P.1 

OAR Box 1126 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

27) 11-1-149 

Docket Number: 

A-83-22 

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Ambient Air Quality Standard 

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ENWRONMENTAL PROTECTWK 

AGENCY 

' [4© CFR Part 301 

m-M Dosfcs* *mabm QeQfB W-l] 

LEAD 

rYopossd Notional Ambient Air Qualby 

Standard 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

LON: Proposed rule. 

SUMMARY: In response to a court orto adopt a national ambient air qual-

' standard for lead, KPA proposes to sot 

national standard for airborne lead of 

micrograms load per cubic meter 

|<»# Pb/ss*), monthly average. Follow-

|lng promulgation of the standard, 

will develop implementation 

Iptan* tor EPA approval which demonstrate hov the standard will be attained 

ber IMS, and maintained thereafter. The 

| proposed standard for lead la based on 

KPA Judgments about groups tai the population that are at particular riak to 

lead, tho lowest levels of lead exposure 

assoctatffl with adverse effects on health. 

and the relative importance of airborne 

lead aa a source of lead exposure. EPA 

believes Its proposal reflects the increasing concern from medical research about 

prolonged low level exposure to lead by 

young children. The air standard proposed by EPA to baaed on a goal for total 

lead exposure lower than previously advocated by other Federal agencies. There 

is, however, continuing controversy over 

key areas of research underlying the 

standard. EPA would welcome Information and views pertaining to EPA's approach tn developing the standard and 

to the factors discussed In this notice. 

KPA also believes that the analyses and 

judgments that will lead to setting the 

air standard for lead will have strong 

Implications for other regulatory programs related to lead at the Federal and 

other levels of government. In the sixmonth period between proposals and final promulgation, EPA will continue its 

examination otf these difficult Issues related to setting the level of the ambient 

air quality standard for lead and will 

seek to involve the public and other affected Federal agencies, both on the final 

4flHliirtni

t

 on this air standard as well as 

planning on ways to control population 

exposure to lead from non-air sources. 

DATES: Comments must be received by 

February 17. 1978. There will be a public hearing on January 17. 1978. The 

standard will be promulgated by June, 

1971. 

ADDRESS. Bend comments to: Mr. Joseph Padgett, Director, Strategies and 

Air Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. 

A public hearing will be held at: Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. 

Street BW, Washington, D.C. 30460. 

F O* FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT; 

Mr. Joseph Padgett, Director. Tele919-441-0204. 

•tOPOSB) IVIES 

Availahmty of supporting Information: 

A docket (Number OAQPS-77-l) containing information ueed by EPA m de-

•aiapment cf tbe proposed standard ta 

available for public Inspection between 

• un . and 4:80 pjn. Monday through 

Friday, at EPA's Puhuc Infonnation Reference Unit. Room 2922, Waterside Mall. 

401 M Street SW, Washington. DC. 

20400. 

The Federal Reference Method for collecting and measuring lead and Its compounds in the ambient air to described 

In Appendix Q to this proposaL Regulations for development ot State implementation plana for lead are proposed 

under 40 CFR Part 51 elsewhere ta this 

FSDISAX. RBQISTSR. The environmental 

and economic Impacts of implementing 

this standard are described ta an Environmental Impact Statement and an 

Economic Impact Assessment available 

upon request from Mr. Joseph Padgett at 

the address shown above. 

The documenta "Air Quality Criteria 

for Lead" and "Control Techniques for 

Lead Air Emissions" are being issued 

simultaneously with this proposal. Both 

documents are available upon request 

from Mr. Joseph Padgett at the address 

shown above. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

BACKGROUND 

Lead is emitted to the atmosphere by 

vehicles burning leaded fuel and by certain Industries. Lead enters the human 

body principally through ingestion and 

inhalation witii consequent absorption 

into the blood stream and distribution 

to all body tissues. Clinical, epidemiological, and toxicological studies have demonstrated that exposure to lead adversely 

affects human health. 

EPA's initial approach to controlling 

lead ln the air was to limit the lead 

emissions from automobiles, the principal source of lead air emissions. In January of 1972, EPA proposed regulations 

under Section 211 of the Clean Air Act 

for phase-down of the lead ta gasoline. 

Subsequently, this action was divided 

into the promulgation of regulations for 

the availability of lead-free gasoline for 

catalyst-equipped cars and other vehicles 

certified for unleaded fuel and reproposal of the regulations for lead phasedown ta leaded gasoline. The regulations 

for lead phase-down ta the total gasoline 

pool were promulgated ta 1973 and, following litigation, modified and put into 

effect in 1976. 

In 1975, the Natural Resources Defense 

Council (NRDC) and others brought 

suit against EPA to list lead under Section 108 of the Clean Air Act as a pollutant for which air quality criteria would 

be developed and a National Ambient Air 

QuaUty Standard be established under 

Section 109 of the Act. The Court ruled 

ln favor of NRDC. EPA listed lead on 

March 31. 1978, and proceeded to develop air quality criteria and the standard. 

In proposing this air standard, EPA 

is concerned that there are reciprocal effects between the goals and actions taken 

to control the level of lead ta the air, 

and the parallel judgments and actions 

taken under other Federal programs. 

These other programs Include EPA's own 

responsibilities to set standards for lead 

In drinking water and for the disposal of 

hasardous waste, the authorities of the 

Food snd Drug Administration to control lead ta food, and the regulations 

adopted by the Consumer Products 

Safety Commission to control lead ta 

paint. EPA has raised through the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group the 

need to coordinate the programs ot the 

Food and Drug Administration, Consumer Products Safety Commission, and 

the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Where appropriate, EPA 

win continue to work with other Federal 

agencies ta developing a general Federal 

approach to limiting otiier avenues of 

exposure to environmental lead. 

In parallel with developing the proposed standards. EPA has used information available to assess the economic 

Impact of technological controls necessary to reduce air emissions of lead from 

Industrial facilities. For primary copper 

smelters, primary and secondary lead 

smelters, gray iron foundries and battery plants, attaining the standard may 

require control of fugitive lead emissions, Le., those emissions escaping from 

process steps, other than emissions from 

smoke stacks. Fugitive emissions are difficult to estimate, measure, or control, 

and lt is also difficult to predict their 

impact on air quality near the facility. 

From the information available to the 

Agency, lt does appear tiiat non-ferrous 

smelters may have great difficulty in 

achieving lead air quality levels consistent with the proposed standard ta areas 

immediately adjacent to the smelter 

complex. While the possible Impact of 

the standard on these facilities to of concern to EPA, and will be the subject of 

continuing studies and analysis, these 

impacts have not entered into determination of the level of the standard. 

LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS VOR NATIONAL 

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 

Two sections of the Clear Air Act govern the development of a National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Section 108 

Instructs EPA to document the scientific 

basis for the standard: 

Sec. 106(a)(2) Tbe Administrator shall 

Issue sir quaUty criteria for an air pollutant 

within 12 months alter he has Included such 

pollutant In a list under paragraph (l). Air 

quality criteria for an air pollutant shaU accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge useful In Indicating tbe kind and extent 

of all Identifiable effect* on public health 

or welfare which may be expected from tha 

preeenoe of such pollutant tn the ambient 

air, in Tarylng quantities. Tbe criteria for aa 

air pollutant, to the extent practicable, ahall 

Include Information on— 

(A) those rertablas factora (including atmospheric conditions) which of 

or In combination with other factors 

alter the effects on public health or 

of such ah- poUutant; 

(B) the type* ot air pollutant* which. 

when present ln the atmosphere, awsy hrtsr-

< 

FfOftAl I1QISTII. VOL 42. NO. 240—WtONISOAY, DtCIMMt 14. 1977 

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ssB-.wstla sash polwitawt to prods** sn advejse effect on pahUs health es welfare; aa* T(O> ) any eaten* stfeats 

Section 101 

ting of ths standard 

actual 

Sec. 100(h)(1) SSJtlensI iiilii 1117 ambient 

aw quaUty ataaderda, egst arises under sub-

•ectlon (a) ebatl he sihaenl air quality 

•tanderde tbe attainment and maintenance 

of which In the judgment of the Administrator, baaed on each criteria and allowing an 

adequate margin cf safety, are requisite to 

ptweact the public health. Such primary 

staashwds may be reused in the aame manner as promulgated. 

(8) Any natsonal eeoondery ambient air 

quaUty standard pi escribed, under subeecttem (a) shaU specify a level of ah* quality 

the attainment and maintenance or which ln 

the Judgment of the Administrator, based on 

sash criteria, to requisite to protect the pub-. 

Ue welfare from any known or anticipated 

adverse effects associated with the presence 

ef such sir poUutant in the amlbent air. 

Boch secondary standards may be revised ln 

tbe same manner ae promulgated. 

EPA interprets these sections of the 

Act to mean that the level of the standard to to be determined from information covered in the Criteria Document 

pertaining to the health and welfare implications of lead air pollution. This to ta 

contrast to otiier sections ot the Act 

which allow EPA to consider costs of air 

poUution oontrol and availability of 

tachnologlc&l controls ta determining 

tho level of a standard. Also, EPA should 

not attempt to place the standard at a 

level anticipated to represent the threshold for adverse effects, but should set 

a aaore stringent level which provides a 

margin cf safety. EPA believes that the 

extent ot margin ot safety represents a 

Judgment issue ta which the Agency 

ahould consider the severity of adverse 

effects, the probability that the effects 

may occur, and uncertainties associated 

with scientific knowledge about the biologic effects of lead. 

DEVELOPMENT or s n QUALITY CRITERIA 

Following the listing of lead, EPA proceeded with development of the document, "Air Quality Criteria for Lead". 

