(1) CIVIL PENALTY.—The alien shall be liable for a civil penalty of $3,000. 

The order allowing voluntary departure shall specify the amount of the penalty, 

which shall be acknowledged by the alien on the record. If the Secretary thereVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00043 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
38

after establishes that the alien failed to depart voluntarily within the time allowed, no further procedure will be necessary to establish the amount of the 

penalty, and the Secretary may collect the civil penalty at any time thereafter 

and by whatever means provided by law. An alien will be ineligible for any benefits under this chapter until this civil penalty is paid. 

‘‘(2) INELIGIBILITY FOR RELIEF.—The alien shall be ineligible during the time 

the alien remains in the United States and for a period of 10 years after the 

alien’s departure for any further relief under this section and sections 240A, 

245, 248, and 249. The order permitting the alien to depart voluntarily shall 

inform the alien of the penalties under this subsection.’’; and 

(4) by amending subsection (e) to read as follows: 

‘‘(e) ELIGIBILITY.—

‘‘(1) PRIOR GRANT OF VOLUNTARY DEPARTURE.—An alien shall not be permitted to voluntarily depart under this section if the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General previously permitted the alien to depart voluntarily under this section on or after the date of the enactment of the STRIVE 

Act of 2007. 

‘‘(2) RULEMAKING.—The Secretary may promulgate regulations to limit eligibility or impose additional conditions for voluntary departure under subsection (a)(1)(A) for any class of aliens.’’. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall apply with 

respect to all orders granting voluntary departure under section 240B of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1229c) made on or after the date that is 180 

days after the date of enactment of this Act. 

SEC. 203. DETERRING ALIENS ORDERED REMOVED FROM REMAINING IN THE UNITED STATES 

UNLAWFULLY. 

Section 212(a)(9)(A) (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(A)) is amended—

(1) in clause (i), by striking ‘‘seeks admission within 5 years of the date of 

such removal (or within 20 years’’ and inserting ‘‘seeks admission not later than 

5 years after the date of the alien’s removal (or not later than 20 years after 

the alien’s removal’’; and 

(2) in clause (ii), by striking ‘‘seeks admission within 10 years of the date 

of such alien’s departure or removal (or within 20 years of’’ and inserting ‘‘seeks 

admission not later than 10 years after the date of the alien’s departure or removal (or not later than 20 years after’’. 

SEC. 204. PROHIBITION OF THE SALE OF FIREARMS TO, OR THE POSSESSION OF FIREARMS 

BY CERTAIN ALIENS. 

Section 922 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—

(1) in subsection (d)(5)—

(A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(B) in subparagraph (B), by striking ‘‘(y)(2)’’ and all that follows and inserting ‘‘(y), is in a nonimmigrant classification; or’’; and 

(C) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(C) has been paroled into the United States under section 212(d)(5) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5));’’; 

(2) in subsection (g)(5)—

(A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(B) in subparagraph (B), by striking ‘‘(y)(2)’’ and all that follows and inserting ‘‘(y), is in a nonimmigrant classification; or’’; and 

(C) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(C) has been paroled into the United States under section 212(d)(5) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5));’’; and 

(3) in subsection (y)—

(A) in the heading, by striking ‘‘ADMITTED UNDER NONIMMIGRANT

VISAS’’ and inserting ‘‘IN A NONIMMIGRANT CLASSIFICATION’’; 

(B) in paragraph (1), by amending subparagraph (B) to read as follows: 

‘‘(B) the term ‘nonimmigrant classification’ includes all classes of nonimmigrant aliens described in section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)), or otherwise described in the immigration laws (as defined in section 101(a)(17) of such Act).’’; 

(C) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘has been lawfully admitted to the 

United States under a nonimmigrant visa’’ and inserting ‘‘is in a nonimmigrant classification’’; and 

(D) in paragraph (3)(A), by striking ‘‘Any individual who has been admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa may receive a waiver from the requirements of subsection (g)(5)’’ and inserting ‘‘Any alien in 

39

a nonimmigrant classification may receive a waiver from the requirements 

of subsection (g)(5)(B)’’. 

SEC. 205. UNIFORM STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR CERTAIN IMMIGRATION, NATURALIZATION, AND PEONAGE OFFENSES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 3291 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to 

read as follows: 

‘‘§ 3291. Immigration, naturalization, and peonage offenses 

‘‘No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for a violation of any section 

of chapters 69 (relating to nationality and citizenship offenses), 75 (relating to passport, visa, and immigration offenses), or 77 (relating to peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons), for an attempt or conspiracy to violate any such section, for a 

violation of any criminal provision under section 243, 266, 274, 275, 276, 277, or 278 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1253, 1306, 1324, 1325, 1326, 

1327, and 1328), or for an attempt or conspiracy to violate any such section, unless 

the indictment is returned or the information filed not later than 10 years after the 

commission of the offense.’’. 

(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections for chapter 213 of title 18, 

United States Code, is amended by striking the item relating to section 3291 and 

inserting the following:

‘‘3291. Immigration, naturalization, and peonage offenses.’’. 

SEC. 206. EXPEDITED REMOVAL. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 238 (8 U.S.C. 1228) is amended—

(1) by striking the section heading and inserting ‘‘expedited removal of criminal

aliens’’; 

(2) in subsection (a), by striking the subsection heading and inserting: ‘‘EXPEDITED REMOVAL FROM CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES.—’’; 

(3) in subsection (b), by striking the subsection heading and inserting: ‘‘REMOVAL OF CRIMINAL ALIENS.—’’; 

(4) in subsection (b), by striking paragraphs (1) and (2) and inserting the 

following: 

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Homeland Security may, in the case of 

an alien described in paragraph (2), determine the deportability of such alien 

and issue an order of removal pursuant to the procedures set forth in this subsection or section 240. 

‘‘(2) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—An alien is described in this paragraph if the 

alien—

‘‘(A) has not been lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent 

residence; and 

‘‘(B) was convicted of any criminal offense establishing deportability 

under subparagraph (A)(iii) or (D)(i) of section 237(a)(2).’’; and 

(5) by redesignating the subsection (c) that relates to judicial removal as 

subsection (d). 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall take effect 

on the date of enactment of this Act and shall apply to all aliens apprehended or 

convicted on or after such date. 

SEC. 207. FIELD AGENT ALLOCATION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 103(f) (8 U.S.C. 1103(f)) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(f) MINIMUM NUMBER OF AGENTS IN STATES.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall allocate to 

each State—

‘‘(A) not fewer than 40 full-time active duty agents of the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement to—

‘‘(i) investigate immigration violations; and 

‘‘(ii) ensure the departure of all removable aliens; and 

‘‘(B) not fewer than 15 full-time active duty agents of United States 

Citizenship and Immigration Services to carry out immigration and naturalization adjudication functions. 

‘‘(2) WAIVER.—The Secretary may waive the application of paragraph (1) for 

any State with a population of less than 2,000,000, as most recently reported 

by the Bureau of the Census.’’. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by subsection (a) shall take effect 

on the date that is 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

40

SEC. 208. STREAMLINED PROCESSING OF BACKGROUND CHECKS CONDUCTED FOR IMMIGRATION BENEFIT APPLICATIONS AND PETITIONS. 

(a) INFORMATION SHARING; INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE.—Section 105 (8 U.S.C. 

1105) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(e) INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish an 

interagency task force to resolve cases in which an application or petition for 

an immigration benefit conferred under this Act has been delayed due to an 

outstanding background check investigation for more than 2 years after the 

date on which such application or petition was initially filed. 

‘‘(2) MEMBERSHIP.—The interagency task force established under paragraph 

(1) shall include representatives from Federal agencies with immigration, law 

enforcement, or national security responsibilities under this Act.’’. 

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation such sums as are necessary for each fiscal year, 2008 through 2012 for enhancements to existing systems 

for conducting background and security checks necessary to support immigration security and orderly processing of applications. 

(c) REPORT ON BACKGROUND AND SECURITY CHECKS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment 

of this Act, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall submit to 

the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives a report on the background and security 

checks conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on behalf of United 

States Citizenship and Immigration Services. 

(2) CONTENT.—The report required under paragraph (1) shall include—

(A) a description of the background and security check program; 

(B) a statistical breakdown of the background and security check delays 

associated with different types of immigration applications; 

(C) a statistical breakdown of the background and security check delays 

by applicant country of origin; and 

(D) the steps that the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigations 

is taking to expedite background and security checks that have been pending for more than 180 days. 

(d) ENSURING ACCOUNTABILITY IN BACKGROUND CHECK DETERMINATIONS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 4 of title III (8 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) is amended 

by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘SEC. 362. CONSTRUCTION. 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Nothing in this Act (other than section 241(b)(3)) or in any 

other provision of law (other than the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, 

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, done at New York, December 10, 

1994, subject to any reservations, understandings, declarations, and provisos contained in the resolution of ratification of the Convention, as implemented by section 

2242 of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–

277; 8 U.S.C. 1231 note)) may be construed to require the Secretary of Homeland 

Security or the Attorney General to grant any application for asylum, adjustment 

of status, or naturalization, or grant any relief from removal under the immigration 

laws to—

‘‘(1) any alien with respect to whom a national security, criminal, or other 

investigation or case is open or pending (including the issuance of an arrest 

warrant, detainer, or indictment) that is material to the alien’s eligibility for the 

status or benefit sought; or 

‘‘(2) any alien for whom all law enforcement and other background checks 

have not been conducted and resolved or the information related to such background checks have not provided to or assessed by the reviewing official. 

‘‘(b) TIMEFRAMES.—Notwithstanding subsection (a), the Secretary of Homeland 

Security may not delay adjudication or document issuance beyond 180 days due to 

an outstanding background or security check unless the Secretary certifies that such 

background and security check may establish that the alien poses a risk to national 

security or public safety. The decision to delay shall be reviewed every 180 days, 

and such decision may not be delegated below the level of Assistant Secretary. An 

alien has no right to review or appeal the Secretary’s decision to delay adjudication 

or issuance of documentation under this section, but remains entitled to interim 

work authorization.’’. 

(2) RULEMAKING.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall promulgate 

regulations that describe the conditions under which interim work authorization 

under paragraph (1) shall be issued. 

41

(3) ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS.—The Secretary of Homeland Security, 

the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Labor shall 

submit an annual report to Congress that includes—

(A) the number of cases in which paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) 

is invoked during the reporting period; 

(B) the total number of pending cases in each category at the end of 

the reporting period; 

(C) the resolution of cases finally decided during the reporting period; 

and 

(D) statistics on interim employment authorizations issued under this 

section. 

(e) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents is amended by inserting after 

the item relating to section 361 the following:

‘‘Sec. 362. Construction.’’. 

(f) ENHANCED TRANSPARENCY OF CLEARANCE PROCESS.—

(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary and the Attorney General shall each 

establish an Office of the Public Advocate for Immigration Clearances within 

the Department and the Department of Justice, respectively. Each Office shall 

be headed by a Public Advocate. 

(2) DUTIES.—Each Public Advocate shall—

(A) serve as a public liaison for their respective Department for identifying and resolving delays in immigration processing caused by background 

check investigations; and 

(B) serve on the Interagency Task Force established under subsection 

(e) of section 105 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1105), 

as added by subsection (a). 

SEC. 209. STATE CRIMINAL ALIEN ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. 

(a) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—Section 241(i)(5)(C) (8 U.S.C. 

1231(i)(5)(C)) is amended by striking ‘‘2011’’ and inserting ‘‘2012’’. 

(b) REIMBURSEMENT OF STATES FOR PRECONVICTION COSTS RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF ILLEGAL ALIENS.—Section 241(i)(3)(A) (8 U.S.C. 1231(i)(3)(A)) is 

amended by inserting ‘‘charged with or’’ before ‘‘convicted’’. 

(c) REIMBURSEMENT OF STATES FOR INDIRECT COSTS RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF ILLEGAL ALIENS.—Section 501 of the Immigration Reform and Control 

Act of 1986 (8 U.S.C. 1365) is amended—

(1) by amending subsection (a) to read as follows: 

‘‘(a) REIMBURSEMENT OF STATES.—Subject to the amounts provided in advance 

in appropriation Acts, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall reimburse a State 

for—

‘‘(1) the costs incurred by the State for the imprisonment of any illegal alien 

or Cuban national who is convicted of a felony by such State; and 

‘‘(2) the indirect costs related to the imprisonment described in paragraph 

(1).’’; and 

(2) by amending subsections (c) through (e) to read as follows: 

‘‘(c) MANNER OF ALLOTMENT OF REIMBURSEMENTS.—Reimbursements under this 

section shall be allotted in a manner that gives special consideration for any State 

that—

‘‘(1) shares a border with Mexico or Canada; or 

‘‘(2) includes within the State an area in which a large number of undocumented aliens reside relative to the general population of that area. 

‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

‘‘(1) INDIRECT COSTS.—The term ‘indirect costs’ includes—

‘‘(A) court costs, county attorney costs, detention costs, and criminal 

proceedings expenditures that do not involve going to trial; 

‘‘(B) indigent defense costs; and 

‘‘(C) unsupervised probation costs. 

‘‘(2) STATE.—The term ‘State’ has the meaning given such term in section 

101(a)(36) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(36)). 

‘‘(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated $200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012 to carry out subsection (a)(2).’’. 

42

SEC. 210. TRANSPORTATION AND PROCESSING OF ILLEGAL ALIENS APPREHENDED BY STATE 

AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide sufficient transportation and officers to take illegal aliens apprehended by State and local law enforcement officers 

into custody for processing at a detention facility operated by the Department. 

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012 

to carry out this section. 

SEC. 211. REDUCING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION AND ALIEN SMUGGLING ON TRIBAL LANDS. 

(a) GRANTS AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary may award grants to Indian tribes 

with lands adjacent to an international border of the United States that have been 

adversely affected by illegal immigration. 

(b) USE OF FUNDS.—Grants awarded under subsection (a) may be used for—

(1) law enforcement activities; 

(2) health care services; 

(3) environmental restoration; and 

(4) the preservation of cultural resources. 

(c) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this 

Act, the Secretary shall submit a report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the 

Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives that—

(1) describes the level of access of Border Patrol agents on tribal lands; 

(2) describes the extent to which enforcement of immigration laws may be 

improved by enhanced access to tribal lands; 

(3) contains a strategy for improving such access through cooperation with 

tribal authorities; and 

(4) identifies grants provided by the Department for Indian tribes, either 

directly or through State or local grants, relating to border security expenses. 

(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 

2012 to carry out this section. 

SEC. 212. MANDATORY ADDRESS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. 

(a) CLARIFYING ADDRESS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.—Section 265 (8 U.S.C. 

1305) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)—

(A) by striking ‘‘notify the Attorney General in writing’’ and inserting 

‘‘submit written or electronic notification to the Secretary of Homeland Security, in a manner approved by the Secretary,’’; 

(B) by striking ‘‘the Attorney General may require’’ and inserting ‘‘the 

Secretary may require’’; and 

(C) by adding at the end the following: ‘‘If the alien is involved in proceedings before an immigration judge or in an administrative appeal of 

such proceedings, the alien shall submit to the Attorney General the alien’s 

current address and a telephone number, if any, at which the alien may be 

contacted.’’; 

(2) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ each place such term 

appears and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(3) in subsection (c), by striking ‘‘given to such parent’’ and inserting ‘‘given 

by such parent’’; and 

(4) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(d) ADDRESS TO BE PROVIDED.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary under 

paragraph (2), an address provided by an alien under this section shall be the 

alien’s current residential mailing address, and shall not be a post office box 

or other nonresidential mailing address or the address of an attorney, representative, labor organization, or employer. 

‘‘(2) SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.—The Secretary may provide specific requirements with respect to—

‘‘(A) designated classes of aliens and special circumstances, including 

aliens who are employed at a remote location; and 

‘‘(B) the reporting of address information by aliens who are incarcerated in a Federal, State, or local correctional facility. 

‘‘(3) DETENTION.—An alien who is being detained by the Secretary under 

this Act is not required to report the alien’s current address under this section 

during the time the alien remains in detention, but shall be required to notify 

the Secretary of the alien’s address under this section at the time of the alien’s 

release from detention. 

‘‘(e) USE OF MOST RECENT ADDRESS PROVIDED BY THE ALIEN.—

43

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary may provide for the appropriate coordination and cross referencing of address information provided by an alien under this section with other information relating to the alien’s address under other Federal programs, including—

‘‘(A) any information pertaining to the alien, which is submitted in any 

application, petition, or motion filed under this Act with the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, the Secretary of State, or the Secretary of Labor; 

‘‘(B) any information available to the Attorney General with respect to 

an alien in a proceeding before an immigration judge or an administrative 

appeal or judicial review of such proceeding; 

‘‘(C) any information collected with respect to nonimmigrant foreign 

students or exchange program participants under section 641 of the Illegal 

Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 

1372); and 

‘‘(D) any information collected from State or local correctional agencies 

pursuant to the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program. 

‘‘(2) RELIANCE.—The Secretary may rely on the most recent address provided by the alien under this section or section 264 to send to the alien any 

notice, form, document, or other matter pertaining to Federal immigration laws, 

including service of a notice to appear. The Attorney General and the Secretary 

may rely on the most recent address provided by the alien under section 

239(a)(1)(F) to contact the alien about pending removal proceedings. 

‘‘(3) OBLIGATION.—The alien’s provision of an address for any other purpose 

under the Federal immigration laws does not excuse the alien’s obligation to 

submit timely notice of the alien’s address to the Secretary under this section 

(or to the Attorney General under section 239(a)(1)(F) with respect to an alien 

in a proceeding before an immigration judge or an administrative appeal of such 

proceeding). 

‘‘(f) REQUIREMENT FOR DATABASE.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall 

establish an electronic database to timely record and preserve addresses provided 

under this section.’’. 

(b) CONFORMING CHANGES WITH RESPECT TO REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS.—

Chapter 7 of title II (8 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.) is amended—

(1) in section 262(c), by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(2) in section 263(a), by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; and 

(3) in section 264—

(A) in subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d), by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ 

each place it appears and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; and 

(B) in subsection (f)—

(i) by striking ‘‘Attorney General is authorized’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General are authorized’’; 

and 

(ii) by striking ‘‘Attorney General or the Service’’ and inserting 

‘‘Secretary or the Attorney General’’. 

(c) EFFECT ON ELIGIBILITY FOR IMMIGRATION BENEFITS.—If an alien fails to comply with section 262, 263, or 265 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1302, 1303, and 1305) or section 264.1 of title 8, Code of Federal Regulations, or 

removal orders or voluntary departure agreements based on any such section for 

acts committed prior to the enactment of this Act such failure shall not affect the 

eligibility of the alien to apply for a benefit under the Immigration and Nationality 

Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.). 

(d) TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.—Section 266 (8 U.S.C. 1306 ) is amended by 

striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ each place it appears and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’. 

(e) EFFECTIVE DATES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments 

made by this section shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(2) EXCEPTIONS.—The amendments made by paragraphs (1)(A), (1)(B), (2), 

and (3) of subsection (a) shall take effect as if enacted on March 1, 2003. 

SEC. 213. STATE AND LOCAL ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL IMMIGRATION LAWS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 287(g) (8 U.S.C. 1357(g)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (2), by adding at the end ‘‘If such training is provided by 

a State or political subdivision of a State to an officer or employee of such State 

or political subdivision of a State, the cost of such training (including applicable 

44

overtime costs) shall be reimbursed by the Secretary of Homeland Security.’’; 

and 

(2) in paragraph (4), by adding at the end ‘‘The cost of any equipment required to be purchased under such written agreement and necessary to perform 

the functions under this subsection shall be reimbursed by the Secretary of 

Homeland Security.’’. 

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section 

and the amendments made by this section. 

SEC. 214. INCREASED CRIMINAL PENALTIES RELATED TO DRUNK DRIVING. 

(a) INADMISSIBILITY.—Section 212(a)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)) is amended—

(1) by redesignating subparagraph (F) as subparagraph (J); and 

(2) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following: 

‘‘(F) DRUNK DRIVERS.—Any alien who has been convicted of 3 offenses 

for driving under the influence and at least 1 of the offenses is a felony 

under Federal or State law, for which the alien was sentenced to more than 

1 year imprisonment, is inadmissible.’’. 

(b) DEPORTABILITY.—Section 237(a)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(F) DRUNK DRIVERS.—Unless the Secretary of Homeland Security or 

the Attorney General waives the application of this subparagraph, any 

alien who has been convicted of 3 offenses for driving under the influence 

and at least 1 of the offenses is a felony under Federal or State law, for 

which the alien was sentenced to more than 1 year imprisonment, is deportable.’’. 

(c) JUDICIAL ADVISAL.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—A court shall not accept a guilty plea for driving under 

the influence unless the court has administered to the defendant, on the record, 

the following adivsal: 

‘‘If you are not a citizen of the United States, you are advised that conviction 

for driving under the influence, including conviction by entry of any plea, even 

if the conviction is later expunged, may result in deportation, exclusion from admission to the United States, or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws 

of the United States.’’. 

(2) FAILURE TO ADVISE.—Upon request, the court shall allow the defendant 

a reasonable amount of additional time to consider the appropriateness of the 

plea in light of the advisement set out in paragraph (1). If the court fails to advise the defendant in accordance with paragraph (1) and the defendant shows 

that conviction of the offense to which the defendant pleaded guilty may result 

in the defendant’s deportation, exclusion from the United States, or denial of 

naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States, the court, upon a motion by the defendant, shall vacate the judgment and permit the defendant to 

withdraw the plea and enter a plea of not guilty. If the record does not show 

that the court provided the required advisement, it shall be presumed that the 

defendant did not receive the advisement. The defendant shall not be required 

to disclose his or her immigration status at any time. 

(d) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 212(h) (8 U.S.C. 1182(h)) is amended—

(1) in the subsection heading, by striking ‘‘SUBSECTION (a)(2)(A)(i)(I), (II), 

(B), (D),AND (E)’’ and inserting ‘‘CERTAIN PROVISIONS IN SUBSECTION (a)(2)’’; and 

(2) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘and (E)’’ and inserting ‘‘(E), and (F)’’. 

(e) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall take effect 

on the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to convictions entered on 

or after such date. 

SEC. 215. LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY OF STATES AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS AND 

TRANSFER TO FEDERAL CUSTODY. 

Title II (8 U.S.C. 1151 et seq.) is amended by adding after section 240C the following: 

‘‘SEC. 240D. LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY OF STATES AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS AND 

TRANSFER OF ALIENS TO FEDERAL CUSTODY. 

‘‘(a) AUTHORITY.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, law enforcement 

personnel of a State, or a political subdivision of a State, have the inherent authority of a sovereign entity to investigate, apprehend, arrest, detain, or transfer to Federal custody (including the transportation across State lines to detention centers) an 

alien for the purpose of assisting in the enforcement of the criminal provisions of 

the immigration laws of the United States in the normal course of carrying out the 

45

law enforcement duties of such personnel. This State authority has never been displaced or preempted by a Federal law. 

‘‘(b) TRANSFER.—If the head of a law enforcement entity of a State (or a political 

subdivision of the State), exercising authority with respect to the detention of an 

alien convicted of a criminal offense, submits a request to the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secretary shall—

‘‘(1) determine the immigration status of the offender; and 

‘‘(2) report to the requesting agency whether the Department of Homeland 

Security intends to take custody of the offender for violations of Federal immigration laws, with an approximate timeframe for the transfer of custody. 

‘‘(c) REIMBURSEMENT.—The Secretary of Homeland Security is authorized to use 

funds appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in section 

241(i)(5) to reimburse a State, or a political subdivision of a State for activities described in subparagraph (a) or (b). 

‘‘(d) REQUIREMENT FOR APPROPRIATE SECURITY.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall ensure that—

‘‘(1) aliens incarcerated in a Federal facility pursuant to this section are 

held in facilities which provide an appropriate level of security; and 

‘‘(2) if practicable, aliens detained solely for civil violations of Federal immigration law are separated within a facility or facilities. 

‘‘(e) REQUIREMENT FOR SCHEDULE.—In carrying out this section, the Secretary 

of Homeland Security shall establish a regular circuit and schedule for the prompt 

transportation of apprehended aliens from the custody of those States, and political 

subdivisions of States, which routinely submit requests described in subsection (b), 

into Federal custody. 

‘‘(f) AUTHORITY FOR CONTRACTS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Homeland Security may enter into contracts or cooperative agreements with appropriate State and local law enforcement and detention agencies to implement this section. 

‘‘(2) DETERMINATION BY SECRETARY.—Before entering into a contract or cooperative agreement with a State or political subdivision of a State under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall determine whether the State, or if appropriate, 

the political subdivision in which the agencies are located, has in place any formal or informal policy that violates section 642 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1373). The Secretary 

shall not allocate any of the funds made available under this section to any 

State or political subdivision that has in place a policy that violates such section. 

‘‘(g) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to require law 

enforcement personnel of a State or a political subdivision to assist in the enforcement of the immigration laws of the United States. 

‘‘(h) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.’’. 

SEC. 216. LAUNDERING OF MONETARY INSTRUMENTS. 

Section 1956(c)(7)(D) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—

(1) by inserting ‘‘section 1590 (relating to trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor),’’ after ‘‘section 1363 (relating to destruction of property within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction),’’; and 

(2) by inserting ‘‘section 274(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

U.S.C.1324(a)) (relating to bringing in and harboring certain aliens),’’ after ‘‘section 590 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1590) (relating to aviation smuggling),’’. 

SEC. 217. INCREASE OF FEDERAL DETENTION SPACE AND THE UTILIZATION OF FACILITIES 

IDENTIFIED FOR CLOSURES AS A RESULT OF THE DEFENSE BASE CLOSURE REALIGNMENT ACT OF 1990. 

(a) CONSTRUCTION OR ACQUISITION OF DETENTION FACILITIES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary 

shall construct or acquire, in addition to existing facilities for the detention of 

aliens, at least 20 detention facilities in the United States that have the capacity to detain a combined total of not less than 20,000 individuals at any time 

for aliens detained pending removal or a decision on removal of such aliens 

from the United States. 

(2) REQUIREMENT TO CONSTRUCT OR ACQUIRE.—Subject to the availability of 

appropriations, the Secretary shall construct or acquire additional detention facilities in the United States to accommodate the detention beds required by secVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00051 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
46

tion 5204(a) of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Protection Act of 2004 

(Public Law 108–458; 118 Stat. 3734). 

(3) USE OF ALTERNATE DETENTION FACILITIES.—Subject to the availability of 

appropriations, the Secretary shall fully utilize all possible options to cost effectively increase available detention capacities, and shall utilize detention facilities that are owned and operated by the Federal Government if the use of such 

facilities is cost effective. 

(4) USE OF INSTALLATIONS UNDER BASE CLOSURE LAWS.—In acquiring additional detention facilities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the 

transfer of appropriate portions of military installations approved for closure or 

realignment under the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 (part 

A of title XXIX of Public Law 101–510; 10 U.S.C. 2687 note) for use in accordance with this subsection. 

(5) DETERMINATION OF LOCATION.—The location of any detention facility 

constructed or acquired in accordance with this subsection shall be determined, 

with the concurrence of the Secretary, by the senior officer responsible for Detention and Removal Operations in the Department. The detention facilities 

shall be located so as to enable the officers and employees of the Department 

to increase to the maximum extent practicable the annual rate and level of removals of illegal aliens from the United States. 

(b) ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the 

enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, in consultation with the heads of 

other appropriate Federal agencies, the Secretary shall submit to Congress an assessment of the additional detention facilities and bed space needed to detain unlawful aliens apprehended at the United States ports of entry or along the international land borders of the United States. 

(c) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 241(g)(1) (8 U.S.C. 

1231(g)(1)) is amended by striking ‘‘may expend’’ and inserting ‘‘shall expend’’. 

(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

SEC. 218. DETERMINATION OF IMMIGRATION STATUS OF INDIVIDUALS CHARGED WITH FEDERAL OFFENSES. 

(a) RESPONSIBILITY OF UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS.—Beginning not later than 2 

years after the date of enactment of this Act, the office of the United States Attorney that is prosecuting a criminal case in a Federal court—

(1) shall determine, not later than 30 days after filing the initial pleadings 

in the case, whether each defendant in the case is lawfully present in the 

United States (subject to subsequent legal proceedings to determine otherwise); 

(2)(A) if the defendant is determined to be an alien lawfully present in the 

United States, shall notify the court in writing of the determination and the 

current status of the alien under the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1101 et seq.); and 

(B) if the defendant is determined not to be lawfully present in the United 

States, shall notify the court in writing of the determination, the defendant’s 

alien status, and, to the extent possible, the country of origin or legal residence 

of the defendant; 

(3) ensure that the information described in paragraph (2) is included in the 

case file and the criminal records system of the office of the United States attorney; and 

(4) provide notice to the alien and the counsel for the alien of any such determination and any such submission to the court. 

(b) GUIDELINES.—A determination made under subsection (a)(1) shall be made 

in accordance with guidelines of the Executive Office for Immigration Review of the 

Department of Justice. 

(c) RESPONSIBILITIES OF FEDERAL COURTS.—

(1) MODIFICATIONS OF RECORDS AND CASE MANAGEMENTS SYSTEMS.—Not 

later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, all Federal courts 

that hear criminal cases, or appeals of criminal cases, shall modify their criminal records and case management systems, in accordance with guidelines which 

the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall establish, so as to enable accurate reporting of information described in subsection 

(a)(2). 

(2) DATA ENTRIES.—Beginning not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, each Federal court described in paragraph (1) shall enter 

into its electronic records the information contained in each notification to the 

court under subsection (a)(2). 

47

(d) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section may be construed to provide a basis 

for admitting evidence to a jury or releasing information to the public regarding an 

alien’s immigration status. 

(e) ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS.—The Director of the Administrative Office 

of the United States Courts shall include, in the annual report filed with Congress 

under section 604 of title 28, United States Code—

(1) statistical information on criminal trials of aliens in the courts and 

criminal convictions of aliens in the lower courts and upheld on appeal, including the type of crime in each case and including information on the legal status 

of the aliens; and 

(2) recommendations on whether additional court resources are needed to 

accommodate the volume of criminal cases brought against aliens in the Federal 

courts. 

(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal 

years 2008 through 2012, such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

(2) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in this subsection in any fiscal year shall remain available until expended. 

SEC. 219. EXPANSION OF THE JUSTICE PRISONER AND ALIEN TRANSFER SYSTEM. 

Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney 

General shall issue a directive to expand the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transfer 

System so that such System provides additional services with respect to aliens who 

are illegally present in the United States. Such expansion should include—

(1) increasing the daily operations of such System with buses and air hubs 

in 3 geographic regions; 

(2) allocating a set number of seats for such aliens for each metropolitan 

area; 

(3) allowing metropolitan areas to trade or give some of the seats allocated 

to the area under such System for such aliens to other areas in their region 

based on the transportation needs of each area; and 

(4) requiring an annual report that analyzes the number of seats that each 

metropolitan area is allocated under such System for such aliens and modifies 

such allocation if necessary. 

SEC. 220. CANCELLATION OF VISAS. 

Section 222(g) (8 U.S.C. 1202(g)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (1)—

(A) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; and 

(B) by inserting ‘‘and any other nonimmigrant visa issued by the 

United States that is in the possession of the alien’’ after ‘‘such visa’’; and 

(2) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ‘‘(other than the visa described in paragraph (1)) issued in a consular office located in the country of the alien’s nationality’’ and inserting ‘‘(other than a visa described in paragraph (1)) issued in a 

consular office located in the country of the alien’s nationality or foreign residence’’. 

Subtitle B—Passport and Visa Security 

SEC. 221. REFORM OF PASSPORT FRAUD OFFENSES. 

(a) TRAFFICKING IN PASSPORTS.—Section 1541 of title 18, United States Code, 

is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘§ 1541. Trafficking in passports 

‘‘(a) MULTIPLE PASSPORTS.—Any person who, during any period of 3 years or 

less, knowingly—

‘‘(1) and without lawful authority produces, issues, or transfers 10 or more 

passports; 

‘‘(2) forges, counterfeits, alters, or falsely makes 10 or more passports; 

‘‘(3) secures, possesses, uses, receives, buys, sells, or distributes 10 or more 

passports, knowing the passports to be forged, counterfeited, altered, falsely 

made, stolen, procured by fraud, or produced or issued without lawful authority; 

or 

48

‘‘(4) completes, mails, prepares, presents, signs, or submits 10 or more applications for a United States passport, knowing the applications to contain any 

false statement or representation, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. 

‘‘(b) PASSPORT MATERIALS.—Any person who knowingly and without lawful authority produces, buys, sells, possesses, or uses any official material (or counterfeit 

of any official material) used to make a passport, including any distinctive paper, 

seal, hologram, image, text, symbol, stamp, engraving, or plate, shall be fined under 

this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.’’. 

(b) FALSE STATEMENT IN AN APPLICATION FOR A PASSPORT.—Section 1542 of title 

18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘§ 1542. False statement in an application for a passport 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly makes any false statement or representation in an application for a United States passport, or mails, prepares, presents, 

or signs an application for a United States passport knowing the application to contain any false statement or representation, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both. 

‘‘(b) VENUE.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—An offense under subsection (a) may be prosecuted in 

any district—

‘‘(A) in which the false statement or representation was made or the 

application for a United States passport was prepared or signed; or 

‘‘(B) in which or to which the application was mailed or presented. 

‘‘(2) ACTS OCCURRING OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES.—An offense under subsection (a) involving an application for a United States passport prepared and 

adjudicated outside the United States may be prosecuted in the district in 

which the resultant passport was or would have been produced. 

‘‘(c) SAVINGS CLAUSE.—Nothing in this section may be construed to limit the 

venue otherwise available under sections 3237 and 3238 of this title.’’. 

(c) FORGERY AND UNLAWFUL PRODUCTION OF A PASSPORT.—Section 1543 of title 

18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘§ 1543. Forgery and unlawful production of a passport 

‘‘(a) FORGERY.—Any person who knowingly—

‘‘(1) forges, counterfeits, alters, or falsely makes any passport; or 

‘‘(2) transfers any passport knowing it to be forged, counterfeited, altered, 

falsely made, stolen, or to have been produced or issued without lawful authority, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both. 

‘‘(b) UNLAWFUL PRODUCTION.—Any person who knowingly and without lawful 

authority—

‘‘(1) produces, issues, authorizes, or verifies a passport in violation of the 

laws, regulations, or rules governing the issuance of the passport; 

‘‘(2) produces, issues, authorizes, or verifies a United States passport for or 

to any person knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that such person is 

not entitled to receive a passport; or 

‘‘(3) transfers or furnishes a passport to any person for use by any person 

other than the person for whom the passport was issued or designed, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both.’’. 

(d) MISUSE OF A PASSPORT.—Section 1544 of title 18, United States Code, is 

amended to read as follows: 

‘‘§ 1544. Misuse of a passport 

‘‘Any person who knowingly—

‘‘(1) uses any passport issued or designed for the use of another; 

‘‘(2) uses any passport in violation of the conditions or restrictions therein 

contained, or in violation of the laws, regulations, or rules governing the 

issuance and use of the passport; 

‘‘(3) secures, possesses, uses, receives, buys, sells, or distributes any passport knowing it to be forged, counterfeited, altered, falsely made, procured by 

fraud, or produced or issued without lawful authority; or 

‘‘(4) violates the terms and conditions of any safe conduct duly obtained and 

issued under the authority of the United States, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both.’’. 

(e) SCHEMES TO DEFRAUD ALIENS.—Section 1545 of title 18, United States Code, 

is amended to read as follows: 

49

‘‘§ 1545. Schemes to defraud aliens 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Any person who knowingly executes a scheme or artifice, in 

connection with any matter that is authorized by or arises under Federal immigration laws or any matter the offender claims or represents is authorized by or arises 

under Federal immigration laws, to—

‘‘(1) defraud any person; or 

‘‘(2) obtain or receive money or anything else of value from any person by 

means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both. 

‘‘(b) MISREPRESENTATION.—Any person who knowingly and falsely represents 

that such person is an attorney or an accredited representative (as that term is defined in section 1292.1 of title 8, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation to such section)) in any matter arising under Federal immigration laws shall 

be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both.’’. 

(f) IMMIGRATION AND VISA FRAUD.—Section 1546 of title 18, United States Code, 

is amended—

(1) by amending the section heading to read as follows: 

‘‘§ 1546. Immigration and visa fraud’’; 

and 

(2) by striking subsections (b) and (c) and inserting the following: 

‘‘(b) IN GENERAL.—Any person who knowingly—

‘‘(1) uses any immigration document issued or designed for the use of another; 

‘‘(2) forges, counterfeits, alters, or falsely makes any immigration document; 

‘‘(3) completes, mails, prepares, presents, signs, or submits any immigration 

document knowing it to contain any materially false statement or representation; 

‘‘(4) secures, possesses, uses, transfers, receives, buys, sells, or distributes 

any immigration document knowing it to be forged, counterfeited, altered, falsely made, stolen, procured by fraud, or produced or issued without lawful authority; 

‘‘(5) adopts or uses a false or fictitioius name to evade or to attempt to 

evade the immigration laws; or 

‘‘(6) transfers or furnishes, without lawful authority, an immigration document to another person for use by a person other than the person for whom the 

pasport was issued or disgned, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more 15 years, or both. 

‘‘(c) TRAFFICKING.—Any person who, during any period of 3 years or less, knowingly—

‘‘(1) and without lawful authority produces, issues, or transfers 10 or more 

immigration documents; 

‘‘(2) forges, counterfeits, alters, or falsely makes 10 or more immigration 

documents; 

‘‘(3) secures, possesses, uses, buys, sells, or distributes 10 or more immigration documents, knowing the immigration documents to be forged, counterfeited, 

altered, stolen, falsely made, procured by fraud, or produced or issued without 

lawful authority; or 

‘‘(4) completes, mails, prepares, presents, signs, or submits 10 or more immigration documents knowing the documents to contain any materially false 

statement or representation, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. 

‘‘(d) IMMIGRATION DOCUMENT MATERIALS.—Any person who knowingly and 

without lawful authority produces, buys, sells, possesses, or uses any official material (or counterfeit of any official material) used to make immigration documents, 

including any distinctive paper, seal, hologram, image, text, symbol, stamp, engraving, or plate, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or 

both. 

‘‘(e) EMPLOYMENT DOCUMENTS.—Any person who uses—

‘‘(1) an identification document, knowing (or having reason to know) that 

the document was not issued lawfully for the use of the possessor; 

‘‘(2) an identification document knowing (or having reason to know) that the 

document is false; or 

‘‘(3) a false attestation, 

for the purpose of satisfying a requirement of section 274A(b) of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(b)), shall be fined under this title, imprisoned 

not more than 5 years, or both.’’. 

50

(g) ALTERNATIVE IMPRISONMENT MAXIMUM FOR CERTAIN OFFENSES.—Section 

1547 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—

(1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘(other than an offense under section 1545)’’; 

(2) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘15’’ and inserting ‘‘20’’; and 

(3) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘20’’ and inserting ‘‘25’’. 

(h) ATTEMPTS, CONSPIRACIES, JURISDICTION, AND DEFINITIONS.—Chapter 75 of 

title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding after section 1547 the following: 

‘‘§ 1548. Attempts and conspiracies 

‘‘Any person who attempts or conspires to violate any section of this chapter 

shall be punished in the same manner as a person who completed a violation of that 

section. 

‘‘§ 1549. Additional jurisdiction 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Any person who commits an offense under this chapter within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States shall be punished as provided under this chapter. 

‘‘(b) EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—Any person who commits an offense 

under this chapter outside the United States shall be punished as provided under 

this chapter if—

‘‘(1) the offense involves a United States passport or immigration document 

(or any document purporting to be such a document) or any matter, right, or 

benefit arising under or authorized by Federal immigration laws; 

‘‘(2) the offense is in or affects foreign commerce; 

‘‘(3) the offense affects, jeopardizes, or poses a significant risk to the lawful 

administration of Federal immigration laws, or the national security of the 

United States; 

‘‘(4) the offense is committed to facilitate an act of international terrorism 

(as defined in section 2331) or a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 

929(a)(2)) that affects or would affect the national security of the United States; 

‘‘(5) the offender is a national of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence (as those terms are defined in section 101(a) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a))); or 

‘‘(6) the offender is a stateless person whose habitual residence is in the 

United States. 

‘‘§ 1550. Authorized law enforcement activities 

‘‘Nothing in this chapter shall prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative, 

protective, or intelligence activity of a law enforcement agency of the United States, 

a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or an intelligence agency of the United 

States, or any activity authorized under title V of the Organized Crime Control Act 

of 1970 (Public Law 91–452; 84 Stat. 933). 

‘‘§ 1551. Definitions 

‘‘As used in this chapter: 

‘‘(1) The term ‘application for a United States passport’ includes any document, photograph, or other piece of evidence submitted in support of an application for a United States passport. 

‘‘(2) The term ‘immigration document’—

‘‘(A) means any application, petition, affidavit, declaration, attestation, 

form, visa, identification card, alien registration document, employment authorization document, border crossing card, certificate, permit, order, license, stamp, authorization, grant of authority, or other official document, 

arising under or authorized by the immigration laws of the United States; 

and 

‘‘(B) includes any document, photograph, or other piece of material evidence attached or submitted in support of an immigration document described in subparagraph (A). 

‘‘(3) The term ‘immigration laws’ includes—

‘‘(A) the laws described in section 101(a)(17) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(17)); 

‘‘(B) the laws relating to the issuance and use of passports; and 

‘‘(C) the regulations prescribed under the authority of any law described in subparagraph (A) or (B). 

‘‘(4) A person does not exercise ‘lawful authority’ if the person abuses or improperly exercises lawful authority the person otherwise holds. 

‘‘(5) The term ‘passport’ means—

51

‘‘(A) a travel document attesting to the identity and nationality of the 

bearer that is issued under the authority of the Secretary of State, a foreign 

government, or an international organization; or 

‘‘(B) any instrument purporting to be a document described in subparagraph (A). 

‘‘(6) The term ‘produce’ means to make, prepare, assemble, issue, print, authenticate, or alter. 

‘‘(7) The term ‘to present’ means to offer or submit for official processing, 

examination, or adjudication. Any such presentation continues until the official 

processing, examination, or adjudication is complete. 

‘‘(8) The ‘use’ of a passport or an immigration document referred to in section 1541(a), 1543(b), 1544, 1546(a), and 1546(b) of this chapter includes—

‘‘(A) any officially authorized use; 

‘‘(B) use to travel; 

‘‘(C) use to demonstrate identity, residence, nationality, citizenship, or 

immigration status; 

‘‘(D) use to seek or maintain employment; or 

‘‘(E) use in any matter within the jurisdiction of the Federal government or of a State government.’’. 

(i) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections for chapter 75 of title 18, 

United States Code, is amended to read as follows:

‘‘Sec. 

‘‘1541. Trafficking in passports. 

‘‘1542. False statement in an application for a passport. 

‘‘1543. Forgery and unlawful production of a passport. 

‘‘1544. Misuse of a passport. 

‘‘1545. Schemes to defraud aliens. 

‘‘1546. Immigration and visa fraud. 

‘‘1547. Alternative imprisonment maximum for certain offenses. 

‘‘1548. Attempts and conspiracies. 

‘‘1549. Additional jurisdiction. 

‘‘1550. Authorized law enforcement activities. 

‘‘1551. Definitions.’’. 

SEC. 222. OTHER IMMIGRATION REFORMS. 

(a) DIRECTIVE TO THE UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Pursuant to the authority under section 994 of title 28, 

United States Code, the United States Sentencing Commission shall promulgate 

or amend the sentencing guidelines, policy statements, and official commentaries related to passport fraud offenses, including the offenses described in 

chapter 75 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by section 221, to reflect 

the serious nature of such offenses. 

(2) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this 

Act, the United States Sentencing Commission shall submit to the Committee 

on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House 

of Representatives a report on the implementation of this subsection. 

(b) RELEASE AND DETENTION PRIOR TO DISPOSITION.—

(1) DETENTION.—Section 3142(e) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 

to read as follows: 

‘‘(e) DETENTION.—(1) If, after a hearing pursuant to the provisions of subsection 

(f) of this section, the judicial officer finds that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required and the safety 

of any other person and the community, such judicial officer shall order the detention of the person before trial. 

‘‘(2) In a case described in subsection (f)(1) of this section, a rebuttable presumption arises that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the 

safety of any other person and the community if such judicial officer finds that—

‘‘(A) the person has been convicted of a Federal offense that is described in 

subsection (f)(1) of this section, or of a State or local offense that would have 

been an offense described in subsection (f)(1) of this section if a circumstance 

giving rise to Federal jurisdiction had existed; 

‘‘(B) the offense described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph was committed while the person was on release pending trial for a Federal, State, or 

local offense; and 

‘‘(C) a period of not more than five years has elapsed since the date of conviction, or the release of the person from imprisonment, for the offense described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, whichever is later. 

52

‘‘(3) Subject to rebuttal by the person, it shall be presumed that no condition 

or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the appearance of the person as 

required and the safety of the community if the judicial officer finds that there is 

probable cause to believe that the person committed an offense for which a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more is prescribed in the Controlled 

Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 951 et seq.), or chapter 705 of title 46, an offense under section 

924(c), 956(a), or 2332b of this title, or an offense listed in section 2332b(g)(5)(B) 

of this title for which a maximum term of imprisonment of 10 years or more is prescribed, or an offense involving a minor victim under section 1201, 1591, 2241, 2242, 

2244(a)(1), 2245, 2251, 2251A, 2252(a)(1), 2252(a)(2), 2252(a)(3), 2252A(a)(1), 

2252A(a)(2), 2252A(a)(3), 2252A(a)(4), 2260, 2421, 2422, 2423, or 2425 of this title.’’. 

(c) PROTECTION FOR LEGITIMATE REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS.— (1) PROTECTION FOR LEGITIMATE REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS.—The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall 

develop binding prosecution guidelines for Federal prosecutors to ensure that 

any prosecution of an alien seeking entry into the United States by fraud is consistent with the United States treaty obligations under Article 31(1) of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, done at Geneva July 28, 1951 (as 

made applicable by the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, done at New 

York January 31, 1967 (19 UST 6223)). 

(2) NO PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.—The guidelines developed pursuant to 

paragraph (1), and any internal office procedures related to such guidelines, are 

intended solely for the guidance of attorneys of the United States. This subsection, such guidelines, and the process for developing such guidelines are not 

intended to, do not, and may not be relied upon to create any right or benefit, 

substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any administrative, civil, or criminal matter. 

(3) WAIVER.—The Secretary may grant a waiver from prosecution under 

chapter 75 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by section 211 of this 

Act, to a person—

(A) seeking protection, classification, or status under section 208 or 

241(b)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or relief under the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment done at New York, December 10, 1994, pursuant to 

title 8, Code of Federal Regulations; 

(B) referred for a credible fear interview, a reasonable fear interview, 

or an asylum-only hearing under section 235 of the Immigration and Nationality Act or title 8, Code of Federal Regulations; or 

(C) has filed an application for classification or status under paragraph 

(15)(T), (15)(U), (27)(J), or (51) of section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, section 216(c)(4)(C), 240A(b)(2), or section 244(a)(3) of such 

Act. 

(d) DIPLOMATIC SECURITY SERVICE.—Section 37(a)(1) of the State Department 

Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 2709(a)(1)) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(1) conduct investigations concerning—

‘‘(A) illegal passport or visa issuance or use; 

‘‘(B) identity theft or document fraud affecting or relating to the programs, functions, and authorities of the Department of State; 

‘‘(C) violations of chapter 77 of title 18, United States Code; and 

‘‘(D) Federal offenses committed within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction defined in paragraph (9) of section 7 of title 18, United 

States Code;’’. 

Subtitle C—Detention and Removal of Aliens Who 

Illegally Enter or Remain in the United States 

SEC. 231. DETENTION AND REMOVAL OF ALIENS ORDERED REMOVED. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 241(a) (8 U.S.C. 1231(a)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (1)(A), by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(2) in paragraphs (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7), by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ 

each place it appears and inserting ‘‘Secretary’’; 

(3) in paragraph (1)—

(A) by amending subparagraph (C) to read as follows: 

‘‘(C) EXTENSION OF REMOVAL PERIOD.—

53

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall extend the removal period 

for more than a period of 90 days and the alien may remain in detention during such extended period if, during the removal period—

‘‘(I) the alien—

‘‘(aa) fails or refuses to make timely application in good faith for travel or other 

documents necessary for the alien to depart the United States; or 

‘‘(bb) conspires or acts to prevent the removal of the alien subject to an order 

of removal; and 

‘‘(II) the Secretary makes a certification described in paragraph 

(8)(B) for such alien. 

‘‘(ii) STAY OF REMOVAL.—An alien seeking a stay of removal from 

an immigration judge, a Federal judge, or the Board of Immigration 

Appeals shall not be deemed under any provision of law to be conspiring or acting to prevent the removal of the alien. 

‘‘(iii) REVIEW.—The procedures described in paragraph (8)(E) shall 

apply to actions taken under this subparagraph.’’; and 

(B) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(D) TOLLING OF PERIOD.—If, at the time described in clause (i), (ii), or 

(iii) of subparagraph (B), the alien is not in the custody of the Secretary 

under the authority of this Act, the removal period shall not begin until the 

alien is taken into such custody. If the Secretary lawfully transfers custody 

of the alien during the removal period to another Federal agency or to a 

State or local government agency in connection with the official duties of 

such agency, the removal period shall be tolled until the date on which the 

alien is returned to the custody of the Secretary.’’; 

(4) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows: 

‘‘(2) DETENTION.—During the removal period, the Secretary shall detain the 

alien. Under no circumstances during the removal period shall the Secretary release an alien who has been found inadmissible under section 212(a)(2) or 

212(a)(3)(B) or deportable under section 237(a)(2) or 1227(a)(4)(B). If a court, 

the Board of Immigration Appeals, or an immigration judge orders a stay of removal of an alien who is subject to an administratively final order of removal, 

the Secretary, in the exercise of discretion, may detain or supervise the alien 

during the pendency of such stay of removal, subject to the limitations set forth 

in subparagraphs (3), (6), and (8).’’; 

(5) in paragraph (3)—

(A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘If’’ and inserting ‘‘Subject to the requirements of paragraphs (6) and (8), if’’; and 

(B) by striking subparagraph (D) and inserting the following: 

‘‘(D) to obey reasonable restrictions on the alien’s conduct or activities, 

or to perform affirmative acts prescribed by the Secretary—

‘‘(i) to prevent the alien from absconding; or 

‘‘(ii) to protect the community; 

‘‘(E) if appropriate—

‘‘(i) to utilize an electronic monitoring device; 

‘‘(ii) to complete parole and probation requirements for aliens with 

outstanding obligations under Federal or State law; and 

‘‘(F) to comply with any other conditions of such supervision that the 

Secretary determines is appropriate.’’; 

(6) in paragraph (6), by inserting ‘‘, subject to the provisions of paragraph 

(8)’’ after ‘‘beyond the removal period’’; 

(7) by redesignating paragraph (7) as paragraph (11); 

(8) by inserting after paragraph (6) the following: 

‘‘(7) PAROLE.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—If an alien detained pursuant to paragraph (6) is an 

applicant for admission and is released from detention, such release shall 

be considered to be made as an exercise of the Secretary’s parole authority 

under 212(d)(5). Notwithstanding section 212(d)(5), the Secretary may provide that the alien shall not be returned to custody unless—

‘‘(i) the alien violates the conditions of the alien’s parole under this 

section; 

‘‘(ii) the alien’s removal becomes reasonably foreseeable; or 

‘‘(iii) the alien violates the conditions set out in paragraph (3). 

‘‘(B) NOT AN ADMISSION.—Under no circumstance shall an alien paroled 

under this section be considered admitted to the United States. 

‘‘(8) ADDITIONAL RULES FOR DETENTION OR RELEASE OF ALIENS BEYOND REMOVAL PERIOD.—

54

‘‘(A) DETENTION AFTER REMOVAL PERIOD.—The Secretary is authorized 

to detain an alien who has effected an entry into the United States—

‘‘(i) for not more than 90 days beyond the removal period if the Secretary is seeking to make a certification described in subparagraph (B) 

for the alien; or 

‘‘(ii) for more than 90 days beyond the removal period if the Secretary has made a certification described in subparagraph (B) for the 

alien, subject to the conditions set out in this paragraph. 

‘‘(B) CERTIFICATION.—A certification described in this subparagraph is 

a written certification made by the Secretary in which the Secretary determines—

‘‘(i) that the alien is significantly likely to be removed in the reasonably foreseeable future; 

‘‘(ii) that the alien has failed to make a timely application, in good 

faith, for travel documents or has otherwise conspired or acted to prevent the removal of the alien; 

‘‘(iii) that the alien would have been removed if the alien had not—

‘‘(I) failed or refused to make all reasonable efforts to comply 

with the removal order; 

‘‘(II) failed or refused to fully cooperate with the efforts of the 

Secretary to establish the alien’s identity and carry out the removal order, including failing to submit a timely application, in 

good faith, for travel or other documents necessary for the alien’s 

departure from the United States; or 

‘‘(III) conspired or acted to prevent such removal; 

‘‘(iv) in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, that the alien has a highly contagious disease that poses a threat 

to public safety, in which case the alien may be quarantined in a civil 

medical facility; 

‘‘(v) on the basis of information available to the Secretary (including classified and national security information), regardless of the 

grounds upon which the alien was ordered removed and pursuant to a 

written certification under section 236A, that there is reason to believe 

that the release of the alien would threaten the national security of the 

United States; or 

‘‘(vi) that the release of the alien would threaten the safety of the 

community, notwithstanding conditions of release designed to ensure 

the safety of the community or any person and the alien—

‘‘(I) has been convicted of 1 or more aggravated felonies (as defined in section 101(a)(43)(A)), or of 1 or more attempts or conspiracies to commit any such aggravated felonies for which the alien 

served an aggregate term of imprisonment of at least 5 years and 

the alien is likely to engage in acts of violence in the future; or 

‘‘(II) because of a mental condition or personality disorder (certified under section 232(b)) and behavior associated with that condition or disorder, is likely to engage in acts of violence in the future, in which case the alien may be referred for review and evaluation for civil commitment pursuant to the civil commitment statute of the State in which the alien resides. 

‘‘(C) DELEGATION.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the 

Secretary may not delegate the authority to make a certification described 

in subparagraph (B) to any official lower than the Assistant Secretary for 

Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 

‘‘(D) ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish an administrative 

review process to permit an alien to appeal a decision by the Secretary 

to detain the alien after the removal period under subparagraph (A) or 

to extend the removal period for the alien under paragraph (1)(C). 

‘‘(ii) REVIEW.—An immigration judge shall review a determination 

by the Secretary to detain an alien under subparagraph (A) or paragraph (1)(C). An immigration judge shall uphold such determination of 

the Secretary if the Secretary establishes at a hearing, by clear and 

convincing evidence, that such detention is authorized under subparagraph (A) or paragraph (1)(C). In making this determination, the court 

shall disclose, if otherwise discoverable, to the alien, the counsel of the 

alien, or both, under procedures and standards set forth in the Classified Information Procedures Act (18 U.S.C. App.), any evidence that the 

Secretary relied on in making a determination under this section unVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00060 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
55

less the court finds that such disclosure would not assist in determining any legal or factual issue pertinent to the case. The decision of 

the immigration judge shall not be subject to appeal, but shall be reviewable in a habeas corpus proceeding under section 2241 of title 28, 

United States Code. 

‘‘(E) RENEWAL OF EXTENDED DETENTION.— ‘‘(i) RENEWAL OF DETENTION.—The Secretary may renew a certification under subparagraph (B) every 180 days after providing the alien 

with an opportunity to submit documents or other evidence in support 

of release. Unless the Secretary determines that continued detention 

under subparagraph (A) or paragraph (1)(C) is warranted, the Secretary shall release the alien subject to the conditions of supervision 

described in paragraph (3). 

‘‘(ii) REVIEW.—Any renewal of a certification under clause (i) shall 

be subject to review as described in subparagraph (E) and any such review shall be completed before the date that is 180 days after the date 

the alien’s detention was continued under subparagraph (A) or paragraph (1)(C) or the date of the previous renewal of such detention 

under clause (i). 

‘‘(F) APPLICABILITY.—This paragraph and paragraphs (6) and (7) shall 

apply to any alien returned to custody under paragraph (9) as if the removal period terminated on the day of the redetention. 

‘‘(9) REDETENTION.—The Secretary may not detain any alien subject to a 

final removal order who has previously been released from custody unless—

‘‘(A) the alien fails to comply with the conditions of departure applicable to the alien; 

‘‘(B) the alien fails to continue to satisfy the conditions of supervision 

under paragraph (3); or 

‘‘(C) upon reconsideration, the Secretary makes a certification for the 

alien described in paragraph (8)(B). 

‘‘(10) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Without regard to the place of confinement, judicial review of any action or decision made pursuant to paragraph (6), (7), or (8) 

shall be available exclusively in a habeas corpus proceeding brought in a United 

States district court in the judicial district in which the alien is detained or in 

which the alien’s removal proceeding was initiated.’’. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section—

(1) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act; and 

(2) shall apply to—

(A) any alien subject to a final administrative removal, deportation, or 

exclusion order that was issued before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act; and 

(B) any act or condition occurring or existing before, on, or after the 

date of the enactment of this Act. 

SEC. 232. INCREASED CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR IMMIGRATION VIOLATIONS. 

(a) PENDING PROCEEDINGS.—Section 204(b) (8 U.S.C. 1154(b)) is amended by 

adding at the end ‘‘A petition may not be approved under this section if the petitioner has been found removable from the United States.’’. 

(b) CONDITIONAL PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 216(e) (8 U.S.C. 1186a(e)) is amended by inserting 

‘‘if the alien applied for the removal of condition not less than 90 days before 

applying for naturalization’’ before the period at the end. 

(2) CERTAIN ALIEN ENTREPRENEURS.—Section 216A(e) (8 U.S.C. 1186b(e)) is 

amended by inserting ‘‘if the alien applied for the removal of condition not less 

than 90 days before applying for naturalization’’ before the period at the end. 

(c) CONCURRENT NATURALIZATION AND REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS.—Section 318 (8 

U.S.C. 1429) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘SEC. 318. PREREQUISITE TO NATURALIZATION; BURDEN OF PROOF. 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided in this title, no person shall be 

naturalized unless the person has been lawfully admitted to the United States for 

permanent residence in accordance with all applicable provisions of this Act. The 

burden of proof shall be upon such person to show that the person entered the 

United States lawfully, and the time, place, and manner of such entry into the 

United States, but in presenting such proof the person shall be entitled to the production of the person’s’s immigrant visa, if any, or of other entry document, if any, 

and of any other documents and records, not considered by the Secretary of Homeland Security to be confidential, pertaining to such entry, in the custody of the Department of Homeland Security. 

56

‘‘(b) OTHER PROCEEDINGS.—Notwithstanding the provisions of section 405(b), 

and except as provided in sections 328 and 329, no person shall be naturalized 

against whom there is outstanding a final finding of deportability pursuant to a 

warrant of arrest issued under the provisions of this or any other Act and no application for naturalization shall be considered by the Secretary of Homeland Security 

or any court if there is pending against the applicant any removal proceeding or 

other proceeding to determine the applicant’s inadmissibility or deportability, or to 

determine whether the applicant’s lawful permanent resident status should be rescinded, if the removal proceeding or other proceeding was commenced before a final 

agency decision on naturalization made pursuant to a hearing requested under section 336(a). The findings of the Secretary in terminating removal proceedings or 

canceling the removal of an alien under this Act shall not be binding upon the Secretary in determining whether such person has established eligibility for naturalization under this title.’’. 

(d) DISTRICT COURT JURISDICTION.—Section 336(b) (8 U.S.C. 1447(b)) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(b) REQUEST FOR HEARING BEFORE DISTRICT COURT.—If a final administrative 

decision is not rendered under section 335 before the end of the 180-day period beginning on the date on which the examination is conducted under such section, the 

applicant may apply to the United States district court for the district in which the 

applicant resides for a hearing on the matter. Such court has jurisdiction over the 

matter and may—

‘‘(1) determine the matter; or 

‘‘(2) remand the matter, with appropriate instructions, to the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, to determine the matter.’’. 

(e) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section—

(1) shall apply to any act that occurred on or after the date of enactment 

of this Act; and 

(2) shall apply to any application for naturalization or any case or matter 

under the immigration laws filed on or after such date of enactment. 

SEC. 233. AGGRAVATED FELONY. 

(a) DEFINITION OF AGGRAVATED FELONY.—Section 101(a)(43) (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(43)) is amended—

(1) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘The term ‘aggravated felony’ means—’’ and inserting ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of 

law, the term ‘aggravated felony’ applies to an offense described in this paragraph, whether in violation of Federal or State law, and to such an offense in 

violation of the law of a foreign country for which the term of imprisonment was 

completed within the previous 15 years, and regardless of whether the conviction was entered before, on, or after September 30, 1996 and means—’’; 

(2) in subparagraph (N), by striking ‘‘paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of’’ and inserting ‘‘paragraph (1)(A), (2), or (4) of’’; and 

(3) by striking the undesignated matter following subparagraph (U). 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE AND APPLICATION.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The amendments made by subsection (a) shall—

(A) take effect on the date of enactment of this Act; and 

(B) apply to any act that occurred on or after the date of enactment 

of this Act. 

(2) APPLICATION OF IIRAIRA AMENDMENTS.—The amendments to section 101 

(a)(43) of the Immigration and Nationality Act made by section 321 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (division C 

of Public Law 104–208; 110 Stat. 3009–627) shall continue to apply, whether 

the conviction was entered before, on, or after September 30, 1996. 

SEC. 234. INCREASED CRIMINAL PENALTIES RELATED TO GANG VIOLENCE, REMOVAL, AND 

ALIEN SMUGGLING. 

(a) CRIMINAL STREET GANGS.—

(1) INADMISSIBILITY.—Section 212(a)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)) is amended—

(A) by redesignating subparagraph (F) as subparagraph (J); and 

(B) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following: 

‘‘(F) MEMBERS OF CRIMINAL STREET GANGS.—Unless the Secretary of 

Homeland Security or the Attorney General waives the application of this 

subparagraph, any alien who has been convicted of a crime under section 

521 of title 18, United States Code, is inadmissible.’’. 

(2) DEPORTABILITY.—Section 237(a)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)) is amended by 

adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(F) MEMBERS OF CRIMINAL STREET GANGS.—Unless the Secretary of 

Homeland Security or the Attorney General waives the application of this 

57

subparagraph, any alien who has been convicted of a crime under section 

521 of title 18, United States Code, is deportable.’’. 

(3) TEMPORARY PROTECTED STATUS.—Section 244 (8 U.S.C. 1254a) is amended—

(A) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ each place it appears and inserting 

‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(B) in subsection (c)(2)(B)—

(i) in clause (i), by striking ‘‘, or’’ at the end; 

(ii) in clause (ii), by striking the period at the end and inserting 

‘‘; or’’; and 

(iii) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(iii) the alien has been convicted of a crime under section 521 of 

title 18, United States Code.’’; and 

(C) in subsection (d)—

(i) by striking paragraph (3); and 

(ii) in paragraph (4), by adding at the end the following: ‘‘The Secretary of Homeland Security shall detain an alien provided temporary 

protected status under this section if the alien is subject to detention 

under section 236(c)(1).’’. 

(b) PENALTIES RELATED TO REMOVAL.—Section 243 (8 U.S.C. 1253) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a)(1)—

(A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by inserting ‘‘212(a) or’’ 

after ‘‘section’’; and 

(B) in the matter following subparagraph (D)—

(i) by striking ‘‘or imprisoned not more than four years’’ and inserting ‘‘and imprisoned for not more than 5 years’’; and 

(ii) by striking ‘‘, or both’’; and 

(2) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘not more than $1000 or imprisoned for 

not more than one year, or both’’ and inserting ‘‘under title 18, United States 

Code, and imprisoned for not more than 5 years (or for not more than 10 years 

if the alien is removable under paragraph (1)(E), (2), or (4) of section 237(a)).’’. 

(c) ALIEN SMUGGLING AND RELATED OFFENSES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 274 (8 U.S.C. 1324) is amended—

(A) by striking the section heading and all that follows through subsection (a)(1)(B)(iii); 

(B) by striking subsection (a)(1)(C) and all that follows through the end; 

(C) by redesignating subsection (a)(1)(B)(iv) as subparagraph (G) and 

indenting such subparagraph (G) four ems from the left margin; 

(D) by amending subparagraph (G), as redesignated by subparagraph 

(C), by striking ‘‘in the case of a violation of subparagraph (A) (i), (ii), (iii), 

(iv), or (v) resulting’’ and inserting ‘‘if the offense resulted’’; 

(E) by inserting before subparagraph (G), as redesignated by subparagraph (C), the following: 

‘‘SEC. 274. ALIEN SMUGGLING AND RELATED OFFENSES. 

‘‘(a) CRIMINAL OFFENSES AND PENALTIES.—

‘‘(1) PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES.—Except as provided in paragraph (3), a person 

shall be punished as provided under paragraph (2), if the person—

‘‘(A) encourages, directs, or induces a person to come to or enter the 

United States, or to cross the border to the United States, knowing or in 

reckless disregard of the fact that such person is an alien who lacks lawful 

authority to come to, enter, or cross the border to the United States; 

‘‘(B) encourages, directs, or induces a person to come to or enter the 

United States, or to cross the border to the United States, at a place other 

than a designated port of entry or place other than as designated by the 

Secretary of Homeland Security, knowing or in reckless disregard of the 

fact that such person is an alien and regardless of whether such alien has 

official permission or lawful authority to be in the United States; 

‘‘(C) transports, moves, harbors, conceals, or shields from detection a 

person outside of the United States knowing or in reckless disregard of the 

fact that such person is an alien in unlawful transit from 1 country to another or on the high seas, under circumstances in which the alien is seeking 

to enter the United States without official permission or legal authority; 

‘‘(D) encourages or induces a person to reside in the United States, 

knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that such person is an alien 

who lacks lawful authority to reside in the United States; 

58

‘‘(E) transports or moves a person in the United States, knowing or in 

reckless disregard of the fact that such person is an alien who lacks lawful 

authority to enter or be in the United States, if the transportation or movement will further the alien’s illegal entry into or illegal presence in the 

United States; 

‘‘(F) harbors, conceals, or shields from detection a person in the United 

States, knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that such person is an 

alien who lacks lawful authority to be in the United States; or 

‘‘(G) conspires or attempts to commit any of the acts described in subparagraphs (A) through (F). 

‘‘(2) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—A person who violates any provision under paragraph (1)—

‘‘(A) except as provided in subparagraphs (C) through (G), if the offense 

was not committed for commercial advantage, profit, or private financial 

gain, shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned for not 

more than 5 years, or both; 

‘‘(B) except as provided in subparagraphs (C) through (G), if the offense 

was committed for commercial advantage, profit, or private financial gain—

‘‘(i) if the violation is the offender’s first violation under this subparagraph, shall be fined under such title, imprisoned for not more 

than 15 years, or both; or 

‘‘(ii) if the violation is the offender’s second or subsequent violation 

of this subparagraph, shall be fined under such title, imprisoned for not 

more than 20 years, or both; 

‘‘(C) if the offense furthered or aided the commission of any other offense against the United States or any State that is punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year, shall be fined under such title, imprisoned 

for not more than 20 years, or both; 

‘‘(D) shall be fined under such title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, 

or both, if the offense created a substantial and foreseeable risk of death, 

a substantial and foreseeable risk of serious bodily injury (as defined in section 2119(2) of title 18, United States Code), or inhumane conditions to another person, including—

‘‘(i) transporting the person in an engine compartment, storage 

compartment, or other confined space; 

‘‘(ii) transporting the person at an excessive speed or in excess of 

the rated capacity of the means of transportation; or 

‘‘(iii) transporting the person in, harboring the person in, or otherwise subjecting the person to crowded or dangerous conditions; 

‘‘(E) if the offense caused serious bodily injury (as defined in section 

2119(2) of title 18, United States Code) to any person, shall be fined under 

such title, imprisoned for not more than 30 years, or both; 

‘‘(F) shall be fined under such title and imprisoned for not more than 

30 years if the offense involved an alien who the offender knew was—

‘‘(i) engaged in terrorist activity (as defined in section 212(a)(3)(B)); 

or 

‘‘(ii) intending to engage in terrorist activity; and’’

(F) by inserting after subparagraph (G), as redesignated by subparagraph (C), the following: 

‘‘(4) LIMITATION.—It is not a violation of subparagraph (D), (E), or (F) of 

paragraph (1)—

‘‘(A) for a religious denomination having a bona fide nonprofit, religious 

organization in the United States, or the agents or officers of such denomination or organization, to encourage, invite, call, allow, or enable an alien 

who is present in the United States to perform the vocation of a minister 

or missionary for the denomination or organization in the United States as 

a volunteer who is not compensated as an employee, notwithstanding the 

provision of room, board, travel, medical assistance, and other basic living 

expenses, provided the minister or missionary has been a member of the 

denomination for at least 1 year; or 

‘‘(B) for an individual or organization acting without compensation or 

expectation of compensation and not previously convicted of a violation of 

this section, to—

‘‘(i) provide, or attempt to provide, an alien who is present in the 

United States with humanitarian assistance, including medical care, 

housing, counseling, victim services, and food; or 

‘‘(ii) transport the alien to a location where such assistance can be 

rendered. 

59

‘‘(5) EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over the offenses described in this subsection.’’; and 

(G) by striking subsections (b) through (e) and inserting the following: 

‘‘(b) EMPLOYMENT OF UNAUTHORIZED ALIENS.— ‘‘(1) CRIMINAL OFFENSE AND PENALTIES.—Any person who, during any 12-

month period, knowingly employs 10 or more individuals with actual knowledge 

or in reckless disregard of the fact that the individuals are aliens described in 

paragraph (2), shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, imprisoned for 

not more than 10 years, or both. 

‘‘(2) DEFINITION.—An alien described in this paragraph is an alien who—

‘‘(A) is an unauthorized alien (as defined in section 274A); 

‘‘(B) is present in the United States without lawful authority; and 

‘‘(C) has been brought into the United States in violation of this subsection. 

‘‘(c) SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Any conveyance used to commit or facilitate the commission of a violation of this section, the gross proceeds of such violation, and any 

property traceable to such property or proceeds, shall be subject to forfeiture. 

‘‘(2) APPLICABLE PROCEDURES.—Seizures and forfeitures under this subsection shall be governed by the provisions of chapter 46 of title 18, United 

States Code, relating to civil forfeitures, except that such duties as are imposed 

upon the Secretary of the Treasury under the customs laws described in section 

981(d) shall be performed by such officers, agents, and other persons as may 

be designated for that purpose by the Secretary of Homeland Security. 

‘‘(3) PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE IN DETERMINATIONS OF VIOLATIONS.—In determining whether a violation of subsection (a) has occurred, prima facie evidence 

that an alien involved in the alleged violation lacks lawful authority to come 

to, enter, or reside in the United States, or that such alien had come to, entered, 

or resided in the United States in violation of law shall include—

‘‘(A) any order, finding, or determination concerning the alien’s status 

or lack of status made by a Federal judge or administrative adjudicator (including an immigration judge or immigration officer) during any judicial or 

administrative proceeding authorized under Federal immigration law; 

‘‘(B) official records of the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, or the Department of State concerning the alien’s status or lack of status; and 

‘‘(C) testimony by an immigration officer having personal knowledge of 

the facts concerning the alien’s status or lack of status. 

‘‘(d) AUTHORITY TO ARREST.—No officer or person shall have authority to make 

any arrests for a violation of any provision of this section except—

‘‘(1) officers and employees designated by the Secretary of Homeland Security, either individually or as a member of a class; and 

‘‘(2) other officers responsible for the enforcement of Federal criminal laws. 

‘‘(e) ADMISSIBILITY OF VIDEOTAPED WITNESS TESTIMONY.—Notwithstanding any 

provision of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the videotaped or otherwise audiovisually preserved deposition of a witness to a violation of subsection (a) who has 

been deported or otherwise expelled from the United States, or is otherwise unavailable to testify, may be admitted into evidence in an action brought for that violation 

if—

‘‘(1) the witness was available for cross examination at the deposition by the 

party, if any, opposing admission of the testimony; and 

‘‘(2) the deposition otherwise complies with the Federal Rules of Evidence. 

‘‘(f) OUTREACH PROGRAM.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation 

with the Attorney General and the Secretary of State, as appropriate, shall—

‘‘(A) develop and implement an outreach program to educate people in 

and out of the United States about the penalties for bringing in and harboring aliens in violation of this section; and 

‘‘(B) establish the American Local and Interior Enforcement Needs 

(ALIEN) Task Force to identify and respond to the use of Federal, State, 

and local transportation infrastructure to further the trafficking of unlawful 

aliens within the United States. 

‘‘(2) FIELD OFFICES.—The Secretary of Homeland Security, after consulting 

with State and local government officials, shall establish such field offices as 

may be necessary to carry out this subsection. 

‘‘(3) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums are necessary for the fiscal years 2008 through 2012 to carry 

out this subsection.’’. 

60

(2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents is amended by striking 

the item relating to section 274 and inserting the following:

‘‘Sec. 274. Alien smuggling and related offenses.’’. 

(d) PROHIBITING CARRYING OR USING A FIREARM DURING AND IN RELATION TO

AN ALIEN SMUGGLING CRIME.—Section 924(c) of title 18, United States Code, is 

amended—

(1) in paragraph (1)—

(A) in subparagraph (A), by inserting ‘‘, alien smuggling crime,’’ after 

‘‘any crime of violence’’; 

(B) in subparagraph (A), by inserting ‘‘, alien smuggling crime,’’ after 

‘‘such crime of violence’’; 

(C) in subparagraph (D)(ii), by inserting ‘‘, alien smuggling crime,’’ after 

‘‘crime of violence’’; and 

(2) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(6) For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘alien smuggling crime’ means any 

felony punishable under section 274(a), 277, or 278 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324(a), 1327, and 1328).’’. 

SEC. 235. ILLEGAL ENTRY. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 275 (8 U.S.C. 1325) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘SEC. 275. ILLEGAL ENTRY. 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—

‘‘(1) CRIMINAL OFFENSES.—An alien shall be subject to the penalties set 

forth in paragraph (2) if the alien—

‘‘(A) knowingly enters or crosses the border into the United States at 

any time or place other than as designated by the Secretary of Homeland 

Security; 

‘‘(B) knowingly eludes examination or inspection by an immigration officer (including failing to stop at the command of such officer), or a customs 

or agriculture inspection at a port of entry; or 

‘‘(C) knowingly enters or crosses the border to the United States by 

means of a willfully false or misleading representation or the knowing concealment of a material fact (including such representation or concealment 

in the context of arrival, reporting, entry, or clearance requirements of the 

customs laws, immigration laws, agriculture laws, or shipping laws). 

‘‘(2) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—Any alien who violates any provision under 

paragraph (1)—

‘‘(A) shall, for the first violation, be fined under title 18, United States 

Code, imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both; 

‘‘(B) shall, for a second or subsequent violation, or following an order 

of voluntary departure, be fined under such title, imprisoned not more than 

2 years, or both; 

‘‘(C) if the violation occurred after the alien had been convicted of 3 or 

more misdemeanors or for a felony, shall be fined under such title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both; 

‘‘(D) if the violation occurred after the alien had been convicted of a felony for which the alien received a term of imprisonment of not less than 

30 months, shall be fined under such title, imprisoned not more than 10 

years, or both; and 

‘‘(E) if the violation occurred after the alien had been convicted of a felony for which the alien received a term of imprisonment of not less than 

60 months, such alien shall be fined under such title, imprisoned not more 

than 15 years, or both. 

‘‘(3) PRIOR CONVICTIONS.—The prior convictions described in subparagraphs 

(C) through (E) of paragraph (2) are elements of the offenses described in that 

paragraph and the penalties in such subparagraphs shall apply only in cases 

in which the conviction or convictions that form the basis for the additional penalty are—

‘‘(A) alleged in the indictment or information; and 

‘‘(B) proven beyond a reasonable doubt at trial or admitted by the defendant. 

‘‘(4) ATTEMPT.—Whoever attempts to commit any offense under this section 

shall be punished in the same manner as for a completion of such offense. 

‘‘(b) IMPROPER TIME OR PLACE; CIVIL PENALTIES.—Any alien who is apprehended while entering, attempting to enter, or knowingly crossing or attempting to 

cross the border to the United States at a time or place other than as designated 

61

by immigration officers shall be subject to a civil penalty, in addition to any criminal 

or other civil penalties that may be imposed under any other provision of law, in 

an amount equal to—

‘‘(1) not less than $50 or more than $250 for each such entry, crossing, attempted entry, or attempted crossing; or 

‘‘(2) twice the amount specified in paragraph (1) if the alien had previously 

been subject to a civil penalty under this subsection.’’. 

(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents is amended by striking the 

item relating to section 275 and inserting the following:

‘‘Sec. 275. Illegal entry.’’. 

SEC. 236. ILLEGAL REENTRY. 

Section 276 (8 U.S.C. 1326) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘SEC. 276. REENTRY OF REMOVED ALIENS. 

‘‘(a) REENTRY AFTER REMOVAL.—Any alien who has been denied admission, excluded, deported, or removed, or who has departed the United States while an order 

of exclusion, deportation, or removal is outstanding, and subsequently enters, attempts to enter, crosses the border to, attempts to cross the border to, or is at any 

time found in the United States, shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, 

imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both. 

‘‘(b) REENTRY OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.—Notwithstanding the penalty provided 

in subsection (a), if an alien described in that subsection—

‘‘(1) was convicted for 3 or more misdemeanors or a felony before such removal or departure, the alien shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, 

imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both; 

‘‘(2) was convicted for a felony before such removal or departure for which 

the alien was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 30 months, 

the alien shall be fined under such title, imprisoned not more than 15 years, 

or both; 

‘‘(3) was convicted for a felony before such removal or departure for which 

the alien was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 60 months, 

the alien shall be fined under such title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, 

or both; 

‘‘(4) was convicted for 3 felonies before such removal or departure, the alien 

shall be fined under such title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both; or 

‘‘(5) was convicted, before such removal or departure, for murder, rape, kidnaping, or a felony offense described in chapter 77 (relating to peonage and 

slavery) or 113B (relating to terrorism) of such title, the alien shall be fined 

under such title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. 

‘‘(c) REENTRY AFTER REPEATED REMOVAL.—Any alien who has been denied admission, excluded, deported, or removed 3 or more times and thereafter enters, attempts to enter, crosses the border to, attempts to cross the border to, or is at any 

time found in the United States, shall be fined under title 18, United States Code, 

imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both. 

‘‘(d) PROOF OF PRIOR CONVICTIONS.—The prior convictions described in subsection (b) are elements of the crimes described in that subsection, and the penalties 

in that subsection shall apply only in cases in which the conviction or convictions 

that form the basis for the additional penalty are—

‘‘(1) alleged in the indictment or information; and 

‘‘(2) proven beyond a reasonable doubt at trial or admitted by the defendant. 

‘‘(e) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES.—It shall be an affirmative defense to a violation 

of this section that—

‘‘(1) prior to the alleged violation, the alien had sought and received the express consent of the Secretary of Homeland Security to reapply for admission 

into the United States; 

‘‘(2) with respect to an alien previously denied admission and removed, the 

alien—

‘‘(A) was not required to obtain such advance consent under this Act 

or any prior Act; and 

‘‘(B) had complied with all other laws and regulations governing the 

alien’s admission into the United States; 

‘‘(3) the prior order of removal was based on charges filed against the alien 

before the alien reached 18 years of age; or 

‘‘(4) the alien has been found eligible for protection from removal pursuant 

to section 208. 

62

‘‘(f) LIMITATION ON COLLATERAL ATTACK ON UNDERLYING REMOVAL ORDER.—In 

a criminal proceeding under this section, an alien may not challenge the validity 

of any prior removal order concerning the alien unless the alien demonstrates by 

clear and convincing evidence that—

‘‘(1) the alien exhausted all administrative remedies that may have been 

available to seek relief against the order; 

‘‘(2) the removal proceedings at which the order was issued improperly deprived the alien of the opportunity for judicial review; and 

‘‘(3) the entry of the order was fundamentally unfair. 

‘‘(g) REENTRY OF ALIEN REMOVED PRIOR TO COMPLETION OF TERM OF IMPRISON- MENT.—Any alien removed pursuant to section 241(a)(4) who enters, attempts to 

enter, crosses the border to, attempts to cross the border to, or is at any time found 

in, the United States shall be incarcerated for the remainder of the sentence of imprisonment which was pending at the time of deportation without any reduction for 

parole or supervised release unless the alien affirmatively demonstrates that the 

Secretary of Homeland Security has expressly consented to the alien’s reentry. Such 

alien shall be subject to such other penalties relating to the reentry of removed 

aliens as may be available under this section or any other provision of law. 

‘‘(h) LIMITATION.—It is not aiding and abetting a violation of this section for an 

individual, acting without compensation or the expectation of compensation, to—

‘‘(1) provide, or attempt to provide, an alien with humanitarian assistance, 

including emergency medical care, food; or 

‘‘(2) transport the alien to a location where such assistance can be rendered.’’. 

TITLE III—EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATION 

SEC. 301. EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 274A (8 U.S.C. 1324a) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘SEC. 274A. EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATION. 

‘‘(a) MAKING EMPLOYMENT OF UNAUTHORIZED ALIENS UNLAWFUL.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—It is unlawful for an employer—

‘‘(A) to hire, recruit, or refer for a fee an alien for employment in the 

United States knowing or with reckless disregard that the alien is an unauthorized alien with respect to such employment; or 

‘‘(B) to hire in the United States an individual unless such employer 

meets the requirements of subsections (b) and (c). 

‘‘(2) CONTINUING EMPLOYMENT.—It is unlawful for an employer, after lawfully hiring an alien for employment, to continue to employ the alien in the 

United States knowing that the alien is (or has become) an unauthorized alien 

with respect to such employment. 

‘‘(3) USE OF LABOR THROUGH CONTRACT.—An employer who uses a contract, 

subcontract, or exchange entered into, renegotiated, or extended after the date 

of the enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007, to obtain the labor of an alien in 

the United States knowing or with reckless disregard that the alien is an unauthorized alien with respect to performing such labor, shall be considered to have 

hired the alien for employment in the United States in violation of paragraph 

(1)(A). 

‘‘(4) ORDER OF INTERNAL REVIEW AND CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE.— ‘‘(A) AUTHORITY TO REQUIRE CERTIFICATION.—If the Secretary has reasonable cause to believe that an employer has failed to comply with this 

section, the Secretary is authorized, at any time, to require that the employer certify that the employer is in compliance with this section or has 

instituted a program to come into compliance with the section. 

‘‘(B) CONTENT OF CERTIFICATION.—Not later than 60 days after the date 

an employer receives a request for a certification under subparagraph (A) 

the employer shall certify under penalty of perjury that—

‘‘(i) the employer is in compliance with the requirements of subsections (b) and (c); or 

‘‘(ii) that the employer has instituted a program to come into compliance with such requirements. 

‘‘(C) EXTENSION.—The 60-day period referred to in subparagraph (B), 

may be extended by the Secretary for good cause, at the request of the employer. 

‘‘(D) PUBLICATION.—The Secretary is authorized to publish in the Federal Register standards or methods for certification under subparagraph (A) 

63

and for specific recordkeeping practices with respect to such certification, 

and procedures for the audit of any records related to such certification. 

‘‘(5) DEFENSE.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subparagraph (B), an employer that establishes that the employer has complied in good faith, notwithstanding a 

technical or procedural failure, with the requirements of subsections (b) and 

(c) with respect to the hiring of an individual has established an affirmative 

defense that the employer has not violated paragraph (1)(B) with respect 

to such hiring. 

‘‘(B) EXCEPTION.—Until the date that an employer is required to participate in the Electronic Employment Verification System under subsection 

(c), the employer may establish an affirmative defense under subparagraph 

(A) without a showing of compliance with subsection (c). 

‘‘(6) NO AUTHORIZATION OF NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION CARDS.—Nothing in 

this title may be construed to authorize, directly or indirectly, the issuance, use, 

or establishment of a national identification card or a national identification 

system. 

‘‘(b) DOCUMENT VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS.—An employer hiring an individual for employment in the United States shall verify that the individual is eligible for such employment by meeting the following requirements: 

‘‘(1) ATTESTATION BY EMPLOYER.—

‘‘(A) REQUIREMENTS.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—The employer shall attest, under penalty of perjury and on a form prescribed by the Secretary, that the employer has 

verified the identity and eligibility for employment of the individual by 

examining a document described in subparagraph (B). 

‘‘(ii) SIGNATURE REQUIREMENTS.—An attestation required by clause 

(i) may be manifested by a handwritten or electronic signature. 

‘‘(iii) STANDARDS FOR EXAMINATION.—An employer has complied 

with the requirement of this paragraph with respect to examination of 

a document if the document examined reasonably appears on its face 

to be genuine and relates to the individual whose identity and eligibility for employment in the United States is being verified. Nothing 

in this paragraph may be construed as requiring the employer to solicit 

the production of any other document or as requiring the individual to 

produce such other document. 

‘‘(B) EMPLOYMENT AND IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENTS.—A document described in this subparagraph is—

‘‘(i) in the case of an individual who is a national of the United 

States—

‘‘(I) a United States passport; 

‘‘(II) a biometric, machine readable, tamper-resistant Social Security card, as described in section 205(c)(2)(G) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 405(c)(2)(G)); or 

‘‘(III) a driver’s license or identity card issued by a State, the 

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or an outlying 

possession of the United States that satisfies the requirements of 

Division B of Public Law 109–13 (119 Stat. 302); 

‘‘(ii) in the case of an alien who is lawfully admitted for permanent 

residence in the United States—

‘‘(I) a permanent resident card, as specified by the Secretary; 

or 

‘‘(II) a biometric, machine readable, tamper-resistant Social Security card, as described in section 205(c)(2)(G) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 405(c)(2)(G)); 

‘‘(iii) in the case of an alien who is not lawfully admitted for permanent residence and who is authorized under this Act or by the Secretary to be employed in the United States—

‘‘(I) an employment authorization card, as specified by the Secretary, that—

‘‘(aa) contains a photograph of the individual or other identifying information, 

including name, date of birth, gender, and address; and 

‘‘(bb) contains security features to make the document resistant to tampering, 

counterfeiting, and fraudulent use; or 

‘‘(II) a biometric, machine readable, tamper-resistant Social Security card, as described in section 205(c)(2)(G) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 405(c)(2)(G)); 

64

‘‘(iv) in the case of an individual who is unable to obtain a document described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii), a document designated by the 

Secretary that—

‘‘(I) contains a photograph of the individual or other identifying 

information, including name, date of birth, gender, and address; 

and 

‘‘(II) contains security features to make the document resistant 

to tampering, counterfeiting, and fraudulent use; or 

‘‘(v) until the date that an employer is required to participate in 

the Electronic Employment Verification System under subsection (c) or 

is participating in such System on a voluntary basis, a document, or 

a combination of documents, of such type that, as of the date of the enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007, the Secretary had established by 

regulation were sufficient for purposes of this section. 

