Geochemistry of Selected Coal Samples from Sumatra, 

Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia 

By Harvey E. Belkin and Susan J. Tewalt 

Open-File Report 2007-1202
 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 
U.S. Department of the Interior 

DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Mark D. Myers, Director 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 

Harvey E. Belkin, Eastern Energy Resources Team, 956 National Center, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192 phone: 703 648 6162 email hbelkin@usgs.gov 

Susan J. Tewalt, Eastern Energy Resources Team, 956 National Center, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192 phone: 703 648 6437 email stewalt@usgs.gov 

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Suggested citation:
 

Belkin, Harvey E., and Tewalt, Susan J., 2007, Geochemistry of Selected Coal Samples from Sumatra,
 

Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1202, 34 p.
 

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Cover photograph = Kaltrim Prima Mine adapted from http://www.petrosea.com
 

ii 
Contents 

Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................1
 

Indonesia Coal.......................................................................................................................................................2
 

Geology of Indonesian Coal Basins......................................................................................................................2
 

Sample Location....................................................................................................................................................3
 

Sample Description...............................................................................................................................................3
 

Sample CQ01 ......................................................................................................................................................3
 

Sample CQ02 ......................................................................................................................................................3
 

Sample CQ03 ......................................................................................................................................................4
 

Sample CQ04 ......................................................................................................................................................4
 

Sample CQ05 ......................................................................................................................................................4
 

Sample CQ06 ......................................................................................................................................................4
 

Sample CQ07 ......................................................................................................................................................5
 

Sample CQ08 ......................................................................................................................................................5
 

Methods.................................................................................................................................................................5
 

Geochemistry ........................................................................................................................................................5
 

Coalbed Methane Prospective .............................................................................................................................6
 

Future of Indonesia Coal .......................................................................................................................................7
 

Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................................7
 

References Cited...................................................................................................................................................7
 

Figures 

1. Map showing the location of the 8 Indonesian coal samples ....................................................................... 16
 

2. Map showing the generalized location of coal-bearing sequences in Indonesia. Adapted from Friederich
 

and others (1999)..................................................................................................................................... 17
 

Tables 

1. Estimated resources and reserves (1,000 Mt) of Indonesian coal ................................................................ 13
 

2. Locations of eight coal samples from Indonesia ........................................................................................... 13
 

3. Proximate analyses and apparent rank of Indonesia coal samples ............................................................. 13
 

4. HAPS element comparison ............................................................................................................................ 14
 

Appendix A 

Excel Spreadsheet
 

A series of spreadsheets that includes;
 

1. Sample information......................................................................................................................................... 15
 

2. Proximate-Ultimate data, on an as-received basis....................................................................................... 16
 

3. Element data, on a dry, whole-coal basis...................................................................................................... 19
 

4. Ash oxide data on a dry ash basis ................................................................................................................. 22
 

5. 	Element data, original, as-determined ash basis, except for Hg, Se, and Cl which are on an as-


determined whole-coal basis................................................................................................................. 23
 

6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control data ................................................................................................. 29
 

iii 
Conversion Factors
 

Multiply By To obtain 

Length 

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) 

kilometer (km) 0.6215 mile (mi) 

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) 

meter (m) 3.2808 foot (ft) 

Mass 

ton, short (2,000 lb) 0.9072 megagram (Mg) or ton, metric 

(Mt) 

ton, long (2,240 lb) 1.016 megagram (Mg) or ton, metric 

(Mt) 

megagram (Mg) or ton, metric 1.102 ton, short (2,000 lb) 

(Mt) 

megagram (Mg) or ton, metric 0.907 ton, long (2,240 lb) 

(Mt)

pound, avoirdupois (lb) 0.4536 kilogram (kg) 

kilogram (kg) 2.2046 pound, avoirdupois (lb) 

Volume 

cubic foot (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3) 

cubic meter (m3) 35.311 cubic foot (ft3) 

iv 
Geochemistry of Selected Coal Samples from 

Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, 

Indonesia 

By Harvey E. Belkin and Susan J. Tewalt 

Introduction 

Indonesia is an archipelago of more than 17,000 islands that stretches astride the equator 

for about 5,200 km in southeast Asia (figure 1) and includes major Cenozoic volcano-plutonic 

arcs, active volcanoes, and various related onshore and offshore basins. These magmatic arcs 

have extensive Cu and Au mineralization that has generated much exploration and mining in the 

last 50 years. Although Au and Ag have been mined in Indonesia for over 1000 years (van 

Leeuwen, 1994), it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that the Dutch explored 

and developed major Sn and minor Au, Ag, Ni, bauxite, and coal resources. The metallogeny of 

Indonesia includes Au-rich porphyry Cu, porphyry Mo, skarn Cu-Au, sedimentary-rock hosted 

Au, epithermal Au, laterite Ni, and diamond deposits. For example, the Grasberg deposit in 

Papua has the world's largest gold reserves and the third-largest copper reserves (Sillitoe, 1994). 

Coal mining in Indonesia also has had a long history beginning with the initial production 

in 1849 in the Mahakam coal field near Pengaron, East Kalimantan; in 1891 in the Ombilin area, 

Sumatra, (van Leeuwen, 1994); and in South Sumatra in 1919 at the Bukit Asam mine 

(Soehandojo, 1989). Total production from deposits in Sumatra and Kalimantan, from the 19th 

century to World War II, amounted to 40 million metric tons (Mt). After World War II, 

production declined due to various factors including politics and a boom in the world-wide oil 

economy. Active exploration and increased mining began again in the 1980’s mainly through a 

change in Indonesian government policy of collaboration with foreign companies and the global 

oil crises (Prijono, 1989). 

This recent coal revival (van Leeuwen, 1994) has lead Indonesia to become the largest 

exporter of thermal (steam) coal and the second largest combined thermal and metallurgical 

(coking) coal exporter in the world market (Fairhead and others, 2006). The exported coal is 

desirable as it is low sulfur and ash (generally <1 and < 10 wt.%, respectively). Coal mining for 

both local use and for export has a very strong future in Indonesia although, at present, there are 

concerns about the strong need for a major revision in mining laws and foreign investment 

policies (Wahju, 2004; United States Embassy Jakarta, 2004). 