In the process of developing the Criteria 

Document, EPA has provided a number 

of opportunities for external review and 

comment. Three drafts of the Criteria 

Document have been made available for 

external review and EPA has received 

80 to 80 written comments on each draft. 

Tne Criteria Document was the subject 

of three meetings of the Subcommittee 

on Scientific Criteria for Environmental 

Lead of EPA's Science Advisory Board. 

Each of these meetings has been open to 

the public and a number ot individuals 

have presented both critical review and 

new Information for EPA's consideration. 

Development of the Criteria Document 

tarllrstsrl to EPA that there are a number of areas In which additional research 

could provide information useful to 

determining the level for the lead standard. It lg also evident that scientific controversy exists shout facts or taterpreta-

• :. - ~ - s: 

tion of a»terfc»\ taelnded ta the Criteria 

luoJOrtsrsj two areas critical 

: ofthe standard: the health 

of shnonnal M**"!*"** ef -

rec* •ssoutoterl with blood lead towels 

below traditional levels at ecneern, and 

the tela Uve significance of lead air emtoBIOBS aa tne direct or indirect source of 

lead exposure, compared to otiier sources 

of exposure. 

However, the provisions of the Act requiring a deadltae for proposal and 

promulgation of the standard, and the 

requirements for periodic future review 

of air quality criteria and standards, indicate that Congress Intends for the 

Agency to proceed even where scientific 

knowledge Is not complete or where there 

Is an absence of full scientific consensus. 

EPA has, therefore, developed the proposed sir standard on the basis of its 

best judgment as to what the Act requires, and what Information the "Air 

Quality Criteria for Lead" provides. To 

arrive at the air standard, EPA has attempted to use numerical estimates of 

key factors. In several Instances, factors 

which are not known precisely have a 

large effect on the level of the standard. 

EPA invites information, views and judgments both on Its approach to setting a 

level for the standard and the numerical 

values used for key^factors described ta 

the following sections. 

SUMMARY OF GENERAL FINDINGS FROM i n 

QUALITY CRITERIA FOR LEAD 

From the extensive review of scientific 

Information presented In the Criteria 

Document, conclusions ln several keyareas have particular relevance for setting the lead standard. 

1. There are multiple sources of lead 

exposure. In addition to air lead sources 

include: lead from paint and inks, lead 

from water supplies and distribution systems, lead from pesticides, and lead ta 

fresh and processed food. The relative 

contribution to population exposure from 

each source to difficult to quantity. 

2. Exposure to air lead can occur directly by inhalation, or Indirectly by ingestion of lead contaminated food, water, 

or non-food materials including dust and 

soil. 

3. There Is a significant variability in 

response to lead exposure. Certain subgroups within the population are more 

susceptible to the effects of lead or have 

a greater potential for exposure. Ot 

these, young children represent a population of foremost concern. Even within 

a particular population, group response 

to lead exposure may vary widely from 

the average response. 

4. Within the human body, three systems appear to be most sensitive to interference by lead—the blood-forming or 

hematopoietic system, the nervous system, and the renal system. In addition, 

lead has been shown to affect the normal 

functions of the reproductive, endocrine, 

hepatic, cardiovascular, immunologic, 

and gastrointestinal systems. 

5. Effects reported In the Criteria Document range from Impairment of biochemical, systems (inhibition of aminolevulinic acid 

a blood lend towel of it, 

per deciliter bJood <* Pn/eD ftoi 

alopathy at 80 to 180 * ft/da. 

8. From various studios of lend exposure, estimates can be sands of the impact 

of exposure through ta halation and Ingestion on blood lead levei. Of particular 

Importance, are ttie estimates of: air 

lead/blood lead ratios, the percentage of 

deposition and absorption of air lead, the 

percentage of absorption of ingested ssateriaL estimates of the variability of 

blood lead within a population exposed 

to uniform levels of lead, and estimates 

ot the contribution of sir load to blood 

lead. 

Determination ot a proposed level ter 

the lead standard requires the uso and 

interpretation ot apwiflc information 

for each of these anas. The approach 

taken to described in the following sections. 

GENERAL APPROACH TO SSTTUU TBI LXAD 

STSJOUXV 

Development of the national Ambient 

Air QuaUty Standard for Isod requires 

certain judgments by EPA about the relationship between ccricentrmtiono ot 

lead in the air and possible adverse 

health effect* experienced by the ptobho. 

This relationship to greatly "•"*|r,1*ft^ft 

by the fact th*t lead in ths O r fs not 

the only source of toad expesftre; that 

there to variability of response among 

individuals exposed to lead; and that 

there are numerous effects at toad en 

health, occurring at various levels of exposure which vary in public health significance. 

In developing tho standard. EPA* nas 

made judgments in ffve key areas. 

1. Determining tho critically sensitise 

population. 

2. Determining the pivotal adverse 

health effect 

3. Determining the mean population 

blood lead level which would be i»imslatent with protection oi the sensitive population. 

4. Determining the relationship between air lead exposure and resulting 

blood lead level. 

5. Determining the allowable blood 

lead increment from air. 

DETERMINING THB CRITICALLY SRHSlTlVS 

POPULATIOW 

Certain subgroups within the general 

population differ In sensitivity to lead exposure. Protection ot populations exhibiting the greatest sensitivity ot response 

to lead is a major consideration in determining the level ot the lead standard. 

From information presented in the Criteria Document, there are a mitpher of 

populations for which, lead

 mwfnrnrfi 

poses a greater risk: young children, 

pregnant women aad the fetus; the occupationally exposed: ond todrviduaja 

suffering from dietary deftdenates or exhibiting the genetic taasfifty t$ produce 

certain blood ensymes. 

EPA believes that: 

1-8 years) ahould 

foremost critically 

BBBOAL •SOOTIS, VOL 41, NO. ISO—WEDMfSOAX. »4> lff T 
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snssruflon snd rele*d; Cf) physiologic 

raped growth rate and 

W incomplete developdsfenss mechanisms; 

sensitivity of developing 

Ottilff 

character**** of 

Ctaucsl and _, 

hov* revealed that _ 

the body throughout Bfe, 

cjrtent lmmohmmsd ta bono, 

significant moblto traction ta 

soft tissues. Blood toad 

respond predictably to 

ths level of environmental 

as o result, are generally 

good Indicators ot that exposure as well as of the Internal dose of 

toed to which an body tissues aro exposed. The threshold for a particular 

health offset to considered to be the blood 

lead level at which the effect ls first detected. 

The Criteria Document provides a 

women snd the fetus are at ranking by blood lead threshold of the 

f oTtransplaoental movement health effects observed ta children. 

ss tte fetus and the possibility of a complications at delivery. Be- Summary of health e1ft>ct* in cMWrew 

there to a balance between mater- : . 

Isod levels oad total blood lead Biood WI 

eonoorn exists that development ^f!!^,ln „- . 

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i nervous system of the fetus may be tfiasdper 

da* t o nsuTOtoxicity of lead

 d<cflltwr 

i tp total borne synthesja and prebtrths have been associated with

 l0

 A LAD inhibition. 

exposure of the fetUS to lead. Wto » Erythrocyte pror, available evidence does not in- ^porphyria 

HHL'SBf ***** E? ^ * i£2Sfc~n 

olilil require o more stringent ALA excretion. 

titan young children. 2 Anamts.......... 

Groups exposed to toad ln ths work- *°

 c3SSSSSS?T,rto 

panee also comprise a population at

 M*>w ,'wu?ln?PE& 

greater riak. Because members of such 3ffiSuV 

sjawma ago generally healthy and do not

 w to"° Peripheral neoroharve o greateT physiological sensitivity w to u» EffiSbAhpathie 

Offiead than young children, EPA believes symptoms. 

***t the, protection ot such groups does 

not require sn sir quality standard for ALAD INHmiTiOH 

MU more stringent than that for young 

AiMfMi Inhibition of the enzyme aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) represents 

the lowest level effect of lead that has 

been detected. The decreased activity of 

this enzyme, while observable, to not sufficient at blood leads at and below 10 ag 

Pb/dl to Interfere with the step ln heme 

synthesis which it mediates. Because no 

significant accumulation of precursors 

occurs at this level of exposure, ALAD 

Inhibition of this degree ls not regarded 

as a physiological Impairment of the 

system. This effect becomes more significant at higher lead concentrations (40 

ug Pb/dl) which reduce the activity of 

ALAD sufficiently to cause build-up of 

the precursor (ALA) in the urine. 

10# vsnflasOAyORi 

55" ste* le btaefced b 

Population troop 

Children and 

adults. 

Women and 

chUdren. 

Children end 

adults. 

ChUdren. 

Adnlta and 

children. 

Children. 

Adults and 

chUdren. 

Children. 

possible critically sensitive popItlons suggested ta the Criteria Docult include individuals with genetic 

i such as sickle cell disease. The 

Document cites a tentative association between the existence of sickle 

osfl disease ta children and increased risk 

of peripheral neuropathy due to lead exposure. Individuals suffering from iron 

deficiency or malnutrition may also be at 

greater risk from lead exposure. There to. 

nosrever. insufficient data to determine 

ths> effects threshold for such groups or 

tf accurately characterize such groups 

Wfthta the Beneral population. 