‘‘(C) SPECIAL RULE FOR MINORS.—Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), a 

minor who is under the age of 18 and who is unable to produce an identity 

document described in clause (i) through (v) of subparagraph (B) is exempt 

from producing such a document if—

‘‘(i) a parent or legal guardian of the minor completes a form prescribed by the Secretary, and in the space for the minor’s signature, the 

parent or legal guardian writes the words, ‘minor under age 18’; 

‘‘(ii) a parent or legal guardian of the minor completes a form prescribed by the Secretary, the ‘Preparer/Translator certification’; and 

‘‘(iii) the employer of the minor writes in a form prescribed by the 

Secretary, in the space after the words ‘Document Identification #’ the 

words, ‘minor under age 18’. 

‘‘(D) SPECIAL RULE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES.—Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), an individual with a disability (as defined in 

section 3 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12102)) 

who is unable to produce an identity document described in clause (i) 

through (v) of subparagraph (B), and who is being placed into employment 

by a nonprofit organization or association or as part of a rehabilitation program, and an individual who demonstrates mental retardation whether or 

not the individual participates in an employment placement program 

through a nonprofit organization or association or as part of a rehabilitation 

program, is exempt from producing such a document if—

‘‘(i) a parent or legal guardian of the individual, or a representative 

from the nonprofit organization, association, or rehabilitation program 

placing the individual into a position of employment completes a form 

prescribed by the Secretary, and in the space for the covered individual’s signature, writes the words, ‘special placement’; 

‘‘(ii) a parent or legal guardian of the individual or the program 

representative, completes a form prescribed by the Secretary, the ‘Preparer/Translator certification’; and 

‘‘(iii) the employer of the covered individual writes in a form prescribed by the Secretary, in the space after the words ‘Document Identification #’ the words, ‘special placement’. 

‘‘(E) AUTHORITY TO PROHIBIT USE OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS.—

‘‘(i) AUTHORITY.—If the Secretary finds that a document or class of 

documents described in clause (i) through (v) of subparagraph (B) is not 

reliable to establish identity or eligibility for employment (as the case 

may be) or is being used fraudulently to an unacceptable degree, the 

Secretary is authorized to prohibit, or impose conditions on, the use of 

such document or class of documents for purposes of this subsection. 

‘‘(ii) REQUIREMENT FOR PUBLICATION.—The Secretary shall publish 

notice of any findings under clause (i) in the Federal Register. 

‘‘(2) ATTESTATION OF INDIVIDUAL.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The individual shall attest, under penalty of perjury 

on a form prescribed by the Secretary, that the individual is—

‘‘(i) a national of the United States; 

‘‘(ii) an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence; or 

‘‘(iii) an alien who is authorized under this Act or by the Secretary 

to be employed in the United States. 

‘‘(B) SIGNATURE FOR EXAMINATION.—An attestation required by subparagraph (A) may be manifested by a handwritten or electronic signature. 

‘‘(C) PENALTIES.—An individual who falsely represents that the individual is eligible for employment in the United States in an attestation required by subparagraph (A) shall, for each such violation, be subject to a 

65

fine of not more than $5,000, a term of imprisonment not to exceed 3 years, 

or both. 

‘‘(3) RETENTION OF ATTESTATION.—The employer shall retain an attestation 

described in paragraph (1) or (2) for an individual, either in electronic, paper, 

microfiche, or microfilm form, and make such attestations available for inspection by an officer of the Department of Homeland Security, any other person 

designated by the Secretary, the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices of the Department of Justice, or the Secretary of 

Labor—

‘‘(A) during a period beginning on the date of the hiring of the individual and ending on the date that is the later of—

‘‘(i) 3 years after the date of such hiring; or 

‘‘(ii) 1 year after the date the individual’s employment is terminated; or 

‘‘(B) during a shorter period determined by the Secretary, if the Secretary reduces the period described in subparagraph (A) for the employer 

or a class of employers that includes the employer. 

‘‘(4) DOCUMENT RETENTION AND RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS.— ‘‘(A) RETENTION OF DOCUMENTS.—Notwithstanding any other provision 

of law, an employer shall retain, for the applicable period described in paragraph (3), the following documents: 

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—A paper, microfiche, microfilm, or electronic copy 

of each document described in paragraph (1)(B) presented by an individual that is designated as a copied document. 

‘‘(ii) OTHER DOCUMENTS.—A record of any action taken, and copies 

of any correspondence written or received, with respect to the 

verification of an individual’s identity or eligibility for employment in 

the United States, including records received through the Electronic 

Employment Verification System under subsection (c). 

‘‘(B) USE OF RETAINED DOCUMENTS.—An employer shall use copies retained under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) only for the purposes of 

complying with the requirements of this subsection, except as otherwise 

permitted under law. 

‘‘(5) PENALTIES.—An employer that fails to comply with the requirement of 

this subsection shall be subject to the penalties described in subsection (d)(4)(B). 

‘‘(c) ELECTRONIC EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATION SYSTEM.— ‘‘(1) REQUIREMENT FOR SYSTEM.—The Secretary, in cooperation with the 

Commissioner of Social Security, shall implement an Electronic Employment 

Verification System (referred to in this subsection as the ‘System’) as described 

in this subsection. 

‘‘(2) TECHNOLOGY STANDARD TO VERIFY EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary based upon recommendations from 

the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall 

not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the STRIVE Act 

of 2007 develop and certify a technology standard as described in this subparagraph. The Secretary shall have discretion to extend the 180-day period 

if the Secretary determines that such extension will result in substantial 

improvement of the System. 

‘‘(B) INTEGRATED.—Notwithstanding any other provision of Federal law, 

the technology standard developed shall be the technological basis for a 

cross-agency, cross-platform electronic system that is a cost-effective, efficient, fully integrated means to share immigration and Social Security information necessary to confirm the employment eligibility of all individuals 

seeking employment. 

‘‘(C) REPORT.—Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007, the Secretary and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall jointly submit to Congress a report describing the development, implementation, efficacy, and 

privacy implications of the technology standard and the System. 

‘‘(3) IDENTITY AND EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION.—An employer 

shall verify the identity and eligibility for employment of an individual hired 

by the employer through the System as follows: 

‘‘(A) INITIAL INQUIRY.—The employer shall submit an inquiry through 

the System to seek confirmation of the individual’s identity and eligibility 

for employment in the United States not later than 5 working days after 

the date such employment actually commences. 

‘‘(B) INITIAL DETERMINATION.—The Secretary, through the System, shall 

respond to an inquiry described in subparagraph (A) not later than 1 workVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00071 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
66

ing day after such inquiry is submitted. Such response shall be a determination that—

‘‘(i) confirms the individual’s identity and eligibility for employment 

in the United States; or 

‘‘(ii) the System is tentatively unable to confirm the individual’s 

identity or eligibility for employment (referred to in this section as a 

‘tentative nonconfirmation’). 

‘‘(C) MANUAL VERIFICATION.—

‘‘(i) REQUIREMENT.—If the System provides a tentative nonconfirmation with respect to an individual, the Secretary shall—

‘‘(I) provide the individual an opportunity to submit information to verify the individual’s identity and eligibility for employment as described in subparagraph (D); and 

‘‘(II) conduct a manual verification to determine the individual’s identity and eligibility for employment. 

‘‘(ii) DETERMINATION.—Not later than 30 days after the last day 

that an individual may submit information under subparagraph (D) the 

Secretary, through the System, shall provide to the employer the results of the manual verification required by clause (i). Such results 

shall be a determination that—

‘‘(I) confirms the individual’s identity and eligibility for employment in the United States; or 

‘‘(II) the System is unable to confirm the individual’s identity 

or eligibility for employment (referred to in this section as a ‘final 

nonconfirmation’). 

‘‘(D) SUBMISSION OF INFORMATION.—An individual who is the subject of 

a tentative nonconfirmation may submit to the Secretary, through the System, information to confirm such individual’s identity or eligibility for employment or to otherwise contest such tentative nonconfirmation not later 

that 15 days after the individual receives notice of such tentative nonconfirmation. 

‘‘(E) EXTENSION.—The 15-day period referred to in subparagraph (D) 

may be extended by the Secretary for good cause at the request of the individual. 

‘‘(F) DEFAULT CONFIRMATION AND REVOCATION.—If the Secretary, 

through the System, fails to provide a determination described in clause (i) 

or (ii) of subparagraph (B) or subclause (I) or (II) of subparagraph (C)(ii) 

for an individual within the period described in such subparagraph, the 

Secretary shall, through the System, deem that the individual’s identity 

and eligibility for employment are confirmed through the System and provide notice of such confirmation to the employer. 

‘‘(G) REVOCATION.—In the case of a default confirmation in subclause 

(F), the Secretary reserves the right to revoke such default confirmation if 

the Secretary later determines the individual is, in fact, not eligible to 

work. The Secretary shall provide notice of such revocation and final nonconfirmation to the employer. The individual shall have the right to administrative review under paragraph (19) and judicial review under paragraph 

(20) of such final nonconfirmation. 

‘‘(H) PROHIBITIION ON TERMINATION FOR TENTATIVE NONCONFIRMATION.—An employer may not terminate the employment of an individual 

based on tentative nonconfirmation. 

‘‘(I) TERMINATION OF EMPLOYEE.—If an employer receives a final nonconfirmation with respect to an individual, the employer shall terminate 

the employment of such individual. 

‘‘(J) ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REVIEW.—If the Secretary, through 

the System, provides a final nonconfirmation with respect to an individual, 

the individual shall have the right to administrative review under paragraph (19) and judicial review under paragraph (20) of such final nonconfirmation. 

‘‘(K) RIGHT TO REVIEW AND CORRECT SYSTEM INFORMATION.—The Secretary, in consultation with the Commissioner of Social Security, shall establish procedures to permit an individual to verify the individual’s eligibility for employment in the United States prior to obtaining or changing 

employment, to view the individual’s own records in the System in order 

to ensure the accuracy of such records, and to correct or update the information used by the System regarding the individual. 

‘‘(L) REVERIFICATION.—

67

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—It is an unfair immigration-related employment 

practice under section 274B for an employer to reverify an individual’s 

identity and employment eligibility unless—

‘‘(I) the individual’s work authorization expires as described in 

section 274a.2(b)(1)(vii) of title 8, Code of Federal Regulation or a 

subsequent similar regulation, in which case—

‘‘(aa) not later than 30 days prior to the expiration of the individual’s work authorization, the Secretary shall notify the employer of such expiration and of the 

employer’s need to reverify the individual’s employment eligibility; and 

‘‘(bb) the individual may present, and the employer shall accept, a receipt for 

the application for a replacement document, extension of work authorization, or 

a document described in clause (i) through (v) of subparagraph (B) of subsection 

(b)(1) in lieu of the required document by the expiration date in order to comply 

with any requirement to examine documentation imposed by this section, and the 

individual shall present the required document within 90 days from the date the 

employment authorization expires. If the actual document or replacement document is to be issued by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and 

the application is still under review 60 days after the employment authorization 

expiration date, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services shall by the 

60th day after the expiration date of the employment authorization, issue a letter 

for the applicant to take to the employer which shall automatically grant the individual an additional 90 days to present the document or replacement document; 

and 

‘‘(II) the employer has actual or constructive knowledge that 

the individual is not authorized to work in the United States; or 

‘‘(III) unless otherwise required by law. 

‘‘(ii) CONTINUING EMPLOYMENT.—An employer may not verify an individual’s employment eligibility if the individual is continuing in his 

or her employment as described in section 274a.2(b)(1)(viii) of title 8, 

Code of Federal Regulation or any subsequent similar regulation. 

‘‘(iii) SPECIAL RULE FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE.—Upon the implementation of the System, the Secretary shall require all agencies 

and departments of the United States (including the Armed Forces), a 

State government (including a State employment agency before making 

a referral), or any other employer if it employs individuals working in 

a location that is a Federal, State, or local government building, a military base, a nuclear energy site, a weapon site, or an airport, to complete a one time reverification of all individuals current employed at 

these facilities. 

‘‘(4) DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SYSTEM.—The Secretary, in consultation 

with the Commissioner of Social Security, shall design and operate the System—

‘‘(A) to maximize reliability and ease of use by employers in a manner 

that protects and maintains the privacy and security of the information 

maintained in the System; 

‘‘(B) to permit an employer to submit an inquiry to the System through 

the Internet or other electronic media or over a telephone line; 

‘‘(C) to respond to each inquiry made by an employer; 

‘‘(D) to maintain a record of each such inquiry and each such response; 

‘‘(E) to track and record any occurrence when the System is unable to 

receive such an inquiry; 

‘‘(F) to include appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to prevent unauthorized disclosure of personal information during 

use, transmission, storage, or disposal of that information, including the use 

of encryption, carrying out periodic testing of the System to detect, prevent, 

and respond to vulnerabilities or other failures, and utilizing periodic security updates; 

‘‘(G) to allow for monitoring of the use of the System and provide an 

audit capability; 

‘‘(H) to have reasonable safeguards, developed in consultation with the 

Attorney General, to prevent employers from engaging in unlawful discriminatory practices; 

‘‘(I) to permit an employer to submit the attestations required by subsection (b); and 

‘‘(J) to permit an employer to utilize any technology that is consistent 

with this section and with any regulation or guidance from the Secretary 

to streamline the procedures to comply with the attestation and employment eligibility verification requirements contained in this section. 

68

‘‘(5) LIMITATION ON DATA ELEMENTS STORED.—The System and any databases created by the Commissioner of Social Security or the Secretary for use 

in the System shall store only the minimum data about each individual for 

whom an inquiry was made through the System to facilitate the successful operation of the System, and in no case shall the data stored be other than—

‘‘(A) the individual’s full legal name; 

‘‘(B) the individual’s date of birth; 

‘‘(C) the individual’s social security account number or employment authorization status identification number; 

‘‘(D) the address of the employer making the inquiry and the dates of 

any prior inquiries concerning the identity and authorization of the individual by the employer or any other employer and the address of such employer; 

‘‘(E) a record of each prior determination regarding the individual’s 

identity and employment eligibility issued through the System; and 

‘‘(F) in the case of the individual who successfully contested or appealed 

a tentative nonconfirmation or final nonconfirmation, explanatory information concerning the successful resolution of any erroneous data or confusion 

regarding the identity or eligibility for employment of the individual, including the source of that error. 

‘‘(6) RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY.—The 

Commissioner of Social Security shall establish a reliable, secure method to provide through the System, within the time periods required by subparagraphs 

(B) and (C) of paragraph (2)—

‘‘(A) a determination of whether the name and social security account 

number provided, with respect to an individual, in an inquiry by an employer, match such information maintained by the Commissioner in order 

to confirm the validity of the information provided; 

‘‘(B) a determination of whether such social security account number 

was issued to the individual; 

‘‘(C) a determination of whether such social security account number is 

valid for employment in the United States; and 

‘‘(D) a determination described in subparagraph (B) or (C) of paragraph 

(2), in a manner that ensures that other information maintained by the 

Commissioner is not disclosed or released to employers through the System. 

‘‘(7) RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall establish a 

reliable, secure method to provide, through the System, within the time periods 

required by subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (2)—

‘‘(A) a determination of whether the name and alien identification or 

authorization number provided, with respect to an individual, in an inquiry 

by an employer match such information maintained by the Secretary in 

order to confirm the validity of the information provided; 

‘‘(B) a determination of whether such number was issued to the individual; 

‘‘(C) a determination of whether the individual is authorized to be employed in the United States; and 

‘‘(D) any other related information that the Secretary determines is appropriate. 

‘‘(8) PRIVACY IMPACT ASSESSMENT.—The Commissioner of Social Security 

and the Secretary shall each complete a privacy impact assessment as described 

in section 208 of the E-Government Act of 2002 (Public Law 107–347; 44 U.S.C. 

3501 note) with regard to the System. 

‘‘(9) TRAINING.—The Commissioner of Social Security and the Secretary 

shall provide appropriate training materials to employers participating in the 

System to ensure that such employers are able to utilize the System in compliance with the requirements of this section. 

‘‘(10) HOTLINE.—The Secretary shall establish a fully staffed 24-hour hotline that shall receive inquiries from individuals or employers concerning determinations made by the System and shall identify for an individual, at the time 

of inquiry, the particular data that resulted in a determination that the System 

was unable to verify the individual’s identity or eligibility for employment. 

‘‘(11) PARTICIPATION.—

‘‘(A) REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICIPATION.—Except as provided in subparagraphs (D) and (E), the Secretary shall require employers to participate 

in the System as follows: 

‘‘(i) CRITICAL EMPLOYERS.—Not later than 1 year after the date of 

enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007, the Secretary shall require all 

agencies and departments of the United States (including the Armed 

69

Forces), a State government (including a State employment agency before making a referral), or any other employer if it employs individuals 

working in a location that is a Federal, State, or local government 

building, a military base, a nuclear energy site, a weapon site, or an 

airport, but only to the extent of such individuals, to participate in the 

System, with respect to all individuals hired after the date the Secretary requires such participation. 

‘‘(ii) LARGE EMPLOYERS.—Not later than 2 years after the date of 

enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007 the Secretary shall require an 

employer with 5,000 or more employees in the United States to participate in the System, with respect to all employees hired by the employer 

after the date the Secretary requires such participation. 

‘‘(iii) MID-SIZED EMPLOYERS.—Not later than 3 years after the date 

of enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007 the Secretary shall require an 

employer with less than 5,000 employees and 1,000 or more employees 

in the United States to participate in the System, with respect to all 

employees hired by the employer after the date the Secretary requires 

such participation. 

‘‘(iv) SMALL EMPLOYERS.—Not later than 4 years after the date of 

the enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007, the Secretary shall require 

all employers with less than 1,000 employees in the United States to 

participate in the System, with respect to all employees hired by the 

employer after the date the Secretary requires such participation. 

‘‘(B) REQUIREMENT TO PUBLISH.—The Secretary shall publish in the 

Federal Register the requirements for participation in the System for employers described in clauses (i) through (iv) of subparagraph (A) prior to the 

effective date of such requirements. 

‘‘(C) OTHER PARTICIPATION IN SYSTEM.—

‘‘(i) VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION.—Notwithstanding subparagraph 

(A), the Secretary has the authority to permit any employer that is not 

required to participate in the System under subparagraph (A) to participate in the System on a voluntary basis. 

‘‘(ii) EMPLOYERS NOT REQUIRED TO PARTICIPATE.—Notwithstanding 

subparagraph (A) employers are not required to verify the identify or 

employment eligibility through the System for—

‘‘(I) an individual performing casual employment for the employer and who provides domestic service in a private home that 

is sporadic, irregular, or intermittent; 

‘‘(II) a worker provided to the employer by a person providing 

contract services, such as a temporary agency; or 

‘‘(III) an independent contractor, performing services for the 

employer. 

‘‘(iii) RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REQUIREMENTS.—Nothing in clause 

(ii) may be construed to effect the requirements for the contracting 

party who employs a worker referred to in subclause (II) of such clause 

or an employer of an independent contractor referred to in subclause 

(III) of such clause to participate in the System with respect to such 

worker or independent contractor under this subsection. 

‘‘(D) WAIVER.—

‘‘(i) AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE A WAIVER.—The Secretary is authorized 

to waive or delay the participation requirements of subparagraph (A) 

with respect to any employer or class of employers if the Secretary provides notice to Congress of such waiver prior to the date such waiver 

is granted. 

‘‘(ii) REQUIREMENT TO PROVIDE A WAIVER.—The Secretary shall 

waive or delay the participation requirements of subparagraph (A) with 

respect to any employer or class of employers until the date that the 

Comptroller General of the United States submits the initial certification described in paragraph (17)(E) and shall waive or delay such 

participation during a year if the Comptroller General fails to submit 

a certification of paragraph (17)(E) for such year. 

‘‘(E) CONSEQUENCE OF FAILURE TO PARTICIPATE.—If an employer is required to participate in the System and fails to comply with the requirements of the System with respect to an individual—

‘‘(i) such failure shall be treated as a violation of subsection 

(a)(1)(B); and 

70

‘‘(ii) a rebuttable presumption is created that the employer has violated subsection (a)(1)(A), however, such presumption may not apply to 

a prosecution under subsection (e)(1). 

‘‘(12) EMPLOYER REQUIREMENTS.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An employer that participates in the System, with 

respect to the hiring of an individual for employment in the United States, 

shall—

‘‘(i) notify the individual of the use of the System and that the System may be used for immigration enforcement purposes; 

‘‘(ii) obtain from the individual the documents required by subsection (b)(1) and record on the form designated by the Secretary—

‘‘(I) the individual’s social security account number; and 

‘‘(II) in the case of an individual who does not attest that the 

individual is a national of the United States under subsection 

(b)(2), such identification or authorization number that the Secretary shall require; 

‘‘(iii) retain such form in electronic, paper, microfilm, or microfiche 

form and make such form available for inspection for the periods and 

in the manner described in subsection (b)(3); and 

‘‘(iv) safeguard any information collected for purposes of the System and protect any means of access to such information to ensure that 

such information is not used for any purpose other than to determine 

the identity and employment eligibility of the individual and to protect 

the confidentiality of such information, including ensuring that such information is not provided to any person other than a person that carries out the employer’s responsibilities under this subsection. 

‘‘(B) SCHEDULE.— ‘‘(i) REPLACEMENT DOCUMENTS.—An employer shall accept a receipt 

for the application for a replacement document or a document described 

in subparagraph (B) of subsection (b)(1) in lieu of the required document in order to comply with any requirement to examine documentation imposed by this section, in the following circumstances: 

‘‘(I) The individual is unable to provide the required document 

within the time specified in this section because the document was 

lost, stolen, or damaged. 

‘‘(II) The individual presents a receipt for the application for 

the document within the time specified in this section. 

‘‘(III) The individual presents the document within 90 days of 

the hire. If the actual document or replacement document is to be 

issued by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 

and the application is still under review 60 days after receipt of the 

application, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 

shall, not later than the 60th day after receipt of the application, 

issue a letter for the applicant to take to the employer which shall 

automatically grant the individual an additional 90 days from the 

original deadline in subsection (b)(6)(A)(i)(II) to present the document or replacement document; and 

‘‘(ii) PROHIBITION ON ACCEPTANCE OF A RECEIPT FOR SHORT-TERM

EMPLOYMENT.—An employer may not accept a receipt in lieu of the required document if the individual is hired for a duration of less than 

10 working days. 

‘‘(C) CONFIRMATION OR NONCONFIRMATION.—

‘‘(i) RETENTION.—If an employer receives a determination through 

the System under paragraph (3) for an individual, the employer shall 

retain either an electronic, paper, or microfiche form record of such confirmation for the period required by subsection (b)(4)(A). 

‘‘(ii) NONCONFIRMATION AND VERIFICATION.—

‘‘(I) NONCONFIRMATION.—If an employer receives a tentative 

nonconfirmation with respect to an individual, the employer shall 

retain either an electronic or paper record of such nonconfirmation 

for the period required by subsection (b)(4)(A) and inform such individual not later than 10 working days after the issuance of such 

notice in the manner prescribed by the Secretary that includes information regarding the individual’s right to submit information to 

contest the tentative nonconfirmation under paragraph (2)(D) and 

the address and telephone numbers established by the Commissioner and the Secretary to obtain information on how to submit 

such information. 

71

‘‘(II) NO CONTEST.—If the individual does not contest the tentative nonconfirmation notice within 15 working days of receiving 

notice from the individual’s employer, the notice shall become final 

and the employer shall retain either an electronic or paper record 

of such final nonconfirmation for the period required by subsection 

(b)(4)(A). An individual’s failure to contest a tentative nonconfirmation may not be the basis for determining that the employer acted 

in a knowing (as defined in section 274a.1 of title 8, Code of Federal Regulations, or any corresponding similar regulation) manner. 

‘‘(III) CONTEST.—If the individual contests the tentative nonconfirmation notice under subclause (I), the individual shall submit 

appropriate information to contest such notice to the System within 

15 working days of receiving notice from the individual’s employer 

and shall utilize the verification process developed under paragraph (2)(C)(ii). Such individual shall acknowledge receipt of such 

notice in writing. 

‘‘(IV) EFFECTIVE PERIOD OF TENTATIVE NONCONFIRMATION.—A 

tentative nonconfirmation notice shall remain in effect until such 

notice becomes final under clause (II) or a final confirmation notice 

or final nonconfirmation notice is issued by the System. 

‘‘(V) PROHIBITION.—An employer may not terminate the employment of an individual based on a tentative nonconfirmation notice until such notice becomes final under clause (II) or a final nonconfirmation notice is issued for the individual by the System. 

Nothing in this clause shall apply to termination of employment for 

any reason other than because of such a tentative nonconfirmation. 

‘‘(VI) RECORDING OF CONCLUSION ON FORM.—If a final confirmation or nonconfirmation is provided by the System regarding 

an individual, the employer shall record on the form designated by 

the Secretary the appropriate code that is provided under the System to indicate a confirmation or nonconfirmation of the identity 

and employment eligibility of the individual. 

‘‘(D) CONSEQUENCES OF NONCONFIRMATION.—If an employer has received a final nonconfirmation with respect to an individual, the employer 

shall terminate the employment of the individual. If the employer continues 

to employ the individual after receiving final nonconfirmation, a rebuttable 

presumption is created that the employer has violated paragraphs (1)(A) 

and (2) of subsection (a). Such presumption may not apply to a prosecution 

under subsection (e)(1). 

‘‘(13) PROHIBITION OF UNLAWFUL ACCESSING AND OBTAINING OF INFORMA- TION.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—It shall be unlawful for any individual other than an 

employee of the Social Security Administration or the Department of Homeland Security specifically charged with maintaining the System to intentionally and knowingly—

‘‘(i) access the System or the databases utilized to verify identity 

or employment eligibility for the System for any purpose other than 

verifying identity or employment eligibility or modifying the System 

pursuant to law or regulation; or 

‘‘(ii) obtain the information concerning an individual stored in the 

System or the databases utilized to verify identity or employment eligibility for the System for any purpose other than verifying identity or 

employment authorization or modifying the System pursuant to law or 

regulation. 

‘‘(B) PENALTIES.—

‘‘(i) UNLAWFUL ACCESS.—Any individual who unlawfully accesses 

the System or the databases as described in subparagraph (A)(i) shall 

be fined no more than $1,000 per individual or sentenced to no more 

than 6 months imprisonment or both per individual whose file was 

compromised. 

‘‘(ii) UNLAWFUL USE.—Any individual who unlawfully obtains information stored in the System in the database utilized to verify identity 

or employment eligibility for the System and uses the information to 

commit identity theft for financial gain or to evade security or to assist 

another in gaining financially or evading security, shall be fined no 

more than $10,000 per individual or sentenced to no more than 1 year 

of imprisonment or both per individual whose information was obtained 

and misappropriated. 

72

‘‘(14) PROTECTION FROM LIABILITY.—No employer that participates in the 

System and complies in good faith with the attestation in subsection (b)(1) shall 

be liable under any law for any employment-related action taken with respect 

to an individual in good faith reliance on information provided by the System 

regarding that individual. 

‘‘(15) LIMITATION ON USE OF THE SYSTEM.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, nothing in this subsection shall be construed to permit or allow 

any department, bureau, or other agency of the United States to utilize any information, database, or other records used in the System for any purpose other 

than as provided for under this subsection. 

‘‘(16) ACCESS TO DATABASE.—No officer or employee of any agency or department of the United States, other than such an officer or employee who is responsible for the verification of employment eligibility or for the evaluation of 

an employment eligibility verification program at the Social Security Administration, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Labor, 

may have access to any information, database, or other records utilized by the 

System. 

‘‘(17) MODIFICATION AUTHORITY.—The Secretary, after notice is submitted to 

Congress and provided to the public in the Federal Register, is authorized to 

modify the requirements of this subsection, including requirements with respect 

to completion of forms, method of storage, attestations, copying of documents, 

signatures, methods of transmitting information, and other operational and 

technical aspects to improve the efficiency, accuracy, and security of the System. 

‘‘(18) ANNUAL STUDY AND REPORT.— ‘‘(A) REQUIREMENT FOR STUDY.—The Comptroller General of the United 

States shall conduct an annual study of the System as described in this 

paragraph. 

‘‘(B) PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.—The Comptroller General shall, for each 

year, undertake a study to determine whether the System meets the following requirements: 

‘‘(i) DEMONSTRATED ACCURACY OF THE DATABASES.—New information and information changes submitted by an individual to the System 

is updated in all of the relevant databases not later than 3 working 

days after submission in at least 99 percent of all cases. 

‘‘(ii) LOW ERROR RATES AND DELAYS IN VERIFICATION.— ‘‘(I) INCORRECT TENTATIVE NONCONFIRMATION NOTICES.—That, 

during a year, not more than 1 percent of all tentative nonconfirmations provided through the System during such year are incorrect. 

‘‘(II) INCORRECT FINAL NONCONFIRMATION NOTICES.—That, during a year, not more than 3 percent of all final nonconfirmations 

provided through the System during such year are incorrect. 

‘‘(III) RATES OF INCORRECT TENTATIVE NONCONFIRMATION NOTICES.—That, during a year, the number of incorrect tentative nonconfirmations provided through the System for individuals who are 

not nationals of the United States is not more than 300 percent 

more than the number of such incorrect notices provided for nationals of the United States. 

‘‘(IV) RATES OF INCORRECT FINAL NONCONFIRMATION NOTICES.—

That, during a year, the number of incorrect final nonconfirmations 

provided through the System for individuals who are not nationals 

of the United States is not more than 300 percent more than the 

number of such incorrect notices provided for nationals of the 

United States during such year. 

‘‘(iii) MEASURABLE EMPLOYER COMPLIANCE WITH SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS.—

‘‘(I) NO DISCRIMINATION BASED ON SYSTEM OPERATIONS.—The 

System has not and will not result in increased discrimination or 

cause reasonable employers to conclude that individuals of certain 

races or ethnicities are more likely to have difficulties when offered 

employment caused by the operation of the System. 

‘‘(II) REQUIREMENT FOR INDEPENDENT STUDY.—The determination described in subclause (I) shall be based on an independent 

study commissioned by the Comptroller General in each phase of 

expansion of the System. 

‘‘(iv) PROTECTION OF WORKERS’ PRIVATE INFORMATION.—At least 97 

percent of employers who participate in the System are in full compliance with the privacy requirements described in this subsection. 

73

‘‘(v) ADEQUATE AGENCY STAFFING AND FUNDING.—The Secretary 

and Commissioner of Social Security have sufficient funding to meet all 

of the deadlines and requirements of this subsection. 

‘‘(C) CONSULTATION.—In conducting a study under this paragraph, the 

Comptroller General shall consult with representatives of business, labor, 

immigrant communities, State governments, privacy advocates, and appropriate departments of the United States. 

‘‘(D) REQUIREMENT FOR REPORTS.—Not later than 21 months after the 

date of the enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007, and annually thereafter, 

the Comptroller General shall submit to the Secretary and to Congress a 

report containing the findings of the study carried out under this paragraph. 

‘‘(E) CERTIFICATION.—If the Comptroller General determines that the 

System meets the requirements set out in clauses (i) through (v) of subparagraph (B) for a year, the Comptroller shall certify such determination 

and submit such certification to Congress with the report required by subparagraph (D). 

‘‘(19) ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An individual who is terminated from employment 

as a result of a final nonconfirmation may, not later than 60 days after the 

date of such termination, file an appeal of such final nonconfirmation. 

‘‘(B) PROCEDURES.—The Secretary and Commissioner of Social Security 

shall develop procedures to review appeals filed under subparagraph (A) 

and to make final determinations on such appeals. 

‘‘(C) REVIEW FOR ERRORS.—If a final determination on an appeal filed 

under subparagraph (A) results in a confirmation of an individual’s eligibility for employment in the United States, the administrative review process shall require the Secretary to determine if the final nonconfirmation 

issued for the individual was the result of—

‘‘(i) an error or negligence on the part of an employee or official operating or responsible for the System; 

‘‘(ii) the decision rules, processes, or procedures utilized by the System; or 

‘‘(iii) erroneous system information that was not the result of acts 

or omissions of the individual. 

‘‘(D) COMPENSATION FOR ERROR.— ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—If the Secretary makes a determination under 

subparagraph (C) that the final nonconfirmation issued for an individual was not caused by an act or omission of the individual, the Secretary shall compensate the individual for lost wages. 

‘‘(ii) CALCULATION OF LOST WAGES.—Lost wages shall be calculated 

based on the wage rate and work schedule that prevailed prior to termination. The individual shall be compensated for wages lost beginning 

on the first scheduled work day after employment was terminated and 

ending 180 days after completion of the administrative review process 

described in this paragraph or the day after the individual is reinstated 

or obtains employment elsewhere, whichever occurs first. 

‘‘(E) LIMITATION ON COMPENSATION.—For purposes of determining an 

individual’s compensation for the loss of employment, such compensation 

shall not include any period in which the individual was ineligible for employment in the United States. 

‘‘(F) SOURCE OF FUNDS.—Compensation or reimbursement provided 

under this paragraph shall not be provided from funds appropriated in annual appropriations Acts to the Secretary for the Department of Homeland 

Security. 

‘‘(20) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—After the Secretary makes a final determination on 

an appeal filed by an individual under paragraph (19), the individual may 

obtain judicial review of such determination in a civil action commenced not 

later than 90 days after notice of such decision, or such further time as the 

Secretary may allow. 

‘‘(B) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of 

the STRIVE Act of 2007, the Director of the Federal Judicial Center shall 

submit to Congress a report on judicial review of an administrative decision 

on a final nonconfirmation. The report shall contain recommendations on 

jurisdiction and procedures that shall be instituted to seek adequate and 

timely review of such decision. 

‘‘(C) COMPENSATION FOR ERROR.—

74

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—In cases in which such judicial review reverses 

the final determination of the Secretary made under paragraph (19), 

the court shall compensate the individual for lost wages. 

‘‘(ii) CALCULATION OF LOST WAGES.—Lost wages shall be calculated 

based on the wage rate and work schedule that prevailed prior to termination. The individual shall be compensated for wages lost beginning 

on the first scheduled work day after employment was terminated and 

ending 180 days after completion of the judicial review described in this 

paragraph or the day after the individual is reinstated or obtains employment elsewhere, whichever occurs first. 

‘‘(21) ENFORCEMENT OF VIOLATIONS.—No private right of action shall exist 

for any claim based on a violation of this section. The Government of the United 

States shall have exclusive enforcement authority over violations of this section 

and shall use only the powers, penalties, and mechanisms found in this section. 

This paragraph shall apply to all cases in which a final judgment has not been 

entered prior to or on the date of enactment of the STRIVE Act of 2007. 

‘‘(22) SAFE HARBOR FOR CONTRACTORS.—A person shall not be liable for a 

violation of paragraph (1)(A), (1)(B), or (2) of subsection (a) with respect to the 

hiring or continuation of employment of an unauthorized alien by a subcontractor of that person unless the person knew that the subcontractor hired or 

continued to employ such alien in violation of such a paragraph. 

‘‘(23) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection shall affect 

any existing rights and obligations of employers or employees under other Federal, State, or local laws. 

‘‘(d) COMPLIANCE.— ‘‘(1) COMPLAINTS AND INVESTIGATIONS.—The Secretary shall establish procedures—

‘‘(A) for a person to file a complaint regarding a potential violation of 

paragraph (1)(A), (1)(B), or (2) of subsection (a); 

‘‘(B) for the investigation of any such complaint that the Secretary determines is appropriate to investigate; and 

‘‘(C) for the investigation of such other violation of paragraph (1)(A), 

(1)(B), or (2) of subsection (a) that the Secretary determines is appropriate. 

‘‘(2) AUTHORITY IN INVESTIGATIONS.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—In conducting investigations and hearings under this 

subsection, officers and employees of the Department of Homeland Security, 

if designated by the Secretary, may compel by subpoena the attendance of 

witnesses and the production of evidence at any designated place in an investigation or case under this subsection. 

‘‘(B) FAILURE TO COOPERATE.—In case of refusal to obey a subpoena 

lawfully issued under subparagraph (A), the Secretary may request that the 

Attorney General apply in an appropriate district court of the United States 

for an order requiring compliance with such subpoena, and any failure to 

obey such order may be punished by such court as contempt. 

‘‘(C) DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.—The Secretary of Labor shall have the investigative authority provided under section 11(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 211(a)) to ensure compliance with the provisions 

of this section, or any regulation or order issued under this section. 

‘‘(3) COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES.—

‘‘(A) PREPENALTY NOTICE.—If the Secretary has reasonable cause to believe that there has been a violation of a requirement of this section and 

determines that further proceedings related to such violation are warranted, the Secretary shall issue to the employer concerned a written notice 

of the Secretary’s intention to issue a claim for a fine or other penalty. Such 

notice shall—

‘‘(i) describe the violation; 

‘‘(ii) specify the laws and regulations allegedly violated; 

‘‘(iii) disclose the material facts which establish the alleged violation; and 

‘‘(iv) inform such employer that the employer shall have a reasonable opportunity to make representations as to why a claim for a monetary or other penalty should not be imposed. 

‘‘(B) REMISSION OR MITIGATION OF PENALTIES.—

‘‘(i) PETITION BY EMPLOYER.—If an employer receives written notice 

of a fine or other penalty in accordance with subparagraph (A), the employer may file within 45 days from receipt of such notice, with the Secretary a petition for the remission or mitigation of such fine or penalty, 

or a petition for termination of the proceedings. The petition may inVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00080 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
75

clude any relevant evidence or proffer of evidence the employer wishes 

to present, and shall be filed and considered in accordance with procedures to be established by the Secretary. 

‘‘(ii) REVIEW BY SECRETARY.—If the Secretary finds that such fine 

or other penalty was incurred erroneously, or finds the existence of 

such mitigating circumstances as to justify the remission or mitigation 

of such fine or penalty, the Secretary may remit or mitigate such fine 

or other penalty on the terms and conditions as the Secretary determines are reasonable and just, or order termination of any proceedings 

related to the notice. Such mitigating circumstances may include good 

faith compliance and participation in, or agreement to participate in, 

the System, if not otherwise required. 

‘‘(iii) APPLICABILITY.—This subparagraph may not apply to an employer that has or is engaged in a pattern or practice of violations of 

paragraph (1)(A), (1)(B), or (2) of subsection (a) or of any other requirements of this section. 

‘‘(C) PENALTY CLAIM.—After considering evidence and representations 

offered by the employer pursuant to subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall 

determine whether there was a violation and promptly issue a written final 

determination setting forth the findings of fact and conclusions of law on 

which the determination is based and the appropriate penalty. 

‘‘(4) CIVIL PENALTIES.—

‘‘(A) HIRING OR CONTINUING TO EMPLOY UNAUTHORIZED ALIENS.—Any 

employer that violates paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of subsection (a) shall pay 

civil penalties as follows: 

‘‘(i) Pay a civil penalty of not less than $500 and not more than 

$4,000 for each unauthorized alien with respect to each such violation. 

‘‘(ii) If the employer has previously been fined 1 time within the 

preceding 12 months under this subparagraph, pay a civil penalty of 

not less than $4,000 and not more than $10,000 for each unauthorized 

alien with respect to each such violation. 

‘‘(iii) If the employer has previously been fined more than 1 time 

within the preceding 12 months under this subparagraph or has failed 

to comply with a previously issued and final order related to any such 

provision, pay a civil penalty of not less than $6,000 and not more than 

$20,000 for each unauthorized alien with respect to each such violation. 

‘‘(B) RECORD KEEPING OR VERIFICATION PRACTICES.—Any employer that 

violates or fails to comply with paragraph (1)(B) of subsection (a) shall pay 

a civil penalty as follows: 

‘‘(i) Pay a civil penalty of not less than $200 and not more than 

$2,000 for each such violation or failure. 

‘‘(ii) If the employer has previously been fined 1 time within the 

preceding 12 months under this subparagraph, pay a civil penalty of 

not less than $400 and not more than $4,000 for each such violation 

of failure. 

‘‘(iii) If the employer has previously been fined more than 1 time 

within the preceding 12 months under this subparagraph or has failed 

to comply with a previously issued and final order related to such requirements, pay a civil penalty of $6,000 for each such violation or failure. 

‘‘(iv) SPECIAL RULE GOVERNING PAPERWORK VIOLATION.—In the case 

where an employer commits a violation of this section that is deemed 

to be purely a paperwork violation where the Secretary fails to establish any intent to hire an individual who is not unauthorized for employment in the United States, the Secretary shall permit the employer 

to correct such paperwork error within 30 days of receiving notice from 

the Secretary of such violation. 

‘‘(C) OTHER PENALTIES.—Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) and (B), 

the Secretary may impose additional penalties for violations, including 

cease and desist orders, specially designed compliance plans to prevent further violations, suspended fines to take effect in the event of a further violation, and in appropriate cases, the civil penalty described in subsection 

(f)(2). 

‘‘(D) REDUCTION OF PENALTIES.—Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A), 

(B), and (C), the Secretary is authorized to reduce or mitigate penalties imposed upon employers, based upon factors including the employer’s hiring 

volume, compliance history, good-faith implementation of a compliance proVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00081 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
76

gram, participation in a temporary worker program, and voluntary disclosure of violations of this subsection to the Secretary. 

‘‘(5) JUDICIAL REVIEW.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An employer adversely affected by a final determination may, within 45 days after the date the final determination is issued, 

obtain judicial review of such determination. 

‘‘(B) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of 

the STRIVE Act of 2007, the Director of the Federal Judicial Center shall 

submit to Congress a report on judicial review of a final determination. The 

report shall contain recommendations on jurisdiction and procedures that 

shall be instituted to seek adequate and timely review of such decision. 

‘‘(6) ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS.—If an employer fails to comply with a final 

determination issued against that employer under this subsection, and the final 

determination is not subject to review as provided in paragraph (5), the Attorney General may file suit to enforce compliance with the final determination, 

not earlier than 46 days and not later than 90 days, after the date the final 

determination is issued, in any appropriate district court of the United States. 

The burden shall remain on the employer to show that the final determination 

was not supported by a preponderance of the evidence. 

‘‘(7) RECOVERY OF COSTS AND ATTORNEYS’ FEES.—In any appeal brought 

under paragraph (5) or suit brought under paragraph (6), the employer shall be 

entitled to recover from the Secretary reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees if 

such employer prevails on the merits of the case. The award of attorneys’ fees 

shall not exceed $50,000. Such amount shall be subject to annual inflation adjustments per the United States Consumer Price Index - All Urban Consumers 

(CPI-U) compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Any costs and attorneys’ 

fees assessed against the Secretary shall be charged against the operating expenses of the Department of Homeland Security for the fiscal year in which the 

assessment is made, and shall not be reimbursed from any other source. 

‘‘(e) CRIMINAL PENALTIES AND INJUNCTIONS FOR PATTERN OR PRACTICE VIOLA- TIONS.—‘‘(1) CRIMINAL PENALTY.—An employer that engages in a pattern or practice 

of knowing violations of paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of subsection (a) shall be fined 

not more than $20,000 for each unauthorized alien with respect to whom such 

a violation occurs, imprisoned for not more than 3 years for the entire pattern 

or practice, or both. 

‘‘(2) ENJOINING OF PATTERN OR PRACTICE VIOLATIONS.—If the Secretary or 

the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that an employer is engaged in a pattern or practice of employment in violation of paragraph (1)(A) 

or (2) of subsection (a), the Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States requesting such relief, including a 

permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order against 

the employer, as the Secretary deems necessary. 

‘‘(f) ADJUSTMENT FOR INFLATION.—All penalties and limitations on the recovery 

of costs and attorney’s fees in this section shall be increased every 4 years beginning 

January 2010 to reflect the percentage increase in the consumer price index for all 

urban consumers (all items; United States city average) for the 48 month period 

ending with September of the year preceding the year such adjustment is made. 

Any adjustment under this subparagraph shall be rounded to the nearest dollar. 

‘‘(g) PROHIBITION OF INDEMNITY BONDS.—

‘‘(1) PROHIBITION.—It is unlawful for an employer, in the hiring of an individual, to require the individual to post a bond or security, to pay or agree to 

pay an amount, or otherwise to provide a financial guaranty or indemnity, 

against any potential liability arising under this section relating to such hiring 

of the individual. 

‘‘(2) CIVIL PENALTY.—Any employer which is determined, after notice and 

opportunity for mitigation of the monetary penalty under subsection (d), to have 

violated paragraph (1) shall be subject to a civil penalty of $10,000 for each violation and to an administrative order requiring the return of any amounts received in violation of such paragraph to the individual. 

‘‘(h) PROHIBITION ON AWARD OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS, GRANTS, AND AGREEMENTS.—

‘‘(1) EMPLOYERS WITH NO CONTRACTS, GRANTS, OR AGREEMENTS.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—If an employer who does not hold a Federal contract, 

grant, or cooperative agreement is determined by the Secretary to be a repeat violator of this section the employer shall be debarred from the receipt 

of a Federal contract, grant, or cooperative agreement for a period of 5 

years. The Secretary or the Attorney General shall advise the AdminisVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00082 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
77

trator of General Services of such a debarment, and the Administrator of 

General Services shall list the employer on the List of Parties Excluded 

from Federal Procurement and Nonprocurement Programs for a period of 

5 years. 

‘‘(B) WAIVER.—The Administrator of General Services, in consultation 

with the Secretary and the Attorney General, may waive operation of this 

subsection or may limit the duration or scope of the debarment. 

‘‘(2) EMPLOYERS WITH CONTRACTS, GRANTS, OR AGREEMENTS.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An employer who holds a Federal contract, grant, or 

cooperative agreement and is determined by the Secretary to be a repeat 

violator of this section or is convicted of a crime under this section, shall 

be debarred from the receipt of new Federal contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements for a period of 5 years. 

‘‘(B) NOTICE TO AGENCIES.—Prior to debarring the employer under subparagraph (A), the Secretary, in cooperation with the Administrator of General Services, shall advise any agency or department holding a contract, 

grant, or cooperative agreement with the employer of the Government’s intention to debar the employer from the receipt of new Federal contracts, 

grants, or cooperative agreements for a period of 5 years. 

‘‘(C) WAIVER.—After consideration of the views of any agency or department that holds a contract, grant, or cooperative agreement with the employer, the Secretary may, in lieu of debarring the employer from the receipt of new Federal contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements for a period of 5 years, waive operation of this subsection, limit the duration or 

scope of the debarment, or may refer to an appropriate lead agency the decision of whether to debar the employer, for what duration, and under what 

scope in accordance with the procedures and standards prescribed by the 

Federal Acquisition Regulation. However, any proposed debarment predicated on an administrative determination of liability for civil penalty by the 

Secretary or the Attorney General shall not be reviewable in any debarment proceeding. 

‘‘(D) REVIEW.—The decision of whether to debar or take alternate action 

under this paragraph shall be reviewable pursuant to section 9, Federal Acquisition Regulation. 

‘‘(3) SUSPENSION.—Indictments for violations of this section or adequate evidence of actions that could form the basis for debarment under this subsection 

shall be considered a cause for suspension under the procedures and standards 

for suspension prescribed by the Federal Acquisition Regulation. 

‘‘(4) REPEAT VIOLATOR DEFINED.—In this subsection, the term ‘repeat violator’ means, with respect to an employer, that the employer has violated paragraph (1)(A), (1)(B), or (2) of subsection (a) more than 1 time and that such violations were discovered as a result of more than 1 separate investigation of the 

employer. A violation of such paragraph (1)(B) that is inadvertent and unrelated 

to a violation of subsection (a)(1)(A) and (a)(2) may not be considered to be a 

violation of such paragraph (1)(B) for the purposes of this paragraph. 

‘‘(i) MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.—

‘‘(1) DOCUMENTATION.—In providing documentation or endorsement of authorization of aliens (other than aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence) eligible to be employed in the United States, the Secretary shall provide 

that any limitations with respect to the period or type of employment or employer shall be conspicuously stated on the documentation or endorsement. 

‘‘(2) PREEMPTION.—The provisions of this section preempt any State or local 

law from—

‘‘(A) imposing civil or criminal sanctions upon employers who employ 

or otherwise do business with unauthorized aliens; 

‘‘(B) requiring, authorizing, or permitting the use of a federally mandated employment verification system for any other purpose other than the 

one mandated in Federal law, including verifying status of renters, determining eligibility for receipt of benefits, enrollment in school, obtaining or 

retaining a business license or other license provided by the unit of government, or conducting a background check; and 

‘‘(C) requiring employers to use an employment verification system, unless otherwise mandated by Federal law, for purposes such as—

‘‘(i) as a condition of receiving a government contract; 

‘‘(ii) as a condition of receiving a business license; or 

‘‘(iii) as a penalty. 

‘‘(j) DEFINITIONS.—In this section—

78

‘‘(1) EMPLOYER.—The term ‘employer’ means any person or entity, including 

any entity of the Government of the United States, hiring an individual for employment in the United States. 

‘‘(2) INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR.—The term ‘independent contractor’ includes a person who carries on independent business, contracts to do a piece 

of work according to the person’s own means and methods, and are subject to 

control only as to results. Whether a person is an independent contractor, regardless of any self-designation, will be determined on a case-by-case basis. Factors to be considered in that determination include whether the person—

‘‘(A) supplies the tools or materials; 

‘‘(B) makes services available to the general public; 

‘‘(C) works for a number of clients at the same time; 

‘‘(D) has an opportunity for profit or loss as a result of labor or services 

provided; 

‘‘(E) invests in facilities to carry out the work; 

‘‘(F) directs the order or sequence in which the work is to be done; and 

‘‘(G) determines the hours during which the work is to be done. 

‘‘(3) SECRETARY.—Except as otherwise provided, the term ‘Secretary’ means 

the Secretary of Homeland Security. 

‘‘(4) UNAUTHORIZED ALIEN.—The term ‘unauthorized alien’ means, with respect to the employment of an alien at a particular time, that the alien is not 

at that time either—

‘‘(A) an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence; or 

‘‘(B) authorized to be so employed by this Act or by the Secretary.’’. 

(b) ANTIFRAUD MEASURES FOR SOCIAL SECURITY CARDS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 205(c)(2)(G) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 

405(c)(2)(G)) is amended—

(A) by inserting ‘‘(i)’’ after ‘‘(G)’’; 

(B) by striking ‘‘banknote paper’’ and inserting ‘‘durable plastic or similar material’’; and 

(C) by adding at the end the following new clauses: 

‘‘(ii) Each social security card issued under this subparagraph shall 

include an encrypted machine-readable electronic identification strip 

which shall be unique to the individual to whom the card is issued. The 

Commissioner shall develop such electronic identification strip in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, so as to enable employers to use such strip in accordance with section 274A(a)(1)(B) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)(1)(B)) to obtain access to the Electronic Employment Verification System established by 

subsection (c) of this title. 

‘‘(iii) Each social security card issued under this subparagraph 

shall—

‘‘(I) contain physical security features designed to prevent tampering, counterfeiting, or duplication of the card for fraudulent purposes; 

‘‘(II) be consistent with the biometric standards for documents 

described in section 737 of this Act; and 

‘‘(III) contain a disclaimer stating the following: ‘This card 

shall not be used for the purpose of identification. 

‘‘(iv) The Commissioner shall provide for the issuance (or 

reissuance) to each individual who—

‘‘(I) has been assigned a Social Security account number under 

subparagraph (B), 

‘‘(II) has attained the minimum age applicable, in the jurisdiction in which such individual engages in employment, for legally 

engaging in such employment, and 

‘‘(III) files application for such card under this clause in such 

form and manner as shall be prescribed by the Commissioner, a 

Social Security card which meets the preceding requirements of 

this subparagraph and which includes a recent digitized photograph of the individual to whom the card is issued. 

‘‘(v) The Commissioner shall maintain an ongoing effort to develop 

measures in relation to the Social Security card and the issuance thereof to preclude fraudulent use thereof.’’. 

(2) SHARING OF INFORMATION WITH THE SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY.—Section 205(c)(2) of such Act is amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: 

79

‘‘(I) Upon the issuance of a Social Security account number under subparagraph (B) to any individual or the issuance of a Social Security card 

under subparagraph (G) to any individual, the Commissioner of Social Security shall transmit to the Secretary of Homeland Security such information received by the Commissioner in the individual’s application for such 

number or such card as such Secretary determines necessary and appropriate for administration of the STRIVE Act of 2007. Such information shall 

be used solely for inclusion in the Electronic Employment Eligibility 

Verification System established pursuant to title III of such Act.’’. 

(3) EFFECTIVE DATES.—The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall apply 

with respect to Social Security cards issued 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. The amendment made by paragraph (2) shall apply with respect to the issuance of Social Security account numbers and Social Security 

cards after 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(c) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—

(1) AMENDMENTS.—

(A) REPEAL OF BASIC PILOT.—Sections 401, 402, 403, 404, and 405 of 

the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 

(division C of Public Law 104–208; 8 U.S.C. 1324a note) are repealed. 

(B) REPEAL OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.—

(i) REPORT ON EARNINGS OF ALIENS NOT AUTHORIZED TO WORK.—

Subsection (c) of section 290 (8 U.S.C. 1360) is repealed. 

(ii) REPORT ON FRAUDULENT USE OF SOCIAL SECURITY ACCOUNT

NUMBERS.—Subsection (b) of section 414 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (division C of Public 

Law 104–208; 8 U.S.C. 1360 note) is repealed. 

(C) REPEAL OF DEFINITION.—Paragraph (1)(F) of section 1961 of title 18, 

United States Code, is repealed. 

(2) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection or in subsection (c) of section 274A, as amended by subsection (a), may be construed to limit the authority of the Secretary to allow or continue to allow the participation of employers 

who participated in the basic pilot program under such sections 401, 402, 403, 

404, and 405 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility 

Act of 1996 (division C of Public Law 104–208; 8 U.S.C. 1324a note) in the Electronic Employment Verification System established pursuant to such subsection 

(d). 

(d) TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.—

(1) DEFINITION OF UNAUTHORIZED ALIEN.—Sections 218(i)(1) (8 U.S.C. 

1188(i)(1)), 245(c)(8) (8 U.S.C. 1255(c)(8)), 274(a)(3)(B)(i) (8 U.S.C. 

1324(a)(3)(B)(i)), and 274B(a)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(1)) are amended by striking 

‘‘274A(h)(3)’’ and inserting ‘‘274A(h)’’. 

(2) DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS.—Section 274B (8 U.S.C. 1324b) is amended—

(A) in subsections (a)(6) and (g)(2)(B), by striking ‘‘274A(b)’’ and inserting ‘‘274A(d)’’; and 

(B) in subsection (g)(2)(B)(ii), by striking ‘‘274A(b)(5)’’ and inserting 

‘‘274A(d)(9)’’. 

(e) OFFICE OF ELECTRONIC VERIFICATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish the Office of Electronic 

Verification within the Office of Screening Coordination of the Department. 

(2) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The head of the Office of Electronic Verification 

shall work with the Commissioner of Social Security—

(A) to ensure the information maintained in the Electronic Employment 

Verification System established in subsection (c) of section 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by subsection (a), is updated in 

a manner that promotes maximum accuracy; 

(B) to ensure a process is provided for correcting erroneous information 

continued in such System; 

(C) to ensure that the data received from field offices of United States 

Customs and Border Protection or from other points of contact between 

aliens and the Department of Homeland Security is registered in all relevant databases; 

(D) to ensure that the data received from field offices of the Social Security Administration and other points of contact between nationals of the 

United States and the Social Security Administration is registered within 

all relevant databases; 

80

(E) to ensure that the Department has a sufficient number of personnel 

to conduct manual verifications described in paragraph (2)(ii) of such subsection (c); 

(F) to establish and promote telephone help lines accessible to employers and individuals 24-hours a day that provide information regarding the 

functioning of such System or specific issues related to the issuance of a 

tentative nonconfirmations issued by the System; 

(G) to establish an outreach and education program to ensure that all 

new employers are fully informed of their responsibilities under such System; 

(H) to conduct random audits of individual’s files in the Government’s 

database each year to determine accuracy rates and require corrections of 

errors in a timely manner; and 

(I) to provide to the employer anti-discrimination notices issued by the 

Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices of the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice. 

(f) REQUIREMENT FOR REPORTS.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Comptroller General of the United 

States shall submit to the Secretary and to Congress a report on the impact of the 

Electronic Employment Verification System described in section 274A(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by subsection (a), on employers and employees in the United States. Each such report shall include the following: 

(1) An assessment of the impact of the System on the employment of aliens 

who are not eligible for employment in the United States, including whether the 

System has indirectly caused an increase in exploitation of unauthorized workers. 

(2) An assessment of the accuracy of the databases utilized by the System 

and of the timeliness and accuracy of the responses provided through the System to employers. 

(3) An assessment of the privacy and confidentiality of the System and of 

the overall security of the System with respect to cybertheft and theft or misuse 

of private data. 

(4) An assessment of whether the System is being implemented in a nondiscriminatory and nonretaliatory manner. 

(5) An assessment of the most common causes for the erroneous issuance 

of nonconfirmations by the System and recommendations to correct such causes. 

(6) Recommendations regarding a funding scheme for the maintenance of 

the System which may include minimal costs to employers or individuals. 

(7) The recommendations of the Comptroller General regarding whether or 

not the System should be modified prior to further expansion. 

(g) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by subsections (a), (b), and (c) 

shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this 

Act. 

SEC. 302. CLARIFICATION OF INELIGIBILITY FOR MISREPRESENTATION. 

Section 212(a)(6)(C)(ii)(I) (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(ii)(I)), is amended by striking 

‘‘citizen’’ and inserting ‘‘national’’. 

SEC. 303. ANTIDISCRIMINATION PROTECTIONS. 

(a) APPLICATION OF PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION TO VERIFICATION SYSTEM.—Section 274B(a)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(1)) is amended by inserting ‘‘, the 

verification of the individual’s eligibility for employment through the Electronic Employment Verification System described in section 274A(c),’’ after ‘‘the individual for 

employment’’. 

(b) CLASSES OF ALIENS AS PROTECTED INDIVIDUALS.—Section 274B(a)(3)(B) (8 

U.S.C. 1324b(a)(3)(B)) is amended to read as follows—

‘‘(B) is an alien who is—

‘‘(i) lawfully admitted for permanent residence; 

‘‘(ii) granted the status of an alien lawfully admitted for temporary 

residence under section 210(a) or 245A(a); 

‘‘(iii) admitted as a refugee under section 207; 

‘‘(iv) granted asylum under section 208; 

‘‘(v) granted the nonimmigrant status under section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c); 

‘‘(vi) granted temporary protected status under section 244; or 

‘‘(vii) granted parole under section 212(d)(5).’’. 

(c) REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRONIC EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATION.—Section 

274B(a) (8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

81

‘‘(7) ANTIDISCRIMINATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE ELECTRONIC EMPLOYMENT

VERIFICATION SYSTEM.—It is an unfair immigration-related employment practice 

for a person or other entity, in the course of the Electronic Employment 

Verification System described in section 274A(c)—

‘‘(A) to terminate the employment of an individual due to a tentative 

nonconfirmation issued by such System, with respect to that individual; 

‘‘(B) to use the System for screening of an applicant for employment 

prior to making the individual an offer of employment; 

‘‘(C) to reverify the employment authorization of current employees beyond the time period set out in 274A(c)(2); or 

‘‘(D) to use the System selectively to exclude certain individuals from 

consideration for employment as a result of a perceived likelihood that additional verification will be required, beyond what is required for most job applicants.’’. 

(d) INCREASE IN CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES.—Section 274B(g)(2) (8 U.S.C. 

1324b(g)(2)) is amended—

(1) in subparagraph (B)(iv)— (A) in subclause (I), by striking ‘‘$250 and not more than $1,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$2,000 and not more than $4,000’’; (B) in subclause (II), by striking ‘‘$2,000 and not more than $5,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$4,000 and not more than $10,000’’; (C) in subclause (III), by striking ‘‘$3,000 and not more than $10,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$6,000 and not more than $20,000’’; (D) in subclause (IV), by striking ‘‘$100 and not more than $1,000’’ and inserting ‘‘$500 and not more than $5,000.’’

(e) INCREASED FUNDING OF INFORMATION CAMPAIGN.—Section 274B(l)(3) (8 

U.S.C. 1324b(l)(3)) is amended by inserting ‘‘and an additional $40,000,000 for each 

of fiscal years 2008 through 2010’’ before the period at the end. 

(f) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this title shall take effect on 

the date of the enactment of this Act and shall apply to violations occurring on or 

after such date. 

SEC. 304. ADDITIONAL PROTECTIONS. 

Section 274B (8 U.S.C. 1324b) is amended—

(1) in subsection (a), by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: 

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—It is an unfair immigration-related employment practice 

for a person or other entity to discriminate against any individual (other than 

an unauthorized alien defined in section 274A(h)(3)) with respect to—

‘‘(A) the hiring, or recruitment or referral for a fee, of the individual 

for employment or the discharging of the individual from employment—

‘‘(i) because of such individual’s national origin; or 

‘‘(ii) in the case of a protected individual, because of such individual’s citizenship status; or 

‘‘(B) the compensation, terms, or conditions of the employment of the 

individual.’’; 

(2) in subsection (a)(6), by striking ‘‘if made for the purpose or with the intent of discriminating against an individual in violation of paragraph (1)’’ and 

inserting ‘‘in violation of paragraph (1), subject to additional information and 

compliance assistance being provided to employers to assist them in complying 

with the law’’; 

(3) in subsection (d)—

(A) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘and, based on such an investigation 

and subject to paragraph (3), file a complaint before such a judge’’ and inserting ‘‘Any such investigation shall begin not later than 180 days after 

the alleged discriminatory act. Any such complaint filed with an administrative law judge shall be filed not later than 1 year after the commencement of the independent investigation.’’; and 

(B) by striking paragraph (3); and 

(4) in subsection (g)(2)(B)(iii), by inserting ‘‘, and to provide such other relief 

as the administrative law judge determines appropriate to make the individual 

whole’’ before the semicolon at the end. 

SEC. 305. ADDITIONAL WORKSITE ENFORCEMENT AND FRAUD DETECTION AGENTS. 

(a) INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PERSONNEL.—The Secretary shall, subject to the 

availability of appropriations for such purpose, annually increase, by not less than 

2,200, the number of personnel of the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement during the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(b) USE OF PERSONNEL.—The Secretary shall ensure that not less than 25 percent of all the hours expended by personnel of the Bureau of Immigration and CusVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00087 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
82

toms Enforcement shall be used to enforce compliance with sections 274A and 274C 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a and 1324c). 

(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for each of the fiscal years 2007 through 2011 such sums 

as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

SEC. 306. AMENDMENTS TO THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT AND THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE. 

(a) SOCIAL SECURITY ACT.—Section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act (42 

U.S.C. 405(c)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs: 

‘‘(I)(i) The Commissioner of Social Security shall, subject to the provisions of title III of the STRIVE Act of 2007, establish a reliable, secure 

method to provide through the Electronic Employment Verification System 

established pursuant to section 274A(c) of the Immigration and Nationality 

Act (referred to in this subparagraph as the ‘System’), within the time periods required by such subsection—

‘‘(I) a determination of whether the name, date of birth, employer 

identification number, and social security account number of an individual provided in an inquiry made to the System by an employer is 

consistent with such information maintained by the Commissioner in 

order to confirm the validity of the information provided; 

‘‘(II) a determination of the citizenship status associated with such 

name and social security account number, according to the records 

maintained by the Commissioner; 

‘‘(III) a determination of whether the name and number belongs to 

an individual who is deceased, according to the records maintained by 

the Commissioner; 

‘‘(IV) a determination of whether the name and number is blocked 

in accordance with clause (ii); and 

‘‘(V) a confirmation or a nonconfirmation described in such subsection (c), in a manner that ensures that other information maintained 

by the Commissioner is not disclosed or released to employers through 

the System. 

‘‘(ii) The Commissioner of Social Security shall prevent the fraudulent 

or other misuse of a social security account number by establishing procedures under which an individual who has been assigned a social security 

account number may block the use of such number under the System and 

remove such block. 

‘‘(J) In assigning social security account numbers to aliens who are authorized to work in the United States under section 218A of the Immigration and Nationality Act, the Commissioner of Social Security shall, to the 

maximum extent practicable, assign such numbers by employing the enumeration procedure administered jointly by the Commissioner, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary.’’. 

(b) DISCLOSURE OF CERTAIN TAXPAYER IDENTITY INFORMATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 6103(l) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is 

amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 

‘‘(21) DISCLOSURE OF CERTAIN TAXPAYER IDENTITY INFORMATION BY SOCIAL

SECURITY ADMINISTRATION TO DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—From taxpayer identity information which has been 

disclosed to the Social Security Administration and upon written request by 

the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Commissioner of Social Security 

shall disclose directly to officers, employees, and contractors of the Department of Homeland Security the following information: 

‘‘(i) DISCLOSURE OF EMPLOYER NO-MATCH NOTICES.—Taxpayer identity information of each person who has filed an information return required by reason of section 6051 during calendar year 2006, 2007, or 

2008 which contains—

‘‘(I) more than 100 names and taxpayer identifying numbers of 

employees (within the meaning of such section) that did not match 

the records maintained by the Commissioner of Social Security; or 

‘‘(II) more than 10 names of employees (within the meaning of 

such section) with the same taxpayer identifying number. 

‘‘(ii) DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION REGARDING USE OF DUPLICATE

EMPLOYEE TAXPAYER IDENTIFYING INFORMATION.—Taxpayer identity information of each person who has filed an information return required 

by reason of section 6051 which the Commissioner of Social Security 

has reason to believe, based on a comparison with information submitted by the Secretary of Homeland Security, contains evidence of 

83

identity fraud due to the multiple use of the same taxpayer identifying 

number (assigned under section 6109) of an employee (within the 

meaning of section 6051). 

‘‘(iii) DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION REGARDING NONPARTICIPATING

EMPLOYERS.—Taxpayer identity information of each person who has 

filed an information return required by reason of section 6051 which 

the Commissioner of Social Security has reason to believe, based on a 

comparison with information submitted by the Secretary of Homeland 

Security, contains evidence of such person’s failure to register and participate in the Electronic Employment Verification System authorized 

under section 274A(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as the ‘System’). 

‘‘(iv) DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION REGARDING NEW EMPLOYEES OF

NONPARTICIPATING EMPLOYERS.—Taxpayer identity information of all 

employees (within the meaning of section 6051) hired after the date a 

person identified in clause (iii) is required to participate in the System 

under section 274A(c)(10) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

‘‘(v) DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION REGARDING EMPLOYEES OF CER- TAIN DESIGNATED EMPLOYERS.—Taxpayer identity information of all employees (within the meaning of section 6051) of each person who is required to participate in the System under such section 274A(c)(10) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

‘‘(vi) DISCLOSURE OF NEW HIRE TAXPAYER IDENTITY INFORMATION.— Taxpayer identity information of each person participating in the System and taxpayer identity information of all employees (within the 

meaning of section 6051) of such person hired during the period beginning with the later of—

‘‘(I) the date such person begins to participate in the System; or ‘‘(II) the date of the request immediately preceding the most 

recent request under this clause, 

ending with the date of the most recent request under this clause. 

‘‘(B) RESTRICTION ON DISCLOSURE.—The Commissioner of Social Security shall disclose taxpayer identity information under subparagraph (A) 

only for purposes of, and to the extent necessary in—

‘‘(i) establishing and enforcing employer participation in the System; 

‘‘(ii) carrying out, including through civil administrative and civil 

judicial proceedings, of sections 212, 217, 235, 237, 238, 274A, 274B, 

and 274C of the Immigration and Nationality Act; and 

‘‘(iii) the civil operation of the Alien Terrorist Removal Court. 

‘‘(C) REIMBURSEMENT.—The Commissioner of Social Security shall prescribe a reasonable fee schedule for furnishing taxpayer identity information under this paragraph and collect such fees in advance from the Secretary of Homeland Security. 

‘‘(D) TERMINATION.—This paragraph shall not apply to any request 

made after the date which is 3 years after the date of the enactment of this 

paragraph.’’. 

(2) COMPLIANCE BY DHS CONTRACTORS WITH CONFIDENTIALITY SAFEGUARDS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Section 6103(p) of such Code is amended by adding 

at the end the following new paragraph: 

‘‘(9) DISCLOSURE TO DHS CONTRACTORS.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, no return or return information shall be disclosed to any 

contractor of the Department of Homeland Security unless the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, to the satisfaction of the Secretary—

‘‘(A) has requirements in effect which require each such contractor 

which would have access to returns or return information to provide safeguards (within the meaning of paragraph (4)) to protect the confidentiality 

of such returns or return information; 

‘‘(B) agrees to conduct an on-site review every 3 years (mid-point review 

in the case of contracts or agreements of less than 1 year in duration) of 

each contractor to determine compliance with such requirements; 

‘‘(C) submits the findings of the most recent review conducted under 

subparagraph (B) to the Secretary as part of the report required by paragraph (4)(E); and 

‘‘(D) certifies to the Secretary for the most recent annual period that 

such contractor is in compliance with all such requirements. 

84

The certification required by subparagraph (D) shall include the name and address of each contractor, a description of the contract or agreement with such 

contractor, and the duration of such contract or agreement.’’. 

(3) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—

(A) Section 6103(a)(3) of such Code is amended by striking ‘‘or (20)’’ and 

inserting ‘‘(20), or (21)’’. 

(B) Section 6103(p)(3)(A) of such Code is amended by adding at the end 

the following new sentence: ‘‘The Commissioner of Social Security shall provide to the Secretary such information as the Secretary may require in carrying out this paragraph with respect to return information inspected or 

disclosed under the authority of subsection (l)(21).’’. 

(C) Section 6103(p)(4) of such Code is amended—

(i) by striking ‘‘or (17)’’ both places it appears and inserting ‘‘(17), 

or (21)’’; and 

(ii) by striking ‘‘or (20)’’ each place it appears and inserting ‘‘(20), 

or (21)’’. 

(D) Section 6103(p)(8)(B) of such Code is amended by inserting ‘‘or 

paragraph (9)’’ after ‘‘subparagraph (A)’’. 

(E) Section 7213(a)(2) of such Code is amended by striking ‘‘or (20)’’ and 

inserting ‘‘(20), or (21)’’. 

(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary 

such sums as are necessary to carry out the amendments made by this section. 

(2) LIMITATION ON VERIFICATION RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY.—The Commissioner of Social Security is authorized to perform 

activities with respect to carrying out the Commissioner’s responsibilities in this 

title or the amendments made by this title, but only to the extent the Secretary 

has provided, in advance, funds to cover the Commissioner’s full costs in carrying out such responsibilities. In no case shall funds from the Federal Old-Age 

and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund or the Federal Disability Insurance Trust 

Fund be used to carry out such responsibilities. 

(d) EFFECTIVE DATES.—

(1) SOCIAL SECURITY ACT.—The amendments made by subsection (a) shall 

take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this 

Act. 

(2) INTERNAL REVENUE CODE.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—The amendments made by subsection (b) shall apply 

to disclosures made after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(B) CERTIFICATIONS.—The first certification under section 6103(p)(9)(D) 

of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as added by subsection (b)(2), shall 

be made with respect to calendar year 2007. 

TITLE IV—NEW WORKER PROGRAM 

SEC. 401. NONIMMIGRANT WORKER. 

Section 101(a)(15)(H) (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(H) an alien—

‘‘(i)(b) subject to section 212(j)(2)—

‘‘(aa) who is coming temporarily to the United States to perform services (other than services described in clause (ii)(a) or subparagraph (O) or (P)) in a specialty occupation described in section 

214(i)(1) or as a fashion model; 

‘‘(bb) who meets the requirements for the occupation specified 

in section 214(i)(2) or, in the case of a fashion model, is of distinguished merit and ability; and 

‘‘(cc) with respect to whom the Secretary of Labor determines 

and certifies to the Secretary of Homeland Security that the intending employer has filed an application with the Secretary in accordance with section 212(n)(1); 

‘‘(b1)(aa) who is entitled to enter the United States under the provisions of an agreement listed in section 214(g)(8)(A); 

‘‘(bb) who is engaged in a specialty occupation described in section 

214(i)(3); and 

‘‘(cc) with respect to whom the Secretary of Labor determines and 

certifies to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Secretary of 

85

State that the intending employer has filed an attestation with the Secretary of Labor in accordance with section 212(t)(1); or 

‘‘(c)(aa) who is coming temporarily to the United States to perform 

services as a registered nurse; 

‘‘(bb) who meets the qualifications described in section 212(m)(1); 

and 

‘‘(cc) with respect to whom the Secretary of Labor determines and 

certifies to the Secretary of Homeland Security that an unexpired attestation is on file and in effect under section 212(m)(2) for the facility (as 

defined in section 212(m)(6)) for which the alien will perform the services; or 

‘‘(ii)(a) who—

‘‘(aa) has a residence in a foreign country which the alien has no 

intention of abandoning; and 

‘‘(bb) is coming temporarily to the United States to perform agricultural labor or services (as defined by the Secretary of Labor), including 

agricultural labor (as defined in section 3121(g) of the Internal Revenue 

Code of 1986), agriculture (as defined in section 3(f) of the Fair Labor 

Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203(f))), and the pressing of apples 

for cider on a farm, of a temporary or seasonal nature; 

‘‘(b) who—

‘‘(aa) has a residence in a foreign country which the alien has 

no intention of abandoning; 

‘‘(bb) is coming temporarily to the United States to perform 

nonagricultural work or services of a temporary or seasonal nature 

(if unemployed persons capable of performing such work or services 

cannot be found in the United States), excluding medical school 

graduates coming to the United States to perform services as members of the medical profession; or 

‘‘(c) who—

‘‘(aa) is coming temporarily to the United States to initially 

perform temporary labor or services other than the labor or services described in clause (i)(b), (i)(b1), (i)(c), (ii)(a), or (iii), subparagraph (D), (E), (I), (L), (O), (P), or (R), or section 214(e) (if United 

States workers who are able, willing, and qualified to perform such 

labor or services cannot be found in the United States); and 

‘‘(bb) meets the requirements of section 218A, including the filing of a petition under such section on behalf of the alien; 

‘‘(iii) who—

‘‘(a) has a residence in a foreign country which the alien has 

no intention of abandoning; and 

‘‘(b) is coming temporarily to the United States as a trainee 

(other than to receive graduate medical education or training) in 

a training program that is not designed primarily to provide productive employment; or 

‘‘(iv) who—

‘‘(a) is the spouse or a minor child of an alien described in this 

subparagraph; and 

‘‘(b) is accompanying or following to join such alien.’’. 

SEC. 402. ADMISSION OF NONIMMIGRANT WORKERS. 

(a) NEW WORKERS.—Chapter 2 of title II (8 U.S.C. 1181 et seq.) is amended by 

inserting after section 218 the following: 

‘‘SEC. 218A. ADMISSION OF H–2C NONIMMIGRANTS. 

‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary of State may grant a temporary visa to an 

H–2C nonimmigrant who demonstrates an intent to perform labor or services in the 

United States (other than the labor or services described in clause (i)(b), (i)(b1), 

(i)(c), (ii)(a), or (iii) of section 101(a)(15)(H), subparagraph (D), (E), (I), (L), (O), (P), 

or (R) of section 101(a)(15), or section 214(e) (if United States workers who are able, 

willing, and qualified to perform such labor or services cannot be found in the 

United States). 

‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.—An alien shall be eligible for H–2C nonimmigrant status if the alien meets the following requirements: 

‘‘(1) ELIGIBILITY TO WORK.—The alien shall establish that the alien is capable of performing the labor or services required for an occupation described in 

section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c). 

‘‘(2) EVIDENCE OF EMPLOYMENT OFFER.—The alien’s evidence of employment 

shall be provided in accordance with the requirements issued by the Secretary 

86

of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor. In carrying out this paragraph, the Secretary may consider evidence from employers, employer associations, and labor representatives. 

‘‘(3) FEE.—The alien shall pay a $500 visa issuance fee in addition to the 

cost of processing and adjudicating such application. Nothing in this paragraph 

shall be construed to affect consular procedures for charging reciprocal fees. 

‘‘(4) MEDICAL EXAMINATION.—The alien shall undergo a medical examination (including a determination of immunization status), at the alien’s expense, 

that conforms to generally accepted standards of medical practice. 

‘‘(5) APPLICATION CONTENT AND WAIVER.— ‘‘(A) APPLICATION FORM.—The alien shall submit to the Secretary of 

State a completed application, which contains evidence that the requirements under paragraphs (1) and (2) have been met. 

‘‘(B) CONTENT.—In addition to any other information that the Secretary 

requires to determine an alien’s eligibility for H–2C nonimmigrant status, 

the Secretary of State shall require an alien to provide information concerning the alien’s—

‘‘(i) physical and mental health; 

‘‘(ii) criminal history and gang membership; 

‘‘(iii) immigration history; and 

‘‘(iv) involvement with groups or individuals that have engaged in 

terrorism, genocide, persecution, or who seek the overthrow of the 

United States Government. 

‘‘(C) KNOWLEDGE.—The alien shall include with the application submitted under this paragraph a signed certification in which the alien certifies that—

‘‘(i) the alien has read and understands all of the questions and 

statements on the application form; 

‘‘(ii) the alien certifies under penalty of perjury under the laws of 

the United States that the application, and any evidence submitted 

with it, are all true and correct; and 

‘‘(iii) the applicant authorizes the release of any information contained in the application and any attached evidence for law enforcement purposes. 

‘‘(c) GROUNDS OF INADMISSIBILITY.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In determining an alien’s admissibility as an H–2C nonimmigrant—

‘‘(A) paragraphs (5), (6) (except subparagraph (E)), (7), (9), and (10)(B) 

of section 212(a) may not apply with respect to conduct that occurred before 

the effective date of the STRIVE Act; 

‘‘(B) the Secretary of Homeland Security may not waive the application 

of—

‘‘(i) subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D)(ii), (E), (G), (H), or (I) of section 

212(a)(2); 

‘‘(ii) section 212(a)(3); or 

‘‘(iii) subparagraph (A), (C) or (D) of section 212(a)(10); 

‘‘(C) the Secretary of State may waive the application of any provision 

of section 212(a) not listed in subparagraph (B) on behalf of an individual 

alien—

‘‘(i) for humanitarian purposes; 

‘‘(ii) to ensure family unity; or 

‘‘(iii) if such a waiver is otherwise in the public interest; 

‘‘(D) nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as affecting the authority of the Secretary other than under this paragraph to waive the provisions of section 212(a). 

‘‘(2) RENEWAL OF AUTHORIZED ADMISSION AND SUBSEQUENT ADMISSIONS.—

An alien seeking renewal of authorized admission or subsequent admission as 

an H–2C nonimmigrant shall establish that the alien is not inadmissible under 

section 212(a). 

‘‘(3) BACKGROUND CHECKS.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall not 

admit, and the Secretary of State shall not issue a visa to, an alien seeking H–

2C nonimmigrant status unless all appropriate background checks have been 

completed. 

‘‘(d) PERIOD OF AUTHORIZED ADMISSION.—

‘‘(1) AUTHORIZED PERIOD.—The initial period of authorized admission as an 

H–2C nonimmigrant shall be 3 years. 

‘‘(2) RENEWAL.—Before the expiration of the initial period under paragraph 

(1), an H–2C nonimmigrant may submit an application to the Secretary of 

87

Homeland Security to extend H–2C nonimmigrant status for 1 additional 3-year 

period. The Secretary may not require an applicant under this paragraph to depart the United States as a condition for granting such extension. 

‘‘(3) INTERNATIONAL COMMUTERS.—An alien who maintains actual residence 

and place of abode outside the United States and commutes into the United 

States to work as an H–2C nonimmigrant, is not subject to the time limitations 

under paragraphs (1) and (2). 

‘‘(4) LOSS OF EMPLOYMENT.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.— ‘‘(i) PERIOD OF UNEMPLOYMENT.—Subject to clause (ii) and subsection (c), the period of authorized admission of an H–2C nonimmigrant shall terminate if the alien is unemployed for 60 or more 

consecutive days. 

‘‘(ii) EXCEPTION.—The period of authorized admission of an H–2C 

nonimmigrant shall not terminate if the alien is unemployed for 60 or 

more consecutive days if the alien submits documentation to the Secretary of Homeland Security that establishes that such unemployment 

was caused by—

‘‘(I) a period of physical or mental disability of the alien or the 

spouse, son, daughter, or parent (as defined in section 101 of the 

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (29 U.S.C. 2611)) of the 

alien; 

‘‘(II) a period of vacation, medical leave, maternity leave, or 

similar leave from employment authorized by employer policy, 

State law, or Federal law; or 

‘‘(III) any other period of temporary unemployment that is the 

direct result of a major disaster or emergency (as defined under 

section 532 of the STRIVE Act. 

‘‘(B) RETURN TO FOREIGN RESIDENCE.—Any alien whose period of authorized admission terminates under subparagraph (A) shall be required to 

leave the United States. 

‘‘(C) PERIOD OF VISA VALIDITY.—Any alien, whose period of authorized 

admission terminates under subparagraph (A), who leaves the United 

States under subparagraph (B), may reenter the United States as an H–

2C nonimmigrant to work for an employer, if the alien has complied with 

the requirements of subsection (b). 

‘‘(5) VISITS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Under regulations established by the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, an H–2C nonimmigrant—

‘‘(i) may travel outside of the United States; and 

‘‘(ii) may be readmitted without having to obtain a new visa if the 

period of authorized admission has not expired. 

‘‘(B) EFFECT ON PERIOD OF AUTHORIZED ADMISSION.—Time spent outside 

the United States under subparagraph (A) shall not extend the period of 

authorized admission in the United States. 

‘‘(6) BARS TO EXTENSION OR ADMISSION.—An alien may not be granted H–

2C nonimmigrant status, or an extension of such status, if—

‘‘(A) the alien has violated any material term or condition of such status granted previously, including failure to comply with the change of address reporting requirements under section 265; 

‘‘(B) the alien is inadmissible as a nonimmigrant; or 

‘‘(C) the granting of such status or extension of such status would allow 

the alien to exceed 6 years as an H–2C nonimmigrant, unless the alien has 

resided and been physically present outside the United States for at least 

1 year after the expiration of such H–2C nonimmigrant status. 

‘‘(e) EVIDENCE OF NONIMMIGRANT STATUS.—Each H–2C nonimmigrant shall be 

issued documentary evidence of nonimmigrant status, which—

‘‘(1) shall be machine-readable, tamper-resistant, and allow for biometric 

authentication; 

‘‘(2) shall, during the alien’s authorized period of admission under subsection (f), serve as a valid entry document for the purpose of applying for admission to the United States—

‘‘(A) instead of a passport and visa if the alien—

‘‘(i) is a national of a foreign territory contiguous to the United 

States; and 

‘‘(ii) is applying for admission at a land border port of entry; and 

‘‘(B) in conjunction with a valid passport, if the alien is applying for admission at an air or sea port of entry; 

88

‘‘(3) may be accepted during the period of its validity by an employer as evidence of employment authorization and identity under section 274A(b)(1)(B); 

and 

‘‘(4) shall be issued to the H–2C nonimmigrant by the Secretary of Homeland Security promptly after final adjudication of such status or, at the discretion of the Secretary of Homeland Security, may be issued by the Secretary of 

State at a consulate instead of a visa. 

‘‘(f) PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO DEPART.—If an H–2C nonimmigrant fails to depart the United States by the date that the alien’s authorized admission as an H–

2C nonimmigrant concludes, the visa of the alien shall be void under section 

222(g)(1) and the alien shall be ineligible to be readmitted to the United States 

under section 222(g)(2). The alien may be removed if found to be within 1 or more 

of the classes of deportable aliens described in section 237. 

‘‘(g) PENALTY FOR ILLEGAL ENTRY OR OVERSTAY.—Any alien who unlawfully enters, attempts to enter, or crosses the border after the date of the enactment of this 

section, and is physically present in the United States after such date in violation 

of the immigration laws of the United States, may not receive, for a period of 10 

years—

‘‘(1) any relief under section 240A(a), 240A(b)(1), or 240B; or 

‘‘(2) nonimmigrant status under section 101(a)(15) (except subparagraphs 

(T) and (U)). 

‘‘(h) PORTABILITY.—A nonimmigrant alien described in this section, who was 

previously issued a visa or otherwise provided H–2C nonimmigrant status, may accept a new offer of employment with a subsequent employer, if—

‘‘(1) the employer complies with section 218B; and 

‘‘(2) the alien, after lawful admission to the United States, did not work 

without authorization. 

‘‘(i) CHANGE OF ADDRESS.—An H–2C nonimmigrant shall comply with the 

change of address reporting requirements under section 265 through electronic or 

paper notification. 

‘‘(j) COLLECTION OF FEES.—All fees other than the application filing fee collected 

under this section shall be deposited in the Treasury in accordance with section 

286(w).’’. 

(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents Immigration and Nationality 

Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 

218 the following:

‘‘Sec. 218A. Admission of H–2C nonimmigrants.’’. 

SEC. 403. EMPLOYER OBLIGATIONS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Title II (8 U.S.C. 1201 et seq.) is amended by inserting after 

section 218A, as added by section 402, the following: 

‘‘SEC. 218B. EMPLOYER OBLIGATIONS. 

‘‘(a) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.—Each employer who employs an H–2C nonimmigrant shall—

‘‘(1) file a petition in accordance with subsection (b); and 

‘‘(2) be required to pay—

‘‘(A) an application filing fee for each alien, based on the cost of carrying out the processing duties under this subsection; and 

‘‘(B) a secondary fee, to be deposited in the Treasury in accordance with 

section 286(w), of—

‘‘(i) $250, in the case of an employer employing 25 employees or 

less; 

‘‘(ii) $500, in the case of an employer employing between 26 and 

150 employees; 

‘‘(iii) $750, in the case of an employer employing between 151 and 

500 employees; or 

‘‘(iv) $1,000, in the case of an employer employing more than 500 

employees. pay the appropriate fee. 