The World Coal Quality Inventory (WoCQI) program of the U.S. Geological Survey 

(Tewalt and others, 2005) is a cooperative project with about 50 countries (out of 70 coalproducing countries world-wide). The WoCQI initiative has collected and published extensive 

coal quality data from the world’s largest coal producers and consumers. The important aspects 

of the WoCQI program are; (1) samples from active mines are collected, (2) the data have a high 

degree of internal consistency with a broad array of coal quality parameters, and (3) the data are 

linked to GIS and available through the world-wide-web. The coal quality parameters include 

proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, major-, minor-, and trace-element concentrations 

and various technological tests. This report contains geochemical data from a selected group of 

1 
Indonesian coal samples from a range of coal types, localities, and ages collected for the WoCQI 

program. 

Indonesia Coal 

Indonesia has significant coal resources. In 2000, the Directorate of Coal, Ministry of 

Energy and Mineral Resources (United States Embassy Jakarta, 2000) estimated coal deposits at 

38.8 billion Mt with 21.1 billion Mt in Kalimantan, 17.8 billion Mt in Sumatra, and the balance 

in Sulawesi, Java, and Papua. Table 1 shows the breakdown among resources, reserves, and 

operators as of 2000. Recent 2006 estimates by the Directorate of Mineral, Coal, and 

Geothermal Resources puts the resource potential at 57 billion Mt (Setiawan, 2006). 

In 2005 (Setiawan, 2006), the distribution of coal mining operators was as follows: Stateowned enterprises – 2 companies; private national companies – 65 companies; and foreign 

mining companies – 18 companies. Indonesia has achieved an impressive growth rate in coal 

production and export in the last 20 years. Exports equaled six million Mt in 1991 whereas in 

2005, Indonesia exported 93 million Mt (Setiawan, 2006) with a total production of 134 million 

Mt. Indonesia has grown from the position in 1992 of sixth largest exporter of thermal coal 

(Sherer, 1994) to be the largest thermal coal exporter and the second largest combined 

metallurgical and thermal coal exporter after Australia in 2005 (Fairhead and others, 2006); 

Indonesian export coal is lower in ash and particularly sulfur than most Australian export coal 

(Fairhead and others, 2006). The Indonesia export is primarily to Japan and Taiwan, with lesser 

amounts to South Korea, the Philippines and China (Hong Kong). The number of coal terminals 

is now 17 with a capacity between 5,000 and 200,000 DWT (deadweight tons) with plans for 

increasing access and shipping potential as coal export increases. 

Most of the coal deposits are geologically young (Cenozoic) and this is reflected in their 

rank distribution: lignite – 58%; sub-bituminous – 27%; bituminous – 14%; and anthracite ­

<0.5% (U.S. Embassy Jakarta, 2000). Most of the coal mined for export has heat values that 

range from 5,000 to 7,000 kcal/kg, with low ash and sulfur (United States Embassy Jakarta, 

2000). Low grade coals are characterized by high moisture contents (20 to 40 %) and a low 

calorific value of less than 5,000 kcal/kg.; these coals are currently considered uneconomic for 

export due to a high moisture content. Kalimantan has higher quality coal and is the site for 

much exploration and development although certain areas such as Papua with pressing energy 

needs are also being explored and developed. 

Geology of Indonesian Coal Basins 

Early Paleogene rifting along the margins of Sundaland, a back-arc setting of the Indian 

Ocean plate (Kusnama and others, 1993; Cole and Crittenden, 1997), produced various shallow 

basins. Initial fluviatile sequences were followed by coastal plain and/or lacustrine deposits 

depending on location. The lithologies that were deposited, probably starting in Early Eocene, 

includes carbonate, clastics and coal. Coal sequences of Eocene age are known from the 

following basins: Barito (Central Kalimantan), Pasir and Asam Asam (South and East 

Kalimantan), Upper Kutai [also spelled Kutei] (East and Central Kalimantan), Melawi and 

Ketungau (West Kalimantan), Tarakan (East Kalimantan), Ombilin (West Sumatera), Central 

Sumatra Basin (Riau), and generally thin coal seams from small basins in Java and South 

Sulawesi. 

Marine transgression and deposition ended the Early-Paleogene rifting and coal-forming 

environment. After this extensive transgression, uplift and compression led to basin formation 

by the Middle Miocene. Miocene (and perhaps younger) coal-bearing sequences are being 

2 
mined from Kutai [also spelled Kutei] Basin (Kalimantan), Barito Basin (Central Kalimantan), 

South Sumatra Basin (South Sumatra), Bengkulu Basin (Bengkulu), and in the Tarakan Basin 

(East Kalimantan). The Miocene coal is exceptionally low ash and sulfur and is low rank unless 

affected by igneous activity. Their environment of formation has been modeled whereby 

ombrogenous peat formed above the water table producing coals free from the influence of 

water-borne detritus and sulfur input from brackish waters similar to modern ombrogenous peat 

deposits in Indonesia (e.g., Cobb and Cecil, 1993; Esterle and Ferm, 1994). 

The Paleogene and Neogene Indonesian export coals are markedly low ash and sulfur. 

Details of their petrogenesis has been extensively studied in order to understand the environment 

of formation that leads to this characteristic (Cobb and Cecil, 1993) and for more detailed 

discussion of their local geologic setting, the reader is referred to Friederich and others (1999) 

and Soehandojo (1989) and references therein. The majority of coal currently mined in 

Indonesia is derived from Eocene and Miocene strata from two islands, Sumatra and Kalimantan. 

Cenozoic coal-bearing sequences also exist in Java and Sulawesi and Neogene (Steenkool 

Formation) and Permian coal occurs in Papua (Figure 2). 

Sample Location 

The run-of-mine or representative exploration-site samples (~1 kg each) (Table 2) 

described in this report were collected in 2000 by Hadiyanto, now Director of Mineral Resources 

Inventory, Directorate of Mineral Resources Inventory, Ministry of Energy and Mineral 

Resources, Directorate General of Geology and Mineral Resources, Bandung, Indonesia. For the 

sample locations, we have used the most recent Indonesian province designations; seven 

provinces were created since 2000 and where appropriate, we also give the former province 

name. Figure 1 indicates the sample location. 

Sample Description 

Sample CQ01 

The Ombilin mine, located 57 km northeast of Padang, West Sumatra is owned by stateowned PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (PTBA) and includes both underground and surface 

operations mining Eocene age coal. The underground mine uses a long-wall retreating system 

with semi-mechanized equipment, operated manually, and long-wall fully mechanized 

equipment, operated hydraulically. The open mine uses a back filling system with truck and 

loader. The sample CQ01 is from the open-pit operation. 