THE PIVOTAL ADVERSE HEALTH 

^Tnff toxic effects of lead resulting from 

Ugh levels of exposure aro well docusOjawliiil Among tho first effects noted 

wore the severe and someuonsonjarrves such as colic, 

encephalopathy which folial exposure in the 

industries.. Expoconcentrations of lead in 

"Idea, and plumbing 

implicated tn cases 

increase ot lead in 

result of human 

research on tne 

ERYTHROCYTE PROTOPORPHYRIN ELEVATION 

Above 15-20 pM Pb/dl, the Criteria 

Document notes a correlation between 

blood toad levels ta children and the elevation of protoporphyrin ta rod blood 

cells. Unlike ALAD inhibition at lw ag 

Pb/dl, tho accumulation of erythrocyte 

protoporphyrin (EP) Indicates a functional impairment of ths heme synthetic pathway. ' 

In regard to the Implications for health 

of EP elevation, the Criteria Document 

provides the following description: 

Accumulation of protoporphyrin in the 

srythrocytes is the result of decreased efficiency of toon insertion into protoporhpyruv 

wtdoh tabs*' 

by m e effect of isod. Ihrg 

kts of protoporhpyrln wtthoert iron accumulate ta the erythrocyte, occupying the 

available heme pockets tn hemoglobin. 

Thm effect of load on Iron Incorporation 

Otto protoporphyrin U no* limited to the 

normoblast and/or to the hematopoietic system. Formation oz the heme-oontainlng protein, oytocrirome-PifiO, which Is an integral 

part of the liver mixed-function trrlilart. may 

also be inhibited by lead. Accumulation of 

protoporphyrin in tha presence of lead has 

been shown to ooour also la cultured oalia 

of ohlch dorsal root ganglion, Indicating that 

inhibition of heme ayntheele takes plaoe ta 

the neural tissue as well. These observations. 

and the fact that lead Is known to disrupt 

tbe mitochondrial structure and function. 

indicate that the lead effect on heme synthesis is exerted on ell body cells, possibly with 

different dose/response curves holding for 

effecta in different cell types. On ths ether 

hand, it must be noted that increased levels 

of protoporphyrin ta tha erythrocyte reflect 

an accumulation of substrate and therefore 

Imply a functional alteration of mltoobondiial function ta the same way that the increased urinary excretion of urinary e-ALA 

impllae impairment. Ia other words, tf a 

"reserve" activity of ferrochelatass exists, 

such ss has been suggested for 0-Al«AX>, accumulation of protoporphyrin ta the erthrocytee indloatee that this has been hampered 

by tne lead effect to the point that the substrate is accumulated. y*r these reasons, ss 

weU as for Its implication of the impairment 

of mitochondrial fuaottan, accumulation 

of protoporphyrin has been tat** te Indicate physiological Impairment relevant to 

human health. 

The remaining effects listed in tho table present progressively greater health 

risks to susceptible individuals including 

anemia, the possibility of irreversible 

learning deficits, and lead encephalopathy. 

EPA la proposing that lead-taduced 

elevation ta children of EP should be accepted as the pivotal adverse effect of 

lead Accordingly, the air toad standard 

should be designed to prevent the occurrence of EP elevation ta children. EPA 

bases its determination that EP elevation 

due to lead should be regarded as an adverse health effect on the following 

points: 

1. EP elevation indicates an abnormal 

impairment of various cell functions, 

which should not be allowed to persist as 

a chronic condition. 

2. The impairment of cellular function indicated by EP elevation extends 

to all body cells, and may have particular implications for tho functioning of 

neural and hepatic tissues. 

8. The air lead standard to intended to 

establish a level of airborne lead which 

can be regarded as consistent with protecting the health over a lifetime of exposure The pervasive biological involve^ 

ment of lead ta the body, and its demonstrated Impairment of biological functions are a strong impetus to the Agency 

ta adopting the lowest threshold bielogi-

. osl effect which eon bo considered adverse to health. 

4 The Center for Disease Control has' 

also ueed EPefcrvatJon as sn indicator < 

undue lead expeoure. although thefT 

guideline** pubrtohed In ltW are ortItwtJbU tJSJIfTB*. VOL "41, HO. *40-WH>Nt»AY, M*^a*£l14* , 1WT 

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an 

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rather 

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gin of safe**. 

8. The A^tatendetpM the air standard be prssnutirmarf. Taking the lowest adverse effoet levels to compatible 

with tha scientific uncertainty about tho 

health oonsequeooes cf prolonged low 

level lond exposure, and with tho downward trwod in levels of lead ta the nlood 

regarded a* adverse to health by the 

public health community. 

As an alternative to using elevation ot 

EF as the pivotal health effect, EPA 

could take tho position that EP elevation, whUe of concern to public health, 

to not sufficiently adverse to health, and 

that the standard should be based cn the 

more severe effects such ss anemia, or 

CNS deficits. EPA would welcome comments on whether what to known, or anticipated, about EP elevation or other 

subclinical effects has sufficient implications to warrant a role in determining 

the level ot the standard. 

ssTXRMnnxa A SATE SLOOP LEAD LEVEL ros 

PROTECTION OS THS SXHSTxTrX POPULATION 

The third key area for Judgment ta tho 

development of the proposed standard 

involves the determination of the mean 

population blood lead level for children 

at which EP elevation does not occur. 

EPA to proposing that this standard for 

lead be based on the judgment that the 

mean population blood toad for children 

not exceed 18 pg Pb/dl This to the lowest 

value given ta the Criteria Document as 

a threshold for the correlation of EP 

with blood toad level, based on studies by 

Roels (1976) and Piomelli (1977). On the 

basis of present knowledge, EPA believes 

that a population mean of IS pg Pb/dl 

can be regarded as an indicator ot a sate 

level of total lead exposure for children. 

There aro two reasons why ths use of 

a blood toad target as an Intermediate 

goal between air quality and EP levels to 

necessary. Pint, most of the sdentific 

literature covered by the Criteria Document reports studies which link air lead 

with blood toad levels. Second, CP levels 

can be expected to respond to oA sources 

of lead exposure; blood lead level serves 

as an indicator of total exposure. 

Ih selecting 15 pg Pb/dl mean population blood toad as a target. EPA wishes 

to stress that tt to proposing a statistical 

measure of population exposure. EPA ts 

not suggesting that tadlvidual blood toad 

levels In excess Of 18 jg Pb/dl necessarily 

constitute 4 significant rkk to health. It 

can bo expected that a population with 

ameanbloodtoadlevelotlSsgPb/dlwffl 

have tadtvadual* with, higher and lower 

blood lead levata. There win also be * 

vartotionofaPlev^aftfftad^d^ualswlth 

a given Mood toad level It to 'also true 

that the absence of s*s*totica! correlation 

of BP lev*** wt** blood load kneto below 

lf eg Pb/dl doso not *aveae*igj mean 

t^sbSaA ttMsaVA ^BatJjftssnvfP B\EBBBBBBBB1I ^ssssVfl BBWVVPW Ofk a 

sUW"*U to? to wWeOtl 1-WUL IWVQfVl, ta t 

18 j«Bfcr*x stoos represent a 

whteh tite sentittvo poputovhas not been sesn to show 

taJsPdueta toed and *bov* 

EP elevation has boon densonto rise with increasing Isopiic*-

for health. While other ttir*ehoeds 

for EP elevation have boon found (Sassa, 

lffTI>. EPA to using the lowest level cited 

In the Criteria Document ta order to es> 

tahhah a margta of safety. 

Alternatively. KPA could attempt to 

Judge the actual level of EP elevation 

which represents an adverse effect on 

health, and then apply an adjustment 

far margta of safety. Por example, ta 

1975, the Center tor Disease Control established as 0 guideline tor undue or increased lead absorption ta children a 

blood toad level ot SO sg Pb/dl or EP 

levels of 80 sg/dL The level of 30 

ft Pb/dl ta the blood represents some 

degree of health risk, but it to difficult to 

know whether any intermediate levels 

between 30 pg Pb/dl and 15 pg Pb/dl 

safeguard the public health. 

EPA believes that elevations ta Individual blood levels snd corresponding 

changes ta EP levels are reversible, snd 

may not ta a single cycle constitute * 

serious physiological Impairment. However, token as a population average), undertytag an environmental standard describing the safe Umits for a lifetime of 

exposure, EPA to proposing that no elevation of EP associated with toad ox* 

posure should be seen as free from risk 

to the health of the sensitive population. 

In establishing the target mean blood 

lead level for the sensitive population, 

EPA has used the lowest threshold for 

EP rather than attempt to use statistical 

techniques discussed ta tho Criteria 

Document ta order to take into account 

the extent of individual variation ta 

blood lead levels for a given level of exposure. The Criteria Document points 

out that data tram epidemiological 

studies show that the log values of Individual blood lead values ta a uniformlyexposed population are normally distributed with a standard geometric deviation of 1J to 1.8. Using standard statistical techniques, tt to possible to calculate 

tbe mean population blood lead level 

which would place a given percentage 

of the population below the level of an 

effects threshold. Par example, a mean 

population blood lead level of 16*g Pb/dl 

would place 994% of a population of 

children below the Center for Disease 

Control guidelines of 30 sg Pb/dL 

SPA believes that variable response 

within the sensitive population ahould 

be taken Into consideration ta setting the 

level of the standard, but recognises a 

number of problems ta using the lognormal distribution In the case of tite 

toed standard. 

(1) The log-normal distribution describes the variable response of tndlriduato* blood lead levels to air exposure, tt 

can be expected that there to atoo a probability distribution associated with tho 

elevation Of EP among tadrvlduals wtth 

* given blood toad level. The parameters 

of ttds second preboMHty utolfffiutfon 

only a 

rtd«ato Just 

load level will 

beyond what could be expected i 

normal scatter of I P vslaog 

blood lead levels Just below tho 1 

Tne effect of using blood toad so an intermediary between air toad exposure 

and EP levels to to combine two prnaff 

bfltty distributions, one known sssd one 

unknown, betueen population bteod 

varus* and EP elevation, 

(3) There aro a number of sources of 

varlabfllty ta blood lead levels other than 

individual differences of response within 

a population group. These Include variability from possible non-uniform exposure to toad ta tho populations studied 

and from analytical and process) techniques used ta measuring blood lead. 