‘‘(b) REQUIRED PROCEDURE.—Except where the Secretary of Labor has determined that there is a shortage of United States workers in the occupation and area 

of intended employment to which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought, each employer 

of H–2C nonimmigrants shall comply with the following requirements: 

‘‘(1) EFFORTS TO RECRUIT UNITED STATES WORKERS.—During the period beginning not later than 90 days before the date on which a petition is filed under 

subsection (a)(1), and ending on the date that is 14 days before to such filing 

89

date, the employer involved shall recruit United States workers for the position 

for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought under the petition, by—

‘‘(A) submitting a copy of the job opportunity, including a description 

of the wages and other terms and conditions of employment and the minimum education, training, experience and other requirements of the job, to 

the State Employment Service Agency that serves the area of employment 

in the State in which the employer is located; 

‘‘(B) authorizing the employment service agency of the State to post the 

job opportunity on the Internet website established under section 405 of the 

STRIVE Act, with local job banks, and with unemployment agencies and 

other labor referral and recruitment sources pertinent to the job involved; 

‘‘(C) authorizing the employment service agency of the State to notify—

‘‘(i) labor organizations in the State in which the job is located; and 

‘‘(ii) if applicable, the office of the local union which represents the 

employees in the same or substantially equivalent job classification of 

the job opportunity; 

‘‘(D) posting the availability of the job opportunity for which the employer is seeking a worker in conspicuous locations at the place of employment for all employees to see; 

‘‘(E) advertising the availability of the job opportunity for which the 

employer is seeking a worker in a publication with the highest circulation 

in the labor market that is likely to be patronized by a potential worker 

for not fewer than 10 consecutive days; and 

‘‘(F) based on recommendations by the local job service, advertising the 

availability of the job opportunity in professional, trade, or ethnic publications that are likely to be patronized by a potential worker. 

‘‘(2) EFFORTS TO EMPLOY UNITED STATES WORKERS.—An employer that seeks 

to employ an H–2C nonimmigrant shall first offer the job to any eligible United 

States worker who applies, is qualified for the job and is available at the time 

of need, notwithstanding any other valid employment criteria. 

‘‘(c) PETITION.—A petition to hire an H–2C nonimmigrant under this section 

shall be filed with the Secretary of Labor and shall include an attestation by the 

employer of the following: 

‘‘(1) PROTECTION OF UNITED STATES WORKERS.—The employment of an H–

2C nonimmigrant—

‘‘(A) will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers in the United States similarly employed; and 

‘‘(B) did not and will not cause the separation from employment of a 

United States worker employed by the employer within the 180-day period 

beginning 90 days before the date on which the petition is filed. 

‘‘(2) WAGES.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The H–2C nonimmigrant will be paid not less than 

the greater of—

‘‘(i) the actual wage level paid by the employer to all other individuals with similar experience and qualifications for the specific employment in question; or 

‘‘(ii) the prevailing wage level for the occupational classification in 

the area of employment, taking into account experience and skill levels 

of employees. 

‘‘(B) CALCULATION.—The wage levels under subparagraph (A) shall be 

calculated based on the best information available at the time of the filing 

of the application. 

‘‘(C) PREVAILING WAGE LEVEL.—For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), 

the prevailing wage level shall be determined in accordance as follows: 

‘‘(i) If the job opportunity is covered by a collective bargaining 

agreement between a union and the employer, the prevailing wage 

shall be the wage rate set forth in the collective bargaining agreement. 

‘‘(ii) If the job opportunity is not covered by such an agreement and 

it is on a project that is covered by a wage determination under a provision of subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40, United States Code, or 

the Service Contract Act of 1965 (41 U.S.C. 351 et seq.), the prevailing 

wage level shall be the appropriate statutory wage. 

‘‘(iii)(I) If the job opportunity is not covered by such an agreement 

and it is not on a project that is covered by a wage determination under 

a provision of subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40, United States 

Code, or the Service Contract Act of 1965 (41 U.S.C. 351 et seq.), the 

prevailing wage level shall be based on published wage data for the occupation from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, including the OccupaVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00095 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
90

tional Employment Statistics survey, Current Employment Statistics 

data, National Compensation Survey, and Occupational Employment 

Projections program. If the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not have 

wage data applicable to such occupation, the employer may base the 

prevailing wage level on another wage survey approved by the Secretary of Labor. 

‘‘(II) The Secretary shall promulgate regulations applicable to approval of such other wage surveys that require, among other things, 

that the Bureau of Labor Statistics determine such surveys are statistically viable. 

‘‘(3) WORKING CONDITIONS.—All workers in the occupation at the place of 

employment at which the H–2C nonimmigrant will be employed will be provided the working conditions and benefits that are normal to workers similarly 

employed in the area of intended employment. 

‘‘(4) LABOR DISPUTE.—There is not a strike, lockout, or work stoppage in the 

course of a labor dispute in the occupation at the place of employment at which 

the H–2C nonimmigrant will be employed. If such strike, lockout, or work stoppage occurs following submission of the petition, the employer will provide notification in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Labor. 

‘‘(5) PROVISION OF INSURANCE.—If the position for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought is not covered by the State workers’ compensation law, the 

employer will provide, at no cost to the H–2C nonimmigrant, insurance covering 

injury and disease arising out of, and in the course of, the worker’s employment, 

which will provide benefits at least equal to those provided under the State 

workers’ compensation law for comparable employment. 

‘‘(6) NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The employer has provided notice of the filing of the 

petition to the bargaining representative of the employer’s employees in the 

occupational classification and area of employment for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought. 

‘‘(B) NO BARGAINING REPRESENTATIVE.—If there is no such bargaining 

representative, the employer has—

‘‘(i) posted a notice of the filing of the petition in a conspicuous location at the place or places of employment for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought; or 

‘‘(ii) electronically disseminated such a notice to the employer’s employees in the occupational classification for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought. 

‘‘(7) RECRUITMENT.—Except where the Secretary of Labor has determined 

that there is a shortage of United States workers in the occupation and area 

of intended employment for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought—

‘‘(A) there are not sufficient workers who are able, willing, and qualified, and who will be available at the time and place needed, to perform 

the labor or services involved in the petition; and 

‘‘(B) good faith efforts have been taken to recruit United States workers, in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Labor, 

which efforts included—

‘‘(i) the completion of recruitment during the period beginning on 

the date that is 90 days before the date on which the petition was filed 

with the Department of Homeland Security and ending on the date 

that is 14 days before such filing date; and 

‘‘(ii) the actual wage paid by the employer for the occupation in the 

areas of intended employment was used in conducting recruitment. 

‘‘(8) INELIGIBILITY.—The employer is not currently ineligible from using the 

H–2C nonimmigrant program described in this section. 

‘‘(9) BONAFIDE OFFER OF EMPLOYMENT.—The job for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought is a bona fide job—

‘‘(A) for which the employer needs labor or services; 

‘‘(B) which has been and is clearly open to any United States worker; 

and 

‘‘(C) for which the employer will be able to place the H–2C nonimmigrant on the payroll. 

‘‘(10) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY AND RECORDS RETENTION.—A copy of each petition filed under this section and documentation supporting each attestation, in 

accordance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Labor, will—

‘‘(A) be provided to every H–2C nonimmigrant employed under the petition; 

91

‘‘(B) be made available for public examination at the employer’s place 

of business or work site; 

‘‘(C) be made available to the Secretary of Labor during any audit; and 

‘‘(D) remain available for examination for 5 years after the date on 

which the petition is filed. 

‘‘(11) NOTIFICATION UPON SEPARATION FROM OR TRANSFER OF EMPLOYMENT.—The employer will notify the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of 

Homeland Security of an H–2C nonimmigrant’s separation from employment or 

transfer to another employer not more than 3 business days after the date of 

such separation or transfer, in accordance with regulations promulgated by the 

Secretary of Homeland Security. 

‘‘(12) ACTUAL NEED FOR LABOR OR SERVICES.—The petition was filed not 

more than 60 days before the date on which the employer needed labor or services for which the H–2C nonimmigrant is sought. 

‘‘(d) AUDIT OF ATTESTATIONS.—

‘‘(1) REFERRALS BY SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY.—The Secretary of 

Homeland Security shall refer all approved petitions for H–2C nonimmigrants 

to the Secretary of Labor for potential audit. 

‘‘(2) AUDITS AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary of Labor may audit any approved 

petition referred pursuant to paragraph (1), in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Labor. 

‘‘(e) INELIGIBLE EMPLOYERS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Labor shall not approve an employer’s 

petitions, applications, certifications, or attestations under any immigrant or 

nonimmigrant program if the Secretary of Labor determines, after notice and 

an opportunity for a hearing, that the employer submitting such documents—

‘‘(A) has, with respect to the attestations required under subsection 

(b)—

‘‘(i) misrepresented a material fact; 

‘‘(ii) made a fraudulent statement; or 

‘‘(iii) failed to comply with the terms of such attestations; or 

‘‘(B) failed to cooperate in the audit process in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Labor. 

‘‘(2) LENGTH OF INELIGIBILITY.—An employer described in paragraph (1) 

shall be ineligible to participate in the labor certification programs of the Secretary of Labor for not less than the time period determined by the Secretary, 

not to exceed 3 years. 

‘‘(3) EMPLOYERS IN HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT AREAS.—The Secretary of Labor 

may not approve any employer’s petition under subsection (b) if the work to be 

performed by the H–2C nonimmigrant is not agriculture based and is located 

in a metropolitan or micropolitan statistical area (as defined by the Office of 

Management and Budget) in which the unemployment rate for workers who 

have not completed any education beyond a high school diploma during the 

most recently completed 6-month period averaged more than 9.0 percent. 

‘‘(f) REGULATION OF FOREIGN LABOR CONTRACTORS.—

‘‘(1) COVERAGE.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law—

‘‘(A) an H–2C nonimmigrant is prohibited from being treated as an 

independent contractor; and 

‘‘(B) no person may treat an H–2C nonimmigrant as an independent 

contractor. 

‘‘(2) APPLICABILITY OF LAWS.—An H–2C nonimmigrant shall not be denied 

any right or any remedy under Federal, State, or local labor or employment law 

that would be applicable to a United States worker employed in a similar position with the employer because of the alien’s status as a nonimmigrant worker. 

‘‘(3) TAX RESPONSIBILITIES.—With respect to each employed H–2C nonimmigrant, an employer shall comply with all applicable Federal, State, and 

local tax and revenue laws. 

‘‘(g) WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION.—

‘‘(1) PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES.—It shall be unlawful for an employer or a labor 

contractor of an H–2C nonimmigrant to intimidate, threaten, restrain, coerce, 

retaliate, discharge, or in any other manner, discriminate against an employee 

or former employee because the employee or former employee—

‘‘(A) discloses information to the employer or any other person that the 

employee or former employee reasonably believes demonstrates a violation 

of this Act, the STRIVE Act, or any other Federal labor or employment law; 

or 

92

‘‘(B) cooperates or seeks to cooperate in an investigation or other proceeding concerning compliance with the requirements of this Act, the 

STRIVE Act, or any other Federal labor or employment law. 

‘‘(2) RULEMAKING.—The Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Homeland 

Security shall jointly promulgate regulations that establish a process by which 

a nonimmigrant alien described in section 101(a)(15)(H) who files a nonfrivolous 

complaint (as defined by the Federal Rules of Civil Rules) regarding a violation 

of this Act, the STRIVE Act, or any other Federal labor or employment law, or 

any other rule or regulation pertaining to such laws and is otherwise eligible 

to remain and work in the United States may be allowed to seek other appropriate employment in the United States—

‘‘(A) for a period not to exceed the maximum period of stay authorized 

for that nonimmigrant classification; or 

‘‘(B) until the conclusion of the proceedings governing the complaint. 

‘‘(h) LABOR RECRUITERS.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Each employer that engages in foreign labor contracting 

activity and each foreign labor contractor shall ascertain and disclose, to each 

such worker who is recruited for employment at the time of the worker’s recruitment—

‘‘(A) the place of employment; 

‘‘(B) the compensation for the employment; 

‘‘(C) a description of employment activities; 

‘‘(D) the period of employment; 

‘‘(E) any other employee benefit to be provided and any costs to be 

charged for each benefit; 

‘‘(F) any travel or transportation expenses to be assessed; 

‘‘(G) the existence of any labor organizing effort, strike, lockout, or 

other labor dispute at the place of employment; 

‘‘(H) the existence of any arrangement with any owner, employer, foreign contractor, or its agent where such person receives a commission from 

the provision of items or services to workers; 

‘‘(I) the extent to which workers will be compensated through workers’ 

compensation, private insurance, or otherwise for injuries or death, including—

‘‘(i) work related injuries and death during the period of employment; 

‘‘(ii) the name of the State workers’ compensation insurance carrier 

or the name of the policyholder of the private insurance; 

‘‘(iii) the name and the telephone number of each person who must 

be notified of an injury or death; and 

‘‘(iv) the time period within which such notice must be given; 

‘‘(J) any education or training to be provided or required, including—

‘‘(i) the nature and cost of such training; 

‘‘(ii) the entity that will pay such costs; and 

‘‘(iii) whether the training is a condition of employment, continued 

employment, or future employment; and 

‘‘(K) a statement, in a form specified by the Secretary of Labor, describing the protections of this Act for workers recruited abroad. 

‘‘(2) FALSE OR MISLEADING INFORMATION.—No foreign labor contractor or 

employer who engages in foreign labor contracting activity shall knowingly provide materially false or misleading information to any worker concerning any 

matter required to be disclosed in paragraph (1). 

‘‘(3) LANGUAGES.—The information required to be disclosed under paragraph (1) shall be provided in writing in English or, as necessary and reasonable, in the language of the worker being recruited. The Secretary of Labor 

shall make forms available in English, Spanish, and other languages, as necessary, which may be used in providing workers with information required 

under this section. 

‘‘(4) FEES.—A person conducting a foreign labor contracting activity shall 

not assess any fee to a worker for such foreign labor contracting activity. 

‘‘(5) TERMS.—No employer or foreign labor contractor shall, without justification, violate the terms of any agreement made by that contractor or employer regarding employment under this program. 

‘‘(6) TRAVEL COSTS.—If the foreign labor contractor or employer charges the 

employee for transportation such transportation costs shall be reasonable. 

‘‘(7) OTHER WORKER PROTECTIONS.—

‘‘(A) NOTIFICATION.—Not less frequently than once every 2 years, each 

employer shall notify the Secretary of Labor of the identity of any foreign 

93

labor contractor engaged by the employer in any foreign labor contractor activity for, or on behalf of, the employer. 

‘‘(B) REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN LABOR CONTRACTORS.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—No person shall engage in foreign labor recruiting activity unless such person has a certificate of registration from the 

Secretary of Labor specifying the activities that such person is authorized to perform. An employer who retains the services of a foreign labor 

contractor shall only use those foreign labor contractors who are registered under this subparagraph. 

‘‘(ii) ISSUANCE.—The Secretary shall promulgate regulations to establish an efficient electronic process for the investigation and approval 

of an application for a certificate of registration of foreign labor contractors not later than 14 days after such application is filed, including—

‘‘(I) requirements under paragraphs (1), (4), and (5) of section 

102 of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection 

Act (29 U.S.C. 1812); 

‘‘(II) an expeditious means to update registrations and renew 

certificates; and 

‘‘(III) any other requirements that the Secretary may prescribe. 

‘‘(iii) TERM.—Unless suspended or revoked, a certificate under this 

subparagraph shall be valid for 2 years. 

‘‘(iv) REFUSAL TO ISSUE; REVOCATION; SUSPENSION.—In accordance 

with regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary 

may refuse to issue or renew, or may suspend or revoke, a certificate 

of registration under this subparagraph if—

‘‘(I) the application or holder of the certification has knowingly 

made a material misrepresentation in the application for such certificate; 

‘‘(II) the applicant for, or holder of, the certification is not the 

real party in interest in the application or certificate of registration 

and the real party in interest—

‘‘(aa) is a person who has been refused issuance or renewal of a certificate; 

‘‘(bb) has had a certificate suspended or revoked; or 

‘‘(cc) does not qualify for a certificate under this paragraph; or 

‘‘(III) the applicant for or holder of the certification has failed 

to comply with this Act. 

‘‘(C) REMEDY FOR VIOLATIONS.—An employer engaging in foreign labor 

contracting activity and a foreign labor contractor that violates the provisions of this subsection shall be subject to remedies for foreign labor contractor violations under subsections (k) and (l). If a foreign labor contractor 

acting as an agent of an employer violates any provision of this subsection, 

the employer shall be subject to remedies under subsections (k) and (l). An 

employer that violates a provision of this subsection relating to employer 

obligations shall be subject to remedies under subsections (k) and (l). 

‘‘(D) EMPLOYER NOTIFICATION.—An employer shall notify the Secretary 

of Labor if the employer becomes aware of a violation of this subsection by 

a foreign labor recruiter. 

‘‘(E) WRITTEN AGREEMENTS.—A foreign labor contractor may not violate 

the terms of any written agreements made with an employer relating to 

any contracting activity or worker protection under this subsection. 

‘‘(F) BONDING REQUIREMENT.—The Secretary of Labor may require a 

foreign labor contractor to post a bond in an amount sufficient to ensure 

the protection of individuals recruited by the foreign labor contractor. The 

Secretary may consider the extent to which the foreign labor contractor has 

sufficient ties to the United States to adequately enforce this subsection. 

‘‘(i) WAIVER OF RIGHTS PROHIBITED.—An H–2C nonimmigrant may not be required to waive any rights or protections under this Act. Nothing under this subsection shall be construed to affect the interpretation of other laws. 

‘‘(j) NO THREATENING OF EMPLOYEES.—It shall be a violation of this section for 

an employer who has filed an attestation with the Department of Labor as part of 

the petition process under this section to threaten the alien beneficiary of such a 

petition with the withdrawal of such a petition in retaliation for the beneficiary’s 

exercise of a right protected by this Act. 

‘‘(k) ENFORCEMENT.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Labor shall promulgate regulations for 

the receipt, investigation, and disposition of complaints by an aggrieved person 

respecting a violation of this section. 

94

‘‘(2) FILING DEADLINE.—No investigation or hearing shall be conducted on 

a complaint concerning a violation under this section unless the complaint was 

filed not later than 12 months after the date of such violation. 

‘‘(3) REASONABLE BASIS.—The Secretary of Labor shall conduct an investigation under this subsection if there is reasonable basis to believe that a violation 

of this section has occurred. The process established under this subsection shall 

provide that, not later than 30 days after a complaint is filed, the Secretary 

shall determine if there is reasonable cause to find such a violation. 

‘‘(4) NOTICE AND HEARING.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 60 days after the Secretary of Labor 

makes a determination of reasonable basis under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall issue a notice to the interested parties and offer an opportunity 

for a hearing on the complaint, in accordance with section 556 of title 5, 

United States Code. 

‘‘(B) COMPLAINT.—If the Secretary of Labor, after receiving a complaint 

under this subsection, does not offer the aggrieved person or organization 

an opportunity for a hearing under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall 

notify the aggrieved person or organization of such determination and the 

aggrieved person or organization may seek a hearing on the complaint 

under procedures established by the Secretary which comply with the requirements of section 556. 

‘‘(C) HEARING DEADLINE.—Not later than 60 days after the date of a 

hearing under this paragraph, the Secretary of Labor shall make a finding 

on the matter in accordance with paragraph (5). 

‘‘(5) ATTORNEYS’ FEES.—A complainant who prevails with respect to a claim 

under this subsection shall be entitled to an award of reasonable attorneys’ fees 

and costs. 

‘‘(6) POWER OF THE SECRETARY.—The Secretary may bring an action in any 

court of competent jurisdiction—

‘‘(A) to seek remedial action, including injunctive relief; 

‘‘(B) to recover the damages described in subsection (i); or 

‘‘(C) to ensure compliance with terms and conditions described in subsection (g). 

‘‘(7) SOLICITOR OF LABOR.—Except as provided in section 518(a) of title 28, 

United States Code, the Solicitor of Labor may appear for and represent the 

Secretary of Labor in any civil litigation brought under this subsection. All such 

litigation shall be subject to the direction and control of the Attorney General. 

‘‘(8) PROCEDURES IN ADDITION TO OTHER RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES.—The rights 

and remedies provided to workers under this section are in addition to any 

other contractual or statutory rights and remedies of the workers, and are not 

intended to alter or affect such rights and remedies. 

‘‘(l) PENALTIES.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary of Labor finds a violation of subsection (b), (e), (f), or (g), the Secretary 

may impose administrative remedies and penalties, including—

‘‘(A) back wages; 

‘‘(B) benefits; and 

‘‘(C) civil monetary penalties. 

‘‘(2) CIVIL PENALTIES.—The Secretary of Labor may impose, as a civil penalty—

‘‘(A) for a violation of any of subsections (b) through (g)—

‘‘(i) a fine in an amount not to exceed $2,000 per violation per affected worker; 

‘‘(ii) if the violation was willful, a fine in an amount not to exceed 

$5,000 per violation per affected worker; 

‘‘(iii) if the violation was willful and if in the course of such violation a United States worker was harmed, a fine in an amount not to 

exceed $25,000 per violation per affected worker; and 

‘‘(B) for a violation of subsection (h)—

‘‘(i) a fine in an amount not less than $500 and not more than 

$4,000 per violation per affected worker; 

‘‘(ii) if the violation was willful, a fine in an amount not less than 

$2,000 and not more than $5,000 per violation per affected worker; and 

‘‘(iii) if the violation was willful and if in the course of such violation a United States worker was harmed, a fine in an amount not less 

than $6,000 and not more than $35,000 per violation per affected worker. 

95

‘‘(3) USE OF CIVIL PENALTIES.—All penalties collected under this subsection 

shall be deposited in the Treasury in accordance with section 286(w). 

‘‘(4) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—If a willful and knowing violation of subsection 

(g) causes extreme physical or financial harm to an individual, the person in 

violation of such subsection may be imprisoned for not more than 6 months, 

fined in an amount not more than $35,000, or both. 

‘‘(m) INCREASED PENALTIES.—Any employer of an H–2C nonimmigrant that is 

subject to a fine under section 16 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 

216) or the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 666) for a violation affecting such alien, shall be required to pay a fine equal to twice the fine that 

would otherwise be assessed under such sections. 

‘‘(n) DEFINITIONS.—In this section and in sections 218A, 218C, and 218D: 

‘‘(1) AGGRIEVED PERSON.—term ‘aggrieved person’ means a person adversely 

affected by an alleged violation of this section, including—

‘‘(A) a worker whose job, wages, or working conditions are adversely affected by the violation; and 

‘‘(B) a representative for workers whose jobs, wages, or working conditions are adversely affected by the violation who brings a complaint on behalf of such worker. 

‘‘(2) AREA OF EMPLOYMENT.—The terms ‘area of employment’ and ‘area of 

intended employment’ mean the area within normal commuting distance of the 

worksite or physical location at which the work of the H–2C worker is or will 

be performed. If such worksite or location is within a Metropolitan Statistical 

Area, any place within such area is deemed to be within the area of employment. 

‘‘(3) ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUAL.—The term ‘eligible individual’ means, with respect to employment, an individual who is not an unauthorized alien (as defined 

in section 274A) with respect to that employment. 

‘‘(4) EMPLOY; EMPLOYEE; EMPLOYER.—The terms ‘employ’, ‘employee’, and 

‘employer’ have the meanings given such terms in section 3 of the Fair Labor 

Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203). 

‘‘(5) FOREIGN LABOR CONTRACTOR.—The term ‘foreign labor contractor’ 

means any person who for any compensation or other valuable consideration 

paid or promised to be paid, performs any foreign labor contracting activity. 

‘‘(6) FOREIGN LABOR CONTRACTING ACTIVITY.—The term ‘foreign labor contracting activity’ means recruiting, soliciting, hiring, employing, or furnishing, 

an individual who resides outside of the United States for employment in the 

United States as a nonimmigrant alien described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c). 

‘‘(7) H–2C NONIMMIGRANT.—The term ‘H–2C nonimmigrant’ means a nonimmigrant described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c). 

‘‘(8) SEPARATION FROM EMPLOYMENT.—The term ‘separation from employment’ means the worker’s loss of employment, other than through a discharge 

for inadequate performance, violation of workplace rules, cause, voluntary departure, voluntary retirement, or the expiration of a grant or contract. The term 

does not include any situation in which the worker is offered, as an alternative 

to such loss of employment, a similar employment opportunity with the same 

employer at equivalent or higher compensation and benefits than the position 

from which the employee was discharged, regardless of whether the employee 

accepts the offer. Nothing in this paragraph shall limit an employee’s rights 

under a collective bargaining agreement or other employment contract. 

‘‘(9) UNITED STATES WORKER.—The term ‘United States worker’ means an 

employee who is—

‘‘(A) a citizen or national of the United States; or 

‘‘(B) an alien who is—

‘‘(i) lawfully admitted for permanent residence; 

‘‘(ii) admitted as a refugee under section 207; 

‘‘(iii) granted asylum under section 208; or 

‘‘(iv) otherwise authorized, under this Act or by the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, to be employed in the United States.’’. 

(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents is amended by inserting after 

the item relating to section 218A, as added by section 402, the following:

‘‘Sec. 218B. Employer obligations.’’. 

SEC. 404. ALIEN EMPLOYMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Title II (8 U.S.C. 1151 et seq.) is amended by inserting after 

section 218B, as added by section 403, the following: 

96

‘‘SEC. 218C. ALIEN EMPLOYMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. 

‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with 

the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of State, and the Commissioner of Social Security, shall develop and implement a program (referred to in this section as the ‘alien 

employment management system’) to manage and track the employment of aliens 

described in sections 218A and 218D. 

‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS.—The alien employment management system shall—

‘‘(1) collect sufficient information from employers to enable the Secretary of 

Homeland Security to determine—

‘‘(A) if the nonimmigrant is employed; 

‘‘(B) which employers have hired an H–2C nonimmigrant; 

‘‘(C) the number of H–2C nonimmigrants that an employer is authorized to hire and is currently employing; 

‘‘(D) the occupation, industry, and length of time that an H–2C nonimmigrant has been employed in the United States; 

‘‘(2) allow employers to request approval of multiple H–2C nonimmigrant 

workers; and 

‘‘(3) permit employers to submit applications under this section in an electronic form.’’. 

(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents for the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) is amended by inserting after the item relating 

to section 218B, as added by section 403, the following:

‘‘Sec. 218C. Alien employment management system.’’. 

SEC. 405. RECRUITMENT OF UNITED STATES WORKERS. 

(a) ELECTRONIC JOB REGISTRY.—The Secretary of Labor shall establish a publicly accessible Web page on the Internet website of the Department of Labor that 

provides a single Internet link to each State workforce agency’s statewide electronic 

registry of jobs available throughout the United States to United States workers. 

(b) RECRUITMENT OF UNITED STATES WORKERS.—

(1) POSTING.—An employer shall attest that the employer has posted an 

employment opportunity at a prevailing wage level (as described in section 

218B(b)(2)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act). 

(2) RECORDS.—An employer shall maintain records for not less than 1 year 

after the date on which an H–2C nonimmigrant is hired that describe the reasons for not hiring any of the United States workers who may have applied for 

such position. 

(c) OVERSIGHT AND MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS.—The Secretary of Labor shall 

promulgate regulations regarding the maintenance of electronic job registry records 

for the purpose of audit or investigation. 

(d) ACCESS TO ELECTRONIC JOB REGISTRY.—The Secretary of Labor shall ensure 

that job opportunities advertised on an electronic job registry established under this 

section are accessible—

(1) by the State workforce agencies, which may further disseminate job opportunity information to other interested parties; and 

(2) through the Internet, for access by workers, employers, labor organizations, and other interested parties. 

SEC. 406. NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS. 

Section 214(g)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1184(g)) is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘(beginning with fiscal year 1992)’’; 

(2) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period at the end and inserting ‘‘; 

and’’; and 

(3) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(C) under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c), may not exceed—

‘‘(i) 400,000 for the first fiscal year in which the program is implemented; 

‘‘(ii) in any subsequent fiscal year, subject to clause (iii)—

‘‘(I) if the total number of visas allocated for that fiscal year 

are allotted within the first quarter of that fiscal year, then an additional 20 percent of the allocated number shall be made available 

immediately and the allocated amount for the following fiscal year 

shall increase by 20 percent of the original allocated amount in the 

prior fiscal year; 

‘‘(II) if the total number of visas allocated for that fiscal year 

are allotted within the second quarter of that fiscal year, then an 

additional 15 percent of the allocated number shall be made availVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00102 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
97

able immediately and the allocated amount for the following fiscal 

year shall increase by 15 percent of the original allocated amount 

in the prior fiscal year; 

‘‘(III) if the total number of visas allocated for that fiscal year 

are allotted within the third quarter of that fiscal year, then an additional 10 percent of the allocated number shall be made available 

immediately and the allocated amount for the following fiscal year 

shall increase by 10 percent of the original allocated amount in the 

prior fiscal year; 

‘‘(IV) if the total number of visas allocated for that fiscal year 

are allotted within the last quarter of that fiscal year, the allocated 

amount for the following fiscal year shall increase by 10 percent of 

the original allocated amount in the prior fiscal year; and 

‘‘(V) with the exception of the first subsequent fiscal year to 

the fiscal year in which the program is implemented, if fewer visas 

were allotted the previous fiscal year than the number of visas allocated for that year and the reason was not due to processing delays 

or delays in promulgating regulations, then the allocated amount 

for the following fiscal year shall decrease by 10 percent of the allocated amount in the prior fiscal year; and 

‘‘(iii) 600,000 for any fiscal year.’’. 

SEC. 407. ADJUSTMENT TO LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS. 

Section 245 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1255) is amended 

by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(n)(1) For purposes of adjustment of status under subsection (a), employmentbased immigrant visas shall be made available to an alien having nonimmigrant 

status described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c) upon the filing of a petition for such 

a visa—

‘‘(A) by the alien’s employer; or 

‘‘(B) by the alien, if the alien has been employed as an H–2C nonimmigrant 

in the United States for a cumulative total of 5 years. 

‘‘(2) An alien applying for adjustment of status under paragraph (1)(B) shall—

‘‘(A) pay an application fee of $500 which shall be credited to the State Impact Assistance Account established under section 286(x), in addition to the fee 

established by the Secretary of Homeland Security to process an application for 

adjustment of status; 

‘‘(B) be physically present in the United States; 

‘‘(C) establish evidence of employment; and 

‘‘(D)(i) meet the requirements under section 312; or 

‘‘(ii) be satisfactorily pursuing a course of study to achieve such an understanding of English and knowledge and understanding of the history and government of the United States. 

‘‘(3)(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, an alien described 

in paragraph (1)(B) shall be considered, at the time of obtaining the status of an 

alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, to have obtained such status on 

a conditional basis for a period not to exceed two years subject to the provisions of 

this subsection. 

‘‘(B) In order for the conditional basis established under this subsection for an 

alien to be removed, the alien shall submit to the Secretary, during the 90-day period before the second anniversary of the alien’s obtaining the status of lawful admission for permanent residence, a petition which requests the removal of such conditional basis and states, under penalty of perjury, the facts and information described in subparagraph (G). 

‘‘(C) In the case of an alien with permanent resident status on a conditional 

basis under this subsection, if no petition is filed with respect to the alien in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph, status shall be terminated. 

‘‘(D) In any removal proceeding with respect to an alien whose permanent resident status is terminated under subparagraph (B), the burden of proof shall be on 

the alien to establish compliance with the conditions of this subsection. 

‘‘(E) If the Secretary determines that such facts and information are true, the 

Secretary shall so notify the parties involved and shall remove the conditional basis 

of the party effective as of the second anniversary of the alien’s obtaining the status 

of lawful admission for permanent residence 

‘‘(F) If the Secretary determines that such facts and information are not true, 

the Secretary shall so notify the parties involved and, shall terminate the permanent resident status of an alien as of the date of the determination. 

98

‘‘(G) Each petition under this paragraph for removal of conditional status shall 

contain the following facts and information: 

‘‘(i) Evidence of continued employment. 

‘‘(ii) Evidence of employment in an area that is not a high unemployment 

area described in section 218B. 

‘‘(iii) Evidence of compliance with—

‘‘(I) section 602(g) of the STRIVE Act of 2007, regarding payment of income taxes 

‘‘(II) section 602(h) of such Act, regarding basic citizenship skills 

‘‘(III) section 602(i) of such Act, regarding security and law enforcement 

background checks; 

‘‘(IV) section 602(j) of such Act, regarding military selective service; and 

‘‘(V) section 602(k) of such Act, regarding treatment of conditional nonimmigrant dependents. 

‘‘(4) An alien shall demonstrate evidence of employment in accordance with section 602(a)(3) of the STRIVE Act. It is the sense of the Congress that the requirement under this paragraph should be interpreted and implemented in a manner 

that recognizes and takes into account the difficulties encountered by aliens in obtaining evidence of employment. Such alien shall prove, by a preponderance of the 

evidence, that the alien has satisfied the requirements of this subsection. An alien 

may meet such burden of proof by producing sufficient evidence to demonstrate such 

employment as a matter of reasonable inference. 

‘‘(5) An alien who demonstrates that the alien meets the requirements of section 

312 may be considered to have satisfied the requirements of that section for purposes of becoming naturalized as a citizen of the United States under title III. 

‘‘(6) Filing a petition under paragraph (1) on behalf of an alien or otherwise 

seeking permanent residence in the United States for such alien shall not constitute 

evidence of the alien’s ineligibility for nonimmigrant status under section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c). 

‘‘(7) The limitation regarding the period of authorized stay under section 

218D(9)(d) shall not apply to an H–2C nonimmigrant if—

‘‘(A) a labor certification petition filed under section 203(b) on behalf of such 

alien is pending; 

‘‘(B) an immigrant visa petition filed under section 204(b) on behalf of such 

alien is pending; or 

‘‘(C) an application for adjustment of status under paragraph (1)(B) is pending. 

‘‘(8) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall extend the stay of an alien who 

qualifies for an exemption under paragraph (6) in 1-year increments until a final 

decision is made on the alien’s lawful permanent residence. 

‘‘(9) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prevent an alien having 

nonimmigrant status described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c) from filing an application for adjustment of status under this section in accordance with any other provision of law.’’. 

SEC. 408. REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State, in cooperation with the Secretary and 

the Attorney General, shall negotiate with each home country of aliens described 

in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by 

section 401, to enter into a bilateral agreement with the United States that conforms to the requirements under subsection (b). 

(b) REQUIREMENTS OF BILATERAL AGREEMENTS.—Each agreement negotiated 

under subsection (a) shall require the participating home country to—

(1) accept the return of nationals who are ordered removed from the United 

States within 3 days of such removal; 

(2) cooperate with the United States Government to—

(A) identify, track, and reduce gang membership, violence, and human 

trafficking and smuggling; and 

(B) control illegal immigration; 

(3) provide the United States Government with—

(A) passport information and criminal records of aliens who are seeking 

admission to, or are present in, the United States; and 

(B) admission and entry data to facilitate United States entry-exit data 

systems; 

(4) educate nationals of the home country regarding United States temporary worker programs to ensure that such nationals are not exploited; and 

(5) evaluate means to provide housing incentives in the alien’s home country for returning workers. 

99

SEC. 409. COMPLIANCE INVESTIGATORS. 

The Secretary of Labor, subject to the availability of appropriations for such 

purpose, shall annually increase, by not less than 2,000, the number of positions for 

compliance investigators dedicated to enforcing compliance with this title, and the 

amendments made by this title. 

SEC. 410. STANDING COMMISSION ON IMMIGRATION AND LABOR MARKETS. 

(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION.— (1) IN GENERAL.—There is established an independent Federal agency within the Executive Branch to be known as the Standing Commission on Immigration and Labor Markets (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Commission’’). 

(2) PURPOSES.—The purposes of the Commission are—

(A) to study the new worker program established under this title to 

admit H–2C nonimmigrants (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Program’’); 

(B) to make recommendations to the President and Congress with respect to the Program. 

(3) MEMBERSHIP.—The Commission shall be composed of—

(A) 6 voting members—

(i) who shall be appointed by the President, with the advice and 

consent of the Senate, not later than 6 months after the establishment 

of the Program; 

(ii) who shall serve for 3-year staggered terms, which can be extended for 1 additional 3-year term; 

(iii) who shall select a Chair from among the voting members to 

serve a 2-year term, which can be extended for 1 additional 2-year 

term; 

(iv) who shall have expertise in economics, demography, labor, 

business, or immigration or other pertinent qualifications or experience; 

(v) who may not be an employee of the Federal Government or of 

any State or local government; and 

(vi) not more than 3 of whom may be members of the same political 

party. 

(B) 7 ex-officio members, including—

(i) the Secretary; 

(ii) the Secretary of State; 

(iii) the Attorney General; 

(iv) the Secretary of Labor; 

(v) the Secretary of Commerce; 

(vi) the Secretary of Health and Human Services; and 

(vii) the Secretary of Agriculture. 

(4) VACANCIES.—Any vacancy in the Commission shall be filled in the same 

manner as the original appointment. 

(5) MEETINGS.—

(A) INITIAL MEETING.—The Commission shall meet and begin carrying 

out the duties described in subsection (b) as soon as practicable. 

(B) SUBSEQUENT MEETINGS.—After its initial meeting, the Commission 

shall meet upon the call of the Chair or a majority of its members. 

(C) QUORUM.—Four voting members of the Commission shall constitute 

a quorum. 

(b) DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION.—The Commission shall—

(1) examine and analyze—

(A) the development and implementation of the Program; 

(B) the criteria for the admission of temporary workers under the Program; 

(C) the formula for determining the annual numerical limitations of the 

Program; 

(D) the impact of the Program on immigration; 

(E) the impact of the Program on the economy, unemployment rate, 

wages, workforce, and businesses of the United States; and 

(F) any other matters regarding the Program that the Commission considers appropriate; 

(2) not later than February 1, 2009, and every 2 years thereafter, submit 

a report to the President and Congress that—

(A) contains the findings of the analysis conducted under paragraph (1); 

(B) makes recommendations regarding the necessary adjustments to 

the numerical limits of the Program in section 214(g)(1)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by section 406, to meet the labor market 

needs of the United States; and 

100

(C) makes other recommendations regarding the Program, including 

legislative or administrative action, that the Commission determines to be 

in the national interest. 

(3) upon receiving a request from Congress, examine, analyze, and report 

findings or recommendations regarding any other employment-based immigration and visa program. 

(c) INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE FROM FEDERAL AGENCIES.— (1) INFORMATION.—The head of any Federal department or agency that receives a request from the Commission for information, including suggestions, estimates, and statistics, as the Commission considers necessary to carry out the 

provisions of this section, shall furnish such information to the Commission, to 

the extent allowed by law. 

(2) ASSISTANCE.— (A) GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION.—The Administrator of General 

Services shall, on a reimbursable basis, provide the Commission with administrative support and other services for the performance of the Commission’s functions. 

(B) OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES.—The departments and agencies of the 

United States may provide the Commission with such services, funds, facilities, staff, and other support services as the heads of such departments and 

agencies determine advisable and authorized by law. 

(d) PERSONNEL MATTERS.— (1) STAFF.— (A) APPOINTMENT AND COMPENSATION.—The Chair, in accordance with 

rules agreed upon by the Commission, may appoint and fix the compensation of a staff director and such other personnel as may be necessary to enable the Commission to carry out its functions. 

(B) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES.— (i) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under clause (ii), the executive 

director and any personnel of the Commission who are employees shall 

be considered to be employees under section 2105 of title 5, United 

States Code, for purposes of chapters 63, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89,and 90 

of such title. 

(ii) COMMISSION MEMBERS .—Clause (i) shall not apply to members 

of the Commission. 

(2) DETAILEES.—Any employee of the Federal Government may be detailed 

to the Commission without reimbursement from the Commission. Such detailee 

shall retain the rights, status, and privileges of his or her regular employment 

without interruption. 

(3) CONSULTANT SERVICES.—The Commission may procure the services of 

experts and consultants in accordance with section 3109 of title 5, United States 

Code, at rates not to exceed the daily rate paid a person occupying a position 

at level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of such title 5. 

(e) COMPENSATION AND TRAVEL EXPENSES.—

(1) COMPENSATION.—Each voting member of the Commission may be compensated at a rate not to exceed the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic 

pay in effect for a position at level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 

5315 of title 5, United States Code, for each day during which that member is 

engaged in the actual performance of the duties of the Commission. 

(2) TRAVEL EXPENSES.—Members of the Commission shall be allowed travel 

expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in the same manner as persons employed intermittently in the Government service are allowed expenses 

under section 5703(b) of title 5, United States Code, while away from their 

homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Commission. 

(f) DETERMINATION OF NEW LEVELS OF PROGRAM VISAS.—The numeric levels for 

visas under the Program shall be set automatically for the first fiscal year beginning 

after the report is submitted under subsection (b)(2) based on the numeric levels determined in the most recent fiscal year, as adjusted by section 214(g)(1)(C) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act, unless Congress enacts legislation before September 30, 2009, that—

(1) establishes the baseline numeric levels of Program visas for such fiscal 

year; and 

(2) makes amendments, as necessary, to such section 214(g)(1)(C). 

(g) FUNDING.—Fees and fines deposited into the New Worker and Conditional 

Nonimmigrants Fee Account under section 286(w)(3)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act may be used by the Commission to carry out its duties under this section. 

101

SEC. 411. ADMISSION OF NONIMMIGRANTS. 

(a) PRESUMPTION OF NONIMMIGRANT STATUS.—Section 214(b) (8 U.S.C. 1184(b)) 

is amended by striking ‘‘and other than’’ and inserting ‘‘a nonimmigrant described 

in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(c)), and’’. 

(b) EVIDENCE TO ABANDON FOREIGN RESIDENCE.—Section 214(h) (8 U.S.C. 

1184(h)) is amended by striking ‘‘H(i)(b) or (c),’’ and inserting ‘‘(H)(i)(b), H(i)(c), 

(H)(ii)(c),’’. 

SEC. 412. AGENCY REPRESENTATION AND COORDINATION. 

Section 274A(e) (8 U.S.C. 1324a(e)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (2)—

(A) in subparagraph (A), by striking the comma at the end and inserting a semicolon; 

(B) in subparagraph (B), by striking ‘‘, and’’ and inserting a semicolon; 

(C) in subparagraph (C), by striking ‘‘paragraph (2).’’ And inserting 

‘‘paragraph (1); and’’; and 

(D) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following: 

‘‘(D) United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials may 

not misrepresent to employees or employers that they are a member of any 

agency or organization that provides domestic violence services, enforces 

health and safety law or other labor laws, provides health care services, or 

any other services intended to protect life and safety.’’; and 

(2) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(10) COORDINATION.—An investigation under paragraph (1)(C) shall be coordinated with the appropriate regional office of the National Labor Relations 

Board, the Department of Labor, and all relevant State and local agencies that 

are charged with enforcing workplace standards. Evidence gathered from such 

agencies shall be considered in determining whether the entity under investigation has violated subsection (a).’’. 

SEC. 413. SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—It is the sense of the Congress that the Secretary of Labor, 

not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, should amend 

section 1910.132(a) of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, to require employers to 

provide personal protective equipment to employees at no cost. Any future regulation promulgated under such section should require such equipment be provided to 

employees at no cost. 

(b) DEFINED TERM.—In this section, the term ‘‘personal protective equipment’’ 

has the meaning given the term in section 1910.132(a) of title 29, Code of Federal 

Regulations (or any corresponding similar regulation or ruling). 

SEC. 414. RULEMAKING; EFFECTIVE DATE. 

(a) RULEMAKING.—Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of the 

STRIVE Act, the Secretary of Labor shall promulgate regulations, in accordance 

with the notice and comment provisions of section 553 of title 5, United States Code, 

to carry out the provisions of sections 218A and 218B of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by this title. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by sections 402, 403, and 404 

shall take effect on the date that is 1 year after the date of the enactment of this 

Act with regard to aliens, who, on such effective date, are in the foreign country 

where they maintain residence. 

SEC. 415. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to 

carry out this title. 

TITLE V—VISA REFORMS 

Subtitle A—Backlog Reduction 

SEC. 501. ELIMINATION OF EXISTING BACKLOGS. 

(a) FAMILY-SPONSORED IMMIGRANTS.—Section 201(c) (8 U.S.C. 1151(c)) is 

amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(c) WORLDWIDE LEVEL OF FAMILY-SPONSORED IMMIGRANTS.—The worldwide 

level of family-sponsored immigrants under this subsection for a fiscal year is equal 

to the sum of—

‘‘(1) 480,000; 

102

‘‘(2) the difference between the maximum number of visas authorized to be 

issued under this subsection during the previous fiscal year and the number of 

visas issued during the previous fiscal year; 

‘‘(3) the difference between—

‘‘(A) the maximum number of visas authorized to be issued under this 

subsection during fiscal years 2001 through 2005 minus the number of 

visas issued under this subsection during those fiscal years; and 

‘‘(B) the number of visas calculated under subparagraph (A) that were 

issued after fiscal year 2005.’’. 

(b) EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANTS.—Section 201(d) (8 U.S.C. 1151(d)) is 

amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(d) WORLDWIDE LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANTS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The worldwide level of employment-based immigrants 

under this subsection for a fiscal year is equal to the sum of—

‘‘(A) 290,000; 

‘‘(B) the difference between the maximum number of visas authorized 

to be issued under this subsection during the previous fiscal year and the 

number of visas issued during the previous fiscal year; and 

‘‘(C) the difference between—

‘‘(i) the maximum number of visas authorized to be issued under 

this subsection during fiscal years 2001 through 2005 and the number 

of visa numbers issued under this subsection during those fiscal years; 

and 

‘‘(ii) the number of visas calculated under clause (i) that were 

issued after fiscal year 2005. 

‘‘(2) VISAS FOR SPOUSES AND CHILDREN.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subparagraph (B), immigrant 

visas issued on or after October 1, 2004, to spouses and children of employment-based immigrants shall not be counted against the numerical limitation set forth in paragraph (1). 

‘‘(B) NUMERICAL LIMITATION.—The total number of visas issued under 

paragraph (A) may not exceed 800,000 during any fiscal year.’’. 

(c) EXCEPTION TO NONDISCRIMINATION.—Section 202(a)(1)(A) (8 U.S.C. 

1152(a)(1)(A)) is amended by striking ‘‘201(b)(2)(A)(i)’’ and inserting ‘‘201(b), 

201(d)(2)(A)’’. 

SEC. 502. INCREASING COUNTRY LIMITS AND EXEMPTING FAMILY-SPONSORED AND EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANTS. 

Section 202(a)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1152(a)(2)) is amended by striking ‘‘may not exceed 

7 percent’’ and all that follows and inserting ‘‘, except for aliens described in subsections (b) and (d)(2)(A) of section 201, may not exceed 10 percent (in the case of 

a single foreign state) or 5 percent (in the case of a dependent area) of the total 

number of such visas made available under such subsections in that fiscal year.’’. 

SEC. 503. ALLOCATION OF IMMIGRANT VISAS. 

(a) PREFERENCE ALLOCATION FOR FAMILY-SPONSORED IMMIGRANTS.—Section 

203(a) (8 U.S.C. 1153(a)) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(a) PREFERENCE ALLOCATIONS FOR FAMILY-SPONSORED IMMIGRANTS.—Aliens 

subject to the worldwide level set forth in section 201(c) for family-sponsored immigrants shall be allocated visas as follows: 

‘‘(1) UNMARRIED SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF CITIZENS.—Qualified immigrants 

who are the unmarried sons or daughters of citizens of the United States shall 

be allocated visas in a quantity not to exceed the sum of—

‘‘(A) 10 percent of such worldwide level; and 

‘‘(B) any visas not required for the class specified in paragraph (4). 

‘‘(2) SPOUSES AND UNMARRIED SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF PERMANENT RESIDENT ALIENS.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Visas in a quantity not to exceed 50 percent of such 

worldwide level plus any visas not required for the class specified in paragraph (1) shall be allocated to qualified immigrants who are—

‘‘(i) the spouses or children of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence; or 

‘‘(ii) the unmarried sons or daughters of an alien lawfully admitted 

for permanent residence. 

‘‘(B) MINIMUM PERCENTAGE.—Visas allocated to individuals described in 

subparagraph (A)(i) shall constitute not less than 77 percent of the visas 

allocated under this paragraph. 

103

‘‘(3) MARRIED SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF CITIZENS.—Qualified immigrants 

who are the married sons and daughters of citizens of the United States shall 

be allocated visas in a quantity not to exceed the sum of—

‘‘(A) 10 percent of such worldwide level; and 

‘‘(B) any visas not required for the classes specified in paragraphs (1) 

and (2). 

‘‘(4) BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF CITIZENS.—Qualified immigrants who are 

the brothers or sisters of a citizen of the United States who is at least 21 years 

of age shall be allocated visas in a quantity not to exceed 30 percent of the 

worldwide level.’’. 

(b) PREFERENCE ALLOCATION FOR EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANTS.—Section 

203(b) (8 U.S.C. 1153(b)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘28.6 percent’’ and inserting ‘‘15 percent’’; 

(2) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ‘‘28.6 percent’’ and inserting ‘‘15 percent’’; 

(3) in paragraph (3)(A)—

(A) by striking ‘‘28.6 percent’’ and inserting ‘‘35 percent’’; and 

(B) by striking clause (iii); 

(4) by striking paragraph (4); 

(5) by redesignating paragraph (5) as paragraph (4); 

(6) in paragraph (4)(A), as redesignated, by striking ‘‘7.1 percent’’ and inserting ‘‘5 percent’’; 

(7) by inserting after paragraph (4), as redesignated, the following: 

‘‘(5) OTHER WORKERS.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Visas shall be made available, in a number not to 

exceed 30 percent of such worldwide level, plus any visa numbers not required for the classes specified in paragraphs (1) through (4), to qualified 

immigrants who are capable, at the time of petitioning for classification 

under this paragraph, of performing unskilled labor that is not of a temporary or seasonal nature, for which qualified workers are determined to 

be unavailable in the United States. 

‘‘(B) PRIORITY IN ALLOCATING VISAS.—In allocating visas under subparagraph (A) for each of the fiscal years 2007 through 2017, the Secretary shall 

reserve 30 percent of such visas for qualified immigrants who were physically present in the United States before January 7, 2004.’’; and 

(8) by striking paragraph (6). 

(c) SPECIAL IMMIGRANTS NOT SUBJECT TO NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS.—Section 

201(b)(1)(A) (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(1)(A)) is amended by striking ‘‘subparagraph (A) or (B) 

of’’. 

(d) TEMPORARY INCREASE IN NUMBER OF IRAQI AND AFGHAN TRANSLATORS WHO

MAY BE PROVIDED STATUS AS SPECIAL IMMIGRANTS.—Section 1059(c)(1) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (8 U.S.C. 1101 note) is 

amended by striking ‘‘during any fiscal year shall not exceed 50.’’ and inserting the 

following: ‘‘may not exceed—

‘‘(A) 300 during each of the fiscal years 2007, 2008, and 2009; and 

‘‘(B) 50 during any subsequent fiscal year.’’. 

(e) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—

(1) DEFINITION OF SPECIAL IMMIGRANT.—Section 101(a)(27)(M) (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(27)(M)) is amended by striking ‘‘subject to the numerical limitations of 

section 203(b)(4),’’. 

(2) REPEAL OF TEMPORARY REDUCTION IN WORKERS’ VISAS.—Section 203(e) 

of the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (Public Law 

105–100; 8 U.S.C. 1153 note) is repealed. 

SEC. 504. NURSING SHORTAGE. 

(a) EXCEPTION TO DIRECT NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS.—Section 201(b)(1) (8 U.S.C. 

1151(b)(1)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(F)(i) During the period beginning on the date of the enactment the 

STRIVE Act and ending on September 30, 2017, an alien—

‘‘(I) who is otherwise described in section 203(b); and 

‘‘(II) who is seeking admission to the United States to perform labor in 

shortage occupations designated by the Secretary of Labor for blanket certification under section 212(a)(5)(A) due to the lack of sufficient United 

States workers able, willing, qualified, and available for such occupations 

and for which the employment of aliens will not adversely affect the terms 

and conditions of similarly employed United States workers. 

‘‘(ii) During the period described in clause (i), the spouse or dependents of 

an alien described in clause (i), if accompanying or following to join such alien.’’. 

104

(b) EXCEPTION TO NONDISCRIMINATION REQUIREMENTS.—Section 202(a)(1)(A) (8 

U.S.C. 1152(a)(1)(A)) is amended by striking ‘‘201(b)(2)(A)(i)’’ and inserting ‘‘201(b)’’. 

(c) EXCEPTION TO PER COUNTRY LEVELS FOR FAMILY-SPONSORED AND EMPLOY- MENT-BASED IMMIGRANTS.—Section 202(a)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1152(a)(2)), as amended by 

section 502, is further amended by inserting ‘‘, except for aliens described in section 

201(b),’’ after ‘‘any fiscal year’’. 

(d) INCREASING THE DOMESTIC SUPPLY OF NURSES AND PHYSICAL THERAPISTS.— Not later than January 1, 2007, the Secretary of Health and Human Services 

shall—

(1) submit to Congress a report on the source of newly licensed nurses and 

physical therapists in each State, which report shall—

(A) include the past 3 years for which data are available; 

(B) provide separate data for each occupation and for each State; 

(C) separately identify those receiving their initial license and those licensed by endorsement from another State; 

(D) within those receiving their initial license in each year, identify the 

number who received their professional education in the United States and 

those who received such education outside the United States; and 

(E) to the extent possible, identify, by State of residence and country 

of education, the number of nurses and physical therapists who were educated in any of the 5 countries (other than the United States) from which 

the most nurses and physical therapists arrived; 

(F) identify the barriers to increasing the supply of nursing faculty, domestically trained nurses, and domestically trained physical therapists; 

(G) recommend strategies to be followed by Federal and State governments that would be effective in removing such barriers, including strategies that address barriers to advancement to become registered nurses for 

other health care workers, such as home health aides and nurses assistants; 

(H) recommend amendments to Federal legislation that would increase 

the supply of nursing faculty, domestically trained nurses, and domestically 

trained physical therapists; 

(I) recommend Federal grants, loans, and other incentives that would 

provide increases in nurse educators, nurse training facilities, and other 

steps to increase the domestic education of new nurses and physical therapists; 

(J) identify the effects of nurse emigration on the health care systems 

in their countries of origin; and 

(K) recommend amendments to Federal law that would minimize the 

effects of health care shortages in the countries of origin from which immigrant nurses arrived; 

(2) enter into a contract with the National Academy of Sciences Institute 

of Medicine to determine the level of Federal investment under titles VII and 

VIII of the Public Health Service Act necessary to eliminate the domestic nursing and physical therapist shortage not later than 7 years from the date on 

which the report is published; and 

(3) collaborate with other agencies, as appropriate, in working with ministers of health or other appropriate officials of the 5 countries from which the 

most nurses and physical therapists arrived, to—

(A) address health worker shortages caused by emigration; 

(B) ensure that there is sufficient human resource planning or other 

technical assistance needed to reduce further health worker shortages in 

such countries. 

(e) AUTHORITY OF CONSULAR OFFICER TO GRANT PREFERENCE STATUS.—Section 

204(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1154(b)) is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘(b)’’ and inserting ‘‘(b)(1)’’; and 

(2) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), for individual beneficiaries outside of 

the United States seeking classification under section 203(b) who will perform 

labor in shortage occupations designated by the Secretary of Labor for blanket 

certification under section 212(a)(5)(A) as lacking sufficient United States workers able, willing, qualified, and available for such occupations and for which the 

employment of aliens will not adversely affect the terms and conditions of similarly employed United States workers, a consular officer, upon petition of the 

importing employer, shall have authority to determine eligibility if the officer 

determines that the facts stated in the petition are true and the alien is eligible 

for the preference. The consular officer shall also have authority to grant the 

preference status.’’. 

105

SEC. 505. EXPEDITED ADJUDICATION OF EMPLOYER PETITIONS FOR ALIENS OF EXTRAORDINARY ARTISTIC ABILITY. 

Section 214(c) (8 U.S.C. 1184(c)) is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ each place it appears and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; and 

(2) in paragraph (6)(D)—

(A) by striking ‘‘Any person’’ and inserting ‘‘(i) Except as provided in 

clause (ii), any person’’; and 

(B) adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(ii) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall adjudicate each petition for 

an alien with extraordinary ability in the arts (as described in section 

101(a)(15)(O)(i)), an alien accompanying such an alien (as described in clauses 

(ii) and (iii) of section 101(a)(15)(O)), or an alien described in section 

101(a)(15)(P) not later than 30 days after—

‘‘(I) the date on which the petitioner submits the petition with a written 

advisory opinion, letter of no objection, or request for a waiver; or 

‘‘(II) the date on which the 15-day period described in clause (i) has expired, if the petitioner has had an opportunity, as appropriate, to supply rebuttal evidence. 

‘‘(iii) If a petition described in clause (ii) is not adjudicated before the end 

of the 30-day period described in clause (ii) and the petitioner is a qualified nonprofit organization or an individual or entity petitioning primarily on behalf of 

a qualified nonprofit organization, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall 

provide the petitioner with the premium-processing services referred to in section 286(u), without a fee.’’. 

SEC. 506. POWERLINE WORKERS AND BOILERMAKERS. 

Section 214(e) (8 U.S.C. 1184(e)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(7) A citizen of Canada shall be admitted in the same manner and under the 

same authority as a citizen of Canada described in paragraph (2) if the citizen—

‘‘(A) is a powerline worker or boilermaker; 

‘‘(B) has received significant training; and 

‘‘(C) seeks admission to the United States to perform powerline repair and 

maintenance services or boilermaker repair or maintenance services.’’. 

SEC. 507. H–1B VISAS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 214(g)(5) (8 U.S.C. 1184(g)(5)) is amended—

(1) in subparagraph (B)—

(A) by striking ‘‘nonprofit research’’ and inserting ‘‘nonprofit’’; 

(B) by inserting ‘‘Federal, State, or local’’ before ‘‘governmental’’; and 

(C) by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(2) in subparagraph (C)—

(A) by striking ‘‘until the number of aliens who are exempted from such 

numerical limitation during such fiscal year exceeds 20,000.’’ and inserting 

‘‘or has been awarded a medical specialty certification based on post-doctoral training and experience in the United States.’’; and 

(B) by striking the period at the end and inserting ‘‘; or’’; and 

(3) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(D) has earned a master’s or higher degree in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics from an institution of higher education outside of the 

United States.’’. 

(b) APPLICABILITY.—The amendments made by subsection (a) shall apply to any 

petition or visa application pending on the date of enactment of this Act and any 

petition or visa application filed on or after such date. 

(c) MARKET-BASED VISA LIMITS.—Section 214(g) (8 U.S.C. 1184(g)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (1)—

(A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘(beginning 

with fiscal year 1992)’’; and 

(B) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: 

‘‘(A) under section 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b), may not exceed—

‘‘(i) 115,000 in fiscal year 2007; and 

‘‘(ii) the sum of 115,000 and the number calculated under paragraph (9) in fiscal year 2008 and each subsequent fiscal year;’’. 

(2) in paragraph (8)—

(A) in subparagraph (B), by striking clause (iv); and 

(B) by striking subparagraph (D); 

(3) by redesignating paragraphs (9), (10), and (11) as paragraphs (10), (11), 

and (12), respectively; and 

(4) by inserting after paragraph (8) the following: 

106

‘‘(9) If the numerical limitation in paragraph (1)(A)—

‘‘(A) is reached during a given fiscal year, the numerical limitation 

under paragraph (1)(A) for the subsequent fiscal year shall be equal to 120 

percent of the numerical limitation of the given fiscal year, not to exceed 

180,000; or 

‘‘(B) is not reached during a given fiscal year, the numerical limitation 

under paragraph (1)(A) for the subsequent fiscal year shall be equal to the 

numerical limitation of the given fiscal year.’’. 

SEC. 508. UNITED STATES EDUCATED IMMIGRANTS. 

(a) EXEMPTION FROM NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 201(b)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(1)), as amended by section 504(a), is further amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(G) Aliens who have earned a master’s or higher degree from an accredited 

university in the United States. 

‘‘(H) Aliens who have been awarded medical specialty certification based on 

post-doctoral training and experience in the United States preceding their application for an immigrant visa under section 203(b). 

‘‘(I) Aliens who will perform labor in shortage occupations designated by the 

Secretary of Labor for blanket certification under section 212(a)(5)(A) as lacking 

sufficient United States workers able, willing, qualified, and available for such 

occupations and for which the employment of aliens will not adversely affect the 

terms and conditions of similarly employed United States workers. 

‘‘(J) Aliens who have earned a master’s degree or higher in science, technology, engineering, or math and have been working in a related field in the 

United States in a nonimmigrant status during the 3-year period preceding 

their application for an immigrant visa under section 203(b). 

‘‘(K) Aliens described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 203(b)(1) or who 

have received a national interest waiver under section 203(b)(2)(B). 

‘‘(L) The spouse and minor children of an alien described in subparagraph 

(G), (H), (I), (J), or (K).’’. 

(2) APPLICABILITY.—The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall apply to 

any visa application—

(A) pending on the date of the enactment of this Act; or 

(B) filed on or after such date of enactment. 

(b) LABOR CERTIFICATIONS.—Section 212(a)(5)(A)(ii) (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5)(A)(ii)) 

is amended—

(1) in subclause (I), by striking ‘‘, or’’ and inserting a semicolon; 

(2) in subclause (II), by striking the period at the end and inserting ‘‘; or’’; 

and 

(3) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(III) is a member of the professions and has a master’s degree 

or higher from an accredited university in the United States or has 

been awarded medical specialty certification based on post-doctoral 

training and experience in the United States.’’. 

(c) ATTESTATION BY HEALTHCARE WORKERS.—

(1) REQUIREMENT FOR ATTESTATION.—Section 212(a)(5) (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5)) 

is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(E) HEALTHCARE WORKERS WITH OTHER OBLIGATIONS.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—An alien who seeks to enter the United States 

for the purpose of performing labor as a physician or other healthcare 

worker is inadmissible unless the alien submits to the Secretary of 

Homeland Security or the Secretary of State, as appropriate, an attestation that the alien is not seeking to enter the United States for such 

purpose during any period in which the alien has an outstanding obligation to the government of the alien’s country of origin or the alien’s 

country of residence. 

‘‘(ii) OBLIGATION DEFINED.—In this subparagraph, the term ‘obligation’ means an obligation incurred as part of a valid, voluntary individual agreement in which the alien received financial assistance to defray the costs of education or training to qualify as a physician or other 

healthcare worker in consideration for a commitment to work as a physician or other healthcare worker in the alien’s country of origin or the 

alien’s country of residence. 

‘‘(iii) WAIVER.—The Secretary of Homeland Security may waive a 

finding of inadmissibility under clause (i) if the Secretary determines 

that—

107

‘‘(I) the obligation was incurred by coercion or other improper 

means; 

‘‘(II) the alien and the government of the country to which the 

alien has an outstanding obligation have reached a valid, voluntary 

agreement, pursuant to which the alien’s obligation has been 

deemed satisfied, or the alien has shown to the satisfaction of the 

Secretary that the alien has been unable to reach such an agreement because of coercion or other improper means; or 

‘‘(III) the obligation should not be enforced due to other extraordinary circumstances, including undue hardship that would be 

suffered by the alien in the absence of a waiver.’’. 

(2) EFFECTIVE DATE AND APPLICATION.—

(A) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall become effective 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(B) APPLICATION BY THE SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall begin to 

carry out section 212(a)(5)(E) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as 

added by paragraph (1), not later than the effective date described in subparagraph (A), including the requirement for the attestation and the granting of a waiver described in such section, regardless of whether regulations 

to implement such section have been promulgated. 

SEC. 509. STUDENT VISA REFORM. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—

(1) NONIMMIGRANT CLASSIFICATION.—Section 101(a)(15)(F) (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)(F)) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(F) an alien—

‘‘(i) who—

‘‘(I) is a bona fide student qualified to pursue a full course of study 

in mathematics, engineering, technology, or the sciences leading to a 

bachelors or graduate degree and who seeks to enter the United States 

for the purpose of pursuing such a course of study consistent with section 214(m) at an institution of higher education (as defined by section 

101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a))) in the 

United States, particularly designated by the alien and approved by the 

Secretary of Homeland Security, after consultation with the Secretary 

of Education, which institution or place of study shall have agreed to 

report to the Secretary the termination of attendance of each nonimmigrant student, and if any such institution of learning or place of 

study fails to make reports promptly the approval shall be withdrawn; 

or 

‘‘(II) is engaged in temporary employment for optional practical 

training related to such alien’s area of study following completion of the 

course of study described in subclause (I) for a period or periods of not 

more than 24 months; 

‘‘(ii) who—

‘‘(I) has a residence in a foreign country which the alien has no intention of abandoning, who is a bona fide student qualified to pursue 

a full course of study, and who seeks to enter the United States temporarily and solely for the purpose of pursuing such a course of study consistent with section 214(m) at an established college, university, seminary, conservatory, academic high school, elementary school, or other 

academic institution or in a language training program in the United 

States, particularly designated by the alien and approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security, after consultation with the Secretary of 

Education, which institution or place of study shall have agreed to report to the Secretary the termination of attendance of each nonimmigrant student, and if any such institution of learning or place of 

study fails to make reports promptly the approval shall be withdrawn; 

or 

‘‘(II) is engaged in temporary employment for optional practical 

training related to such alien’s area of study following completion of the 

course of study described in subclause (I) for a period or periods of not 

more than 24 months; 

‘‘(iii) who is the spouse or minor child of an alien described in clause 

(i) or (ii) if accompanying or following to join such an alien; 

‘‘(iv) who—

‘‘(I) is a national of Canada or Mexico, who maintains actual residence and place of abode in the country of nationality, who is described 

108

in clause (i) or (ii) except that the alien’s qualifications for and actual 

course of study may be full or part-time, and who commutes to the 

United States institution or place of study from Canada or Mexico; or 

‘‘(II) is engaged in temporary employment for optional practical 

training related to such the student’s area of study following completion of the course of study described in subclause (I) for a period or periods of not more than 24 months; or 

‘‘(v) who—

‘‘(I) maintains actual residence and place of abode in the alien’s 

country of nationality; and 

‘‘(II) is described in clause (i), except that the alien’s actual course 

of study may involve a distance learning program, for which the alien 

is temporarily visiting the United States for a period of up to 30 days.’’. 

(2) ADMISSION.—Section 214(b) (8 U.S.C. 1184(b)) is amended by inserting 

‘‘(F)(i),’’ before ‘‘(L) or (V)’’. 

(3) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 214(m)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1184(m)(1)) is 

amended, in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘(i) or (iii)’’ and 

inserting ‘‘(i), (ii), (iv), or (v)’’. 

(b) OFF-CAMPUS WORK AUTHORIZATION FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Aliens admitted as nonimmigrant students described in 

section 101(a)(15)(F), as amended by subsection (a), (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(F)) 

may be employed in an off-campus position unrelated to the alien’s field of 

study if—

(A) the alien has enrolled full-time at the educational institution and 

is maintaining good academic standing; 

(B) the employer provides the educational institution and the Secretary 

of Labor with an attestation that the employer—

(i) has spent at least 21 days recruiting United States citizens to 

fill the position; and 

(ii) will pay the alien and other similarly situated workers at a rate 

equal to not less than the greater of—

(I) the actual wage level for the occupation at the place of employment; or 

(II) the prevailing wage level for the occupation in the area of 

employment; and 

(C) the alien will not be employed more than—

(i) 20 hours per week during the academic term; or 

(ii) 40 hours per week during vacation periods and between academic terms. 

(2) DISQUALIFICATION.—If the Secretary of Labor determines that an employer has provided an attestation under paragraph (1)(B) that is materially 

false or has failed to pay wages in accordance with the attestation, the employer, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, shall be disqualified from employing an alien student under paragraph (1). 

SEC. 510. L–1 VISA HOLDERS SUBJECT TO VISA BACKLOG. 

Section 214(c)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(G) The limitations contained in subparagraph (D) with respect to the duration 

of authorized stay shall not apply to any nonimmigrant alien previously issued a 

visa or otherwise provided nonimmigrant status under section 101(a)(15)(L) on 

whose behalf a petition under section 204(b) to accord the alien immigrant status 

under section 203(b), or an application for labor certification (if such certification is 

required for the alien to obtain status under such section 203(b)) has been filed, if 

365 days or more have elapsed since such filing. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall extend the stay of an alien who qualifies for an exemption under this subparagraph until such time as a final decision is made on the alien’s lawful permanent residence.’’. 

SEC. 511. RETAINING WORKERS SUBJECT TO GREEN CARD BACKLOG. 

(a) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 245 (8 U.S.C. 1255) is amended by adding at the 

end the following: 

‘‘(n) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS FOR EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANTS.—

‘‘(1) ELIGIBILITY.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall promulgate 

regulations to provide for the filing of an application for adjustment of status 

by an alien (and any eligible dependents of such alien), regardless of whether 

an immigrant visa is immediately available at the time the application is filed, 

if the alien—

109

‘‘(A) has an approved petition under subparagraph (E) or (F) of section 

204(a)(1); or 

‘‘(B) at the discretion of the Secretary, has a pending petition under 

subparagraph (E) or (F) of section 204(a)(1). 

‘‘(2) VISA AVAILABILITY.—An application filed pursuant to paragraph (1) may 

not be approved until an immigrant visa becomes available. 

‘‘(3) FEES.—If an application is filed pursuant to paragraph (1), the bene- ficiary of such application shall pay a supplemental fee of $500. Such fee may 

not be charged to any dependent accompanying or following to join such beneficiary. 

‘‘(4) EXTENSION OF EMPLOYMENT AUTHORIZATION AND ADVANCED PAROLE

DOCUMENT.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide 

employment authorization and advanced parole documents, in 3-year increments, to beneficiaries of an application for adjustment of status based on 

a petition that is filed or, at the discretion of the Secretary, pending, under 

subparagraph (E) or (F) of section 204(a)(1). 

‘‘(B) FEE ADJUSTMENTS.—Application fees under this subsection may be 

adjusted in accordance with the 3-year period of validity assigned to the 

employment authorization or advanced parole documents under subparagraph (A).’’. 

(b) USE OF FEES.—Section 286 (8 U.S.C. 1356) is amended—

(1) in subsection (m)—

(A) by striking ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provisions of law,’’ and inserting the following: 

‘‘(c) IMMIGRATION EXAMINATIONS FEE ACCOUNT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all fees collected under section 245(n)(3) and’’; 

(B) by striking ‘‘: Provided, however, That all’’ and inserting the following: 

‘‘(2) VIRGIN ISLANDS; GUAM.—All’’; and 

(C) by striking ‘‘: Provided further, That fees’’ and inserting the following: 

‘‘(3) COST RECOVERY.—Fees’’. 

(2) in subsection (n)—

(A) by striking ‘‘(n) All deposits’’ and inserting the following: 

‘‘(4) USE OF FUNDS.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under subparagraph (B), all deposits’’; and 

(B) adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(C) SUPPLEMENTAL FEE FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT- BASED IMMIGRANTS.—Any amounts deposited into the Immigration Examinations Fee Account that were collected under section 245(n)(3) shall remain available until expended by the Secretary of Homeland Security for 

backlog reduction and clearing security background check delays.’’; 

(3) in subsection (o), by striking ‘‘(o) The Attorney General’’ and inserting 

the following: 

‘‘(5) ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT TO CONGRESS.—The Attorney General’’; and 

(4) in subsection (p), by striking ‘‘(p) The provisions set forth in subsections 

(m), (n), and (o) of this section’’ and inserting the following: 

‘‘(6) APPLICABILITY.—The provisions set forth in this subsection shall’’. 

SEC. 512. STREAMLINING THE ADJUDICATION PROCESS FOR ESTABLISHED EMPLOYERS. 

Section 214(c) (8. U.S.C. 1184) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(15) Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the STRIVE 

Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish a pre-certification procedure 

for employers who file multiple petitions described in this subsection or section 

203(b). Such precertification procedure shall enable an employer to avoid repeatedly 

submitting documentation that is common to multiple petitions and establish 

through a single filing criteria relating to the employer and the offered employment 

opportunity.’’. 

SEC. 513. PROVIDING PREMIUM PROCESSING OF EMPLOYMENT-BASED VISA PETITIONS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Pursuant to section 286(u) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1356(u)), the Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish and 

collect a fee for premium processing of employment-based immigrant petitions. 

(b) APPEALS.—Pursuant to such section 286(u), the Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish and collect a fee for premium processing of an administrative 

appeal of any decision on a permanent employment-based immigrant petition. 

110

SEC. 514. ELIMINATING PROCEDURAL DELAYS IN LABOR CERTIFICATION PROCESS. 

(a) PREVAILING WAGE RATE.— (1) REQUIREMENT TO PROVIDE.—The Secretary of Labor shall provide prevailing wage determinations to employers seeking a labor certification for aliens 

pursuant to part 656 of title 20, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor 

regulation). The Secretary of Labor may not delegate this function to any agency of a State. 

(2) SCHEDULE FOR DETERMINATION.—Except as provided in paragraph (3), 

the Secretary of Labor shall provide a response to an employer’s request for a 

prevailing wage determination not later than 20 calendar days after the date 

the Secretary of Labor receives such a request. If the Secretary of Labor fails 

to reply during such 20-day period, the wage proposed by the employer shall 

be the valid prevailing wage rate. 

(3) USE OF SURVEYS.—The Secretary of Labor shall accept an alternative 

wage survey provided by the employer unless the Secretary of Labor determines 

that the wage component of the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey is 

more accurate for the occupation in the labor market area. 

(b) PLACEMENT OF JOB ORDER.—The Secretary of Labor shall maintain a 

website with links to the official website of each workforce agency of a State, and 

such official website shall contain instructions on the filing of a job order in order 

to satisfy the job order requirements of section 656.17(e)(1) of title 20, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation). 

(c) TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS.—The Secretary of Labor shall establish a process 

by which employers seeking certification under section 212(a)(5) of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5)), as amended by section 508(b), may make 

technical corrections to applications in order to avoid requiring employers to conduct 

additional recruitment to correct an initial technical error. A technical error shall 

include any error that would not have a material effect on the validity of the employer’s recruitment of able, willing, and qualified United States workers. 

(d) ADMINISTRATIVE APPEALS.—Motions to reconsider, and administrative appeals of, a denial of a permanent labor certification application, shall be decided by 

the Secretary of Labor not later than 60 days after the date of the filing of such 

motion or such appeal. 

(e) APPLICATIONS UNDER PREVIOUS SYSTEM.—Not later than 180 days after the 

date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Labor shall process and issue 

decisions on all applications for permanent alien labor certification that were filed 

before March 28, 2005. 

(f) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This section shall take effect 90 days after the date of the 

enactment of this Act, whether or not the Secretary of Labor has amended the regulations under part 656 of title 20, Code of Federal Regulations, to implement such 

changes. 

SEC. 515. VISA REVALIDATION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 222 (8 U.S.C. 1202) is amended by adding at the end 

the following: 

‘‘(i) The Secretary of State shall permit an alien granted a nonimmigrant visa 

under subparagraph (E), (H), (I), (L), (O), or (P) of section 101(a)(15) to apply for 

a renewal of such visa within the United States if—

‘‘(1) such visa is valid or did not expire more than 12 months before the 

date of such application; 

‘‘(2) the alien is seeking a nonimmigrant visa under the same subparagraph 

under which the alien had previously received a visa; and 

‘‘(3) the alien has complied with the immigration laws and regulations of 

the United States.’’. 

(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 222(h) of such Act is amended, in the 

matter preceding subparagraph (1), by inserting ‘‘and except as provided under subsection (i),’’ after ‘‘Act’’. 

SEC. 516. RELIEF FOR MINOR CHILDREN AND WIDOWS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 201(b)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(2)) is amended to read as 

follows: 

‘‘(2)(A)(i) Aliens admitted under section 211(a) on the basis of a prior 

issuance of a visa under section 203(a) to their accompanying parent who is an 

immediate relative. 

‘‘(ii) In this subparagraph, the term ‘immediate relative’ means a child, 

spouse, or parent of a citizen of the United States (and each child of such child, 

spouse, or parent who is accompanying or following to join the child, spouse, 

or parent), except that, in the case of parents, such citizens shall be at least 

21 years of age. 

111

‘‘(iii) An alien who was the spouse of a citizen of the United States for not 

less than 2 years at the time of the citizen’s death or, if married for less than 

2 years at the time of the citizen’s death, proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the marriage was entered into in good faith and not solely for the 

purpose of obtaining an immigration benefit and was not legally separated from 

the citizen at the time of the citizen’s death, and each child of such alien, shall 

be considered, for purposes of this subsection, to remain an immediate relative 

after the date of the citizen’s death if the spouse files a petition under section 

204(a)(1)(A)(ii) before the earlier of—

‘‘(I) 2 years after such date; or 

‘‘(II) the date on which the spouse remarries. 

‘‘(iv) In this clause, an alien who has filed a petition under clause (iii) or 

(iv) of section 204(a)(1)(A) remains an immediate relative if the United States 

citizen spouse or parent loses United States citizenship on account of the abuse. 

‘‘(B) Aliens born to an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence during a temporary visit abroad.’’. 

(b) PETITION.—Section 204(a)(1)(A)(ii) (8 U.S.C. 1154(a)(1)(A)(ii)) is amended by 

striking ‘‘in the second sentence of section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) also’’ and inserting ‘‘in section 201(b)(2)(A)(iii) or an alien child or alien parent described in the 

201(b)(2)(A)(iv)’’. 

(c) RETENTION OF IMMEDIATE RELATIVE STATUS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—In applying clause (iii) of section 201(b)(2)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by subsection (a), to an alien whose citizen relative died before the date of the enactment of this Act, the alien relative, 

notwithstanding the deadlines specified in such clause, may file the classification petition under section 204(a)(1)(A)(ii) of such Act not later than 2 years 

after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(2) ELIGIBILITY FOR PAROLE.—If an alien was excluded, deported, removed 

or departed voluntarily before the date of the enactment of this Act based solely 

upon the alien’s lack of classification as an immediate relative (as defined by 

201(b)(2)(A)(ii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act) due to the citizen’s 

death—

(A) such alien shall be eligible for parole into the United States pursuant to the Attorney General’s discretionary authority under section 

212(d)(5) of such Act; and 

(B) such alien’s application for adjustment of status shall be considered 

notwithstanding section 212(a)(9) of such Act. 

(d) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 245 (8 U.S.C. 1255), as amended by sections 407 

and 511, is further amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(o) APPLICATION FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS BY SURVIVING SPOUSES, PARENTS, 

AND CHILDREN.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Any alien described in paragraph (2) who applies for adjustment of status before the death of the qualifying relative, may have such 

application adjudicated as if such death had not occurred. 

‘‘(2) ALIEN DESCRIBED.—An alien described in this paragraph is an alien 

who—

‘‘(A) is an immediate relative (as described in section 201(b)(2)(A)); 

‘‘(B) is a family-sponsored immigrant (as described in subsection (a) or 

(d) of section 203); 

‘‘(C) is a derivative beneficiary of an employment-based immigrant 

under section 203(b) (as described in section 203(d)); or 

‘‘(D) is a derivative beneficiary of a diversity immigrant (as described 

in section 203(c)).’’. 

(2) TRANSITION PERIOD.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding a denial of an application for adjustment of status for an alien whose qualifying relative died before the date 

of the enactment of this Act, such application may be renewed by the alien 

through a motion to reopen, without fee, if such motion is filed not later 

than 2 years after such date of enactment. 

(B) ELIGIBILITY FOR PAROLE.—If an alien was excluded, deported, removed or departed voluntarily before the date of the enactment of this 

Act—

(i) such alien shall be eligible for parole into the United States pursuant to the Attorney General’s discretionary authority under section 

212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act; and 

(ii) such alien’s application for adjustment of status shall be considered notwithstanding section 212(a)(9) of such Act. 

112

(e) PROCESSING OF IMMIGRANT VISAS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 204(b) (8 U.S.C. 1154), as amended by section 

204(b) of this Act, is further amended—

(A) by striking ‘‘After an investigation’’ and inserting the following: 

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—After an investigation’’; and 

(B) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(2) DEATH OF QUALIFYING RELATIVE.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Any alien described in paragraph (2) whose qualifying relative died before the completion of immigrant visa processing may 

have an immigrant visa application adjudicated as if such death had not 

occurred. An immigrant visa issued before the death of the qualifying relative shall remain valid after such death. 

‘‘(B) ALIEN DESCRIBED.—An alien described in this paragraph is an 

alien who—

‘‘(i) is an immediate relative (as described in section 201(b)(2)(A)); 

‘‘(ii) is a family-sponsored immigrant (as described in subsection (a) 

or (d) of section 203); 

‘‘(iii) is a derivative beneficiary of an employment-based immigrant 

under section 203(b) (as described in section 203(d)); or 

‘‘(iv) is a derivative beneficiary of a diversity immigrant (as described in section 203(c)).’’. 

(2) TRANSITION PERIOD.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding a denial or revocation of an application for an immigrant visa for an alien whose qualifying relative died before 

the date of the enactment of this Act, such application may be renewed by 

the alien through a motion to reopen, without fee, if such motion is filed 

not later than 2 years after such date of enactment. 

(B) INAPPLICABILITY OF BARS.—Notwithstanding section 212(a)(9) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)), the Secretary shall 

consider the application for an immigrant visa submitted by an alien who 

was excluded, deported, removed, or departed voluntarily before the date of 

the enactment of this Act. 

(f) NATURALIZATION.—Section 319(a) (8 U.S.C. 1429(a)) is amended by inserting 

‘‘(or, if the spouse is deceased, the spouse was a citizen of the United States)’’ after 

‘‘citizen of the United States’’. 

SEC. 517. RELIEF FOR WIDOWS AND ORPHANS. 

(a) NEW SPECIAL IMMIGRANT CATEGORY.—

(1) CERTAIN CHILDREN AND WOMEN AT RISK OF HARM.—Section 101(a)(27) (8 

U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)) is amended—

(A) in subparagraph (L), by adding a semicolon at the end; 

(B) in subparagraph (M), by striking the period at the end and inserting ‘‘; or’’; and 

(C) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(N) subject to subsection (j), an immigrant who is not present in the 

United States—

‘‘(i) who is—

‘‘(I) referred to a consular, immigration, or other designated official by a United States Government agency, an international organization, or recognized nongovernmental entity designated by 

the Secretary of State for purposes of such referrals; and 

‘‘(II) determined by such official to be a minor under 18 years 

of age (as determined under subsection (j)(5))—

‘‘(aa) for whom no parent or legal guardian is able to provide adequate care; 

‘‘(bb) who faces a credible fear of harm related to his or her age; 

‘‘(cc) who lacks adequate protection from such harm; and 

‘‘(dd) for whom it has been determined to be in his or her best interests to be 

admitted to the United States; or 

‘‘(ii) who is—

‘‘(I) referred to a consular or immigration official by a United 

States Government agency, an international organization or recognized nongovernmental entity designated by the Secretary of State 

for purposes of such referrals; and 

‘‘(II) determined by such official to be a female who has—

‘‘(aa) a credible fear of harm related to her sex; and 

‘‘(bb) a lack of adequate protection from such harm.’’. 

(2) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.—Section 101 (8 U.S.C. 1101) is amended by 

adding at the end the following: 

113

‘‘(j)(1) No natural parent or prior adoptive parent of any alien provided special 

immigrant status under subsection (a)(27)(N)(i) shall thereafter, by virtue of such 

parentage, be accorded any right, privilege, or status under this Act. 

‘‘(2)(A) No alien who qualifies for a special immigrant visa under subsection 

(a)(27)(N)(ii) may apply for derivative status or petition for any spouse who is represented by the alien as missing, deceased, or the source of harm at the time of the 

alien’s application and admission. The Secretary of Homeland Security may waive 

this requirement for an alien who demonstrates that the alien’s representations regarding the spouse were bona fide. 

‘‘(B) An alien who qualifies for a special immigrant visa under subsection 

(a)(27)(N) may apply for derivative status or petition for any sibling under the age 

of 18 years or children under the age of 18 years of any such alien, if accompanying 

or following to join the alien. For purposes of this subparagraph, a determination 

of age shall be made using the age of the alien on the date the petition is filed with 

the Department of Homeland Security. 

‘‘(3) An alien who qualifies for a special immigrant visa under subsection 

(a)(27)(N) shall be treated in the same manner as a refugee solely for purposes of 

section 412. 

‘‘(4) The provisions of paragraphs (4), (5), and (7)(A) of section 212(a) shall not 

be applicable to any alien seeking admission to the United States under subsection 

(a)(27)(N), and the Secretary of Homeland Security may waive any other provision 

of such section (other than paragraph 2(C) or subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (E) of 

paragraph (3)) with respect to such an alien for humanitarian purposes, to assure 

family unity, or when it is otherwise in the public interest. Any such waiver by the 

Secretary shall be in writing and shall be granted only on an individual basis following an investigation. The Secretary shall submit an annual report to Congress 

on the number of waivers granted under this paragraph during the previous fiscal 

year and a summary of the reasons for granting such waivers. 

‘‘(5) For purposes of subsection (a)(27)(N)(i)(II), a determination of age shall be 

made using the age of the alien on the date on which the alien was referred to the 

consular, immigration, or other designated official. 

‘‘(6) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall waive any application fee for a 

special immigrant visa for an alien described in section 101(a)(27)(N).’’. 

(3) EXPEDITED PROCESS.—Not later than 45 days after the date of referral 

to a consular, immigration, or other designated official (as described in section 

101(a)(27)(N) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by paragraph 

(1))—

(A) special immigrant status shall be adjudicated; and 

(B) if special immigrant status is granted, the alien shall be paroled 

into the United States pursuant to section 212(d)(5) of that Act (8 U.S.C. 

1182(d)(5)) and allowed to apply for adjustment of status to permanent residence under section 245 of that Act (8 U.S.C. 1255) not later than 1 year 

after the alien’s arrival in the United States. 

(4) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit a report to the Committee on the 

Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of 

Representatives that includes—

(A) data related to the implementation of this section and the amendments made by this section; 

(B) data regarding the number of placements of females and children 

who faces a credible fear of harm as referred to in section 101(a)(27)(N) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by paragraph (1); and 

(C) any other information that the Secretary considers appropriate. 

(5) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subsection and the 

amendments made by this subsection. 

(b) REQUIREMENTS FOR ALIENS.—

(1) REQUIREMENT BEFORE ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES.—

(A) DATABASE SEARCH.—An alien may not be admitted to the United 

States unless the Secretary has ensured that a search of each database 

maintained by an agency or department of the United States has been conducted to determine whether such alien is ineligible to be admitted to the 

United States on criminal, security, or related grounds. 

(B) COOPERATION AND SCHEDULE.—The Secretary and the head of each 

appropriate agency or department of the United States shall cooperate to 

ensure that each database search required under subparagraph (A) is completed not later than 45 days after the date on which an alien files a petiVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00119 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
114

tion seeking a special immigration visa under section 101(a)(27)(N) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by subsection (a)(1). 