The Ombilin Basin, a small (20 x 60 km) Paleogene onshore basin, is located just west of 

the much larger Central Sumatra Basin. It contains thick Eocene to Miocene marine and 

terrestrial sediments that share a similar tectonic and stratigraphic history which is similar to all 

of the rift basins on Sumatra. The economic coal occurs within the Eocene Sawahlunto 

Formation which is composed of gray mudstone and siltstone and coal seams with minor quartzrich sandstone (Friederich and others, 1999). Three coals seams, locally up to 8 m thick, occur 

in the upper part of the Sawahlunto Formation and are the main units mined. 

Sample CQ02 

The local state-owned PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (PTBA) currently mines a 

Miocene age coal deposit at Banko (also spelled Bangko). The South Sumatra coal basin is one 

of the most important coal mining regions in Indonesia (Thomas, 2005). This basin is 

tectonically active and the coal in some parts has been affected by igneous activity. The basin 

3 
formed in Early Paleogene as a back-arc basin northeast of the Barisan Mountains. The 

Oligocene to middle Miocene Gumai Formation is composed of fossiliferous marine shale with 

thin, glauconitic limestone that represents a rapid, widespread maximum transgression. The 

middle Miocene Air Benakat Formation was deposited during the regression that ended 

deposition of the Gumai Shale. The Air Benakat Formation changes upward from deep marine to 

shallow marine conditions. Marine glauconitic clays decrease in frequency and marine sands 

increase. The formation ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 m thick. Coal beds mark the upper contact 

with the overlying Muara Enim Formation. The average porosity of the sandstone is 25% 

(Bishop, 2000). The Late Miocene to Pliocene Muara Enim Formation, also known as the 

Middle Palembang Formation, was deposited as shallow marine to continental sands, muds, and 

coals. The formation thins to the north from a maximum of 750 m in the south. Uplift of the 

Barisan Mountains provided source terrains for clastics from the south and southwest during 

deposition of the Muara Enim Formation (Bishop, 2000). The Muara Enim Formation is the 

main coal-bearing unit being mined. 

Sample CQ03 

The exploration site of Kota Tengah has sampled coal of Miocene to Pliocene age. The 

exploration site is in the South Sumatra basin and the geological description is the same as for 

sample CQ02. 

Sample CQ04 

The Kandui village exploration site is located in Central Kalimantan Province in the 

North Barito district, Gunung Timang subdistrict, which has large reserves of high-quality 

Miocene age coal. Recently Mitrais Mining News (2005) indicated that two companies, CV 

Sigma Tunggal Perkasa with 1,000 hectares and CV Anugerah Baratama with 3,494 hectares, 

have concession areas in the Kandui village in the Gunung Timang district. 

Sample CQ05 

The Kaltim Prima coal mine, operated by Kaltim Prima Coal PT (KPC), the largest 

Indonesian coal mine, is owned by an Indonesian Company, PT Bumi Resources, who bought 

out British Petroleum (BP) and Rio Tinto coal-mining interests in 2003. This operation in 

Sangatta (also spelled Sangata), East Kalimantan, has produced Miocene age thermal coal from 

the initiation of operations in 1991. Plans for expansion to the nearby Bengalon area were 

announced in 2004 (Mining-Technology.com, 2006). A total of 13 seams range in thickness 

from 1 to 15 m; typically in the range of 2.4 to 6.5 m. Seam dips vary from 3o to 20o at the 

outcrop. The coal occurs in the Balikpapan and Pulubalang Formations and the three main coal 

seams are called Kedapat, Pinang, and Sangatta (Soehandojo, 1989). The coal is generally lowash and low-sulfur and has low in-situ moisture content. In some parts, the coal rank has been 

increased, by igneous intrusion, to a high-volatile bituminous coal. As of mid-2004, PT Bumi 

cited reserves at 462 million Mt at Sangatta, plus 157 million Mt at Bengalon. The company 

also has measured and indicated resources of some 2,200 Mt (Mining-Technology.com, 2006). 

Sample CQ06 

The Senakin mine, South Kalimantan, operated by PT Arutmin Indonesia mines Eocene 

age coal. This economically important coal occurs near the base of the T2 member of the 

Tanjung Formation The laterally continuous basal coal unit is up to 9 m thick, but is more 

typically 4 to 6 m (Friederich and others, 1999). The lower part of the Eocene seam is low in 

4 
sulfur, whereas the upper part has higher levels due to increased pyrite content or subsequent 

sulfate alteration. The coal bed varies vertically in ash and sulfur content but this variation is 

laterally consistent and predictable (Friederich and others, 1995). At Senakin (also spelled 

Senaking), the workings are two underground operations. The concession area, known as 

Kalimantan Block 6, covers narrow strips of land in the southeast corner of Kalimantan Island 

plus the northern tip of neighboring Pulau Laut Island. PT Arutmin operates other nearby mines 

at Satui and Batulicin. 

Sample CQ07 

The Timika coal sample, Papua, is from an exploration site along the southern or 

Australasian plate side of the main suture zone in western New Guinea. This coal is Permian age 

and the associated floras have Gondwana affinities as described by Rigby (1998). Permian coal 

in West Irian Jaya (the province west of Papua) also has been investigated as source rock for oil 

and gas (Sutriyono and Hill, 2000). Coal production in the Mimika regency containing the 

Timika site is important to support the PT Freeport Indonesia Company and the mining in the 

Tembagapura district. In May 2006, PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara; Indonesia State 

Electricity Company) announced an additional coal-fired power project in Timika with a 

capacity of 14 MW (United States Embassy Jakarta, 2006). 

Sample CQ08 

The Malawa exploration locality is situated near the Palae river, a tributary of the 

Batuputih, near the village of Telampenua, South Sulawesi. The geology consists of mainly 

sandstones, slates, marls, and some greywackes. Intercalated with these rocks are layers or 

lenses of coal, some of which are up to 1.5 m thick. Together these form the Malawa Formation 

of Eocene age. It overlies unconformably the Balangbura Formation of Cretaceous age and is 

itself overlain conformably by the limestone of the Tonasa Formation (Radja, 1970). These 

formations are part of an early Paleogene rift basin that extends offshore of South Sulawesi and 

has been the target of oil and gas exploration (Cucci and others, 1994). 

Methods 

The following methods used to determine parameters shown in Appendix A are routine 

and are fully described in ASTM (2004): proximate analysis D3172, ultimate analysis hydrogen, 

carbon, and nitrogen D5373, ultimate analysis sulfur D4239, ultimate analysis oxygen D3176, 

ultimate analysis ash D3174, heating value (BTU/lb) D 1989, forms of sulfur D2492, free 

swelling index D720, ash fusion D1857 and mercury D6414 method A. Major, minor, and trace 

elements, selenium, and chlorine analyses were done at the U.S. Geological Survey using inhouse techniques (Bullock and others, 2002). 