Tttr the** reasons. EPA believes that 

use of o log-normal correction max overestimate the degree to wfrJeh the population mean should be below the f 

old blood toad level This to 

true ta dealing with thr threshold: 

where considerable margin ef 

suits from selection ot th* 

lead level o t which slight 

to first detected, rather 

which toad has had a 

ooEPlerwi. 

PSTXSMUUIIS 

AIR UAS jrXJJOSOXS AKB 

UAftvLavax . 6^iLifci74^i*j ": 

On the basis of eKnical aridepic*3talologtosl studios evaluated, tite Ortterui 

Document concludes: - r&V&ts*;:. 

•• - • «• v»_« l\-*sjn't'iK 

ffvldSnoe -hancatee that a jTM 

ttonshtp exists bctwetfOMooff 

tionahtp baa no« yet 

data sndtoete ths* lm She rengeef ah* 

exposures generaUy aneonntereO Of 

population, the ratio of toe increase l a 

lead per unit of air lead la from 1 to X 

appears that toe ratio fbr ahOOrsa to hi tl. _ 

upper end of the range and that ratio* for 

males may be higher than those for tanialss 

The range of ratios for children's 

blood lead response to a one ^g r 

ta air lead cited ta the Criteria 

ment to from 1J to 3.3. The lower 

comes from studies at ^*nHrt' 

where dust levels of lead ware i 

correlated with blood lead, m view pi tho, 

tendency of children to experience high.-? 

er ratios due to greater intake andTab- I 

sorption of sir lead, EPA hag 

ratio of 1: J tn calculating tho 

air lead levels on blood lead 

children-. 

DsnxsMnruca TB* axxowsau 

Tho fifth aren of 

*A In developing 

ard for lead to 

send which 

poButaat 

under' 

That 

fOMAl kfOrite*. VOt- 41, NO\ 

• 
P.7 

M*J „ 

p~ir*3 

-*«s-^ar>'' 

toad levels ta water 

). 

•PJy-A"* ^ 

demonstrate a atrohg 

of blood lead level with air 

I studies on adult volunteers 

studies demonstrate changes 

i with changes of tho con-v 

load in tho air (Griffin. 

Epidemiological studies 

pattern of urban-rural 

where blood toad leveto are 

settings where sir lead 

higher. Other epidemlodhrectiy correlate sir lead 

load. Those include studies 

setoff utitoiifiii dosimeters to accurately 

gaogo toad exposure (AZAR, 1975). and 

the gprV^enslve population studies coathjfftmd to.' the community around the 

waasitar oamptor at Kellogg. Idaho (Yankel and von Ltadern. 1977). 

i or iruxTTPiJi SOURCSS or 

aaa* M ssi iiso AW am STANDARD 

Tho tonpllcations of multiple sources 

of environmental toad are difficult to 

retrsnotir* with ths concept of a National 

Ambient Air Quality Standard. If the air 

wore tne only source cf toad, it would bo 

a reasonably straightforward matter to 

Identity a safe level and to require that, 

regardless of what prevailing leveto of sir 

toad are today. the safe level be achieved. 

However, since non-air sources contribute lead as wen. the level of an ambient 

air quality standard which will protect 

peensto health to effected by tne contributtear ef those non-air sources. If their 

contribution to far below the allowable 

level of blood lead, the sir contribution 

can *o permitted to be relatively high. 

However, lt they alone contribute more 

than the allowable blood lead level even 

a aero ambient air quality standard 

would not prevent EP elevation ta children. 

BPA behaves that it should assume 

some level of blood lead attributable to 

nan-air sources in order to determine 

what the ah* lead contribution con be, 

and,what tne ambient air quality standard should bo os a result. This calculaeoeaplicated. however, by the fact 

non-air contribution to stood 

from time-to-tlme add pjfcce 

to place. A» a result, the level selected ag 

has bseto tor determining the allowable 

senfrffaition from air and tiis resulting 

ah- guality standard becomes ta part s 

reflecting how much of the 

profflem should bo dealt 

control cf ah* souros*. 

ths factors Just discussed. 

Air Quality Standt_8*nttwiaitejba bb* 

non^atr sonross to 

ntii*i«5S 

MMI 

•sndesrprotective in areas wher* 

»> li high. IPA does not behove, hewthat tt to given tho latitude to set 

air quality standards under 

SAW, KPA has, therefore, under -

to rooks a single judgment as to 

contribution to population blood 

derives from non-sir sources. Thto 

stogie numerical value represents. In 

fact, what EPA proposes should be taken 

as a goal in limiting lead exposures from 

non-air sources. The level for non-an* 

contribution used ta thto proposal to 

EPA's best.Judgment as to the appropriate level based partly on what to 

known about non-air lead contribution 

from a limited number of studies and 

partly on what EPA believes is an appropriate goal for air pollution control 

consistent with the Agency's responsibility to protect the public health. The 

specific derivation of the goal for nonair contribution to mean population 

blood lead levels is described ta the next 

section. 

BASIS VOR SPA'S BSTIMATl o r CONTRIBTJTIOI* 

TO BLOOD LEAS LEVELS PROM NOH-AXR 

SOURCES 

The level of the standard to very 

strongly Influenced by judgments made 

regarding the size of non-air contribution to total exposure. EPA has encountered difficulties ln attempting to estimate exposure from various lead sources 

ta order to determine the contribution of 

such sources to blood lead levels: 

(1) Studies reviewed ta the Criteria 

Document do not provide detailed or 

widespread information about relative 

contribution of various sources to young 

children. Estimates can only be made by 

Inference from other empirical or theoretical studies, usually Involving adults. 

(3) It can be expected that the contribution to blood lead levels from non-air 

sources can vary widely, to probably not 

in constant proportion to air lead contribution, and ta some cases'may alone 

exceed the target mean population blood 

lead level. 

In spite of these difficulties, EPA has 

attempted to assess available Information ta order to estimate the general contribution to population blood lead levels 

from air and non-air sources. This has 

been done with evaluation of evidence 

from general epidemiological studies, 

studies showing decline of blood lead 

leveto with decrease ta air lead, studies 

of blood lead levels ta areas with low air 

toad levels, and isotopic tracing studies. 

Studies reviewed by the Criteria Document show that mean blood lead levels 

for children are frequently above 18 sg 

Pb/dl. In studies reported, the range of 

mean population blood lead leveto for 

children was from 16.5 Mg Pb/dl to 48.4 

sg Pb/dl with most studies showing 

mean levels greater than 35 sg Pb/dl 

(Ptae. 1973; Landrigan. 1975; von Ltadern. 1976). EPA believes that for most 

ot these populations, the contribution to 

blood toed levels from non-air sources 

exceeds the desired target mean blood leg?**, 

&»* number of studies, it to apparent 

that reduction ta ah* lead toveav 

ta s decline ta children's blood 

A study of blood toed levels In cbJsdrea 

ta New York City showed that children's 

mean blood toad leveto fen tram SO .8 sg 

Pb/dl to 31.0 sg Pb/dl from 1970 to 197*. 

while during the same period air lead 

leveto at a single monitoring site teU 

from 3.0 sg Pb/dl to 0.9 sg/Pb, (BUMck. 

1977). Studies at Omaha, Nebraska 

(Angle. 1977) and Kellogg, Idaho (Yankel. von Lindern. 1977) also show a drop 

ln mean blood lead leveto with declines 

In air lead leveto. However, as air toad 

levels decline there appears to be a rough 

limit to the drop in blood lead leveto. EPA 

has also examined epdemlologlcal studies 

ln the Criteria Document where air lead 

exposure to low. snd can bs assumed to 

be a minor contributor to blood toad 

These studies provide an indication of 

blood lead leveto resulting from * situation where non-air sources of lead are 

predominant 

Btndie* reporHne blood lead levels *a 

children etn^ted to moderate to low air 

lead level* 

Investigator 

Hammer, 1973... 

Ooldair, ih, 1974. 

Johnson, TiUery, 

1975. 

Blood Air 

lead (In let 

micrograma 

of had 

JS. liter) 

lLt 

14.4 

U.7 

ULI 

io. a 

erf load 

per 

cable matar) 

cu 

014 

0.S-O7 

O.t-0.1 

as 

•* 

Comment 

CkQdranta 

n.iwi.Vto i SaMrtfaan etoldna 

aaaslto4ln 

dssaba. 

Cfaflaraato 

Bawds, Calfl. 

CblMrenb 

^CwwlBBt, Calif. 

PWaUtooxss fsoajflrtp--* 

masnagette 

Uttesster, CalB*. 

The range of mean blood lead leveto in 

those studies to from 10J sg Pb/dl to 

14.4 sg Pb/dl. with an average at 13-7 

sg Pb/dl. 

In addition to epidemiological investigations, EPA has reviewed studies that 

examine the source of blood lead by detecting characteristic lead Isotopes. A 

study using Isotopic tracing (tianton, 

1977) suggests that for several adults In 

Houston, Texas, 7 to 41 percent of blood 

lead could be attributed to sir lead 

sources. An earlier Isotopic study (Rabinowitz. 1974) concluded that for two 

adult male subjects studied, approximately one-third of total daily intake of 

lead could be attributed to exposure to 

sir lead levels of 1-3 sg Pb/m*. While 

these results cannot be directly related 

to children, lt ls reasonable to assume 

that children may exhibit the same or 

higher percentages of air lead contribution to blood lead level because cf * 

greater potential tor exposure to indirect air sources, soil and dust. 