(2) REQUIREMENT AFTER ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES.— (A) REQUIREMENT TO SUBMIT FINGERPRINTS.— (i) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 30 days after the date that an 

alien enters the United States, the alien shall be fingerprinted and submit to the Secretary such fingerprints and any other personal biometric 

data required by the Secretary. 

(ii) OTHER REQUIREMENTS.—The Secretary may prescribe regulations that permit fingerprints submitted by an alien under section 262 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1302) or any other 

provision of law to satisfy the requirement to submit fingerprints of 

clause (i). 

(B) DATABASE SEARCH.—The Secretary shall ensure that a search of 

each database that contains fingerprints that is maintained by an agency 

or department of the United States be conducted to determine whether such 

alien is ineligible for an adjustment of status under any provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) on criminal, security, 

or related grounds. 

(C) COOPERATION AND SCHEDULE.—The Secretary and the head of each 

appropriate agency or department of the United States shall work cooperatively to ensure that each database search required by subparagraph (B) is 

completed not later than 180 days after the date on which the alien enters 

the United States. 

(D) ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REVIEW.— (i) IN GENERAL.—There may be no review of a determination by the 

Secretary, after a search required by subparagraph (B), that an alien 

is ineligible for an adjustment of status, under any provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) on criminal, security, or related grounds except as provided in this subparagraph. 

(ii) ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW.—An alien may appeal a determination 

described in clause (i) through the Administrative Appeals Office of the 

Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. The Secretary shall 

ensure that a determination on such appeal is made not later than 60 

days after the date that the appeal is filed. 

(iii) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—There may be no judicial review of a determination described in clause (i). 

SEC. 518. SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF FILIPINO WORLD WAR II VETERANS. 

Section 201(b)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(1)), as amended by sections 504 and 508, is 

further amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(M) Aliens who are eligible for a visa under paragraph (1) or (3) of section 

203(a) and are the son or daughter of a citizen of the United States who was 

naturalized pursuant to section 405 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (8 U.S.C. 

1440 note).’’. 

SEC. 519. DETERMINATIONS UNDER THE HAITIAN REFUGEE IMMIGRATION FAIRNESS ACT OF 

1998. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 902(d) of the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness 

Act of 1998 (8 U.S.C. 1255 note) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(3) DETERMINATIONS WITH RESPECT TO CHILDREN.— ‘‘(A) USE OF APPLICATION FILING DATE.—Determinations made under 

this subsection as to whether an individual is a child of a parent shall be 

made using the age and status of the individual on October 21, 1998. 

‘‘(B) APPLICATION SUBMISSION BY PARENT.—Notwithstanding paragraph 

(1)(C), an application under this subsection filed based on status as a child 

may be filed for the benefit of such child by a parent or guardian of the 

child, if the child is physically present in the United States on such filing 

date.’’. 

(b) NEW APPLICATIONS AND MOTIONS TO REOPEN.—

(1) NEW APPLICATIONS.—Notwithstanding section 902(a)(1)(A) of the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998, an alien who is eligible for adjustment of status under such Act may submit an application for adjustment 

of status under such Act not later than the later of—

(A) 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act; or 

(B) 1 year after the date on which final regulations are promulgated 

to implement this section and the amendment made by subsection (a). 

(2) MOTIONS TO REOPEN.—The Secretary shall establish procedures for the 

reopening and reconsideration of applications for adjustment of status under the 

115

Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998 that are affected by the 

amendment made by subsection (a). 

(3) RELATIONSHIP OF APPLICATION TO CERTAIN ORDERS.—Section 902(a)(3) of 

the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998 shall apply to an alien 

present in the United States who has been ordered excluded, deported, removed, or ordered to depart voluntarily, and who files an application under 

paragraph (1) or a motion under paragraph (2), in the same manner as such 

section 902(a)(3) applied to aliens filing applications for adjustment of status 

under such Act prior to April 1, 2000. 

(c) INADMISSIBILITY DETERMINATION.—Section 902 of the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998 (8 U.S.C. 1255 note) is amended in subsections 

(a)(1)(B) and (d)(1)(D) by inserting ‘‘(6)(C)(i),’’ after ‘‘(6)(A),’’. 

SEC. 520. S VISAS. 

(a) EXPANSION OF S VISA CLASSIFICATION.—Section 101(a)(15)(S) (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)(S)) is amended—

(1) in clause (i)—

(A) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ each place it appears and inserting 

‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(B) in subclause (I), by inserting before the semicolon, ‘‘, including a 

criminal enterprise undertaken by a foreign government, its agents, representatives, or officials’’; 

(C) in subclause (III), by inserting ‘‘if the information concerns a criminal enterprise undertaken by an individual or organization that is not a foreign government, its agents, representatives, or officials,’’ before ‘‘whose’’; 

and 

(D) by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; and 

(2) in clause (ii)—

(A) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; and 

(B) by striking ‘‘1956,’’ and all that follows through ‘‘the alien;’’ and inserting the following: ‘‘1956; or 

‘‘(iii) the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Secretary of State, in 

consultation with the Director of Central Intelligence, jointly determine—

‘‘(I) is in possession of critical reliable information concerning the 

activities of governments or organizations, or their agents, representatives, or officials, with respect to weapons of mass destruction and related delivery systems, if such governments or organizations are at risk 

of developing, selling, or transferring such weapons or related delivery 

systems; and 

‘‘(II) is willing to supply or has supplied, fully and in good faith, 

information described in subclause (I) to appropriate persons within the 

United States Government; and 

if the Secretary of Homeland Security (or with respect to clause (ii), the 

Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security jointly) considers it to be appropriate, the spouse, children, married and unmarried 

sons and daughters, and parents of an alien described in clause (i), (ii), or 

(iii) if accompanying, or following to join, the alien;’’. 

(b) NUMERICAL LIMITATION.—Section 214(k)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1184(k)(1)) is amended 

to read as follows: 

‘‘(1) The number of aliens who may be provided a visa as nonimmigrants under 

section 101(a)(15)(S) in any fiscal year may not exceed 1,000.’’. 

(c) REPORTS.—

(1) CONTENT.—Section 214(k)(4) (8 U.S.C. 1184(k)(4)) is amended—

(A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)—

(i) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ and inserting ‘‘Secretary of 

Homeland Security’’; and 

(ii) by striking ‘‘concerning’’ and inserting ‘‘that includes’’; 

(B) in subparagraph (D), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

(C) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period at the end and inserting 

‘‘; and’’; and 

(D) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(F) if the total number of such nonimmigrants admitted is fewer than 25 

percent of the total number provided for under paragraph (1)—

‘‘(i) the reasons for the reduced number of such nonimmigrants; 

‘‘(ii) the efforts made by the Secretary of Homeland Security to admit 

such nonimmigrants; and 

116

‘‘(iii) any extenuating circumstances that contributed to the reduced 

number of such nonimmigrants.’’. 

(2) FORM OF REPORT.—Section 214(k) (8 U.S.C. 1184(k)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(5) To the extent required by law and if it is in the interests of national 

security or the security of such nonimmigrants that are admitted, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security—

‘‘(A) the information contained in a report described in paragraph (4) 

may be classified; and 

‘‘(B) the Secretary of Homeland Security shall, to the extent feasible, 

submit a non-classified version of the report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary 

of the Senate.’’. 

SEC. 521. L VISA LIMITATIONS. 

Section 214(c)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(2)) is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘Attorney General’’ each place it appears and inserting ‘‘Secretary of Homeland Security’’; 

(2) in subparagraph (E), by striking ‘‘In the case of an alien spouse admitted under section 101(a)(15)(L), who’’ and inserting ‘‘Except as provided in subparagraph (H), if an alien spouse admitted under section 101(a)(15)(L)’’; and 

(3) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(G)(i) If the beneficiary of a petition under this subsection is coming to the 

United States to open, or be employed in, a new facility, the petition may be 

approved for a period not to exceed 12 months only if the employer operating 

the new facility has—

‘‘(I) a business plan; 

‘‘(II) sufficient physical premises to carry out the proposed business activities; and 

‘‘(III) the financial ability to commence doing business immediately 

upon the approval of the petition. 

‘‘(ii) An extension of the approval period under clause (i) may not be granted until the importing employer submits to the Secretary of Homeland Security—

‘‘(I) evidence that the importing employer meets the requirements of 

this subsection; 

‘‘(II) evidence that the beneficiary meets the requirements of section 

101(a)(15)(L); 

‘‘(III) a statement summarizing the original petition; 

‘‘(IV) evidence that the importing employer has fully complied with the 

business plan submitted under clause (i); 

‘‘(V) evidence of the truthfulness of any representations made in connection with the filing of the original petition; 

‘‘(VI) evidence that the importing employer, during the previous 12 

months, has been doing business at the new facility through regular, systematic, and continuous provision of goods or services, or has otherwise 

been taking commercially reasonable steps to establish the new facility as 

a commercial enterprise; 

‘‘(VII) a statement of the duties the beneficiary has performed at the 

new facility during the preceding 12-month period and the duties the beneficiary will perform at the new facility during the extension period approved 

under this clause; 

‘‘(VIII) a statement describing the staffing at the new facility, including 

the number of employees and the types of positions held by such employees; 

‘‘(IX) evidence of wages paid to employees if the beneficiary will be employed in a managerial or executive capacity; 

‘‘(X) evidence of the financial status of the new facility; and 

‘‘(XI) any other evidence or data prescribed by the Secretary. 

‘‘(iii) Notwithstanding subclauses (I) through (VI) of clause (ii) and subject 

to the maximum period of authorized admission set forth in subparagraph (D), 

the Secretary of Homeland Security may approve a subsequently filed petition 

on behalf of the beneficiary to continue employment at the facility described in 

this subsection for a period beyond the initially granted 12-month period if the 

importing employer demonstrates that the failure to satisfy any of the requirements described in those subclauses was directly caused by extraordinary circumstances beyond the control of the importing employer. 

‘‘(H)(i) The Secretary of Homeland Security may not authorize the spouse 

of an alien described under section 101(a)(15)(L), who is a dependent of a beneVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00122 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
117

ficiary under subparagraph (G), to engage in employment in the United States 

during the initial 12-month period described in subparagraph (G)(i). 

‘‘(ii) A spouse described in clause (i) may be provided employment authorization upon the approval of an extension under subparagraph (G)(ii). 

‘‘(I) For purposes of determining the eligibility of an alien for classification 

under section 101(a)(15)(L), the Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish 

a program to work cooperatively with the Secretary of State to verify a company 

or facility’s existence in the United States and abroad.’’. 

SEC. 522. ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW FASHION MODEL NONIMMIGRANT CLASSIFICATION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.— (1) NEW CLASSIFICATION.—Section 101(a)(15)(O) (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(O)) is 

amended—

(A) in clause (i), by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(B) in clause (ii), by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(C) by redesignating clause (iii) as clause (iv); 

(D) in clause (iv), as redesignated, by striking ‘‘clause (i) or (ii)’’ and inserting ‘‘clause (i), (ii), or (iii)’’; and 

(E) by inserting after clause (ii) the following: 

‘‘(iii) is a fashion model who is of distinguished merit and ability 

and who is seeking to enter the United States temporarily to perform 

fashion modeling services that involve events or productions which 

have a distinguished reputation or that are performed for an organization or establishment that has a distinguished reputation for, or a 

record of, utilizing prominent modeling talent; or’’. 

(2) NUMERICAL LIMITATION.—Section 214(a)(2)(A) (8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(2)(A)) is 

amended by adding at the end the following: ‘‘The number of aliens who may 

be issued visas or otherwise provided nonimmigrant status under section 

101(a)(15)(O)(iii) in any fiscal year may not exceed 1,000.’’. 

(b) ELIMINATION OF H–1B CLASSIFICATION FOR FASHION MODELS.—Section 

101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b) (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b)) is amended—

(1) in item (aa), by striking ‘‘or as a fashion model’’; and 

(2) in item (bb), by striking ‘‘or, in the case of a fashion model, is of distinguished merit and ability’’. 

(c) EFFECTIVE DATES.— (1) IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW FASHION MODEL NONIMMIGRANT CLASSIFICA- TION.—Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

Secretary shall promulgate regulations to carry out the amendments made by 

subsection (a). Nothing in this section shall be construed as preventing an alien 

who is a fashion model from obtaining nonimmigrant status under section 

101(a)(15)(O)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)(O)(i)) if such alien is otherwise qualified for such status. 

(2) ELIMINATION OF H-1B CLASSIFICATION FOR FASHION MODELS.—The 

amendments made by subsection (b)—

(A) shall apply on the effective date of the regulations promulgated 

under paragraph (1); and 

(B) shall not apply to the classification of an alien under section 

101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b)) as a fashion model pursuant to a petition for such classification that was filed before such effective date. 

SEC. 523. EB–5 REGIONAL CENTER PROGRAM. 

(a) CONCURRENT PROCESSING FOR EMPLOYEMENT CREATION IMMIGRANTS.—Section 245 (8 U.S.C. 1255), as amended by section 511, is further amended by adding 

at the end the following: 

‘‘(o) CONCURRENT PROCESSING FOR EMPLOYEMENT CREATION IMMIGRANTS.—If, 

at the time an alien fils a petition for classification under section 203(b)(5), approval 

of the petition would make a visa immediately available to the alien beneficiary, the 

alien beneficiary’s application for adjustment of status under this section shall be 

considered properly filed whether submitted concurrently with, or subsequent to, 

such petition.’’. 

(b) REGIONAL CENTER DESIGNATION FEES.—Section 610 of the Departments of 

Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations 

Act, 1993 (8 U.S.C. 1153 note) is amended—

(1) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘for 15 years’’; and 

(2) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(e) In addition to any other fees authorized by law, the Secretary of Homeland 

Security shall impose a $2,500 fee to apply for designation as a regional center 

under this section. Fees collected under this subsection shall be deposited in the 

118

Treasury in accordance with section 286(w) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1356(w)).’’. 

(c) IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEUR REGIONAL CENTER ACCOUNT.—

(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—Section 286 (8 U.S.C. 1356) is amended by adding at 

the end the following: 

‘‘(y) IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEUR REGIONAL CENTER ACCOUNT.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—There is established in the general fund of the Treasury 

a separate account, which shall be known as the ‘Immigrant Entrepreneur Regional Center Account’. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, there shall 

be deposited as offsetting receipts into the account all fees collected under section 610(e) of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, 

and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1993 (8 U.S.C. 1153 note). 

‘‘(2) USE OF FEES.—Fees deposited in the account established under paragraph (1) may only be used to carry out the EB–5 immigrant investor program.’’. 

(2) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by paragraph (1)—

(A) shall take effect on the date on which regulations are published to 

carry out this section and the amendments made by this section; and 

(B) shall apply to regional center applications filed on or after such 

date. 

SEC. 524. RETURN OF TALENT PROGRAM. 

(a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the ‘‘Return of Talent Act’’. 

(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Title III (8 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.) is amended by inserting 

after section 317 the following: 

‘‘SEC. 317A. TEMPORARY ABSENCE OF PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN THE RETURN OF TALENT 

PROGRAM. 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the 

Secretary of State, shall establish the Return of Talent Program to permit eligible 

aliens to temporarily return to the alien’s country of citizenship in order to make 

a material contribution to that country if the country is engaged in post-conflict or 

natural disaster reconstruction activities, for a period not longer than 2 years, unless an exception is granted under subsection (d). 

‘‘(b) ELIGIBLE ALIEN.—An alien is eligible to participate in the Return of Talent 

Program established under subsection (a) if the alien meets the special immigrant 

description under section 101(a)(27)(N). 

‘‘(c) FAMILY MEMBERS.—The spouse, parents, siblings, and any minor children 

of an alien who participates in the Return of Talent Program established under subsection (a) may return to such alien’s country of citizenship with the alien and reenter the United States with the alien. 

‘‘(d) EXTENSION OF TIME.—The Secretary of Homeland Security may extend the 

2-year period referred to in subsection (a) upon a showing that circumstances warrant that an extension is necessary for post-conflict or natural disaster reconstruction efforts. 

‘‘(e) RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS.—An immigrant described in section 

101(a)(27)(N) who participates in the Return of Talent Program established under 

subsection (a), and the spouse, parents, siblings, and any minor children who accompany such immigrant to that immigrant’s country of citizenship, shall be considered, 

during such period of participation in the program—

‘‘(1) for purposes of section 316(a), physically present and residing in the 

United States for purposes of naturalization within the meaning of that section; 

and 

‘‘(2) for purposes of section 316(b), to meet the continuous residency requirements in that section. 

‘‘(f) OVERSIGHT AND ENFORCEMENT.—The Secretary of Homeland Security, in 

consultation with the Secretary of State, shall oversee and enforce the requirements 

of this section.’’. 

(2) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) is 

amended by inserting after the item relating to section 317 the following:

‘‘317A. Temporary absence of persons participating in the Return of Talent Program.’’. 

(c) ELIGIBLE IMMIGRANTS.—Section 101(a)(27) (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)) is amended—

(1) in subparagraph (L), by inserting a semicolon after ‘‘Improvement Act 

of 1998’’; 

119

(2) in subparagraph (M), by striking the period and inserting ‘‘; or’’; and 

(3) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(N) an immigrant who—

‘‘(i) has been lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence; 

‘‘(ii) demonstrates an ability and willingness to make a material contribution to the post-conflict or natural disaster reconstruction in the alien’s 

country of citizenship; and 

‘‘(iii) as determined by the Secretary of State in consultation with the 

Secretary of Homeland Security—

‘‘(I) is a citizen of a country in which Armed Forces of the United 

States are engaged, or have engaged in the 10 years preceding such determination, in combat or peacekeeping operations; 

‘‘(II) is a citizen of a country where authorization for United Nations peacekeeping operations was initiated by the United Nations Security Council during the 10 years preceding such determination; or 

‘‘(III) is a citizen of a country which received, during the preceding 

2 years, funding from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the 

United States Agency for International Development in response to a 

declared disaster in such country by the United States Ambassador, the 

Chief of the U.S. Mission, or the appropriate Assistant Secretary of 

State, that is beyond the ability of such country’s response capacity and 

warrants a response by the United States Government.’’. 

(d) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall 

submit a report to Congress that describes—

(1) the countries of citizenship of the participants in the Return of Talent 

Program established under section 317A of the Immigration and Nationality 

Act, as added by subsection (b); 

(2) the post-conflict or natural disaster reconstruction efforts that benefitted, or were made possible, through participation in the program; and 

(3) any other information that the Secretary determines to be appropriate. 

(e) REGULATIONS.—Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of 

this Act, the Secretary shall promulgate regulations to carry out this section and 

the amendments made by this section. 

(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, such sums as may 

be necessary to carry out this section and the amendments made by this section. 

Subtitle B—Preservation of Immigration Benefits 

for Victims of a Major Disaster or Emergency 

SEC. 531. SHORT TITLE. 

This subtitle may be cited as the ‘‘Major Disaster and Emergency Victims Immigration Benefits Preservation Act’’. 

SEC. 532. DEFINITIONS. 

In this subtitle: 

(1) APPLICATION OF DEFINITIONS FROM THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY

ACT.—Except as otherwise specifically provided in this subtitle, the definitions 

in the Immigration and Nationality Act shall apply in the administration of this 

subtitle. 

(2) DIRECT RESULT OF A MAJOR DISASTER OR EMERGENCY.—The term ‘‘direct 

result of a major disaster or emergency’’—

(A) means physical damage, disruption of communications or transportation, forced or voluntary evacuation, business closures, or other circumstances directly caused by a major disaster or emergency; and 

(B) does not include collateral or consequential economic effects in or 

on the United States or global economies. 

(3) EMERGENCY.—The term ‘‘emergency’’ has the meaning given the term in 

section 102(1) of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5122(1)). 

(4) LAST BUSINESS DAY.—The term ‘‘last business day’’ means the last business day preceding a major disaster or emergency. For purposes of Hurricane 

Katrina and Hurricane Rita, the last business day is August 26, 2005. 

120

(5) MAJOR DISASTER.—The term ‘‘major disaster’’ has the meaning given the 

term in section 102(2) of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency 

Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5122(2)) and includes Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. 

SEC. 533. SPECIAL IMMIGRANT STATUS. 

(a) PROVISION OF STATUS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

U.S.C. 1101 et seq.), the Secretary may provide an alien described in subsection 

(b) with the status of a special immigrant under section 101(a)(27) of such Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)) if the alien—

(A) files a petition with the Secretary under section 204 of such Act (8 

U.S.C. 1154) for classification under section 203(b)(4) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 

1153(b)(4)); 

(B) is otherwise eligible to receive an immigrant visa; and 

(C) is otherwise admissible to the United States for permanent residence. 

(2) INAPPLICABLE PROVISION.—In determining admissibility under paragraph (1)(C), the grounds for inadmissibility specified in section 212(a)(4) of 

such Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)) shall not apply. 

(b) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—

(1) PRINCIPAL ALIENS.—An alien is described in this subsection if—

(A) the alien was the beneficiary of—

(i) a petition that was filed with the Secretary on or before the last 

business day—

(I) under section 204 of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1154) to classify the alien as a family-sponsored immigrant under section 203(a) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1153(a)) or as an 

employment-based immigrant under section 203(b) of such Act (8 

U.S.C. 1153(b)); or 

(II) under section 214(d) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1184(d)) to authorize the issuance of a nonimmigrant visa to the alien under section 101(a)(15)(K) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(K)); or 

(ii) an application for labor certification under section 212(a)(5)(A) 

of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5)(A)) that was filed under regulations of 

the Secretary of Labor on or before the last business day; and 

(B) such petition or application was revoked or terminated before or 

after its approval, solely due to—

(i) the death or disability of the petitioner, applicant, or alien beneficiary as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency; or 

(ii) loss of employment as a direct result of a major disaster or 

emergency. 

(2) SPOUSES AND CHILDREN.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—An alien is described in this subsection if—

(i) the alien, as of the last business day, was the spouse or child 

of a principal alien described in paragraph (1); and 

(ii) the alien—

(I) is accompanying such principal alien; or 

(II) is following to join such principal alien within a reasonable 

period after a major disaster or emergency, as determined by the 

Attorney General. 

(B) CONSTRUCTION.—

(i) DEATH DISREGARDED.—In construing the terms ‘‘accompanying’’ 

and ‘‘following to join’’ in subparagraph (A)(ii), the death of a principal 

alien described in paragraph (1)(B)(i) shall be disregarded. 

(ii) REASONABLE PERIOD.—The reasonable period described in subparagraph (A)(ii)(II), as applied to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane 

Rita, shall end 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(3) GRANDPARENTS OR LEGAL GUARDIANS OF ORPHANS.—An alien is described in this subsection if the alien is a grandparent or legal guardian of a 

child whose parents died as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency, 

if either of the deceased parents was, as of the last business day, a citizen or 

national of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States. 

(c) PRIORITY DATE.—Immigrant visas made available under this section shall be 

issued to aliens in the order in which a petition on behalf of each such alien is filed 

with the Secretary under subsection (a)(1), except that if an alien was assigned a 

121

priority date with respect to a petition described in subsection (b)(1)(A)(i), the alien 

may maintain that priority date. 

(d) NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS.—In applying sections 201 through 203 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151–1153) in any fiscal year, aliens eligible to be provided status under this section shall be treated as special immigrants 

who are not described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (K) of section 101(a)(27) of 

such Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)). 

SEC. 534. EXTENSION OF FILING OR REENTRY DEADLINES. 

(a) AUTOMATIC EXTENSION OF NONIMMIGRANT STATUS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding section 214 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1184), an alien described in paragraph (2) who was lawfully present in the United States as a nonimmigrant on the last business day, 

may, unless otherwise determined by the Secretary in the Secretary’s discretion, 

lawfully remain in the United States in the same nonimmigrant status until the 

latest of—

(A) the date on which such lawful nonimmigrant status would have 

otherwise terminated absent the enactment of this subsection; 

(B) 1 year after the death or onset of disability described in paragraph 

(2); or 

(C) 3 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, for victims 

of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita. 

(2) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—

(A) PRINCIPAL ALIENS.—An alien is described in this paragraph if the 

alien was disabled as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency. 

(B) SPOUSES AND CHILDREN.—An alien is described in this paragraph 

if the alien, as of the last business day, was the spouse or child of—

(i) a principal alien described in subparagraph (A); or 

(ii) an alien who died as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency. 

(3) AUTHORIZED EMPLOYMENT.—During the period in which a principal alien 

or alien spouse is in lawful nonimmigrant status under paragraph (1), the alien 

may be provided an ‘‘employment authorized’’ endorsement or other appropriate 

document signifying authorization of employment. 

(b) NEW DEADLINES FOR EXTENSION OR CHANGE OF NONIMMIGRANT STATUS.—

(1) FILING DELAYS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—If an alien, who was lawfully present in the United 

States as a nonimmigrant on the last business day, was prevented from filing a timely application for an extension or change of nonimmigrant status 

as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency, the alien’s application 

may be considered timely filed if it is filed within a reasonable period, as 

determined by the Secretary, after the application would have otherwise 

been due. For victims of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita, this period 

shall end 3 months after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(B) CIRCUMSTANCES PREVENTING TIMELY ACTION.—For purposes of subparagraph (A), circumstances preventing an alien from timely acting are—

(i) office closures; 

(ii) mail or courier service cessations or delays; 

(iii) other closures, cessations, or delays affecting case processing or 

travel necessary to satisfy legal requirements; 

(iv) mandatory evacuation and relocation; or 

(v) other circumstances, including medical problems or financial 

hardship. 

(2) DEPARTURE DELAYS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—If an alien, who was lawfully present in the United 

States as a nonimmigrant on the last business day, is unable to timely depart the United States as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency, 

the alien shall not be considered to have been unlawfully present in the 

United States during the period beginning on the last business day, and 

ending on the date of the alien’s departure, if such departure occurred within a reasonable period, as determined by the Secretary. If a victim of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita departs the United States not later than 

3 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, such departure shall 

be considered to have been within a reasonable period under this subparagraph. 

(B) CIRCUMSTANCES PREVENTING TIMELY ACTION.—For purposes of subparagraph (A), circumstances preventing an alien from timely acting are—

(i) office closures; 

122

(ii) transportation cessations or delays; 

(iii) other closures, cessations, or delays affecting case processing or 

travel necessary to satisfy legal requirements; 

(iv) mandatory evacuation and relocation; or 

(v) other circumstances, including medical problems or financial 

hardship. 

(c) DIVERSITY IMMIGRANTS.—Section 204(a)(1)(I)(ii)(II) (8 U.S.C. 

1154(a)(1)(I)(ii)(II)), is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘(II) An immigrant visa made available under subsection 203(c) for fiscal year 

1998, or for a subsequent fiscal year, may be issued, or adjustment of status under 

section 245(a) based upon the availability of such visa may be granted, to an eligible 

qualified alien who has properly applied for such visa or adjustment in the fiscal 

year for which the alien was selected notwithstanding the end of such fiscal year. 

Such visa or adjustment of status shall be counted against the worldwide level set 

forth in subsection 201(e) for the fiscal year for which the alien was selected.’’. 

(d) EXTENSION OF FILING PERIOD.—If an alien is unable to timely file an application to register or reregister for temporary protected status under section 244 of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1254a) as a direct result of a major 

disaster or emergency, the alien’s application may be considered timely filed if it is 

filed not later than 90 days after it otherwise would have been due. 

(e) VOLUNTARY DEPARTURE.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding section 240B of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1229c), if a period for voluntary departure under such 

section expired during the period beginning on the last business day and ending 

within a reasonable period, as determined by the Attorney General, and the 

alien was unable to voluntarily depart before the expiration date as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency, such voluntary departure period is 

deemed to have been extended for an additional 60 days. For purposes of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, the reasonable period shall be deemed to 

have ended on December 31, 2005. 

(2) CIRCUMSTANCES PREVENTING DEPARTURE.—For purposes of this subsection, circumstances preventing an alien from voluntarily departing the 

United States are—

(A) office closures; 

(B) transportation cessations or delays; 

(C) other closures, cessations, or delays affecting case processing or 

travel necessary to satisfy legal requirements; 

(D) mandatory evacuation and removal; and 

(E) other circumstances, including medical problems or financial hardship. 

(f) CURRENT NONIMMIGRANT VISA HOLDERS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—An alien, who was lawfully present in the United States 

on the last business day, as a nonimmigrant under section 101(a)(15)(H) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)) and lost employment 

as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency may accept new employment 

upon the filing by a prospective employer of a new petition on behalf of such 

nonimmigrant not later than 1 year after such major disaster or emergency. For 

victims of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita, this period shall be extended 

until August 29, 2007. 

(2) CONTINUATION OF EMPLOYMENT AUTHORIZATION.—Employment authorization shall continue for such alien until the new petition is adjudicated. If the 

new petition is denied, such employment shall cease. 

(3) SAVINGS PROVISION.—Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to 

limit eligibility for portability under section 214(n) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1184(n)). 

SEC. 535. HUMANITARIAN RELIEF FOR CERTAIN SURVIVING SPOUSES AND CHILDREN. 

(a) TREATMENT AS IMMEDIATE RELATIVES.—

(1) SPOUSES.—Notwithstanding the second sentence of section 

201(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1151(b)(2)(A)(i)), if an alien was the spouse of a citizen of the United States at 

the time of the citizen’s death and was not legally separated from the citizen 

at the time of the citizen’s death, and the citizen died as a direct result of a 

major disaster or emergency, the alien (and each child of the alien) may be considered, for purposes of section 201(b) of such Act, to remain an immediate relative after the date of the citizen’s death if the alien files a petition under section 204(a)(1)(A)(ii) of such Act not later than 2 years after such date and only 

until the date on which the alien remarries. For purposes of such section 

123

204(a)(1)(A)(ii), an alien granted relief under this paragraph shall be considered 

an alien spouse described in the second sentence of section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) of 

such Act. 

(2) CHILDREN.— (A) IN GENERAL.—In the case of an alien who was the child of a citizen 

of the United States at the time of the citizen’s death, if the citizen died 

as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency, the alien may be considered, for purposes of section 201(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1151(b)), to remain an immediate relative after the date of the 

citizen’s death (regardless of subsequent changes in age or marital status), 

but only if the alien files a petition under subparagraph (B) not later than 

2 years after such date. 

(B) PETITIONS.—An alien described in subparagraph (A) may file a petition with the Secretary for classification of the alien under section 

201(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1151(b)(2)(A)(i)), which shall be considered a petition filed under section 

204(a)(1)(A) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1154(a)(1)(A)). 

(b) SPOUSES, CHILDREN, UNMARRIED SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF LAWFUL PERMA- NENT RESIDENT ALIENS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Any spouse, child, or unmarried son or daughter of an 

alien described in paragraph (3) who is included in a petition for classification 

as a family-sponsored immigrant under section 203(a)(2) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1153(a)(2)), which was filed by such alien before the 

last business day, may be considered (if the spouse, child, son, or daughter has 

not been admitted or approved for lawful permanent residence by such date) a 

valid petitioner for preference status under such section with the same priority 

date as that assigned before the death described in paragraph (3)(A). No new 

petition shall be required to be filed. Such spouse, child, son, or daughter may 

be eligible for deferred action and work authorization. 

(2) SELF-PETITIONS.—Any spouse, child, or unmarried son or daughter of an 

alien described in paragraph (3) who is not a beneficiary of a petition for classification as a family-sponsored immigrant under section 203(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act may file a petition for such classification with the 

Secretary, if the spouse, child, son, or daughter was present in the United 

States on the last business day. Such spouse, child, son, or daughter may be 

eligible for deferred action and work authorization. 

(3) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—An alien is described in this paragraph if the 

alien—

(A) died as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency; and 

(B) on the day of such death, was lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States. 

(c) APPLICATIONS FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS BY SURVIVING SPOUSES AND CHILDREN OF EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANTS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Any alien who was, on the last business day, the spouse 

or child of an alien described in paragraph (2), and who applied for adjustment 

of status before the death described in paragraph (2)(A), may have such application adjudicated as if such death had not occurred. 

(2) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—An alien is described in this paragraph if the 

alien—

(A) died as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency; and 

(B) on the day before such death, was—

(i) an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the 

United States by reason of having been allotted a visa under section 

203(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1153(b)); or 

(ii) an applicant for adjustment of status to that of an alien described in clause (i), and admissible to the United States for permanent 

residence. 

(d) APPLICATIONS BY SURVIVING SPOUSES AND CHILDREN OF REFUGEES AND

ASYLEES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Any alien who, on the last business day, was the spouse 

or child of an alien described in paragraph (2), may have his or her eligibility 

to be admitted under section 207(c)(2)(A) or 208(b)(3)(A) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1157(c)(2)(A), 1158(b)(3)(A)) considered as if the alien’s 

death had not occurred. 

(2) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—An alien is described in this paragraph if the 

alien—

(A) died as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency; and 

(B) on the day before such death, was—

124

(i) an alien admitted as a refugee under section 207 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1157); or 

(ii) granted asylum under section 208 of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1158). 

(e) WAIVER OF PUBLIC CHARGE GROUNDS.—In determining the admissibility of 

any alien accorded an immigration benefit under this section, the grounds for inadmissibility specified in section 212(a)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)) shall not apply. 

SEC. 536. RECIPIENT OF PUBLIC BENEFITS. 

An alien shall not be inadmissible under section 212(a)(4) of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)) or deportable under section 237(a)(5) of 

such Act (8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(5)) on the basis that the alien received any public benefit 

as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency. 

SEC. 537. AGE-OUT PROTECTION. 

In administering the immigration laws, the Secretary and the Attorney General 

may grant any application or benefit notwithstanding the applicant or beneficiary 

(including a derivative beneficiary of the applicant or beneficiary) reaching an age 

that would render the alien ineligible for the benefit sought, if the alien’s failure 

to meet the age requirement occurred as a direct result of a major disaster or emergency. 

SEC. 538. EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may suspend or modify any requirement under 

section 274A(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(b)) or subtitle A of title IV of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility 

Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1324a note), either generally or with respect to particular persons, class of persons, geographic areas, or economic sectors, to the extent to which 

the Secretary determines necessary or appropriate to respond to major disasters or 

emergencies. 

(b) NOTIFICATION.—If the Secretary suspends or modifies any requirement 

under section 274A(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act pursuant to subsection (a), the Secretary shall send notice of such decision, including the reasons 

for the suspension or modification, to—

(1) the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and 

(2) the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives. 

(c) SUNSET DATE.—The authority under subsection (a) shall expire on August 

26, 2008. 

SEC. 539. NATURALIZATION. 

The Secretary may, with respect to applicants for naturalization in any district 

of the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services affected by a major disaster or emergency, administer the provisions of Title III of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.) notwithstanding any provision of such title 

relating to the jurisdiction of an eligible court to administer the oath of allegiance, 

or requiring residence to be maintained or any action to be taken in any specific 

district or State within the United States. 

SEC. 540. DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY. 

The Secretary or the Attorney General may waive violations of the immigration 

laws committed by an alien—

(1) who was in lawful status on the last business day; and 

(2) whose failure to comply with the immigration laws—

(A) was a direct result of a major disaster or emergency; 

(B) occurred within a period to be determined by the Attorney General; 

and 

(C) for the victims of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita, occurred on 

or before March 1, 2006. 

SEC. 541. EVIDENTIARY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. 

The Secretary shall establish appropriate evidentiary standards for demonstrating, for purposes of this subtitle, that a major disaster or emergency directly 

resulted in—

(1) death; 

(2) disability; or 

(3) loss of employment due to physical damage to, or destruction of, a business. 

125

SEC. 542. IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENTS. 

(a) TEMPORARY IDENTIFICATION.—The Secretary shall have the authority to instruct any Federal agency to issue temporary identification documents to individuals affected by a major disaster or emergency. Such documents shall be acceptable 

for identification purposes under any Federal law until 1 year after the relevant 

major disaster or emergency. For victims of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita, 

such documents shall be valid until August 29, 2007. 

(b) ISSUANCE.—An agency may not issue identity documents under this section 

after January 1, 2006. 

(c) NO COMPULSION TO ACCEPT OR CARRY IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENTS.—Nationals of the United States shall not be compelled to accept or carry documents 

issued under this section. 

(d) NO PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP.—Identity documents issued under this section 

shall not constitute proof of citizenship or immigration status. 

SEC. 543. WAIVER OF REGULATIONS. 

The Secretary shall carry out the provisions of this subtitle as expeditiously as 

possible. The Secretary is not required to promulgate regulations before implementing this subtitle. The requirements of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code 

(commonly referred to as the ‘‘Administrative Procedure Act’’) or any other law relating to rule making, information collection, or publication in the Federal Register, 

shall not apply to any action to implement this subtitle to the extent the Secretary, 

the Secretary of Labor, or the Secretary of State determine that compliance with 

such requirement would impede the expeditious implementation of such Act. 

SEC. 544. NOTICES OF CHANGE OF ADDRESS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—If a notice of change of address otherwise required to be submitted to the Secretary by an alien described in subsection (b) relates to a change 

of address occurring during the period beginning on the last business day, and ending on a date to be determined by the Secretary, the alien may submit such notice. 

For victims of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita, such period shall end on the 

date of the enactment of this Act. 

(b) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—An alien is described in this subsection if the alien—

(1) resided, on the last business day, within a district of the United States 

that was declared by the President to be affected by a major disaster or emergency; and 

(2) is required, under section 265 of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1305) or any other provision of law, to notify the Secretary in writing 

of a change of address. 

SEC. 545. FOREIGN STUDENTS AND EXCHANGE PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The nonimmigrant status of an alien described in subsection 

(b) shall be deemed to have been maintained during the period beginning on the 

last business day, and ending on a date to be determined by the Attorney General, 

if on such later date, the alien is enrolled in a course of study, or participating in 

a designated exchange visitor program, sufficient to satisfy the terms and conditions 

of the alien’s nonimmigrant status on the last business day. For victims of Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Rita, the relevant period shall be deemed to have ended 

on September 15, 2006. 

(b) ALIENS DESCRIBED.—An alien is described in this subsection if the alien—

(1) was, on the last business day, lawfully present in the United States in 

the status of a nonimmigrant described in subparagraph (F), (J), or (M) of section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)); 

and 

(2) fails to satisfy a term or condition of such status as a direct result of 

a major disaster or emergency. 

TITLE VI—LEGALIZATION OF UNDOCUMENTED 

INDIVIDUALS 

Subtitle A—Conditional Nonimmigrants 

SEC. 601. CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANTS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, including section 

244(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1254a(h)), the Secretary 

126

may classify an alien as a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant 

dependent if the alien—

(1) submits an application for such classification; and 

(2) meets the requirements of this section. 

(b) PRESENCE IN THE UNITED STATES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The alien shall establish that the alien—

(A) was present in the United States before June 1, 2006; 

(B) has been continuously present in the United States since the date 

described in subparagraph (A); and 

(C) was not legally present in the United States on that date under any 

classification described in section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)) or any other nonimmigrant status made 

available under a treaty or other multinational agreement that has been 

ratified by the Senate. 

(2) CONTINUOUS PRESENCE.—For purposes of this subsection, an absence 

from the United States without authorization for a continuous period of more 

than 180 days between June 1, 2006, and the beginning of the application period for classification as a conditional nonimmigrant shall constitute a break in 

continuous physical presence. 

(c) CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANT DEPENDENTS.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall classify the spouse or child of a conditional nonimmigrant as a conditional nonimmigrant dependent, or provide the spouse or child 

with a conditional nonimmigrant dependent visa if—

(1) the spouse or child meets the applicable eligibility requirements under 

this section; or 

(2) the alien was, before the date on which this Act was introduced in Congress, the spouse or child of an alien who was subsequently classified as a conditional nonimmigrant under this section, or is eligible for such classification, 

if—

(A) the termination of the relationship with such spouse or parent was 

connected to domestic violence; and 

(B) the spouse or child has been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty by the spouse or parent who is a conditional nonimmigrant. 

(d) OTHER CRITERIA.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—An alien may be classified as a conditional nonimmigrant 

or conditional nonimmigrant dependent if the Secretary determines that the 

alien—

(A) is not inadmissible to the United States under section 212(a) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)), except as provided in 

paragraph (2); 

(B) has not ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the 

persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion; and 

(C) is not an alien—

(i) who has been convicted by final judgment of a particularly serious crime and constitutes a danger to the community of the United 

States; 

(ii) for whom there are reasonable grounds for believing that the 

alien has committed a particularly serious crime outside the United 

States before arriving in the United States; or 

(iii) for whom there are reasonable grounds for regarding the alien 

as a danger to the security of the United States; and 

(D) has been convicted of a felony or 3 or more misdemeanors under 

Federal or State law. 

(2) GROUNDS OF INADMISSIBILITY.—In determining an alien’s admissibility 

under paragraph (1)(A)—

(A) paragraphs (5), (6) (excluding subparagraph (E)), (7), (9), and 

(10)(B) of section 212(a) of such Act shall not apply; 

(B) the Secretary may not waive—

(i) subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D)(ii), (E), (G), (H), or (I) of section 

212(a)(2) of such Act (relating to criminals); 

(ii) section 212(a)(3) of such Act (relating to security and related 

grounds); or 

(iii) subparagraph (A), (C), or (D) of section 212(a)(10) of such Act 

(relating to polygamists and child abductors); 

(C) the Secretary may waive the application of any provision of section 

212(a) of such Act not listed in subparagraph (B) on behalf of an individual 

127

alien for humanitarian purposes, to ensure family unity, or if such waiver 

is otherwise in the public interest; and 

(D) nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as affecting the authority of the Secretary other than under this paragraph to waive the provisions of section 212(a) of such Act. 

(3) APPLICABILITY OF OTHER PROVISIONS.—Sections 240B(d) and 241(a)(5) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1229c(d) and 1231(a)(5)) shall 

not apply to an alien who is applying for classification under this section for 

conduct that occurred before the date on which this Act was introduced in Congress. 

(e) ATTESTATION OF EMPLOYMENT.—The Secretary may not classify an alien as 

a conditional nonimmigrant unless the alien—

(1) attests, under penalty of perjury, that the alien—

(A) was employed full time, part time, or seasonally in the United 

States or was self-employed before June 1, 2006, and has been employed 

in the United States since that date; or 

(B) was otherwise physically present before June 1, 2006, under the 

limitations described in subsections (b) and (c) of section 602; and 

(2) submits evidence that the Secretary determines to be necessary to establish prima facie evidence of employment or physical presence in the United 

States. 

(f) SECURITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT BACKGROUND CHECKS.—

(1) SUBMISSION OF FINGERPRINTS.—The Secretary may not classify an alien 

as a conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional nonimmigrant dependent unless 

the alien submits fingerprints in accordance with procedures established by the 

Secretary. 

(2) BACKGROUND CHECKS.—The Secretary shall utilize fingerprints and 

other biometric data provided by the alien to conduct a background check of 

such alien to search for criminal, national security, or other law enforcement 

actions that would render the alien ineligible for classification under this section. 

(3) EXPEDITIOUS PROCESSING.—The background checks required under paragraph (2) shall be conducted as expeditiously as possible. 

(g) PERIOD OF AUTHORIZED STAY; APPLICATION FEE AND FINE.—

(1) PERIOD OF AUTHORIZED STAY.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under subparagraph (C), the period of authorized stay for a conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional nonimmigrant dependent shall be 6 years from the date on which such status 

is conferred. 

(B) LIMITATION.—The Secretary may not adjust or change the status of 

a conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional nonimmigrant dependent to 

any other immigrant or nonimmigrant classification until the termination 

of the 6-year period described in subparagraph (A). 

(C) EXTENSION.—The Secretary may only extend the period described 

in subparagraph (A) to accommodate the processing of an application for 

adjustment of status under section 602. 

(2) APPLICATION FEE AND FINES.—

(A) APPLICATION FEE.—The Secretary shall impose a fee for filing an 

application under this section. Such fee shall be sufficient to cover the administrative and other expenses incurred in connection with the review of 

such applications. 

(B) FINES.—

(i) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under clause (ii), an alien filing an application under this section shall submit to the Secretary, in 

addition to the fee required under subparagraph (A), a fine of $500. 

(ii) EXCEPTION.—An alien who is younger than 21 years of age 

shall not be required to pay a fine under this paragraph. 

(C) DISPOSITION OF FEES AND FINES.—

(i) FEES.—Fees collected under this paragraph shall be deposited 

into the Immigration Examination Fee Account and remain available 

as provided under subsections (m) and (n) of section 286. 

(ii) FINES.—Fines collected under this paragraph shall be deposited 

into the New Worker Program and Conditional Nonimmigrant Fee Account established under section 286(w). 

(h) TREATMENT OF APPLICANTS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—An alien who files an application under this section to become a conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional nonimmigrant dependent—

128

(A) shall be granted employment authorization pending final adjudication of the alien’s application; 

(B) shall be granted permission to travel abroad; 

(C) may not be detained for immigration purposes, determined inadmissible or deportable, or removed pending final adjudication of the alien’s application, unless the alien, due to conduct or criminal conviction, becomes 

ineligible for conditional nonimmigrant classification; and 

(D) may not be considered an unauthorized alien (as defined in section 

274A(h)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(h)(3))) 

until employment authorization under subparagraph (A) is denied. 

(2) DOCUMENT OF AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary shall provide each alien 

described in paragraph (1) with a counterfeit-resistant document of authorization that—

(A) meets all current requirements established by the Secretary for 

travel documents, including the requirements under section 403 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 

U.S.C. 1324a note); and 

(B) reflects the benefits and status set forth in paragraph (1). 

(3) BEFORE APPLICATION PERIOD.—If an alien is apprehended between the 

date of the enactment of this Act and the date on which regulations are promulgated to implement this section, and the alien can establish prima facie eligibility as a conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional nonimmigrant dependent, 

the Secretary shall provide the alien with a reasonable opportunity to file an 

application under this section after such regulations are promulgated. 

(4) DURING CERTAIN PROCEEDINGS.—Notwithstanding any provision of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act, if an immigration judge determines that an 

alien who is in removal proceedings has made a prima facie case of eligibility 

for classification as a conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional nonimmigrant 

dependent, the judge shall administratively close such proceedings and permit 

the alien a reasonable opportunity to apply for such classification. 

(5) RELATIONSHIPS OF APPLICATION TO CERTAIN ORDERS.— (A) IN GENERAL.—An alien who is present in the United States and has 

been ordered excluded, deported, removed, or ordered to depart voluntarily 

from the United States under any provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act—

(i) notwithstanding such order, may apply for classification as a 

conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent 

under this subtitle; and 

(ii) shall not be required to file a separate motion to reopen, reconsider, or vacate the exclusion, deportation, removal, or voluntary departure order. 

(B) APPLICATION GRANTED.—If the Secretary grants the application described in subparagraph (A)(i), the Secretary shall cancel the order described in subparagraph (A). 

(C) APPLICATION DENIED.—If the Secretary renders a final administrative decision to deny the application described in subparagraph (A)(i), the 

order described in subparagraph (A) shall be effective and enforceable to 

the same extent as if the application had not been made. 

(i) CLASSIFICATION.—If the Secretary determines that an alien is eligible for 

classification as a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent, the alien shall be entitled to all benefits described in subsection (h)(1). The Secretary may authorize the use of a document described in subsection (h)(2) as evidence of such classification or may issue additional documentation as evidence of 

classification as a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent. 

(j) TERMINATION OF BENEFITS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Any benefit provided to an alien seeking classification as 

a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent, or who is 

classified as such, under this section shall terminate if—

(A) the Secretary determines that the alien is ineligible for such classification and all review procedures under section 603 have been exhausted 

or waived by the alien; 

(B) the alien is found removable from the United States under section 

237 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1227); 

(C) the alien has used documentation issued under this section for unlawful or fraudulent purposes; or 

(D) in the case of the spouse or child of an alien applying for classification as a conditional nonimmigrant or classified as a conditional nonVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00134 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
129

immigrant under this section, the benefits for the principal alien are terminated. 

(k) DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ON CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANT PRO- GRAM.—During the 12-month period immediately after the issuance of regulations 

implementing this section, the Secretary, in cooperation with entities approved by 

the Secretary, shall broadly disseminate information respecting conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent classification under this section 

and the requirements to be satisfied to obtain such classification. The Secretary 

shall disseminate information to employers and labor unions to advise them of the 

rights and protections available to them and to workers who file applications under 

this section. Such information shall be broadly disseminated, in the principal languages, as determined by the Secretary, spoken by aliens who would qualify for 

classification under this section, including to television, radio, and print media to 

which such aliens would have access. 

SEC. 602. ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS FOR CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANTS. 

(a) REQUIREMENTS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, including section 244(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1254a(h)), the Secretary may adjust the status of a conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional 

nonimmigrant dependent to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent 

residence if the conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent satisfies the applicable requirements under this subsection. 

(2) COMPLETION OF EMPLOYMENT OR EDUCATION REQUIREMENT.—A conditional nonimmigrant applying for adjustment of status under this section shall 

establish that during the 6-year period immediately preceding the application 

for adjustment of status, he or she—

(A) has been employed full-time, part-time, or seasonally in the United 

States; 

(B) has been self-employed in the United States; or 

(C) has met the education requirements under subsection (c). 

(3) EVIDENCE OF EMPLOYMENT.—

(A) CONCLUSIVE DOCUMENTS.—An alien may conclusively establish employment status in compliance with paragraph (2) by submitting records to 

the Secretary that demonstrate such employment, and have been maintained by the Social Security Administration, the Internal Revenue Service, 

or any other Federal, State, or local government agency. 

(B) OTHER DOCUMENTS.—An alien who is unable to submit a document 

described in subparagraph (A) may satisfy the requirement under paragraph (1) by submitting to the Secretary at least 2 other types of reliable 

documents that provide evidence of employment, including—

(i) bank records; 

(ii) business records; 

(iii) employer records; 

(iv) records of a labor union, day labor center, or organization that 

assists workers in employment; 

(v) sworn affidavits from nonrelatives who have direct knowledge 

of the alien’s work, that contain—

(I) the name, address, and telephone number of the affiant; 

(II) the nature and duration of the relationship between the affiant and the alien; and 

(III) other verification or information; and 

(vi) remittance records. 

(C) ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS AND RESTRICTIONS.—The Secretary may—

(i) designate additional documents to evidence employment in the 

United States; and 

(ii) set such terms and conditions on the use of affidavits as is necessary to verify and confirm the identity of any affiant or otherwise 

prevent fraudulent submissions. 

(4) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of the Congress that the requirement under this subsection should be interpreted and implemented in a manner 

that recognizes and takes into account the difficulties encountered by aliens in 

obtaining evidence of employment due to the undocumented status of the alien. 

(5) BURDEN OF PROOF.—An alien described in paragraph (1) who is applying 

for adjustment of status under this section shall prove, by a preponderance of 

the evidence, that the alien has satisfied the requirements of this subsection. 

An alien may meet such burden of proof by producing sufficient evidence to 

demonstrate such employment as a matter of reasonable inference. 

130

(6) PORTABILITY.—An alien shall not be required to complete the employment requirements under this section with a single employer. 

(b) EXCEPTIONS AND SPECIAL RULES.— (1) EXCEPTIONS BASED ON AGE.—The employment requirements under this 

section shall not apply—

(A) to any alien who is classified as a conditional nonimmigrant dependent who was younger than 21 years of age on the date of the enactment of this Act; or 

(B) to any alien who is 65 years of age or older on the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(2) DISABILITIES; PREGNANCY.—The employment requirements under this 

section shall be reduced for an alien who cannot demonstrate employment based 

on a physical or mental disability (as defined under section 3(2) of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12102(2)) or as a result of pregnancy if such condition is evidenced by the submission of documentation prescribed by the Secretary. 

(c) APPLICATION PROCEDURE AND FEE.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall promulgate regulations establishing 

procedures for submitting an application for adjustment of status under this 

section. The Secretary shall impose a fee for filing an application for adjustment 

of status under this section which shall be sufficient to cover the administrative 

and other expenses incurred in connection with the review of such applications. 

(2) FINES.— (A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under subparagraph (B), an alien 

filing an application for adjustment of status under this section shall pay 

a $1500 fine to the Secretary, in addition to the fee required under paragraph (1). 

(B) EXCEPTION.—An alien who is classified as a conditional nonimmigrant dependent who was under 21 years of age on the date of enactment of this Act shall not be required to pay a fine under this paragraph. 

(3) STATE IMPACT ASSISTANCE FEE.— (A) IN GENERAL.—In addition to any other amounts required to be paid 

under this subsection, a conditional nonimmigrant shall submit a State impact assistance fee equal to $500 with the application for adjustment filed 

under this section. 

(B) USE OF FEE.—Fees collected under subparagraph (A) shall be deposited in the State Impact Assistance Account and shall remain available 

under 286(x) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

(4) DEPOSIT OF FEES.—Fees collected under this paragraph shall be deposited into the Immigration Examination Fee Account and shall remain available 

as provided under subsections (m) and (n) of section 286 of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1356). 

(5) DEPOSIT OF FINES.—Fines collected under this paragraph shall be deposited into the New Worker Program and Conditional Nonimmigrant Fee Account 

and shall remain available as provided under section 286(w) of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act. 

(d) ADMISSIBLE UNDER IMMIGRATION LAWS.—A conditional nonimmigrant or 

conditional nonimmigrant dependent applying for adjustment of status under this 

section shall establish that he or she is not inadmissible under section 212(a), except 

for any provision under that section that is not applicable or waived under paragraph (2) or (3) of section 601(d). For purposes of an application filed under this section, any prior waiver of inadmissibility granted to an alien under section 

601(d)(2(C) shall remain in effect with respect to the specific conduct considered by 

the Secretary at the time of classification under section 601. 

(e) LEGAL REENTRY.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—A conditional nonimmigrant applying for adjustment of 

status under this section shall physically depart the United States and after 

such departure, be admitted to the United States as a conditional nonimmigrant 

or applicant for conditional nonimmigrant status, as evidenced by documentation issued by the Secretary. A record of such admission shall be created by the 

Secretary through the US–VISIT exit and entry system, or any other system 

maintained by the Secretary to create a record of a lawful entry. 

(2) DEPARTURE AND REENTRY.—A conditional nonimmigrant seeking to establish lawful admission under paragraph (1)(B) may seek admission to the 

United States at any port of entry at which the US–VISIT exit and entry system, or any other system maintained by the Secretary to record lawful admission, is in operation. Departure and subsequent lawful admission to the United 

States shall occur not later than 90 days before the conditional nonimmigrant 

131

files an application for adjustment to lawful permanent resident status under 

this section. 

(3) EXEMPTIONS.—Paragraph (2) shall not apply to an alien who, on the 

date on which the application for adjustment of status is filed under this section—

(A) has served in the Armed Forces of the United States; 

(B) has a son or daughter who has served or is serving in the Armed 

Forces of the United States; 

(C) has a pending or approved application under section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1254a), the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (Public Law 105–100), or the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–277); 

(D) is at least 65 years of age; 

(E) is younger than 21 years of age; 

(F) suffers from an ongoing physical or mental disability (as defined in 

section 3(2) of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 

12102)); 

(G) is a single parent head of household; or 

(H) cannot comply with such paragraph due to extreme hardship to the 

alien or an immediate family member, as determined by the Secretary. 

(4) FAILURE TO ESTABLISH LAWFUL ADMISSION TO THE UNITED STATES.—Unless exempted under paragraph (3), a conditional nonimmigrant who fails to depart and reenter the United States in accordance with paragraph (1) may not 

become a lawful permanent resident under this section. 

(f) MEDICAL EXAMINATION.—A conditional nonimmigrant or a conditional nonimmigrant dependent shall undergo an appropriate medical examination (including 

a determination of immunization status) that conforms to generally accepted professional standards of medical practice. 

(g) PAYMENT OF INCOME TAXES.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than the date on which status is adjusted under 

this section, a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent shall satisfy any applicable Federal tax liability by establishing that—

(A) no such tax liability exists; 

(B) all outstanding liabilities have been paid; or 

(C) the conditional nonimmigrant has entered into, and is in compliance with, an agreement for payment of all outstanding liabilities with the 

Internal Revenue Service. 

(2) APPLICABLE FEDERAL TAX LIABILITY.—For purposes of paragraph (1), the 

term ‘‘applicable Federal tax liability’’ means liability for Federal taxes, including penalties and interest, owed for any year during the period of employment 

required under subsection (a)(2) for which the statutory period for assessment 

of any deficiency for such taxes has not expired. 

(3) IRS COOPERATION.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall establish rules 

and procedures under which the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shall provide documentation to—

(A) a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent, upon request, to establish the payment of all taxes required under this 

subsection; or 

(B) the Secretary, upon request, regarding the payment of Federal 

taxes by an alien applying for a benefit under this section. 

(4) COMPLIANCE.—The alien may satisfy proof of compliance with this subsection by submitting documentation that establishes that—

(A) no such tax liability exists; 

(B) all outstanding liabilities have been met; or 

(C) the alien has entered into, and is in compliance with, an agreement 

for payment of all outstanding liabilities with the Internal Revenue Service. 

(h) BASIC CITIZENSHIP SKILLS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under paragraph (2), a conditional 

nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent shall establish that he or 

she—

(A) meets the requirements under section 312 of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1423); or 

(B) is satisfactorily pursuing a course of study to achieve such an understanding of English and knowledge and understanding of the history 

and Government of the United States. 

(2) RELATION TO NATURALIZATION EXAMINATION.—A conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent who demonstrates that he or 

she meets the requirements under such section 312 may be considered to have 

132

satisfied the requirements of that section for purposes of becoming naturalized 

as a citizen of the United States under title III of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.). 

(3) EXCEPTIONS.— (A) MANDATORY.—Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any person who is 

unable to comply with those requirements because of a physical or developmental disability or mental impairment as described in section 312(b)(1) of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

(B) DISCRETIONARY.—The Secretary may waive all or part of paragraph 

(1) for a conditional nonimmigrant who is at least 65 years of age on the 

date on which an application is filed for adjustment of status under this 

section. 

(i) SECURITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT BACKGROUND CHECKS.—The Secretary 

shall conduct a security and law enforcement background check in accordance with 

procedures described in section 601(f). 

(j) MILITARY SELECTIVE SERVICE.—If a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional 

nonimmigrant dependent is within the age period required under the Military Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C. App. 451 et seq.), the conditional nonimmigrant shall establish proof of registration under that Act. 

(k) TREATMENT OF CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANT DEPENDENTS.—

(1) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, 

the Secretary may—

(A) adjust the status of a conditional nonimmigrant dependent to that 

of a person admitted for lawful permanent residence if the principal conditional nonimmigrant spouse or parent has been found eligible for adjustment of status under this section; 

(B) adjust the status of a conditional nonimmigrant dependent who was 

the spouse or child of an alien who was classified as a conditional nonimmigrant or was eligible for such classification under section 601, to that 

of a person admitted for permanent residence if—

(i) the termination of the relationship with such spouse or parent 

was connected to domestic violence; and 

(ii) the spouse or child has been battered or subjected to extreme 

cruelty by the spouse or parent. 

(2) APPLICATION OF OTHER LAW.—In processing applications under this subsection on behalf of aliens who have been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty, the Secretary shall apply—

(A) the provisions under section 204(a)(1)(J) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1154(a)(1)(J)); and 

(B) the protections, prohibitions, and penalties under section 384 of the 

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 

U.S.C. 1367). 

(l) BACK OF THE LINE.—An alien may not adjust status to that of a lawful permanent resident status under the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act of 2007 until that earlier of—

(1) 30 days after an immigrant visa becomes available for petitions filed 

under sections 201, 202, and 203 that were filed before the date of enactment 

of the STRIVE Act of 2007; or 

(2) 8 years after the enactment of the Development, Relief, and Education 

for Alien Minors Act of 2007. 

(m) INELIGIBILITY FOR PUBLIC BENEFITS.—For purposes of section 403 of the 

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 

1613), an alien whose status has been adjusted under this section shall not be eligible for any Federal means-tested public benefit unless the alien meets the alien eligibility criteria for such benefit under title IV of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.). 

SEC. 603. ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REVIEW. 

(a) ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW.—

(1) SINGLE LEVEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE APPELLATE REVIEW.—The Secretary 

shall establish an appellate review process within United States Citizenship 

and Immigration Services to provide for a single level of administrative appellate review of a final determination respecting an application for classification 

or adjustment of status under this subtitle. 

(2) STANDARD FOR REVIEW.—Administrative appellate review under paragraph (1) shall be based solely upon the administrative record established at the 

time of the determination on the application and upon the presentation of additional or newly discovered evidence during the time of the pending appeal. 

(b) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—

133

(1) IN GENERAL.—The circuit courts of appeal of the United States shall 

have jurisdiction to review the denial of an application for classification or adjustment of status under this subtitle. Notwithstanding any other provision of 

law, the standard for review of such a denial shall be governed by paragraph 

(2). 

(2) STANDARD FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Judicial review of a denial of an application under this subtitle shall be based solely upon the administrative 

record established at the time of the review. The findings of fact and other determinations contained in the record shall be conclusive unless the applicant 

can establish abuse of discretion or findings that are directly contrary to clear 

and convincing facts contained in the record, considered as a whole. 

(3) JURISDICTION OF COURTS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction over any cause or 

claim arising from a pattern or practice of the Secretary in the operation 

or implementation of this subtitle that is arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise 

contrary to law, and may order any appropriate relief. 

(B) REMEDIES.—A district court may order any appropriate relief under 

subparagraph (A) if the court determines that—

(i) resolution of such cause or claim will serve judicial and administrative efficiency; or 

(ii) a remedy would otherwise not be reasonably available or practicable. 

(c) STAY OF REMOVAL.—An alien seeking administrative or judicial review under 

this section may not be removed from the United States until a final decision is rendered establishing that the alien is ineligible for classification or adjustment of status under this subtitle unless such removal is based on criminal or national security 

grounds. 

SEC. 604. MANDATORY DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION. 

(a) MANDATORY DISCLOSURE.—The Secretary and the Secretary of State shall 

provide a duly recognized law enforcement entity that submits a written request 

with the information furnished pursuant to an application filed under this subtitle, 

and any other information derived from such furnished information, in connection 

with a criminal investigation or prosecution or a national security investigation or 

prosecution, of an individual suspect or group of suspects. 

(b) LIMITATIONS.—Except as otherwise provided under this section, no Federal 

agency, or any officer, employee, or agent of such agency, may—

(1) use the information furnished by the applicant pursuant to an application for benefits under this subtitle for any purpose other than to make a determination on the application; 

(2) make any publication through which the information furnished by any 

particular applicant can be identified; or 

(3) permit anyone other than the sworn officers and employees of such 

agency to examine individual applications. 

(c) CRIMINAL PENALTY.—Any person who knowingly uses, publishes, or permits 

information to be examined in violation of this section shall be fined not more than 

$10,000. 

SEC. 605. PENALTIES FOR FALSE STATEMENTS IN APPLICATIONS. 

(a) CRIMINAL PENALTY.—

(1) VIOLATION.—It shall be unlawful for any person—

(A) to file, or assist in filing, an application for benefits under this subtitle; and 

(i) to knowingly and willfully falsify, misrepresent, conceal, or cover 

up a material fact; 

(ii) to make any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations; or 

(iii) to make or use any false writing or document knowing the 

same to contain any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry; 

or 

(B) to create or supply a false writing or document for use in making 

such an application. 

(2) PENALTY.—Any person who violates paragraph (1) shall be fined in accordance with title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not more than 5 years, 

or both. 

(b) INADMISSIBILITY.—An alien who is convicted of violating subsection (a) shall 

be considered to be inadmissible to the United States on the ground described in 

134

section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1182(a)(6)(C)(i)). 

(c) EXCEPTION.—Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), any alien or other entity (including an employer or union) that submits an employment record that contains incorrect data used by the alien to obtain such employment, shall not, on that 

ground, be determined to have violated this section. 

SEC. 606. ALIENS NOT SUBJECT TO DIRECT NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS. 

Section 201(b)(1) (8 U.S.C. 1151(b)(1)), as amended by title V, is further amended—

(1) in subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘subparagraph (A) or (B) of’’; and 

(2) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(N) Aliens whose status is adjusted from that of a conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent.’’. 

SEC. 607. EMPLOYER PROTECTIONS. 

(a) IMMIGRATION STATUS OF ALIEN.—Employers of aliens applying for conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant dependent classification or adjustment of status under section 601 or 602 shall not be subject to civil and criminal 

tax liability relating directly to the employment of such alien before receiving employment authorization under this subtitle. 

(b) PROVISION OF EMPLOYMENT RECORDS.—Employers that provide unauthorized aliens with copies of employment records or other evidence of employment pursuant to an application for conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant 

dependent classification or adjustment of status under section 601 or 602 or any 

other application or petition pursuant to any other immigration law, shall not be 

subject to civil and criminal liability under section 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a) for employing such unauthorized aliens. 

(c) APPLICABILITY OF OTHER LAW.—Nothing in this section may be used to 

shield an employer from liability under section 274B of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324b) or any other labor or employment law. 

SEC. 608. LIMITATIONS ON ELIGIBILITY. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—An alien is not ineligible for any immigration benefit under 

any provision of this title, or any amendment made by this title, solely on the basis 

that the alien violated section 1543, 1544, or 1546 of title 18, United States Code, 

or any amendments made by this Act, during the period beginning on the date of 

the enactment of this Act and ending on the date on which the alien applies for any 

benefits under this title. 

(b) PROSECUTION.—An alien who commits a violation of section 1543, 1544, or 

1546 of such title or any amendments made by this Act, during the period beginning 

on the date of the enactment of this Act and ending on the date that the alien applies for eligibility for such benefit may be prosecuted for the violation if the alien’s 

application for such benefit is denied. 

SEC. 609. RULEMAKING. 

The Secretary shall promulgate regulations regarding the timely filing and 

processing of applications for benefits under this subtitle. 

SEC. 610. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such 

sums as may be necessary to carry out this subtitle and the amendments made by 

this subtitle. 

(b) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS.—Funds appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) 

shall remain available until expended. 

(c) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of the Congress that funds authorized 

to be appropriated under subsection (a) should be directly appropriated so as to facilitate the orderly and timely commencement of the processing of applications filed 

under sections 601 and 602. 

Subtitle B—DREAM Act of 2007

SEC. 621. SHORT TITLE. 

This subtitle may be cited as the ‘‘Development, Relief, and Education for Alien 

Minors Act of 2007’’ or the ‘‘DREAM Act of 2007’’. 

SEC. 622. DEFINITIONS. 

In this subtitle: 

135

(1) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—The term ‘‘institution of higher 

education’’ has the meaning given that term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001). 

(2) UNIFORMED SERVICES.—The term ‘‘uniformed services’’ has the meaning 

given that term in section 101(a) of title 10, United States Code. 

SEC. 623. RESTORATION OF STATE OPTION TO DETERMINE RESIDENCY FOR PURPOSES OF 

HIGHER EDUCATION BENEFITS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 505 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant 

Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1623) is repealed. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The repeal under subsection (a) shall take effect as if included in the enactment of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (division C of Public Law 104–208; 110 Stat. 3009–546). 

SEC. 624. CANCELLATION OF REMOVAL AND ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS OF CERTAIN LONGTERM RESIDENTS WHO ENTERED THE UNITED STATES AS CHILDREN. 

(a) SPECIAL RULE FOR CERTAIN LONG-TERM RESIDENTS WHO ENTERED THE

UNITED STATES AS CHILDREN.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law and except as 

otherwise provided in this subtitle, the Secretary may cancel removal of, and 

adjust to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, subject to the conditional basis described in section 625, an alien who is inadmissible or deportable from the United States, if the alien demonstrates that—

(A) the alien has been physically present in the United States for a continuous period of not less than 5 years immediately preceding the date of 

enactment of this Act, and had not yet reached the age of 16 years at the 

time of initial entry; 

(B) the alien has been a person of good moral character since the time 

of application; 

(C) the alien—

(i) is not inadmissible under paragraph (2), (3), (6)(E), or (10)(C) of 

section 212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1182(a)); and 

(ii) is not deportable under paragraph (1)(E), (2), or (4) of section 

237(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1227(a)); 

(D) the alien, at the time of application, has been admitted to an institution of higher education in the United States, or has earned a high school 

diploma or obtained a general education development certificate in the 

United States; and 

(E) the alien has never been under a final administrative or judicial 

order of exclusion, deportation, or removal, unless the alien—

(i) has remained in the United States under color of law after such 

order was issued; or 

(ii) received the order before attaining the age of 16 years. 

(2) WAIVER.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Secretary may waive the 

ground of ineligibility under section 212(a)(6)(E) of the Immigration and Nationality Act and the ground of deportability under paragraph (1)(E) of section 

237(a) of that Act for humanitarian purposes or family unity or when it is otherwise in the public interest. 

(3) PROCEDURES.—The Secretary shall provide a procedure by regulation allowing eligible individuals to apply affirmatively for the relief available under 

this subsection without being placed in removal proceedings. 

(b) TERMINATION OF CONTINUOUS PERIOD.—For purposes of this section, any period of continuous residence or continuous physical presence in the United States 

of an alien who applies for cancellation of removal under this section shall not terminate when the alien is served a notice to appear under section 239(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1229(a)). 

(c) TREATMENT OF CERTAIN BREAKS IN PRESENCE.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—An alien shall be considered to have failed to maintain 

continuous physical presence in the United States under subsection (a) if the 

alien has departed from the United States for any period in excess of 90 days 

or for any periods in the aggregate exceeding 180 days. 

(2) EXTENSIONS FOR EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES.—The Secretary may extend the time periods described in paragraph (1) if the alien demonstrates that 

the failure to timely return to the United States was due to exceptional circumstances. The exceptional circumstances determined sufficient to justify an 

extension should be no less compelling than serious illness of the alien, or death 

or serious illness of a parent, grandparent, sibling, or child. 

136

(d) EXEMPTION FROM NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS.—Nothing in this section may be 

construed to apply a numerical limitation on the number of aliens who may be eligible for cancellation of removal or adjustment of status under this section. 

(e) RULEMAKING.—

(1) PROPOSED REGULATIONS.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall publish regulations implementing this 

section. Such regulations shall be effective immediately on an interim basis, but 

are subject to change and revision after public notice and opportunity for a period for public comment. 

(2) INTERIM, FINAL REGULATIONS.—Within a reasonable time after publication of the interim regulations in accordance with paragraph (1), the Secretary 

shall publish final regulations implementing this section. 

(f) REMOVAL OF ALIEN.—The Secretary may not remove any alien who has a 

pending application for conditional status under this subtitle. 

SEC. 625. CONDITIONAL PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—

(1) CONDITIONAL BASIS FOR STATUS.—Notwithstanding any other provision 

of law, and except as provided in section 626, an alien whose status has been 

adjusted under section 624 to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent 

residence shall be considered to have obtained such status on a conditional 

basis subject to the provisions of this section. Such conditional permanent resident status shall be valid for a period of 6 years, subject to termination under 

subsection (b). 

(2) NOTICE OF REQUIREMENTS.—

(A) AT TIME OF OBTAINING PERMANENT RESIDENCE.—At the time an 

alien obtains permanent resident status on a conditional basis under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall provide for notice to the alien regarding the 

provisions of this section and the requirements of subsection (c) to have the 

conditional basis of such status removed. 

(B) EFFECT OF FAILURE TO PROVIDE NOTICE.—The failure of the Secretary to provide a notice under this paragraph—

(i) shall not affect the enforcement of the provisions of this Act 

with respect to the alien; and 

(ii) shall not give rise to any private right of action by the alien. 

(b) TERMINATION OF STATUS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall terminate the conditional permanent 

resident status of any alien who obtained such status under this subtitle, if the 

Secretary determines that the alien—

(A) ceases to meet the requirements of subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 624(a)(1); 

(B) has become a public charge; or 

(C) has received a dishonorable or other than honorable discharge from 

the uniformed services. 

(2) RETURN TO PREVIOUS IMMIGRATION STATUS.—Any alien whose conditional permanent resident status is terminated under paragraph (1) shall return 

to the immigration status the alien had immediately prior to receiving conditional permanent resident status under this subtitle. 

(c) REQUIREMENTS OF TIMELY PETITION FOR REMOVAL OF CONDITION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—In order for the conditional basis of permanent resident 

status obtained by an alien under subsection (a) to be removed, the alien shall 

file with the Secretary, in accordance with paragraph (3), a petition which—

(A) requests the removal of such conditional basis; and 

(B) provides, under penalty of perjury, the facts and information needed by the Secretary to make the determination described in paragraph 

(2)(A). 

(2) ADJUDICATION OF PETITION TO REMOVE CONDITION.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—If a petition is filed in accordance with paragraph (1) 

for an alien, the Secretary shall make a determination as to whether the 

alien meets the requirements set forth in subparagraphs (A) through (E) of 

subsection (d)(1). 

(B) REMOVAL OF CONDITIONAL BASIS IF FAVORABLE DETERMINATION.—If 

the Secretary determines that the alien meets such requirements, the Secretary shall notify the alien of such determination and immediately remove 

the conditional basis of the status of the alien. 

(C) TERMINATION IF ADVERSE DETERMINATION.—If the Secretary determines that the alien does not meet such requirements, the Secretary shall 

137

notify the alien of such determination and terminate the conditional permanent resident status of the alien as of the date of the determination. 

(3) TIME TO FILE PETITION.— (A) IN GENERAL.—An alien may petition to remove the conditional basis 

to lawful resident status during the period beginning 180 days before and 

ending 2 years after the date that is 6 years after—

(i) the date of the granting of conditional permanent resident status; or 

(ii) any other expiration date of the conditional permanent resident 

status as extended by the Secretary in accordance with this subtitle. 

(B) STATUS.—The alien shall be deemed in conditional permanent resident status in the United States during the period in which a petition 

under subparagraph (A) is pending. 

(d) DETAILS OF PETITION.—

(1) CONTENTS OF PETITION.—Each petition for an alien under subsection 

(c)(1) shall contain information to permit the Secretary to determine whether 

each of the following requirements is met: 

(A) The alien has demonstrated good moral character during the entire 

period the alien has been a conditional permanent resident. 

(B) The alien is in compliance with section 624(a)(1)(C). 

(C) The alien has not abandoned the alien’s residence in the United 

States. The Secretary shall presume that the alien has abandoned such residence if the alien is absent from the United States for more than 365 days, 

in the aggregate, during the period of conditional residence, unless the alien 

demonstrates that the alien has not abandoned the alien’s residence. An 

alien who is absent from the United States due to active service in the uniformed services has not abandoned the alien’s residence in the United 

States during the period of such service. 

(D) The alien has completed at least 1 of the following: 

(i) The alien has acquired a degree from an institution of higher 

education in the United States or has completed at least 2 years, in 

good standing, in a program for a bachelor’s degree or higher degree 

in the United States. 

(ii) The alien has served in the uniformed services for at least 2 

years and, if discharged, has received an honorable discharge. 

(E) The alien has provided a list of each secondary school (as that term 

is defined in section 9101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act 

of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801)) that the alien attended in the United States. 

(2) HARDSHIP EXCEPTION.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may remove the conditional status of 

an alien if the alien—

(i) satisfies the requirements of subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of 

paragraph (1); 

(ii) demonstrates compelling circumstances for the inability to complete the requirements described in paragraph (1)(D); and 

(iii) demonstrates that the alien’s removal from the United States 

would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the 

alien or the alien’s spouse, parent, or child who is a citizen or a lawful 

permanent resident of the United States. 

(B) EXTENSION.—Upon a showing of good cause, the Secretary may extend the period of conditional resident status for the purpose of completing 

the requirements described in paragraph (1)(D). 

(e) TREATMENT OF PERIOD FOR PURPOSES OF NATURALIZATION.—For purposes of 

title III of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.), an alien who 

is in the United States as a lawful permanent resident on a conditional basis under 

this section shall be considered to have been admitted as an alien lawfully admitted 

for permanent residence and to be in the United States as an alien lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence. The alien may not apply for naturalization until the conditional basis is removed. 

SEC. 626. RETROACTIVE BENEFITS UNDER THIS ACT. 

If, on the date of the enactment of this Act, an alien has satisfied all the requirements of subparagraphs (A) through (E) of section 624(a)(1) and section 

625(d)(1)(D), the Secretary may adjust the status of the alien to that of a conditional 

resident in accordance with section 624. The alien may petition for removal of such 

condition at the end of the conditional residence period in accordance with section 

625(c) if the alien has met the requirements of subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of 

section 625(d)(1) during the entire period of conditional residence. 

138

SEC. 627. EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall have exclusive jurisdiction to determine 

eligibility for relief under this subtitle, except if the alien has been placed into deportation, exclusion, or removal proceedings either prior to or after filing an application for relief under this Act, in which case the Attorney General shall have exclusive jurisdiction and shall assume all the powers and duties of the Secretary until 

proceedings are terminated, or if a final order of deportation, exclusion, or removal 

is entered the Secretary shall resume all powers and duties delegated to the Secretary under this subtitle. 

(b) STAY OF REMOVAL OF CERTAIN ALIENS ENROLLED IN PRIMARY OR SECONDARY

SCHOOL.—The Attorney General shall stay the removal proceedings of any alien 

who—

(1) meets all the requirements of subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (E) of section 624(a)(1); 

(2) is at least 12 years of age; and 

(3) is enrolled full time in a primary or secondary school. 

(c) EMPLOYMENT.—An alien whose removal is stayed pursuant to subsection (b) 

may be engaged in employment in the United States consistent with the Fair Labor 

Standards Act (29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) and State and local laws governing minimum 

age for employment. 

(d) LIFT OF STAY.—The Attorney General shall lift the stay granted pursuant 

to subsection (b) if the alien—

(1) is no longer enrolled in a primary or secondary school; or 

(2) ceases to meet the requirements of subsection (b)(1). 

SEC. 628. PENALTIES FOR FALSE STATEMENTS IN APPLICATION. 

Any person who files an application for relief under this subtitle and willfully 

and knowingly falsifies, misrepresents, or conceals a material fact or makes any 

false or fraudulent statement or representation, or makes or uses any false writing 

or document knowing the same to contain any false or fraudulent statement or 

entry, shall be fined in accordance with title 18, United States Code, imprisoned not 

more than 5 years, or both. 

SEC. 629. CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION. 

(a) PROHIBITION.—Except as provided in subsection (b), no officer or employee 

of the United States may—

(1) use the information furnished by the applicant pursuant to an application filed under this Act to initiate removal proceedings against any persons 

identified in the application; 

(2) make any publication whereby the information furnished by any particular individual pursuant to an application under this Act can be identified; 

or 

(3) permit anyone other than an officer or employee of the United States 

Government or, in the case of applications filed under this Act with a designated entity, that designated entity, to examine applications filed under this 

Act. 

(b) REQUIRED DISCLOSURE.—The Secretary or the Attorney General shall provide the information furnished under this section, and any other information derived from such furnished information, to—

(1) a duly recognized law enforcement entity in connection with an investigation or prosecution of an offense described in paragraph (2) or (3) of section 

212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)), when such information is requested in writing by such entity; or 

(2) an official coroner for purposes of affirmatively identifying a deceased 

individual (whether or not such individual is deceased as a result of a crime). 

(c) PENALTY.—Any person who knowingly uses, publishes, or permits information to be examined in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $10,000. 

SEC. 630. EXPEDITED PROCESSING OF APPLICATIONS; PROHIBITION ON FEES. 

Regulations promulgated under this subtitle shall provide that applications 

under this subtitle will be considered on an expedited basis and without a requirement for the payment by the applicant of any additional fee for such expedited processing. 

SEC. 631. HIGHER EDUCATION ASSISTANCE. 

Notwithstanding any provision of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 

1001 et seq.), with respect to assistance provided under title IV of such Act (20 

U.S.C. 1070 et seq.), an alien who adjusts status to that of a lawful permanent resiVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00144 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
139

dent under this subtitle shall only be eligible for the following assistance under such 

title: 

(1) Student loans under parts B, D, and E of such title IV (20 U.S.C. 1071 

et seq., 1087a et seq., 1087aa et seq.), subject to the requirements of such parts. 

(2) Federal work-study programs under part C of such title IV (42 U.S.C. 

2751 et seq.), subject to the requirements of such part. 

(3) Services under such title IV (20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.), subject to the requirements for such services. 

SEC. 632. GAO REPORT. 

Not later than 7 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit a report to the Committee on the 

Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives that sets forth—

(1) the number of aliens who were eligible for cancellation of removal and 

adjustment of status under section 624(a); 

(2) the number of aliens who applied for adjustment of status under section 

624(a); 

(3) the number of aliens who were granted adjustment of status under section 624(a); and 

(4) the number of aliens whose conditional permanent resident status was 

removed under section 625. 

Subtitle C—AgJOBS Act of 2007

SEC. 641. SHORT TITLE. 

This subtitle may be cited as the ‘‘Agricultural Job Opportunities, Benefits, and 

Security Act of 2007’’ or the ‘‘AgJOBS Act of 2007’’. 

SEC. 642. DEFINITIONS. 

In this subtitle: 

(1) AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT.—The term ‘‘agricultural employment’’ 

means any service or activity that is considered to be agricultural under section 

3(f) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203(f)) or agricultural 

labor under section 3121(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or the performance of agricultural labor or services described in section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a)). 

(2) BLUE CARD STATUS.—The term ‘‘blue card status’’ means the status of 

an alien who has been lawfully admitted into the United States for temporary 

residence under section 101(a). 

(3) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ means the Department of Homeland Security. 

(4) EMPLOYER.—The term ‘‘employer’’ means any person or entity, including 

any farm labor contractor and any agricultural association, that employs workers in agricultural employment. 

(5) SECRETARY.—Except as otherwise provided, the term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

the Secretary of Homeland Security. 

(6) TEMPORARY.—A worker is employed on a ‘‘temporary’’ basis when the 

employment is intended not to exceed 10 months. 

(7) WORK DAY.—The term ‘‘work day’’ means any day in which the individual is employed 5.75 or more hours in agricultural employment. 

CHAPTER 1—PILOT PROGRAM FOR EARNED STATUS ADJUSTMENT OF 

AGRICULTURAL WORKERS 

Subchapter A—Blue Card Status 

SEC. 643. REQUIREMENTS FOR BLUE CARD STATUS. 

(a) REQUIREMENT TO GRANT BLUE CARD STATUS.—Notwithstanding any other 

provision of law, the Secretary shall, pursuant to the requirements of this section, 

grant blue card status to an alien who qualifies under this section if the Secretary 

determines that the alien—

(1) has performed agricultural employment in the United States for at least 

863 hours or 150 work days during the 24-month period ending on December 

31, 2006; 

140

(2) applied for such status during the 18-month application period beginning on the first day of the seventh month that begins after the date of enactment of this Act; 

(3) is otherwise admissible to the United States under section 212 of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182), except as otherwise provided 

under section 647(b); and 

(4) has not been convicted of any felony or a misdemeanor, an element of 

which involves bodily injury, threat of serious bodily injury, or harm to property 

in excess of $500. 

(b) AUTHORIZED TRAVEL.—An alien who is granted blue card status is authorized to travel outside the United States (including commuting to the United States 

from a residence in a foreign country) in the same manner as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. 

(c) AUTHORIZED EMPLOYMENT.—The Secretary shall provide an alien who is 

granted blue card status an employment authorized endorsement or other appropriate work permit, in the same manner as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. 

(d) TERMINATION OF BLUE CARD STATUS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may terminate blue card status granted to 

an alien under this section only if the Secretary determines that the alien is 

deportable. 

(2) GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION OF BLUE CARD STATUS.—Before any alien becomes eligible for adjustment of status under section 645, the Secretary may 

deny adjustment to permanent resident status and provide for termination of 

the blue card status granted such alien under paragraph (1) if—

(A) the Secretary finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the 

adjustment to blue card status was the result of fraud or willful misrepresentation (as described in section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(i)); or 

(B) the alien—

(i) commits an act that makes the alien inadmissible to the United 

States as an immigrant, except as provided under section 647(b); 

(ii) is convicted of a felony or 3 or more misdemeanors committed 

in the United States; 

(iii) is convicted of an offense, an element of which involves bodily 

injury, threat of serious bodily injury, or harm to property in excess of 

$500; or 

(iv) fails to perform the agricultural employment required under 

section 645(a)(1)(A) unless the alien was unable to work in agricultural 

employment due to the extraordinary circumstances described in section 645(a)(3). 

(e) RECORD OF EMPLOYMENT.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Each employer of an alien granted blue card status under 

this section shall annually—

(A) provide a written record of employment to the alien; and 

(B) provide a copy of such record to the Secretary. 

(2) SUNSET.—The obligation under paragraph (1) shall terminate on the 

date that is 6 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(f) REQUIRED FEATURES OF IDENTITY CARD.—The Secretary shall provide each 

alien granted blue card status, and the spouse and any child of each such alien residing in the United States, with a card that contains—

(1) an encrypted, machine-readable, electronic identification strip that is 

unique to the alien to whom the card is issued; 

(2) biometric identifiers, including fingerprints and a digital photograph; 

and 

(3) physical security features designed to prevent tampering, counterfeiting, 

or duplication of the card for fraudulent purposes. 

(g) FINE.—An alien granted blue card status shall pay a fine of $100 to the Secretary. 

(h) MAXIMUM NUMBER.—The Secretary may not issue more than 1,500,000 blue 

cards during the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act. 

SEC. 644. TREATMENT OF ALIENS GRANTED BLUE CARD STATUS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided under this section, an alien 

granted blue card status shall be considered to be an alien lawfully admitted for 

permanent residence for purposes of any law other than any provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.). 

141

(b) DELAYED ELIGIBILITY FOR CERTAIN FEDERAL PUBLIC BENEFITS.—An alien 

granted blue card status shall not be eligible, by reason of such status, for any form 

of assistance or benefit described in section 403(a) of the Personal Responsibility 

and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1613(a)) until 5 years 

after the date on which the alien is granted an adjustment of status under section 

645. 

(c) TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT.— (1) PROHIBITION.—No alien granted blue card status may be terminated 

from employment by any employer during the period of blue card status except 

for just cause. 

(2) TREATMENT OF COMPLAINTS.— (A) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROCESS.—The Secretary shall establish a process for the receipt, initial review, and disposition of complaints by aliens 

granted blue card status who allege that they have been terminated without just cause. No proceeding shall be conducted under this paragraph with 

respect to a termination unless the Secretary determines that the complaint 

was filed not later than 6 months after the date of the termination. 

(B) INITIATION OF ARBITRATION.—If the Secretary finds that an alien 

has filed a complaint in accordance with subparagraph (A) and there is reasonable cause to believe that the alien was terminated from employment 

without just cause, the Secretary shall initiate binding arbitration proceedings by requesting the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service to 

appoint a mutually agreeable arbitrator from the roster of arbitrators maintained by such Service for the geographical area in which the employer is 

located. The procedures and rules of such Service shall be applicable to the 

selection of such arbitrator and to such arbitration proceedings. The Secretary shall pay the fee and expenses of the arbitrator, subject to the availability of appropriations for such purpose. 