Geochemistry 

The discussion of coal geochemistry will be in two parts, (1) proximate-ultimate analysis, 

and (2) trace elements with emphasis on the hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) elements. 

Analytical data of Indonesian coals that provide proximate and ultimate data (ASTM, 

2004), which are important to characterize thermal and metallurgical coals, can be found in 

publications (e.g., Soehandojo, 1989; Friederich and others, 1999; Amijaya, 2005; Thomas, 

2005) and in tabulation on internet web-sites (e.g., APBI-ICMA, 2006). The rank classification 

assigned to our Indonesian coal samples is based on ASTM (2004) standard D388; rank 

5 
classifications for similar Indonesian coal samples in the literature may differ somewhat. Table 

3 summarizes these proximate analytical values for the eight samples. 

The values shown in Table 3 and Appendix A are consistent with published values for 

active mining locations and with the coal geology in exploration sites in Indonesia (APBI-ICMA, 

2006). Paleogene coals tend to be bituminous rank; younger Neogene coals are sub-bituminous 

and lignite. Exceptions, coal of higher rank, are likely to be Neogene coals affected by tectonic 

and igneous activity. 

South Sumatra basin, a region with shallow Neogene coals, has Plio-Pleistocene igneous 

activity in some areas. Thermal metamorphism associated with this activity has increased the 

coal rank from sub-bituminous to bituminous and anthracite (Susilawati and Ward, 2006). 

Sample CQ02, from Banko, has been affected by this metamorphism and is now a high volatile 

bituminous coal. Sample CQ01, a high volatile bituminous coal from Ombilin, is from a small 

basin in a tectonically active area in West Sumatra. Some Ombilin coal has been affected by 

local andesite intrusions and their proximity has increased the coal rank up to anthracite (Darman 

and Sidi, 2000). 

Trace element geochemistry of coal is extremely important to assess and model coal 

combustion and the potential for pollution. The 1990 Amendments (United States Public Law, 

1990) to the 1970 Clean Air Act name 189 substances as hazardous air pollutants (HAPS), 

including 14 elements or their compounds found in coal in trace concentrations. We have 

determined various minor and trace elements in the coal samples (Appendix A). Table 4 shows a 

comparison of the HAPs element abundance in the studied Indonesian coals compared to the 

world range and U.S. coal average (Swaine, 1990; Finkelman, 1993). For all elements, the 

abundance in the 8 Indonesian coal samples is in the lower part of the world range. This is 

especially noticeable for those elements that are usually related to the ash content such as Pb and 

Sb. In addition, those HAPS elements with usual organic affinities, such as Be, also tend to be in 

low abundance. Inspection of all the trace element data in Appendix A shows generally low 

concentrations of all trace elements. We know of no other published trace element data for 

Indonesian coals, although meeting talks featuring data may have been given (Sappel and 

Hariyanto, 2004). 

Coalbed Methane Prospective 

Although the coal from Indonesia tends to be shallow and low rank, conventional oil and 

gas wells that drill though the coal seams tend to experience blow outs and log gas spikes, both 

good indicators for coalbed methane (CBM). A recent assessment of the potential CBM 

resources in Indonesia identified 12.7 trillion m3

 (450 Tcf) within eleven onshore basins (Stevens 

and Hadiyanto, 2004). More detailed analysis of the coal rank, geochemistry, and geology in 

Indonesia has led to an increased estimate in Indonesia CBM potential (Nugroho and Arsegianto, 

1993; Stevens and others, 2001; Stevens and Hadiyanto, 2004). Stevens and Hadiyanto (2004) 

ranked six basins with high CBM potential; South Sumatra basin, Central Sumatra basin, Barito 

basin, Kutei basin, Berau basin, and North Tarakan basin. They recommend testing, using incountry mining rigs to drill expendable core holes, for coal seam gas measurement content and 

permeability followed by production pilot wells. The government of Indonesia is moving rapidly 

to settle the regulations and terms for CBM production, as the demand for clean energy in 

Indonesia continues to grow. Accurate coal characterization is critical and necessary to support 

CBM research and development. 

6 
Future of Indonesia Coal 

Indonesia coal export and production is expected to steadily increase for the following 

reasons: (1) the coal is environmentally friendly (low ash and low sulfur); (2) the emerging 

domestic and international market for coal (Indonesia has an energy shortage and has plans to 

increase power production through coal-fired plants); (3) with the high petroleum prices 

increasing coal demand, especially in Asia, Indonesia is well suited geographically to supply the 

Asia-Pacific region; and (4) at present, Indonesia is economically and politically stable. In 

Indonesia, growth in coal production will also be driven by an expansion of supply to the 

domestic sector for the power industry, cement plants, and the pulp industry. While falling in 

most regions, coal’s contribution to the fuel mix is expected to rise significantly in the ASEAN 

(Association of South East Asian Nations, comprising Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao 

People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and 

Viet Nam) region. The shift to coal fired generation in the ASEAN region —particularly in 

Malaysia and Thailand — is driven by the development of independent power projects and 

energy security considerations that are leading to a shift from lignite and oil to sub-bituminous 

and/or bituminous coal-fired generation and, to a lesser extent, natural gas in the fuel mix 

(Ekawan and others, 2006). Currently, the abundant Indonesian lignite (calorific value < 5000 

kcal/kg) is uneconomic although the Indonesian Government is developing plans to utilize lignite 

for (1) mine-mouth power plants, (2) upgrading to higher caloric values, and (3) coal briquettes 

(Umar and others, 2005). This scenario of increased production, domestic use, and export of 

Indonesian coal will require more detailed coal geochemistry and petrography to adequately 

characterize the current mines and future exploration seams. 

Acknowledgements 

We thank Frank T. Dulong (USGS) and Sandra G. Neuzil (USGS) for their constructive 

and helpful reviews. 

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Kusnama, Mangga, S.A., and Sukarna, D., 1993, Tertiary stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of 

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Publication no. 33, p. 143-152. 

Mining-Technology.com, 2006, Kaltrim Prima Coal Mine, Indonesia, http://www.miningtechnology.com/projects/kaltim/ (accessed 5 Dec 2006). 

Mitrais Mining News, 2005, Three Investors to Operate Coal Project in North Barito, 2005-08­

12., http://www.mitrais.com/mining/miningNews050812.asp (accessed 3 Dec 2006). 

Nugroho, W., and Arsegianto, 1993, Future Prospects of Coalbed Methane in Indonesia. 