From reviewing these areas of evidence, EPA concludes that; 

1. In studies showing mean blood load, 

leveto above 18 sg Pb/dl it Is prohoble 

that both air and ncn-air souros* of tood 

contribute significantly toMeodtesd, ***** 

i • M%« -

WO: 140—WfDNfSOAY, DKtMStf 14/TVf* 

«1\*MP taSs*>' a , 

-

•m 

I 
P.8 

t*T*' 

tabtoed toad take T~ii 

•tody and about 38 poxcent 

•f *»s_ 

It m. PWs* to asm-aa* 

sources. On the ether hand, tho average 

blood toad level from atonies. KP A belisrees 

to lapn—nf tha toast ems*** of blood 

attrtboaahle to non-air sources to U.7 

ag/Phv to tne absence af more precise 

information. EPA to proposing that the 

toad standard bo baaed om th* assumption thai to general. 13 sg PWdl ot tho 

blood load torsi to children to derived 

from toad sources imafferted by the lead 

air quality standard. EPA to aware that 

actual population blood toad levels, either 

tadivlCsanlty ar aa a eopaeattaD mean. 

may exceed thto benchmark. However, lf 

EPA mere to use a larger estimate of nonair contribution to blood toad, the result 

would be an cuceptfonaBy stringent 

standard, which wouM not address the 

principle source of lead exposure. Conversely. EPA believes that ft should not 

adopt an estimate of non-air contribution befow the level shown ta available 

studies to be the lowctat mean blood lead 

level documented tn the Criteria Document. 

n—»—»— of th* strong impact that 

adrgdtag the* goal for non-air sources 

ha* on the level of the standard. EPA 

WOaOsmr* kafhrmatien and Judgments 

shout to* validity of the numerical value 

chosen ter thto factor, aa well as views 

about alternative ways in which EPA 

could develop a* ah* standard that takes 

tato account other routes of exposure. 

caicuxaTBnei ov Tare ai 

EPA has calculated tho proposed 

standard baaed on tho conclusions 

reached ta toe previous sections: 

1. genslttve population: children, ages 1-6. 

attest}:, sieistiija eg eeytnrosyte pratsg*»toyrtoCsPt. 

to TggfeeV SsrasfaoOf tn ssflsiETv* population: 

• a toOBeeO 

• T » 

Ot Oat 

obtain an ato ajtohti teed, 

pared to tha atondard teeel to 

if * vkatottan o< 

cm red. 

in 

haxo heen. sbsvsm to ptnrgatjo 

in blood toad leveto, to adtote after 

at exposare tQittto*. UV) . sto~ 

csnaeof th* slow nsponaocd 

leveto to Increases to air toad toveto. kt 

to not prohohl* that 

in. air kad levels will cause advene eafects. 

Baaed on available tot 

has concluded that the 

for the toad standard be 

month, based on th* average of 3a 

measurements. This period to 

shorter than th* time oaatrvul Um 

adjuatimens, af blood toad terete to 

to Chang** to axt lead eone*iktrat**n because c* the greater risk af e*sia*n**w ot 

young children. 

•surer* or SAJEU 

EPA behaves that tho rai 

standard incorporates * wuflarten* 

gin to protect the public health and welfare from tile adverse effects of lead exposure deriving from lead fn the ah*. 

Margin of saf ety caautoterattena toava entered tato the devetepsnent ef the standard to several key are**: 

VI) The standard Is based en protection of young chikhexi. acIlUtalry senattive general sutgroap within the puses 

tetaOsTL 

(3) The standard to based oa the lewdest threshold f er the first adverse effect 

occurring with taeresstasj ssOod lesxf 

levels to cMMren: elevstlen of protoporphyrin te red Hood eelk at a blood lead 

level of 15 sg Pb/dl. 

O) in estimating the change ta brood 

lead leveto resulting from, the change ta 

air lead leveto. EPA has selected a ratio 

at the protective end of the range provided ta the Criteria Document. 

lewd level* to tt 

art ve l below 

far Stood toad tarpact (. 

appear to be more susceptible toil 

effects from, load than man not do od- -

verse effects ta anfmah ocenr at lower 

f ecte to hra-ann. rtoic? 

te 

aa* awisrss. laag Pa/di-tasg 

rbjm^**g*m*<n- _______ 

% a***** T**»**f 9txycmxtr$JkmhjU uJtiaUt«Bt with. 

lYCyflX sUJc 

The significance of dust and sofl toad 

aa Indirect routes of exposure has been 

of particular concern ta the esse of 

.young y*'«riiTip*Ti play hcht*i and mouthing behavior between the ages of ane 

and five have led to the rnnrtoslTWi that 

greater potential may exist In those children for lageation and Inltelattnn of tho 

lead available in duatandaoiL 

aw***** reviewed to. the Criteria DsSJOr* 

ment indicate a correlation 

and dust leveto aad cfcJedreai 

levels ta hsgtoly rimtiawilrintaa 

meat* ixantosl aad van Tawtoia, leTI; 

Baritroix 1874; 

lead thieshsad f ar 

pcstod sa U8 * sgms to soil < Yi 

sf*Ti>:og 

th* toad standard dudes that blood toveto bsgta to tog |*Vs**U SSGOHS. wot. ex. 

?'• w 
....•.», 

>2-*1 .... .^. 

**r*v 

centre* of Isod 

isod snd copper 

ted ssneltera. grsy 

sdditivo 

battery 

further ta-

*nd secondary lend 

ncatexx may bs 

teehntoslry ots* 

bo roouired in lmptealr quality stand-

-

uncertainties asevshtettog th* impact of 

standard. Por smelters, 

'and battery plant*, attaining 

I may require control of fugiLe, those emissions 

team process steps, other then 

atetn smoke stacks. Fugitive 

are difficult to estimate, meesand It to also difficult to 

impact on ah* quality near 

i the information avail -

Agency. II does appear that 

s smelters may hove great 

difficulty in achieving lead ah* quality 

ttwsto ^ovtostotent with the proposed 

" toOiOOS immediately adjacent 

e n * 

"«**»• *si 

Ttoe of teal la pesttgpr^ptoar While the poesiof thO standard on these 

of ooncern to EPA, snd win 

fil continuing studies snd 

hwetotets have not entered 

of the level of tho 

stowfcvrd, -

OtHtft ST* atoUUTIOHS 

1* «•»,* « promulgated the national 

Interim primary drinking water regulatam lor lead, Th* standard was aimed at 

jseteiltni children from undue lead exp seat s and nmttsd lead to 0.06 mffilgrams 

pareter <mg/l> which was considered as 

low s> swrf as practicable. In 18T», the 

*B***ffia)sl Academy of Sciences evstuaied 

thotaterim drtaktag water standards and 

"led that * ao-observed-adverse 

eatect tor toad cannot he set With 

value greater than 0.038 

of Water Supply to curthe need to revise the 

water standard for lead. 

toxicity, ssPA included 

*3T* to* cf .priority pollutants 

gnistoltos* will be deEfltoent guktettne* 

the major steOf airborne lead, 

on achtovetechnology. 

cf Pecticlde Programs has 

nontoxic-

»-.Y'*ra»nea; 

4'M • -•• - " "' *,<*» 

itatheUA 

and lto-

. which EPA to 

to treat, 

or store h***rdoos waotes, pros moons tor spootfytag how used 

oil. end ether waste streams 

offittotatng tood should bo recycled or 

ssf*ry disposed of. At the present time, no 

regulatory actions related to wastes containing lead have been proposed. 

KPA has regulations for reducing the 

lead content ta gasoline to OJ grams/ 

gallon by October 1.1979, and regulations 

providing for leadfree gasoline required 

for cars equipped with catalytic converters and other vehicles certified for 

use of unleaded fuel The former regulations are based on reducing exposure to 

airborne lead to protect public health. 

Other EPA actions whlsh result ta the 

reduction of airborne lead levels include 

ambient standards and State implementation plans for other pollutants such ss 

particulate matter and sulfur dioxide and 

new source performance standards limittag emissions of such pollutants. Existing 

and new sources of particulate matter 

emissions generally uso control techniques which reduce toad emissions as 

one component of particulate matter. 

OTHEE rXDSBSL AOXSCT ES0UIJITU>*8 AKB 

poernows ow LEAD 

The Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration proposed regulations In 

1975 to limit occupational exposure to 

lead to 100 sg Pb/m*. 8-hour time 

weighted average. The exposure Umit was 

based on protecting against effects, clinical or subclinical, and the mild symptoms 

which may occur below 80 pg Pb/dt providing an adequate margta of safety. The 

level of 100 sg Pb/ta* to anticipated to 

limit blood lead leveto ta workers to a 

mean 40 sg Pb/dl and a maximum of 

60 pg Pb/dl. OSHA to presently reviewing 

the latest Information on lead exposure 

and health effects ta preparation for 

promulgation of the workplace standard 

for lead. 

The Department of Housing and Urban 

Development (HUD) has requirements 

tor reducing human exposure to lead 

through the prevention of lead poisoning 

from Ingestion of paint from buildings, 

especially residential dwellings. Their 

activities Include (1) prohibition of use 

of toad-based patate on structures constructed or rehabilitated through federal 

funding and on aH HUD-assoclated 

housing; (3) notification of purchasers of 

HUD-assoclated housing constructed 

prior to 1980 that such dwellings may 

contain lead-based paint; and (t) research activities to develop improved 

methods of detection snd elimination of 

toad-based paint haaards. 