(C) ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS.—The arbitrator shall conduct the proceeding under this paragraph in accordance with the policies and procedures promulgated by the American Arbitration Association applicable to 

private arbitration of employment disputes. The arbitrator shall make findings respecting whether the termination was for just cause. The arbitrator 

may not find that the termination was for just cause unless the employer 

so demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence. If the arbitrator finds 

that the termination was not for just cause, the arbitrator shall make a specific finding of the number of days or hours of work lost by the employee 

as a result of the termination. The arbitrator shall have no authority to 

order any other remedy, including reinstatement, back pay, or front pay to 

the affected employee. Not later than 30 days after the date of the conclusion of the arbitration proceeding, the arbitrator shall transmit the findings 

in the form of a written opinion to the parties to the arbitration and the 

Secretary. Such findings shall be final and conclusive, and no official or 

court of the United States shall have the power or jurisdiction to review 

any such findings. 

(D) EFFECT OF ARBITRATION FINDINGS.—If the Secretary receives a finding of an arbitrator that an employer has terminated the employment of an 

alien who is granted blue card status without just cause, the Secretary 

shall credit the alien for the number of days or hours of work not performed 

during such period of termination for the purpose of determining if the 

alien meets the qualifying employment requirement of section 645(a). 

(E) TREATMENT OF ATTORNEY’S FEES.—Each party to an arbitration 

under this paragraph shall bear the cost of their own attorney’s fees for the 

arbitration. 

(F) NONEXCLUSIVE REMEDY.—The complaint process provided for in this 

paragraph is in addition to any other rights an employee may have in accordance with applicable law. 

(G) EFFECT ON OTHER ACTIONS OR PROCEEDINGS.—Any finding of fact 

or law, judgment, conclusion, or final order made by an arbitrator in the 

proceeding before the Secretary shall not be conclusive or binding in any 

separate or subsequent action or proceeding between the employee and the 

employee’s current or prior employer brought before an arbitrator, administrative agency, court, or judge of any State or the United States, regardless 

of whether the prior action was between the same or related parties or involved the same facts, except that the arbitrator’s specific finding of the 

number of days or hours of work lost by the employee as a result of the 

employment termination may be referred to the Secretary pursuant to subparagraph (D). 

142

(3) CIVIL PENALTIES.— (A) IN GENERAL.—If the Secretary finds, after notice and opportunity 

for a hearing, that an employer of an alien granted blue card status has 

failed to provide the record of employment required under section 643(e) or 

has provided a false statement of material fact in such a record, the employer shall be subject to a civil money penalty in an amount not to exceed 

$1,000 per violation. 

(B) LIMITATION.—The penalty applicable under subparagraph (A) for 

failure to provide records shall not apply unless the alien has provided the 

employer with evidence of employment authorization granted under this 

section. 

SEC. 645. ADJUSTMENT TO PERMANENT RESIDENCE. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subsection (b), the Secretary shall adjust the status of an alien granted blue card status to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the Secretary determines that the following requirements are satisfied: 

(1) QUALIFYING EMPLOYMENT.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subparagraph (B), the alien has performed 

at least—

(i) 5 years of agricultural employment in the United States for at 

least 100 work days per year, during the 5-year period beginning on the 

date of the enactment of this Act; or 

(ii) 3 years of agricultural employment in the United States for at 

least 150 work days per year, during the 3-year period beginning on the 

date of the enactment of this Act. 

(B) 4-YEAR PERIOD OF EMPLOYMENT.—An alien shall be considered to 

meet the requirements of subparagraph (A) if the alien has performed 4 

years of agricultural employment in the United States for at least 150 work 

days during 3 years of those 4 years and at least 100 work days during the 

remaining year, during the 4-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(2) PROOF.—An alien may demonstrate compliance with the requirement 

under paragraph (1) by submitting—

(A) the record of employment described in section 643(e); or 

(B) such documentation as may be submitted under section 646(c). 

(3) EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES.—In determining whether an alien has 

met the requirement of paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary may credit the alien 

with not more than 12 additional months to meet the requirement of that subparagraph if the alien was unable to work in agricultural employment due to—

(A) pregnancy, injury, or disease, if the alien can establish such pregnancy, disabling injury, or disease through medical records; 

(B) illness, disease, or other special needs of a minor child, if the alien 

can establish such illness, disease, or special needs through medical 

records; or 

(C) severe weather conditions that prevented the alien from engaging 

in agricultural employment for a significant period of time. 

(4) APPLICATION PERIOD.—The alien applies for adjustment of status not 

later than 7 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

(5) FINE.—The alien pays a fine of $400 to the Secretary. 

(b) GROUNDS FOR DENIAL OF ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—The Secretary may deny 

an alien granted blue card status an adjustment of status under this section and 

provide for termination of such blue card status if—

(1) the Secretary finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the adjustment to blue card status was the result of fraud or willful misrepresentation, 

as described in section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(i)); or 

(2) the alien—

(A) commits an act that makes the alien inadmissible to the United 

States under section 212 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1182), except as provided under section 647(b); 

(B) is convicted of a felony or 3 or more misdemeanors committed in 

the United States; or 

(C) is convicted of an offense, an element of which involves bodily injury, threat of serious bodily injury, or harm to property in excess of $500. 

(c) GROUNDS FOR REMOVAL.—Any alien granted blue card status who does not 

apply for adjustment of status under this section before the expiration of the application period described in subsection (a)(4) or who fails to meet the other requireVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00148 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
143

ments of subsection (a) by the end of the application period, is deportable and may 

be removed under section 240 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1229a). 

(d) PAYMENT OF TAXES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than the date on which an alien’s status is adjusted under this section, the alien shall establish that the alien does not owe 

any applicable Federal tax liability by establishing that—

(A) no such tax liability exists; 

(B) all such outstanding tax liabilities have been paid; or 

(C) the alien has entered into an agreement for payment of all outstanding liabilities with the Internal Revenue Service. 

(2) APPLICABLE FEDERAL TAX LIABILITY.—In paragraph (1) the term ‘‘applicable Federal tax liability’’ means liability for Federal taxes, including penalties 

and interest, owed for any year during the period of employment required under 

subsection (a)(1) for which the statutory period for assessment of any deficiency 

for such taxes has not expired. 

(3) IRS COOPERATION.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall establish rules 

and procedures under which the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shall provide documentation to an alien upon request to establish the payment of all 

taxes required by this subsection. 

(e) SPOUSES AND MINOR CHILDREN.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary 

shall confer the status of lawful permanent resident on the spouse and minor 

child of an alien granted any adjustment of status under subsection (a), including any individual who was a minor child on the date such alien was granted 

blue card status, if the spouse or minor child applies for such status, or if the 

principal alien includes the spouse or minor child in an application for adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent resident. 

(2) TREATMENT OF SPOUSES AND MINOR CHILDREN.—

(A) GRANTING OF STATUS AND REMOVAL.—The Secretary may grant derivative status to the alien spouse and any minor child residing in the 

United States of an alien granted blue card status and shall not remove 

such derivative spouse or child during the period that the alien granted 

blue card status maintains such status, except as provided in paragraph (3). 

A grant of derivative status to such a spouse or child under this subparagraph shall not decrease the number of aliens who may receive blue card 

status under subsection (h) of section 643. 

(B) TRAVEL.—The derivative spouse and any minor child of an alien 

granted blue card status may travel outside the United States in the same 

manner as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. 

(C) EMPLOYMENT.—The derivative spouse of an alien granted blue card 

status may apply to the Secretary for a work permit to authorize such 

spouse to engage in any lawful employment in the United States while such 

alien maintains blue card status. 

(3) GROUNDS FOR DENIAL OF ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS AND REMOVAL.—The 

Secretary may deny an alien spouse or child adjustment of status under paragraph (1) and may remove such spouse or child under section 240 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1229a) if the spouse or child—

(A) commits an act that makes the alien spouse or child inadmissible 

to the United States under section 212 of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1182), except 

as provided under section 647(b); 

(B) is convicted of a felony or 3 or more misdemeanors committed in 

the United States; or 

(C) is convicted of an offense, an element of which involves bodily injury, threat of serious bodily injury, or harm to property in excess of $500. 

SEC. 646. APPLICATIONS. 

(a) SUBMISSION.—The Secretary shall provide that—

(1) applications for blue card status under section 643 may be submitted—

(A) to the Secretary if the applicant is represented by an attorney or 

a nonprofit religious, charitable, social service, or similar organization recognized by the Board of Immigration Appeals under section 292.2 of title 

8, Code of Federal Regulations; or 

(B) to a qualified designated entity if the applicant consents to the forwarding of the application to the Secretary; and 

(2) applications for adjustment of status under section 645 shall be filed directly with the Secretary. 

144

(b) QUALIFIED DESIGNATED ENTITY DEFINED.—In this section, the term ‘‘qualified designated entity’’ means—

(1) a qualified farm labor organization or an association of employers designated by the Secretary; or 

(2) any such other person designated by the Secretary if that Secretary determines such person is qualified and has substantial experience, demonstrated 

competence, and has a history of long-term involvement in the preparation and 

submission of applications for adjustment of status under section 209, 210, or 

245 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1159, 1160, and 1255), 

the Act entitled ‘‘An Act to adjust the status of Cuban refugees to that of lawful 

permanent residents of the United States, and for other purposes’’, approved 

November 2, 1966 (Public Law 89–732; 8 U.S.C. 1255 note), Public Law 95–145 

(8 U.S.C. 1255 note), or the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–603; 100 Stat. 3359) or any amendment made by that Act. 

(c) PROOF OF ELIGIBILITY.— (1) IN GENERAL.—An alien may establish that the alien meets the requirement of section 643(a)(1) or 645(a)(1) through government employment records 

or records supplied by employers or collective bargaining organizations, and 

other reliable documentation as the alien may provide. The Secretary shall establish special procedures to properly credit work in cases in which an alien 

was employed under an assumed name. 

(2) DOCUMENTATION OF WORK HISTORY.— (A) BURDEN OF PROOF.—An alien applying for status under section 

643(a) or 645(a) has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the alien has worked the requisite number of hours or days required under section 643(a)(1) or 645(a)(1), as applicable. 

(B) TIMELY PRODUCTION OF RECORDS.—If an employer or farm labor 

contractor employing such an alien has kept proper and adequate records 

respecting such employment, the alien’s burden of proof under subparagraph (A) may be met by securing timely production of those records under 

regulations to be promulgated by the Secretary. 

(C) SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.—An alien may meet the burden of proof 

under subparagraph (A) to establish that the alien has performed the days 

or hours of work required by section 643(a)(1) or 645(a)(1) by producing sufficient evidence to show the extent of that employment as a matter of just 

and reasonable inference. 

(d) APPLICATIONS SUBMITTED TO QUALIFIED DESIGNATED ENTITIES.— (1) REQUIREMENTS.—Each qualified designated entity shall agree—

(A) to forward to the Secretary an application submitted to that entity 

pursuant to subsection (a)(1)(B) if the applicant has consented to such forwarding; 

(B) not to forward to the Secretary any such application if the applicant 

has not consented to such forwarding; and 

(C) to assist an alien in obtaining documentation of the alien’s work 

history, if the alien requests such assistance. 

(2) NO AUTHORITY TO MAKE DETERMINATIONS.—No qualified designated entity may make a determination required by this subtitle to be made by the Secretary. 

(e) LIMITATION ON ACCESS TO INFORMATION.—Files and records collected or compiled by a qualified designated entity for the purposes of this section are confidential 

and the Secretary shall not have access to such a file or record relating to an alien 

without the consent of the alien, except as allowed by a court order issued pursuant 

to subsection (f). 

(f) CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided in this section, the Secretary or any other official or employee of the Department or a bureau or agency of the Department is prohibited from—

(A) using information furnished by the applicant pursuant to an application filed under this subtitle, the information provided by an applicant to 

a qualified designated entity, or any information provided by an employer 

or former employer for any purpose other than to make a determination on 

the application or for imposing the penalties described in subsection (g); 

(B) making any publication in which the information furnished by any 

particular individual can be identified; or 

(C) permitting a person other than a sworn officer or employee of the 

Department or a bureau or agency of the Department or, with respect to 

applications filed with a qualified designated entity, that qualified designated entity, to examine individual applications. 

145

(2) REQUIRED DISCLOSURES.—The Secretary shall provide the information 

furnished under this subtitle or any other information derived from such furnished information to—

(A) a duly recognized law enforcement entity in connection with a 

criminal investigation or prosecution, if such information is requested in 

writing by such entity; or 

(B) an official coroner, for purposes of affirmatively identifying a deceased individual, whether or not the death of such individual resulted from 

a crime. 

(3) CONSTRUCTION.— (A) IN GENERAL.—Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit 

the use, or release, for immigration enforcement purposes or law enforcement purposes, of information contained in files or records of the Department pertaining to an application filed under this section, other than information furnished by an applicant pursuant to the application, or any other 

information derived from the application, that is not available from any 

other source. 

(B) CRIMINAL CONVICTIONS.—Notwithstanding any other provision of 

this subsection, information concerning whether the alien applying for blue 

card status under section 643 or an adjustment of status under section 645 

has been convicted of a crime at any time may be used or released for immigration enforcement or law enforcement purposes. 

(4) CRIME.—Any person who knowingly uses, publishes, or permits information to be examined in violation of this subsection shall be subject to a fine in 

an amount not to exceed $10,000. 

(g) PENALTIES FOR FALSE STATEMENTS IN APPLICATIONS.— (1) CRIMINAL PENALTY.—Any person who—

(A) files an application for blue card status under section 643 or an adjustment of status under section 645 and knowingly and willfully falsifies, 

conceals, or covers up a material fact or makes any false, fictitious, or 

fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry; or 

(B) creates or supplies a false writing or document for use in making 

such an application, 

shall be fined in accordance with title 18, United States Code, imprisoned 

not more than 5 years, or both. 

(2) INADMISSIBILITY.—An alien who is convicted of a crime under paragraph 

(1) shall be considered to be inadmissible to the United States on the ground 

described in section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 

U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(i)). 

(h) ELIGIBILITY FOR LEGAL SERVICES.—Section 504(a)(11) of Public Law 104–134 

(110 Stat. 1321–53 et seq.) shall not be construed to prevent a recipient of funds 

under the Legal Services Corporation Act (42 U.S.C. 2996 et seq.) from providing 

legal assistance directly related to an application for blue card status under section 

643 or an adjustment of status under section 645. 

(i) APPLICATION FEES.—

(1) FEE SCHEDULE.—The Secretary shall provide for a schedule of fees 

that—

(A) shall be charged for the filing of an application for blue card status 

under section 643 or for an adjustment of status under section 645; and 

(B) may be charged by qualified designated entities to help defray the 

costs of services provided to such applicants. 

(2) PROHIBITION ON EXCESS FEES BY QUALIFIED DESIGNATED ENTITIES.—A 

qualified designated entity may not charge any fee in excess of, or in addition 

to, the fees authorized under paragraph (1)(B) for services provided to applicants. 

(3) DISPOSITION OF FEES.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—There is established in the general fund of the Treasury a separate account, which shall be known as the ‘‘Agricultural Worker 

Immigration Status Adjustment Account’’. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, there shall be deposited as offsetting receipts into the account 

all fees collected under paragraph (1)(A). 

(B) USE OF FEES FOR APPLICATION PROCESSING.—Amounts deposited in 

the ‘‘Agricultural Worker Immigration Status Adjustment Account’’ shall remain available to the Secretary until expended for processing applications 

for blue card status under section 643 or an adjustment of status under section 645. 

146

SEC. 647. WAIVER OF NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS AND CERTAIN GROUNDS FOR INADMISSIBILITY. 

(a) NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS DO NOT APPLY.—The numerical limitations of sections 201 and 202 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151 and 1152) 

shall not apply to the adjustment of aliens to lawful permanent resident status 

under section 645. 

(b) WAIVER OF CERTAIN GROUNDS OF INADMISSIBILITY.—In the determination of 

an alien’s eligibility for status under section 101(a) or an alien’s eligibility for adjustment of status under section 645(b)(2)(A) the following rules shall apply: 

(1) GROUNDS OF EXCLUSION NOT APPLICABLE.—The provisions of paragraphs 

(5), (6)(A), (7), and (9) of section 212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1182(a)) shall not apply. 

(2) WAIVER OF OTHER GROUNDS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the Secretary may waive any other provision of such section 212(a) in the case of 

individual aliens for humanitarian purposes, to ensure family unity, or if 

otherwise in the public interest. 

(B) GROUNDS THAT MAY NOT BE WAIVED.—Paragraphs (2)(A), (2)(B), 

(2)(C), (3), and (4) of such section 212(a) may not be waived by the Secretary under subparagraph (A). 

(C) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as 

affecting the authority of the Secretary other than under this subparagraph 

to waive provisions of such section 212(a). 

(3) SPECIAL RULE FOR DETERMINATION OF PUBLIC CHARGE.—An alien is not 

ineligible for blue card status under section 643 or an adjustment of status 

under section 645 by reason of a ground of inadmissibility under section 

212(a)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)) if the 

alien demonstrates a history of employment in the United States evidencing 

self-support without reliance on public cash assistance. 

(c) TEMPORARY STAY OF REMOVAL AND WORK AUTHORIZATION FOR CERTAIN APPLICANTS.—

(1) BEFORE APPLICATION PERIOD.—Effective on the date of enactment of this 

Act, the Secretary shall provide that, in the case of an alien who is apprehended 

before the beginning of the application period described in section 643(a)(2) and 

who can establish a nonfrivolous case of eligibility for blue card status (but for 

the fact that the alien may not apply for such status until the beginning of such 

period), until the alien has had the opportunity during the first 30 days of the 

application period to complete the filing of an application for blue card status, 

the alien—

(A) may not be removed; and 

(B) shall be granted authorization to engage in employment in the 

United States and be provided an employment authorized endorsement or 

other appropriate work permit for such purpose. 

(2) DURING APPLICATION PERIOD.—The Secretary shall provide that, in the 

case of an alien who presents a nonfrivolous application for blue card status 

during the application period described in section 643(a)(2), including an alien 

who files such an application within 30 days of the alien’s apprehension, and 

until a final determination on the application has been made in accordance with 

this section, the alien—

(A) may not be removed; and 

(B) shall be granted authorization to engage in employment in the 

United States and be provided an employment authorized endorsement or 

other appropriate work permit for such purpose. 

SEC. 648. ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL REVIEW. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—There shall be no administrative or judicial review of a determination respecting an application for blue card status under section 643 or adjustment of status under section 645 except in accordance with this section. 

(b) ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW.—

(1) SINGLE LEVEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE APPELLATE REVIEW.—The Secretary 

shall establish an appellate authority to provide for a single level of administrative appellate review of such a determination. 

(2) STANDARD FOR REVIEW.—Such administrative appellate review shall be 

based solely upon the administrative record established at the time of the determination on the application and upon such additional or newly discovered evidence as may not have been available at the time of the determination. 

(c) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—

147

(1) LIMITATION TO REVIEW OF REMOVAL.—There shall be judicial review of 

such a determination only in the judicial review of an order of removal under 

section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1252). 

(2) STANDARD FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Such judicial review shall be based 

solely upon the administrative record established at the time of the review by 

the appellate authority and the findings of fact and determinations contained 

in such record shall be conclusive unless the applicant can establish abuse of 

discretion or that the findings are directly contrary to clear and convincing facts 

contained in the record considered as a whole. 

SEC. 649. USE OF INFORMATION. 

Beginning not later than the first day of the application period described in section 643(a)(2), the Secretary, in cooperation with qualified designated entities (as 

that term is defined in section 646(b)), shall broadly disseminate information respecting the benefits that aliens may receive under this subtitle and the requirements that an alien is required to meet to receive such benefits. 

SEC. 650. REGULATIONS, EFFECTIVE DATE, AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

(a) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary shall issue regulations to implement this subtitle not later than the first day of the seventh month that begins after the date 

of enactment of this Act. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This subtitle shall take effect on the date that regulations required by subsection (a) are issued, regardless of whether such regulations 

are issued on an interim basis or on any other basis. 

(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary such sums as may be necessary to implement this subtitle, 

including any sums needed for costs associated with the initiation of such implementation, for fiscal years 2007 and 2008. 

Subchapter B—Correction of Social Security Records 

SEC. 651. CORRECTION OF SOCIAL SECURITY RECORDS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 208(e)(1) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 

408(e)(1)) is amended—

(1) in subparagraph (B)(ii), by striking ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(2) in subparagraph (C), by inserting ‘‘or’’ at the end; 

(3) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following: 

‘‘(D) who is granted blue card status under the Agricultural Job Opportunity, Benefits, and Security Act of 2007,’’; and 

(4) by striking ‘‘1990.’’ and inserting ‘‘1990, or in the case of an alien described in subparagraph (D), if such conduct is alleged to have occurred before 

the date on which the alien was granted blue card status.’’. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by subsection (a) shall take effect 

on the first day of the seventh month that begins after the date of the enactment 

of this Act. 

CHAPTER 2—REFORM OF H–2A WORKER PROGRAM 

SEC. 652. AMENDMENT TO THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Title II of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1151 

et seq.) is amended by striking section 218 and inserting the following: 

‘‘SEC. 218. H–2A EMPLOYER APPLICATIONS. 

‘‘(a) APPLICATIONS TO THE SECRETARY OF LABOR.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—No alien may be admitted to the United States as an H–

2A worker, or otherwise provided status as an H–2A worker, unless the employer has filed with the Secretary of Labor an application containing—

‘‘(A) the assurances described in subsection (b); 

‘‘(B) a description of the nature and location of the work to be performed; 

‘‘(C) the anticipated period (expected beginning and ending dates) for 

which the workers will be needed; and 

‘‘(D) the number of job opportunities in which the employer seeks to 

employ the workers. 

‘‘(2) ACCOMPANIED BY JOB OFFER.—Each application filed under paragraph 

(1) shall be accompanied by a copy of the job offer describing the wages and 

other terms and conditions of employment and the bona fide occupational qualifications that shall be possessed by a worker to be employed in the job opportunity in question. 

148

‘‘(b) ASSURANCES FOR INCLUSION IN APPLICATIONS.—The assurances referred to 

in subsection (a)(1) are the following: 

‘‘(1) JOB OPPORTUNITIES COVERED BY COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREE- MENTS.—With respect to a job opportunity that is covered under a collective 

bargaining agreement: 

‘‘(A) UNION CONTRACT DESCRIBED.—The job opportunity is covered by a 

union contract which was negotiated at arm’s length between a bona fide 

union and the employer. 

‘‘(B) STRIKE OR LOCKOUT.—The specific job opportunity for which the 

employer is requesting an H–2A worker is not vacant because the former 

occupant is on strike or being locked out in the course of a labor dispute. 

‘‘(C) NOTIFICATION OF BARGAINING REPRESENTATIVES.—The employer, at 

the time of filing the application, has provided notice of the filing under this 

paragraph to the bargaining representative of the employer’s employees in 

the occupational classification at the place or places of employment for 

which aliens are sought. 

‘‘(D) TEMPORARY OR SEASONAL JOB OPPORTUNITIES.—The job opportunity is temporary or seasonal. 

‘‘(E) OFFERS TO UNITED STATES WORKERS.—The employer has offered or 

will offer the job to any eligible United States worker who applies and is 

equally or better qualified for the job for which the nonimmigrant is, or the 

nonimmigrants are, sought and who will be available at the time and place 

of need. 

‘‘(F) PROVISION OF INSURANCE.—If the job opportunity is not covered by 

the State workers’ compensation law, the employer will provide, at no cost 

to the worker, insurance covering injury and disease arising out of, and in 

the course of, the worker’s employment which will provide benefits at least 

equal to those provided under the State’s workers’ compensation law for 

comparable employment. 

‘‘(2) JOB OPPORTUNITIES NOT COVERED BY COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREE- MENTS.—With respect to a job opportunity that is not covered under a collective 

bargaining agreement: 

‘‘(A) STRIKE OR LOCKOUT.—The specific job opportunity for which the 

employer has applied for an H–2A worker is not vacant because the former 

occupant is on strike or being locked out in the course of a labor dispute. 

‘‘(B) TEMPORARY OR SEASONAL JOB OPPORTUNITIES.—The job opportunity is temporary or seasonal. 

‘‘(C) BENEFIT, WAGE, AND WORKING CONDITIONS.—The employer will 

provide, at a minimum, the benefits, wages, and working conditions required by section 218A to all workers employed in the job opportunities for 

which the employer has applied for an H–2A worker under subsection (a) 

and to all other workers in the same occupation at the place of employment. 

‘‘(D) NONDISPLACEMENT OF UNITED STATES WORKERS.—The employer 

did not displace and will not displace a United States worker employed by 

the employer during the period of employment and for a period of 30 days 

preceding the period of employment in the occupation at the place of employment for which the employer has applied for an H–2A worker. 

‘‘(E) REQUIREMENTS FOR PLACEMENT OF THE NONIMMIGRANT WITH

OTHER EMPLOYERS.—The employer will not place the nonimmigrant with 

another employer unless—

‘‘(i) the nonimmigrant performs duties in whole or in part at 1 or 

more worksites owned, operated, or controlled by such other employer; 

‘‘(ii) there are indicia of an employment relationship between the 

nonimmigrant and such other employer; and 

‘‘(iii) the employer has inquired of the other employer as to whether, and has no actual knowledge or notice that, during the period of employment and for a period of 30 days preceding the period of employment, the other employer has displaced or intends to displace a United 

States worker employed by the other employer in the occupation at the 

place of employment for which the employer seeks approval to employ 

H–2A workers. 

‘‘(F) STATEMENT OF LIABILITY.—The application form shall include a 

clear statement explaining the liability under subparagraph (E) of an employer if the other employer described in such subparagraph displaces a 

United States worker as described in such subparagraph. 

‘‘(G) PROVISION OF INSURANCE.—If the job opportunity is not covered by 

the State workers’ compensation law, the employer will provide, at no cost 

to the worker, insurance covering injury and disease arising out of and in 

149

the course of the worker’s employment which will provide benefits at least 

equal to those provided under the State’s workers’ compensation law for 

comparable employment. 

‘‘(H) EMPLOYMENT OF UNITED STATES WORKERS.— ‘‘(i) RECRUITMENT.—The employer has taken or will take the following steps to recruit United States workers for the job opportunities 

for which the H–2A nonimmigrant is, or H–2A nonimmigrants are, 

sought: 

‘‘(I) CONTACTING FORMER WORKERS.—The employer shall make 

reasonable efforts through the sending of a letter by United States 

Postal Service mail, or otherwise, to contact any United States 

worker the employer employed during the previous season in the 

occupation at the place of intended employment for which the employer is applying for workers and has made the availability of the 

employer’s job opportunities in the occupation at the place of intended employment known to such previous workers, unless the 

worker was terminated from employment by the employer for a 

lawful job-related reason or abandoned the job before the worker 

completed the period of employment of the job opportunity for 

which the worker was hired. 

‘‘(II) FILING A JOB OFFER WITH THE LOCAL OFFICE OF THE STATE

EMPLOYMENT SECURITY AGENCY.—Not later than 28 days before the 

date on which the employer desires to employ an H–2A worker in 

a temporary or seasonal agricultural job opportunity, the employer 

shall submit a copy of the job offer described in subsection (a)(2) 

to the local office of the State employment security agency which 

serves the area of intended employment and authorize the posting 

of the job opportunity on ‘America’s Job Bank’ or other electronic 

job registry, except that nothing in this subclause shall require the 

employer to file an interstate job order under section 653 of title 

20, Code of Federal Regulations. 

‘‘(III) ADVERTISING OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES.—Not later than 14 

days before the date on which the employer desires to employ an 

H–2A worker in a temporary or seasonal agricultural job opportunity, the employer shall advertise the availability of the job opportunities for which the employer is seeking workers in a publication in the local labor market that is likely to be patronized by potential farm workers. 

‘‘(IV) EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.—The Secretary of Labor shall, 

by regulation, provide a procedure for acceptance and approval of 

applications in which the employer has not complied with the provisions of this subparagraph because the employer’s need for H–2A 

workers could not reasonably have been foreseen. 

‘‘(ii) JOB OFFERS.—The employer has offered or will offer the job to 

any eligible United States worker who applies and is equally or better 

qualified for the job for which the nonimmigrant is, or nonimmigrants 

are, sought and who will be available at the time and place of need. 

‘‘(iii) PERIOD OF EMPLOYMENT.—The employer will provide employment to any qualified United States worker who applies to the employer during the period beginning on the date on which the H–2A 

worker departs for the employer’s place of employment and ending on 

the date on which 50 percent of the period of employment for which the 

H–2A worker who is in the job was hired has elapsed, subject to the 

following requirements: 

‘‘(I) PROHIBITION.—No person or entity shall willfully and 

knowingly withhold United States workers before the arrival of H–

2A workers in order to force the hiring of United States workers 

under this clause. 

‘‘(II) COMPLAINTS.—Upon receipt of a complaint by an employer 

that a violation of subclause (I) has occurred, the Secretary of 

Labor shall immediately investigate. The Secretary of Labor shall, 

within 36 hours of the receipt of the complaint, issue findings concerning the alleged violation. If the Secretary of Labor finds that 

a violation has occurred, the Secretary of Labor shall immediately 

suspend the application of this clause with respect to that certification for that date of need. 

‘‘(III) PLACEMENT OF UNITED STATES WORKERS.—Before referring a United States worker to an employer during the period deVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00155 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
150

scribed in the matter preceding subclause (I), the Secretary of 

Labor shall make all reasonable efforts to place the United States 

worker in an open job acceptable to the worker, if there are other 

job offers pending with the job service that offer similar job opportunities in the area of intended employment. 

‘‘(iv) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subparagraph 

shall be construed to prohibit an employer from using such legitimate 

selection criteria relevant to the type of job that are normal or customary to the type of job involved so long as such criteria are not applied in a discriminatory manner. 

‘‘(c) APPLICATIONS BY ASSOCIATIONS ON BEHALF OF EMPLOYER MEMBERS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—An agricultural association may file an application under 

subsection (a) on behalf of 1 or more of its employer members that the association certifies in its application has or have agreed in writing to comply with the 

requirements of this section and sections 218A, 218B, and 218C. 

‘‘(2) TREATMENT OF ASSOCIATIONS ACTING AS EMPLOYERS.—If an association 

filing an application under paragraph (1) is a joint or sole employer of the temporary or seasonal agricultural workers requested on the application, the certifications granted under subsection (e)(2)(B) to the association may be used for the 

certified job opportunities of any of its producer members named on the application, and such workers may be transferred among such producer members to 

perform the agricultural services of a temporary or seasonal nature for which 

the certifications were granted. 

‘‘(d) WITHDRAWAL OF APPLICATIONS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—An employer may withdraw an application filed pursuant 

to subsection (a), except that if the employer is an agricultural association, the 

association may withdraw an application filed pursuant to subsection (a) with 

respect to 1 or more of its members. To withdraw an application, the employer 

or association shall notify the Secretary of Labor in writing, and the Secretary 

of Labor shall acknowledge in writing the receipt of such withdrawal notice. An 

employer who withdraws an application under subsection (a), or on whose behalf an application is withdrawn, is relieved of the obligations undertaken in 

the application. 

‘‘(2) LIMITATION.—An application may not be withdrawn while any alien 

provided status under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) pursuant to such application 

is employed by the employer. 

‘‘(3) OBLIGATIONS UNDER OTHER STATUTES.—Any obligation incurred by an 

employer under any other law or regulation as a result of the recruitment of 

United States workers or H–2A workers under an offer of terms and conditions 

of employment required as a result of making an application under subsection 

(a) is unaffected by withdrawal of such application. 

‘‘(e) REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF APPLICATIONS.—

‘‘(1) RESPONSIBILITY OF EMPLOYERS.—The employer shall make available for 

public examination, within 1 working day after the date on which an application under subsection (a) is filed, at the employer’s principal place of business 

or worksite, a copy of each such application (and such accompanying documents 

as are necessary). 

‘‘(2) RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SECRETARY OF LABOR.—

‘‘(A) COMPILATION OF LIST.—The Secretary of Labor shall compile, on a 

current basis, a list (by employer and by occupational classification) of the 

applications filed under subsection (a). Such list shall include the wage 

rate, number of workers sought, period of intended employment, and date 

of need. The Secretary of Labor shall make such list available for examination in the District of Columbia. 

‘‘(B) REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS.—The Secretary of Labor shall review 

such an application only for completeness and obvious inaccuracies. Unless 

the Secretary of Labor finds that the application is incomplete or obviously 

inaccurate, the Secretary of Labor shall certify that the intending employer 

has filed with the Secretary of Labor an application as described in subsection (a). Such certification shall be provided within 7 days of the filing 

of the application.’’

‘‘SEC. 218A. H–2A EMPLOYMENT REQUIREMENTS. 

‘‘(a) PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF ALIENS PROHIBITED.—Employers seeking to 

hire United States workers shall offer the United States workers no less than the 

same benefits, wages, and working conditions that the employer is offering, intends 

to offer, or will provide to H–2A workers. Conversely, no job offer may impose on 

151

United States workers any restrictions or obligations which will not be imposed on 

the employer’s H–2A workers. 

‘‘(b) MINIMUM BENEFITS, WAGES, AND WORKING CONDITIONS.—Except in cases 

where higher benefits, wages, or working conditions are required by the provisions 

of subsection (a), in order to protect similarly employed United States workers from 

adverse effects with respect to benefits, wages, and working conditions, every job 

offer which shall accompany an application under section 218(b)(2) shall include 

each of the following benefit, wage, and working condition provisions: 

‘‘(1) REQUIREMENT TO PROVIDE HOUSING OR A HOUSING ALLOWANCE.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An employer applying under section 218(a) for H–

2A workers shall offer to provide housing at no cost to all workers in job 

opportunities for which the employer has applied under that section and to 

all other workers in the same occupation at the place of employment, whose 

place of residence is beyond normal commuting distance. 

‘‘(B) TYPE OF HOUSING.—In complying with subparagraph (A), an employer may, at the employer’s election, provide housing that meets applicable Federal standards for temporary labor camps or secure housing that 

meets applicable local standards for rental or public accommodation housing or other substantially similar class of habitation, or in the absence of 

applicable local standards, State standards for rental or public accommodation housing or other substantially similar class of habitation. In the absence of applicable local or State standards, Federal temporary labor camp 

standards shall apply. 

‘‘(C) FAMILY HOUSING.—If it is the prevailing practice in the occupation 

and area of intended employment to provide family housing, family housing 

shall be provided to workers with families who request it. 

‘‘(D) WORKERS ENGAGED IN THE RANGE PRODUCTION OF LIVESTOCK.— The Secretary of Labor shall issue regulations that address the specific requirements for the provision of housing to workers engaged in the range 

production of livestock. 

‘‘(E) LIMITATION.—Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to require an employer to provide or secure housing for persons who were not 

entitled to such housing under the temporary labor certification regulations 

in effect on June 1, 1986. 

‘‘(F) CHARGES FOR HOUSING.— ‘‘(i) CHARGES FOR PUBLIC HOUSING.—If public housing provided for 

migrant agricultural workers under the auspices of a local, county, or 

State government is secured by an employer, and use of the public 

housing unit normally requires charges from migrant workers, such 

charges shall be paid by the employer directly to the appropriate individual or entity affiliated with the housing’s management. 

‘‘(ii) DEPOSIT CHARGES.—Charges in the form of deposits for bedding or other similar incidentals related to housing shall not be levied 

upon workers by employers who provide housing for their workers. An 

employer may require a worker found to have been responsible for 

damage to such housing which is not the result of normal wear and 

tear related to habitation to reimburse the employer for the reasonable 

cost of repair of such damage. 

‘‘(G) HOUSING ALLOWANCE AS ALTERNATIVE.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—If the requirement set out in clause (ii) is satisfied, the employer may provide a reasonable housing allowance instead 

of offering housing under subparagraph (A). Upon the request of a 

worker seeking assistance in locating housing, the employer shall make 

a good faith effort to assist the worker in identifying and locating housing in the area of intended employment. An employer who offers a 

housing allowance to a worker, or assists a worker in locating housing 

which the worker occupies, pursuant to this clause shall not be deemed 

a housing provider under section 203 of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (29 U.S.C. 1823) solely by virtue of providing such housing allowance. No housing allowance may be used for 

housing which is owned or controlled by the employer. 

‘‘(ii) CERTIFICATION.—The requirement of this clause is satisfied if 

the Governor of the State certifies to the Secretary of Labor that there 

is adequate housing available in the area of intended employment for 

migrant farm workers and H–2A workers who are seeking temporary 

housing while employed in agricultural work. Such certification shall 

expire after 3 years unless renewed by the Governor of the State. 

‘‘(iii) AMOUNT OF ALLOWANCE.—

152

‘‘(I) NONMETROPOLITAN COUNTIES.—If the place of employment 

of the workers provided an allowance under this subparagraph is 

a nonmetropolitan county, the amount of the housing allowance 

under this subparagraph shall be equal to the statewide average 

fair market rental for existing housing for nonmetropolitan counties for the State, as established by the Secretary of Housing and 

Urban Development pursuant to section 8(c) of the United States 

Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(c)), based on a 2-bedroom 

dwelling unit and an assumption of 2 persons per bedroom. 

‘‘(II) METROPOLITAN COUNTIES.—If the place of employment of 

the workers provided an allowance under this paragraph is in a 

metropolitan county, the amount of the housing allowance under 

this subparagraph shall be equal to the statewide average fair 

market rental for existing housing for metropolitan counties for the 

State, as established by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development pursuant to section 8(c) of the United States Housing Act 

of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(c)), based on a 2-bedroom dwelling unit 

and an assumption of 2 persons per bedroom. 

‘‘(2) REIMBURSEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION.— ‘‘(A) TO PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT.—A worker who completes 50 percent 

of the period of employment of the job opportunity for which the worker 

was hired shall be reimbursed by the employer for the cost of the worker’s 

transportation and subsistence from the place from which the worker came 

to work for the employer (or place of last employment, if the worker traveled from such place) to the place of employment. 

‘‘(B) FROM PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT.—A worker who completes the period 

of employment for the job opportunity involved shall be reimbursed by the 

employer for the cost of the worker’s transportation and subsistence from 

the place of employment to the place from which the worker, disregarding 

intervening employment, came to work for the employer, or to the place of 

next employment, if the worker has contracted with a subsequent employer 

who has not agreed to provide or pay for the worker’s transportation and 

subsistence to such subsequent employer’s place of employment. 

‘‘(C) LIMITATION.— ‘‘(i) AMOUNT OF REIMBURSEMENT.—Except as provided in clause (ii), 

the amount of reimbursement provided under subparagraph (A) or (B) 

to a worker or alien shall not exceed the lesser of—

‘‘(I) the actual cost to the worker or alien of the transportation 

and subsistence involved; or 

‘‘(II) the most economical and reasonable common carrier 

transportation charges and subsistence costs for the distance involved. 

‘‘(ii) DISTANCE TRAVELED.—No reimbursement under subparagraph 

(A) or (B) shall be required if the distance traveled is 100 miles or less, 

or the worker is not residing in employer-provided housing or housing 

secured through an allowance as provided in paragraph (1)(G). 

‘‘(D) EARLY TERMINATION.—If the worker is laid off or employment is 

terminated for contract impossibility (as described in paragraph (4)(D)) before the anticipated ending date of employment, the employer shall provide 

the transportation and subsistence required by subparagraph (B) and, notwithstanding whether the worker has completed 50 percent of the period 

of employment, shall provide the transportation reimbursement required by 

subparagraph (A). 

‘‘(E) TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN LIVING QUARTERS AND WORKSITE.—The 

employer shall provide transportation between the worker’s living quarters 

and the employer’s worksite without cost to the worker, and such transportation will be in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. 

‘‘(3) REQUIRED WAGES.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An employer applying for workers under section 

218(a) shall offer to pay, and shall pay, all workers in the occupation for 

which the employer has applied for workers, not less (and is not required 

to pay more) than the greater of the prevailing wage in the occupation in 

the area of intended employment or the adverse effect wage rate. No worker 

shall be paid less than the greater of the hourly wage prescribed under section 6(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 206(a)(1)) 

or the applicable State minimum wage. 

‘‘(B) LIMITATION.—Effective on the date of the enactment of the Agricultural Job Opportunities, Benefits, and Security Act of 2007 and continuing 

153

for 3 years thereafter, no adverse effect wage rate for a State may be more 

than the adverse effect wage rate for that State in effect on January 1, 

2003, as established by section 655.107 of title 20, Code of Federal Regulations. 

‘‘(C) REQUIRED WAGES AFTER 3-YEAR FREEZE.—

‘‘(i) FIRST ADJUSTMENT.—If Congress does not set a new wage 

standard applicable to this section before the first March 1 that is not 

less than 3 years after the date of enactment of this section, the adverse effect wage rate for each State beginning on such March 1 shall 

be the wage rate that would have resulted if the adverse effect wage 

rate in effect on January 1, 2003, had been annually adjusted, beginning on March 1, 2006, by the lesser of—

‘‘(I) the 12-month percentage change in the Consumer Price 

Index for All Urban Consumers between December of the second 

preceding year and December of the preceding year; and 

‘‘(II) 4 percent. 

‘‘(ii) SUBSEQUENT ANNUAL ADJUSTMENTS.—Beginning on the first 

March 1 that is not less than 4 years after the date of enactment of 

this section, and each March 1 thereafter, the adverse effect wage rate 

then in effect for each State shall be adjusted by the lesser of—

‘‘(I) the 12-month percentage change in the Consumer Price 

Index for All Urban Consumers between December of the second 

preceding year and December of the preceding year; and 

‘‘(II) 4 percent. 

‘‘(D) DEDUCTIONS.—The employer shall make only those deductions 

from the worker’s wages that are authorized by law or are reasonable and 

customary in the occupation and area of employment. The job offer shall 

specify all deductions not required by law which the employer will make 

from the worker’s wages. 

‘‘(E) FREQUENCY OF PAY.—The employer shall pay the worker not less 

frequently than twice monthly, or in accordance with the prevailing practice 

in the area of employment, whichever is more frequent. 

‘‘(F) HOURS AND EARNINGS STATEMENTS.—The employer shall furnish to 

the worker, on or before each payday, in 1 or more written statements—

‘‘(i) the worker’s total earnings for the pay period; 

‘‘(ii) the worker’s hourly rate of pay, piece rate of pay, or both; 

‘‘(iii) the hours of employment which have been offered to the worker (broken out by hours offered in accordance with and over and above 

the 3⁄4 guarantee described in paragraph (4); 

‘‘(iv) the hours actually worked by the worker; 

‘‘(v) an itemization of the deductions made from the worker’s 

wages; and 

‘‘(vi) if piece rates of pay are used, the units produced daily. 

‘‘(G) REPORT ON WAGE PROTECTIONS.—Not later than December 31, 

2009, the Comptroller General of the United States shall prepare and 

transmit to the Secretary of Labor, the Committee on the Judiciary of the 

Senate, and Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 

a report that addresses—

‘‘(i) whether the employment of H–2A or unauthorized aliens in the 

United States agricultural workforce has depressed United States farm 

worker wages below the levels that would otherwise have prevailed if 

alien farm workers had not been employed in the United States; 

‘‘(ii) whether an adverse effect wage rate is necessary to prevent 

wages of United States farm workers in occupations in which H–2A 

workers are employed from falling below the wage levels that would 

have prevailed in the absence of the employment of H–2A workers in 

those occupations; 

‘‘(iii) whether alternative wage standards, such as a prevailing 

wage standard, would be sufficient to prevent wages in occupations in 

which H–2A workers are employed from falling below the wage level 

that would have prevailed in the absence of H–2A employment; 

‘‘(iv) whether any changes are warranted in the current methodologies for calculating the adverse effect wage rate and the prevailing 

wage; and 

‘‘(v) recommendations for future wage protection under this section. 

‘‘(H) COMMISSION ON WAGE STANDARDS.—

154

‘‘(i) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established the Commission on Agricultural Wage Standards under the H–2A program (in this subparagraph referred to as the ‘Commission’). 

‘‘(ii) COMPOSITION.—The Commission shall consist of 10 members 

as follows: 

‘‘(I) Four representatives of agricultural employers and 1 representative of the Department of Agriculture, each appointed by 

the Secretary of Agriculture. 

‘‘(II) Four representatives of agricultural workers and 1 representative of the Department of Labor, each appointed by the Secretary of Labor. 

‘‘(iii) FUNCTIONS.—The Commission shall conduct a study that shall 

address—

‘‘(I) whether the employment of H–2A or unauthorized aliens 

in the United States agricultural workforce has depressed United 

States farm worker wages below the levels that would otherwise 

have prevailed if alien farm workers had not been employed in the 

United States; 

‘‘(II) whether an adverse effect wage rate is necessary to prevent wages of United States farm workers in occupations in which 

H–2A workers are employed from falling below the wage levels 

that would have prevailed in the absence of the employment of H–

2A workers in those occupations; 

‘‘(III) whether alternative wage standards, such as a prevailing 

wage standard, would be sufficient to prevent wages in occupations 

in which H–2A workers are employed from falling below the wage 

level that would have prevailed in the absence of H–2A employment; 

‘‘(IV) whether any changes are warranted in the current methodologies for calculating the adverse effect wage rate and the prevailing wage rate; and 

‘‘(V) recommendations for future wage protection under this 

section. 

‘‘(iv) FINAL REPORT.—Not later than December 31, 2009, the Commission shall submit a report to the Congress setting forth the findings 

of the study conducted under clause (iii). 

‘‘(v) TERMINATION DATE.—The Commission shall terminate upon 

submitting its final report. 

‘‘(4) GUARANTEE OF EMPLOYMENT.— ‘‘(A) OFFER TO WORKER.—The employer shall guarantee to offer the 

worker employment for the hourly equivalent of at least 3⁄4 of the work days 

of the total period of employment, beginning with the first work day after 

the arrival of the worker at the place of employment and ending on the expiration date specified in the job offer. For purposes of this subparagraph, 

the hourly equivalent means the number of hours in the work days as stated in the job offer and shall exclude the worker’s Sabbath and Federal holidays. If the employer affords the United States or H–2A worker less employment than that required under this paragraph, the employer shall pay 

such worker the amount which the worker would have earned had the 

worker, in fact, worked for the guaranteed number of hours. 

‘‘(B) FAILURE TO WORK.—Any hours which the worker fails to work, up 

to a maximum of the number of hours specified in the job offer for a work 

day, when the worker has been offered an opportunity to do so, and all 

hours of work actually performed (including voluntary work in excess of the 

number of hours specified in the job offer in a work day, on the worker’s 

Sabbath, or on Federal holidays) may be counted by the employer in calculating whether the period of guaranteed employment has been met. 

‘‘(C) ABANDONMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, TERMINATION FOR CAUSE.—If the 

worker voluntarily abandons employment before the end of the contract period, or is terminated for cause, the worker is not entitled to the ‘3⁄4 guarantee’ described in subparagraph (A). 

‘‘(D) CONTRACT IMPOSSIBILITY.—If, before the expiration of the period of 

employment specified in the job offer, the services of the worker are no 

longer required for reasons beyond the control of the employer due to any 

form of natural disaster, including a flood, hurricane, freeze, earthquake, 

fire, drought, plant or animal disease or pest infestation, or regulatory 

drought, before the guarantee in subparagraph (A) is fulfilled, the employer 

may terminate the worker’s employment. In the event of such termination, 

155

the employer shall fulfill the employment guarantee in subparagraph (A) 

for the work days that have elapsed from the first work day after the arrival of the worker to the termination of employment. In such cases, the 

employer will make efforts to transfer the United States worker to other 

comparable employment acceptable to the worker. If such transfer is not effected, the employer shall provide the return transportation required in 

paragraph (2)(D). 

‘‘(5) MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY.— ‘‘(A) MODE OF TRANSPORTATION SUBJECT TO COVERAGE.— ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in clauses (iii) and (iv), this 

subsection applies to any H–2A employer that uses or causes to be used 

any vehicle to transport an H–2A worker within the United States. 

‘‘(ii) DEFINED TERM.—In this paragraph, the term ‘uses or causes 

to be used’—

‘‘(I) applies only to transportation provided by an H–2A employer to an H–2A worker, or by a farm labor contractor to an H–

2A worker at the request or direction of an H–2A employer; and 

‘‘(II) does not apply to—

‘‘(aa) transportation provided, or transportation arrangements made, by an H–

2A worker, unless the employer specifically requested or arranged such transportation; or 

‘‘(bb) car pooling arrangements made by H–2A workers themselves, using 1 of 

the workers’ own vehicles, unless specifically requested by the employer directly 

or through a farm labor contractor. 

‘‘(iii) CLARIFICATION.—Providing a job offer to an H–2A worker that 

causes the worker to travel to or from the place of employment, or the 

payment or reimbursement of the transportation costs of an H–2A 

worker by an H–2A employer, shall not constitute an arrangement of, 

or participation in, such transportation. 

‘‘(iv) AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT EXCLUDED.—This 

subsection does not apply to the transportation of an H–2A worker on 

a tractor, combine, harvester, picker, or other similar machinery or 

equipment while such worker is actually engaged in the planting, cultivating, or harvesting of agricultural commodities or the care of livestock or poultry or engaged in transportation incidental thereto. 

‘‘(v) COMMON CARRIERS EXCLUDED.—This subsection does not apply 

to common carrier motor vehicle transportation in which the provider 

holds itself out to the general public as engaging in the transportation 

of passengers for hire and holds a valid certification of authorization 

for such purposes from an appropriate Federal, State, or local agency. 

‘‘(B) APPLICABILITY OF STANDARDS, LICENSING, AND INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—When using, or causing to be used, any vehicle 

for the purpose of providing transportation to which this subparagraph 

applies, each employer shall—

‘‘(I) ensure that each such vehicle conforms to the standards 

prescribed by the Secretary of Labor under section 401(b) of the 

Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (29 

U.S.C. 1841(b)) and other applicable Federal and State safety 

standards; 

‘‘(II) ensure that each driver has a valid and appropriate license, as provided by State law, to operate the vehicle; and 

‘‘(III) have an insurance policy or a liability bond that is in effect which insures the employer against liability for damage to persons or property arising from the ownership, operation, or causing 

to be operated, of any vehicle used to transport any H–2A worker. 

‘‘(ii) AMOUNT OF INSURANCE REQUIRED.—The level of insurance required shall be determined by the Secretary of Labor pursuant to regulations to be issued under this subsection. 

‘‘(iii) EFFECT OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COVERAGE.—If the employer of any H–2A worker provides workers’ compensation coverage 

for such worker in the case of bodily injury or death as provided by 

State law, the following adjustments in the requirements of subparagraph (B)(i)(III) relating to having an insurance policy or liability bond 

apply: 

‘‘(I) No insurance policy or liability bond shall be required of 

the employer, if such workers are transported only under circumstances for which there is coverage under such State law. 

156

‘‘(II) An insurance policy or liability bond shall be required of 

the employer for circumstances under which coverage for the transportation of such workers is not provided under such State law. 

‘‘(c) COMPLIANCE WITH LABOR LAWS.—An employer shall assure that, except as 

otherwise provided in this section, the employer will comply with all applicable Federal, State, and local labor laws, including laws affecting migrant and seasonal agricultural workers, with respect to all United States workers and alien workers employed by the employer, except that a violation of this assurance shall not constitute 

a violation of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (29 

U.S.C. 1801 et seq.). 

‘‘(d) COPY OF JOB OFFER.—The employer shall provide to the worker, not later 

than the day the work commences, a copy of the employer’s application and job offer 

described in section 218(a), or, if the employer will require the worker to enter into 

a separate employment contract covering the employment in question, such separate 

employment contract. 

‘‘(e) RANGE PRODUCTION OF LIVESTOCK.—Nothing in this section, section 218, or 

section 218B shall preclude the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary from continuing to apply special procedures and requirements to the admission and employment of aliens in occupations involving the range production of livestock. 

‘‘SEC. 218B. PROCEDURE FOR ADMISSION AND EXTENSION OF STAY OF H–2A WORKERS. 

‘‘(a) PETITIONING FOR ADMISSION.—An employer, or an association acting as an 

agent or joint employer for its members, that seeks the admission into the United 

States of an H–2A worker may file a petition with the Secretary. The petition shall 

be accompanied by an accepted and currently valid certification provided by the Secretary of Labor under section 218(e)(2)(B) covering the petitioner. 

‘‘(b) EXPEDITED ADJUDICATION BY THE SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall establish a procedure for expedited adjudication of petitions filed under subsection (a) 

and within 7 working days shall, by fax, cable, or other means assuring expedited 

delivery, transmit a copy of notice of action on the petition to the petitioner and, 

in the case of approved petitions, to the appropriate immigration officer at the port 

of entry or United States consulate (as the case may be) where the petitioner has 

indicated that the alien beneficiary (or beneficiaries) will apply for a visa or admission to the United States. 

‘‘(c) CRITERIA FOR ADMISSIBILITY.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—An H–2A worker shall be considered admissible to the 

United States if the alien is otherwise admissible under this section, section 

218, and section 218A, and the alien is not ineligible under paragraph (2). 

‘‘(2) DISQUALIFICATION.—An alien shall be considered inadmissible to the 

United States and ineligible for nonimmigrant status under section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) if the alien has, at any time during the past 5 years—

‘‘(A) violated a material provision of this section, including the requirement to promptly depart the United States when the alien’s authorized period of admission under this section has expired; or 

‘‘(B) otherwise violated a term or condition of admission into the United 

States as a nonimmigrant, including overstaying the period of authorized 

admission as such a nonimmigrant. 

‘‘(3) WAIVER OF INELIGIBILITY FOR UNLAWFUL PRESENCE.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An alien who has not previously been admitted into 

the United States pursuant to this section, and who is otherwise eligible 

for admission in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (2), shall not be 

deemed inadmissible by virtue of section 212(a)(9)(B). If an alien described 

in the preceding sentence is present in the United States, the alien may 

apply from abroad for H–2A status, but may not be granted that status in 

the United States. 

‘‘(B) MAINTENANCE OF WAIVER.—An alien provided an initial waiver of 

ineligibility pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall remain eligible for such 

waiver unless the alien violates the terms of this section or again becomes 

ineligible under section 212(a)(9)(B) by virtue of unlawful presence in the 

United States after the date of the initial waiver of ineligibility pursuant 

to subparagraph (A). 

‘‘(d) PERIOD OF ADMISSION.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The alien shall be admitted for the period of employment 

in the application certified by the Secretary of Labor pursuant to section 

218(e)(2)(B), not to exceed 10 months, supplemented by a period of not more 

than 1 week before the beginning of the period of employment for the purpose 

of travel to the worksite and a period of 14 days following the period of employVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00162 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
157

ment for the purpose of departure or extension based on a subsequent offer of 

employment, except that—

‘‘(A) the alien is not authorized to be employed during such 14-day period except in the employment for which the alien was previously authorized; and 

‘‘(B) the total period of employment, including such 14-day period, may 

not exceed 10 months. 

‘‘(2) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection shall limit the authority of 

the Secretary to extend the stay of the alien under any other provision of this 

Act. 

‘‘(e) ABANDONMENT OF EMPLOYMENT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—An alien admitted or provided status under section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) who abandons the employment which was the basis for such 

admission or status shall be considered to have failed to maintain nonimmigrant status as an H–2A worker and shall depart the United States or be 

subject to removal under section 237(a)(1)(C)(i). 

‘‘(2) REPORT BY EMPLOYER.—The employer, or association acting as agent 

for the employer, shall notify the Secretary not later than 7 days after an H–

2A worker prematurely abandons employment. 

‘‘(3) REMOVAL BY THE SECRETARY.—The Secretary shall promptly remove 

from the United States any H–2A worker who violates any term or condition 

of the worker’s nonimmigrant status. 

‘‘(4) VOLUNTARY TERMINATION.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1), an alien 

may voluntarily terminate his or her employment if the alien promptly departs 

the United States upon termination of such employment. 

‘‘(f) REPLACEMENT OF ALIEN.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Upon presentation of the notice to the Secretary required 

by subsection (e)(2), the Secretary of State shall promptly issue a visa to, and 

the Secretary shall admit into the United States, an eligible alien designated 

by the employer to replace an H–2A worker—

‘‘(A) who abandons or prematurely terminates employment; or 

‘‘(B) whose employment is terminated after a United States worker is 

employed pursuant to section 218(b)(2)(H)(iii), if the United States worker 

voluntarily departs before the end of the period of intended employment or 

if the employment termination is for a lawful job-related reason. 

‘‘(2) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection is intended to limit any 

preference required to be accorded United States workers under any other provision of this Act. 

‘‘(g) IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Each alien authorized to be admitted under section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) shall be provided an identification and employment eligibility document to verify eligibility for employment in the United States and 

verify the alien’s identity. 

‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—No identification and employment eligibility document may be issued which does not meet the following requirements: 

‘‘(A) The document shall be capable of reliably determining whether—

‘‘(i) the individual with the identification and employment eligibility document whose eligibility is being verified is in fact eligible for 

employment; 

‘‘(ii) the individual whose eligibility is being verified is claiming the 

identity of another person; and 

‘‘(iii) the individual whose eligibility is being verified is authorized 

to be admitted into, and employed in, the United States as an H–2A 

worker. 

‘‘(B) The document shall be in a form that is resistant to counterfeiting 

and to tampering. 

‘‘(C) The document shall—

‘‘(i) be compatible with other databases of the Secretary for the 

purpose of excluding aliens from benefits for which they are not eligible 

and determining whether the alien is unlawfully present in the United 

States; and 

‘‘(ii) be compatible with law enforcement databases to determine if 

the alien has been convicted of criminal offenses. 

‘‘(h) EXTENSION OF STAY OF H–2A ALIENS IN THE UNITED STATES.—

‘‘(1) EXTENSION OF STAY.—If an employer seeks approval to employ an H–

2A alien who is lawfully present in the United States, the petition filed by the 

employer or an association pursuant to subsection (a), shall request an extension of the alien’s stay and a change in the alien’s employment. 

158

‘‘(2) LIMITATION ON FILING A PETITION FOR EXTENSION OF STAY.—A petition 

may not be filed for an extension of an alien’s stay—

‘‘(A) for a period of more than 10 months; or 

‘‘(B) to a date that is more than 3 years after the date of the alien’s 

last admission to the United States under this section. 

‘‘(3) WORK AUTHORIZATION UPON FILING A PETITION FOR EXTENSION OF

STAY.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An alien who is lawfully present in the United 

States may commence the employment described in a petition under paragraph (1) on the date on which the petition is filed. 

‘‘(B) DEFINITION.—For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term ‘file’ 

means sending the petition by certified mail via the United States Postal 

Service, return receipt requested, or delivered by guaranteed commercial 

delivery which will provide the employer with a documented acknowledgment of the date of receipt of the petition. 

‘‘(C) HANDLING OF PETITION.—The employer shall provide a copy of the 

employer’s petition to the alien, who shall keep the petition with the alien’s 

identification and employment eligibility document as evidence that the petition has been filed and that the alien is authorized to work in the United 

States. 

‘‘(D) APPROVAL OF PETITION.—Upon approval of a petition for an extension of stay or change in the alien’s authorized employment, the Secretary 

shall provide a new or updated employment eligibility document to the 

alien indicating the new validity date, after which the alien is not required 

to retain a copy of the petition. 

‘‘(4) LIMITATION ON EMPLOYMENT AUTHORIZATION OF ALIENS WITHOUT VALID

IDENTIFICATION AND EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY DOCUMENT.—An expired identification and employment eligibility document, together with a copy of a petition 

for extension of stay or change in the alien’s authorized employment that complies with the requirements of paragraph (1), shall constitute a valid work authorization document for a period of not more than 60 days beginning on the 

date on which such petition is filed, after which time only a currently valid 

identification and employment eligibility document shall be acceptable. 

‘‘(5) LIMITATION ON AN INDIVIDUAL’S STAY IN STATUS.— ‘‘(A) MAXIMUM PERIOD.—The maximum continuous period of authorized 

status as an H–2A worker (including any extensions) is 3 years. 

‘‘(B) REQUIREMENT TO REMAIN OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES.— ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Subject to clause (ii), in the case of an alien outside the United States whose period of authorized status as an H–2A 

worker (including any extensions) has expired, the alien may not again 

apply for admission to the United States as an H–2A worker unless the 

alien has remained outside the United States for a continuous period 

equal to at least 1⁄5 the duration of the alien’s previous period of authorized status as an H–2A worker (including any extensions). 

‘‘(ii) EXCEPTION.—Clause (i) shall not apply in the case of an alien 

if the alien’s period of authorized status as an H–2A worker (including 

any extensions) was for a period of not more than 10 months and such 

alien has been outside the United States for at least 2 months during 

the 12 months preceding the date the alien again is applying for admission to the United States as an H–2A worker. 

‘‘(i) SPECIAL RULES FOR ALIENS EMPLOYED AS SHEEPHERDERS, GOAT HERDERS, 

OR DAIRY WORKERS.—Notwithstanding any provision of the Agricultural Job Opportunities, Benefits, and Security Act of 2007, an alien admitted under section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) for employment as a sheepherder, goat herder, or dairy worker—

‘‘(1) may be admitted for an initial period of 12 months; 

‘‘(2) subject to subsection (j)(5), may have such initial period of admission 

extended for a period of up to 3 years; and 

‘‘(3) shall not be subject to the requirements of subsection (h)(5) (relating 

to periods of absence from the United States). 

‘‘(j) ADJUSTMENT TO LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS FOR ALIENS EMPLOYED AS SHEEPHERDERS, GOAT HERDERS, OR DAIRY WORKERS.—

‘‘(1) ELIGIBLE ALIEN.—For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘eligible 

alien’ means an alien—

‘‘(A) having nonimmigrant status under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) 

based on employment as a sheepherder, goat herder, or dairy worker; 

‘‘(B) who has maintained such nonimmigrant status in the United 

States for a cumulative total of 36 months (excluding any period of absence 

from the United States); and 

159

‘‘(C) who is seeking to receive an immigrant visa under section 

203(b)(3)(A)(iii). 

‘‘(2) CLASSIFICATION PETITION.—In the case of an eligible alien, the petition 

under section 204 for classification under section 203(b)(3)(A)(iii) may be filed 

by—

‘‘(A) the alien’s employer on behalf of the eligible alien; or 

‘‘(B) the eligible alien. 

‘‘(3) NO LABOR CERTIFICATION REQUIRED.—Notwithstanding section 

203(b)(3)(C), no determination under section 212(a)(5)(A) is required with respect to an immigrant visa described in paragraph (1)(C) for an eligible alien. 

‘‘(4) EFFECT OF PETITION.—The filing of a petition described in paragraph 

(2) or an application for adjustment of status based on the approval of such a 

petition shall not constitute evidence of an alien’s ineligibility for nonimmigrant 

status under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a). 

‘‘(5) EXTENSION OF STAY.—The Secretary shall extend the stay of an eligible 

alien having a pending or approved classification petition described in paragraph (2) in 1-year increments until a final determination is made on the alien’s 

eligibility for adjustment of status to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence. 

‘‘(6) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prevent an eligible alien from seeking adjustment of status in accordance with any 

other provision of law. 

‘‘SEC. 218C. WORKER PROTECTIONS AND LABOR STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT. 

‘‘(a) ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY.—

‘‘(1) INVESTIGATION OF COMPLAINTS.—

‘‘(A) AGGRIEVED PERSON OR THIRD-PARTY COMPLAINTS.—The Secretary 

of Labor shall establish a process for the receipt, investigation, and disposition of complaints respecting a petitioner’s failure to meet a condition specified in section 218(b), or an employer’s misrepresentation of material facts 

in an application under section 218(a). Complaints may be filed by any aggrieved person or organization (including bargaining representatives). No 

investigation or hearing shall be conducted on a complaint concerning such 

a failure or misrepresentation unless the complaint was filed not later than 

12 months after the date of the failure, or misrepresentation, respectively. 

The Secretary of Labor shall conduct an investigation under this subparagraph if there is reasonable cause to believe that such a failure or misrepresentation has occurred. 

‘‘(B) DETERMINATION ON COMPLAINT.—Under such process, the Secretary of Labor shall provide, within 30 days after the date such a complaint is filed, for a determination as to whether or not a reasonable basis 

exists to make a finding described in subparagraph (C), (D), (E), or (G). If 

the Secretary of Labor determines that such a reasonable basis exists, the 

Secretary of Labor shall provide for notice of such determination to the interested parties and an opportunity for a hearing on the complaint, in accordance with section 556 of title 5, United States Code, within 60 days 

after the date of the determination. If such a hearing is requested, the Secretary of Labor shall make a finding concerning the matter not later than 

60 days after the date of the hearing. In the case of similar complaints respecting the same applicant, the Secretary of Labor may consolidate the 

hearings under this subparagraph on such complaints. 

‘‘(C) FAILURES TO MEET CONDITIONS.—If the Secretary of Labor finds, 

after notice and opportunity for a hearing, a failure to meet a condition of 

paragraph (1)(A), (1)(B), (1)(D), (1)(F), (2)(A), (2)(B), or (2)(G) of section 

218(b), a substantial failure to meet a condition of paragraph (1)(C), (1)(E), 

(2)(C), (2)(D), (2)(E), or (2)(H) of section 218(b), or a material misrepresentation of fact in an application under section 218(a)—

‘‘(i) the Secretary of Labor shall notify the Secretary of such finding 

and may, in addition, impose such other administrative remedies (including civil money penalties in an amount not to exceed $1,000 per 

violation) as the Secretary of Labor determines to be appropriate; and 

‘‘(ii) the Secretary may disqualify the employer from the employment of aliens described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) for a period of 1 

year. 

‘‘(D) WILLFUL FAILURES AND WILLFUL MISREPRESENTATIONS.—If the Secretary of Labor finds, after notice and opportunity for hearing, a willful failure to meet a condition of section 218(b), a willful misrepresentation of a 

160

material fact in an application under section 218(a), or a violation of subsection (d)(1)—

‘‘(i) the Secretary of Labor shall notify the Secretary of such finding 

and may, in addition, impose such other administrative remedies (including civil money penalties in an amount not to exceed $5,000 per 

violation) as the Secretary of Labor determines to be appropriate; 

‘‘(ii) the Secretary of Labor may seek appropriate legal or equitable 

relief to effectuate the purposes of subsection (d)(1); and 

‘‘(iii) the Secretary may disqualify the employer from the employment of H–2A workers for a period of 2 years. 

‘‘(E) DISPLACEMENT OF UNITED STATES WORKERS.—If the Secretary of 

Labor finds, after notice and opportunity for hearing, a willful failure to 

meet a condition of section 218(b) or a willful misrepresentation of a material fact in an application under section 218(a), in the course of which failure or misrepresentation the employer displaced a United States worker 

employed by the employer during the period of employment on the employer’s application under section 218(a) or during the period of 30 days preceding such period of employment—

‘‘(i) the Secretary of Labor shall notify the Secretary of such finding 

and may, in addition, impose such other administrative remedies (including civil money penalties in an amount not to exceed $15,000 per 

violation) as the Secretary of Labor determines to be appropriate; and 

‘‘(ii) the Secretary may disqualify the employer from the employment of H–2A workers for a period of 3 years. 

‘‘(F) LIMITATIONS ON CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES.—The Secretary of Labor 

shall not impose total civil money penalties with respect to an application 

under section 218(a) in excess of $90,000. 

‘‘(G) FAILURES TO PAY WAGES OR REQUIRED BENEFITS.—If the Secretary 

of Labor finds, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, that the employer 

has failed to pay the wages, or provide the housing allowance, transportation, subsistence reimbursement, or guarantee of employment, required 

under section 218A(b), the Secretary of Labor shall assess payment of back 

wages, or other required benefits, due any United States worker or H–2A 

worker employed by the employer in the specific employment in question. 

The back wages or other required benefits under section 218A(b) shall be 

equal to the difference between the amount that should have been paid and 

the amount that actually was paid to such worker. 

‘‘(2) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section shall be construed 

as limiting the authority of the Secretary of Labor to conduct any compliance 

investigation under any other labor law, including any law affecting migrant 

and seasonal agricultural workers, or, in the absence of a complaint under this 

section, under section 218 or 218A. 

‘‘(b) RIGHTS ENFORCEABLE BY PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.—H–2A workers may 

enforce the following rights through the private right of action provided in subsection (c), and no other right of action shall exist under Federal or State law to 

enforce such rights: 

‘‘(1) The providing of housing or a housing allowance as required under section 218A(b)(1). 

‘‘(2) The reimbursement of transportation as required under section 

218A(b)(2). 

‘‘(3) The payment of wages required under section 218A(b)(3) when due. 

‘‘(4) The benefits and material terms and conditions of employment expressly provided in the job offer described in section 218(a)(2), not including the 

assurance to comply with other Federal, State, and local labor laws described 

in section 218A(c), compliance with which shall be governed by the provisions 

of such laws. 

‘‘(5) The guarantee of employment required under section 218A(b)(4). 

‘‘(6) The motor vehicle safety requirements under section 218A(b)(5). 

‘‘(7) The prohibition of discrimination under subsection (d)(2). 

‘‘(c) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.—

‘‘(1) MEDIATION.—Upon the filing of a complaint by an H–2A worker aggrieved by a violation of rights enforceable under subsection (b), and within 60 

days of the filing of proof of service of the complaint, a party to the action may 

file a request with the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service to assist the 

parties in reaching a satisfactory resolution of all issues involving all parties 

to the dispute. Upon a filing of such request and giving of notice to the parties, 

the parties shall attempt mediation within the period specified in subparagraph 

(B). 

161

‘‘(A) MEDIATION SERVICES.—The Federal Mediation and Conciliation 

Service shall be available to assist in resolving disputes arising under subsection (b) between H–2A workers and agricultural employers without 

charge to the parties. 

‘‘(B) 90-DAY LIMIT.—The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service 

may conduct mediation or other nonbinding dispute resolution activities for 

a period not to exceed 90 days beginning on the date on which the Federal 

Mediation and Conciliation Service receives the request for assistance unless the parties agree to an extension of this period of time. 

‘‘(C) AUTHORIZATION.— ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Subject to clause (ii), there are authorized to be 

appropriated to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service 

$500,000 for each fiscal year to carry out this section. 

‘‘(ii) MEDIATION.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the 

Director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service is authorized to conduct the mediation or other dispute resolution activities from 

any other appropriated funds available to the Director and to reimburse such appropriated funds when the funds are appropriated pursuant to this authorization, such reimbursement to be credited to appropriations currently available at the time of receipt. 

‘‘(2) MAINTENANCE OF CIVIL ACTION IN DISTRICT COURT BY AGGRIEVED PER- SON.—An H–2A worker aggrieved by a violation of rights enforceable under subsection (b) by an agricultural employer or other person may file suit in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction over the parties, without regard to the amount in controversy, without regard to the citizenship of the parties, and without regard to the exhaustion of any alternative administrative 

remedies under this Act, not later than 3 years after the date the violation occurs. ‘‘(3) ELECTION.—An H–2A worker who has filed an administrative complaint with the Secretary of Labor may not maintain a civil action under paragraph (2) unless a complaint based on the same violation filed with the Secretary of Labor under subsection (a)(1) is withdrawn before the filing of such 

action, in which case the rights and remedies available under this subsection 

shall be exclusive. 

‘‘(4) PREEMPTION OF STATE CONTRACT RIGHTS.—Nothing in this Act shall be 

construed to diminish the rights and remedies of an H–2A worker under any 

other Federal or State law or regulation or under any collective bargaining 

agreement, except that no court or administrative action shall be available 

under any State contract law to enforce the rights created by this Act. 

‘‘(5) WAIVER OF RIGHTS PROHIBITED.—Agreements by employees purporting 

to waive or modify their rights under this Act shall be void as contrary to public 

policy, except that a waiver or modification of the rights or obligations in favor 

of the Secretary of Labor shall be valid for purposes of the enforcement of this 

Act. The preceding sentence may not be construed to prohibit agreements to settle private disputes or litigation. 

‘‘(6) AWARD OF DAMAGES OR OTHER EQUITABLE RELIEF.—

‘‘(A) If the court finds that the respondent has intentionally violated 

any of the rights enforceable under subsection (b), it shall award actual 

damages, if any, or equitable relief. 

‘‘(B) Any civil action brought under this section shall be subject to appeal as provided in chapter 83 of title 28, United States Code. 

‘‘(7) WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BENEFITS; EXCLUSIVE REMEDY.—

‘‘(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, where a 

State’s workers’ compensation law is applicable and coverage is provided for 

an H–2A worker, the workers’ compensation benefits shall be the exclusive 

remedy for the loss of such worker under this section in the case of bodily 

injury or death in accordance with such State’s workers’ compensation law. 

‘‘(B) The exclusive remedy prescribed in subparagraph (A) precludes the 

recovery under paragraph (6) of actual damages for loss from an injury or 

death but does not preclude other equitable relief, except that such relief 

shall not include back or front pay or in any manner, directly or indirectly, 

expand or otherwise alter or affect—

‘‘(i) a recovery under a State workers’ compensation law; or 

‘‘(ii) rights conferred under a State workers’ compensation law. 

‘‘(8) TOLLING OF STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS.—If it is determined under a State 

workers’ compensation law that the workers’ compensation law is not applicable 

to a claim for bodily injury or death of an H–2A worker, the statute of limitations for bringing an action for actual damages for such injury or death under 

162

subsection (c) shall be tolled for the period during which the claim for such injury or death under such State workers’ compensation law was pending. The 

statute of limitations for an action for actual damages or other equitable relief 

arising out of the same transaction or occurrence as the injury or death of the 

H–2A worker shall be tolled for the period during which the claim for such injury or death was pending under the State workers’ compensation law. 

‘‘(9) PRECLUSIVE EFFECT.—Any settlement by an H–2A worker and an H–

2A employer or any person reached through the mediation process required 

under subsection (c)(1) shall preclude any right of action arising out of the same 

facts between the parties in any Federal or State court or administrative proceeding, unless specifically provided otherwise in the settlement agreement. 

‘‘(10) SETTLEMENTS.—Any settlement by the Secretary of Labor with an H–

2A employer on behalf of an H–2A worker of a complaint filed with the Secretary of Labor under this section or any finding by the Secretary of Labor 

under subsection (a)(1)(B) shall preclude any right of action arising out of the 

same facts between the parties under any Federal or State court or administrative proceeding, unless specifically provided otherwise in the settlement agreement. 

‘‘(d) DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITED.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—It is a violation of this subsection for any person who has 

filed an application under section 218(a), to intimidate, threaten, restrain, coerce, blacklist, discharge, or in any other manner discriminate against an employee (which term, for purposes of this subsection, includes a former employee 

and an applicant for employment) because the employee has disclosed information to the employer, or to any other person, that the employee reasonably believes evidences a violation of section 218 or 218A or any rule or regulation pertaining to section 218 or 218A, or because the employee cooperates or seeks to 

cooperate in an investigation or other proceeding concerning the employer’s 

compliance with the requirements of section 218 or 218A or any rule or regulation pertaining to either of such sections. 

‘‘(2) DISCRIMINATION AGAINST H–2A WORKERS.—It is a violation of this subsection for any person who has filed an application under section 218(a), to intimidate, threaten, restrain, coerce, blacklist, discharge, or in any manner discriminate against an H–2A employee because such worker has, with just cause, 

filed a complaint with the Secretary of Labor regarding a denial of the rights 

enumerated and enforceable under subsection (b) or instituted, or caused to be 

instituted, a private right of action under subsection (c) regarding the denial of 

the rights enumerated under subsection (b), or has testified or is about to testify 

in any court proceeding brought under subsection (c). 

‘‘(e) AUTHORIZATION TO SEEK OTHER APPROPRIATE EMPLOYMENT.—The Secretary of Labor and the Secretary shall establish a process under which an H–2A 

worker who files a complaint regarding a violation of subsection (d) and is otherwise 

eligible to remain and work in the United States may be allowed to seek other appropriate employment in the United States for a period not to exceed the maximum 

period of stay authorized for such nonimmigrant classification. 

‘‘(f) ROLE OF ASSOCIATIONS.—

‘‘(1) VIOLATION BY A MEMBER OF AN ASSOCIATION.—An employer on whose 

behalf an application is filed by an association acting as its agent is fully responsible for such application, and for complying with the terms and conditions 

of sections 218 and 218A, as though the employer had filed the application 

itself. If such an employer is determined, under this section, to have committed 

a violation, the penalty for such violation shall apply only to that member of 

the association unless the Secretary of Labor determines that the association 

or other member participated in, had knowledge, or reason to know, of the violation, in which case the penalty shall be invoked against the association or 

other association member as well. 

‘‘(2) VIOLATIONS BY AN ASSOCIATION ACTING AS AN EMPLOYER.—If an association filing an application as a sole or joint employer is determined to have committed a violation under this section, the penalty for such violation shall apply 

only to the association unless the Secretary of Labor determines that an association member or members participated in or had knowledge, or reason to 

know of the violation, in which case the penalty shall be invoked against the 

association member or members as well. 

‘‘SEC. 218D. DEFINITIONS. 

‘‘For purposes of this section and section 218, 218A, 218B, and 218C: 

‘‘(1) AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT.—The term ‘agricultural employment’ 

means any service or activity that is considered to be agricultural under section 

163

3(f) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203(f)) or agricultural 

labor under section 3121(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or the performance of agricultural labor or services described in section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a). 

‘‘(2) BONA FIDE UNION.—The term ‘bona fide union’ means any organization 

in which employees participate and which exists for the purpose of dealing with 

employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of 

employment, or other terms and conditions of work for agricultural employees. 

Such term does not include an organization formed, created, administered, supported, dominated, financed, or controlled by an employer or employer association or its agents or representatives. 

‘‘(3) DISPLACE.—The term ‘displace’, in the case of an application with respect to 1 or more H–2A workers by an employer, means laying off a United 

States worker from a job for which the H–2A worker or workers is or are 

sought. 

‘‘(4) ELIGIBLE.—The term ‘eligible’, when used with respect to an individual, 

means an individual who is not an unauthorized alien (as defined in section 

274A). 

‘‘(5) EMPLOYER.—The term ‘employer’ means any person or entity, including 

any farm labor contractor and any agricultural association, that employs workers in agricultural employment. 

‘‘(6) H–2A EMPLOYER.—The term ‘H–2A employer’ means an employer who 

seeks to hire 1 or more nonimmigrant aliens described in section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a). 

‘‘(7) H–2A WORKER.—The term ‘H–2A worker’ means a nonimmigrant described in section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a). 

‘‘(8) JOB OPPORTUNITY.—The term ‘job opportunity’ means a job opening for 

temporary or seasonal full-time employment at a place in the United States to 

which United States workers can be referred. 

‘‘(9) LAYING OFF.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘laying off’, with respect to a worker—

‘‘(i) means to cause the worker’s loss of employment, other than 

through a discharge for inadequate performance, violation of workplace 

rules, cause, voluntary departure, voluntary retirement, contract impossibility (as described in section 218A(b)(4)(D)), or temporary suspension 

of employment due to weather, markets, or other temporary conditions; 

but 

‘‘(ii) does not include any situation in which the worker is offered, 

as an alternative to such loss of employment, a similar employment opportunity with the same employer (or, in the case of a placement of a 

worker with another employer under section 218(b)(2)(E), with either 

employer described in such section) at equivalent or higher compensation and benefits than the position from which the employee was discharged, regardless of whether or not the employee accepts the offer. 

‘‘(B) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this paragraph is intended 

to limit an employee’s rights under a collective bargaining agreement or 

other employment contract. 

‘‘(10) REGULATORY DROUGHT.—The term ‘regulatory drought’ means a decision subsequent to the filing of the application under section 218 by an entity 

not under the control of the employer making such filing which restricts the employer’s access to water for irrigation purposes and reduces or limits the employer’s ability to produce an agricultural commodity, thereby reducing the need 

for labor. 

‘‘(11) SEASONAL.—Labor is performed on a ‘seasonal’ basis if—

‘‘(A) ordinarily, it pertains to or is of the kind exclusively performed at 

certain seasons or periods of the year; and 

‘‘(B) from its nature, it may not be continuous or carried on throughout 

the year. 

‘‘(12) SECRETARY.—Except as otherwise provided, the term ‘Secretary’ 

means the Secretary of Homeland Security. 

‘‘(13) TEMPORARY.—A worker is employed on a ‘temporary’ basis where the 

employment is intended not to exceed 10 months. 

‘‘(14) UNITED STATES WORKER.—The term ‘United States worker’ means any 

worker, whether a national of the United States, an alien lawfully admitted for 

permanent residence, or any other alien, who is authorized to work in the job 

opportunity within the United States, except an alien admitted or otherwise 

provided status under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a).’’. 

164

(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) is amended by striking the item relating to section 

218 and inserting the following:

‘‘Sec. 218. H–2A employer applications. 

‘‘Sec. 218A. H–2A employment requirements. 

‘‘Sec. 218B. Procedure for admission and extension of stay of H–2A workers. 

‘‘Sec. 218C. Worker protections and labor standards enforcement. 

‘‘Sec. 218D. Definitions.’’. 

CHAPTER 3—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 

SEC. 653. DETERMINATION AND USE OF USER FEES. 

(a) SCHEDULE OF FEES.—The Secretary shall establish and periodically adjust 

a schedule of fees for the employment of aliens pursuant to the amendment made 

by section 652(a) of this Act and a collection process for such fees from employers. 

Such fees shall be the only fees chargeable to employers for services provided under 

such amendment. 

(b) DETERMINATION OF SCHEDULE.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The schedule under subsection (a) shall reflect a fee rate 

based on the number of job opportunities indicated in the employer’s application 

under section 218 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended by section 652 of this Act, and sufficient to provide for the direct costs of providing 

services related to an employer’s authorization to employ aliens pursuant to the 

amendment made by section 652(a) of this Act, to include the certification of 

eligible employers, the issuance of documentation, and the admission of eligible 

aliens. 

(2) PROCEDURE.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—In establishing and adjusting such a schedule, the 

Secretary shall comply with Federal cost accounting and fee setting standards. 

(B) PUBLICATION AND COMMENT.—The Secretary shall publish in the 

Federal Register an initial fee schedule and associated collection process 

and the cost data or estimates upon which such fee schedule is based, and 

any subsequent amendments thereto, pursuant to which public comment 

shall be sought and a final rule issued. 

(c) USE OF PROCEEDS.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all proceeds 

resulting from the payment of the fees pursuant to the amendment made by section 

652(a) of this Act shall be available without further appropriation and shall remain 

available without fiscal year limitation to reimburse the Secretary, the Secretary of 

State, and the Secretary of Labor for the costs of carrying out sections 218 and 218B 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended and added, respectively, by section 652 of this Act, and the provisions of this Act. 

SEC. 654. REGULATIONS. 

(a) REQUIREMENT FOR THE SECRETARY TO CONSULT.—The Secretary shall consult with the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Agriculture during the promulgation of all regulations to implement the duties of the Secretary under this Act 

and the amendments made by this Act. 

(b) REQUIREMENT FOR THE SECRETARY OF STATE TO CONSULT.—The Secretary 

of State shall consult with the Secretary, the Secretary of Labor, and the Secretary 

of Agriculture on all regulations to implement the duties of the Secretary of State 

under this Act and the amendments made by this Act. 

(c) REQUIREMENT FOR THE SECRETARY OF LABOR TO CONSULT.—The Secretary 

of Labor shall consult with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary on all 

regulations to implement the duties of the Secretary of Labor under this Act and 

the amendments made by this Act. 

(d) DEADLINE FOR ISSUANCE OF REGULATIONS.—All regulations to implement 

the duties of the Secretary, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Labor created under sections 218, 218A, 218B, 218C, and 218D of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended or added by section 652 of this Act, shall take effect on 

the effective date of section 652 and shall be issued not later than 1 year after the 

date of enactment of this Act. 

SEC. 655. REPORTS TO CONGRESS. 

(a) ANNUAL REPORT.—Not later than September 30 of each year, the Secretary 

shall submit a report to Congress that identifies, for the previous year—

165

(1) the number of job opportunities approved for employment of aliens admitted under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a)), and the number of workers actually admitted, 

disaggregated by State and by occupation; 

(2) the number of such aliens reported to have abandoned employment pursuant to subsection 218B(e)(2) of such Act; 

(3) the number of such aliens who departed the United States within the 

period specified in subsection 218B(d) of such Act; 

(4) the number of aliens who applied for adjustment of status pursuant to 

section 643(a); 

(5) the number of such aliens whose status was adjusted under section 

643(a); 

(6) the number of aliens who applied for permanent residence pursuant to 

section 643(c); and 

(7) the number of such aliens who were approved for permanent residence 

pursuant section 645(c). 

(b) IMPLEMENTATION REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall prepare and submit to Congress a report 

that describes the measures being taken and the progress made in implementing 

this Act. 

SEC. 656. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

Except as otherwise provided, sections 652 and 653 shall take effect 1 year after 

the date of the enactment of this Act. 

Subtitle D—Programs to Assist Nonimmigrant 

Workers 

SEC. 661. GRANTS TO SUPPORT PUBLIC EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY TRAINING. 

(a) GRANTS AUTHORIZED.—The Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice 

Programs, may award grants to qualified non-profit community organizations to 

educate, train, and support non-profit agencies, immigrant communities, and other 

interested entities regarding the provisions of this Act and the amendments made 

by this Act. 

(b) USE OF FUNDS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Grants awarded under this section shall be used—

(A) for public education, training, technical assistance, government liaison, and all related costs (including personnel and equipment) incurred by 

the grantee in providing services related to this Act; and 

(B) to educate, train, and support nonprofit organizations, immigrant 

communities, and other interested parties regarding this Act and the 

amendments made by this Act and on matters related to its implementation. 

(2) EDUCATION.—In addition to the purposes described in paragraph (1), 

grants awarded under this section shall be used to—

(A) educate immigrant communities and other interested entities regarding—

(i) the individuals and organizations that can provide authorized 

legal representation in immigration matters under regulations prescribed by the Secretary; and 

(ii) the dangers of securing legal advice and assistance from those 

who are not authorized to provide legal representation in immigration 

matters; 

(B) educate interested entities regarding the requirements for obtaining 

nonprofit recognition and accreditation to represent immigrants under regulations prescribed by the Secretary; 

(C) provide nonprofit agencies with training and technical assistance on 

the recognition and accreditation process; and 

(D) educate nonprofit community organizations, immigrant communities, and other interested entities regarding—

(i) the process for obtaining benefits under this Act or under an 

amendment made by this Act; and 

(ii) the availability of authorized legal representation for low-income persons who may qualify for benefits under this Act or under an 

amendment made by this Act. 