Proceedings of the 1993 International Coalbed Methane Symposium, University of Alabama, 

Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA, 17-21 May, 1993, p. 721-726. 

8 
Prijono, A., 1989, Overview of the Indonesian coal development. Geologi Indonesia, vol. 12, 

no. 1, p. 253-278. 

Radja, V.T., 1970, Geothermal Energy Prospects in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. U.N. 

Symposium on the Development & Utilisation of Geothermal Resources. Pisa vol. 2, Part 1, p. 

136-149. 

Rigby, J.F., 1998, Upper Palaeozoic floras of SE Asia. In: Biogeography and Geological 

Evolution of SE Asia (R. Hall and J.D. Holloway, eds.), Backbuys Publishers, Leiden, The 

Netherlands, p. 73-82. 

Sappel, K.K. and Hariyanto, A., 2004, Geological setting and trace elements associations of 

Tertiary Kalimantan coal, Sebuku Island, Indonesia. Abstracts – Geological Society of 

Australia, vol. 73, p. 243. 

Setiawan, B., 2006, Coal supply and development in Indonesia. APEC Clean Fossil Energy 

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9 
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10 
Figures 

Figure 1. Map showing the location of the 8 Indonesian coal samples. 

11
 
Figure 2. Map showing the generalized location of coal-bearing sequences in Indonesia. Adapted 

from Friederich and others (1999). 

12
 
Tables 

Table 1. Estimated resources and reserves (1,000 Mt) of Indonesian coal. 

Operator Resources Mineable 

Measured Indicated Total Reserves 

PTBA 1,902 4,657 6,559 2,804 

Contractors 8,998 22,185 31,183 2,054 

Others 584 442 1,026 504 

Total 11,484 27,284 38,768 5,362 

PTBA = State Coal Company, Source = United States Embassy Jakarta 2000. 

Table 2. Locations of eight coal samples from Indonesia. 

Sample Location or 

Mine name 

Province Province 

Indonesian name 

Latitude Longitude 

CQ01 

CQ02 

CQ03 

CQ04 

CQ05 

CQ06 

CQ07 

CQ08 

Ombilin 

Banko 

Kota Tengah 

Kandui 

Sangatta 

Senakin 

Timika 

Malawa 

West Sumatra 

South Sumatra 

South Sumatra 

Central Kalimantan 

East Kalimantan 

South Kalimantan 

Papua 

South Sulawesi 

Sumatera Barat 

Sumatera Selatan 

Sumatera Selatan 

Kalimantan Tengah 

Kalimantan Timur 

Kalimantan Selatan 

Papua (formerly Irian Jaya) 

Sulawesi Selatan 

00 40' S 

30 45' S 

20 25' S 

10 20' S 

00 27' N 

20 58' S 

40 42' S 

40 50' S 

1000 45' E 

1030 47' E 

1030 15' E 

1150 10' E 

1170 35' E 

1160 16' E 

1360 55' E 

1190 52' E 

Table 3. Proximate analyses and apparent rank of Indonesia coal samples. 

Sample Total moisture 

wt.% 

Ash 

wt.% 

Volatile matter 

wt.% 

Fixed carbon 

wt.% 

Sulfur 

wt.% 

Calorific value 

kcal/kg 

Apparent rank 

CQ01 

CQ02 

CQ03 

CQ04 

CQ05 

CQ06 

CQ07 

CQ08 

3.10 

18.0 

9.68 

26.5 

19.4 

5.29 

5.23 

48.3 

7.33 

9.68 

10.1 

5.38 

4.33 

12.6 

3.54 

2.99 

42.8 

39.9 

41.0 

33.0 

35.0 

42.6 

7.48 

25.4 

46.7 

32.4 

39.3 

35.1 

41.3 

39.5 

83.8 

23.3 

0.51 

0.24 

2.21 

1.00 

0.37 

0.79 

0.61 

0.14 

7340 

4780 

6290 

4610 

5580 

6490 

7500 

3280 

high volatile A bituminous 

sub-bituminous B 

high volatile C bituminous 

sub-bituminous C 

sub-bituminous B 

high volatile B bituminous 

semi-anthracite 

lignite B 

All values on an as-received basis except rank which is estimated from a moist, mineral-matter-free basis 

13 
Table 4. HAPS element comparison. 

Element 

World coal* 

range (ppm) 

U.S. Coal** 

mean (ppm) 

8 Indonesia samples 

mean (ppm) range (ppm) 

Sb 0.05-10 1.2 0.29 0.06-0.79 

As 0.5-80 24 3.6 0.4-11 

Be 0.1-15 2.2 0.54 0.13-1.5 

Cd 0.1-3 0.47 0.02 0.01-0.04 

Cl 50-2000 614 260 <150-300 

Cr 0.5-60 15 7.4 1.1-24.9 

Co 0.5-30 6.1 3.6 1.2-9.2 

Pb 2-80 11 3 0.4-10 

Mn 5-300 43 88 3.6-246 

Hg 0.02-1 0.17 0.10 0.02-0.19 

Ni 0.5-50 14 7.3 0.8-16 

Se 0.2-1.4 2.8 0.64 0.24-1.4 

Tl <0.2-1 1.2 0.12 0.01-0.49 

U 0.5-10 2.1 0.49 0.19-1.2 

* Swaine, 1990, Table 6.1; ** Finkelman, 1993, Table 1 

arithmetic means 

all values are whole-coal as-determined on air-dried or oven-dried basis 

Appendix A 

Excel Spreadsheets
 

A series of spreadsheets that includes;
 

1. Sample information. 

2. Proximate-Ultimate data, on an as-received basis. 

3. Element data, on a dry, whole-coal basis. 

4. Ash oxide data on a dry ash basis. 

5. Element data, original, as-determined ash basis, except for Hg, Se, and Cl which are on an asdetermined whole-coal basis. 

6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control data. 