The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPBC) promustttedrewntataons 

in September 18TT which be* 0* P*tot 

and other surface co*ttng ntetertato containing more than 0.08 percent toad; Cfl 

tow* and other articles Intended for ues 

N ftp children bearing patat er f " 

" 

than 

•PP 

rv*. -l -r 

more 

latioo* are based est < 

that tt ts to tfaepobi 

duce the risk of toad pstosntng to 

children from tagBstton of patnt 

other similar surface-coating 

Ihe Pood oad Drug Adnnntotrstton 

adopted ta 1974 o pmcieasd tcesrancQ tor 

lead of OJ ppn hi evaporated milk tod 

evaporated skim milk. Tins hate once to 

based on i**1*ta1ii1i*j children's blood 

tood levels below ot sg Pb/dL PDA also 

ho* o proposed action lew* of 7 pg/ml for 

leachable tood in pottery and enamelware, although th* exact oonteftaUlon of 

such exposure to total human dietary tntake has not been ests*atohe& 

The Center tor Dtosase Control soneluded ta 1878 thai undo* of taereesed 

toad absorption exists when 0 child has 

confirmed blood toad teres- So-70 sg 

Pb/dl or on EP elevation of 80-189 pg 

Pb/dl except where, the elevated EP level 

to caused by Iron deficiency. This guideline to presently accepted by the scientific community but because cf more recent d*to to beta*reevaluated. . 

nan ss* sjosurr STI 

Pour states oarroatty have 

quality 

syrvenla, slbntan*. and 

ni* nas th* lowest standard 

Pb/m*. 30-day Average, 

on hunting tho poraftnof 

to air derived to 5" percent ff 

values are held tote ag Pb/dl or 

Csulftornto. concludes 

is consistent with restricting mean blood 

lead levels to less than if * Pb/dt Pennsylvania based their stendard of 8.* sg 

Pb/m'. 30-day average on th* heetth 

effecte of absorbed t**d and concluded 

that 60 pg/day ef tood can bo safely 

absorbed from the sir. Assuming a dally 

respiration volume of 38 m? and • 90 

percent absorption rote, * maximum of 

8 Mg/m* to allowed ta the air. Montana's 

standard ot 5.0 sg Pb/m*, 30-d*y average, 

was adopted as a goal based on Penn-1 

sylvanla's experience. Oregon has • 

standard of 3.0 sg Pb/m*. 30-day average, 

which was based primarily on health 

effects dat* with some consideration of" 

economic ImpUcations. 

• 

T B * jjrXASSAI. EXSWaXKCS MXTBOS 

The Federal Itaference. 

Led* describes tho. 

nlquee for determiningL_ 

of lead and ite compounds measured so 

elemental toed 1st ambtent *•*. The 

method to bssed on measuring Ofe toad 

content cf suspended 

on glass fiber filters 

sampling. The l**d tot 

th* particulate i 

with heat or uatisaeito energy* 

tho tood soosont to-measured by 

absorptten aiiiuctimistl. • 

Thoi 

tory 

born* 

•Itog-ofl 

:'rn--
WSNI A M l_a j-.L^litoj8s Juuuski the 

jam IS M zsaw MII > .rx^^i^r -• ^~^» ^ • -

sampttay taethott or anafytkal prtorfp*? 

1

n

**olTf4. but may amend the final Federal Reference Method for I*ad ta any 

or*la<dlk*aOalosr*^vHky*. 

i. BsaewOOani ss*w* tatorrfnt juawoncnt 

procesaea**mtef*«lao*vw*mlariarjB«. 

jr. Thclbgato of * third extraction procedure which uses s/roe regis. Thto permit* th* analyst to extract more metals 

than Just toad quantitatively thereby 

pesssi tstag nton to ssislj* the same extract for aoavo than sn* ssctoL 

3L Althoug h th e atomi c absorption 

principle was selected as the mirth ori of 

analysts, other analytical principles appear t o be eqaany apphcsble and are curiLBsnj Seine rratoated. Thews methods 

are ftuuetess atoni c ahserpUon, optical 

emission spec li ome try, snd anodic stripping voltametry. These analytical principles saaw b o T^i^yfT*** ta th * final 

method test probably wilt be handled via 

t he "ueutu ri tout •* * hoc r route., 

fUSUC P^F<rw*'r**ti\Tir>1'' 

All Interested persons are Invited to 

comment on sfi aspects of ttie pioposed 

standard and the Federal Reference 

Method. In particular, data, views and 

argmnente or e solicited on th* level of 

t he standard* and amctostons. sesusnptiams, and catoutolfcaii «sed by EPA ta 

seseettoa* that *•. »el. COmmento sheoM be 

fUhni*H*''1 ta duplicate tor M*r. Joseph 

Padgett. Strategies and Atr Standards 

Division. MD-13. Research Triangle Park. 

NJC. ami -

Dated : December 8,287T. 

Donai a* Com * 

AatJtoaistralor. 

The Agency propose* to amend 40 CPR 

Port &o by fdrf<T|g tfr*> following: 

15*1 1 Weteanalpilatsuj aa 

amisfcat ai r ejvafwy- eaaae'aaito fa r 

lead. 

The national ambient air quality 

•leastsiito tar lead and Ea irssgrasiiiirto 

measured ft* etemsntal tend by a reference *»otriB* bsscd om Appendix O to 

this pert, or by sss sqereetoent method. 

are: 1.3 micrograms per cubic meter— 

monthly arithmetie mean. 

(Section* 108 and 801 (a* ot 1*0 dea n Air 

Act ee amended (4a ttilA 7408.7001(01, 4 . 

RXTXRXNCBB 

A*gle> c JS an * la , a. MnPittra toavlrear 

"W"«*V ecairot e aad the decline ox blood 

lead. ATC&. *tavO-on. Uith . rpt press.) ISTT. 

Angle, c. J l an d tr. 8. Mclntire. Lead Is 

Air, Dustfefl, Oon, Huueeduti. lank east 

to geiiiisjuiiela l Beaith-v m 

Prooaedttter <* toe S d Annual Oeofereaoe 

eav Trace getteteaoes ta » 

; OahnnMa. June 11.1904. 

Epidemiologic Approach to OoaaaaunlSjr ** r 

TjsSag seavuiiil Air Sampler* 

Eat 

men t Vol W—Lead K l 388 (1078). 

Billick. I. A. Curran. and D. Shier. PreseUr 

tatta a ea 

of toe Sdeae e Advisory Board, Washington* 

D.G, Oevoeer v. rrr*. 

Vim, P. a . V. W. TTiriiaes. to. H. St*©\ 

B. K OusmDeig ea d P. A jWeehacr reatetrfa 

Bleed Leatt LeveSr A Stwdy hv r4 DtoweSe CUtee 

of nsvaRBed*s*e ^utoSSon . JAMA 291 rMTOi*T*8ae*-*l . irr x 

OtoteessM*. X n . Used reela aa a benrtn im -

plications ot airborne lead. US . Dep&rtsmsst 

o i Ostasaeraa ErrrvS rn. SesVa* 1WV4 

Ortrea. T. aV. V. CesHeten. B. WUav. J . a . 

RusaaU, aa * J. H. yniSi a fills sal atasdto* 

o a saea eoatlnuDUtoy eeaeeed t o airborne 

particulate lead Envtroau QMBA. Oal.. 0*8*1 . 

2:221-340. 1976. 

Hammer, D. 8. e t al. Trace "i*- h 1* Ba -

m a s Hair ea a w»f h Epsdsestaaaglaaa Meektor at Environmental Kspaaave. tau TJ**a 

Snhatan—« is. Enawsimsnt e HeaM 

bill. D. D. fed) Columbia, Uakv. cf 

Preaa. 1812. p.2&-3S 

Johnson. D. E., J. B. TUlery, and B. iPravost. Leecle o t platsnaim. faUadlata Mid 

lead Ln jteputotlana o t Southern '"nUlcrrils 

Envtooa. Health Parsp. 12:23-31. m* . 

Tanrtrtgon. P. J , a. B . *»»>"T^h. * . if -

Roaenblany i. U.. ahcuita, a t si . irplileailr 

Lead Absorption Near an Ore Smelter, tb a 

role of parUculaU lead- New Bngfaiad J. Itea. 

292:123-126. Uy*6-

Msmnn. W. L Sourcee a t Leeid to aUood. 

Arch. Environmental Health. 12:140-45*. 

1977. 

PlnmeUl. Ov. C Oeaman. D. XaOcsa, A. Curran. and B. Davidow. atetabaltc eyldsaire at 

lead toxicity in "normal" urban eaflrtrea 

Clin. Bse . 25:405 A. 107*1. 

Bahinowlta. IA a . Lead eorataxolnaUon a t 

the htospfcere by bunuux activity. A stable 

isotope study. PhD Taceta. Tjyniverwttf of Cal£>' 

tornla. Loa Sn^ilea. 1974.130 pp. 

Boela. EL. J. P. Budirl. EL lauwerys, OL 

Hubermont. P. Bruaux. P. Ctaeya-Thoreaa. 

A. La Fontaine, and J. Van Ovarachelde. Impact of air poUution by lead an tbe beme 

blosynthetia pathway l a echoal-sge cbiidren. Arch. Kbvtran. Health. ZtrSVf-SlS. 197*. 