166

(c) DIVERSITY.—The Assistant Attorney General shall ensure, to the extent possible, that the nonprofit community organizations receiving grants under this section serve geographically diverse locations and ethnically diverse populations who 

may qualify for benefits under the Act. 

(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Justice Programs of the Department of Justice such sums 

as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2010 to carry out this 

section. 

SEC. 662. GRANT PROGRAM TO ASSIST APPLICANTS FOR NATURALIZATION. 

(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to establish a grant program within 

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services that provides funding to community-based organizations, including community-based legal service organizations, 

as appropriate, to develop and implement programs to assist eligible applicants for 

naturalization. 

(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATION.—The term ‘‘community-based organization’’ means a nonprofit, tax-exempt organization, including a faith-based organization, whose staff has experience and expertise in meeting the legal, social, 

educational, cultural educational, or cultural needs of immigrants, refugees, 

persons granted asylum, or persons applying for such statuses. 

(2) IEACA GRANT.—The term ‘‘IEACA grant’’ means an Initial Entry, Adjustment, and Citizenship Assistance Grant authorized under subsection (c). 

(c) ESTABLISHMENT OF INITIAL ENTRY, ADJUSTMENT, AND CITIZENSHIP ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAM.—

(1) GRANTS AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary, working through the Director of 

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, may award IEACA grants 

to community-based organizations. 

(2) USE OF FUNDS.—Grants awarded under this section may be used for the 

design and implementation of programs to provide the following services: 

(A) INITIAL APPLICATION.—Assistance and instruction, including legal 

assistance, to aliens making initial application for conditional nonimmigrant or conditional nonimmigrant depedent classification under section 601. Such assistance may include assisting applicants in—

(i) screening to assess prospective applicants’ potential eligibility 

for participating in such program; 

(ii) filling out applications for such program; 

(iii) gathering proof of identification, employment, residence, and 

tax payment; 

(iv) gathering proof of relationships of eligible family members; 

(v) applying for any waivers for which applicants and qualifying 

family members may be eligible; and 

(vi) any other assistance that the Secretary or grantee considers 

useful to aliens who are interested in filing applications for treatment 

under section 601. 

(B) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—Assistance and instruction, including 

legal assistance, to aliens seeking to adjust their status in accordance with 

section 602 of this Act or section 245 of the Immigration and Nationality 

Act (8 U.S.C. 1255). 

(C) CITIZENSHIP.—Assistance and instruction to applicants on—

(i) the rights and responsibilities of United States citizenship; 

(ii) English as a second language; 

(iii) civics; or 

(iv) applying for United States citizenship. 

(3) DURATION AND RENEWAL.—

(A) DURATION.—Subject to subparagraph (B), each grant awarded 

under this section shall be awarded for a period of not more than 3 years. 

(B) RENEWAL.—The Secretary may renew any grant awarded under 

this section in 1-year increments. 

(4) APPLICATION FOR GRANTS.—Each entity desiring an IEACA grant under 

this section shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time, in such 

manner, and accompanied by such information as the Secretary may require. 

(5) ELIGIBLE ORGANIZATIONS.—A community-based organization applying 

for a grant under this section to provide services described in subparagraph (A), 

(B), or (C)(iv) of paragraph (2) may not receive such a grant unless the organization is—

(A) recognized by the Board of Immigration Appeals under section 

292.2 of title 8, Code of Federal Regulations; or 

167

(B) otherwise directed by an attorney. 

(6) SELECTION OF GRANTEES.—Grants awarded under this section shall be 

awarded on a competitive basis. 

(7) GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF GRANTS.—The Secretary shall approve applications under this section in a manner that ensures, to the greatest extent 

practicable, that—

(A) not less than 50 percent of the funding for grants under this section 

are awarded to programs located in the 10 States with the highest percentage of residents who were born in foreign countries; and 

(B) not less than 20 percent of the funding for grants under this section 

are awarded to programs located in States that are not described in subparagraph (A). 

(8) ETHNIC DIVERSITY.—The Secretary shall ensure that community-based 

organizations receiving grants under this section provide services to an ethnically diverse population, to the greatest extent possible. 

(d) LIAISON BETWEEN USCIS AND GRANTEES.—The Secretary shall establish a 

liaison between United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and the community of providers of services under this section to assure quality control, efficiency, and greater client willingness to come forward. 

(e) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment 

of this Act, and July 1 of each subsequent year, the Secretary shall submit a report 

to Congress that includes information regarding—

(1) the status of the implementation of this section; 

(2) the grants issued pursuant to this section; and 

(3) the activities carried out with such grants. 

(f) SOURCE OF GRANT FUNDS.—

(1) APPLICATION FEES.—The Secretary may use funds made available under 

section 601(g)(2)(A) of this Act and section 218A(b)(3) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act, as added by this Act, to carry out this section. 

(2) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—

(A) AMOUNTS AUTHORIZED.—In addition to the amounts made available 

under paragraph (1), there are authorized to be appropriated such additional sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012 

to carry out this section. 

(B) AVAILABILITY.—Any amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subparagraph (A) shall remain available until 

expended. 

(g) DISTRIBUTION OF FEES AND FINES.—

(1) H–2C VISA FEES.—Notwithstanding section 218A(j) of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act, as added by section 402, 2 percent of the fees collected 

under section 218A of such Act shall be made available for grants under the 

Initial Entry, Adjustment, and Citizenship Assistance Grant Program established under this section. 

(2) CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANT VISA FEES AND FINES.—Notwithstanding 

section 601(g)(2), 2 percent of the fees and fines collected under section 601 

shall be made available for grants under the Initial Entry, Adjustment, and 

Citizenship Assistance Grant Program established under this section. 

SEC. 663. STRENGTHENING AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP. 

(a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the ‘‘Strengthening American 

Citizenship Act of 2007’’. 

(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) LEGAL RESIDENT.—The term ‘‘legal resident’’ means a lawful permanent 

resident or a lawfully admitted alien who, in order to adjust status to that of 

a lawful permanent resident, demonstrates a knowledge of the English language or satisfactory pursuit of a course of study to acquire such knowledge of 

the English language. 

(2) OATH OF ALLEGIANCE.—The term ‘‘Oath of Allegiance’’ means the binding oath (or affirmation) of allegiance required to be naturalized as a citizen of 

the United States. 

(c) ENGLISH FLUENCY.—

(1) EDUCATION GRANTS.—

(A) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Chief of the Office of Citizenship of the Department (referred to in this paragraph as the ‘‘Chief’’) shall establish a 

grant program to provide grants, in an amount not to exceed $500, to assist 

legal residents of the United States who declare an intent to apply for citizenship in the United States to meet the requirements under section 312 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1423). 

168

(B) USE OF FUNDS.—Grant funds awarded under this paragraph shall 

be paid directly to an accredited institution of higher education or other 

qualified educational institution (as determined by the Chief) for tuition, 

fees, books, and other educational resources required by a course on the 

English language in which the legal resident is enrolled. 

(C) APPLICATION.—A legal resident desiring a grant under this paragraph shall submit an application to the Chief at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such information as the Chief may reasonably require. 

(D) PRIORITY.—If insufficient funds are available to award grants to all 

qualified applicants, the Chief shall give priority based on the financial 

need of the applicants. 

(E) NOTICE.—The Secretary, upon relevant registration of a legal resident with the Department, shall notify such legal resident of the availability of grants under this paragraph for legal residents who declare an 

intent to apply for United States citizenship. 

(2) FASTER CITIZENSHIP FOR ENGLISH FLUENCY.—Section 316 (8 U.S.C. 1427) 

is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(g) A lawful permanent resident of the United States who demonstrates 

English fluency, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, will satisfy the residency requirement under subsection (a) upon the completion of 4 years of continuous legal residency in the United States.’’. 

(3) SAVINGS PROVISION.—Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to—

(A) modify the English language requirements for naturalization under 

section 312(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1423(a)(1)); or 

(B) influence the naturalization test redesign process of the Office of 

Citizenship (except for the requirement under subsection (h)(2)). 

(d) AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP GRANT PROGRAM.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a competitive grant program 

to provide financial assistance for—

(A) efforts by entities (including veterans and patriotic organizations) 

certified by the Office of Citizenship to promote the patriotic integration of 

prospective citizens into the American way of life by providing civics, history, and English as a second language courses, with a specific emphasis 

on attachment to principles of the Constitution of the United States, the heroes of American history (including military heroes), and the meaning of the 

Oath of Allegiance; and 

(B) other activities approved by the Secretary to promote the patriotic 

integration of prospective citizens and the implementation of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.), including grants—

(i) to promote an understanding of the form of government and history of the United States; and 

(ii) to promote an attachment to the principles of the Constitution 

of the United States and the well being and happiness of the people 

of the United States. 

(2) ACCEPTANCE OF GIFTS.—The Secretary may accept and use gifts from 

the United States Citizenship Foundation, if the foundation is established under 

subsection (e), for grants under this subsection. 

(3) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subsection. 

(e) FUNDING FOR THE OFFICE OF CITIZENSHIP.—

(1) AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, may establish the United States 

Citizenship Foundation (referred to in this subsection as the ‘‘Foundation’’), an 

organization duly incorporated in the District of Columbia, exclusively for charitable and educational purposes to support the functions of the Office of Citizenship. 

(2) DEDICATED FUNDING.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Not less than 1.5 percent of the funds made available 

to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services from fees shall be 

dedicated to the functions of the Office of Citizenship, which shall include 

the patriotic integration of prospective citizens into—

(i) American common values and traditions, including an understanding of American history and the principles of the Constitution of 

the United States; and 

169

(ii) civic traditions of the United States, including the Pledge of Allegiance, respect for the flag of the United States, and voting in public 

elections. 

(B) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of the Congress that dedicating increased funds to the Office of Citizenship should not result in an 

increase in fees charged by the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration 

Services. 

(3) GIFTS.—

(A) TO FOUNDATION.—The Foundation may solicit, accept, and make 

gifts of money and other property in accordance with section 501(c)(3) of the 

Internal Revenue Code of 1986. 

(B) FROM FOUNDATION.—The Office of Citizenship may accept gifts from 

the Foundation to support the functions of the Office. 

(4) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the mission of the Office 

of Citizenship, including the functions described in paragraph (2)(A). 

(f) RESTRICTION ON USE OF FUNDS.—No funds appropriated to carry out a program under subsection (d) or (e) may be used to organize individuals for the purpose 

of political activism or advocacy. 

(g) REPORTING REQUIREMENT.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Chief of the Office of Citizenship shall submit an annual report to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the 

Senate, the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on the 

Judiciary of the House of Representatives. 

(2) CONTENTS.—The report submitted under paragraph (1) shall include—

(A) a list of the entities that have received funds from the Office of Citizenship during the reporting period under this section and the amount of 

funding received by each such entity; 

(B) an evaluation of the extent to which grants received under this section successfully promoted an understanding of—

(i) the English language; and 

(ii) American history and government, including the heroes of 

American history, the meaning of the Oath of Allegiance, and an attachment to the principles of the Constitution of the United States; and 

(C) information about the number of legal residents who were able to 

achieve the knowledge described under paragraph (2) as a result of the 

grants provided under this section. 

(h) ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW CITIZENS AWARD PROGRAM.—

(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established a new citizens award program to 

recognize citizens who—

(A) have made an outstanding contribution to the United States; and 

(B) were naturalized during the 10-year period ending on the date of 

such recognition. 

(2) PRESENTATION AUTHORIZED.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—The President is authorized to present a medal, in 

recognition of outstanding contributions to the United States, to citizens described in paragraph (1). 

(B) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF AWARDS.—Not more than 10 citizens may receive a medal under this subsection in any calendar year. 

(3) DESIGN AND STRIKING.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall strike a 

medal with suitable emblems, devices, and inscriptions, to be determined by the 

President. 

(4) NATIONAL MEDALS.—The medals struck pursuant to this subsection are 

national medals for purposes of chapter 51 of title 31, United States Code. 

(i) NATURALIZATION CEREMONIES.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the 

National Park Service, the Archivist of the United States, and other appropriate 

Federal officials, shall develop and implement a strategy to enhance the public 

awareness of naturalization ceremonies. 

(2) VENUES.—In developing the strategy under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the use of outstanding and historic locations as venues for 

select naturalization ceremonies. 

(3) REPORTING REQUIREMENT.—The Secretary shall submit an annual report 

to Congress that includes—

(A) the content of the strategy developed under this subsection; and 

(B) the progress made towards the implementation of such strategy. 

170

SEC. 664. ADDRESSING POVERTY IN MEXICO. 

(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

(1) There is a strong correlation between economic freedom and economic 

prosperity. 

(2) Trade policy, fiscal burden of government, government intervention in 

the economy, monetary policy, capital flows and foreign investment, banking 

and finance, wages and prices, property rights, regulation, and informal market 

activity are key factors in economic freedom. 

(3) Poverty in Mexico, including rural poverty, can be mitigated through 

strengthened economic freedom within Mexico. 

(4) Strengthened economic freedom in Mexico can be a major influence in 

mitigating illegal immigration. 

(5) Advancing economic freedom within Mexico is an important part of any 

comprehensive plan to understanding the sources of poverty and the path to 

economic prosperity. 

(b) GRANT AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary of State may award a grant to a land 

grant university in the United States to establish a national program for a broad, 

university-based, Mexican rural poverty mitigation program. 

(c) FUNCTIONS OF MEXICAN RURAL POVERTY MITIGATION PROGRAM.—The program established pursuant to subsection (b) shall—

(1) match a land grant university in the United States with the lead Mexican public university in each of Mexico’s 31 states to provide state-level coordination of rural poverty programs in Mexico; 

(2) establish relationships and coordinate programmatic ties between universities in the United States and universities in Mexico to address the issue 

of rural poverty in Mexico; 

(3) establish and coordinate relationships with key leaders in the United 

States and Mexico to explore the effect of rural poverty on illegal immigration 

of Mexicans into the United States; and 

(4) address immigration and border security concerns through a universitybased, binational approach for long-term institutional change. 

(d) USE OF FUNDS.—

(1) AUTHORIZED USES.—Grant funds awarded under this section may be 

used—

(A) for education, training, technical assistance, and any related expenses (including personnel and equipment) incurred by the grantee in implementing a program described in subsection (a); and 

(B) to establish an administrative structure for such program in the 

United States. 

(2) LIMITATIONS.—Grant funds awarded under this section may not be used 

for activities, responsibilities, or related costs incurred by entities in Mexico. 

(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such funds as may be necessary to carry out this section. 

TITLE VII—MISCELLANEOUS 

Subtitle A—Increasing Court Personnel 

SEC. 701. ADDITIONAL IMMIGRATION PERSONNEL. 

(a) DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY.—In each of fiscal years 2008 through 

2012, the Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations for such purpose, increase by not less than 100 the number of positions for attorneys in the Office of General Counsel of the Department to represent the Department in immigration matters. 

(b) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.—

(1) LITIGATION ATTORNEYS.—In each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012, the 

Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations for such 

purpose, increase by not less than 50 the number of positions for attorneys in 

the Office of Immigration Litigation of the Department of Justice. 

(2) UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS.—In each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012, 

the Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations for such 

purpose, increase by not less than 50 the number of positions for attorneys in 

the United States Attorneys’ office to litigate immigration cases in the Federal 

courts. 

171

(3) IMMIGRATION JUDGES.—In each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012, the 

Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations for such 

purpose—

(A) increase by not less than 20 the number of positions for full-time 

immigration judges; and 

(B) increase by not less than 80 the number of positions for personnel 

to support the immigration judges described in subparagraph (A). 

(4) STAFF ATTORNEYS.—In each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012, the Attorney General shall, subject to the availability of appropriations for such purpose—

(A) increase by not less than 10 the number of positions for full-time 

staff attorneys in the Board of Immigration Appeals; and 

(B) increase by not less than 10 the number of positions for personnel 

to support the staff attorneys described in subparagraph (A). 

(c) ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES COURTS.—In each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012, the Director of the Administrative Office of the United 

States Courts shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, increase by not less 

than 50 the number of positions for attorneys in the Federal Defenders Program to 

litigate criminal immigration cases in the Federal courts. 

(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012 such sums as may be necessary 

to carry out this section. 

SEC. 702. SENIOR JUDGE PARTICIPATION IN THE SELECTION OF MAGISTRATES. 

Section 631(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by striking ‘‘Northern 

Mariana Islands’’ the first place it appears and inserting ‘‘Northern Mariana Islands, including any judge in regular active service and any judge who has retired 

from regular active service under section 371(b) of this title,’’. 

SEC. 703. STUDY ON THE APPELLATE PROCESS FOR IMMIGRATION APPEALS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this 

Act, the Director of the Federal Judicial Center shall conduct a study on the appellate process for immigration appeals. 

(b) REQUIREMENTS.—In conducting the study under subsection (a), the Director 

shall consider the possibility of consolidating all appeals from the Board of Immigration Appeals and habeas corpus petitions in immigration cases into 1 United States 

Court of Appeals. 

(c) FACTORS TO CONSIDER.—In conducting the study under subsection (a), the 

Director, in consultation with the Attorney General, the Secretary, and the Judicial 

Conference of the United States, shall consider—

(1) the resources needed for each alternative, including judges, attorneys, 

and other support staff, case management techniques, including technological 

requirements, physical infrastructure, and other procedural and logistical issues 

as appropriate; 

(2) the impact of each alternative on various circuits, including the caseload 

of each circuit and the caseload per panel in each circuit; 

(3) the possibility of utilizing case management techniques to reduce the 

impact of any consolidation option, such as requiring certificates of 

reviewability, similar to procedures employed in habeas corpus proceedings and 

existing summary dismissal procedures in local rules of the Courts of Appeals; 

(4) the effect of the reforms made by this subtitle on the ability of the circuit courts to adjudicate such appeals; 

(5) potential impact, if any, on litigants; and 

(6) other reforms to improve adjudication of immigration matters, including 

appellate review of motions to reopen and reconsider, and attorney fee awards 

with respect to review of final orders of removal. 

SEC. 704. SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN IMMIGRATION 

COURT SYSTEM. 

(a) FINDING.—The Congress finds that the United States tradition as a nation 

of laws and a nation of immigrants is best served by an effective, fair, and wellstaffed immigration court system that upholds the rule of law and ensures that individuals and families receive fair treatment. 

(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of the Congress that an effective and 

fair immigration court system should be established. 

172

Subtitle B—Citizenship Assistance for Members of 

the Armed Services 

SEC. 711. WAIVER OF REQUIREMENT FOR FINGERPRINTS FOR MEMBERS OF THE ARMED 

FORCES. 

Notwithstanding any other provision of law or any regulation, the Secretary 

shall use the fingerprints provided by an individual at the time the individual enlists in the Armed Forces to satisfy any requirement for fingerprints as part of an 

application to become a naturalized citizen of the United States, if the individual—

(1) may be naturalized pursuant to section 328 or 329 of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1439 and 1440); 

(2) was fingerprinted in accordance with the requirements of the Secretary 

of Defense at the time the individual enlisted in the Armed Forces; and 

(3) submits the application to become a naturalized citizen of the United 

States not later than 12 months after the date the individual enlisted in the 

Armed Forces. 

SEC. 712. NONCITIZEN MEMBERSHIP IN THE ARMED FORCES. 

Section 329 (8 U.S.C. 1440) is amended—

(1) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘subsection (a)’’ and inserting ‘‘subsection 

(a), (d), or (e)’’; and 

(2) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(d)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, except for provisions relating to revocation of citizenship under subsection (c), an individual who is not a citizen of the United States shall not be denied the opportunity to apply for membership in the United States Armed Forces. Such an individual who becomes an active 

duty member of the United States Armed Forces shall, consistent with this section 

and with the approval of the individual’s commanding officer, be granted United 

States citizenship after performing at least 2 years of honorable and satisfactory 

service on active duty. Not later than 90 days after such requirements are met with 

respect to an individual, such individual shall be granted United States citizenship. 

‘‘(2) An individual described in paragraph (1) shall be naturalized without regard to the requirements of this title, if the individual—

‘‘(A) filed an application for naturalization in accordance with such procedures to carry out this subsection as may be established by regulation by the 

Secretary of Homeland Security or the Secretary of Defense; 

‘‘(B) demonstrates to the individual’s commanding officer proficiency in the 

English language, good moral character, and knowledge of the Federal Government and United States history, consistent with the requirements of this Act; 

and 

‘‘(C) takes the oath required under section 337 and participates in an oath 

administration ceremony in accordance with this Act. 

‘‘(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, except for provisions relating 

to revocation of citizenship under subsection (c), an individual who is not a citizen 

of the United States who serves under orders on active duty as an enlisted member 

or warrant officer of the Armed Forces of the United States in a combat zone (as 

that term is defined in section 112(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) shall 

be granted United States citizenship effective as of the commencement of such service in the combat zone without regard to the requirements of this title if the individual files an application for naturalization in accordance with such procedures to 

carry out this subsection as may be established by regulation by the Secretary of 

Homeland Security and Secretary of Defense.’’. 

SEC. 713. PROVISION OF INFORMATION ON NATURALIZATION TO MEMBERS OF THE ARMED 

FORCES. 

The Secretary shall—

(1) provide information to members of the Armed Forces and the families 

of such members through a dedicated toll-free telephone service related to naturalization pursuant to section 328 or 329 of the Immigration and Nationality 

Act (8 U.S.C. 1439 and 1440), including the status of an application for such 

naturalization; 

(2) ensure that the telephone service required by paragraph (1) is operated 

by employees of the Department who—

(A) have received specialized training on the naturalization process for 

members of the Armed Forces and the families of such members; and 

173

(B) are physically located in the same unit as the military processing 

unit that adjudicates applications for naturalization pursuant to such section 328 or 329; and 

(3) implement a quality control program to monitor, on a regular basis, the 

accuracy and quality of information provided by the employees who operate the 

telephone service required by paragraph (1), including the breadth of the knowledge related to the naturalization process of such employees. 

SEC. 714. PROVISION OF INFORMATION ON NATURALIZATION TO THE PUBLIC. 

Not later than 30 days after the date that a modification to any law or regulation related to the naturalization process becomes effective, the Secretary shall update the appropriate application form for naturalization, the instructions and guidebook for obtaining naturalization, and the Internet website maintained by the Secretary to reflect such modification. 

SEC. 715. REPORTS. 

(a) ADJUDICATION PROCESS.—Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the 

appropriate congressional committees a report on the entire process for the adjudication of an application for naturalization filed pursuant to section 328 or 329 of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1439 and 1440), including the process that begins at the time the application is mailed to, or received by the Secretary, 

regardless of whether the Secretary determines that such application is complete, 

through the final disposition of such application. Such report shall include a description of—

(1) the methods of the Secretary to process and adjudicate such applications; 

(2) the effectiveness of the chain of authority, supervision, and training of 

employees of the Government or of other entities, including contract employees, 

who have any role in such process or adjudication; and 

(3) the ability of the Secretary to use technology to facilitate or accomplish 

any aspect of such process or adjudication. 

(b) IMPLEMENTATION.—

(1) STUDY.—The Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a 

study on the implementation of this subtitle by the Secretary, including studying any technology that may be used to improve the efficiency of the naturalization process for members of the Armed Forces. 

(2) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date that the Comptroller 

General submits the report required by subsection (a), the Comptroller General 

shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the study 

required by paragraph (1). The report shall include any recommendations of the 

Comptroller General for improving the implementation of this subtitle by the 

Secretary. 

(c) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DEFINED.—In this section, the 

term ‘‘appropriate congressional committees’’ means—

(1) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on the Judiciary 

of the Senate; and 

(2) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on the Judiciary 

of the House of Representatives. 

Subtitle C—Family Humanitarian Relief 

SEC. 721. ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS FOR CERTAIN NONIMMIGRANT VICTIMS OF TERRORISM. 

(a) ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The status of any alien described in subsection (b) shall 

be adjusted by the Secretary to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, if the alien—

(A) applies for such adjustment not later than 2 years after the date 

on which the Secretary promulgates final regulations to implement this section; and 

(B) is otherwise admissible to the United States for permanent residence, except in determining such admissibility the grounds for inadmissibility specified in paragraphs (4), (5), (6)(A), (7)(A), and (9)(B) of section 

212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)) shall not 

apply. 

174

(2) RULES IN APPLYING CERTAIN PROVISIONS.—In the case of an alien described in subsection (b) who is applying for adjustment of status under this 

section—

(A) the provisions of section 241(a)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(5)) shall not apply; and 

(B) the Secretary may grant the alien a waiver on the grounds of inadmissibility under subparagraphs (A) and (C) of section 212(a)(9) of such Act 

(8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)). 

(3) RELATIONSHIP OF APPLICATION TO CERTAIN ORDERS.—

(A) APPLICATION PERMITTED.—An alien present in the United States 

who has been ordered excluded, deported, removed, or ordered to depart 

voluntarily from the United States under any provision of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) may, notwithstanding such 

order, apply for adjustment of status under paragraph (1). 

(B) MOTION NOT REQUIRED.—An alien described in subparagraph (A) 

may not be required, as a condition of submitting or granting such application, to file a separate motion to reopen, reconsider, or vacate such order. 

(C) EFFECT OF DECISION.—If the Secretary adjusts the status of an 

alien described in subparagraph (A) under paragraph (1), the Secretary 

shall cancel the order referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to such 

alien. If the Secretary renders a final administrative decision to deny such 

alien’s application for an adjustment of status under paragraph (1), the 

order referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to such alien shall be 

effective and enforceable to the same extent as if the application had not 

been made. 

(b) ALIENS ELIGIBLE FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS.—A alien described in this 

subsection is an alien who—

(1) was lawfully present in the United States as a nonimmigrant alien described in section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)) on September 10, 2001; 

(2) was, on such date, the spouse, child, dependent son, or dependent 

daughter of an alien who—

(A) was lawfully present in the United States as a nonimmigrant alien 

described in such section 101(a)(15) on such date; and 

(B) died as a direct result of a specified terrorist activity; and 

(3) was deemed to be a beneficiary under the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 (49 U.S.C. 40101 note; title IV of Public Law 107–42). 

(c) STAY OF REMOVAL AND WORK AUTHORIZATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish, by regulation, a process by 

which an alien subject to a final order of removal may seek a stay of such order 

based on the filing of an application under subsection (a). 

(2) DURING CERTAIN PROCEEDINGS.—Notwithstanding any provision of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.), the Secretary shall not 

order any alien to be removed from the United States, if the alien is in removal 

proceedings under any provision of such Act and has applied for adjustment of 

status under subsection (a), except where the Secretary has rendered a final administrative determination to deny the application. 

(3) WORK AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary shall authorize an alien who has 

applied for adjustment of status under subsection (a) to engage in employment 

in the United States during the pendency of such application. 

(d) AVAILABILITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW.—The Secretary shall provide to 

applicants for adjustment of status under subsection (a) the same right to, and procedures for, administrative review as are provided to—

(1) applicants for adjustment of status under section 245 of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1255); or 

(2) aliens subject to removal proceedings under section 240 of such Act (8 

U.S.C. 1229a). 

SEC. 722. CANCELLATION OF REMOVAL FOR CERTAIN IMMIGRANT VICTIMS OF TERRORISM. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the provisions of the Immigration and Nationality 

Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.), other than subsections (b)(1), (d)(1), and (e) of section 

240A of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1229b), the Secretary shall, under such section 240A, 

cancel the removal of, and adjust to the status of an alien to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, an alien described in subsection (b), if the 

alien applies for such relief. 

(b) ALIENS ELIGIBLE FOR CANCELLATION OF REMOVAL.—An alien described in 

subsection (a) is an alien who—

175

(1) was, on September 10, 2001, the spouse, child, dependent son, or dependent daughter of an alien who died as a direct result of a specified terrorist 

activity; and 

(2) was deemed to be a beneficiary under the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 (49 U.S.C. 40101 note; title IV of Public Law 107–42). 

(c) STAY OF REMOVAL; WORK AUTHORIZATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall provide by regulation for an alien 

subject to a final order of removal to seek a stay of such order based on the 

filing of an application under subsection (a). 

(2) WORK AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary shall authorize an alien who has 

applied for cancellation of removal under subsection (a) to engage in employment in the United States during the pendency of such application. 

(d) MOTIONS TO REOPEN REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any limitation imposed by law on motions to reopen removal proceedings (except limitations premised on an alien’s 

conviction of an aggravated felony (as defined in section 101(a)(43) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(43))), any alien who has become 

eligible for cancellation of removal as a result of enactment of this section may 

file 1 motion to reopen removal proceedings to apply for such relief. 

(2) FILING PERIOD.—The Secretary shall designate a specific time period in 

which all such motions to reopen are required to be filed. The period shall begin 

not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act and shall extend 

for a period not to exceed 240 days. 

SEC. 723. EXCEPTIONS. 

Notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle, an alien may not be provided relief under this subtitle if the alien is—

(1) inadmissible under paragraph (2) or (3) of section 212(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)), or deportable under paragraph (2) 

or (4) of section 237(a) of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1227(a)), including any individual 

culpable for a specified terrorist activity; or 

(2) a family member of an alien described in paragraph (1). 

SEC. 724. EVIDENCE OF DEATH. 

For purposes of this subtitle, the Secretary shall use the standards established 

under section 426 of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) 

Act of 2001 (115 Stat. 362) to determine whether the death of an individual occurred 

as a direct result of a specified terrorist activity. 

SEC. 725. DEFINITIONS. 

(a) APPLICATION OF IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT DEFINITIONS.—Except 

as otherwise specifically provided in this subtitle, the definitions used in the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.), other than the definitions applicable exclusively to title III of such Act, shall apply in the administration of this 

subtitle. 

(b) SPECIFIED TERRORIST ACTIVITY DEFINED.—In this subtitle, the term ‘‘specified terrorist activity’’ means any terrorist activity conducted against the Government or the people of the United States on September 11, 2001. 

Subtitle D—Other Matters 

SEC. 731. OFFICE OF INTERNAL CORRUPTION INVESTIGATION. 

(a) INTERNAL CORRUPTION AND BENEFITS FRAUD.—Section 453 of the Homeland 

Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 273) is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘the Bureau of’’ each place it appears and inserting ‘‘United 

States’’; 

(2) in subsection (a)—

(A) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following: 

‘‘(1) establishing the Office of Internal Corruption Investigation, which 

shall—

‘‘(A) receive, process, administer, and investigate criminal and noncriminal allegations of misconduct, corruption, and fraud involving any employee or contract worker of United States Citizenship and Immigration 

Services that are not subject to investigation by the Inspector General for 

the Department; 

176

‘‘(B) ensure that all complaints alleging any violation described in subparagraph (A) are handled and stored in a manner appropriate to their sensitivity; 

‘‘(C) have access to all records, reports, audits, reviews, documents, papers, recommendations, or other material available to United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, which relate to programs and operations 

for which the Director is responsible under this Act; 

‘‘(D) request such information or assistance from any Federal, State, or 

local government agency as may be necessary for carrying out the duties 

and responsibilities under this section; 

‘‘(E) require the production of all information, documents, reports, answers, records, accounts, papers, and other data and documentary evidence 

necessary to carry out the functions under this section—

‘‘(i) by subpoena, which shall be enforceable, in the case of contumacy or refusal to obey, by order of any appropriate United States district court; or 

‘‘(ii) through procedures other than subpoenas if obtaining documents or information from Federal agencies; 

‘‘(F) administer to, or take from, any person an oath, affirmation, or affidavit, as necessary to carry out the functions under this section, which 

oath, affirmation, or affidavit, if administered or taken by or before an 

agent of the Office of Internal Corruption Investigation shall have the same 

force and effect as if administered or taken by or before an officer having 

a seal; 

‘‘(G) investigate criminal allegations and noncriminal misconduct; 

‘‘(H) acquire adequate office space, equipment, and supplies as necessary to carry out the functions and responsibilities under this section; and 

‘‘(I) be under the direct supervision of the Director.’’; 

(B) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

(C) in paragraph (3), by striking the period at the end and inserting 

‘‘; and’’; and 

(D) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(4) establishing the Office of Immigration Benefits Fraud Investigation, 

which shall—

‘‘(A) conduct administrative investigations, including site visits, to address immigration benefit fraud; 

‘‘(B) assist United States Citizenship and Immigration Services provide 

the right benefit to the right person at the right time; 

‘‘(C) track, measure, assess, conduct pattern analysis, and report fraudrelated data to the Director; and 

‘‘(D) work with counterparts in other Federal agencies on matters of 

mutual interest or information-sharing relating to immigration benefit 

fraud.’’; and 

(3) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(c) ANNUAL REPORT.—The Director, in consultation with the Office of Internal 

Corruption Investigations, shall submit an annual report to the Committee on the 

Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives that describes—

‘‘(1) the activities of the Office, including the number of investigations 

began, completed, pending, turned over to the Inspector General for criminal investigations, and turned over to a United States Attorney for prosecution; and 

‘‘(2) the types of allegations investigated by the Office during the 12-month 

period immediately preceding the submission of the report that relate to the 

misconduct, corruption, and fraud described in subsection (a)(1).’’. 

(b) USE OF IMMIGRATION FEES TO COMBAT FRAUD.—Section 286(v)(2)(B) (8 

U.S.C. 1356(v)(2)(B)) is amended by adding at the end the following: ‘‘Not less than 

20 percent of the funds made available under this subparagraph shall be used for 

activities and functions described in paragraphs (1) and (4) of section 453(a) of the 

Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 273(a)).’’. 

SEC. 732. ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS FOR CERTAIN PERSECUTED RELIGIOUS MINORITIES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall adjust the status of an alien to that of 

an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if the alien—

(1) is a persecuted religious minority; 

(2) is admissible to the United States as an immigrant, except as provided 

in subsection (b); 

(3) had an application for asylum pending on May 1, 2003; 

(4) applies for such adjustment of status; 

177

(5) was physically present in the United States on the date the application 

for such adjustment is filed; and 

(6) pays a fee, in an amount determined by the Secretary, for the processing 

of such application. 

(b) WAIVER OF CERTAIN GROUNDS FOR INADMISSIBILITY.—

(1) INAPPLICABLE PROVISION.—Section 212(a)(7) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(7)) shall not apply to any adjustment of status 

under this section. 

(2) WAIVER.—The Secretary may waive any other provision of section 212(a) 

of such Act (except for paragraphs (2) and (3)) if extraordinary and compelling 

circumstances warrant such an adjustment for humanitarian purposes, to ensure family unity, or if it is otherwise in the public interest. 

SEC. 733. ELIGIBILITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY WORKERS FOR CERTAIN LEGAL ASSISTANCE. 

Section 305 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (8 U.S.C. 1101 

note; Public Law 99–603) is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a))’’ and inserting ‘‘item (a) or (b) of section 

101(a)(15)(H)(ii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)(H)(ii))’’; and 

(2) by inserting ‘‘or forestry’’ after ‘‘agricultural’’. 

SEC. 734. STATE COURT INTERPRETER GRANTS. 

(a) GRANTS AUTHORIZED.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the Office of Justice Programs of the 

Department of Justice (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Administrator’’) shall 

make grants, in accordance with such regulations as the Attorney General may 

prescribe, to State courts to develop and implement programs to assist individuals with limited English proficiency to access and understand State court proceedings in which they are a party. 

(2) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—The Administrator shall allocate, for each fiscal year, $500,000 of the amount appropriated pursuant to the authorization of 

appropriation in subsection (f) to be used to establish a court interpreter technical assistance program to assist State courts receiving grants under this section. 

(b) USE OF GRANTS.—Grants awarded pursuant to subsection (a) may be used 

by State courts to—

(1) assess regional language demands; 

(2) develop a court interpreter program for the State courts; 

(3) develop, institute, and administer language certification examinations; 

(4) recruit, train, and certify qualified court interpreters; 

(5) pay for salaries, transportation, and technology necessary to implement 

the court interpreter program developed under paragraph (2); and 

(6) engage in other related activities, as prescribed by the Attorney General. 

(c) APPLICATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The highest State court of each State desiring a grant 

under this section shall submit an application to the Administrator at such 

time, in such manner, and accompanied by such information as the Administrator may reasonably require. 

(2) STATE COURTS.—The highest State court of each State submitting an application under paragraph (1) shall include in the application—

(A) an identification of each State court in that State which would receive funds from the grant; 

(B) the amount of funds each State court identified under subparagraph (A) would receive from the grant; and 

(C) the procedures the highest State court would use to directly distribute grant funds to State courts identified under subparagraph (A). 

(d) STATE COURT ALLOTMENTS.—

(1) BASE ALLOTMENT.—From amounts appropriated for each fiscal year pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subsection (f), the Administrator 

shall allocate $100,000 to each of the highest State court of each State, which 

has an application approved under subsection (c). 

(2) DISCRETIONARY ALLOTMENT.—From amounts appropriated for each fiscal 

year pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subsection (f), the Administrator shall allocate a total of $5,000,000 to the highest State court of 

States that have extraordinary needs that must be addressed in order to develop, implement, or expand a State court interpreter program. 

178

(3) ADDITIONAL ALLOTMENT.—In addition to the allocations made under 

paragraphs (1) and (2), the Administrator shall allocate to each of the highest 

State court of each State, which has an application approved under subsection 

(c), an amount equal to the product reached by multiplying—

(A) the unallocated balance of the amount appropriated for each fiscal 

year pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subsection (f); and 

(B) the ratio between the number of people over 5 years of age who 

speak a language other than English at home in the State and the number 

of people over 5 years of age who speak a language other than English at 

home in all the States that receive an allocation under paragraph (1), as 

those numbers are determined by the Bureau of the Census. 

(e) TREATMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—For purposes of this section—

(1) the District of Columbia shall be treated as a State; and 

(2) the District of Columbia Court of Appeals shall be the highest State 

court of the District of Columbia. 

(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 

2012 to carry out this section. 

SEC. 735. ADEQUATE NOTICE FOR ALTERNATE COUNTRY OF REMOVAL. 

Section 241(b)(2) (8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: 

‘‘(G) NOTICE OF COUNTRY OF REMOVAL.—If the Secretary of Homeland 

Security determines that an alien will be removed to a country that was 

not designated by the alien under subparagraph (A)(i) of section 241 as 

amended at the time of the removal hearing, the Secretary shall provide 

notice of such determination to the alien and provide the alien an opportunity for a hearing before an immigration judge to request protection from 

removal to that country on the basis that the alien would face persecution 

or torture in that country.’’. 

SEC. 736. STANDARDS FOR BIOMETRIC DOCUMENTS. 

Any visa issued by the Secretary of State and any immigration-related document issued by the Secretary of State or the Secretary shall—

(1) comply with authentication and biometric standards recognized by domestic and international standards organizations; 

(2) be machine-readable and tamper-resistant; 

(3) use biometric identifiers that are consistent with the requirements of 

section 303 of the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 

(8 U.S.C. 1732), and represent the benefits and status set forth in such section; 

(4) comply with the biometric and document identifying standards established by the International Civil Aviation Organization; and 

(5) meet other requirements determined to be necessary by the Secretary 

of State and the Secretary. 

SEC. 737. STATE IMPACT ASSISTANCE ACCOUNT. 

Section 286 (8 U.S.C. 1356), as amended by this Act, is further amended by 

adding at the end the following new subsection: 

‘‘(x) STATE IMPACT ASSISTANCE ACCOUNT.—

‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established in the general fund of the Treasury an account, which shall be known as the ‘State Impact Assistance Account’. 

‘‘(2) SOURCE OF FUNDS.—Notwithstanding any other provision under this 

Act, there shall be deposited as offsetting receipts into the State Impact Assistance Account all State impact assistance fees collected under sections 407 and 

602 of this Act. 

‘‘(3) USE OF FUNDS.—Amounts deposited into the State Impact Assistance 

Account may only be used to carry out the State Impact Assistance Grant Program established under paragraph (4). 

‘‘(4) STATE IMPACT ASSISTANCE GRANT PROGRAM.—

‘‘(A) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary of Health and Human Services, in 

consultation with the Secretary of Education, shall establish the State Impact Assistance Grant Program (referred to in this section as the ‘Program’), under which the Secretary of Health and Human may award grants 

to States to provide health and education services to noncitizens in accordance with this paragraph. 

‘‘(B) STATE ALLOCATIONS.—The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall annually allocate the amounts available in the State Impact Assistance Account among the States as follows: 

179

‘‘(i) NONCITIZEN POPULATIONS.—Eighty percent of such amounts 

shall be allocated so that each State receives the greater of— ‘‘(I) $5,000,000; or 

‘‘(II) after adjusting for allocations under subclause (I), the percentage of the amount to be distributed under this clause that is 

equal to the noncitizen resident population of the State divided by 

the noncitizen resident population of all States, based on the most 

recent data available from the Bureau of the Census. 

‘‘(ii) HIGH GROWTH RATES.—Twenty percent of such amounts shall 

be allocated among the 20 States with the largest growth rates in noncitizen resident population, as determined by the Secretary of Health 

and Human Services, so that each such State receives the percentage 

of the amount distributed under this clause that is equal to—

‘‘(I) the growth rate in the noncitizen resident population of the 

State during the most recent 3-year period for which data is available from the Bureau of the Census; divided by 

‘‘(II) the average growth rate in noncitizen resident population 

for the 20 States during such 3-year period. 

‘‘(iii) LEGISLATIVE APPROPRIATIONS.—The use of grant funds allocated to States under this paragraph shall be subject to appropriation 

by the legislature of each State in accordance with the terms and conditions under this paragraph. 

‘‘(C) FUNDING FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT.—

‘‘(i) DISTRIBUTION CRITERIA.—Grant funds received by States under 

this paragraph shall be distributed to units of local government based 

on need and function. 

‘‘(ii) MINIMUM DISTRIBUTION.—Except as provided in clause (iii), a 

State shall distribute not less than 30 percent of the grant funds received under this paragraph to units of local government not later than 

180 days after receiving such funds. 

‘‘(iii) EXCEPTION.—If an eligible unit of local government that is 

available to carry out the activities described in subparagraph (D) cannot be found in a State, the State does not need to comply with clause 

(ii). 

‘‘(iv) UNEXPENDED FUNDS.—Any grant funds distributed by a State 

to a unit of local government that remain unexpended as of the end of 

the grant period shall revert to the State for redistribution to another 

unit of local government. 

‘‘(D) USE OF FUNDS.—States and units of local government shall use 

grant funds received under this paragraph to provide health services, educational services, and related services to noncitizens within their jurisdiction directly, or through contracts with eligible services providers, including—

‘‘(i) health care providers; 

‘‘(ii) local educational agencies; and 

‘‘(iii) charitable and religious organizations. 

‘‘(E) STATE DEFINED.—In this paragraph, the term ‘State’ means each 

of the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, 

and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. 

‘‘(F) CERTIFICATION.—In order to receive a payment under this section, 

the State shall provide the Secretary of Health and Human Services with 

a certification that the State’s proposed uses of the fund are consistent with 

(D). 

‘‘(G) ANNUAL NOTICE TO STATES.—The Secretary of Health and Human 

Services shall inform the States annually of the amount of funds available 

to each State under the Program.’’. 

SEC. 738. NEW WORKER PROGRAM AND CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANT FEE ACCOUNT. 

Section 286 (8 U.S.C. 1356), as amended by this Act, is further amended by 

adding at the end the following new subsection: 

‘‘(y) NEW WORKER PROGRAM AND CONDITIONAL NONIMMIGRANT FEE ACCOUNT.—

‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established in the general fund of the Treasury an account, which shall be known as the ‘New Worker Program and Conditional Nonimmigrant Fee Account’. 

‘‘(2) DEPOSITS.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, there shall 

be deposited as offsetting receipts into the New Worker Program and Conditional Nonimmigrant Fee Account—

180

‘‘(A) all fees collected under section 218A; and 

‘‘(B) all fines collected under section 601(g)(2)(B). 

‘‘(3) USE OF FUNDS.—Of the fees and fines deposited into the New Worker 

Program and Conditional Nonimmigrant Fee Account—

‘‘(A) 53 percent shall remain available to the Secretary of Homeland Security for efforts related to the adjudication and implementation of the New 

Worker program and the program for conditional nonimmigrants and any 

other efforts necessary to carry out the provisions of the STRIVE Act of 

2007 and the amendments made by such Act, of which the Secretary shall 

allocate—

‘‘(i) 10 percent for the border security efforts described in title I of 

the STRIVE Act of 2007; 

‘‘(ii) not more than 1 percent for promotion of public awareness of 

the program for conditional nonimmigrants; 

‘‘(iii) not more than 1 percent for the Office of Citizenship to promote civics integration activities described in section 663 of the 

STRIVE Act of 2007; and 

‘‘(iv) 2 percent for the American Citizenship Grant Program under 

section 663 of the STRIVE Act of 2007; 

‘‘(B) 15 percent shall remain available to the Secretary of Labor for the 

enforcement of labor standards in the geographic and occupational areas in 

which H–2C visa holders are likely to be employed and for other enforcement efforts under the STRIVE Act of 2007, or any amendment made by 

that Act, including targeted audits of employers that participate in the H–

2C program; 

‘‘(C) 15 percent shall remain available to the Commissioner of Social 

Security and the Secretary of Homeland Security for the creation and maintenance of the Employment Eligibility Verification System described in section 274A(c); 

‘‘(D) 15 percent shall remain available to the Secretary of State to carry 

out any necessary provisions of the STRIVE Act of 2007, or any amendments made by that Act; and 

‘‘(E) 2 percent shall remain available to the Secretary of Health and 

Human Services for the reimbursement of hospitals serving H–2C workers 

and conditional nonimmigrants established in the STRIVE Act of 2007 and 

the amendments made by such Act.’’.

Æ

Ms. LOFGREN. Since Representative Gutierrez became a Member 

of Congress in 1992, he has been a champion for immigration reform. 

I was personally enormously disappointed when the Senate was 

unable to proceed on comprehensive reform this spring. We were 

prepared on the House side to tackle this important issue, but because of Senate inaction we didn’t get the chance to proceed on 

hearings or a markup on the STRIVE Act. 

The details matter, though, and today we will get information 

and details on the STRIVE Act. We can’t know what the future will 

hold for comprehensive reform, but we can be armed with knowledge about the leading legislation in the House to meet the immigration challenge. 

Because this hearing is about his bill, I would like to yield the 

balance of my time to my colleague from Illinois that he may properly introduce the subject of our hearing today, after which we will 

recognize the Ranking Member for his opening statement. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Lofgren follows:]

181

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE ZOE LOFGREN, A REPRESENTATIVE IN

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, AND CHAIRWOMAN, SUBCOMMITTEE ON

IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL

LAW

I would like to welcome the Immigration Subcommittee Members, our witnesses, 

and the public to the Subcommittee’s continuing discussion regarding comprehensive immigration reform. Today, our hearing will specifically address one comprehensive immigration reform bill, H.R. 1645, otherwise known as the STRIVE Act 

or the Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 

2007. 

I would like to commend our Subcommittee colleague, Representative Luis Gutierrez, for not only drafting and introducing H.R. 1645, but also for his service on behalf of comprehensive immigration reform in the 110th Congress and in many Congresses before the 110th. Since Representative Gutierrez became a Member of Congress in 1992, he has been a champion for immigration reform. 

I was personally enormously disappointed when the Senate was unable to proceed 

on comprehensive reform this Spring. We were prepared on the House side to tackle 

this important issue. But, because of Senate inaction, we didn’t get the chance to 

proceed on hearings or a mark-up on the STRIVE Act. 

The details matter, and today we will get information and details on the Strive 

Act. We can’t know what the future will hold for comprehensive reform, but we can 

be armed with knowledge about the leading legislation in the House to meet the 

immigration challenge. 

Because this hearing is about his bill, I would like to yield the balance of my time 

to my colleague from Illinois so that he may properly introduce the subject of our 

hearing today.

Ms. LOFGREN. Mr. Gutierrez? 

Mr. GUTIERREZ. I want to thank you, Chairwoman Zoe Lofgren, 

for calling this hearing and for all of your hard work and efforts 

to get comprehensive immigration reform passed. 

I also want to thank the witnesses for being here and for the 

support many of you in the audience have shown for the STRIVE 

Act and comprehensive immigration reform. I want to especially 

recognize Tony Wasilewski and Eduardo Gonzalez for sharing their 

personal and heart-wrenching experiences with our broken immigration system. You are brave to testify and you are doing a great 

service to your family, to other American families facing similar 

challenges, and to our Nation. 

The U.S. Congress cannot and should not ignore the growing immigration crisis in our country. Despite unprecedented resources 

and daily deaths in the desert, we are still unable to control our 

borders. We hold family values as important and vital to the moral 

health of our country, and yet as a Congress we are unmoved by 

the destruction of good families at the hands of our Nation’s broken 

immigration system. 

We have a better-educated and retiring workforce, coupled with 

a growing demand for workers, but we have no system in place to 

fill the gaps in our labor force. We also have an estimated 12 million or more undocumented immigrants who risk life and limb to 

come to America, are working, contributing and assimilating with 

their families into our communities. In the absence of real reform, 

it appears that some in Congress believe that the best strategy is 

to hope that the undocumented will disappear on their own or 

through by patchwork enforcement measures aimed at making life 

difficult for them. This is hardly a workable national security strategy or a sensible, fair, just immigration policy. 

It should be no surprise to us that what Congress has done and 

not done over the last several years has resulted in total and utter 

182

failure on all fronts. In fact, we should be ashamed of ourselves for 

using immigration as a political prop and for not fulfilling our constitutional responsibility to take charge of U.S. immigration policy. 

We have failed the American people. No wonder state and local 

communities are struggling to come up with their own solutions. 

I can think of few substantive bills that are perfectly drafted on 

the date of introduction. And the 697 pages of the STRIVE Act is 

no exception. However, the STRIVE Act is the best place to start 

as it is bipartisan, has broad support of stakeholders invested in 

real reform and all of the essential components of a comprehensive 

solution that will work to clean up the chaos of our current immigration system. 

To my colleagues in Congress I say we need to roll up our 

sleeves, engage friends on both sides of the aisle committed to real 

reform and negotiate a workable solution to the immigration crisis 

that only worsens as we ignore it. 

As to the first panel, I would like to thank my friends for coming 

here. Congressman Flake, who I have enjoyed immensely working 

with in drafting the STRIVE Act. I thank him for being here to testify. To Congressman Baca, thank you for all of your leadership in 

the Hispanic Congressional Caucus and the Democratic Caucus. 

And to someone who when then history is written about comprehensive immigration reform, Congressman Ray LaHood, my colleague, I am proud to say, from the State of Illinois. Thank you so 

much. 

Congressman Bilbray, welcome to you, too. We are on opposite 

sides of this issue, but I hope that one day through honest discussion and negotiation of this issue, you and I and others can come 

together to solve what we know is a broken immigration system. 

I yield back the balance of my time to the gentlelady, the Chairwoman, and I thank her profusely for allowing me to speak and address this very august body. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Guttierrez follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, A REPRESENTATIVE

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, AND MEMBER, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

I want to thank the Chairwoman for calling this hearing. I also want to thank 

the witnesses for being here and for the support many of you have shown for the 

STRIVE Act and comprehensive immigration reform. I want to especially recognize 

Tony Wasilewski and Eduardo Gonzalez for sharing their personal and heart 

wrenching experiences with our broken immigration system. You are brave to testify 

and are doing a great service to your families, to other American families facing 

similar challenges, and to our nation. 

The U.S. Congress cannot and should not ignore the growing immigration crisis 

in our country. Despite unprecedented resources and daily deaths in the desert, we 

are still unable to control our borders. We hold family values as important and vital 

to the moral health of our country, and yet, as a Congress, we are unmoved by the 

destruction of good families at the hands of our nation’s broken immigration system. 

We have a better educated and retiring workforce, coupled with a growing demand 

for workers, but we have no system in place to fill the gaps in our labor force. 

We also have an estimated twelve million or more undocumented immigrants who 

risked life and limb to come to America, are working, contributing and assimilating 

with their families into our communities. In the absence of real reform, it appears 

that some in Congress believe that the best strategy is to hope that the undocumented will disappear on their own, forced out by patchwork enforcement measures 

aimed at making life difficult for them. 

This is hardly a workable national security strategy or sensible immigration policy. It should be no surprise to us that what Congress has done, and not done, over 

183

the last several years has resulted in total and utter failure on all fronts. In fact, 

we should be ashamed of ourselves for using immigration as a political prop and 

for not fulfilling our constitutional responsibility to take charge of U.S. immigration 

policy. We have failed the American people. No wonder state and local communities 

are struggling to come up with their own solutions. 

I can think of few substantive bills that are perfectly drafted on the date of introduction. And at 697 pages, the STRIVE Act is no exception. However, the STRIVE 

Act is the best place to start, as it is bipartisan, has broad support of stakeholders 

invested in real reform and all the essential components of a comprehensive solution 

that will work to clean up the chaos of our current immigration system. 

To my colleagues in Congress, I say we need to roll up our sleeves, engage friends 

on both sides of the aisle committed to real reform, and negotiate a workable solution to the immigration crisis that only worsens as we ignore it. 

Thank you again, Madam Chair, and I look forward to the witnesses’ testimony.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

The gentleman yields back. 

I now recognize the Ranking Member for his opening 5-minute 

statement. 

Mr. KING. Thank you, Madam Chair. 

My first reflection, I had to listen twice to see if Congressman 

Bilbray was being welcomed to YouTube rather than ‘‘to you, too.’’

That is part of the reality of our life today, and what we are 

doing here is taking up an issue that I had believed twice had been 

resolved in the Senate this year. I was a bit surprised when I received the notice of the hearing on a piece of immigration legislation that clearly constitutes amnesty. 

The American people have spoken so forcefully against amnesty 

that the Senate was forced to reject it earlier this summer. The 697 

pages of legislative text that make up the STRIVE Act contain 

some provisions that are interesting, some that beg for more explanation, and some that are troubling, to say the least. 

For instance, I am concerned that the bill provides mass amnesty 

for most of the 12 million to 20 million illegal immigrants currently 

in the U.S. It is a two-step process in which the illegal immigrants 

first become conditional non-immigrants and then after 6 years of 

work in the U.S. they and their spouses and children, who have 

also been illegally in the U.S., become permanent residents. 

I am troubled that supporters of the bill claim that it is not amnesty because illegal immigrants are required to pay fines and sit 

through English classes before they can become permanent residents, and then with a path to citizenship. 

When a 1986 law had similar requirements, everyone agreed it 

was amnesty, including Ronald Reagan. In fact, even Black’s Law 

Dictionary states that the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control 

Act provided amnesty for undocumented aliens already present in 

the country. Yet, IRCA itself required illegal immigrants to wait, 

pay a monetary fine, and learn English. 

The STRIVE Act sells U.S. citizenship for a grand total of $2,500. 

That is within the price range of paying a coyote to smuggle the 

illegal aliens into America in the first place. 

Supporters also claim that STRIVE is not an amnesty because 

conditional illegal immigrants are required to touch back at U.S. 

border port of entry in order to apply for permanent residence. 

Such a scenic bus trip does not erase the fact that illegal immigrants have violated the rule of law and have received amnesty. 

184

Current immigration law provides that illegal immigrants cannot 

return to the U.S. for 10 years if they have been here illegally for 

over a year. A provision that waives this penalty in order to let illegal immigrants symbolically touch back is in and of itself amnesty. 

And, of course, even the bill’s touchback requirement can be 

waived for a multitude of reasons, including extreme hardship. 

I have heard many times in this Subcommittee and on the floor 

that no one wants to repeat the mistakes of 1986, the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. But the STRIVE Act does just 

that in many different ways. The bill will help create the cottage 

industry for fraudulent documents and promote the same systemic 

fraud that followed IRCA. The STRIVE Act allows illegal immigrants who seek amnesty to show fraudulent pay stubs, time 

sheets and even sworn affidavits and remittance records and 

records of day labor centers to prove that they have worked for 6 

years as conditional non-immigrants in the United States. 

Affidavits are invitations to lie, and pay stubs and time sheets 

are easily forged. That has been proven. In fact, when it seemed 

earlier this year that the Senate would pass an amnesty, counterfeit document makers were boasting that they could easily supply 

the requisite documents. 

So, so far I have concentrated only on the amnesty component, 

but there are other components. For instance, the recipients of this 

would receive Social Security benefits based on the time they 

worked in the U.S. illegally. Those who receive amnesty will jump 

to the front of the line and will get to stay legally in the United 

States before and ahead of in line the three million people who are 

waiting outside the United States to legally enter. 

Legal immigrant numbers will be dramatically increased, nearly 

doubled, by this bill. A guest worker program will bring in 400,000 

new workers and their spouses and children in the first year, a 

number that could rise to 600,000 in subsequent years. And those 

guest workers can get green cards at any point, as long as their 

employer is willing to apply for them. 

I mentioned several problematic provisions of the STRIVE Act 

and could mention many more. For now, I look forward to the witnesses’ testimony, but I would ask this question: Why do the proponents of this bill persist in claiming that it is not amnesty? 

Could we just agree that it is and move on with the debate of the 

bill? That is what has held up this debate in America now for probably about 4 years. 

And I would just define amnesty. We have done so consistently 

in this Committee. To grant amnesty is to grant a pardon to immigration lawbreakers and reward them with the objective of their 

crime. A simple definition. It is solid, it holds up under scrutiny. 

And as long as we are talking about the same thing here, I do 

think that we have to have this debate, but I would like to have 

it after the next election because the Senate has spoken. This bill 

has no chance of moving through this, I don’t believe through this 

floor. And if it did, I don’t believe it has any chance of being taken 

up by the Senate. And so I would identify this as a piece of legislation that—it is here for vetting, but it is not here for processing. 

We will hear what the witnesses have to say. 

185

I thank you, Madam Chair, and I yield back the balance of my 

time. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman’s time is expired. 

I would now ask if the Chairman of the full Committee, Chairman Conyers, wishes to make an opening statement? 

Mr. CONYERS. Thank you, Chairwoman Lofgren. 

There are a number of reasons why this is a very important 

hearing. The first is that the Chairman of the Agriculture Committee just approached me earlier this morning to tell me about the 

crisis that is going on in farming. 

I don’t know if my friends, the witnesses, have heard about it, 

but he says there is an absolute crisis among farmers. And you can 

check with your own States and areas. 

That is that they don’t have anybody to deal with the huge agricultural production that we engage in in this country. And the 

prices of fruit and vegetables may likely go up 100 percent because 

of our failure to take this positive action. And so he has asked, 

Madam Chairwoman and Mr. King, that we have joint hearings 

with Agriculture and Judiciary on this subject of the crisis in the 

farm community. And I am sorry I didn’t get a chance to raise it 

with both of you before now. 

The second thing is that the American people haven’t spoken 

about reformed immigration because what happened in the Senate 

is that they did not reach cloture to cut off debate. That is a little 

bit different from the substance of what has happened. We need to 

take that into consideration. 

Number three, we have got this 60-day no-match letter, which is 

going to drive a lot of people—if your Social Security number and 

everything don’t match up, you are out. And that is going to drive 

a lot of people who won’t have time to get it corrected within a 60-

day period—it is likely to drive them underground. 

Finally, I would just like to point out that this term ‘‘amnesty’’ 

has been misused more times in this debate over the subject matter than any other word I can remember being misused over this 

long a period of time. Amnesty can’t mean that you pay fines, that 

you pass a national security check, that you have worked for 6 

years, that you end up at the end of the line to come back. That 

is not amnesty. That is working your way back into reentry. 

And I close with the observation that in 1986, was it the Senate—both houses passed a reformed immigration bill. So now that 

you have had my corrective information that clears your head, to 

begin to approach this matter as impartially as you can. I have 

never noticed so much unnecessary anti-immigrant bias. 

We need to enforce immigration laws, true. But we also need to 

realize that we are a Nation of immigrations and it is in that spirit 

that I commend the gentlelady, Chairperson Lofgren, for holding 

this hearing. And I thank her for this opportunity. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Conyers follows:]

186

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOHN CONYERS, JR., A REPRESENTATIVE

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, AND MEMBER, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, 

BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

Since the Senate failed to move comprehensive immigration reform, the white-hot 

rhetoric of the debate has cooled off a little bit in the ensuing months. Yet, the failure of others to act does not absolve us from the following undeniable facts:

• Our Nation’s immigration system is still in disarray.

• Families coming to our shores looking for a better life are still caught in a 

tangle of confusing requirements and traps for the unwary.

• Employers still risk serious business disruptions from unannounced roundups of their employees while our citizens fear the deportation of loved ones 

living in the United States without documents.

• Businesses that pay good wages still have to compete with disreputable companies that get unfair advantage from underground wages and substandard 

working conditions.

We cannot close our eyes to these problems. And, so we must continue the long 

and arduous process toward immigration reform. Admittedly, this process will not 

always be easy and it may not happen quickly. the work of Nevertheless, immigration reform is something that needs to be addressed whether comprehensively or in 

its component pieces. 

Today, we continue this process by considering the STRIVE Act, a That bipartisan 

measure that seeks sought to strike the right balance on immigration reformthe realities of the Senate with what the Administration initially said it needed. The bill 

that failed cloture in the Senate was not nearly as progressive as the STRIVE Act, 

and that bill was still attacked as being an ‘‘amnesty’’ bill. My colleague, Luis 

Gutierrez, the co-author of the STRIVE Act, along with my colleague on the other 

side of the aisle, Jeff Flake, have walked a delicate balance between the ideals of 

the various immigration constituencies and pragmatic legislative realities. Their efforts remind us of the moral imperative of the real people—the men, women, and 

children—behind the debate. 

It is because of these real people that we must continue to construct an immigration system that is fair, orderly, and controlled. 

It is because of these real people that we must keep families and communities 

foremost in our minds as we carry out our legislative and oversight functions. 

And, it is because of those real people that we must look beyond the rhetoric, the 

fear, and the policy battles, and think about the America that we can become.

Ms. LOFGREN. I thank the Chairman. 

And in the interest of proceeding to our witnesses, mindful of our 

busy schedules, I would ask that other Members submit their 

statements for the record within five legislative days. And without 

objection, all opening statements will be placed into the record. 

And without objection, the Chair is authorized to declare a recess 

of the hearing at any time. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Jackson Lee follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE SHEILA JACKSON LEE, A REPRESENTATIVE

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF TEXAS, AND MEMBER, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

I thank Chairwoman Lofgren for convening this important hearing regarding H.R. 

1645, the ‘‘Security through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act 

of 2007.’’ The hearing comes at a critical time for our nations when the failure of 

comprehensive immigration reform efforts in the US Senate earlier this year has 

produced disastrous, social, economic, and legal and security consequences I and 

other strong advocates of comprehensive immigration reform have warned about in 

the past. In addition, this hearing comes at a time when our nation is facing a 

moral dilemma which is beginning to even divide families and communities because 

of the very sensitive nature of the immigration debate and how it is portrait by its 

detractors. 

Madam Chair, as one of the principal and long-standing supporters of comprehensive immigration reform in the US Congress and an author of a comprehensive immigration reform bill, the SAVE AMERICA Act, I do hope that today’s hearing will 

187

serve as a catalyst for pro-reform forces in the US Congress and indeed our nation 

and provide impetus for a prompt revival of a vigorous immigration debate that simply could no longer be postponed. 

Madam Chair, I should note that the STRIVE Act is a good effort to address the 

complexities and extraordinary challenges a genuine immigration reform presents 

us with. It does so with its provisions for increased border protection and interior 

enforcement, stricter penalties for immigration and criminal law violators along 

with and attempt to improve the existing broken employee verification system. It 

also addresses the ever changing needs of our dynamic economy with its foreign 

worker provisions, along with the path to earned legalization for those illegally here 

but who meet the strict eligibility requirements. Last but not least, it attempts to 

preserve essential American values as reunification of families which could accomplishes with its revisions to the family visa categories. 

Yet the STRIVE Act is but one step in the right direction. The recent failure to 

pass workable comprehensive immigration reform legislation has caused and will 

continue to cause, the most undesired consequences for our economy and for individual businesses and families. 

The federal government’s failure to enact a comprehensive response to the immigration problem has fueled the growing frustration of state and local governments 

and resulted in a hodge-podge of state laws and local ordinances relating to immigration. As of July 2007, more than 1400 immigration-related bills have been introduced in the legislatures of the several states. Since January of this year, 170 of 

these bills have become law in 41 states and another 12 await gubernatorial signature. 

In some instances, as in the case with the Arizona legislature, states have passed 

laws that severely penalize employers who exhibit the highest good faith in the hiring of employees. No doubt these news laws will be challenged in the courts on the 

grounds that they violate federal or state constitutional provisions. 

Exacerbating the chaos caused by increased state involvement in the immigration 

field is the recent announcement that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 

and other federal agencies will focus almost exclusively on the ‘‘enforcement’’ leg of 

what thoughtful observers recognize as the three-legged comprehensive immigration 

stool. 

The building of walls and concentrating border patrol agents in large metropolitan 

areas have forced unscrupulous human smugglers to shift their routes to isolated 

desert areas where forbidding terrain and merciless heat has caused a spike in 

human death and injury. Escalating the number of raids on businesses and immigrant communities has resulted in economic dislocation and the disruption of community life, including thousands of minor children being left without proper care 

and vulnerable to disease and neglect. 

In reaction to these disturbing developments I recently wrote a letter to President 

Bush drawing his attention to the fact that the raids on communities and businesses are causing the destruction of innocent families and small business with disastrous economic, social and moral consequences for our communities. I called on 

President Bush’s leadership in helping delay the implementation of Immigration 

and Customs Enforcement’s final rule on ‘‘Safe Harbor Procedures for Employers 

who receive no-match letters.’’ Important stake-holders in the immigration debate 

subsequently reacted in their own way in an attempt to block the increased worrisome emphasize on enforcement action. Only few days ago, AFL-CIO secured a Temporary Restraining Order from the Courts against the implementation of the same 

rule. 

This new rule is a dramatic shift in the responsibilities and burdens placed on 

employers. Prior to this new rule, employers were not required to respond to ‘‘no 

match’’ letters and indeed were advised not to take action against these employees 

since these letters were designed to be informational rather than for enforcement. 

Now, however, the new regulation requires employers to not only respond to ‘‘no 

match’’ letters, but also to do so within a specified timeframe to avoid liability. Failure to respond in such a manner run the risk that DHS could impute onto the employer constructive knowledge of employing an unauthorized immigrant, which 

could subject the employer to sanctions, civil fines and even criminal prosecution. 

However, acting quicker than the timeframes codified by the safe-harbor procedures 

could subject employers to national origin discrimination and wrongful termination 

claims under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 

Many of the businesses in my district, among them restaurants, hotels, agro-businesses, and construction and landscaping companies depend for their survival on 

the employment of immigrants. Some have estimated that employers will seek protection from prosecution under the new regulation by terminating hundreds of thousands of workers. However, this final regulation was announced despite overVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00193 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
188

whelming and nearly unanimous opposition from business and labor organizations 

alike, which submitted most of the 5,000 comments the Department of Homeland 

Security (DHS) received regarding this proposed rule. 

I should stress that I am not against raids and proper enforcement of our immigration laws but the current enforcement regime is doing our nation more harm 

than good, diverting attention and resources from our efforts to combat 

counterterrorism and protect our communities from serious crime. Worse yet, the 

vacuum created by the lack of comprehensive reform risks fomenting racism, animosity and violence toward persons of Hispanic origin even in regions of our country 

where they were welcomed less than a generation ago. In short, the ‘‘enforcementonly’’ approach’’ will not solve the immigration crisis. 

The only effective solution is comprehensive immigration reform. I have introduced a bill that would provide such reform, the Save America Comprehensive Immigration Act, H.R. 750. It requires the Secretary of Homeland Security to impose 

a 10% surcharge on fees collected for employment-based visa petitions. These funds 

would be used to establish much needed employment training programs for our 

rural and urban areas. 

It has three legalization programs. It would require the Secretary of Labor to conduct a national study of American workplaces on the exploitation of undocumented 

alien workers by their employers. It also provides the Border Patrol with the personnel, resources, and equipment that it needs to secure the border. Our borders 

will continue to be out of control until we have immigration reform that provides 

more opportunities for immigrants to come to this country legally. 

I know that many Americans of goodwill have a different view of the problem and 

advocate different solutions to the immigration challenge facing America. That does 

not make them bad people. It simply means we must redouble our efforts to get our 

message out. It means we need to work harder at rebutting the disinformation that 

is spread by right-wing pundits, commentators, and politicians. As President John 

Kennedy famously noted:

‘‘The great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie—deliberate, contrived 

and dishonest, but the myth, persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic. Belief in 

myths allows the comfort of opinion without the discomfort of thought.’’

Opponents of comprehensive immigration reform after managing to defeat the reform efforts in the US Senate have brought the nation to a crisis point which demands the immediate attention and intervention of a wide spectrum of stake holders in the reform effort. Now more than ever, a comprehensive reform is a necessity 

and not a luxury for our nation. 

The STRIVE Act is a good step in the right direction and hope that today’s hearing will indeed serve as a catalyst for those of who have invested so much in the 

effort to produce a comprehensive immigration reform rally our forces again. 

I support comprehensive immigration reform because only a comprehensive solution to the immigration can achieve the multi-faceted goals of a humane immigration system. At its best, American immigration policy should strengthen the nation’s 

economy, secure its borders, protect American workers, and reflect the nation’s values and historic role as the beacon of hope and opportunity for the world. I welcome 

the opportunity to engage in meaningful dialogue about immigration reform. After 

all, that it what it is going to take to find the common ground necessary to move 

America forward. 

Thank you again, Madam Chair, for convening this meeting and I look forward 

to hearing from our distinguished witnesses. I yield back the balance of my time.

Ms. LOFGREN. We are honored to have four of our colleagues as 

witnesses today. We know you well, but not everyone here in the 

witness room necessarily knows you, so I am going to introduce 

each distinguished person. 

Seated first on the panel is Congressman Jeff Flake, who is serving his fourth term in Congress representing Arizona’s 6th Congressional District. Before serving in the House, Mr. Flake was the 

Executive Director of the Foundation for Democracy, a foundation 

monitoring the south African nation of Namibia’s independence 

process. Following his work at the foundation, he was named the 

executive director of the Goldwater Institute. He graduated from 

Brigham Young University where he received his bachelor’s degree 

in international relations and a master’s degree in political science. 

189

Along with Congressman Gutierrez, Congressman Flake is the 

principal co-author of the STRIVE Act. He and his wife Cheryl 

have five children. 

I would next like to welcome my co-Californian Congressman Joe 

Baca, who has represented California’s 43rd District since 1999. 

Congressman Baca served as an Army paratrooper between 1966 

and 1968, after which he earned his bachelor’s degree from California State University—L.A. 

Congressman Baca and his wife Barbara opened their own business in San Bernardino in 1989, while raising four children. First 

elected to the California State Assembly in 1992 and State Senate 

in 1998, we of course know Congressman Baca as a leader on the 

Agricultural and Financial Services Committees. He serves now as 

the distinguished Chairman of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. 

It is also my pleasure to introduce Congressman Ray LaHood, 

serving his 7th term as the Representative from Illinois’ 18th District. The grandson of a Lebanese immigrant, Congressman 

LaHood earned his bachelor’s degree in education and sociology 

from Bradley University. He began his professional career as a junior high school teacher, and after serving in the Illinois State 

House in 1982, he served as the Chief of Staff to House Republican 

leader Bob Michel. A Member of the Appropriations Committee, 

Congressman LaHood and his wife, Kathy, have four children and 

seven grandchildren. And all of us are sad to know that Ray has 

said that this is his last term with us here, and it has been a pleasure to serve with him these many years. 

And finally, I am pleased to recognize another co-Californian, the 

minority’s witness, Congressman Brian Bilbray, the Representative 

from California’s 50th District since June of 2006. Congressman 

Bilbray was first elected to Congress in 1994 but co-chaired the 

Federation for American Immigration Reform between 2001 and 

his 2006 re-election. In addition to his work on the Committee on 

Oversight and Government Reform, Veterans Affairs, and Science 

and Technology, he is a member of the Republican Policy Committee and chairs the Immigration Reform Caucus. A native of San 

Diego, Congressman Bilbray has served San Diego County for over 

two decades as a mayor, as a county supervisor, and as a Member 

of Congress. And I would note that I first met Brian when we 

served on our respective county boards of supervisors, myself in 

Santa Clara and he in San Diego. He and his wife Karen have five 

children and six grandchildren. Lucky you. 

So we will begin with your testimony. You know the drill on the 

lights and the 5-minute rule. Obviously, we will not have a heavy 

gavel. 

And we would ask Congressman Flake if you would begin. 

TESTIMONY OF THE HONORABLE JEFF FLAKE, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARIZONA 

Mr. FLAKE. I thank the Chair. I thank the Chair and Committee 

Members for holding this important hearing. 

I am glad to be back in the Judiciary Committee, if not on the 

Judiciary Committee. I received the equivalent of a no-match letter 

in January. So unfortunately I have to be on this side. 

190

I think all of us watched with a lot of frustration the process this 

year, particularly in the Senate, where they discussed, came up 

with a plan, and then came away not being able to pass anything 

to come here to the House. I think that we will all, the longer we 

go, be rueful that nothing—that we did no comprehensive reform 

this year. 

When you look across the country, you recognize that there have 

been 1,400 immigration bills introduced out there across the country; 170 laws have been enacted in 41 States, including my home 

state of Arizona. As mentioned, it is kind of a patchwork of laws 

that simply aren’t going to work very well because, as we know, 

immigration and labor law is largely Federal, and it is inescapable 

that it has to be the Congress that moves here, whether it is the 

Administration enacting new regulations or States moving forward. 

Until you have comprehensive immigration reform of our laws, it 

is going to be difficult to have any semblance of meaningful, workable immigration reform. 

Let me just respond to a little of what was said before about why 

don’t you just call this an amnesty, that is what it is, it is just like 

the 1986 law. It is not like the 1986 law. There are many differences between what is proposed here and the 1986 law. The 

1986 law had no fines at all. There were some processing fees, I 

think, attached, but no fines. 

There were no work requirements with the 1986 law. Here under 

this piece of legislation, you have to work for 6 years. There were 

no requirements to exit the country and then reenter legally. There 

are those requirements here. 

Most importantly, the 1986 law was not comprehensive. We either failed to recognize or failed to have the political wherewithal 

to know that we would need a temporary worker program going 

forward, so we didn’t enact one. Therefore, the 1986 law was out 

of date the day it was signed into law and we didn’t have a mechanism for legal workers to come in the country in any meaningful 

number. And so they came illegally. 

And we would have that same problem today if we enacted all 

the enforcement measures we could do without a meaningful temporary worker program going forward. That is why this legislation 

was careful to be comprehensive, to have enforcement measures, 

tough border enforcement, tough interior enforcement, biometric 

cards, identifiers that we simply don’t have today. Employers simply don’t have the tools to meaningfully enforce the law today unless the Congress moves ahead and makes some changes, and that 

is what this is all about. 

And that is why I am glad that this Committee has seen fit to 

hold this hearing and try to move forward. 

Let me just say that out there in the States, we are in a very 

difficult problem. I don’t blame my home state of Arizona, the State 

legislature, or others who are moving ahead and enacting their own 

laws and trying to get a handle on this situation. 

We are in a bad way in Arizona. We bear a disproportionate burden of the Federal Government’s failure to have rational immigration law and to enforce the law that we have. Healthcare, education hit us particularly hard and that is not going to change until 

we have comprehensive reform here. 

191

That is what this legislation was supposed to do. I say was supposed to do, as if the time is passed. I am glad this hearing is being 

held and I hope that we can move forward to markup and actually 

get it this year, but I know it is unlikely, frankly, and I think that 

that is too bad. 

Let me just give very briefly the high points of this legislation. 

I will just sum up. 

As I mentioned, it is tough border enforcement. There is interior 

enforcement with biometric cards so employers will finally have the 

tools, and it sets up a new worker program for low skill workers. 

We know when you look at demographics, we are going to need 

a labor force in the future that we simply don’t have. And when 

I hear people talk about amnesty, it strikes me that those who say 

let us simply enforce current law are counting on the fact that we 

simply can’t enforce this law very quickly. 

Five percent of the workforce out there, about 7 million people, 

are undocumented. That means if you remove them from the workforce, there would be severe dislocations and you would have severe 

problems. Everyone on either side of this issue knows that. But 

those who say we can simply enforce the law are counting on the 

fact that it would take years to actually remove those who are 

here, because if you remove them immediately, you would have severe dislocation. 

So this notion that this is an amnesty when simply not enforcing 

the current law is not an amnesty strikes me as inconsistent. I just 

don’t get the distinction there. 

With that, I will go ahead and yield back and wait for questions. 

I thank the Chair. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Flake follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JEFF FLAKE, A REPRESENTATIVE IN

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARIZONA

Thank you, Madam Chairwoman, for holding this important hearing to examine 

The Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007 

(STRIVE Act), introduced by Congressman Gutierrez and myself. I am pleased that 

the Immigration Subcommittee has turned its attention to both this important bill 

and the important issue of comprehensive immigration reform. 

Earlier this year, it was with great disappointment that I watched the negotiations on a bipartisan and comprehensive approach to immigration reform in the 

Senate take crucial steps forward only to be ground to a halt in June. However, the 

sentiment that I expressed at the time remains all the more valid today—inaction 

is a victory for no one on this issue. When it comes to reforming our broken federal 

immigration system, Congress failing to act is simply not an option. 

This subcommittee is integrally familiar with the many facets of the problems 

caused by our broken immigration system. Our current immigration laws are not 

realistic and there are insurmountable obstacles to their enforcement. Among other 

consequences, our approach to immigration policy has yielded a steady stream of immigrants crossing the border without inspection or overstaying their visas, an estimated 12 million undocumented immigrants within the U.S., a bureaucratic and ineffective temporary worker program that is little help to a consistent worker shortage, and embarrassing visa processing backlogs. While many agree on the problems, 

Congress has been unable to agree upon a solution. With state and local governments stepping up and the Administration’s upcoming pressure on employers, Congress’ prolonged inaction is making a bad situation worse. 

STATE AND LOCAL OFFICIALS STEPPING IN DUE TO CONGRESSIONAL INACTION

According to a recent analysis, the first half of 2007 saw more than 1,400 bills 

dealing with immigration introduced in state legislatures, with 170 laws enacted in 

41 states. While the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 made it illegal 

192

for employers to knowingly hire, recruit, or refer for a fee, or continue to employ 

an alien who is not authorized to be so employed, enforcing this prohibition has 

been all but impossible due to the prevalence of fraudulent documents and the ease 

with which undocumented workers could obtain them. Tired of waiting for Congress 

to act, states are trying to take matters into their own hands, including my home 

state of Arizona. 

State laws dealing with immigration issues have generally followed a strategy of 

attempting to encourage immigrants, particularly those without proper documentation, to leave the state by making life for them untenable. Additionally, state immigration laws also often seek to target employers that are suspected of hiring workers 

that are not authorized to work in the U.S. or those providing housing to illegal immigrants with strict penalties and sanctions. 

These state immigration laws are being consistently challenged, however, with opponents charging violations of the separation of powers, federal commerce clause, 

or due process. Along with court challenges, many that are dealing with strict state 

immigration laws, attempting to do what Congress should, have fears that they will 

lead to widespread discrimination by employers. It is unfortunate that an increase 

in penalties for hiring undocumented workers is often not coupled with the appropriate tools that employers could use to accurately identify those that are authorized 

to work in the U.S. 

There is no disputing that the responsibility of crafting immigration policy falls 

on the shoulders of Congress, not the states. When Congress fails to act, we run 

the risk of what we are seeing currently: a patchwork of differing state laws that 

will be ineffective at providing a comprehensive solution. Rather than encouraging 

them to leave the country, this inconsistent and segmented approach simply provides those in the country illegally a long menu of options from which to choose instead of complying with federal immigration law. Rather than fifty attempts to handle the problem, Congress should move forward with a national approach to immigration reform. 

THE ADMINISTRATION’S REFORMS ARE AN INCOMPLETE STEP

Not to be outdone by state and local governments stepping into the immigration 

fray due to Congressional inaction, the Administration has also announced an aggressive plan to increase border security and immigration law enforcement. On August 9th, the Administration announced twenty-six specific policy reforms in a number of areas, including: border security, interior enforcement, worksite enforcement, 

the guest worker programs, existing immigration, and assimilation. While the Administration is to be commended for doing what they can with the immigration 

problem and for attacking the issue in as comprehensive manner as possible, these 

reforms are severely limited in scope because they all fall within the bounds of the 

existing immigration laws. One of the new provisions in particular, while an aggressive measure intended to enforce the law prohibiting the employment of unauthorized workers, could have significant and negative unintended consequences as well. 

While still attempting to clear legal hurdles, the Administration has finalized regulations proposed in 2006 and held until Congress faltered on moving ahead with 

comprehensive immigration reform. The Department of Homeland Security is planning on sending some 140,000 employers so-called social security ‘‘no match letters.’’ 

These ‘‘no match letters’’ are generated by the Social Security Administration when 

an employee’s name and social security number are not consistent. Under the finalized regulations, employers will have ninety days to resolve any discrepancies that 

have resulted in the ‘‘no match letter’’ or terminate the employee. Otherwise, they 

will be considered to have knowingly hired an unauthorized worker. With an estimated seven million unauthorized workers making up roughly five percent of the 

civilian workforce and consistent reports of worker shortages, the business community is rightfully wary of stepped up worksite enforcement that is not part of a comprehensive solution to our broken immigration system. 

While having to operate within the bounds of existing law, the Administration is 

arguably using the wrong tool for the right problem. Outside of questions regarding 

whether the Department of Homeland Security has the necessary authority to require employers to deal with ‘‘no match letters,’’ the Social Security Administration’s 

‘‘no match letters’’ were never intended to play a primary role in worksite enforcement of immigration laws. As such, there is considerable concern about whether the 

Social Security Administration’s database and information is up to the challenge, 

given what is at stake for both workers and employers. 

Even if the Social Security Administration’s databases and information could be 

used for worksite enforcement with some degree of confidence, ‘‘no match letters’’ 

would remain a dubious policy option for immigration law enforcement. The ‘‘no 

193

match letter’’ approach targets so-called ‘‘good actor’’ employers—employers that are 

doing their paperwork and paying their taxes. An approach to worksite enforcement 

such as this makes trying to follow the rules and obey the law a disincentive for 

employers, who would have a reduced risk of being snared in immigration violations 

or discrimination lawsuits if they simply filed no paperwork at all. In addition, this 

approach is too far into the hiring process to be effective for either the employee 

or the employer. Rather than providing a workable and accurate employee 

verification system for employers to use, this approach relies on the employee being 

hired and paperwork being submitted to the Social Security Administration before 

a problem could be detected. 

I would submit that these are the kinds of problems one would expect when the 

agencies are tasked with bootstrapping existing and ineffective regulatory tools to 

fix a problem that demands a Congressional solution. More troubling are the persistent rumors that the ‘‘no match letter’’ approach has been pursued as a likely approach that will put U.S. industry in the worst situation possible and thus make 

the immigration issue one that Congress simply cannot ignore. For those of us that 

live near the border, it is hard to believe there are still those within the U.S. that 

believe the situation could get any worse. 

COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM IS THE ONLY VIABLE SOLUTION

Rather than fifty individual and inconsistent approaches to immigration reform 

muddying the waters or ineffective regulatory tools that run the risk of ineffectively 

addressing only one piece of a complex problem, Congress must act. I wholly support 

enforcing our existing laws, but we simply have to face the fact that our existing 

immigration policies have insurmountable obstacles that individual state laws or selective regulatory approaches cannot fix and that demand Congressional action. The 

legislation introduced by Congressman Gutierrez and myself is a comprehensive approach to fixing our immigration system and includes provisions dealing with border 

security, interior enforcement, worker verification, a new worker program, visa 

backlogs, and legalizing the undocumented population. 

The Gutierrez-Flake bill would increase border enforcement through increasing 

enforcement personnel on the border and requiring a thorough evaluation of information-sharing, international and federal-state-local coordination, technology, antismuggling, and other border security initiatives to ensure that we are doing everything possible to bolster border security. The STRIVE Act would strengthen interior 

enforcement by increasing penalties for crimes committed by immigrants, including 

those related to smuggling and gang activities. The bill also sets up an employment 

verification system whereby employers would be required to confirm each potential 

employee’s eligibility to work. 

The STRIVE Act would also set up a new worker program for low-skilled workers, 

when a U.S. worker cannot be found to fill a needed job. It addresses the failures 

and problems with past worker programs and charts a new course that better protects workers, while more effectively and efficiently meeting the needs of employers. 

The STRIVE Act also would overhaul the family-based and employment-based immigration system to reduce backlogs and inefficiencies. Finally, under this legislation, undocumented workers who pay a fine and pass extensive and thorough background examinations would be eligible for conditional status with work and travel 

authorization for six years, with the conditional ability to adjust their status if they 

leave the country and re-enter legally. 

Madam Chairwoman, I appreciate the opportunity to testify on the need for comprehensive immigration reform. I hope that I have made clear that whether Congress acts or not, the immigration issue continues to progress. For Congress, it is 

as simple as asking whether we want to fix the problem . . . or continue to allow 

it to get worse.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

Congressman Baca? 

TESTIMONY OF THE HONORABLE JOE BACA, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

Mr. BACA. Thank you very much, and thank you for allowing me 

to say a few words. 

As Chair of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, the CHC, under 

the leadership of our immigration task force, the chair, Mr. GutierVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00199 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
194

rez, has a long and a proud history of working on immigration. We 

thank you. 

I, and the Caucus particularly, want to say thank you for your 

services to us, to our country, and to those 12 million undocumented. 

I also want to thank you, Madam Chair, and the Subcommittee 

for having this important hearing today on this vital important 

issue. 

Immigration is critically important not only to the CHC but to 

every immigrant, whether you are Italian, Irish, Black, Asian. Our 

constituents across the country are very much concerned that we 

take action. Whether it is a Hispanic small business owner, the 

family struggling to stay together while living in fear or individuals 

who dream of life in the United States only to be confronted with 

unrealistic processes fraught with delays, the communities we represent care about immigration reform. 

Our immigration system is broken, and I state our immigration 

system is broken. People are suffering. People are suffering. As a 

result, this is an issue much more than a Hispanic or immigrant 

issue. This issue is about an American issue. The fact is, our broken immigration system is hurting our economy and making our 

Nation less secure. 

As such, CHC stands in willingness and responsibility to roll up 

our sleeves and get to work in a bipartisan fashion to make real 

headway for the good of all Americans. We offer our help, expertise, 

and commitment to lead the immigration issue on behalf of the 

community and our constituents. 

As we believe the STRIVE Act is a comprehensive solution, and 

it is a comprehensive solution that best fits immigration problems 

and the political reality that we are in. STRIVE is a comprehensive 

bill that addresses employers, business’ needs, holds employers accountable, protects employees rights, and provides for strong border 

security. 

STRIVE also addresses a need of farmers through the Ag provision. It sets up an employee verification system to help our businesses better comply with immigration laws. It benefits families by 

giving more children access to education through the Dream Act. 