14 
APPENDIX A
 

l area description Age Source Collector Latitude Longitude 

bilin, West Sumatra Eocene existing mining Hadiyanto 00 40' S 1000 45' E 

ko, South Sumatra Miocene existing mining Hadiyanto 30 45' S 1030 47' E 

a Tengah, South Sumatra Miocene exploration Hadiyanto 20 25' S 1030 15' E 

dui, Central Kalimantan Miocene exploration Hadiyanto 10 20' S 1150 10' E 

gatta, East Kalimantan Miocene existing mining Hadiyanto 00 27' N 1170 35' E akin, South Kalimantan Eocene existing mining Hadiyanto 20 58' S 1160 16' E 

ka, Papua Permian exploration Hadiyanto 40 42' S 1360 55' E 

awa, South Sulawesi Eocene exploration Hadiyanto 40 50' S 1190 52' E 

 15
APPENDIX A
 

ANALYSES, AS-RECEIVED BASIS, UNITS ARE PERCENT, EXCEPT WHERE NOTED 

Lab1 Date Total Residual Air Dry Volatile Fixed Moisture Moisture Loss Ash Matter Carbon Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur 

16-Jan-01 3.10 1.05 2.07 7.33 42.84 46.73 5.41 73.16 1.35 0.51 

16-Jan-01 18.02 6.40 12.41 9.68 39.93 32.37 3.74 50.69 0.77 0.24 

16-Jan-01 9.68 2.42 7.44 10.05 40.99 39.28 5.02 62.37 0.96 2.21 

16-Jan-01 26.49 7.36 20.65 5.38 33.03 35.10 3.42 48.38 0.94 1.00 

16-Jan-01 19.36 3.39 16.53 4.33 34.99 41.32 4.10 57.47 1.31 0.37 

16-Jan-01 5.29 1.63 3.72 12.63 42.58 39.50 5.33 63.69 1.10 0.79 

16-Jan-01 5.23 1.16 4.12 3.54 7.48 83.75 2.07 84.28 0.84 0.61 

16-Jan-01 48.27 10.68 42.09 2.99 25.42 23.32 2.56 34.87 0.52 0.14 

Somerset, PA USA 

 16
APPENDIX A
 

alorific Value Calorific Value ---- Forms of Sulfur ---­ Apparent rank ---- Ash Fusing Tempera 

MJ/kg kcal/kg Sulfate Pyritic Organic Init Soft 

30.70 7340 0.01 0.05 0.45 high volatile A bituminous 2800+ 2800+ 

20.02 4780 0.01 0.01 0.22 sub-bituminous B 2120 2170 

26.34 6290 0.09 0.77 1.35 high volatile C bituminous 2240 2320 

19.31 4610 0.17 0.05 0.78 sub-bituminous C 2080 2110 

23.37 5580 0.03 0.02 0.32 sub-bituminous B 2190 2410 27.17 6490 0.02 0.16 0.61 high volatile B bituminous 2800+ 2800+ 

31.41 7500 0.01 0.07 0.53 semi-anthracite 2020 2040 

13.74 3280 0.01 0.01 0.12 lignite B 2060 2080

 17
APPENDIX A
 

welling 

 18
APPENDIX A
 

E-ELEMENT ANALYSES ON A DRY, WHOLE-COAL BASIS 

Lab 2 Date Si Al Ca Mg Na K Fe Ti P 

Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % 

1-Mar-01 1.75 1.33 0.0436 0.0429 0.0298 0.139 0.333 0.0481 0.00109 

1-Mar-01 2.33 1.24 0.746 0.130 0.498 0.0757 0.218 0.0568 0.0089 

1-Mar-01 1.74 1.31 0.766 0.0994 0.0175 0.0449 1.43 0.0593 0.00103 

1-Mar-01 1.10 0.513 0.587 0.145 0.023 0.0225 0.938 0.0362 0.00643 

1-Mar-01 1.07 0.685 0.121 0.0823 0.0931 0.0861 0.229 0.0265 0.0381 

1-Mar-01 2.87 2.73 0.0919 0.0314 0.0386 0.0284 0.278 0.164 0.00239 

1-Mar-01 0.856 0.285 0.101 0.0585 0.0159 0.0225 0.557 0.00873 0.00247 

1-Mar-01 0.904 0.242 0.721 0.233 0.0100 0.0151 0.832 0.0179 0.000512 

 Laboratories, Lakewood, CO USA 

 19
APPENDIX A
 

Be Bi Cd Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Ge Hg Li Mn Mo Nb 

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 

 0.385 0.0920 0.0259 0.033 1.91 6.91 2.26 9.95 3.45 1.01 0.022 12.0 3.92 1.20 0.920 

 0.252 0.0839 0.0204 <0.017 1.33 1.19 0.24 1.56 2.99 0.839 0.043 13.2 253 0.432 0.947 

 1.51 0.129 0.0377 <0.016 4.77 25.5 0.483 38.6 4.68 7.62 0.14 12.8 44.3 1.68 0.494 

 0.581 0.0690 0.0109 <0.017 3.91 4.36 0.155 4.44 1.85 1.60 0.13 2.81 144 0.690 0.357 

 0.136 0.0502 0.00982 <0.016 1.87 6.00 0.633 2.30 1.58 0.317 0.051 6.99 7.10 0.420 0.448 

 0.766 0.0657 0.0315 <0.016 5.29 12.0 0.192 8.70 6.13 0.917 0.19 26.8 5.54 0.575 3.76 

 0.586 0.0566 0.0404 0.022 9.34 2.90 0.109 3.51 0.781 0.032 0.17 3.53 33.5 3.35 0.307 

 0.299 0.0369 0.00938 <0.017 1.61 2.77 0.0504 0.815 0.651 0.457 0.088 0.95 273 0.211 0.328 

 20
APPENDIX A
 

Sb Sc Se Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V Y Zn Zr 

m ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 

52 2.93 0.78 0.619 12.4 0.0794 1.53 0.0803 0.376 20.5 3.98 4.85 17.2 

28 2.05 0.57 0.743 119 0.0600 1.76 0.0192 0.492 13.3 3.73 10.5 31.5 

30 8.04 1.4 0.424 145 0.165 2.61 0.118 1.26 73.0 20.2 21.2 16.6 

17 1.70 0.64 0.380 79.8 0.0682 1.56 0.140 0.566 10.6 5.15 8.76 15.3 

55 1.69 0.25 0.562 111 0.0240 0.682 0.0655 0.366 13.3 1.15 9.72 9.12 

64 6.03 0.81 1.31 30.8 0.0465 2.08 0.493 0.588 34.5 13.4 7.63 105 

97 1.59 0.33 0.259 38.1 0.0295 0.578 0.0526 0.194 4.85 6.96 23.1 5.78 

38 0.868 0.55 0.199 92.0 0.0363 1.17 0.0141 0.270 5.80 3.71 10.1 12.8 

 21
APPENDIX A
 

ASH BASIS 

% Ash SiO2/A Al2O3/A CaO/A MgO/A Na2O/A K2O/A *Fe2O3/A TiO2/A P2O5/A SO3/A Total Oxides 