Saau . a,L.j" . Oranlck. S. OranSck. A Kappas, and B . D . 1>vere. Studies In lead potoonlng. L *Prrnanatyats or erythrocyte protoporphyrin leveto by epectroffuarometry fn the 

detection of chronic lead Intoxication tn the 

sub-clinical range. Biochem. MeiX. S: 138-148, 

1973. 

von lindern , I. and A. J. vaatei . Presentation t o th e Shoshone Berr y Metala Project 

Committee by Idaho Department of Hearth 

and Welfare. Boise, rdaho. Sept.« . nVte. 

Worth. Dm. e t al. Lead in dtfnkfng water, 

a public health problem, with a sohrtfon. J. 

Amer. Public Health Aaa. to press. 

TeaSel. A. J. and I. von Wndtorn. The SHver Valley lead study. The recatftsttshfe of 

childhood lead polsnntag and envlxtaunentat 

exposure. J. Atr ^jflul. Cunt. Aas., August, 

12TT. 

The varoee r^ren befua ere tyjsaWeeTlarJF'*' 

methods capabilities. AfeeetwSr voroav w8j> ' 

vary for individual situations dejaa****. am. 

the type of instrument used, tea toad Itea, 

a nd operating conditions. 

ZJ. Bangs. Tha typical ange - o t f* e 

method to 0.08 to T.S ug PO/Tn* aeaiaatug a a 

upper linear range ofanalyai a of 15 ng/tat 

and a n air volume of 2400 m*. 

23 Anaryttcai er^asrtttfty. Tjyfca! 

•ltmtre s A r t i i (jiaugs i n 

(OJOOM absorbanoa ealtor) arw 93 avat Otf 

ng PVWS r She site * sa d 908JP m a atoat 

reapee^rverr. 

VX Lower Daeeeftable LtoaR (UKJ . A 

typical LDL to 0.03 ng Pb/m*-. Ttoto US . to te r 

t he JW n m I w The U7L for ttoe SOSLO to 

u n s will oe somewhat hlgher_ Ttor" estoww 

centratlon ln a ooUaboraUve 

method.1" A a aer 

fore, no oorieeehaa Ser chemical 

to given here. If tha anaijest 

ever, be corrected for Insti IIIIIMSOBB. 

t h o dlesatve* aaaaa* can eery OeajswCliig; e a 

be necessary, especially when netog Stos 

217.0 n m line. Dual beam instruments with 

a continuum source give the mee t acottrate 

correction. A lees accurate 

oraetwae toy 

tbe* I 

AJ>PKNDDT, G—tomtN a 

OsmsiMATiQi or UUD . na *vs>*uraB> 

PaavscaLata liaTXxa Coixscran Paoia 

AMQKtKMX Am 

l. Prfwc—jplt ana ApjHttaaAM*g. 

l.l Ambient air suspended particulate 

matte r la coUected on a glass-fiber filter tor 

24 hours using a high volume sfr i 

IJI Lead t a th e particulate 

eolublitBed by extraction 

(HNO,), facilitated by heat or ultresuuluattociv 

I S The 

analysed by atomic abeorptaeB i 

c a a be 

turers manuals. 

sf 

tha t 

t h e 

me**y»aatou*r» 

traction technique of sample prepe*afJbaa> 

4. Precision ea d BUu. "$?£%&*'''.. 

4.1 The high-volume sampUsaxisto*Bd*S*-

nsed to coUeot ambient atr 

tee baa a Uateisea tobnrstory 

aro rtertotla* e f 8.1 * eee e ta * 

1 2* fg/mpy Ttoe lit e nil 

pcosSesveriead.1 

EO" 

uslagth a tot 

r=>V 0 I 0*Se 

f-4oa+o.osc 

where: 
P.11 

/»-e f Pb/mlX 

B>^SSJMS« 

8X1 InsliftoiM. Tm grade renrsmmenderl 

toy th* instrument eramusvavtanw should be 

Cbaage cylinder when yteeaujn drops 

60-100 petg-

•XXO Atr. yOtowed te neaav i particulate, 

oft and water. 

8X3 fflSBSSSH ITISSi I llS lITI Stl fl TT 

wave ahould ba ueed thTOughoart the analyata 

SXXl JJeakera. SS and ISO ml. graduated. 

jjr**reat. 

SX*J Volumetric flasks. 100-ml. 

BJJLS Itpettea. Te deliver BO. 80, is, 8, 

4.3,1ml. 

6X8.4 Cleaning. AB gtooswsn should be 

eerupuloualy cleaned. The foaseejtng prois • uggesla*. Vfasto with laboratory 

for 4 houre te 30% 

(w/w) mo » Etnee 8 tomes wish dtotfOeddeOentoad water, and dry tn a dust tree manner. 

BJU Bot puim*. 

8X4 Ultrasonlcatton water bath, unh*atsd. Commercially available laboratory 

ultrasonic ctoontng baths of 480 watte or 

higher "cleaning power". 1*.. actual ultrosonlo power output to the both have been 

found satisfactory• 

8X6 Templet* To aid ta sectioning tike 

glass-fiber filter. See Figure l aw dimensions. 

8JA Plata ratter. Thin wheel. Thickness 

Os***, 

5X7 Watch glees. 

5JO Polyethylene botttee. For storage of 

Linear pdyethyleo* gtves better 

stabQtty than other polyethylenes 

ond-to preferred. 

B.S* Perafllm "UT.* American Can Co., 

Marathon Producta, Nennab, Wis., cr equivalent. 

S. Reagent*. 

B.l Sampling. 

B.l.l Glass fiber filters. Ths speclflcattons 

given below are intended tO aid the user te 

obtaining high quality Altera with reproducible properties. Theee specifications have been 

met by EPA contractors. 

8.1.1.1 Lead content. The absolute lead 

content of filters to not critical, but low value* are. of course, dcatrabto. BPA typically obtains filters wttb a lead content eg.<70 .**/ 

It is Important that th* vartetkiu la lead 

content from filter to filter, with*) a given 

batch, be small. 

o.i.ia Testing. 

0.1.1X1 P*or laige botches of Stars (>800 

filters) select at random 30 te SO Alters from 

a given batch. For email batches (<BO0 filter*) a leaner number of filters may be taken. 

Out oae V s 8** atrip from each filter anywhere In the filter. Analyse aH etrrpa, seperataly. acooidtag to the directions to Section* 

Tend*-

»'• ... 

pcodpets does not 

100 ml, 

"Sip" 

ltstrtos 

alter 

•f toad pw 71 U>» ct ffltar, microgram*. 

CtolcuMte the mesa, "is. ca* the 

values and tbe relattve standard deviation 

(stondsrl devlatoon/meanx 100). It the relattve atari riant deviation to high enough so 

that, ta tbe analysts opinion, subtraction of 

Pk (Becttou 10J). may result In a significant 

error te the sg Pb/m*. the batch should be 

rejected. 

e.l.lX4_ Por acceptable batches, use the 

value of Va to correct all lead analyses (Secttcm 10*) of particulate matter ooUected using that batch of filters. If ttie analyse* are 

below the LDL (Section 2.3) no correction ls 

necessaryeX Analysis. 

0X1 Oonoentrated (ISA IT) HNOa ACS 

reagent grad* HNO. and commercially avaUable redistilled HNO* has been foujyl to have 

sufficiently low lead concentrations. 

6X3 Dtotllled-delonlzed water. (D.L water). 

SXS 3 M HNO*. Add 183 ml of concentrated HNO. to DX water ln a l 1 volumetric 

flask. Shake well, cool, and dilute to volume 

with DX water. CAUTION: Nitric Add Fumes 

Are Toxic. Prepare ln a well ventilated fume 

hood. 

8X4 0.4B M HNO. Add 30 ml of concentrated HNO, to DX water In a 11 volumetric 

flaak. Shake well, cool, and dilute to volume 

with DX water. 

6XB Lead Nitrate. Pb (NO.) i. ACS reagent 

grade, purity 99.0 percent. Heat for 4 hours" 

at 120 *C and cool In a desiccator. 

OS Calibration standard. 

0.3.1 Master standard, 1000 sg Pb/ml. Dissolve 1.608 g of Pb(NCv) i in 0.4B Jf HNO. contained ln a 1 1 volumetric flask and dilute to 

volume with 0.46 M HNO*. Store ln a polyethylene bottle. Commercially available certified lead standard solutions may also be 

used. 

7. Procedure. 

7.1 Sampling. Collect samples for 34 hours 

using the procedure described ln referenoe 10 

with glass-fiber filters meeting the specifications ln 8.1.1. Tranaport ooUected samples to 

the laboratory taking care to minimize contamination and loss of sample. 

7.2 Sample Preparation. 

7.2.1 Hot Extraction Procedure. 

7X1.1 Out a *4"X8" strip from the expoeed filter using a template and a pizza cutter ae described ln Figure* 1 and 3. Other 

cutting procedures may be used. 

Lead in ambient particulate matter collected on glass fiber filters has been shown to 

be unllonnly distributed across the filter '•'•n 

suggesting that the position or the strip le 

unimportant. However, other studies "•*» have 

shown that when sampling near a rood-way 

lsed ta not uniformly distributed across the 

filter. Therefore, when sampling near a road 

way, additional stripe at different positions 

within the filter should be analyzed. 

7X1.2 Fold the strip ln half twice and 

place ln a 160-ml beaker. Add 16 ml of 3 AT 

HNO, to cover the sample. Ths acid should 

completely cover the sample. Cover the beaker with a watch glass. 

7.3.IS Pleece beaker on the hot-plate, 

contained ln a fume hood, and boll gently 

for 80 min. Do not let the sample evaporate 

ta dryness. Caution: Nitric Acid Fumes Are 

Toti* 

7X1.4 Remove beaker from the hot plate 

aad cool to near room temperature. 