It also makes our Nation safer by increasing enforcement personnel 

on the borders and increasing penalties for crimes committed by 

immigrants. 

STRIVE provides a pathway to legalization for qualified hardworking immigrants only, and I say hardworking immigrants only. 

It is critically important to emphasize that this is not an amnesty, 

as the gentleman indicated before. Any attempt to brand it as such 

is empty rhetoric and designed to play politics with our security. 

It calls for real penalties, for real sacrifices. In fact, many of our 

members who are supportive of the immigrants’ community might 

personally wish for a different bill, but at the end of the day we 

feel STRIVE offers the best chance for real reform. 

STRIVE helps families stay together and many of us have to look 

at many of the cases in our districts who know the heartbreaking 

realities facing immigrant families who want to play by the rules 

to adjust their status, but are facing unrealistic backlogs and inefficiencies in our current visa system and are also living in fear. 

195

Congress has the responsibility to deal with the broken immigration system and we cannot ignore the immigration crisis, that it 

will go away or it will solve itself. And that is not the solution to 

the problem. We have to address the problem. It is the responsibility of Congress. It is not the responsibility of the States. It is 

ours and we must take action. That is why the President of the 

United States was supporting and is supporting comprehensive immigration reform. 

Congress needs to take action and the STRIVE Act offers the 

best solution. It is time to solve the crisis. I urge the Subcommittee 

and Congress to strongly consider the STRIVE Act, a solution that 

is fair and realistic. It is important for our security and to help 

businesses and protect our Nation and our proud immigrant history. 

I thank you, and I yield back the balance of my time. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Baca follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOE BACA, A REPRESENTATIVE IN

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

• Good morning and thank you for allowing me to speak today, as the Chair of the 

Congressional Hispanic Caucus.

• The CHC, under the leadership of our Immigration Task Force Chair, Rep. 

Gutierrez, has a long and proud history of working on immigration. I particularly 

want to thank Rep. Gutierrez for his service.

• I also thank Chairwoman Lofgren and the Subcommittee for this important hearing today and for their leadership on this vital issue.

• Immigration is critically important to the CHC and our constituents across the 

country. Whether it is the Hispanic small business owner, the family struggling 

to stay together while living in fear, or the individual who dreams of a life in the 

US only to confront an unrealistic process fraught with delays—the communities 

we represent care about immigration reform.

• Our immigration system is broken, and people are suffering. And as a result, this 

issue is much more than a ‘‘Hispanic’’ or ‘‘immigrant’’ issue. This issue has become 

an American issue.

• The fact is our broken immigration system is hurting our economy, and making 

our nation less secure.

• As such, the CHC stands with willingness and responsibility to roll up our sleeves 

and get to work in a bipartisan fashion to make real headway, for the good of 

all Americans.

• We offer our help, expertise, and commitment to lead on the immigration issue 

on behalf of our community and our constituents.

• And we believe that the STRIVE Act is the compromise solution that best fits the 

immigration problem and the political reality we are in.

• STRIVE is a comprehensive bill that addresses employers and business’ needs, 

holds employers accountable, protects employees’ rights, and provides for strong 

border security.

• STRIVE addresses the needs of farmers through the Ag Jobs provision. It sets up 

an employment verification system to help our businesses better comply with immigration laws. It benefits families by giving more children access to education 

through the DREAM Act.

• It also makes our nation safer by increasing enforcement personnel on the border 

and increasing penalties for crimes committed by immigrants.

• STRIVE provides a pathway to legalization for qualified, hard-working immigrants only.

• It is critically important to emphasize that this is not amnesty. Any attempt to 

brand it as such is empty rhetoric designed to play politics with our security.

• It calls for real penalties and for real sacrifice. In fact, many of our Members who 

are supportive of the immigrant community might personally wish for a different 

bill.

196

• But, at the end of the day, we feel STRIVE offers our best chance at real reform.

• STRIVE helps families stay together. Many of us only have to look at the case 

work in our district offices to know the heartbreaking realities facing immigrant 

families who want to play by the rules to adjust their status, but are facing the 

unreasonable backlogs and inefficiencies of our current visa system.

• Congress has a responsibility to deal with our broken immigration system, and 

we cannot ignore the immigration crisis in hopes that it will go away or solve 

itself.

• Congress needs to take action, and the STRIVE Act offers the best solution.

• It is time to solve this crisis. I urge the Subcommittee and the Congress to strongly consider the STRIVE Act as a solution that is fair and realistic.

• It promotes security, helps business, and protects our nation’s proud immigrant 

history. Thank you.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, Congressman Baca. 

Congressman LaHood? 

TESTIMONY OF THE HONORABLE RAY LAHOOD, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 

Mr. LAHOOD. Thank you, Madam Chair. 

I want to say a special thanks to Congressman Gutierrez for announcing that he is running for reelection. I know that he wants 

to be back here and have the opportunity to be a key player in immigration reform. 

Luis, I know people in Illinois are thrilled with the fact that you 

will be running for reelection. 

I want to congratulate Congressman Flake for his leadership on 

this issue against real tough odds and a lot of opposition from people in his own State. 

The STRIVE Act, I believe, does strike the right balance between 

strengthening borders, increasing penalties for violators, rewarding 

those documented guest workers who have navigated the legal 

channels to be here, and giving a conditional path to citizenship to 

those here illegally. 

Some of you know that my grandparents came here from what 

is now Lebanon. They came in 1895. They settled in Peoria, Illinois. They didn’t speak one word of English. What they did is they 

played by the rules, and they worked hard. 

This will give those that are here now that same kind of opportunity, to play by the rules. We need to create some rules that will 

allow people to stay here, because they have either been brought 

here by what are known as coyotes, or have come across the border 

seeking opportunities. 

Frankly, the idea that 12 million to 20 million illegals will be 

sent back to the country from which they came is nonsense. Anyone who proposes that is living in La La Land. These people are 

here doing jobs that Americans don’t want. They are working in 

meatpacking plants that I represent in Central Illinois. They are 

working on farms that I represent in Central Illinois. They are 

picking fruits and vegetables; they are doing landscaping work; 

they are building homes in many of the States that we represent. 

We have to provide some kind of legal opportunity for people to 

be able to play by the rules and that opportunity does not exist 

today. 

Look, this is a comprehensive approach. The idea that you can 

throw out these code words, and you think if you say amnesty loud 

197

enough and often enough people are going to believe you. This is 

a comprehensive approach and it goes beyond the code words that 

people like to use that they think are going to really influence people’s opinions. 

But in Congress, we have done things in a comprehensive way. 

Bankruptcy—it took 6 years. Welfare reform, 6 years. The WRDA 

bill, which is about ready to come out of a conference report—it has 

taken us 6 years to do that. Sarbanes-Oxley—it took us 2 years. 

The transportation bill that we passed 2 years ago. The Ag Bill, the 

farm policy that is being crafted—all in a comprehensive way, 

where people come together, they reach a consensus, they don’t try 

and use threatening language. They don’t try and intimidate other 

people. They come together to work together to solve problems. 

That is what people sent us here to do. 

The STRIVE Act is a good first step to allow us to get to a comprehensive approach and to send a message to not only employers 

but people who are living here, ‘‘We are going to deal with this 

problem, we can deal with it.’’ And if we set aside all of the kind 

of machinations that go on around here and work together, I believe this can happen. I believe it will happen. And I think principled people can talk about their differences and come together, 

and I hope that we will do that. 

Again, I want to thank those who have provided the leadership 

and ask those who have differences about how we get to the end 

in terms of providing workers to do those jobs and do it in a comprehensive way, put aside the kind of code words and threatening 

language and let us work together to make this happen. 

I thank you, Madam Chair, for the opportunity. I thank you for 

holding this hearing. I believe this jumpstarts our opportunity. Because the Senate hasn’t done it has never stopped us in the House 

before. It shouldn’t stop us now. Let us move ahead. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. LaHood follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JEFF LAHOOD, A REPRESENTATIVE IN

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

Chairwoman Lofgren, Ranking Member King, members of the subcommittee, 

thank you for allowing me to testify in support of an important piece of legislation, 

H.R. 1645, the STRIVE Act. While the national debate on immigration is not at the 

forefront as it was earlier this summer, this is still a very significant issue, and I 

appreciate the opportunity to speak before the subcommittee. 

As you are aware, I am a descendent of Lebanese immigrants. My grandparents 

came to this country in search of better opportunities, and settled happily alongside 

fellow Lebanese immigrants in Central Illinois. The fact that I am here, testifying 

before you today as a Member of Congress, exemplifies the contributions immigrants 

are making to the United States. If this nation is accepting of those who wish to 

contribute to society with their skills and knowledge, as it has been in the past, it 

is our duty to provide an appropriate and functional process for the transition and 

assimilation of immigrants. 

I believe we are in agreement about the need to reform our immigration laws and 

enforcement procedures. It is clear we must assure the smooth entry of legal immigrants, better target and enforce existing visa programs addressing labor shortages, 

and more effectively prevent people from entering our country illegally. We have 

been strengthened by waves of immigrants throughout our history, and we must 

keep the door open and the melting pot working. However, in this era of terrorism, 

we must have far better control of our borders, both to protect ourselves from violence and to protect taxpayers from undue burdens. We must clarify our immigration policy, laws and procedures, and fund the resources to effectively and fairly implement it. 

198

I believe this legislation at hand—the STRIVE Act—provides a realistic and comprehensive approach when dealing with our immigration system, which is why I 

support it. This bill strikes a good balance between tackling border enforcement, 

making the visa system manageable, and giving those who have worked hard for 

a life in the United States the opportunity to become US Citizens. 

First, it is important that we secure our borders and stop the flood of illegal aliens 

who come into this country every day. This bill will help control this issue by alleviating much of the stress which has currently been placed on our borders. In order 

to strengthen our security presence, the STRIVE Act increases the number of border 

agents stationed at our borders by over 11,000 agents. It also increases other border 

personnel, such as port of entry inspectors, immigration and customs enforcement 

investigators, and U.S. Marshals by almost 4,000 officers. The STRIVE Act even requires the development and implementation of new border surveillance technology 

such as constant monitoring by unmanned aerial vehicles. We must remain vigilant 

in the war on terror, and that includes keeping a close eye on our own borders. 

Concurrently, this legislation requires the development of a system for employers 

to electronically verify the legality of their employees, to ensure the labor they use 

is of valid origins and does not come from illegal aliens using forged documents. The 

STRIVE Act also strengthens penalties for employers who knowingly violate this 

system and hire illegals as employees. With the enforcement of these laws, employers will find more incentive to work through the legal channels and it will be easier 

to track documented workers in the United States. 

While it is recognized that most immigrants come to the United States with a desire to improve life for themselves and their families, we cannot ignore the crime 

generated from some of the illegal aliens living here. Accordingly, this legislation 

also increases penalties for those who illegally enter this country or participate in 

gang-related activity. With further increases in penalties for those who refuse to 

leave voluntarily or violate the terms of their stays, the STRIVE Act then authorizes 

a new immigration court system and new positions for DHS attorneys. 

One key reason I am supporting this bill is for the guest worker program it establishes. In order to deal with the number of aliens who seek any means possible into 

the United States, this bill sets up a program consisting of 400,000 new temporary 

guest worker visas. This will encourage both employers and immigrants to seek a 

lawful way into the United States. Farmers, landscapers, and the service industry 

will benefit greatly from this aspect of the legislation, as they often have a difficult 

time finding Americans who are willing to do the work and the jobs that immigrants 

so eagerly and diligently seek. Too many times I have had constituents in my office, 

asking for help to reform the guest worker programs because they cannot find employees from within the community and therefore rely on foreign workers. 

Perhaps most importantly, however, this bill addresses the millions of immigrants 

who are currently living and working in this country but do not have a path to citizenship. Many of the aliens currently here entered the U.S. legally, but have overstayed their visas or gotten lost in the application process. These are hard workers 

who contribute to the economy and call the United States home. For those who have 

been here for several years, they have the option to get in line and apply for permanent residency. After a rigorous process of paying fines, back taxes, providing past 

documentation, and returning home to their country of origin, many will be considered as candidates for citizenship. To send all these guest workers and laborers back 

home immediately would be devastating to our economy. Finding a good compromise 

between awarding citizenship and imposing penalties is important, and this bill 

does just that. 

I believe this legislation strikes the right balance between strengthening our borders, increasing the penalties for violators, rewarding those documented guest workers who have gone through the legal channels to be here, and requiring those who 

entered our country illegally to first return home and wait before being considered 

for citizenship. The vast majority of people who come to America do so out of a desire to improve their lives and are neither criminals nor a threat to our society. 

While we are beginning to make progress, more needs to be done promptly, both 

to enforce our laws against illegal immigration and to ensure the smooth entry of 

legal immigrants and guest workers. It is my hope that we will continue to work 

together for a comprehensive solution to an ever-present issue. 

Thank you, Madame Chairwoman, and Ranking Member King for inviting me to 

present my testimony on behalf of H.R. 1645. I urge the subcommittee to support 

this bill.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, Congressman LaHood. 

Congressman Bilbray? 

199

TESTIMONY OF THE HONORABLE BRIAN BILBRAY, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

Mr. BILBRAY. Thank you very much, Madam Chair. I appreciate 

the chance to testify today. 

Madam Chair, as you know I grew up in a border community. 

I literally was raised in a home that had two houses between us 

and the border. I have spent my whole life watching what happens 

at the border when people in Washington, meaning well, make stupid mistakes when it comes to immigration control. 

I served as a lifeguard along the border. I would challenge anyone that I am probably the only Member of Congress that has rescued illegals when they are drowning, sadly recovered their bodies 

when they didn’t make it. And, frankly, as a County Supervisor 

later, watching them being slaughtered on the freeways while they 

did what we call ‘‘Bonsai Charges’’ up the middle of the freeway 

after the last piece of legislation that was called ‘‘comprehensive.’’

I served as a small mayor along that border, as a County Supervisor along with you; in fact, a county of 3 million people. And I 

now serve as Chairman of the Immigration Caucus. 

Let me just tell you, though, we have spent the 1986—since the 

1986 amnesty proposal, when I was a County Supervisor and saw 

what happened along the border, we have had more people die trying to enter this country illegally every year than that was killed 

in the Oklahoma City explosion. Every year we have lost more 

than that. And that started in 1986 with the concept that we were 

going to reward illegal behavior by giving them amnesty at that 

time. 

And that is why I have been so strong on this. I have seen the 

human costs. It is not an abstract to me. I don’t live 2,000 or 3,000 

miles from the border. I have seen the real life impact when it 

comes to what we do here in Washington. 

I also want to point out that I am proud that I am a child of a 

first generation immigrant: my mother. She was a war bride that 

came here in 1944, played by the rules, got her citizenship as 

quickly as humanly possible. And believe me, every time I go home 

and go upstairs to mom, she is always there to remind me that she 

played by the rules and everyone else should learn by example that 

this is a Nation of legal immigrants, Madam Chair, and legal 

means a lot in a Nation of laws. 

Now, since—you know, the other thing that a lot of people may 

not know, let me just say, I probably spend more time in Latin 

America than any other Member of Congress. I would be interested 

to talk about this. But I see this issue from the South looking up, 

and that is why I feel so strongly on it. 

The border is not an abstract to me. Immigration is not something that affects just one little community. It affects the entire region. And I would just ask you, with this bill, what do you want 

to accomplish with it? Do you want to stop illegal immigration? Because if you want to stop illegal immigration, Madam Chair, you 

do not start off the process of stopping illegal behavior by rewarding it. 

And for those who say this is not a reward, I ask you, under the 

STRIVE Act, the proposal that you allow somebody who is illegal 

200

in the country to enter the program and go through a program, are 

you going to allow everyone in the country, I mean in the world, 

who have never broken our immigration laws, to have the same option? 

Actually, the STRIVE Act has an interesting situation with the 

touchback. Now, think about the logic of this. Someone shows up 

from El Salvador and says, ‘‘I have never broken your laws, I have 

never come into your country legally, but I would like to come in 

now.’’ We say, ‘‘Sorry. We have a process that you have to do.’’

But if someone shows up there from Guatemala who says, ‘‘I 

have been in your country illegally for 10 years. Here is my proof. 

I have broken your laws.’’ You say, ‘‘Fine, you get to qualify for this 

program, and only if you can show that you have broken the law 

do you qualify for this program.’’

Madam Chair, when you give a special program and special status for someone based on the fact they have violated the law, like 

it or not, it is amnesty. And that is what the American people take 

it as, no matter how much we talk here. 

If it is not amnesty, then offer it to the hundred million people 

out there that would love to come to this country legally. But that 

is not what is being proposed here today. 

Now, there are challenges that we can work on, but rather than 

talk about a 600-page document, why don’t we talk about a common ground we can work on. H.R.98 by Silvestre Reyes and David 

Dreier talks about—is included in this bill. Let us take that part 

and work on those things that we can find common ground on rather than playing to the extremes. Let us remember the mainstream 

of America that says let us make it simple for people to know who 

is illegally in this country and let us go to the source of illegal immigration, and that is illegal employment, and crack down on the 

illegal employers. 

And I challenge the majority. Here is your chance to crack down 

on those people that have been profiteering by the blood, sweat and 

I say the deaths of illegal immigrants, crackdown on the employers. 

And H.R.98 is the bill supported by the men and women of the Border Patrol who you and I hire and vest with the responsibility. 

And I would ask that we consider bringing the Border Patrol 

agents here, and I would admonish both sides here. This is an immigration bill. Why don’t we bring in the people that would have 

to enforce the law? Would we do an education bill without ever 

talking to an educator? Would we do a military bill without every 

talking to somebody who is a general in the military? I ask you 

that we bring in that. 

So, Madam Chair, this is not the bill at this place. If you want 

to see what happened in the Senate happen again, bring this to the 

floor and see what the American people say. But I appreciate the 

chance. 

But I say again, let us join together, work on H.R.98, and then 

we can talk about moving the agenda together. 

I yield back. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Bilbray follows:]

201

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE BRIAN BILBRAY, A REPRESENTATIVE IN

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Chairwoman Lofgren, Ranking Member King, members of the subcommittee, 

thank you for allowing me to participate in today’s hearing regarding H.R. 1645, the 

STRIVE Act. 

As you may know, I grew up in a border community—just a few block’s away from 

the intersection of the US/Mexico border and the Pacific Ocean. My comments today 

are based on many years of watching our changing immigration policy from the perspective of: a local kid growing up along the border, a former small town mayor, 

the former Chairman of the Board of County Supervisors in San Diego County, and 

as the Chairman of the Immigration Reform Caucus. I also speak today as the son 

of a legal immigrant. My mother was a war bride, emigrating from Australia following World War II. My mother followed the legal process, applying for a visa and 

then waited to receive permission to come to the United States. 

Since the beginning of this Congress, the membership of the Immigration Reform 

Caucus has increased by more than 20 percent to 111 Members. The IRC is a bipartisan organization with more and more Members from both parties joining each 

month. I believe the growth of our Caucus this year reflects the concern that Members of Congress have with amnesty proposals advocated by President Bush, the 

Senate and the STRIVE Act. 

There is no reason why Congress should not take immediate action to secure our 

borders, strengthen our immigration laws, implement true interior enforcement and 

establish a working employer verification system. The immigration status quo is intolerable. Not because our immigration laws are broken, but because they are not 

vigorously enforced. Immigration enforcement has failed primarily because Administrations for 20 years have not enforced sanctions on employers who hire illegal immigrants. The Administration needs to enforce employer sanctions systematically, 

not just sporadically. The Administration claims we have a de facto amnesty now. 

That is true and it is the result of the Administration’s own lack of determination 

to enforce the law. We do not need amnesty to enforce current law; we need to enforce the law to eliminate the need for amnesty. The practice of rewarding illegal 

behavior and ignoring current immigration laws must come to an end. No one believes that you can grant an amnesty first and enforce the law second. 

The STRIVE Act and similar plans have failed to gain wide support from the 

American people for a very simple reason: Americans do not believe that we should 

reward people for breaking our laws. While I believe there are MANY problems with 

the STRIVE Act, I will highlight a few of them. 

The STRIVE Act would grant amnesty to nearly all of the 12 to 20 million illegal 

aliens in the United States via many different routes not just one amnesty. The bill 

would grant amnesty to illegal aliens by giving those here illegally and continuously 

since June 1, 2006, ‘‘conditional nonimmigrant’’ status lasting for six years of work 

here in the United States, and would then allow them and their illegal alien spouses 

and children to become lawful permanent residents (LPRs). 

In order to adjust from illegal to legal status the illegal immigrant would simply 

have to pay a fine, undergo a medical exam, pass a security background check, 

agree to pay back taxes for any period, complete English language and U.S. history 

and civics requirements, and complete a ‘‘touching back’’ (i.e., leaving the United 

States and being readmitted at a port of entry properly equipped) before being 

granted LPR status (the bill allows for several exceptions). These requirements are 

remarkable similar to those required during the 1986 Amnesty. Despite these requirements, the citizens of the United State will see this legislation for what it is 

. . . AMNESTY. Additionally the STRIVE Act includes the AgJobs bill and DREAM 

Act with more amnesty provisions. 

While the STRIVE Act does make improvements in the area of border security 

such as increased personnel, improved equipment and infrastructure, I have concerns that it would undermine the sovereignty of the United States. I am concerned 

that the bill would require the State Department and Department of Homeland Security to report annually to Congress on the progress made toward ‘‘developing and 

implementing an immigration security strategy for North America that works toward the development of a common security perimeter’’ for the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Additionally, the STRIVE Act requires the establishment of a U.S. 

Mexico Border Enforcement Review Commission, which would be charged with making recommendations regarding ‘‘the protection of human and civil rights of community residents and migrants along the international border,’’ the ‘‘adequacy and effectiveness of human and civil rights training of enforcement personnel on . . . the 

border,’’ the effect of border enforcement efforts on the environment and the quality 

of life of border communities, and whether state and local law enforcement should 

202

cooperate in immigration enforcement. Furthermore, many provisions included in 

the legislation which seem to bolster enforcement and border security are already 

on the books under current laws such as the US-VISIT program and the building 

of a longer, more secure fence and infrastructure. These should already be in place 

under the Secure Fence Act of 2006, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 and the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 

2002. 

The STRIVE Act also concerns me because of the overall costs of a massive amnesty. While most illegal immigrants are unable to receive benefits and welfare programs due to their illegal status, once they have their status adjusted they will be 

able to receive benefits exceeding any possible taxes being paid into the system. 

Outside organizations such as the Heritage Foundation have estimated the costs of 

a massive amnesty on the U.S. taxpayer could be around $30 billion a fiscal year. 

Rather than rewarding lawbreakers and punishing potential immigrants who are 

following the law, the Immigration Reform Caucus has been working with Congressmen Lamar Smith and Peter King on two border security and immigration initiatives—a comprehensive border security and immigration reform bill (H.R. 2954, The 

Secure Borders FIRST ACT) and a resolution calling for full enforcement of all current immigration laws (H. Res 499, Resolution calling for the Enforcement of our 

Current Laws). These two measures represent a strong ‘Security First-No Amnesty’ 

alternative to the Kennedy-Bush Senate Amnesty bill and the STRIVE ACT. The 

Secure Borders FIRST (For Integrity, Reform, Safety and anti-Terrorism) Act of 

2007 will mandate operational control of all our borders and ensure better enforcement of current U.S. immigration laws. The bill also reforms the H-2A Visa program 

to allow for a market-based number of temporary agricultural workers each year. 

The legislation does not provide amnesty, or the legalization of aliens illegally residing in the United States. By reforming the H-2A program we already have in place, 

we can better enforce our immigration laws while ensuring American farmers have 

the workforce they need. 

The resolution calls for the enforcement of all immigration laws and points out 

a number of current laws that are not fully enforced. This includes implementing 

both the entry and exit portions of the U.S. VISIT program, enforcing the employer 

sanctions that were enacted as part of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 

1986, and increasing the number of Border Patrol agents, detention beds and immigration investigators. I believe that these are common sense measures the Congress 

should embrace. 

In conclusion, I would just like to remind all Members of Congress that in San 

Diego and Southern California and in many border regions, the impact of illegal immigration is very large and growing. Localities across the country from Hazelton, 

Pennsylvania to Escondido, California, in my district, have been attempting to deal 

with the problems of illegal immigration on their own due to the failures of the Congress to address the problem. Effective enforcement of our current laws is vital to 

our ability to regain control of our country’s borders and our neighborhoods across 

the United States. I urge the Committee to conduct vigorous oversight of the Administration’s efforts to enforce of our immigration laws and to take under consideration 

the two thoughtful proposals advanced by Congressmen Smith and King. Thank you 

again for inviting me to participate in today’s hearing. I look forward to your questions.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

Thanks to all of you. 

I don’t know—we are an hour late. And I know that because all 

of us have busy schedules, you may, too. So I want to ask you 

whether you are able to stay for questions, and if any of you are 

unable to, I am sure the Committee will understand. 

If not, I will start. 

I wonder, Congressman LaHood, if I could start with you, because you represent a district that is rural and in the center of the 

country. You reference the no-match letters. I am just wondering, 

if we do nothing, given the new enforcement efforts and the nomatch letters that are going on—and, actually, the reports we have 

received from the Border Patrol is that we have really tightened up 

on the border and the number of unauthorized crossings is dropping. 

203

What do you see happening in the economy and in the country 

if there isn’t some movement on some of these issues? 

Mr. LAHOOD. Well, we know that in the agricultural community, 

there is a huge shortage right now, and for those that are now in 

the field trying to harvest the crops that they have produced 

throughout the spring and summer, that there is going to be a 

great deal of difficulty. People are worried about the kind of talk 

that goes on here in Washington and people are concerned about 

it. 

What I have tried to explain to the people back home is that we 

have done a lot on enforcement. The previous majority of which I 

was a Member, obviously, passed an awful lot of penalties and 

tried to address some of the issues having to do with illegals, employers who brought people here illegally, and some of the other 

issues. 

But frankly, people in the landscaping business, the agricultural 

business the meatpacking business, want us to do something so 

they will have the workforce available to them in a legal way, so 

they can continue to do the things that they know how to do so 

well. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I would like to ask Congressman Flake, we all 

know Arizona is, as you said, sort of ground zero for undocumented 

immigration issues, and yet Arizona elected officials have had a 

fairly forthright stand on coming up with comprehensive solutions, 

yourself, your Senator, Mr. McCain, your Governor. And I think 

about the two hotly contested races where immigration was the 

major issue and Mr. Mitchell and Ms. Giffords got elected on the 

more of the ‘‘We need to have a comprehensive-type solution.’’

So what is unique about Arizona that is allowing, even in the 

face of, you know, tremendous challenges that you described in 

your testimony, the elected officials to come forward to say we can 

come up with a solution? 

Mr. FLAKE. I think in Arizona, because we are on the frontline, 

we understand that it needs to be comprehensive. I think in Arizona we understand that even if you were to seal the border completely, we would remember that, you know, over 40 percent of 

those who are here illegally didn’t sneak across it. They came legally and have overstayed. 

So it has got to be at the employer level that this is going to succeed. And I think we understand there, as well, that you have got 

to give employers the tools if you want real enforcement. 

And, lastly, as I mentioned, in Arizona probably more than elsewhere, you know, across the country it is 5 percent of the workforce 

is illegal or undocumented, 5 percent, representing about 7 million 

people. Nobody that I have heard—I have not seen one deportation 

bill introduced by anyone saying let us go round them up and deport them all tomorrow, and those who say that we can move forward, we don’t need the labor, are counting on the fact that we 

simply can’t enforce the current law quickly at all. It will take 

years to do so. 

And so I think in Arizona we recognize that it has got to be a 

comprehensive solution that involves certainly more border security, but also employer enforcement and interior enforcement, and 

204

then a meaningful temporary worker program that actually gives 

employers access to legal workers who are coming. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Finally, Mr. Baca, I would note at our very first 

hearing, in Ellis Island, we had the chief of the Border Patrol as 

a witness, and in his testimony he said you will never secure the 

border if you don’t have comprehensive immigration reform. That 

was his testimony to us there. 

As Chair of the Hispanic Caucus, I mean, you are not sharing 

the border effort, but the caucuses have the same strong commitment to comprehensive reform. 

Can you share with us why this is such a priority for the Caucus 

and the people the Caucus represents? 

Mr. BACA. Thank you, Madam Chair. 

First of all, this bill actually helps immigrants currently in the 

United States legally by legalizing the undocumented immigrants 

that are more likely to earn wages that are competitive with today’s legal immigrants. Current undocumented immigrants would 

have to go back of the line to earn legalization, so they can’t jump 

the line, so it would help overall. 

And finally, many legal immigrants today, including Hispanics, 

are struggling to keep their families together in the U.S. Parents 

are being deported while the U.S. citizen children are left behind 

and families across the U.S. are being torn apart and are waiting 

through years of delay to be reunited. 

STRIVE helps them and family reunification for hardworking, 

taxpaying families, including legal immigrants here in the United 

States. And many of the individuals that are here come here for 

a better way of life. We know that the enforcement is not the answer, the border is not the answer. Comprehensive is the answer 

to many of the individuals that want to be here. And for anybody 

to say that they are going to go in front of the line, no, no one is 

going to go in front of the line. 

We also realize that many of the undocumented have spent approximately $57 million for Social Security, they continue to pay 

taxes any time they go to anyone of our stores and revenues into 

our area. They help build our economy. 

By allowing a comprehensive immigration legislation, we allow 

individuals to become taxpayers and pay into our system and have 

the kind of security that we want for our Nation. We will know 

who is here legally and who is not here legally. We will know who 

our neighbors are and should be here. Our country would be a lot 

safer. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, Mr. Baca. 

I note that my time has expired, and I will try to be better in 

the future. 

So I turn now to Ranking Member, Mr. King, for his questions. 

Mr. KING. Thank you, Madam Chair. I make no such pledge. 

No, certainly I appreciate the rhythm that this Committee has 

had and there are times when it is important to hear the balance 

of the response, and you do so with discretion and I appreciate 

that. 

I am just going to go back up through a number of the comments 

that were made by the witnesses, and maybe I will get to a quesVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00210 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
205

tion. I am going to point this out, that legalizing people that are 

here illegally doesn’t guarantee any kind of security. 

Right now we have border crossers who cross when they choose 

to do so. Now we would give them under this bill one more option 

to cross the border, and that would be now you can cross it legally, 

where today you might be crossing it illegally, multiple times. 

I just ask you, if you are smuggling drugs and you happen to be 

one who has also met these other qualifications, would you cross 

the border more or less if you become regularized as this bill proposes to do? And I would submit more. It has more options to cross 

the border, more options to cross the border with more contraband. 

I have never understood the Administration’s position or the proponents of this bill as to why we would have more security simply 

by labeling 12 million to 20 million as now legal that today are not 

legal. And the—and I go to Mr. Flake’s statement. Five percent of 

the workforce and 7 million people. I agree with those numbers. 

But I think to put it in perspective, it works like this, that those 

7 million people are also matched up against the 69 million people 

that are simply not in the workforce. They are between the ages 

of 16 and 74. There are 69 million nonworking Americans if you 

add up the unemployed, those on welfare and those that just simply aren’t registered to work. That would be a working age that we 

pay unemployment in. 

There are 9.3 million nonworking teenagers in America that 

would easily replace the numbers of the 7 million working illegals 

that are here, and the percentage of work that is being done that 

would be 5 percent of the workforce is the illegal workforce, but 

they are doing 2.2 percent of the work because these are low-skilled 

jobs and we match that up to their contribution to the GDP. 

And so 2.2 percent of the work amounts to about 11 minutes out 

of an 8-hour day. You could just shorten your coffee breaks to pick 

up the slack. 

If you wanted to look at the United States from a macro view, 

certainly there are industries that have become so dependent on illegal labor that they would be in a crisis if tomorrow everybody 

woke up in a bed where they were legal to work in that country. 

I pose this question, I think, to Mr. LaHood. We have something 

in common, Ray, and that is that our grandparents came here legally in the United States and abided by the laws of the United 

States. And I have something that troubles me greatly about this, 

because I was raised in a law-enforcement family. The Constitution 

and the Code of Iowa was in our house many times, a reverence 

put down by my father, and I followed his fingers along those lines, 

a reverence for the rule of law. And I think that is consistent with 

the oath we all take. 

And I have a real concern about what message this says about 

reverence for the rule of law. And I happen to have interviewed a 

number of people who live in my district who are beneficiaries of 

the 1986 Amnesty Act. And they are invariably in favor of another 

amnesty act because it was good for them and it was good for their 

family. And their family members also support an amnesty of one 

version or another because they believe that that is the path of success for their family. And I understand the tone that you bring to 

this, and I think I share a lot of that. 

206

But if we grant, and I am going to call it amnesty because I don’t 

know how else we would define it, but if we waive the law for 12 

million to 20 million people, and they and their family members 

and their descendants hear the advocacy for how good that was for 

them, what does that do to the essential, most central pillar of 

America exceptionalism, which is the rule of law? How would we 

ever have a culture in the United States of respect for the rule of 

law if a mass of people of that number were rewarded for breaking 

the law? 

Mr. LAHOOD. Well, the answer to the question is very simple, 

Mr. King. And that is this: We are not going to waive the rule of 

law and we are not going to give them amnesty. We are going to 

say, number one, you admit you are here illegally. You pay a fine. 

You go back to the country from which you came. You touch back. 

And at that point, you are admitting that you are here illegally, 

you are paying a penalty for doing that and there is no amnesty. 

You are pleading guilty to the fact, ‘‘I am here illegally, I am paying a fine, I am going back, I am touching back to the country from 

which I came.’’

That is in the STRIVE Act. Those are provisions that, if this 

were passed, would be a part of it. 

Mr. KING. I appreciate that——

Mr. LAHOOD. I think at that point people do admit that they are 

here illegally, and there is no amnesty because they are paying a 

fine. 

Mr. KING. You understand, my definition is to grant a pardon 

and reward them with the objective of their crime, and that is really what it is. And the penalty is a less consequence than paying 

a coyote to come into the United States. 

But I would just in turn ask Mr. Flake, how would you define 

amnesty? 

Mr. LAHOOD. Well, let me just say this about the fine. $2,500 is 

a lot of money. It may not be a lot of money to a coyote, but it is 

a lot of money to somebody who is here making $12 an hour. That 

is a lot of money, Steve. It is not insignificant. 

It may be to some employer who has got a lot of money, but it 

is not to somebody who has to touch back and pay the fine. 

Mr. FLAKE. Let me answer that. 

Amnesty in the dictionary, I think Webster’s, is ‘‘an unconditional pardon for a breach of law.’’ Now, this is not an unconditional pardon. And if your definition is that they are ultimately rewarded with the object of their desire, the other day I was driving 

to Home Depot, and I got a ticket. I paid the fine, but I still got 

to drive to Home Depot. In the end, I got the object of my desire. 

It wasn’t very pleasant, but I did. 

Mr. KING. Don’t forget about YouTube. 

Mr. FLAKE. Did I get an amnesty? No. I paid a fine. 

And I just—unless you are willing to say we are going to deport 

everyone here tomorrow who is here illegally, I don’t know how you 

draw distinction between de facto amnesty that that is, and with 

a process, a laborious process that people have to go through in 

this bill. 

So that would be my answer. Thank you. 

Mr. KING. Thanks, Madam Chair. 

207

It is interesting to have Members of Congress as witnesses here. 

I appreciate your testimony. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman from Illinois, Mr. Gutierrez, is recognized for his 5 minutes. 

Mr. GUTIERREZ. Thank you. Thank you very much. 

I want to thank, again, the gentlelady from California, the Chairwoman, for conducting this hearing. 

I guess I just want to make a few points about what I have heard 

from this wonderful, distinguished panel. Number one, when we 

heard earlier from my friend from California, Mr. Bilbray, about 

Silvestre Reyes, well, Silvestre Reyes now is an original sponsor of 

the STRIVE Act, because he feels that that is the way to do——

Ms. LOFGREN. And David Drier isn’t, but he has still got——

Mr. GUTIERREZ. I understand that. But Silvestre Reyes is a cosponsor, an original cosponsor. He came to testify here before this 

Committee saying, ‘‘That was my position last year, this is my position today.’’

I would like to also say that in mentioning the question of the 

Chairwoman, we did invite the Chief of the Border Patrol to our 

first hearing, the first hearing ever on comprehensive immigration 

reform under the leadership of Zoe Lofgren, and we went to Ellis 

Island and we invited him. 

And so the chief of Border Patrol said to us, ‘‘If you want to stop 

and control the borders, you need to have a new worker program.’’ 

This is the chief of Border Patrol, the man who is in charge of defending our borders each and every day and supervising thousands 

of others who do the same kind of work each and every day. 

He said, ‘‘You need to take care of the backlog.’’ He said to us, 

‘‘You need to take care of the backlog. The waits are too long.’’ 

There are some people waiting for their son from the Philippines, 

15, 16, 22 years. It is too long. So people come. 

He also addressed the issue to say to us, listen, it was only like 

3 or 4 percent of the people that he catches that he finds are engaged in criminal activity. He said the other millions that he turns 

away are people that are coming here to look for work, to be reunified with their family. 

That was the chief of Border Patrol. And we said, well, do we 

make ourselves safer. Do we make ourselves safer in this country 

by approving the STRIVE Act? I think we do because we have 12 

million people, we don’t know where they live, we really don’t have 

their fingerprints. They have all kinds of identification which really 

isn’t theirs. 

Let us legalize their status, and now we know who they are, because at the current rate, going back to what Congressman Flake 

and Congressman LaHood stated earlier, at the current rate, last 

year we had an unprecedented deportation from ICE agents. So 

they deported 180,000 people last year. That is unprecedented. 

Well, if there are 10 million, or as I suggest 10 million to 12 million, and up to 20 million, as Mr. Bilbray and others suggest, it 

would take us about 80 years at the current rate, at this unprecedented rate, to get rid of the undocumented workers. That is with 

no new ones coming into the country. 

208

So really, we are for safety, because we want to stop new undocumented—we want to end illegal immigration. We want to end it 

once and for all. 

And I would just add, the last thing that I thought was curious, 

that if we got rid of all of the undocumented today, it would be 

easy, because it would just take 11 minutes out of every other 

workers time. Well, I guess we are going to start a new national 

service program where I and everyone else contribute to America’s 

economy, where I take out 11 minutes to go pick grapes and do 

some butchering somewhere and do something, and if all of us contribute those 11 minutes—and I think it is just a misnomer to talk 

about things that way. 

That isn’t going to happen. The good thing is, my mom and dad, 

as I am sure everybody’s parents probably—you know, my mom 

and dad didn’t finish high school, but I got to go to college. My 

kids, one already graduated and the other one—that is the American tradition. 

I am going to be very blunt. Who in this country really wants 

their kids to go back into the fields, pesticide-ridden fields? Who 

really wants their kids to go do the kind of work immigrants do 

each and every day in meatpacking plants in this country, in hotel 

rooms, and washing dishes? I am not saying it is not honorable 

work. I am not saying it is not good work. But is that really the 

American tradition, that we take our children and say, okay, listen, 

as part of your national service you need to go do these jobs. No. 

The great American tradition is that we allow people to come to 

this country, to do the kind of work at the bottom rung and work 

their way up, so that future generations can go on to become Members of Congress, can go on to become doctors and lawyers. So that 

is the great American tradition, much as Mr. LaHood spoke about 

his immigrant background from Lebanon and where his grandson 

went to. 

So I think that is the spirit in which we should deal with this 

issue, and I thank the gentlelady and return the balance of my 

time. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman yields back. 

The gentleman from California, my colleague Mr. Gallegly? 

Mr. GALLEGLY. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. 

Ray, I listened with great interest to your testimony. Clearly, we 

all understand we are a Nation of laws. We are a Nation of immigrants. In fact, most people in this room can’t go back more than 

two or three, maybe four generations at the most, and find that 

their roots come from foreign soil. 

But I found it interesting that you prefaced your remarks and 

you were very proud, or appeared to be very proud, of the fact that 

your grandparents, to quote Ray LaHood, ‘‘played by the rules.’’

Now, Ray, the folks you are talking about here today did not play 

by the rules. We have millions of people waiting in line, some 8, 

10, 12 years. Our office does more work processing immigration 

cases than all the rest of the cases combined that we do in our district office. We have folks that play by the rules for many years. 

What kind of a message does it send to those that have waited 

in line, like your grandparents, and played by the rules, what message does it send to them? Why should we play by the rules if 

209

someone whose violated the rules long enough, they get a fine of 

$2,500 and touch back. Do they have to touch back for 10 years, 

8 years, 6 years? Or for 20 minutes? 

What kind of a message does that send, Ray? 

Mr. LAHOOD. Well, Mr. Gallegly, I will say this. The reason I am 

supporting the STRIVE Act is that it allows for people to play by 

the rules, to create a set of rules that allows people to admit guilt, 

illegality, to pay a fine, to go back, to touch back for whatever period of time. And at that point, there is a system whereby they can 

say, ‘‘Hey, I violated the rules, I am going to pay my fine, I am 

going to play by the rules now.’’ That is what the STRIVE Act 

does——

Mr. GALLEGLY. Well, pardon me, Ray, though, that——

Mr. LAHOOD [continuing]. It gives people an opportunity to play 

by the rules. Right now——

Mr. GALLEGLY. That doesn’t answer the question. 

Mr. LAHOOD [continuing]. Part of the answer to the question is, 

many of the people, as Congressman Flake said, came here legally. 

They have over stayed their time now, and——

Mr. GALLEGLY [continuing]. And are illegal. 

Mr. LAHOOD. That is exactly right. And we want to give them 

an opportunity, because they are contributing to America, to the 

fiber of America, to the employment, to the economy of America. 

Look, if you send all these people back, what is it going to do to 

America? Part of the American economy is going to collapse, particularly the agricultural economy, the meatpacking economy, the 

service economy, because there aren’t going to be enough Americans to do these jobs. 

Mr. BILBRAY. Congressman, I think the issue is, what are the 

rules? What are the rules that we are setting up? 

Mr. GALLEGLY. Reclaiming my time. 

We are a Nation of laws. And clearly you are changing the rules, 

but you are changing the rules for people that weren’t playing by 

the rules, to say that you now can play by the rules, and it does 

send a wrong message. 

Let me get back to my good friend Jeff from Arizona. Jeff says 

we don’t—in fact, Luis says it would take 80 years to remove those 

that are illegally in the country today through due process, and we 

don’t even know who they are. 

I have a novel concept. Maybe I am out in the woods, and maybe 

you can steer me straight, Jeff. We know where there are over 10 

million people in this country. Social Security service has the 

name, phone number, and probably shoe size of over 10 million 

people that are working with an invalid Social Security number. 

What would be wrong with sending a letter to that employer saying, clarify the Social Security number, make sure it is valid so 

they are working legally, or you are going to be responsible for terminating that employee. That employee doesn’t have a job, has no 

other means of support. 

Most of these folks didn’t come to the country illegally because 

of our beaches. They came because of economic opportunity. Just 

like we have tens of millions waiting in line right now to come to 

this country legally for those opportunities. 

210

Explain to me what would be wrong with that concept of enforcing the law or, perhaps, give us your definition of the rule of law. 

Mr. FLAKE. Well, that, to a certain extent, is being done right 

now. And part of the issue is employers now only have a couple of 

programs to rely on. One is Basic Pilot. Basic Pilot does a decent 

job of telling the employer if a Social Security number is valid, but 

it can’t tell the employer with great accuracy if it is being used 500 

times. And so the employer has to wait for the Federal Government 

to go back and forth. 

And as Congressman Gutierrez said, right now, given the resources we have out there, it would take years and years and 

years—maybe not 60 years. Maybe we double it or maybe 40 years. 

What is acceptable? And why is that any less of an amnesty for 

those who are here illegally now than a process by which they have 

to come forward, pay a fine, register in the program, go to the back 

of the line, go back to their home country, register, have 6 years 

of work and then qualify for a green card? I just don’t see——

Mr. GALLEGLY. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. 

Don’t quite put me to the maybe list yet. 

I yield back. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman yields back. 

The gentlelady from Texas, Ms. Jackson Lee, is recognized for 5 

minutes. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. I thank the gentlelady as well, and I thank 

her for moving forward. 

I agree with Congressman LaHood, that I believe the American 

people want this body to address this question. 

I was home in the district, and I can assure you that this whole 

question of immigration has not left the minds of the American 

people, and there are goodwill people on both sides of the aisles 

looking for a solution. 

And so I am delighted to be a cosponsor of the STRIVE Act. I 

look forward to this Committee moving on a hearing on the Save 

America Comprehensive Immigration Reform Bill, because I think 

it is important that we say to the American people that we are 

doing a thorough study. 

And I thank Congressman Gutierrez for his persistence, and I 

likewise add my real appreciation for his additional commitment to 

this body for another 2 years. We are going to get this done. 

I am holding a Constitution in my hands, and I know that the 

next questioner will probably use it in a different way. We are a 

country of laws. But we have been a country of immigrants. In fact, 

I think it is important that we take our history much further than 

the 20th century and the 21st century, for it was immigrants who 

came to this country who found or sought a better way, oppressed 

from political oppression, religious oppression. 

I am not sure whether they were legal or not. I don’t know what 

kind of structure was here to give them their documentation, but 

they did come. And when they wrote the Constitution, there were 

a number of important comments. One of them is, ‘‘The sacred 

rights of mankind are not to be hidden. They are written as with 

a sunbeam in the whole volume of human nature.’’

So I think what we have is a moral question as well. How do we 

address individuals who have come to this country, undocumented, 

211

but for an economic opportunity. And unlike other countries, where 

we bring people in as indentured servants and otherwise, and so 

it is an individual man or an individual woman, we have families 

here. I mean, that is the value system of America. We don’t necessarily bring the man in or the woman in to bring a domestic and 

then tell them that there is no family part that can come in, that 

they can’t access, if you will, their family members. 

Might I also say that some of the undocumented persons are 

overstays. Some of them are family members who have been begging for years to be reunited with their family. 

So I think we have to look at this question as a potpourri. Haitians, Africans, Indians from India, Pakistani, individuals in addition to those who come from the southern border. 

So I want to lay this groundwork and just ask one question. I 

don’t think we can do a piecemeal response to immigration. That 

is what we have been doing. And so that is why we have raids on 

labor sites. And one day there is going to be a violent act. It is 

going to be violent because the ICE officers have their right to do 

their job. They are enforcing the law. But there are people who are 

frightened and may be put in a situation untoward, or the employer may be put in a situation that results in a violent action. 

Is that what we are trying to promote? 

And then now we are talking about the employer verification. I 

don’t think we should be unsympathetic to small restaurants across 

America who are literally falling apart because they want to do 

right, they want to abide by the law, but you will close them down. 

You will close janitorial services down. You will close hotels down. 

You certainly have already begun to impinge upon the agricultural 

industry. You will close contractors down. 

And I am committed to full employment for America. I don’t 

think we should put immigration reform in place without saying to 

America, every American that wants to work, you have the first 

choice of employment. That is the key. 

And I certainly don’t want to be castigated as some have done 

for some of us, Congressman Baca, who believe in comprehensive 

immigration reform, that we are supporting criminals. The crime 

in New Jersey was horrific and we stand against it. And it is a 

shame that a convicted or a charged predator was not already incarcerated. I dare anyone to suggest to me that we affirm that. We 

mourn for those whose lives were lost. 

But my question to you, Congressman Baca, is how do we bridge 

this divisiveness? This is not the civil rights question of the 1960s. 

It was a different historical basis. But this is the human rights 

question of the 21st century. And the same divisiveness that was 

used to pit one America against another America in the race question of the 1960s and 1950s is now being used to divide those of 

us who want to join together, who want to work, with Anglos and 

Hispanics, African Americans, Asians and others. It is a divisive effort. 

Could you share with me how we can bridge that, making sure 

every American works, making sure criminals are incarcerated, 

and have us not be charged with supporting that when we talk 

about comprehensive immigration reform? 

Mr. BACA. Thank you very much for the question. 

212

First of all, Hispanics are very patriotic to this country. They are 

willing to serve this country, willing to fight for this country, willing to die for this country, and there is no way in the world that 

you can take 12 million people or above out of this country. 

People want a better way of life. They want to live in harmony, 

like other individuals who have come here, because if we really assess who are the true Americans, Native Americans are the true 

Americans who are here. The rest of us are all immigrants. 

We have a responsibility to live with our neighbors, an opportunity to give these individuals who come to this country and want 

a better way of life the same opportunities that others have had. 

If we truly are Christians, we truly believe in Christianity, we 

would allow individuals who want to come here whether it is for 

employment, education or family unification, and we want it for national security. 

It is important. When people said, wait a minute, this will be national security, we will know who is here legally and who is not 

legal and who has committed a crime. People want to comply with 

the law. They will not be breaking the laws. They will be given an 

opportunity to comply with those laws. 

And it is important that we bridge that gap, that we don’t have 

hatred amongst one another, and what we will end up doing, if we 

don’t do anything, we will ultimately get into profiling of individuals, whether you carry a document that says if you are brown or 

you are Black or you are a different kind of color, you may have 

to show ID while somebody else will not. 

It is important that we work together. I think the STRIVE Act 

goes in that direction and we have that opportunity, and we have 

all got to come together. And it is the responsibility of Congress to 

come up with legislation. That is why laws were made. 

When you talked about the Constitution, those were laws that 

were created. Those weren’t laws that were there before. It allowed 

them. We have the same responsibility to create laws now, and we 

need to in addressing this issue. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Thank you. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentlelady’s time has expired. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. I thank you. Yield back. 

Ms. LOFGREN. And all time has expired. 

I would like to thank these four Members of Congress for taking 

time out of days that I know are hectic and sharing their expertise 

and their thoughts with us. 

I know that we will continue to discuss these items and I just 

feel enormously blessed that you have given us this time this afternoon. 

Mr. BILBRAY. Madam Chair, I appreciate the chance for us all to 

participate, and I would just encourage everyone here to, as we discuss this and it goes down, I just realize how few of us participate 

in things like parliamentary meetings with Mexico and the Latin 

American countries. And I encourage everyone to spend more time, 

talk to the people down there and see it from their perception. It 

really is eye opening. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Mr. King and I just came back from Mexico and 

Mr. Berman, also. 

Thank you very much. 

213

We will now ask our next panel to come forward. 

As we have our next panel coming forward, I know that one of 

our witnesses has already told us that she has a plane to catch at 

4:00 and is going to have to leave at that time, that is Cassandra 

Butts, who we have known for so many years when she worked 

here on the Hill. 

So I just wanted to announce that in advance. When the magic 

hour comes, Cassandra is heading for the airport. 

I am going to begin the introduction of our witnesses, and thank 

you again for taking time to be with us here today. People don’t 

realize when they watch these hearings that these are individuals 

who, really, out of the goodness of their heart have come here to 

share their information, their experiences, to inform the Congress, 

and it is a great donation to your Government, and we appreciate 

it a great deal. 

Seated first on the panel we have Tony Wasilewski, a small business owner from suburban Chicago. Raised on his family’s farm in 

Poland, Mr. Wasilewski fled Poland’s Communist regime in 1989. 

He married his wife, Janina, here in the United States in 1993, 

and they are proud parents of their six-year-old son, Brian. The 

family has made their home in Schiller Park, IL, where they own 

a janitorial contracting business. After Janina was deported earlier 

this year, Mr. Wasilewski became active with several immigrant 

advocacy organizations. Later this month, on September 18 to be 

precise, Mr. Wasilewski will take the oath of allegiance and officially become a United States citizen. 

Next we are pleased to have Eduardo Gonzalez join us. Serving 

his fourth year in the U.S. Navy as a helicopter mechanic, born in 

Mexico in 1983, Mr. Gonzalez came to the United States as a child 

with his mother and two brothers. After participating in ROTC and 

graduating from high school in 2001, Mr. Gonzalez earned an 

associatess degree in occupational studies. The proud father of 22-

month-old Eduardo, Jr., Mr. Gonzalez became a U.S. citizen on 

July 21, 2005. He has completed two tours of duty in the Middle 

East and is in preparation for his third deployment. On behalf of 

Congress and the American people, Mr. Gonzalez, we owe you and 

your family our most genuine gratitude for your service. 

I am pleased next to introduce the Reverend Luis Corte ́s, Jr., the 

president and CEO of Esperanza USA. In addition to his work with 

Esperanza, Reverend Corte ́s serves on the board of the Federal 

Home Loan Bank in Pittsburg and was appointed to the Pennsylvania Minority Business Authority in Philadelphia, a workforce investment board. He is one of the founders of the United Bank, 

Pennsylvania’s first African American-owned commercial bank. 

Raised in Spanish Harlem, Reverend Corte ́s graduated with honors 

from City College in New York with a master’s of Divinity from 

Union Theology Seminary and with a master’s degree from New 

Hampshire College. 

It is my pleasure to next introduce Joshua Hoyt, director of the 

Illinois Coalition for Immigrant & Refugee Rights. Mr. Hoyt has 

worked for nearly 30 years as a social justice advocate in both the 

United States and abroad. Before assuming the directorship of the 

Coalition in 2002, Mr. Hoyt served for 4 years as the Executive Director of the Organization of the Northeast in Chicago, as PresiVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00219 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
214

dent of Illinois’ largest consumer organization—the Citizen’s Utility 

Board, and as Associate Director of the United Power for Action 

and Justice in Chicago. Mr. Hoyt is a graduate of the University 

of Illinois and the Central University of Barcelona in Spain. 

I would also like to extend our welcome to Cassandra Q. Butts, 

the senior vice president for domestic policy at the Center for 

American Progress, or CAP. Prior to her work at CAP, Ms. Butts 

served as senior adviser to former Democratic leader and presidential candidate Richard Gephardt and as an adviser to Senator 

Barack Obama. She has practiced law as an assistant counsel for 

the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Education Fund and she served as 

an international observer during Zimbabwe’s 2000 parliamentary 

elections. She earned her bachelor’s degree from the University of 

North Carolina at Chapel Hill and her law degree from Harvard 

University. 

It is my pleasure next to introduce Michael Barrera, the president and CEO of the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. Due to a last minute scheduling conflict, Mr. Barrera will 

be reading the testimony prepared by his colleague David 

Lizarraga, the chairman of the board of directors at the Hispanic 

Chamber. Prior to his selection as president, Mr. Barrera was appointed by President Bush in 2001 to serve as the National Ombudsman for the United States Small Business Administration. A 

native of Kansas City, Missouri, Mr. Barrera earned his bachelor’s 

degree from Kansas State University and his law degree from the 

University of Texas. He co-founded two law firms in Kansas City 

and served as an assistant prosecutor in Jackson County, Missouri. 

Finally, I would like to welcome the minority’s two witnesses, the 

first of whom is Julie Kirchner, the Drector of Government Relations at FAIR, the Federation for American Immigration Reform. 

Prior to joining FAIR, Ms. Kirchner worked as counsel at the Minnesota House of Representatives while she staffed the Judiciary 

and Civil Law Committees. In addition to her legislative experience, Ms. Kirchner has worked both as a private litigator and a 

criminal prosecutor. She earned her bachelor’s degree from Yale 

University and her law degree with high distinction from the University of Iowa College of Law. 

And finally, I am pleased to welcome Corey Stewart, the chairman at-large for the Prince William County Board of Supervisors 

in Virginia. Chairman Stewart was elected in 2006 after serving for 

3 years on the Board as the District Supervisor from Occoquan. He 

earned his B.S. from Georgetown University School of Foreign 

Service and his law degree with honors from William Mitchell College of Law. He also practices law as an international trade attorney with the Washington firm of Foley and Lardner. 

Now, each of your statements will be made part of our record in 

their entirety, so we would ask that you testify, summarize if necessary, for 5 minutes. 

We have these little machines on the table. When the light turns 

yellow, it means you have got 1 minute left. I know, it always 

seems faster than possible. And when the red light goes on, it 

means you have actually used up your 5 minutes and we would ask 

you to please summarize and conclude, because we have a lot of 

witnesses and we want to hear from all of you. 

215

So that is how we will proceed, and we will start with Mr. 

Wasilewski, and I hope I am not mispronouncing your name too severely. 

TESTIMONY OF TONY WASILEWSKI, SMALL BUSINESS OWNER, 

SCHILLER PARK, IL 

Mr. WASILEWSKI. Thank you. Yes, that is correct. 

Hello. My name is Tony Wasilewski. I am an immigrant from Poland, a long-time resident of the Chicago area, and in another 2 

weeks, a proud citizen of the United States. I am also a husband 

and father. 

I have been married to my wife Janina for 14 years and never 

had been separated from her. However, since June 8 of this year, 

I am living by myself because my wife was deported to Poland. 

Janina came to the United States in 1989. Fleeing communist 

Poland, she immediately applied for political asylum. In 1993, September 25, we got married. Later that year, she lost her asylum 

case and received an order for deportation instead. 

In 1995, during an immigration court hearing, Janina was ordered to voluntarily depart the United States. However, she did not 

understand what happened at the hearing. There was no one there 

to translate the proceedings and the judge never addressed her directly or explained to her the consequence of not going through 

with the voluntary departure. 

Not knowing what happened or was going to happen, we decided 

that Janina would stay with me. I was starting the process of getting my green card through work sponsorship, and hoped that 

Janina could get hers with me. Another reason why Janina did not 

leave the United States was that she was undergoing fertility 

treatment. 

Here, in the United States, my wife received adequate care, 

which would not have been available to her in Poland at that time. 

During this time we suffered three miscarriages. Finally, 6 years 

ago, our son Brian was born. 

We tried to get Janina’s case reopened and reviewed. In 2005, 

the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that it was unable to 

review her case under a law passed in 1996. 

Meanwhile, we became an example of a model immigrant family. 

We learned English, bought a house in suburban Chicago, and 

started our own business. We were living the American dream. 

On March 8 of this year, the dream turned into a nightmare 

when Janina received her final order of deportation. She was to report to the immigration office ready for deportation. 

We were able to postpone the deportation in hopes of finding a 

solution for this difficult situation. Janina was able to stay and see 

our son’s kindergarten graduation, June 5, just 2 or 3 days before 

her deportation on June 8. But despite huge support from the community, our church, and local officials, we were not able to keep 

Janina in the United Sates for good. 

After 18 years in the United States, we have nothing in Poland. 

Janina had nothing to go back to and I would have nothing there, 

either. 

We decided that Brian, our son, would go with his mom to Poland, because a small child needs his mother. I stayed to wait for 

216

my citizenship interview, take care of our house, and run our business, which is the only source of my family income. This was the 

hardest decision of my life. I had to see my family go without me, 

and to let Brian think that he was just going on a vacation. 

We don’t know what the future holds for us, and particularly for 

the child that Janina and I wanted with so much love for so many 

years. 

I feel like my life was destroyed. I am the father. I am the husband. Now, I feel lost. My only chance to get them back is to get 

a waiver for Janina; otherwise, she is barred from returning to the 

United States for 10 years. 

Our community and local officials have already offered their help 

with the complicated process of applying for this waiver. Will that 

support help? Will my pain be enough hardship for immigration officers to grant Janina a waiver? I can pray for it. 

I hope this hearing and my testimony will help all the separated 

families so they can be united again. I also hope that my testimony 

will move you, Members of this Committee, to fix our immigration 

laws so that no more families need to be torn apart. 

Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Wasilewski follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF TONY WASILEWSKI

My name is Tony Wasilewski. I am an immigrant from Poland, a long-time resident of the Chicago area, and in another two weeks, a proud citizen of the United 

States. 

I am also a husband and father. Unfortunately, my family is one of the many families who suffer due to irrational immigration law in our country. 

I have been married to my wife Janina for 14 years and never had been separated 

from her. However, since June 8 of this year, I am living by myself because my wife 

was deported to Poland. Despite my legal status and the support of our community, 

I was not able to stop her deportation. 

Janina came to the United States in 1989 fleeing communist Poland. She immediately applied for political asylum. In 1993, we got married. Later that year, she 

lost her asylum case and received an order for deportation instead. 

In 1995, during an immigration court hearing, Janina was ordered to ‘‘voluntarily 

depart’’ the United States. However, she did not understand what happened at the 

hearing. There was no one there to translate the proceedings. And the judge never 

addressed her directly or explained to her the consequence of not going through with 

the voluntary departure. 

Not knowing what happened or was going to happen, we decided that Janina 

would stay with me. I was starting the process of getting my green card through 

work sponsorship, and hoped that Janina could get hers with me. Another reason 

why Janina did not leave the United States was that she was undergoing fertility 

treatment. Here, in the United States, my wife received adequate care, which would 

not have been available to her in Poland at that time. During this time we suffered 

three miscarriages. Finally, six years ago, our son Brian was born. 

We tried to get Janina’s case reopened and reviewed. In 2005, the Seventh Circuit 

Court of Appeals ruled that it was unable to review her case under a law passed 

in 1996. 

Meanwhile, we became an example of a model immigrant family. We learned 

English, bought a house in suburban Chicago, and started our own business. We 

were living the American dream. 

On March 8 of this year, the dream turned into a nightmare when Janina received her final order of deportation. She was to report to the immigration office 

ready for deportation. She could bring a maximum of 44 pounds of baggage with 

her. At that moment, we learned that after 18 years of living the American dream, 

her life in this country would be reduced to 44 pounds. 

We were able to postpone the deportation in hope finding a solution for this difficult situation. Janina was able to stay and see our son’s kindergarten graduation, 

just two days before her deportation. But despite huge support from the community, 

217

our church, and local officials, we were not able to keep Janina in the United Sates 

for good. 

Immigration officials said she broke the law. But my wife has never done anything wrong in here; she has no criminal record, not even a parking ticket. And it 

was because Janina tried to follow the legal procedures for staying in the US by 

applying for political asylum, she exposed herself to the immigration system and 

was deported. 

After 18 years in the United States, we have nothing in Poland. Janina had nothing to go back to. And I would have nothing there, either. 

We decided that Brain would go with his mom to Poland, because a small child 

needs his mother. I stayed to wait for my citizenship interview, take care of our 

house, and run our business, which is the only source of my family income. 

This was the hardest decision of my life. I had to see my family go without me, 

and to let Brian think that he was just going on a vacation. We don’t know what 

the future holds for us, and particularly for the child that Janina and I wanted with 

so much love for so many years. Will Brian lose his country, his friends, and his 

school? Will he have to grow up to become a teenager in a country that is not his 

own, without his father by his side? Will I have to continue to struggle to travel 

back and forth in hopes of keeping my family united? This outcome has been devastating to Brian. 

I feel like my life was destroyed. 

I am the father. I am the husband. Now, I feel lost. 

My only chance to get them back is to get a waiver for Janina; otherwise, she 

is barred from returning to the United States for ten years. Our community and 

local officials have already offered their help with the complicated process of applying for this waiver. Will that support help? Will my pain be enough ‘‘hardship’’ for 

immigration officers to grant Janina a waiver? We can only pray for that. 

I feel obligated not only to share my story but also to be a voice of countless broken families who suffer due to our irrational immigration laws. I wonder whether 

our country any safer or any better now that Janina is gone. What good has been 

done from my family being broken up? 

I hope this hearing and my testimony will help all the separated families so they 

can be united again. I also hope that my testimony will move you, members of this 

committee, to fix our immigration laws so that no more families need to be torn 

apart. Thank you.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much for sharing that story. 

Mr. Gonzalez? 

TESTIMONY OF PETTY OFFICER SECOND CLASS

EDUARDO GONZALEZ, U.S. NAVY, JACKSONVILLE, FL 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Chairwoman Lofgren, Ranking Member King, 

Members of the Committee, special guests, good afternoon. My 

name is Eduardo Gonzalez. I am enlisted in the United States 

Navy. My rank is Petty Officer Second Class. 

I enlisted in the Navy in 2003. I graduated high school in 2001 

and then continued my education by earning my Associate’s degree 

in occupational studies. I had many choices, but after September 

11, I decided to make this a better country for my family. 

Since my enlistment I have been deployed two times; the first, 

on June 7th, 2004, on board the USS John F. Kennedy in support 

of Operation Enduring Freedom. The second time was on November 28, 2005, when I was deployed to Camp Beuhring, Kuwait in 

support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. 

I am now preparing for my third deployment to begin this November on board the USS Harry Truman for a tour of the Gulf region. 

I am proud of the service that I provide to my country. I enjoy 

every second of it. In fact, I plan to reenlist. 

218

I met my wife, Mildred Gonzalez, in November 2001. On May 28, 

2004, we decided to get married. Mildred’s mother had come to the 

United States——

Ms. LOFGREN. Mr. Gonzalez, just take a minute. We are not 

going to rush you. Just take a minute. Take a deep breath. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Mildred’s mother had come to the United States 

from Guatemala in 1989, without documents, when Mildred was 

only 5 years old. Mildred’s mother applied for asylum/NACARA in 

September of 2000 and included Mildred on her application. 

Her mother was eventually granted legal status in July 2004. Because Mildred was included on her mother’s application, Mildred 

also should have been granted lawful status in July of 2004. However we were unaware of the repercussions of our decision to get 

married 6 weeks earlier. Our marriage cancelled out Mildred’s ability to obtain status through her mother, because she was no longer 

an unmarried daughter under 21 years old. 

At the time we got married, we did not know that Mildred and 

her mother would have an appointment with an immigration official in July of 2004. After all, they had been waiting for 4 years. 

Mildred attended the immigration appointment, with her mother 

and brother, and Mildred was denied her request to obtain legal 

status, solely due to her change in marital status. At the time of 

her immigration interview, I was deployed and only being able to 

communicate once in a while. I found out that she was disapproved. 

Mildred’s case was then sent to an immigration court for removal 

proceedings and her first court appearance was on September 16, 

2004. The judge was generous because of our situation and decided 

to reset her court date to June 14, 2007. 

We were all hoping for immigration reform by that time, hoping 

that the law would change. However, that did not happen and on 

June 14, 2007, Mildred and I appeared in court, fully expecting 

that Mildred was going to have to leave the United Stated within 

120 days. 

I was in uniform and the judge, knowing that I was about to deploy and knowing that we have a 22-month old son, gave Mildred 

a 12-month extension. We recognize that Mildred has been fortunate to get these extensions. However, these extensions do not 

solve our problem, they only prolong them. 

On June 8, 2008, if Mildred’s legal status does not change, she 

will have 60 days to voluntarily depart the United States, or she 

will be deported. 

Since she has not been to Guatemala since she was 5 years old, 

she is not familiar with the culture, language, or society. She has 

no family there, and I feel that this would be very difficult for us 

and perhaps even dangerous for her. 

Mildred has spent 18 years of her life in this country, and to us 

and our child, the United States is her home. 

Our son, Eduardo Gonzalez, Jr., was born on December 9, 2005, 

2 weeks after I was deployed to Kuwait on my second tour. Missing 

my first-born child’s birth, was a sacrifice in itself. Yet, I had to 

perform my duties as a member of a team of mechanics that I am 

a part of. 

219

I am about to go on deployment once again, and knowing that 

my wife might not be here when I return, or where my son might 

end up if I don’t return before her court date. Sometimes I find it 

difficult to concentrate on my duties, but as a citizen of the United 

States of America, sometimes it makes me wonder. If I can die for 

my country, why can’t I just be with my family? 

Every time I go somewhere, my wife worries about me not coming home one day, but now she also has to worry about leaving 

home, a country where she feels safe. 

I want to serve my country 100 percent, but with these issues 

in the back of my mind, I feel I can’t do that. 

I am not asking for anything, I am just bringing these issue to 

your attention. As you may already know, my family is not the only 

one going through this situation. Many will not come forward and 

speak about it because they fear that they will have to pay the consequences. 

Mildred and I also worry that this might have a negative impact 

on us, but given this opportunity, we feel that if we tell our story 

we might be helping out others in this situation. 

I come before you not only as a United States Navy sailor, but 

as a husband, a father and an American citizen. I am hoping that 

my testimony helps and something positive comes out of it. 

Thank you very much. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Gonzalez follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF EDUARDO GONZALEZ

Chairwoman Lofgren, Ranking Member King, Members of the Committee, Special 

Guests: Good afternoon. My name is Eduardo Gonzalez. I am enlisted in the United 

States Navy and my rank is Petty Officer Second Class Air warfare. I enlisted in 

the Navy in 2003. I graduated high school in 2001, and then continued my education by earning my Associate’s degree in occupational studies. I had many choices, 

but after September 11, 2001, I decided to make this a better country for my family. 

Since my enlistment, I have been deployed 2 times: first on June 7th, 2004 on board 

the U.S.S. John F. Kennedy, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The second 

time was on November 28, 2005, when I was deployed to Camp Beuhring Kuwait 

in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. I am now preparing for my third deployment, to begin this November on board the U.S.S. Harry S. Truman for a tour of 

the Gulf region. I am proud of my service to this country and have enjoyed every 

second of my four-year enlistment. In fact, I plan to re-enlist when my current commitment is up. 

I met my wife, Mildred Gonzalez, in November 2001. On May 28, 2004, we decided to get married. Mildred’s mother had come to the United States from Guatemala in 1989, without documents, when Mildred was only 5 years old. Mildred’s 

mother applied for asylum/NACARA in September of 2000 and included Mildred on 

her application. Her mother was eventually granted legal status in July 2004. Because Mildred was included on her mother’s application, Mildred also should have 

been granted lawful status in July of 2004. However we were unaware of the repercussions of our decision to get married six weeks earlier—our marriage cancelled out 

Mildred’s ability to obtain status through her mother because she was no longer an 

unmarried daughter under 21 years old. At the time we got married, we did not 

know that Mildred and her mother would have an appointment with immigration 

in July of 2004. After all, they had already been waiting for 4 years for an appointment at that time. 

Mildred attended the immigration appointment, with her mother and brother. 

Mildred’s was denied her request to obtain legal status, solely due to her change 

in marital status. At the time of her immigration interview, I was deployed and only 

being able to communicate once in a while, I found out that she didn’t get approved. 

Mildred’s case was then sent to an immigration court for removal proceedings and 

her first court appearance was on September 16, 2004. The judge was generous because of our situation and decided to reset her court date to June 14, 2007. We were 

all hoping for immigration reform by that time, hoping that the law would change. 

220

However, that did not happen and on June 14, 2007, Mildred and I appeared in 

court fully expecting that Mildred was going to have to leave the United Stated 

within 120 days, maximum. I was in uniform and the judge, knowing that I was 

about to deploy and knowing that we have a 20-month-old son, gave Mildred a 12-

month extension. We recognize that Mildred has been fortunate to get extensions. 

These extensions do not solve our problem, but only prolong it. On June 8, 2008, 

if Mildred’s legal status does not change she will have 60 days to voluntarily depart 

the United States or she will be deported. 

Since she has not been to Guatemala since she was 5 years old, she is not familiar 

with the culture, language or society. She has no family there and I feel this would 

be very difficult for us and perhaps even dangerous for Mildred. Mildred has spent 

18 years of her life in this country, and to us and our child, the United States is 

her home. 

Our son Eduardo Gonzalez, was born on December 9th, 2005, two weeks after I 

was deployed to Kuwait on my second tour. Missing my first-born child’s birth, was 

a sacrifice in itself. Yet, I had to perform my duties as a member of a team of helicopter mechanics. We are in charge of maintaining and repairing a squadron of 

eight helicopters, whose mission is to transport personnel, cargo, and injured people. 

I consider my job very crucial in maintaining the Navy’s mission readiness and I 

readily made the sacrifice. 

I am about to go on deployment once again, knowing that my wife might not be 

here when I return, or where my son might end up if Mildred has to leave before 

I return. Sometimes I find it difficult to concentrate on my duties. As a citizen of 

the United States of America, it makes me wonder ‘‘If I can die for my country, then 

why am I not allowed to just be with my family?’’ Every time I go somewhere with 

my squadron, my wife worries about me not coming home one day, but now she also 

has to worry about leaving a home, a country, where she feels safe. 

I want to serve my country one hundred percent. But with this issue in the back 

of my mind, I feel I can’t do that. I am not asking for anything, I am just bringing 

this issue to your attention. As you may already know, my family is not the only 

one going through the same situation. Many will not come forward and speak about 

it because they fear they might have to pay the consequences. Mildred and I also 

worry that this might have a negative impact on us, but given this opportunity, we 

feel that if we tell our story we might be helping out others in same situation. I 

come before you not only as a United States Navy sailor, but as a husband, a father 

and an American citizen. I am hoping that my testimony helps, and something positive will come out of this. Thank you.

Ms. LOFGREN. Reverend Corte ́s? 

TESTIMONY OF REVEREND LUIS CORTE ́ S, JR.,

PRESIDENT, ESPERANZA USA 

Mr. CORTE ́S. Thank you, Madam Chair, Mr. King and Members 

of the Subcommittee for the opportunity to appear before you 

today. 

Since immigration legislation failed in the Senate this summer, 

hundreds of State and local enforcement initiatives have been enacted and thousands more are pending. 

In these cities and States, a fundamental value of American jurisprudence, the presumption of innocence, is gone. For thousands 

of third, fourth, and even fifth generation American citizens, their 

skin color now defines the limit of their rights. 

The color of our skin or the sound of our accent now provides us 

the privilege of being detained, harassed, or accosted in an effort 

to determine our status. Even I wonder whether I need to carry my 

passport. 

Criminal elements are now beginning to prey upon innocent, lawabiding, hardworking members of our community. Many of them, 

in fact, are American citizens. American citizens are now afraid to 

call the police. American citizens are deciding it is easier to let certain crimes go, to not get involved as witnesses, than to fall victim 

221

to over-aggressive law enforcement when they have a family member who is undocumented. 

The country needs immigration reform legislation enacted now 

more than ever. With the Senate’s failure, we look to the House for 

leadership. The House needs to show the same leadership and ability to resolve differences as was demonstrated 10 years ago when 

Congress passed comprehensive welfare reform. The welfare reform 

debate was heated and full of conflict and controversy, and yet this 

Congress and this country came together and solved one of the biggest domestic problems facing our country in the mid-Nineties. 

I have faith that Congress can rise to this similar challenge 

today. The House has an opportunity to show wisdom and courage 

and permanently fix our broken immigration system. Now is the 

time to lead, to educate constituencies influenced more by rhetoric 

than reality. Now is the time for leaders of both parties to teach 

their junior members by example. 

Faith leaders are called to ground their conduct in treatment of 

others in our reading and understanding of scripture. So too for 

guidance on immigration policy we turn first to scripture. Our support for comprehensive immigration reform comes from the Biblical 

mandate to advocate on behalf of the stranger in one’s land, a practice that is noted in the Old Testament. 

As in Leviticus 19:33-34, when an alien resides with you in your 

land, you shall not repress the alien. The alien who resides with 

you shall be with you as the citizen among you. 

In Matthew 25:35, which is in the New Testament, Christ calls 

on all his followers to treat immigrants with fairness, justice, and 

hospitality. ‘‘I was hungry, and you gave me something to eat. I 

was thirsty, and you gave me something to drink. I was a stranger, 

and you invited me in.’’

One of my continuing frustrations is the gross distortion of the 

word ‘‘amnesty.’’ As Christians, we understand amnesty. Amnesty 

is what Christ provided us as forgiveness for our sins when he paid 

for our sins with his life. This is true amnesty, unconditional and 

without penalty. 

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines amnesty as a pardon. A 

pardon is defined as the excusing of an offense without penalty. 

Amnesty is a free pass and a place in front of the line. The 

STRIVE Act, as well as recent Senate bills, are in fact not amnesty. 

I congratulate Congressman Gutierrez and Congressman Flake 

for their leadership and hard work that went into writing the 

STRIVE Act. I commend you on the rising above political rhetoric 

and polarization and working to bring a just solution to a current 

crisis. We believe today, as strongly as we did last year, that for 

an immigration proposal to permanently fix our immigration system, it must accomplish four objectives. 

First, it must be compassionate, just, and true to our heritage as 

a Nation of families built by immigrants and to our heritage as a 

welcoming Nation. 

Second, it must secure our borders. 

Third, it must secure our economy by providing safe, secure systems to meet current and future workforce requirements. 

222

And, fourth, it must be a permanent, lasting, sustainable fix, 

rather than one 20 years from now that will land us right back 

where we are today. 

We believe the STRIVE Act is a fair, workable, and just solution 

to our disastrous immigration system and meets these four objectives. 

In survey after survey, 65 percent of Republicans and 72 percent 

of Democrats consistently support legal status with a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants who get in back of the line and pay 

penalties, learn English, et cetera. 

If the House could find the courage to have the debate, to educate their junior members and their constituencies, we might solve 

our biggest domestic issue of the decade. 

Most Americans and most Members of Congress recognize that 

the vast majority of the 12 million people who are here undocumented are good people caught in a bad system, victims of one of 

the worst public policy failures of our time. 

Forty percent who are currently in this country legally, 4.8 million people, entered legally. They couldn’t get through our system. 

We are a Nation of laws; 12 million people live here illegally and 

for that there should be penalties. But just as we are a Nation of 

laws, we are also a Nation that believes that the punishment 

should fit the crime. These are not violent crimes, these are not 

violent criminals. Don’t take the easy road and pass pieces of legislation for which there is already consensus among members. Let us 

have the debate in a national discussion and let us take the vote. 

In the end, you are either those that work on behalf of the harassed and the helpless or those that refuse to set the law of the 

land that will direct its citizenry and show the moral fortitude that 

is so lacking today in our public discourse. 

Thank you, Madam Chair, and Members of the Subcommittee. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Corte ́s follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF LUIS CORTE ́S, JR. 

Thank you, Madam Chair, Mr. King and Members of the Subcommittee, for the 

opportunity to appear before you today. I am encouraged by this hearing and by information gathered in preparation for this hearing that the House and this Committee may actually move immigration legislation this fall. 

I appear before you today representing Esperanza’s national network of over 

10,000 Hispanic congregations, faith and community based agencies. As the nation’s 

largest Hispanic faith-based organization, throughout the immigration debate and 

legislative process, we have engaged and informed our community, educating and 

activating our considerable constituency on the nuances of this most important 

issue. 

Since the President first announced his immigration policy in January 2004, 

Esperanza has worked closely with Members of Congress of both parties, the White 

House and the Administration to see comprehensive immigration reform become 

law. Every year before the National Hispanic Prayer Breakfast, Esperanza sends 

hundreds of Hispanic pastors and church leaders to Capitol Hill to meet with their 

Members of Congress. Since 2004, immigration has been a priority topic. 

RULE OF LAW TURNED UPSIDE DOWN

Since comprehensive immigration reform legislation failed to pass the Senate this 

summer, hundreds of state and local enforcement initiatives have been enacted and 

thousands more are pending. 

In these cities and states, a fundamental value of American jurisprudence—the 

presumption of innocence—is gone. Law abiding residents simply thought to be illegal are being detained. For thousands of third, fourth and even fifth generation 

American citizens their color now defines the limits of their rights. The color of our 

223

skin or the sound of their accent now provides us the privilege of being detained, 

harassed or accosted in an effort to determine our status. 

EVEN I WONDER WHETHER I NEED TO CARRY MY PASSPORT. 

Should the House fail as the Senate has failed, you will send our country back 

in time, back to the pre-1960’s world of ‘‘separate but equal.’’ What of my parents 

who are a little darker, speak English less refined and may swallow an occasional 

vowel or letter? What happens to those tried and true American citizens that bleed 

red white and blue but look a little different and talk a little different—will they 

be afforded equal treatment under the law or will the law create a wedge, an opening that will lead to the mistreatment of those that don’t fit the American ideal of 

citizenship? 

If unchecked, criminal elements will continue to prey on innocent, law abiding, 

hardworking residents of our communities, most of them American citizens, now 

afraid to call the police. American citizens now must consider the cost of police involvement for them and their families and now chose not to subject themselves to 

exploitation and abuse. It is easier to let certain crimes go, to not get involved as 

witnesses, than to fall victim to over aggressive law enforcement still learning the 

ropes of immigration enforcement. 

CALL FOR LEADERSHIP

The country needs immigration reform legislation to become law now more than 

ever. With Senate failure, we look to the House for leadership. Our clergy looks to 

you, Madam Chair, your expertise and your ability to bring people together. We look 

to Mr. King to find areas of consensus, to find common ground and workable solutions. 

Our clergy calls on Speaker Pelosi, Judiciary Committee Chairman Conyers, 

Ranking Chairman Smith and Minority Leader Boehner to show the same leadership, commitment and ability to resolve differences as this Congress demonstrated 

10 years ago when Congress passed comprehensive welfare reform. The welfare reform debate was heated and full of conflict and controversy. And yet this Congress 

and this country came together and solved one of the biggest problems facing our 

country in the mid 90’s. All except Mr. King were here during the welfare reform 

debate. I have faith you can rise to this similar challenge today. 

The Senate has made their choice. Now the House has an opportunity to show 

wisdom and courage to fix our broken immigration system once and for all. Now is 

the time to lead—to educate constituencies influenced more by rhetoric than reality. 

Now is the time to do what is right, to stand up for what is right. Win the arguments and back down the bullies. Now is the time for leaders of both parties to 

teach their junior members by example. 

In the book of Matthew we are told that Jesus had compassion for the people of 

his day as they were ‘‘harassed and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd,’’ because their leaders abdicated their responsibility. Those called to set the law of the 

land and direct the citizenry did not have the moral fortitude to provide for their 

people. The people were worn out and tired. Constantly running up against a wall 

with no place to go, they were demoralized and helpless as their government failed 

to provide the most basic necessities of life. Because leaders abdicated their role as 

leaders, turned their back on the people of their day, Jesus’ response was to heal 

them and make them whole. 

We stand ready to work with anyone and everyone with the strength and courage 

to lead this country toward a compassionate, merciful, workable solution. 

THEOLOGY & IMMIGRATION POLICY

You invited me here today in my role as a religious leader, to share thoughts and 

analysis of the STRIVE Act from our perspective as religious and community leaders. As faith leaders, we are called to ground our conduct and treatment of others 

in our reading and understanding of Scripture. So, too, for guidance on immigration 

policy we turn first to Scripture. Our support for comprehensive immigration reform 

comes from the biblical mandate to advocate on behalf of the stranger in one’s land, 

a practice as ancient as the Old Testament. 

As written in Leviticus 19:33–34, ‘‘When an alien resides with you in your land, 

you shall not oppress the alien. The alien who resides with you shall be to you as 

the citizen among you; you shall love the alien as yourself, for you were aliens in 

the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God.’’ In Matthew 25:35, Christ calls on all 

his followers to treat immigrants with fairness, justice and hospitality, ‘‘For I was 

hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something 

to drink. I was a stranger and you invited me in.’’

224

Our call for Congress to pass comprehensive immigration reform is our call for 

Congress to recognize our history as a nation of justice, mercy, and compassion. 

These genuinely American principles must not be abandoned in any new immigration reform. 

One of the continuing distortions in this debate is the definition of ‘‘amnesty.’’ I 

am frustrated that we must continue to deal with those who choose to distort the 

real meaning of amnesty. 

As Christians we understand amnesty: Amnesty is what Christ provided for us 

as forgiveness for our sins when he paid for our sins with his life. This is true amnesty—unconditional and without penalty. 

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines amnesty as ‘‘the act of an authority (as 

a government) by which pardon is granted to a large group of individuals.’’ A pardon 

is defined as ‘‘the excusing of an offense without exacting a penalty’’ (emphasis 

added). 

For politicians to distort the meaning of amnesty is a travesty. Those who persist 

should be ashamed. As religious leaders we call on the RNC and DNC to deal honestly and righteously with this issue. We ask the Chairmen of both parties to publicly ask their members to refrain from seeking political gain on the backs of the 

powerless and instead, work toward just solutions. 

THE STRIVE ACT

I congratulate Congressman Gutierrez and Congressman Flake for their leadership, dedication, commitment and all the hard work that went into developing the 

STRIVE Act. I commend you on rising above political rhetoric and polarization and 

working to bring a just solution to the current crisis. 

Esperanza evaluates all immigration legislation against Esperanza’s Statement of 

Principles. Esperanza’s Principles were released in March, 2006 and still hold true 

today. They are included as an attachment to this testimony. 

We believe today as strongly as we did last year that for an immigration proposal 

to permanently fix our badly broken immigration system, it must accomplish four 

objectives: First, it must be compassionate, just and true to our heritage as a nation 

of families built by immigrants, to our heritage as a welcoming nation. Second, it 

must secure our borders. Third, it must secure our economy by providing safe, secure systems to meet current and future workforce requirements. And, fourth it 

must be a permanent, lasting, sustainable fix rather than one that, 20 years from 

now, will land us right back where we are today. 

We believe the STRIVE Act is a fair, workable and just solution to our disastrous 

immigration system. We also believe implementation of the STRIVE Act would be 

a permanent fix as it provides workable methods to secure our borders, to secure 

our economy with avenues for current and future workforce requirements. The 

STRIVE Act also keeps intact our nation’s value on family unification. We would 

welcome the opportunity to work with you and your staff to see the STRIVE Act 

become the law of the land. 

We understand there is consideration being given about moving immigration legislation in pieces rather than one comprehensive bill. While our strong preference 

is to pass a comprehensive bill, we would also support and work closely towards 

passage of separate pieces of legislation. Since the American people understand and 

support in large majorities all the basic components of the STRIVE Act (see attachment), by debating each title separately, it just might be possible to avoid the rhetoric and distortion that ended with the collapse of the Senate bill. 

Should the decision be made to move legislative pieces rather than a comprehensive bill, I respectfully encourage you to include in the debate legislation, such as 

Title VI of the STRIVE Act, that provides legal status for the 12 million undocumented who get in the back of the line pass English and citizenship classes, pay 

fines and back taxes and whatever other requirements seem just penalty for entering or remaining in our country illegally. 

Border security alone ignores the plight of 12 million hard working, law abiding 

members of our communities. Border security alone does not address the needs of 

employers that often find themselves in moral and legal dilemmas unaddressed by 

the current direction provided in our current immigration system. This is the path 

to fix the problem we as Americans created with faulty policy, weak enforcement 

and no moral courage to make it right. 

Don’t just take the easy road and pass the pieces for which there is already consensus among Members. Let’s have the debate and a national discussion. Let’s take 

a vote. 

225

FOR CONSIDERATION: ESSENTIAL ROLE FOR THE HISPANIC FAITH COMMUNITY

As the STRIVE Act moves forward, I encourage you to include language on the 

considerable role the Hispanic faith community can play implementing the legislation. 

In order to be successful, all proposals, regardless of specific details, will require 

massive education efforts in Hispanic communities across the nation to educate 

folks about the new legislation, to provide greatly expanded English as a Second 

Language and citizenship classes. 

The success of all proposals also depends on the willingness of the undocumented 

to come forward. Once we reach a just solution, the Hispanic faith community is 

prepared to partner with the federal government to serve as processing centers, the 

first place where the undocumented will come forward. All initial processing can 

take place at churches, faith and community-based agencies in coordination with 

other federal agencies, such as the FBI and Homeland Security, who will control all 

steps in processing background checks, employment verification, etc. 