(525oC) Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % Weight % 

7.70 44.7 30.1 0.73 0.85 0.48 2.0 5.7 0.96 0.03 1.0 86.6 

11.20 41.6 19.5 8.7 1.8 5.6 0.76 2.6 0.79 0.17 4.0 85.5 

11.50 31.7 21.0 9.1 1.4 0.2 0.46 17.4 0.84 <0.02 11.1 93.2 

7.20 30.4 12.5 10.6 3.1 0.4 0.35 17.3 0.78 0.19 17.4 93.0 

5.30 41.8 23.7 3.1 2.5 2.3 1.9 6.0 0.81 1.6 7.3 91.0 

13.60 44.9 37.7 0.94 0.38 0.38 0.25 2.9 2.0 0.04 1.4 90.9 

4.00 45.3 13.3 3.5 2.4 0.53 0.67 19.7 0.36 0.14 7.4 93.3 

5.30 33.0 7.80 17.2 6.6 0.23 0.31 20.3 0.51 <0.02 9.5 95.5 

 22
APPENDIX A
 

BASIS, ALL ELEMENTS ON AN ASH BASIS, EXCEPT FOR Cl, Hg, AND Se 

RMINED WHOLE-COAL BASIS. 

ories, Lakewood, CO, USA 

E_% Ash E_% Moisture E_Cl IC E_Hg CVAA E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES ACID 

% Ash % Moisture Cl Hg Na2O/A Be/A Co/A % % % ppm % ppm ppm 

7.7 7.9 0.03 0.02 0.48 4.6 22.9 

11.2 6.6 <0.015 0.04 5.6 2.1 11.1 11.5 2.3 <0.015 0.14 0.2 12.8 40.5 7.2 7.1 <0.015 0.12 0.4 7.5 50.5 

5.3 2.9 <0.015 0.05 2.3 2.5 34.2 

13.6 0.6 <0.015 0.19 0.38 5.6 38.7 4 1.1 0.022 0.17 0.53 14.5 231 

5.3 9.6 <0.015 0.08 0.23 5.1 27.5 

, ICPAES ACID, ICPAES SINT, ICPMS ACID, and Hyd are explained in Bullock and others, (2002). 

 23
APPENDIX A
 

ACID E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES ACID 

Li/A Mn/A Ni/A Sc/A Sr/A Th/A 

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 

143 46.9 81 35 148 18.3 

110 2110 18.1 17.1 995 14.7 

109 376 84.6 68.3 1230 22.2 

36.2 1860 53.3 21.9 1030 20.1 

128 130 117 30.9 2030 12.5 

196 40.5 118 44.1 225 15.2 

87.2 829 337 39.2 943 14.3 16.2 4650 15.1 14.8 1570 19.9 

 24
APPENDIX A
 

ACID E_ICPAES ACID E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT 

Zn/A Al2O3/A CaO/A Fe2O3/A K2O/A MgO/A 

ppm % % % % % 

58 30.1 0.73 5.7 2 0.85 87.4 19.5 8.7 2.6 0.76 1.8 

180 21 9.1 17.4 0.46 1.4 

113 12.5 10.6 17.3 0.35 3.1 

178 23.7 3.1 6 1.9 2.5 

55.8 37.7 0.94 2.9 0.25 0.38 

570 13.3 3.5 19.7 0.67 2.4 

172 7.8 17.2 20.3 0.31 6.6 

 25
APPENDIX A
 

_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPAES_SINT E_ICPMS ACID 

SO3/A TiO2/A B/A Ba/A Zr/A Ag/A 

% % ppm ppm ppm ppm 

1 0.96 823 454 206 <2 

4 0.79 1580 1380 263 <2 

11.1 0.84 1230 383 141 <2 17.4 0.78 1270 1730 198 <2 

7.3 0.81 3680 1380 167 <2 1.4 2 906 250 764 <2 7.4 0.36 180 1590 143 <2 9.5 0.51 2280 1200 218 <2 

 26
APPENDIX A
 

ID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID 

Cd/A Cs/A Ga/A Ge/A Mo/A Nb/A Pb/A ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 

0.31 27 41.3 12.1 14.3 11 46.8 

0.17 2 24.9 7 3.6 7.9 17.1 

0.32 4.1 39.8 64.7 14.3 4.2 29 

0.14 2 23.9 20.6 8.9 4.6 6.5 

0.18 11.6 29 5.8 7.7 8.2 15.4 

0.23 1.4 44.8 6.7 4.2 27.5 18.4 

1 2.7 19.3 0.79 82.8 7.6 263 

0.16 0.86 11.1 7.8 3.6 5.6 20 

 27
APPENDIX A
 

ID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_ICPMS ACID E_Se Hyd 

Sn/A Te/A Tl/A U/A Se 

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 

7.4 0.95 0.96 4.5 0.72 6.2 0.5 0.16 4.1 0.53 3.6 1.4 1 10.7 1.4 4.9 0.88 1.8 7.3 0.59 

10.3 0.44 1.2 6.7 0.24 

9.6 0.34 3.6 4.3 0.81 6.4 0.73 1.3 4.8 0.33 3.4 0.62 0.24 4.6 0.5 

 28
Appendix A 

QUALITY CONTROL DATA 

hods = Bullock and others (2002) 

35 are standard reference materials 

 limit make comparison not appropriate 

t_ICPAES line Mn 257.610 Na 588.995 Be 313.042 Cr 283.563 Co 228.616 Cu 327.393 Li 670.784 Ni 221.648 

actual 134.1 0.34 18.3 164.1 103.4 168.2 123.6 283.6 

eference 127 0.31 17.5 154 111 159 127 286 

ence 5.57 11.02 4.72 6.57 -6.83 5.80 -2.68 -0.84 

t_ICPAES line Mn 257.610 Na 588.995 Be 313.042 Cr 283.563 Co 228.616 Cu 327.393 Li 670.784 Ni 221.648 

 actual 174.5 0.53 14.1 201.0 50.8 79.1 107.5 130.2 

 reference 182.2 0.56 14 191.8 48.6 84 111.8 130.2 

ence -4.24 -5.27 0.37 4.79 4.46 -5.79 -3.83 -0.02 

t_ICPAES line Mn 257.610 Na 588.995 Be 313.042 Cr 283.563 Co 228.616 Cu 327.393 Li 670.784 Ni 221.648 

actual 128.1 0.19 13.5 194.7 55.2 115.1 181.1 118.0 

reference 132 0.2 13.6 198 50 113 180.5 121 

ence -2.97 -3.99 -0.72 -1.64 10.35 1.83 0.33 -2.46 

t_ICPAES line Mn 257.610 Na 588.995 Be 313.042 Cr 283.563 Co 228.616 Cu 327.393 Li 670.784 Ni 221.648 

3 E-185030 4653.96 0.23 5.08 47.29 27.47 13.94 16.22 15.07 

0 4655.46 0.21 5.18 50.80 26.66 12.10 16.47 25.97 

ence -0.03 11.82 -1.94 -6.90 3.06 15.19 -1.51 -41.95 

t_ICPAES line Al 308.215 Ca 317.933 Fe 273.955 Mg 285.213 K 766.490 P 214.914 S 181.975 Si 212.412 

actual 24.1 3.7 21.5 0.74 1.2 1.2 4.6 41.3 

eference 23.96 3.49 19.84 0.75 1.21 1.11 4.6 39.83 

ence 0.58 6.02 8.37 -1.33 -0.83 8.11 0.00 3.69 

t_ICPAES line Al 308.215 Ca 317.933 Fe 273.955 Mg 285.213 K 766.490 P 214.914 S 181.975 Si 212.412 

 actual 23.1 2.7 13.7 0.78 1.7 0.45 2.7 45.0 

 reference 24.2 2.83 14.7 0.78 1.85 0.47 2.73 49.4 

ence -4.55 -4.59 -6.80 0.00 -8.11 -4.26 -1.10 -8.91 

 29
Appendix A 

t_ICPAES line Al 308.215 Ca 317.933 Fe 273.955 Mg 285.213 K 766.490 P 214.914 S 181.975 Si 212.412 

actual 15.6 1.6 8.3 0.51 1.9 0.22 0.30 23.9 

reference 15.05 1.51 7.78 0.48 1.95 0.23 0.21 23 

ence 3.65 5.96 6.68 6.25 -2.56 -4.35 42.86 3.91 

t_ICPAES line Al 308.215 Ca 317.933 Fe 273.955 Mg 285.213 K 766.490 P 214.914 S 181.975 Si 212.412 

3 E-185030 7.8 17.2 20.3 6.6 0.31 < 0.02 9.5 33.0 

0 7.7 16.8 19.6 6.4 0.30 0.08 9.5 32.6 

ence 1.30 2.38 3.57 3.12 3.33 NA 0.00 1.23 

matography 

CLB-1 1632-C 1632-B 

alue 1077 1133 1144 

ce value 1070 1139 1137 

ence 0.65 -0.53 0.62 

Cl-% 

3 E-184030 <0.015 3 E-184030D <0.015 

ence NA 

st known value, be it certified, recommended, informational, or laboratory average 

t Ga Ge As Rb Nb Mo Ag Cd 

actual 46.0 217 223 79.2 16.6 153 < 2 1.3 

eference 47.6 191.00 206 82.5 15.9 143 1.10 1.40 

ence -3.36 13.61 8.25 -4.00 4.40 6.99 NA -7.14 

t Ga Ge As Rb Nb Mo Ag Cd 

 actual 43.9 62.9 79.4 99.1 17.9 10.1 < 2 0.98 

 reference 41.9 70 86.3 105 18.4 11.2 1.4 1.01 

ence 4.77 -10.14 -8.00 -5.62 -2.72 -9.82 NA -2.97 

t Ga Ge As Rb Nb Mo Ag Cd 

actual 56.6 17.2 134 150 20.5 15.0 < 2 0.84 

 30
Appendix A 

reference 57.78 17.60 136 140 19.40 15.17 0.57 0.78 

ence -2.04 -2.27 -1.47 7.14 5.67 -1.14 NA 7.69 

t Ga Ge As Rb Nb Mo Ag Cd 

3 E-185030 11.1 7.8 20.9 12.4 5.6 3.6 < 2 0.16 

0 11.3 4.3 20.8 12.6 5.8 3.4 < 2 0.19 

ence -1.77 81.40 0.48 -1.59 -3.45 5.88 NA -15.79 

ers to the best known value, be it certified, recommended, informational, or laboratory average 

ride generation AA 

d CLB-1 1632-B 1632-C 1635 

d value 2.31 1.19 <0.2 0.93 

ce value 2.5 1.29 1.31 0.9 

ence -7.60 -7.75 NA 3.33 

Se-ppm 

30 0.47 30 DUP 0.52 

ence -9.62 

st known value, be it certified, recommended, informational, or laboratory average 

 31
Appendix A 

 401.913 V 292.402 Y 324.227 Zn 213.857 

21.6 197.3 75.1 772.3 

22.2 191 72.8 762 

-2.57 3.29 3.23 1.35 

 401.913 V 292.402 Y 324.227 Zn 213.857 

20.8 309.0 56.9 168.7 

19.6 331.4 56.3 169 

6.19 -6.77 1.02 -0.17 

 401.913 V 292.402 Y 324.227 Zn 213.857 

24.6 311.2 79.0 201.8 

25.7 296 84.5 210 

-4.28 5.12 -6.50 -3.92 

 401.913 V 292.402 Y 324.227 Zn 213.857 

19.86 98.90 63.18 172.48 22.56 104.67 64.78 144.45 

-12.01 -5.51 -2.46 19.41 

 249.772 Zr 339.197 

56.8 202 

78.26 178.61 

-27.42 13.09 

 249.772 Zr 339.197 

900 216 

866 224 

3.93 -3.57 

 32
Appendix A 

 249.772 Zr 339.197 

74.0 304 

76.12 217.98 

-2.78 39.46 

 249.772 Zr 339.197 

2280 218 

2270 229 

0.44 -4.80 

Te Cs Tl Pb Bi U 

0.80 4.8 12.8 83.2 1.5 8.1 

0.84 4.97 12.45 79.3 1.47 8.7 

-4.76 -3.42 2.81 4.92 1.80 -6.90 

Te Cs Tl Pb Bi U 

0.73 8.2 5.1 51.3 1.8 6.9 

0.7 8.3 5.6 52.9 1.4 7.2 

4.29 -1.20 -8.93 -3.02 28.57 -4.17 

Te Cs Tl Pb Bi U 

0.34 11.5 6.7 68.3 1.2 9.9 

 33
Appendix A 

0.45 11 5.9 68.2 1.31 8.8 

-24.44 4.55 13.56 0.15 -8.52 12.50 

Te Cs Tl Pb Bi U 

0.62 0.86 0.24 20.0 0.63 4.6 

0.71 0.88 0.17 16.8 0.64 4.6 

-12.68 -2.27 41.18 19.05 -1.56 0.00 

 34