So many undocumented simply will not go to Federal offices. As the trusted voice 

and primary social infrastructure, the Hispanic church can reach deep into the community and serve as safe harbors. We can work with the federal agencies not just 

on procedures and processes but also to ensure that those meeting with our people 

are culturally and linguistically sensitive, assuring smooth transitions from shadows 

and fear into the daylight of legal status. 

THE PEOPLE, ONCE AGAIN, AHEAD OF THE POLITICIANS

The American people understand immigration reform and the available options. 

Although public opinion research is all over the map on immigration reform, one 

set of questions, repeated by three different polling companies over an 8 moth period 

all yielded the same response—65% of Republicans and 70% of Democrats support 

proposals that provide legal status with a path to citizenship for undocumented 

workers who pay fines and back taxes, learn English and pass citizenship classes. 

A Quinnipiac University poll taken last November 16th-19th found 66 percent of 

Republicans and 72 percent of Democrats support allowing illegal immigrants into 

a guest worker program with a path to citizenship over a period of several years. 

In April, 2007, the bi-partisan polling team of The Tarrance Group and Lake Research survey found the American people of all parties, of all demographic groups 

continue to support proposals that allow illegal immigrants to come forward, register and receive temporary worker permits with a multi-year path to citizenship 

if they get to the back of the line, learn English, pay taxes, etc. 

In June, a Bloomberg/Los Angeles Times poll found a majority of Americans supported offering undocumented immigrants a path to citizenship and a program for 

temporary workers. 

BUSINESS LEADERS & FAITH LEADERS JOIN HANDS

Immigration reform reaches far beyond Hispanic communities. American businesses need workers, and current American workforce projections fall significantly 

short of future requirements. American agriculture and landscape industries, building, trades, and construction, as well as the entire hotel, restaurant, resort, and 

most service industries are struggling today to find willing, capable workers. America’s productivity tomorrow will be weakened without comprehensive immigration 

reform. 

America’s free trade policy failed to recognize that the free flow of labor must accompany the free flow of goods and services. Failure to adjust our immigration system to meet increasing labor requirements has created this badly broken system 

and unjust situation. Ironically, it is the same free trade conservatives who, failing 

to understand this economic reality, call to deport 12 million undocumented workers. 

We are joined in our efforts by an impressive cross section of: 1> business and 

industry, 2> policy and 3> religious organizations. The US Chamber of Commerce, 

the National Restaurant Association, the American Hotel and Lodging Association, 

the American Farm Bureaus, the Catholic Bishops, the American Health Care Association, and the National Association of Home Builders are a few of the national 

organizations working with us in our efforts. 

When crafting categories of legal status for the undocumented as well as for temporary guest worker programs, we must take care not to create a closed, homogenous society that exploits the low-skilled and less-educated among us, treating them 

more as a disposable commodity than as brothers and sisters. Rather, for their willingness to serve us by doing jobs we would not want our children to do, they earn 

226

the opportunity to grow and become Americans. This is the American dream—that 

the grandchild of today’s avocado picker could someday be a member of Congress 

of the United States. 

CRIME & PUNISHMENT

Most Americans—and most members of Congress—recognize that the vast majority of the 12 million are good people caught in a bad system, victims of one of the 

worst public-policy failures of our time. Forty percent (40%) of those currently in 

the country illegally—4.8 million people—entered legally. Millions await review for 

legal status and are simply caught up in a bureaucratic nightmare. The legal system views their ‘‘crime’’ as nothing more than a civil infraction, with penalties less 

severe than those for a misdemeanor. 

Families throughout our community are composed of a patchwork of immigration 

status. Around the family dinner table, American citizens sit with green card applicants, student visas and undocumented workers:

• In 6.6 million families either the head of household or the spouse is undocumented.

• 3.1 million American children live in families with one undocumented parent.

• 64 percent of the children living in undocumented families were born here 

and are legal U.S. citizens. (Source: Pew Hispanic Center)

We are a nation of laws, and 12 million people live here illegally. For that there 

should be penalties. But just as we are a nation of laws, we are also a nation that 

believes the punishment should fit the crime. 

Entering the country illegally is a federal misdemeanor. Should the penalty for 

misdemeanors and civil infractions be ruptured families, destroyed businesses, and 

lost homes? Are we prepared for the father next door, for the mother of our child’s 

best friend, for those who pray with us in church every Sunday to be deported? 

These are not violent crimes. These are not violent criminals. Their biggest 

‘‘crime’’ is coming to America looking for available work. We should not inflict cruel 

and unusual punishment simply to rectify the policy failures of the past. At 

Esperanza, we suggest that the payment of fines and back taxes, together with 

background checks, English fluency and citizenship classes are rational responses 

to an emotional and difficult situation—responses that will meet our national security interests and workforce requirements while maintaining our 

history—as embodied in the Statue of Liberty—as a compassionate nation. These 

measures can work if their intention is to truly integrate our people into society and 

not to be hurdles created to intentionally trip individuals into deportation. 

As we move forward with this legislation let us recall the words of Jesus on the 

question of leadership. You are the leaders of today. You are called to move this 

country forward and make the hard moral choices. The choice on comprehensive immigration reform is morally right. It is good business and (begins to) creates the security American needs. 

In the end you are either those that work on behalf of the harassed and helpless 

or those that to refuse to set the law of the land that will direct the citizenry and 

show the moral fortitude that is so lacking in our public discourse. We commit to 

work on the higher road of morally good business and American security with you 

on behalf of all Americans. To fashion law that elevates our country and tells the 

world how we care for those that embrace our ideals of hard work, family and country. 

Thank you, Madam Chair and Members of the Sub-Committee, for the opportunity to appear before you today. I look forward to working with you and your staff 

in the days and weeks ahead.

227

ATTACHMENT


LCJ-1.eps
228


LCJ-2.eps
229


LCJ-3.eps
230


LCJ-4.eps
231

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

Mr. Hoyt? 

TESTIMONY OF JOSHUA HOYT, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, 

ILLINOIS COALITION FOR IMMIGRANT AND REFUGEE RIGHTS 

Mr. HOYT. Good afternoon. My name is Joshua Hoyt. 

As I begin my testimony on this polarized issue of immigration, 

I would like to quote the great statesman from the beautiful state 

of Illinois, Everett Dirksen, a Senate Republican who said, ‘‘I have 

heard many a speech that changed my mind, but not one that 

changed my vote.’’

So thank you for the opportunity, and I will do my best to both 

change minds and votes. 

Our immigration system should reflect our Nation’s values of 

family and hard work. And our elected officials should have the 

courage and wisdom to bring our laws in line with both our values 

and with economic and demographic reality. Unfortunately, neither 

has happened. 

Our country is now dealing with the consequences of more than 

20 years of half-baked immigration policies from both parties. 

Whether we like it or not, our Nation relies heavily on immigrant 

workers, many from Mexico. 

Our workforce is aging. In 20 years, when I am 71, the ratio of 

seniors to workers in the United States will have jumped from the 

current 24 per 100 to 41 seniors per 100 workers. The answer to 

the Beatle’s existential question ‘‘Who will still need me, who will 

still feed me, when I’m 64?’’ is simple. It is immigrants. 

We offer few legal channels for these needed workers, especially 

for low skilled workers, to come to the United States. The laws of 

supply and demand ensure that immigrant workers will come and 

many stay. 

The half measures of the past have only made the problems 

worse. The 1986 reform did not account for future labor needs, employer sanctions were ignored, NAFTA increased trade but did not 

address the increased flow of workers. Border enforcement pushed 

immigrants into the desert, and as a result, those who are now 

here stayed put. And the 1996 reform makes it impossible for even 

productive, well-established undocumented immigrants to get legal 

status. 

So here we are in 2007. We have the untenable situation of an 

undocumented population of 12 million people, overwhelmingly productively working, yet vulnerable to exploitation. We have 200 

deaths on the border already this year, and we have no workable 

system for our future labor needs. 

Our immigration enforcement policies are severely out of alignment with our trade policies, our economic needs, and our Nation’s 

values. The half steps have not worked. And that is why a solution 

to this mess must be a comprehensive reform, and ICIRR supports 

the STRIVE Act introduced by representatives Gutierrez and 

Flake. 

With legal status and earned citizenship for undocumented workers, increases in visa allocations to cut the long backlogs, temporary worker provisions with worker protections for our future 

labor needs and enforcement provisions that are generally reasonVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00237 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
232

able and targeted. There are provisions we don’t like, but we applaud Representative Gutierrez and Representative Flake for seeking a solid middle ground. 

Chest thumping, racially-charged get-tough enforcement, deportation and workforce enforcement strategies that do not address 

our underlying labor market demands are doomed to failure. Meanwhile, the human cost of breaking up families, like Tony’s and 

Petty Officer Gonzalez’s, are tragic, and the economic cost of churning our workforce are incalculable. 

The current political strategy of those who bully the vulnerable 

undocumented and pander to the most bigoted in their political 

base is both un-American and politically suicidal. President Bush 

proved that both parties can compete among Latino and immigrant 

voters, but in the current climate, they are just driven into the 

arms of the Democrats. And there are those in the majority party 

who seem to believe that if they just sit back and allow others to 

do the immigrant bashing, then Latinos will be satisfied with lip 

service. 

Shame on demagogues and opportunists and on political cynics. 

What we need are real reforms that will benefit, not just the immigrants and their families, but our whole Nation. 

We hope that this Committee, this Congress, and this Administration will take such leadership and pass the STRIVE Act. Thank 

you. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Hoyt follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JOSHUA W. HOYT

Good afternoon. My name is Joshua Hoyt. I am the executive director of the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights. ICIRR is a coalition of more than 

100 member organizations through the state of Illinois that works to build the 

power and capacity of immigrant and refugee communities and to advocate for policies that will move immigrants and refugees toward full participation in our society. 

Thank you for the opportunity to speak before this subcommittee. 

Our nation’s immigration system should reflect our nation’s values of family, hard 

work, and fairness. And our elected officials should have the courage and wisdom 

to bring our laws in line with our values. Unfortunately, neither has been the case. 

Our country is now dealing with the consequences of more than 20 years of halfbaked immigration policies from Administrations and Congresses led by both parties. Whether we like to admit it or not, our nation relies heavily on immigrant 

workers, largely but not exclusively from Mexico. In Illinois alone, our workforce is 

aging and nearing retirement. Without new immigrant workers, our workforce 

would have shrunk from 2000 to 2005. Instead, our workforce grew by 2.7%, due 

to a 23% increase in foreign-born workers. These workers filled 27.7% of the 21,000 

new health diagnosis jobs, 42.4% of the 53,000 new food preparation and serving 

jobs and 100% of the new managerial jobs in our state. 

Our workforce is aging and baby-boomers are retiring. After decades of stability, 

our senior ratio is poised to skyrocket. From roughly 24 seniors per 100 working 

age residents, the ratio will surge in the coming decade to 32 and in the decade 

after that will hit 41. Absorbing this sudden 30% jump in the senior ratio in a single 

decade will be a terrific jolt. But the jump is repeated in TWO consecutive decades, 

testing America like never before. Who will replace our aging workforce? Immigrants. 

Yet we offer few legal channels for these workers to come to the United States. 

Permanent employment visas are limited to 140,000 per year, and involve employers 

going through an arduous, multi-year process with the Department of Labor and the 

Department of Homeland Security. Temporary worker programs involve similar hurdles that discourage farms and other employers from participating. 

But these workers still come, and many stay. Back in 1986, the Reagan Administration tried to address the unheard-of undocumented population of 3 million by enacting the Immigration Reform and Control Act. Many of the former undocumented 

233

immigrants who gained legal status under that law are leaders in their communities, and indeed throughout our coalition. 

But IRCA failed to provide any legal way for migrant workers to come to our 

country to work. Even worse, it outsourced immigration enforcement to employers, 

who now needed to check their workers’ documents. The federal government, in both 

Democratic and Republican administrations, has paid only lip service to workplace 

enforcement. The number of employers prosecuted for unlawfully employing immigrants dropped from 182 in 1999 to four in 2003, and fines collected declined from 

$3.6 million to $212,000. In 1999, the United States initiated fines against 417 companies. In 2004, it issued fine notices to three. ICE fines on employers across the 

U.S. from FY02 to FY05 ranged between $6,00 and $73,000, hardly a serious enforcement plan. As the economic reality of our labor needs sank in and workforce 

enforcement tailed off, so did the incentives for employers to take immigration sanctions seriously. 

In the mid-1990s, the North American Free Trade Agreement and internal reforms in Mexico further drove Mexican migration northward. Farmers saw the market for their crops undercut by cheaper US corn were also displaced from the land 

by agricultural reforms. NAFTA sought to integrate economies of US, Canada, and 

Mexico, but did not integrate labor markets. At the same time, however, the Clinton 

Administration was cracking down on the Mexican border, massing resources in 

heavily-trafficked areas like El Paso and San Diego in Operation Gate Keeper. 

These operations didn’t stop people from coming; they only drove migrants to less 

patrolled, more remote, and more dangerous areas in the desert, especially in Arizona. The numbers of deaths on the border skyrocketed, as did the prices that 

smugglers could charge. And the incentives for those migrants who made it across 

to go back, only to endure another, still more dangerous crossing, evaporated. Instead, undocumented migrants settled in the US, and increasingly have brought 

their families with them. 

Further complicating the mix were such laws as the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA), which closed off many legal avenues for undocumented immigrants to gain legal status, such as suspension of deportation, even if they have been in the US for many years and have strong family 

ties here. IIRAIRA furthermore set up bars and traps that prevent many otherwise 

eligible immigrants from getting green cards, including the ten-year bar that now 

prevents Tony Wasilewski’s wife from returning to the US. 

So here we are in 2007. As a result of failed policies on both sides of the border, 

our nation’s undocumented population has ballooned to 12 million people. These are 

people who work hard in crucial sectors of our economy, who own homes and businesses, who are raising families and paying taxes. Yet for all their work and all 

their contributions, they cannot even get driver’s licenses in most states and are 

under constant threat of deportation and separation. 

We have immigration policies that are severely out of alignment with our trade 

policies and economic needs. We have enforcement policies that clearly are not 

working and seemed designed to fail. As documented by Princeton Professor Douglas 

Massey, our border enforcement budget increased tenfold from 1987 to 2002, and 

our Border Patrol personnel tripled, yet the likelihood of someone getting caught at 

the border has plummeted. Yet Congress and the Bush Administration want to 

spend still more money on controlling the border and even build a border fence, 

fool’s errands that will accomplish nothing without real reform of our immigration 

policies. And, in the absence of any real federal resolution to this situation, we have 

local communities trying to figure out what to do with their new immigrant populations—all too often polarizing against them, to the detriment of the whole community. 

ICIRR supports a comprehensive approach to addressing our immigration crisis. 

For a complex issue like immigration, only comprehensive reform can meet our 

labor needs, enhance our national security, reunite our families, address the underlying motivations for migration, and uphold our nation’s values. ICIRR worked with 

other immigrant advocacy groups throughout the nation on a series of principles for 

any real reform to our immigration crisis. These principles call for the following:

• Providing a Path to Permanent Resident Status and Citizenship for 

All Members of Our Communities. Our immigration policy needs to be 

consistent with reality. Most immigrants are encouraged to come to the 

United States by economic forces they do not control. Immigrants bring prosperity to this country, yet many are kept in legal limbo. Legalization of the 

undocumented members of our communities would benefit both immigrants 

and their families and the U.S.-born, by raising the floor for all and providing 

all with equal labor protections.

234

• Reuniting Families and Reduce Backlogs. Immigration reform will not be 

successful until we harmonize public policy with one of the main factors driving migration: family unity. Currently families are separated by visa waiting 

periods and processing delays that can last decades. Comprehensive immigration reform must strengthen the family preference system, by increasing both 

the number of visas available both overall and within each category. In addition, the bars to reentry must be eliminated, so that no one who is eligible 

for an immigrant visa is punished by being separated from their family for 

many years.

• Providing Opportunities for Safe Future Migration and Maintaining 

Worker Protections. With respect to worker visas, we need a ‘‘break-themold’’ program. Such a program must include: legal visas for workers and 

their families; full labor rights (such as the right to organize and independent 

enforcement rights); the right to change jobs; and a path to permanent residence and citizenship. A regulated worker visa process must meet clearly defined labor market needs, and must not resemble current or historic temporary worker programs. The new system must create a legal and safe alternative for migrants, facilitate and enforce equal rights for all workers, and 

minimize the opportunities for abuse by unscrupulous employers and others.

• Respecting the Safety and Security of All in Immigration Law Enforcement. Fair enforcement practices are key to rebuilding trust among immigrant communities and protecting the security of all. Any immigration law 

enforcement should be conducted with professionalism, accountability, and respect. Furthermore, there should be effective enforcement of laws against 

human trafficking and worker exploitation.

• Recognizing Immigrants’ Full Humanity. Immigrants are more than just 

workers. Immigrants are neighbors, family members, students, members of 

our society, and an essential part of the future of the United States. Our immigration policies should provide immigrants with opportunities to learn 

English, naturalize, lead prosperous lives, engage in cultural expression, and 

receive equitable access to needed services and higher education. Support for 

immigrants must also include adequate resources to provide for decent, safe 

and affordable housing to help meet the critical housing needs of the 2.2 million—one in five—immigrant families residing in the U.S.

• Restoring Fundamental Civil Rights of Immigrants. Since September 

11, 2001, implementation of sweeping law enforcement policies have not only 

failed to make us safer from future attacks, but undermined our security, 

while eroding fundamental civil liberties. Failure to protect these fundamental rights goes against the core values of a democracy, and, therefore, the 

United States. For the benefit of everyone, and not just immigrants, these 

basic rights must be restored and protected.

• Protecting the Rights of Refugees and Asylees. The United States has 

always been viewed as a safe haven for those fleeing persecution. Yet, since 

September 11, 2001, significantly fewer refugees have been admitted. The 

U.S. government has an obligation to remove barriers to admission and save 

the lives of thousands of people across the world who are fleeing for their 

lives. In addition, our current policies treat many asylees unequally based on 

their country of origin. Our country must ensure fair and equal treatment of 

individuals and their family members seeking asylum, and end the inhumane 

detention and warehousing of asylum seekers.

In the House, Rep. Luis Gutierrez, Rep. Jeff Flake, and former Rep. Jim Kolbe 

have worked with their Senate counterparts, Sen. Edward Kennedy and Sen. John 

McCain, to craft legislation that would incorporate these basic elements. During the 

last Congress they introduced the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act. 

This past March, Reps. Gutierrez and Flake followed up by introducing H.R. 1645, 

the STRIVE Act. Like Secure America, STRIVE included many of the crucial provisions that must go into comprehensive reform:

• A pathway for undocumented immigrants who are contributing to our economy and community to earn legal status and eventually US citizenship—a 

pathway that would have enabled Janina Wasilewski to apply, reopen her deportation case, and gain legal status—as well as the DREAM Act for undocumented students and the AgJOBS bill for agricultural workers;

• Increases in visa allocations that would cut through the long backlogs that 

many would-be legal immigrants now face;

235

• Temporary worker provisions that would enable those who want to come to 

the US to work an orderly process to match up with the employers who need 

them, but that would also protect these workers and all workers in our country from abuse and exploitation;

• Grant programs to assist immigrants in learning English and preparing for 

citizenship, and to assist local communities with the impact of new immigration;

• Enforcement provisions that are generally reasonable and targeted at those 

who would do harm to our communities and our nation.

We would have preferred that several section not have been included in STRIVE, 

including the ‘‘touch-back’’ requirements for legalizing immigrants, the vast expansion of detention beds, and the authorization of local police to enforce federal criminal immigration laws. Still, we understand the need for compromise so that a comprehensive bill can gain broad support, and we applaud Rep. Gutierrez and Rep. 

Flake for seeking a solid middle ground for effective and humane immigration reform. 

But in addition to the right policies, we need our federal government to show true 

courage and, to quote Texas Governor Rick Perry, ‘‘maturity’’ in facing up to this 

issue and putting real solutions into place. Neither party can afford to continue on 

their current path. 

In my opinion, the fear-mongering and immigrant-bashing of last year contributed 

to the electoral disaster of Republicans last fall, and those who choose to pander 

to restrictionists and continue to alienate Latino and other immigrant voters will 

doom themselves to defeat. Last year, ICIRR and the Center for Community Change 

published a report, ‘‘Today We March, Tomorrow We Vote,’’ documenting the potential growth of immigrant voting populations all across the country. More than 14 

million potential new citizens or children of immigrants reaching voting age could 

participate in next year’s elections. In at least 11 swing states these potential voters 

are greater in number than the difference between President Bush and Senator 

Kerry’s vote totals. And already USCIS saw record numbers of immigrants, buoyed 

by last year’s marches, applying for US citizenship so that they can fully participate 

as voters. 

The Democratic Leadership can also not afford to just sit by, assume that the Minority will drive immigrant voters toward Democrats, and do nothing beyond paying 

lip service. Our votes cannot be taken for granted—we need real reforms that will 

benefit not just us and our families, but our whole nation. 

Now is time for both parties to show leadership and resolve our immigration crisis. We hope that this committee, this Congress, and this Administration, will take 

such leadership. Thank you.

236

ATTACHMENT 1


Hoyt-1.eps
237


Hoyt-2.eps
238

ATTACHMENT 2


Hoyt-3.eps
239


Hoyt-4.eps
240


Hoyt-5.eps
241


Hoyt-6.eps
242


Hoyt-7.eps
243


Hoyt-8.eps
244


Hoyt-9.eps
245


Hoyt-10.eps
246


Hoyt-11.eps
247


Hoyt-12.eps
248


Hoyt-13.eps
249


Hoyt-14.eps
250


Hoyt-15.eps
251


Hoyt-16.eps
252


Hoyt-17.eps
253


Hoyt-18.eps
254

ATTACHMENT 3


Hoyt-19.eps
255


Hoyt-20.eps
256


Hoyt-21.eps
257


Hoyt-22.eps
258


Hoyt-23.eps
259


Hoyt-24.eps
260


Hoyt-25.eps
261


Hoyt-26.eps
262


Hoyt-27.eps
263


Hoyt-28.eps
264


Hoyt-29.eps
265


Hoyt-30.eps
266


Hoyt-31.eps
267


Hoyt-32.eps
268


Hoyt-33.eps
269


Hoyt-34.eps
270


Hoyt-35.eps
271


Hoyt-36.eps
272


Hoyt-37.eps
273


Hoyt-38.eps
274

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

Ms. Butts? Good to see you again. 

TESTIMONY OF CASSANDRA Q. BUTTS, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT FOR DOMESTIC POLICY, CENTER FOR AMERICAN 

PROGRESS 

Ms. BUTTS. Very good to see you again, Madam Chair, and thank 

you for the opportunity to come and speak with you on this important issue. 

My name is Cassandra Butts, and I am senior vice president for 

domestic policy of the Center for American Progress. 

When marchers took to the streets this past year in support of 

immigrant rights and the passage of comprehensive immigration 

reform in cities and towns across the country, images hearkened 

back to the civil rights movement and the struggle more than a 

half century ago against prejudice and discrimination. The struggle 

for immigrant rights and civil rights are as intertwined today as 

they have been at any time in the history of the United States. 

We stand tall as a Nation by welcoming more immigrants than 

any other country in the world. The welcoming torch of the Statute 

of Liberty, which beckoned ‘‘huddled masses yearning to be free,’’ 

or the U.S. Government motto ‘‘E Pluribus Unum,’’ ‘‘Out of Many, 

One,’’ are more than symbols of our Nation. They embody the fundamental principles of our democracy. 

When we have honored these principles in the past, our immigration laws have reflected the best America has to offer. But too often 

that generosity was in conflict with our domestic struggle with race 

and our immigration policies were tainted with the same stains of 

discrimination and intolerance that divided the Nation. 

For almost a century beginning in the 1880s, U.S. immigration 

laws excluded or significantly limited groups of ethnic and racial 

minorities from entering the U.S. These increasingly restrictive immigration laws projected to the world increasingly intolerable conditions for ethnic and racial minorities in the U.S. who shared a 

common heritage with the disfavored immigrant groups. 

The 1960s represented a historic turning point that forever 

linked the fates of ethnic and racial minorities in the U.S. regardless of their immigration status. Heavily influenced by the fight for 

racial justice and equal opportunity represented by the civil rights 

movement, Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act 

Amendments of 1965, which eliminated the national origins quota 

system and racial exclusions. This new law became the third great 

pillar of civil rights laws of that era, joining the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as beacons of freedom 

to the world, realizing America’s founding principles. 

As a result of the 1965 Act, people of color now make up the majority of the approximately 24 million legal immigrants in the U.S. 

today. The growing diversity has reached every State and metro 

area in the Nation, and the Census projects the United States will 

become a ‘‘majority minority’’ country by 2060 largely based on this 

growth. 

But as our immigration patterns have shifted to reflect greater 

diversity and the demands of a globalized economy, U.S. immigration laws have not been modernized to address these trends. One 

275

result has been the growth of a significant undocumented immigrant population estimated at 12 million. 

As a result, we have witnessed the resurfacing of historic hostilities toward immigrants and efforts to once again legislate intolerance and discrimination into our immigration laws. If this effort 

prevails and Congress fails to pass comprehensive immigration reform such as the STRIVE Act, the implications could be far reaching. 

The choice before us is one that would either define our society 

as clinging to the past in fear of changing demographics or as one 

prepared to take a progressive step forward toward a society rooted 

in the principles of racial equality and justice that has marked our 

progress since the 1960s. 

We are once again at a historic crossroads and the path we 

choose to take could have as profound an impact on our future as 

the civil rights movement. Congressional inaction has already led 

to the patchwork of State and local anti-immigrant actions. 

Recent examples of such efforts provide few answers to the problems posed by our broken immigration system and raise more concerns about the safety of immigrant communities amid the specter 

of civil rights violations. 

The first case in point is Hazelton, Pa., which was in the forefront in enacting a local ordinance in 2006 that broadly defined ‘‘illegal aliens’’ to include lawful residents and naturalized citizens. 

The ordinance imposed a $1,000 fine on landlords who rented to illegal immigrants, and leveled a 5-year ban on businesses that 

hired undocumented workers, and designated Hazleton as an 

English-only city. 

In a legal challenge by local immigrants and business owners 

represented by civil rights advocates, a Federal district court recently ruled Hazleton’s ordinance unconstitutional. But the court’s 

strong decision in the Hazleton case has not deterred other localities, such as Prince William County, Virginia, from taking similarly disturbing actions. 

In addition, State and local law enforcement have sought to fill 

the breech left by Federal inaction by enforcing Federal civil immigration Laws, and these efforts also run the risk of encouraging racial profiling and other civil rights violations. 

Today the link between immigrant rights and civil rights could 

not be racial profiling and other civil rights violations. Today, the 

link between immigrant rights and civil rights could not be more 

apparent. Supporters of comprehensive immigration reform like the 

STRIVE Act seek to restore a basic sense of justice and fairness to 

our immigration policy and recognize the common humanity of all 

the residents of the United States regardless of their immigration 

status. 

We, as a people, still believe in the principles that defined our 

fight for civil rights and the principles that have defined our American democracy. Congress should honor those principles by passing 

comprehensive immigration reform. 

Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Butts follows:]

276

PREPARED STATEMENT OF CASSANDRA Q. BUTTS


Butts-1.eps
277


Butts-2.eps
278


Butts-3.eps
279


Butts-4.eps
280

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

Mr. Barrera? 

TESTIMONY OF MICHAEL L. BARRERA, PRESIDENT AND CEO, 

UNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, ON 

BEHALF OF MR. DAVID LIZARRAGA, CHAIRMAN OF THE 

BOARD OF DIRECTORS, UNITED STATES HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 

Mr. BARRERA. Good afternoon. It is late in the afternoon, and I 

appreciate everybody staying here. 

Chairman Lofgren, Ranking Member King, Members of the Subcommittee, fellow panelists, and, of course, the hardworking staff. 

My name is Michael Barrera, and I am president and CEO of the 

United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, which represents 

the interests of two million Hispanic-owned businesses in the U.S. 

I appreciate the opportunity to testify before the Subcommittee, 

on behalf of our Chairman, David Lizarraga, who could not with 

us here today. 

Chairman Lizarraga is the son of immigrants from Mexico, and 

I am the proud grandson of Mexican immigrants. We have been 

blessed with immigrant virtues of hard work and dedication to 

achieve the American dream. We owe our success in business and 

our commitment to the economic development of our communities, 

not just to the Hispanic community, but our communities and these 

same virtues. 

I dare say that most of us in this room owe much of their success 

to their immigrant roots and are immensely proud of their immigrant heritage. It is the strength of these immigrant roots that has 

made this country great. 

That is why I am deeply troubled that demonizing immigrants by 

closing our borders to them jeopardizes our economic future. 

Therefore, please accept the support of the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce for comprehensive immigration reform and for the STRIVE Act as a vehicle that accomplishes this 

goal. 

The employer community is fully committed to comprehensive reform, even more so due to the Administration’s imposition of a proposed enforcement initiative that may displace as many as 1.4 million workers in the coming months, and these just aren’t illegal immigrant workers. These are overall workers in the U.S. economy. 

We also support a lawsuit filed by the AFL-CIO which seeks to 

freeze this enforcement initiative. In fact, the court issued a TRO 

on this. This lawsuit references a letter signed by the USHCC and 

other employer associations expressing strong reservations about 

these proposed regulations. 

It is not every day that I think I would ever be here proposing 

and supporting a lawsuit by the AFL-CIO, but right now we have 

labor unions and business joining together to fight bad policy, 

which arose in the vacuum left by Congress’ inability to reform our 

broken immigration laws. 

The failure to pass immigration reform has also spurred, as 

many people have talked about, a flood of conflicting, fragmented, 

and often intolerant State and local ordinances on immigration. 

281

Comprehensive immigration reform is needed now if we are to 

put an end to the more than 1,400 State and local laws, which are 

being hostile to immigrants and also over-burdensome to small 

business, that have been introduced or past in the last 2 years. 

The legal patchwork is creating havoc for residents, businesses 

and immigrants across the Nation. 

Global economic integration is a fact of life. Labor jobs go where 

labor is available, and that is why we need to allow a steady and 

regulated stream of immigrant labor into our country. The choice 

is between further offshoring of American industries and jobs or 

maintaining a productive and legal immigrant workforce that can 

fill the gaps of our labor supply. 

Immigrants fulfill a critical part of the U.S. labor force by performing jobs that Americans simply don’t want to take or perform. 

The Cato Institute came to the same conclusion when it found that 

immigrant workers filled segments in the U.S. job market where 

Americans are either over or under qualified. 

But if you really want a great example, when is the last time you 

tried to get a teenager to mow your yard? It just doesn’t happen 

anymore. 

As someone that works with both businesses and the Hispanic 

community, I call on Congress to pass comprehensive immigration 

reform for the sake of small businesses and the countless families 

that are being ripped apart with every workplace raid, with every 

misdemeanor that is being reclassified as an aggravated felony, 

and with the erosion of judicial review. 

I also urge reform for the sake of legal immigrant families that 

are being forced to pay steeper immigration fees and will soon be 

forced to navigate a bureaucratic maze of Government regulations 

to renew all green cards in 120 days. This also hurts business. 

Madam Chair, Ranking Member King, and Members of the Subcommittee, every person in this room owes their origins to our immigrant forefathers and mothers, many who weathered seemingly 

impossible odds in a strange land to come to the U.S. to achieve 

the American dream. 

This is not the time to close the door to others that dare to pursue the American dream. We must lend a hand to those immigrant 

families that are here contributing to this Nation’s strength and 

our economy. 

We urge this Subcommittee to remain steadfast in passing comprehensive immigration reform. 

Please note that for the sake of brevity, I did not reference 

thoughts related to the STRIVE Act itself, but those can be found 

in the written testimony submitted for the record. 

Thank you once again for allowing me to serve as a witness 

today. I look forward to your questions. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Lazarraga follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF DAVID LIZARRAGA

Chairwoman Lofgren, Ranking Member King, members of the subcommittee, fellow 

panelists and staff, 

As Chairman of the U.S Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, I am very appreciative 

of having this opportunity to testify before the subcommittee. 

I am the son of immigrants from Mexico. I have been blessed with my immigrant 

family’s virtue of hard work and dedication to achieve the American Dream. I owe 

282

my success as a businessman and my commitment to the economic development of 

my community to these same virtues. I dare say that most of those in this room 

owe much of their success to their immigrant roots and are immensely proud of 

their immigrant heritage. It is the strength of these immigrant roots that has made 

America a great nation. 

That is why I am deeply troubled that demonizing immigrants and closing our 

hearts and borders to them jeopardizes our own future. Therefore, please accept the 

support of the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce for comprehensive immigration reform, and for the STRIVE Act as a vehicle that accomplishes this goal. 

The STRIVE Act provides for increased border security and interior enforcement, 

revamping the employment verification system, a new worker program, a legalization program for undocumented workers, and reforming the current manner in 

which green cards are provided for both the family and employment-based categories so as to eliminate lengthy processing delays. 

Madam Chair, I would like to respectfully offer a few observations and recommendations on the STRIVE Act. We commend that the third title of the bill, 

which focuses on employment verification, is a vast improvement over current regulations, especially the ones currently being proposed through rulemaking. One of the 

highlights of Title III is how it rolls out the Electronic Employee Verification System 

over a period of 6 years based on the size of the employer—one year for critical employers; large employers at 2 years; mid-size employers at 3 years; and small employers at 4 years. This is a fair approach given the difficulty that small businesses 

have in adjusting to new and complicated regulations. 

Moreover, this legislation recognizes the economic reality of shortages in labor and 

that we must establish an immigrant worker program. We are further encouraged 

that the program is structured in such a way that some immigrant workers can 

earn permanent residency in the United States. 

In addition, we recommend that the Subcommittee take into account that not all 

employers in a high unemployment area require the same type of workers. It is our 

position that the legislation should take into account the variances in education and 

skills required of certain jobs. We believe it is appropriate to allow for a waiver process for jobs deemed to be in shortage for a particular metropolitan statistical area. 

Therefore, on behalf of our membership, we ask you not to punish businesses that 

require workers with special skills or education in sectors where shortages exist. 

The employer community is fully committed to comprehensive reform, and even 

more so due to the Administration’s imposition of a proposed enforcement initiative 

that may displace as many as 1.4 million workers in the coming months. We also 

support the lawsuit filed by the AFL-CIO, which seeks to freeze this enforcement 

initiative. This lawsuit references a letter signed by the USHCC and other employer 

associations expressing strong reservations about these proposed regulations. It is 

not everyday that labor unions and businesses join together to fight bad policy, 

which arose in the vacuum left by Congress’ inability to reform our broken immigration laws. 

The failure to pass comprehensive reform has also spurred a flood of state and 

local conflicting, fragmented and often intolerant state and local ordinances on immigration. Comprehensive immigration reform is needed now if we are to put an 

end to the more than 1,400 state and local laws—most being hostile to immigrants—that have been introduced or passed in the last two years. This legal patchwork is creating havoc for residents, businesses and immigrants across the nation. 

For example, the recently passed amendment to the Illinois Human Rights Act 

will require businesses in Illinois to defy the proposed federal requirement to use 

the Basic Pilot verification system. In other cases, like Arizona’s Fair and Legal Employment Act, businesses that are cited more than once for employing an undocumented immigrant are permanently barred from receiving a business license in the 

state. This Arizona law threatens entire business chains with penalties if a single 

location is cited and applies to hospitals and power plants. 

Thankfully the Lozano vs. Hazelton decision, wherein the court stopped local antiimmigrant ordinances in a Pennsylvania town, makes for good precedent to stop 

similar local laws. But, the legal costs of fighting each of these local ordinances constitute an enormous economic burden on employers. 

The USHCC believes that the weight of the economic and demographic evidence 

provides overwhelming support for comprehensive reform. 

Immigrants—legal and illegal—fill a vital role in the American economy comprising 14 percent of our workers. 

Immigrants hold 70 percent of agriculture jobs in the United States, 33 percent 

in building and grounds maintenance, 22 percent in food preparation and 22 percent 

in construction. The agriculture industry alone would suffer $12 billion in losses 

283

without immigrant labor, and as much as one-third of the production would shift 

to other countries. 

Global economic integration is a fact of life. Labor jobs go where labor is available, 

and that is why we need to allow a steady and regulated stream of immigrant labor 

into our country. The choice is between the further off-shoring of American industries and jobs or maintaining a productive and legal immigrant workforce that can 

fill the gaps in our labor supply. 

Immigrants fulfill a critical part of the U.S. labor force by performing jobs that 

Americans simply don’t want to take or perform. The CATO institute came to this 

same conclusion when it found that immigrant workers fill segments in the U.S. job 

market where Americans are either over or under qualified. 

Furthermore, there are also very compelling demographic arguments for immigration reform. The current concern with the solvency of Social Security is based on 

a demographic problem—a high ratio of retirees to contributors. As such, we must 

assume that driving millions of workers out of the country or into the underground 

economy accelerates this insolvency to the tune of $500 billion by 2022 and takes 

billions more out of the national treasury that would have otherwise been collected 

in taxes. 

As someone that works with both businesses and the Hispanic community, I also 

call on Congress to pass comprehensive immigration reform for the sake of the 

countless families that are being ripped apart with every workplace raid, with every 

misdemeanor that is reclassified as an aggravated felony, and with the erosion of 

judicial review. I also urge reform for the sake of legal immigrant families that are 

being forced to pay steeper immigration fees, and will be soon be forced to navigate 

the bureaucratic maze of our government to renew all greencards in 120 days. 

It is unfortunate that we have once again as a nation fallen into an unreasoned 

nativist response to addressing the status of immigrants. As you may be aware, as 

far back as the birth of our nation, Benjamin Franklin himself spoke against allowing German immigrants into the United States and how their lack of education, 

sanitation and assimilation would doom our nation. 

The language and arguments that were used in the past have changed very little, 

and it is our hope that we, as a nation, can rise above the rhetoric to see the facts 

and weigh the national interest. Comprehensive immigration reform is necessary for 

our economy, our communities and our future prosperity. 

Madam Chair, Ranking Member King, and members of the subcommittee, every 

person in this room owes their origin to our immigrant forefathers, many who 

weathered seemingly impossible odds in a strange land, and came to the U.S. to 

achieve the American Dream. 

This is not the time to close the door to others that dare to pursue the American 

Dream, and we must lend a hand to the immigrant families that are here contributing to this nation’s strength and economy. 

We urge this subcommittee to remain steadfast in passing comprehensive immigration reform. 

Thank you once again for allowing me to serve as a witness today.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

Ms. Kirchner? 

TESTIMONY OF JULIE KIRCHNER, DIRECTOR OF GOVERNMENT RELATIONS, FEDERATION FOR AMERICAN IMMIGRATION REFORM 

Ms. KIRCHNER. Thank you very much, Madam Chair, Ranking 

Member King, and Members of the Subcommittee. Thank you for 

this opportunity to present the position of the Federation for American Immigration Reform with respect to the STRIVE Act and the 

policy considerations behind it. 

My name is Julie Kirchner, and I am FAIR’s Government Relations Director. 

FAIR is a nonprofit, public interest organization advocating an 

immigrant policy that best serves the national interest. Our organization has over 300,000 members and activists in 49 States and is 

affiliated with over 50 immigration reform organizations across the 

country. 

284

Madam Chair, on June 28 of this year, after an extensive national debate, the motion to invoke cloture on the Senate comprehensive immigration reform bill failed. It failed because the 

American people recognized that the legislation did not embody 

meaningful reform. Instead, they saw that through amnesties and 

guest worker programs, the legislation rewarded illegal activity, 

undermined the American worker, and only made a bad situation 

worse. And the American people said ‘‘no’’ with a voice that is rarely heard in politics. 

Madam Chair, one of the most compelling lessons we learned 

from the Senate debate is that before the American public will even 

consider amnesty or guest worker legislation, the Government 

must restore credibility to an immigration system that has long 

lost the confidence of the American people. 

However, upon examination of the STRIVE Act, it is clear that 

H.R. 1645 does not restore credibility to our immigration system, 

but instead only replicates and, in many cases, exacerbates the 

very same problems in the Senate bill. 

Madam Chair, Members, there have been several Members, honorable, distinguished Members who have testified today that they 

consider the STRIVE Act to be the solution, the best solution. I 

most respectfully disagree, FAIR disagrees. 

FAIR believes that the STRIVE Act really, in fact, fails to fulfill 

its purposed policy goals. 

First, the STRIVE Act will not end illegal immigration. On the 

contrary, by granting amnesty through so-called conditional, nonimmigrant status, blue cards and the DREAM Act, the legislation 

rewards those who break the law and only encourages more illegal 

immigration. 

Second, the STRIVE Act will not improve the economic standing 

of the American worker. Instead, by creating a massive new H-2C 

guest worker program, and more than doubling the employmentbased immigrant visas, the legislation floods the market with foreign workers willing to work for less and eager to compete with 

U.S. workers. 

The STRIVE Act does not guarantee a crackdown on employers 

who hire illegal aliens. The STRIVE Act does require that employers use an employment eligibility verification system and does increase civil and criminal penalties for employers who hire illegal 

aliens. 

However, all of this is undercut by provisions permitting the Department of Homeland Security to delay implementation of the 

verification system and to exercise its discretion to exempt entire 

classes of employers from its use. 

In addition, employees who hire independent contractors do not 

have to participate, and homeland security has the discretion to reduce penalties for illegal hiring practices. 

Fourth, the STRIVE Act will not improve the quality of life in 

the United States. Indeed, it may improve the plight of individual 

immigrants, but this comes at a cost to society in the form of increased public services, often borne by State and local governments, increased strain on the environment, and staggering population growth. 

285

FAIR estimates that the passage of the STRIVE Act would result 

in an additional 50 million people being added to the 2050 population projection. This means that instead of the U.S. population 

growing to 461 million by the year 2050, it will soar to approximately 513 million. 

Finally, the STRIVE Act will not satisfy the American public’s 

demand for meaningful immigration reform. Indeed, in poll after 

poll, the American people have shown that they overwhelmingly 

oppose such legislation. 

For example, a June Rasmussen poll of over 800 voters found 

that only 22 percent of Americans supported the bill considered by 

the Senate earlier this summer. 

Madam Chair, like the Senate amnesty bill, the STRIVE Act 

promises only to compound rather than ease our immigration crisis. Moreover, granting amnesty that rewards illegal activity and 

creating massive new guest worker programs that hurt the American worker simply does not make sense when there are other viable alternatives out there. 

One need only look to the Jordan Commission of the mid-1990s, 

the bipartisan Jordan Commission, may I add, to see that many 

sound reforms have yet to be implemented. These reforms should 

not be held hostage to amnesty and guest worker programs. 

And, Madam Chair, I would just like to say, in closing, today 

there have been many comments on the issues of fairness and justice, and FAIR does believe that immigration policy should not discriminate on race, color, religion, or any particular background. It 

should be fair to all immigrants and there many hundreds of millions of immigrants all over the world, who I believe would probably like to participate in the American dream. 

And to reward those who come illegally rather than reward those 

who play by the rules, who wait their turn in line, is, in our opinion, unfair and unjust. And while there are some who say, ‘‘Well, 

there are the people who would participate in this conditional nonimmigrant status,’’ this amnesty, as we call it, are penalized for 

paying some money, the difference is that the slate is wiped clean. 

Unlike people who are prosecuted and convicted of crimes in the 

U.S., there is no conviction on their record. It has never happened, 

and I think, Madam Chair, there is a very important difference. 

They get to start over. They get to act like it has never happened. Immigrants from all over the world, from Asia, Africa, 

South America, you name it, there are many, many who want to 

come and we should be fair to all of them. 

Thank you, Madam Chair. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Kirchner follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JULIE KIRCHNER

This statement addresses the effectiveness of the STRIVE Act as a legislative response to illegal immigration and border security in the United States. 

INTRODUCTION

Madam Chair and members of the Committee, thank you for this opportunity to 

present the position of the Federation for American Immigration Reform with respect to the STRIVE Act and the policy considerations behind it. My name is Julie 

Kirchner, and I am FAIR’s Government Relations Director. FAIR is a public interest 

organization advocating a just immigration policy that takes as paramount the national interest and the interests of American citizens. Our organization has over 

286

1 According a Rasmussen poll, only 22 percent of Americans supported the comprehensive immigration reform bill considered by the Senate earlier this summer. This lack of support was 

bi-partisan, with only 22 percent of Democrats and 22 percent of Republicans favoring it 

(www.rasmussenreports.com, June 25, 2007). 

300,000 members and activists in 49 states and is affiliated with over 50 immigration reform organizations across the country. FAIR does not receive any federal 

grants, contracts or subcontracts. 

Madam Chair, on June 28, 2007, the motion to invoke cloture on the Senate’s 

comprehensive immigration reform legislation failed. It failed because the American 

public saw that it was created to serve special interests by perpetuating the status 

quo. They saw the unrelenting violation of the nation’s borders, the skyrocketing illegal alien population, and the disappearance of jobs and depression of wages as employers exploited low-paid guest workers or simply used illegal alien labor. They 

then saw the Bush Administration join with a handful of Senators to offer legislation that granted amnesty and created massive new guest worker programs to appease big business. They realized that this legislation rewarded law breakers, undermined the American worker, and only made a bad situation worse. And the 

American people said ‘‘no.’’ 1

Madam Chair, the American people not only said ‘‘no’’ to the Bush-Kennedy amnesty bill (S.1639), they said ‘‘no’’ with a voice rarely heard in politics. And, as Senators of both parties listened to why ordinary Americans overwhelmingly opposed 

the bill, they began to realize that before them was an immigration bill with so 

many flaws and failings, no political compromise could save it. Indeed, on the day 

of the final cloture vote the volume of phone calls from those who opposed the bill 

was so great, it shut down the Capitol switchboard. Within hours, 37 Republicans 

joined with 16 Democrats (including one Independent) to vote against the Bush-Kennedy Amnesty Bill and the cloture motion failed, 46–53. 

Turning our attention today to the STRIVE Act (H.R. 1645), it is clear that H.R. 

1645 only replicates, and in many cases exacerbates, the problems in the Senate 

bill. It grants mass amnesty in multiple forms, creates huge new guest worker programs, increases the annual number of foreign workers who may permanently stay 

in the U.S. The effects of such legislation, if passed, would have devastating effects 

on U.S. taxpayers, the American worker, the environment and, most importantly, 

the rule of law. 

AMNESTY

The STRIVE Act contains not one, but three amnesty programs. First, the bill allows an illegal alien—and an illegal alien only—to apply for ‘‘conditional nonimmigrant status’’ if he can establish continuous physical presence in the U.S. since 

June 1, 2006. The alien must also submit fingerprints, undergo a background check, 

and pay a $500 fine. After six years, the conditional nonimmigrant can obtain lawful 

permanent residence by establishing employment; paying taxes; paying $2000 in 

fees and fines; passing a background check; meeting a minimal English course study 

requirement; and touching the border. This last requirement, called a ‘‘touchback’’ 

provision, only requires that during the six-year period, the alien return to the border and reenter the United States as a conditional nonimmigrant—the status he or 

she already has. There is no requirement that the alien actually return to his or 

her home country, undergo any new scrutiny, obtain any new documentation, or 

spend any meaningful time outside of the U.S. 

The second amnesty provision is in the AgJOBS section of the bill which gives 

‘‘blue cards’’ to agricultural workers. This provision allows nearly 1.5 million illegal 

alien agricultural workers, plus their spouses and children, to obtain legal status 

so long as they have been engaged in regular agricultural employment for the two 

years ending December 31, 2006. Three years after receiving a blue card, the alien 

can adjust to lawful permanent resident status and then obtain U.S. citizenship. 

This provision is reminiscent of the Seasonal Agricultural Worker amnesty provision 

enacted in 1986 that is now considered one of the most fraud-ridden immigration 

provisions ever adopted. 

The third amnesty program is contained in the DREAM Act portion of the legislation. Under the DREAM Act, any individual who entered the U.S. before turning 

16 years old, remained in the country five years, and has enrolled in primary or 

secondary school will receive a stay of removal and work authorization. An illegal 

alien who finishes high school will receive conditional immigrant status and may 

adjust to lawful permanent resident status upon completion of a two-year degree 

program. 

287

GUEST WORKER PROGRAMS

The STRIVE Act increases the ease with which employers can import guest workers into the country by creating a massive new guest worker program and expanding existing guest worker programs. First, the STRIVE Act creates a new H-2C 

guest worker program that allows illegal aliens to stay and work in the U.S. for up 

to 6 years as long as they can show employment; pass a background check; pass 

a medical examination; and pay a $500 fee. Under the H-2C program, these ‘‘guest 

workers’’ and their dependents are permitted to apply for permanent residency status and eventual citizenship. The program has an annual cap of 400,000 guest workers with an automatic escalator that can inflate the number to as many as 600,000 

guest workers per year. This will permit employers to import up to a total of 3.6 

million additional foreign workers into the U.S. at any one time—not counting their 

immediate relatives—to compete for American jobs in construction, service or other 

areas of the economy at lower wages and with arguably fewer protections. 

In addition, the STRIVE Act dramatically increases the number of H-1B visas 

from 65,000 to 115,000 for 2007, with possible yearly increases of 20 percent until 

a ceiling of 180,000 is reached. It also exempts from the H-1B cap aliens with graduate degrees in science, engineering, math, etc. and broadens the exemption from 

the cap for aliens who earned graduate degrees in the U.S. These provisions are a 

serious threat to high-tech workers in the U.S., including legal immigrants who 

have patiently waited their turn to take part in the American dream. 

LEGAL IMMIGRATION

In addition to importing up to 600,000 guest workers annually (plus family members) who will be put on a path to citizenship, the STRIVE Act more than doubles 

the annual number of employment-based immigrants allowed into the U.S. by raising the cap from 140,000 to 290,000. The legislation also reverses current law by 

exempting spouses and children-up to 800,000 annually—from the employmentbased cap. This provision further doubles admissions since currently about half of 

the quota is used for family members. Finally, the bill exempts from the cap aliens 

who come to take positions in what the Department of Labor certifies as ‘‘shortage 

occupations.’’ This last provision in particular will do nothing more than create an 

ongoing incentive for big business to lobby Washington to classify every imaginable 

sector of the workforce to as a ‘‘shortage occupation.’’

ENFORCEMENT

Finally, Madam Chair, the STRIVE Act has some positive enforcement provisions. 

However, these enforcement provisions, much like the 1986 amnesty, are designed 

to fail as they are undermined by numerous loopholes. 

First, the STRIVE Act mandates that employers use an employment eligibility 

verification system set up by the Department of Homeland Security and the Social 

Security Administration (SSA) within five years and requires SSA to share information with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). It increases the civil and 

criminal penalties for employers who knowingly hire illegal aliens. However, all of 

this is undercut by provisions permitting DHS to delay implementation of the employment eligibility verification system and exercise its discretion to excuse classes 

of employers from its use. In addition, employers who hire ‘‘independent contractors’’ 

do not have to participate and DHS has the discretion to reduce penalties for illegal 

hiring practices. 

With respect to border security, the STRIVE Act increases the number of Border 

Patrol agents and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents. It affirms 

the power of state and local law enforcement to carry out criminal (but not civil) 

immigration laws and increases the number of detention beds available. Increasing 

resources for border security requires funding, however, and the STRIVE Act provides none. But even if it did, increasing law enforcement capabilities is meaningless if the federal government continues to turn a blind eye to violations of the law 

and amnesty is to be the new immigration policy of the United States. 

POLICY CONSIDERATIONS

Madam Chair, both supporters and opponents of recent mass-legalization and border enforcement efforts can agree on many of the facts that have recently brought 

issues of immigration and border security to the fore. A conservative estimate of the 

number of aliens illegally in the United States is around 12 million according to a 

288

2Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Populations Residing in the United States: January 2006 at 2 (August 2007). 3Federation for American Immigration Reform, Report: Assessing the Population and Environmental Impact of the Gutierrez-Flake Bill (H.R. 1645) (May 2007), see attachment.

recent Department of Homeland Security study.2 Other estimates put the population figure as high as 20 million. 

These individuals do not just happen to be here; they did not wake up one morning on the wrong side of the border. They intentionally break the law by illegally 

crossing the border or overstaying their visas. And while most of those who enter 

the U.S. illegally do so to improve their economic situation, they do so at the expense of others—citizens and legal immigrants—clogging the court systems, straining government services, depressing wages of workers and exacerbating the strain 

on the environment. Most disheartening, illegal aliens by definition benefit from undermining the rule of law. Yet, despite the fact that illegal immigration impacts virtually every American and our quality of life, these effects are rarely discussed in 

policy debates on Capitol Hill. 

Madam Chair, while some in Congress feel that the best course of action is to 

grant amnesty and otherwise adjust the law to accommodate illegal activity, FAIR 

believes there are many other alternatives that uphold the rule of law and better 

serve the long-term interests of our nation. During the 1990s, for example, the bipartisan U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (commonly known as the Jordan 

Commission) released at least three reports full of sound recommendations for reforming of our immigration system. 

With respect to illegal immigration, the Jordan Commission recommended improving border security, eliminating the jobs magnet, including a computerized registry to verify work eligibility, and mitigating the costs to state and local governments. With respect to legal immigration, the Jordan Commission recommended 

simplifying immigration categories; reducing legal immigration (with overall annual 

cap of 550,000); prioritizing immediate family members over extended family; 

prioritizing skilled workers over unskilled workers; reducing the ceiling for employment-sponsored immigration; and increasing interior enforcement. The Commission 

also stressed enforcement of immigration limits, enforcement of sponsor responsibility, and protection of American workers as basic principles essential to an effective immigration policy. 

Madam Chair, the Jordan Commission recommended these reforms to our immigration system over a decade ago and yet few of them have been implemented. It 

seems that the Bush Administration and many in Congress prefer to ignore them 

and skip straight to the politically expedient alternatives—amnesty and guest worker programs. But traveling this course will only perpetuate the status quo and lead 

to the further deterioration of our immigration system. FAIR believes that the reforms recommended by the Jordan Commission offer an exponentially better and 

genuine solution to our immigration crisis. 

CONCLUSION

Madam Chair, for all of the reasons above, FAIR believes that the STRIVE Act 

compounds, rather than eases, the problems of our broken immigration system. By 

granting amnesty to illegal aliens, Congress rewards those who openly break our 

immigration laws and encourages more illegal immigration. Furthermore, the creation of massive new guest worker programs coupled with the expansion of existing 

programs serves only to subsidize corporate greed and undermine the status of the 

American worker. Finally, when the amnesties, guest worker programs, and special 

loopholes and exceptions of the STRIVE Act are combined, the resulting increase to 

the U.S. population is staggering. FAIR estimates that the passage of the STRIVE 

Act would result in an additional 50 million people being added to the 2050 population projection. This means that instead of the U.S. population growing to 461 million by 2050, it will soar to approximately 513 million.3 Looking at these devastating effects, FAIR believes passage of the STRIVE Act would be a mistake of 

historic proportions. 

289

ATTACHMENT


JK-1.eps
290


JK-2.eps
291


JK-3.eps
292


JK-4.eps
293


JK-5.eps
294


JK-6.eps
295


JK-7.eps
296


JK-8.eps
297


JK-9.eps
298


JK-10.eps
299


JK-11.eps
300


JK-12.eps
301


JK-13.eps
302

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

And last, but certainly not least, Mr. Stewart. 

TESTIMONY OF THE HONORABLE COREY STEWART, CHAIRMAN AT-LARGE, PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS 

Mr. STEWART. Thank you, Madam Chair, Ranking Member King, 

Members of the Subcommittee. 

I am Corey Stewart, chairman of the Board of County Supervisors, Prince William County, VA. 

As I am sure some of you know, Prince William County is located 

approximately 25 miles south of here. At 400,000 residents, we are 

the second largest county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. We are 

also the seventh wealthiest county in the United States. 

This economic prosperity and economic opportunity and high 

quality of life in Prince William has drawn talent from all over the 

United States and, in fact, the world. We welcome the increasing 

diversity in our community. We welcome legal immigration in our 

community, and I better say that, since my own wife is a legal immigrant from Sweden. 

What we do not welcome is unlawful, illegal immigration in our 

community. Illegal immigration is degrading the quality of life in 

our community. 

According to Immigration and Customs Enforcement, approximately one-third of the gang members in Northern Virginia are illegal immigrants, people that should not have been here in the 

first place. At last check, fully one-fifth of our inmates in our local 

adult detention center were illegal immigrants. 

In a sick twist of fate, one of the suspects in the brutal executionstyle murders of three American college students in New Jersey is, 

in fact, a resident of Prince William County, Virginia. And just this 

morning, Madam Chair, if you will allow me, a murder committed 

by an illegal immigrant, twice deported from the United States, another murder by an illegal immigrant in Prince William County. 

The suspect here was twice deported and allowed to come back to 

the United States. 

We are on the front line of this problem. The localities and the 

citizens and the local taxpayers have to pay for the problem. But 

what caused the problem was you, the Federal Government failing 

to enforce the law, and this is the problem. 

We are asking for your support to crack down on illegal immigration. The Federal Government has failed to secure the border. The 

Federal Government has also failed to support communities such 

as Prince William County that are dealing with the effects of illegal 

immigration. 

So what do we do as a community? We use our limited resources 

and our limited legal authority to crack down locally. We have successfully teamed with Immigration and Customs Enforcement to 

implement the 287(g) program. And I want to thank certain Members of this Committee who supported that in 1996. 

In the first month of implementation this past July, we initiated 

deportation proceedings on 52 illegal immigrant criminals—illegal 

immigrants who, on top of being illegal, entered our community 

and committed crimes. Those 52, at least for the time being, will 

303

not be committing crimes such as this and threatening the lives 

and the property of Prince William County residents. 

What we would ask, however, is that you enforce the laws at the 

Federal level. Failing that, we ask that you give us more authority 

to do so at the local level. We ask that you give us the authority 

to detain and arrest suspected illegal immigrants based solely upon 

a civil detainer. 

We also ask that you give us the authority to, as Hazelton, Pennsylvania did, fine landlords who house and harbor illegal immigrants. 

We also ask that you give us the authority to fine employers who 

hire and exploit illegal immigrants. 

The law must be enforced. It is degrading our quality of life. If 

you are not going to enforce them at the Federal level, we ask that 

you give us the tools at the local level to do so, and we will. 

Thank you. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Stewart follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT OF HONORABLE COREY A. STEWART

Madam Chair, Ranking Member King and members of the Subcommittee, I am 

Corey A. Stewart, Chairman of the Prince William, Virginia Board of County Supervisors. I have served in this Countywide elected position since November 2006. Previously, I served as the Occoquan Magisterial District Supervisor starting in January 2004 until assuming my current position. 

Prince William County is located in Northern Virginia approximately 25 miles 

south of Capitol Hill on 1-95 or 30 miles west on I-66. Approximately two-thirds of 

our employed residents commute to jobs outside the County in the District of Columbia, Maryland, or Northern Virginia. The major job centers in the County include Marine Corps Base Quantico, Potomac Mills, and the Innovation Technology 

Park which includes a campus of George Mason University. 

Prince William County has a population of approximately 400,000 and has grown 

by nearly 100,000 residents in the last 7 years. The County is the seventh wealthiest large locality in the United States. We are also a diverse and cosmopolitan community. Among the fastest growing groups in the County is the foreign born population. From 2000 to 2005, according to the US Census Bureau, the percentage of 

our population that is foreign born rose from 6.2% to 19.4%. Approximately onethird of this group is naturalized. 

Prince William’s high quality of life and economic opportunity has drawn talent 

from around the world, and legal immigration has been a tremendous asset to 

Prince William County. Many businesses are owned and operated by naturalized 

citizens and legal immigrants. One research institution located in the county specializing in the life sciences employs scientists of the former Soviet Union in an effort to prevent the spread of deadly bio-terror toxins. A local chain of supermarkets 

catering to the Hispanic population was recently honored by the Virginia Chamber 

of Commerce as one of the ‘‘Fantastic 50’’ Companies. We are very proud of the contribution they have made to our community and to our nation. 

Like a lot of other communities throughout the country, the County has been facing the issue of illegal immigration and its secondary impacts upon our community. 

A serious problem the County is facing is the presence of criminal street gangs. The 

County has been partnering with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and 

other local law enforcement agencies through the Northern Virginia Regional Gang 

Task Force to combat this problem. The Congress has appropriated federal funds 

for this task force due to the efforts of Congressmen Frank R. Wolf, Tom Davis and 

Jim Moran. Our law enforcement partners at ICE estimate that 18% to 30% of 

criminal gang members in Northern Virginia are illegal aliens. Over the three and 

a half years of the task force 368 gang members who are illegal aliens have been 

placed in deportation proceedings. 

At last count, the percentage of inmates in our regional jail who are here illegally 

was 21%. These inmates are incarcerated for a variety of crimes ranging from murder and rape to drunken driving and drunk in public. While the jail receives some 

reimbursement from the Federal Government through the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program, it only accounts for 10% of those costs. 

304

The number of informal ‘‘day laborer’’ sites around the County in parking lots and 

convenience stores has grown over the last several years. We have received many 

complaints from store owners and residents about these sites. Oftentimes, customers 

have to navigate among crowds of men seeking work or drinking in public to get 

into the stores. Many such stores have lost business. After one enforcement action 

to close down one of these sites, some of those arrested were found to be in the country illegally. 

As a result of these issues—as well as residential overcrowding and crowded 

schools and emergency rooms—citizens in our community have become enraged 

about the impact of illegal immigration and the effect that it is having on the County and their quality of life. My constituents believe that the Administration should 

enforce U.S. immigration laws. Because the Federal Government has failed to do 

this, the Board of County Supervisors has been forced to take bolder action on what 

is essentially a federal responsibility. 

Locally, the County has taken a number of steps to address illegal immigration. 

The Prince William-Manassas Regional Jail Board, with the express urging of the 

Board of County Supervisors and the Manassas City Council, entered into a 287 (g) 

agreement with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to turn over inmates 

who had been determined to be in this country illegally and completed their sentences to ICE for deportation proceedings. Since entering this agreement in midJuly, the jail has turned over 52 inmates to ICE. Another 59 inmates will be turned 

over once their sentences are complete while 47 others are under investigation for 

possible immigration violations. The Board of County Supervisors recently budgeted 

and appropriated $1.4 million for this local effort. Most of these funds will be used 

to secure additional jail space and the remainder for training. 

The County is also examining whether the County can lawfully prevent illegal 

aliens from receiving County services. There are some services that the federal government and Commonwealth of Virginia have already legislated that illegal aliens 

cannot receive such as Food Stamps. Other services must be provided to all regardless of their immigration status such as those provided through the Older Americans Act. Then there are a group of services that the County may have the option 

of restricting to legal residents. The Board will be considering whether to require 

those who receive this last group of services to provide documentation they are in 

this country legally. 

We respectfully request that Congress broaden the powers of local governments 

to enforce federal immigration law. Federal legislation needs to clearly enunciate 

our roles and the relevant authority. The following policy issues should be addressed: 

Authority to enforce federal immigration law: The federal government must clearly 

state to what extent state and local governments may enforce federal immigration 

law. In particular, we request that Congress state explicitly that local law enforcement personnel may arrest persons based solely upon an immigration violation, 

whether civil or criminal. Local governments and law enforcement agencies need the 

greatest level of immunity afforded by both the federal and State governments to 

enforce federal immigration law. 

State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP): The federal government needs 

to budget and appropriate a greater level of resources for SCAAP so that more than 

10% of local government costs incurred in housing illegal aliens may be recovered. 

ICE 287 (g) Program: Congress needs to budget and appropriate a greater level 

of resources, both human and otherwise, so that ICE may receive inmates identified 

as illegal aliens immediately upon the completion of local detention. ICE’s limited 

detention capacity has resulted in severe limitations on this County’s access to deportation resources. If this continues, the County will continue to incur tremendous 

costs to house illegal aliens. Furthermore, resources should be provided to deport 

illegal aliens who have completed local detention but whose crimes are not deemed 

to be among the ‘‘worst of the worst.’’ These individuals are returned to the community upon completion of detention. Funding also needs to be provided for training 

of local law enforcement agencies. 

Northern Virginia Gang Task Force: Federal funding for this and similar programs should increase substantially. The proposed FY 2008 budget passed by the 

House of Representatives in July provides $1.5 million. This is $1 million less than 

what was appropriated for FY 2006. 

Madam Chair, thank you for inviting me to provide a local perspective on federal 

immigration issues and how these affect our community. I would be glad to stand 

for questions.

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, and thank you all for your testimony. 

305

It has been a long afternoon, but I think it has been an instructive one. We will have just a set of questions and then we will adjourn, and I will begin, if I may. 

Mr. Wasilewski and Petty Officer Gonzalez, it seems to me, if I 

am hearing you correctly, that you are both in the case—you are 

a U.S. citizen, you are a legal resident about to become a U.S. citizen, and that your wives would have been permitted under existing immigration law to get a legal visa, except for a change we 

made in the law in 1996 on this 3 and 10-year bar. 

Is that your understanding, that that is the only thing that is 

really standing in the way at this point? 

Mr. WASILEWSKI. Yes, Chairwoman. Immigration officers said 

she broke the law. But my wife has never done anything wrong 

here in the United States. She has no criminal record, not even a 

parking ticket. 

And it was because Janina, she tried to follow the legal procedures for staying in the United States by applying for political asylum. She exposed herself to the immigration system and was deported. 

Ms. LOFGREN. So she thought she was trying to follow the rules 

and got caught in this trap. 

Mr. WASILEWSKI. Yes. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Petty Officer Gonzalez, this 3 and 10-year bar, is 

that really what is the issue? Because you are an American—I 

mean, not only an American, but we thank you once again for your 

service to our country. 

The rule is that if you are an American citizen, you can apply 

for your spouse. I mean, we are not trying to choose who Americans marry, but it is this 3 and 10-year bar issue, isn’t it? 

Mr. GONZALEZ. No, ma’am. When we got together, me and my 

wife, she had already applied for asylum under NACARA. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Under the NACARA. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Right. And she was already in her process. Now, 

when we got married, that changed her status and she could no 

longer be granted status under those set of rules. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Under the NACARA, right. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Right. And so now since she didn’t get it, so now 

she got sent to removal proceedings because she was exposed, also. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Well, I just think, if I can, the old immigration 

lawyer in me and old immigration law professor in me tells me that 

this is a massive bill, and a lot of the attention has been focused 

on the 12 million undocumented, and that is appropriate. It is an 

enormously important challenge for those individuals, for our country and for the economy and the like. 

But, also, within it are elements of—it is an intricate law and 

under ordinary principles, I mean, the rule has always been in 

modern history that the Federal Government doesn’t tell Americans who they get to marry. I mean, we are not going to make that 

selection and Americans get to—you are an American citizen. You 

get to have your spouse stay here with you. 

We changed the rules on that, well, 11 years ago. And in the 

STRIVE Act, that is made an issue and maybe that is one of the 

things that we should be attending to in addition to some of the 

issues that have gotten more attention. 

306

I am just wondering, Mr. Gonzalez, or Petty Officer Gonzalez, I 

mean, you are in service to our country and you are in this situation. I don’t think most Americans would think that is a very good 

situation. I don’t think most people would—they would be surprised that an American serviceman would be in this situation. 

Have you run into other people in military service who have a 

similar problem? 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Yes, ma’am, I have countless people that are in 

the same situation as I am, to where they try to play by the rules 

and when we play by the rules and we no longer qualify by the 

rules, we get exposed and then we have to go to the next step, 

which is removal proceedings. 

And there are many people in my shoes and I am speaking for 

a lot of them and they are in the same situation I am. They just 

don’t want to say anything about it. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I guess, I thank you, because I understand we announced that earlier. 

I would like to ask, Reverend Corte ́s, you have been here before 

to testify, and we always look forward to listening to your wonderful voice. But in your written testimony, you talk about law abiding 

individuals living in fear, and I know that that is the case. 

What can we do to eliminate this climate of fear that is occurring 

in our neighborhoods that you described? 

Mr. CORTE ́S. Well, law abiding people, by that, I include both 

clergy, of which we are an association of clergy, a national network, 

clergy and individual families who are citizens, but they all know 

someone who is undocumented. 

So the climate of fear that has been created is on two sides. On 

one side, you have racial profiling, and we know of the cases now 

where American citizens who happen to have Hispanic surnames 

and happen to be working in a place that has a raid are being arrested legally. 

So on one side, you have that issue of fear. On the other side, 

you have the fear that if you call a police officer and they are empowered and one cousin or an uncle or someone in the neighborhood is undocumented, clergy now, for the first time, have to make 

a decision whether we work with the police, which traditionally, in 

inner city communities, ministers have been at the forefront with 

police departments fighting issues of—fighting all the issues of 

crime, specifically drug interdiction and others. 

On June 23, I participated in a process where 56 police chiefs 

were represented by Sylvester Johnson, the Philadelphia Chief of 

Police, and all of them said that they did not want their officers 

to begin to track down undocumented immigrants, because in Hispanic communities, as well as in Middle Eastern communities and 

African communities, it was going to raise havoc between good citizens, good law abiding citizens, and the police department when 

they have a family member or a friend who was undocumented. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. My time has expired. 

So I will turn to the Ranking Member for his questions. 

Mr. KING. Thank you, Madam Chair. I do appreciate the testimony of the witnesses. 

307

First, I would ask, as I looked through your testimony and listened, Petty Officer Gonzalez, I didn’t hear you testify as to your 

place of birth and your status as to citizenship. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. As you can tell, I am real shaky. I was born in 

Mexico City in 1983 and my mother, who followed the rules, came 

over here with the working permit, and then she applied for residency. She got her residency and she applied with us as minors, 

and we got our residency, and I feel that I owe something to this 

country. So I enlisted in the Navy. 

My brother, who is 1 year younger than me, enlisted in the Marine Corps. And we are a good family. 

Mr. KING. And you have a rivalry between brothers. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Sometimes. 

Mr. KING. Then you received your citizenship when? 

Mr. GONZALEZ. 2005, February, I believe. 

Mr. KING. Congratulations. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Thank you. 

Mr. KING. And I want to also say that as I listen to the cases 

of Mr. Wasilewski and yourself, Petty Officer Gonzalez, I am not 

going to be specific about the paths that I think you have under 

current law, but I believe a year from today, if you follow current 

law, both of you will have a lot better expression on your face than 

you have today. And I believe your families will be united and they 

will stay united without fear of being divided, and I believe that 

can happen under current law. 

And so I encourage you to follow that, and I congratulate you for 

the paths that you have followed down the legal path. 

Then I wanted to say to Mr. Barrera, Congressman LaHood sat 

in the chair next to you in the previous panel and testified that his 

grandparents came here from Lebanon in 1896. And you are a 

third generation and I am a third generation, too, but I don’t get 

any credit for that. I am kind of missing out here. 

I would say that my father’s family, they were raised on a different path and it was a path of throwing themselves into this 

greater overall American culture, and I don’t hear that coming out 

of the witnesses on the panel about how valuable it is that we have 

a greater American culture. 

It is an umbrella that sits over the top of everything within this 

country, and it is tied together by a common history, which we 

share, all of us today share this, and a common language and a 

common sense of destiny and a common sense of purpose. 

And I would like to hear that reiterated more and more rather 

than less and less, and I would like to see us identified more as 

Americans first. I point that out because it seems to be missing in 

this testimony that is here. I know it probably isn’t missing in your 

heart, certainly not with our gentleman in the Navy uniform. 

But I make that point because I think it needs to be made. And 

the another point, another distinction that if there were, let me 

say, an abstract anthropologist that were sitting here listening to 

this that didn’t have their memory clouded with all of this debate 

that we have had, they were trying to determine the difference between legal and illegal immigration, they would also have a nearly 

impossible time defining that difference. Because many of the witVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00313 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
308

nesses don’t want to talk about the difference between the two, and 

I want to emphasize the difference. 

And I want to point out, also, that a Nation, to be a Nation, has 

to have borders, and it has to have the rule of law, and that is the 

most essential pillar of this Nation of American exceptionalism. 

And I saw you raise your hand, Reverend Corte ́s, but you quoted 

from the Bible and I am going to quote back to you, and it is about 

Nations. 

This is Act 17, Verse 26, and I will quote it this way, ‘‘God made 

all nations who live on Earth and he decided when and where 

every nation would be.’’

Yes, I think our destiny is directed in that fashion and I would 

believe that you would, too. And as I listened to your testimony, 

I can’t help but conclude that borders mean less to you than they 

do to me. 

Mr. CORTE ́S. No, sir, you are wrong. 

Mr. KING. And I am drawing this conclusion now and I am getting ready to ask my question——

Mr. CORTE ́S. Read my testimony. 

Mr. KING [continuing]. Here in a minute. And I listened carefully 

to your testimony, and I hope that you would respect my statement, as well. 

But I can’t draw a conclusion to anything otherwise. If we are 

going to grant a path to citizenship for almost all of 12 to 20 million people and reward that violation of the law and wipe the slate 

clean, as Ms. Kirchner said, then what will those descendents have 

to say about the rule of law? What will they have to say about that 

essential pillar, that central pillar of American exceptualism? 

And I think rather than go to hear more of this, I would turn 

it over to the supervisor, Chairman Stewart, and ask him, can you 

list for us again the tools you would like to have to enforce the rule 

of law? 

Mr. STEWART. Sure. Thank you very much, Congressman. First 

of all, I wanted to thank you again for the 287(g) authority which 

passed in 1996. And I understand, I believe it is Mr. Smith that 

authored that bill. 

What we would like is greater authority. We are willing to do it. 

We ask for three specific things at this point. First, we would ask 

that our law enforcement officials be allowed to detain and arrest 

illegal immigrants based solely upon the immigration charge. Right 

now, we cannot do that, unless they have committed some other 

underlying crime. 

Secondly, we would like the authority to fine landlords who 

house illegal immigrants and, third and more important, the ability 

to fine employers who are hiring illegal immigrants. 

And I have listened to some of the testimony here today from 

other Members and they mentioned that these are jobs that Americans don’t want to do. That is just simply not the case. These are 

skilled and unskilled jobs, especially in the construction industry. 

And if you are a contractor and you are trying to obey the rules 

and do the right thing, it is very difficult to compete when you 

have got unethical, unscrupulous contractors who are hiring illegal 

immigrants, not paying them any benefits, paying them below 

wage. 

309

And when those illegal immigrants become sick, as most of us 

eventually do, where do they go? When they don’t have benefits, 

they go to our emergency rooms and our hospitals, and that has 

been a problem, as well. 

So those are the three things we would actually ask for. 

Mr. KING. Thank you. Thank you, Madam Chair. I yield back. 

Mr. CORTE ́S. Madam Chair? Madam Chair, may I have a statement? May I make a statement, please? 

Ms. LOFGREN. I think what we need to do is go to Mr. Gutierrez, 

under the 5-minute rule, and he may want to let you speak first 

as part of his questioning. 

Mr. Gutierrez? 

Mr. GUTIERREZ. I was immediately going to go to Reverend 

Corte ́s because I think it is unfair to make an accusation of a panel 

member and then not allow that panel member to respond to the 

accusation. I think that is fundamentally un-American, as far as I 

am concerned. 

And while my parents only spoke Spanish, I was blessed with 

some use of the English language, limited as it might be. 

So, Reverend Corte ́s, please feel free to answer. 

Mr. CORTE ́S. Thank you. 

Mr. King, I want to raise the fact that if you would have read 

my testimony, you would have seen that in the testimony, I stated 

clearly that we need to close the border and that the United States, 

as a sovereign Nation, has a right to do on its border what it pleases. 

So I never said that we were one country or open borders. That 

has never been the position of the clergy in this country. 

Secondly, I want to raise a question about the issue of rule of 

law. Rule of law, under the rule of law, Jesus Christ was crucified. 

It was the law of the land at the time. Separate and equal was also 

part of the law in this country. It didn’t mean it was a stupid law. 

It just meant it was the law. 

We have 12 million who are here. They are here, and unless you 

want to start a program of some sort and trace them down and 

chase 12 million people with their three million American children, 

if you want to do that, then you just say it. 

But to hide behind the statement of rule of law is wrong. 

Mr. KING. Madam Chair, this is going beyond the bounds. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman from Illinois controls the time. 

Mr. GUTIERREZ. Thank you. 

Thank you very much for your answer. 

Let me just say that I think that when we have a debate and 

we have people come here, like Mr. Wasilewski, who has come 

here, who has talked about—you are going to become an American 

citizen. 

He speaks English. He came here to this country, developed a 

business, he speaks English. He is going to become an American 

citizen. 

And then we have Petty Officer Gonzalez, who is going to give 

his third term, his third time, his third deployment back to Iraq. 

And then to come to question and to say to the panelists, ‘‘By 

god, you didn’t mention that you love America, you didn’t mention 

that you want to learn English, you didn’t mention how great this 

310

country is.’’ What greater sacrifice and what greater tax can a citizen pay than the tax of their body and the tax of their blood, as 

Petty Officer Gonzalez has done and continues to do for each and 

every one of us? 

Shame on any institution that has a panel such as this and then 

questions their Americanism, questions the kinds of right to say ‘‘I 

love this country.’’ We say that each and every day. 

Mr. Wasilewski, I look forward to when you raise your hand up. 

I want you to raise your hand up with your wife. I want her to be 

there with you, with your American citizen children. 

Petty Officer Gonzalez, I want you to do it. Yes, there are more. 

I remember and I have the name of Army Specialist Alex Jimenez. 

Do you know how many hundreds of his comrades went out there 

in harm’s way to find him when he was taken prisoner? And he 

hasn’t shown up yet. 

And while he is taken prisoner, what does his wife in Massachusetts get? An order for deportation from the United States of America. 

So these aren’t isolated cases. So when you are looking for the 

undocumented, remember, when a county, a municipality, a village 

goes out hunting for the undocumented, saying they shouldn’t have 

housing, saying they shouldn’t have healthcare, remember, you are 

going to come across the wives of servicemen who are out in Iraq. 

Be careful what you wish for, because it will truly be an unAmerican experience to have such an individual as Mr. Gonzalez, 

Petty Officer Gonzalez come here and then, all of a sudden, he decides, well, he is going to live in this county and this county wants 

to enforce a certain law and you don’t have papers, ‘‘Out of my 

county, arrested, I am sending you to deportation.’’

Be careful. The community is an interwoven community. Truly 

they are my neighbors. Their children play with my children. And 

I want to know that if harm comes to my child, that that undocumented child will feel the freedom to call the police so that we can 

get rid of the criminals together. 

We are not for criminals here on this Committee or those who 

support comprehensive immigration reform. 

And I would like to go lastly to my friend from Illinois. What do 

you think we need to do, Josh, politically? Where do you think we 

are politically right now and what steps do you think we need to 

take here in the Congress of the United States? 

Mr. HOYT. I think there needs to be a decision by both parties 

that we have to look for solutions. The idea that we can scapegoat 

people and use racially charged political organizing tactics to try 

and save our political skins I think is repugnant, and the idea that 

we can hide behind lip service and not address this issue I think 

is cowardly. 

I think we really need Congress to put on its long pants and act 

like grownups and fix a problem that is crisis for this country. 

Mr. GUTIERREZ. And I would just like to say that, look, people 

are going to die in the desert, they are going to continue to die in 

the desert. Servicemen are going to continue to be separated from 

their spouses. There is going to continue to be pain in this country. 

And I would just like to say, from my side of the aisle, Democrats, we are in the majority. We got elected to lead. Let us lead 

311

on this issue, and let us figure out comprehensive immigration reform. 

And I just want everybody to understand, the first panel, there 

were three Republicans and one Democrat on the first panel. We 

invited them to come forward. 

I understand this needs to be done in a comprehensive and in a 

bipartisan manner. 

And I thank, Reverend Corte ́s, thank you for the work. I am 

sorry you didn’t get to answer your question. I am happy I had the 

time to give you. 

Thank you so much to all of the panel. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman’s time has expired. 

The gentlelady from Texas, Ms. Sheila Jackson Lee, is recognized 

for 5 minutes. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Thank you very much, Madam Chair. And let 

me thank the witnesses. 

The work we do in this Congress warrants overlapping hearings 

and meetings and Rules Committee, and so to those who have 

given their testimony, let me offer an apology for not hearing all 

of your testimony. But I would almost say, without any effort at 

providing any greater knowledge than others, you know that I have 

been around this barn before. 

And I think it is extremely important that we take the challenge 

that was given to us by the previous panel, that this House can 

move forward. This House can move in a bipartisan manner. This 

House, the people’s House, can move and be responsive to a number of issues that rarely generate, I think, the divisiveness immigration reform has generated. 

I remember last August we were on a round robin visiting all 

over the country, and there was an attempt to bring us back in 

September with the divide of the country even wider than we have 

ever seen it before. 

Interestingly enough, the proponents of immigration reform were 

not to be daunted. They were there and they were a wide range 

of individuals, a wide range of Americans, strongly, the faith community, businesspersons, average citizens, people of goodwill, small 

businesses, and people who look at this from a practical perspective. 

Just a few weeks ago, I had to intervene on two religious workers 

who were getting ready to be deported because of an inconsistency 

in understanding whether or not the Assemblies of God equaled a 

nondenominational church. They were religious workers, they were 

legitimate, but they were on the road of deportation because of a 

fine line of inconsistency in the law. 

So I am troubled by people who don’t think that we need to fix 

the law in order for people to abide by the law. 

And I want to go after this issue of whether or not this is amnesty. Go back to the 1980s and you will know what amnesty was 

all about. 

This is, in fact, an earned access to legalization—I want to go 

back to the old terminology—which means that you have several 

hurdles to cross over before you can be, in essence, on the pathway 

to earning access to legalization. And I think we divide if we conVerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:02 Nov 07, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00317 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6601 H:\WORK\IMMIG\090607\37603.000 HJUD1 PsN: 37603
312

tinue to use that term, because it is, in essence, a word of divisiveness. 

No one likes to see someone get something for nothing. But when 

you take an American on an individual basis, they understand equity and they understand fairness. 

Let me quickly pose questions and I would appreciate it. 

Mr. Wasilewski, you have experienced the fear and the fright of 

deportation, is that not——

Mr. WASILEWSKI. Yes. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Do you expect it to be reasonable to divide 

families and to expect the deportation minimally of seven million 

people? 

Mr. WASILEWSKI. I have experience with deportation. I feel we 

lost with the system. The immigration system now is sick. What is 

really important is my goal, what I would change is—if a family 

is together, our accounts were overthrown. 

We can’t just separate the family. I am from the country, from 

Poland, where we had communism for 45 years. We had the second 

World War. It was war, but for me, in America, we need those people. We need those people. We need to let people just to work in 

restaurants and hotels and we need to document them, not amnesty, not green cards, but documents. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Something to fix the system. 

Mr. WASILEWSKI. Yes. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. So you are not here sitting here saying let us 

flaunt against the law, let us break the law forever. You are asking 

for the Congress to accept its duty of fixing the system. Is that 

what you are saying? 

Mr. WASILEWSKI. Yes, begging the Congress. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. And will you adhere to a fixed system? Will 

you get in line and make the new laws work by giving you an opportunity to earn access to legalization? 

Mr. WASILEWSKI. Yes. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. I thank you. I thank you. 

Ensign, is it correct? Petty Officer Second Class Gonzalez, let me 

thank you for your service. And I did not hear your testimony, but 

let me not go directly to your testimony, sir, and to say you are 

wearing a uniform. And I imagine, in that uniform, you took an 

oath to adhere to the laws of the United States. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Yes, ma’am. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. And you would not openly violate those laws. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Under the United States Code of Military Justice, 

I am not allowed to answer that question. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. All right. Then I will simply say that you 

want to abide by laws as much as you can, is that true? 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Yes. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. And in thanking you for your service, would 

you view a fixed immigration system to be helpful to you and your 

family members and others? 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Yes, ma’am. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. And you would look forward to that reform. 

Mr. GONZALEZ. Yes, as promptly as possible. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. I thank the distinguished members of the 

panel. 

313

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. The gentlelady’s time has expired. 

Without objection, I will place into the record a statement from 

Congresswoman Hilda Solis that she has asked to be made a part 

of the record. 

[The statement of Ms. Solis is inserted in the Appendix.] 

And I would like to thank all of you for sticking with us on this 

lengthy day. I think that the testimony we have heard today is significant and important. I believe that we need to reform our laws 

from A to Z and maybe we start at M, but we have got to get this 

job done at some point and how we tackle it is a challenge, but I 

think having this hearing is going to help us. 

It will be a foundation for moving forward and your testimony 

will help, as well. 

So thank you all very, very much. 

This hearing is adjourned. We have 5 legislative days to submit 

additional questions and if we do have additional questions, we ask 

that you answer them as promptly as possible. 

[Whereupon, at 4:34 p.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.] 

(315)

A P P E N D I X 

MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE HILDA L. SOLIS, A REPRESENTATIVE IN

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

I am pleased that the Subcommittee is holding this hearing on H.R. 1645, the 

STRIVE Act. The United States needs effective, comprehensive immigration reform 

that strikes a balance between national security and a path to legal permanency for 

hard-working immigrants. This legislation provides the important framework to 

begin overhauling our broken immigration system by protecting and enforcing our 

borders while respecting the hard work and contributions of immigrants to our 

country. 

Throughout our nation’s history, our country has welcomed immigrants, recognizing the enormous economic and cultural contributions that immigrants have 

made to this nation. It is important that we continue to honor this tradition. Unfortunately, our immigration system is broken, leaving hard working and law abiding 

individuals in the shadows of society. For this reason, I strongly support comprehensive immigration reform which provides for family reunification, earned legalization, 

educational opportunities, and honors our tradition as a nation of immigrants. 

Whether it is a family member, a friend, the person who sits next to us in church, 

or the person who picks the fruits and vegetables we eat everyday, we are all 

touched by immigrants and affected by the lack of comprehensive and realistic immigration reform. 

I am hopeful that this Congress will have the opportunity to consider the Strive 

Act, as it represents a critical first step to fixing our fragile immigration system in 

a comprehensive manner.

316

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON

INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM


USCIRF-1.eps
317


USCIRF-2.eps
318


USCIRF-3.eps
319


USCIRF-4.eps
320


USCIRF-5.eps
321


USCIRF-6.eps
322


USCIRF-7.eps
323


USCIRF-8.eps
324


USCIRF-9.eps
325


USCIRF-10.eps
326


USCIRF-11.eps
327


USCIRF-12.eps
328


USCIRF-13.eps
329


USCIRF-14.eps
330

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF LA RAZA (NCLR)


NCLR-1.eps
331


NCLR-2.eps
332


NCLR-3.eps
333


NCLR-4.eps
334


NCLR-5.eps
335


NCLR-6.eps
336


NCLR-7.eps
337


NCLR-8.eps
338


NCLR-9.eps
339


NCLR-10.eps
340

Æ


NCLR-11.eps