7X1J Qoanttattvely transfer ths sample 

esfoUowe: 

7X1X1 Sanaa watch glass eng sides ot 

beaker with DX water. 

7X1X8 Decant extract and rinsings into 

a 100-ml volumetric flaak. 

7X1X8 Add DX water to 40 ml mark oa 

beaker, cover with watch glees, and set aside 

for a mtntmi^iw of 30 minutes. Thto to a critical step and cannot be omitted slno* lt allows the HNO, trapped te the filter to diffuse 

Into the tinoe water. 

7X1X4 Decent the water from the filter 

into the volumetric flask. 

7X14.6 Rinse filter and beaker twice with 

DX water and add rinsings to volumetric 

flaak untn totel volume to 80 to 88 mL 

7.3.1.6.6 Stopper flask and shake vigorously. Set aside for approximately 6 minutes 

or until foam ha* dissipated. 

7X1.6.7 Bring solution to volume with DX 

water. Mix thoroughly. 

7X1.6* Allow solution to settle for one 

hour before proceeding with analysis. 

7X1X9 If sample to to be stored for 

subsequent analysts, transfer to a linear polyethylene bottle. 

7X3 Ultrasonic -extraction Procedure. 

7X3.1 Out a Vxr * strip, fold and 

place ln a beaker aa described ln Sectton* 

7X1.1 and 7X1.3 except that a 30-ml beaker 

covered with Parafllm to used Instead of a 

160-ml beaker covered with a watch gtoes. 

Ths Parafllm should be placed over the beaker such that none of the Parafllm to ln contact with water ln the ultrasonic bath. Otherwise, rinsing of the Perafllm (Section 

7X3X1) may contaminate the sample. 

7J3J22 Place the beaker ln the ultresonlcatlon bath and operate for 30 minutes. 

7.3.2.3 Quantitatively transfer the sample 

as foUows: 

7.2X3.1 Rinse Perafllm and sides of oeaker 

with DX water. 

7.2.2.3 3 Decant extract and rinsings into 

a 100-ml volumetric flask. •> 

7.2.2.3.8 Add 30 ml DJ. water to cover the 

filter strip, cover with parafllm, and set aside 

for a minimum of 30 mlnutee. Thto la a critical step and cannot be omitted. The sample 

is then processed ss ln Sections 7X1.8.4 

through 7X1.6.9. 

NOTE.—Samples prepared by either procedure are now in 0.46 Af HNO,. 

8. Analysis. 

8.1 Set the wavelength of the monochromator at 283.3 or 317.0 mm. Set or align other 

Instrumental operating conditions aa recommended by the manufacturer. 

8.3 The sample can be analyzed directly 

from the volumetric flaak, or an appropriate 

amount of sample decanted into * sample 

analysis tube. In either case, care should be 

taken not to disturb the settled solids. 

8.3 Aspirate samples, calibration standards and blanks (Section 9J) into the flame 

and record the equilibrium absorbance. 

8.4 Determine the lead concentration ln 

ug Pb/ml, from the calibration curve. Section 0.3. 

8.6 Samples that exceed the linear calibration range should be diluted with HNO, 

of the same concentration as the calibration 

standards and reanalyzed. 

0. Calibration. 

9.1 Working standard, 30 sg Pb/ml. Prepare by diluting 3.0 ml of Master standard 

(64.1) to 100 ml with 0.46 M HNOa. Prepare 

dany. 

9.2 Calibration standards. Prepare deity 

by diluting the working standard with 0A8 AT 

HNO, as indicated below. Other concentretions may be used. 

P 

EftttSTtl, VOL 48, NO. 140—WEDNESDAY, DICIMOfl 14, 1477 

v 
P.12 

:

--=f"'i? 

n. 

!";—a., 

5i?.V.-

PtArrtaftavia* 

*.» 

--r-i* 

—.'• a* *» .-

" 4.0 

8.0 

13.0 

30.0 

30.0 

100 

US 

se- Jg*>. . 

MS 

100. 

100 

100 

100 

IOO 

100 

aa 

.r 

.* .4 

.» 1.5 

3.0 

6.0 

10.0 

20.0 

9.3 Preparation of calibration curve. 

Since the working range af analysis will vary 

depending on whicli lead line is used and tha 

type of instrument, ao on* wt of Instructions for preparation of a calibration curve 

can be given. Select at least six standards 

(plus the reagent blank) to cover the linear 

absorption range Indicated by the Instrument manufacturer. Measure the absorbance 

of the blank and standards as ln Section S.a 

Repeat until good agreement ta obtained between replicates. Plot absorbance (y-axie) 

versus concentration in *g Pb/ml (x-axis). 

Draw (or compute) a straight line througi 

the linear portion of the curve. Do not farce 

the calibration curve through aero. 

To determine stability of tbe calibration 

curve, remeasure—alternately—one of the 

following calibration standards far every 

10th sample analysed: concentration § 1 

ng Pb/ml; ce*eentiation> g 10 *g Pb/ml. IT 

either standard deviates by more than 5% 

from the value predicted by the calibration 

curve, recalibrate and repeat the previous 10. 

analyses. 

10. Calculation. 

10.1 Measured air volume. Calculate the 

measured air volume as 

where: 

V„=Air volume sampled (uncorrected), in', 

a

i=>Initial sir flow rate, mtyam. 

t" Final air flow rate, m'/min. 

r= Sampling Time, min. 

The flow rates Qi and Qr should be corrected to the temperature and pressure conditions existing at the time of orifice calibration aa directed ln addendum B of reference 

10, before calculation of Vm. 

10.3 Air volume at STP. The measured 

air volume is corrected to reference conditions of 760 mm Hg and 36*C as follows. The 

units are standard cubic meters, sm*. 

V»TP= V y P>Xr ' 

"

r

 "xp,xr, 

Vj r>=Sample volume, am>, at 760 mm Hg and 298° E. 

V.-Meesured vdume bom 10.1. 

A-Atmosptwlepneaoro st time of orifice calibration, mmHg. 

Pi-760 nun Hg. 

Ti-Atmoepheric temperature at time of orifice 

eaHbratton, «K. 

IV-ffle-K. 

tt* Lead Concentration. Calculate lead concentration 

tothe air sample. 

(^g Pb/ml X100 ml/strip ' 

_ XMatrtps/filter)-?, 

V„ <TF 

C-Concentration, *g Ptynn*. 

MFb/ml-Lead concentration determined from 

Sections. 

tOO mlMrlp-Total sample volume. 

Jh-Leed eoocentratlan ot blank ffltar, M, 

bemSeetlan (.1.1.34. 

V»r»»Alr vdtame bom 10A 

"?".v,.. ,^jy. 

Svi*-'*?-

11. OmmyCmit**. 

%"x8" gfaas fiber 

inc 80 to Xm Mt Pb/strtp (aa laatf a*Ba}. 

and Wans, aerfpv with aero Pb eostent.sadiHI 

ba used ta determine if the method—aa *»• 

lug tne&^—eaa -any bias. QnaTfty oon**L. 

charta aTMRAt be estabnwfiaif to nBonjrtnr dtf* 

fersBcoe Beti^en mesaured and true val una. 

"nia frecfasnsy of such cnecka wfll depend 

OB tee leeal cpMlriy control progran. 

To minimize, the possibility of generating 

unreliable-data, the user should follow practices established for assuring the quality of 

air pollution data,** and take part ln EPA's 

semt-aaanml aud* program for lead analyses. 

12. Trouble Shooting. 

1. During extraction of lead by the.hot 

extraction procedure, lt ls important to keep 

the sample covered so that corrosion products—formed on fume hood surfaces which 

may contain lead—aw net *yw» i at the 

' extract. ' ' . 

2. The sample acid concentration of 0.46 U 

should mlalnahm corrosion of the. nebulizer. 

However, dlBtaeut nebulizers may require 

lower acid concentrations. Lower concentrations can b* used provided samples and 

standards have the same acid concentration: -

3. Ashing ef partlculate^samples has been 

found, bj BPA and contractor laboratories. 

to-be tmnecauary in lead analyses by Atomic. 

Absorption. Therefore, this step was omitted 

frees fb* method. 

4. Filtration at extracted samples, to remove particulate matter, was •paclficallye*-' 

eluded froaa sampto preparation, became 

se«e analysts have oaaamor loam of lead 

doe to Oltratloa. . •« .-..yf^-jstJ 

\*.Be)maces. • • Cy tt-

r%*?.:, 

1. Scott, D. B. et al. AtaeaVc Abeocg&m. and 

" -a -tfi j ^ —-

Optical Emission Aaalysto of H*BS Atmoespherto Particulate Samples for laa*. Savtr. 

S d an* Tech- 10, 877-880 (M7B).. 

»- Skogertae, B. K. e t el. Monitoring tor 

Lead In tke Bhviroament. pp. 87-88, Department of CBemlstry, Colorado State OBlverarty, »ort Collins, Colo. Seen. Submitted to 

Vattonal Science Foundation for publication. 197*. 

3. Zdrojewskl. A. ea aL The Accurate Measurement of Lead in Airborne Particulates. 

Inter.' J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 2. 83-77 

(UJVB). 

4. Slavln, Wi Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Published by Academic Press, New 

York, N.T. (1988). 

5. Klrkbright, a. P., and Sargent, M. 

Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Published by Academic Press, New 

York. N.Y. 1974. 

6. Burnham, C. D. et al. Determination ot 

Lead' ln Airborne Particulates in Chicago 

and Cook County. HI. by Atomic Absorption 

Spectroeoopy. Envir. Sci. and Tech., 3, 473-

476 (1989). - ' 

7. Proposed Recommended Practices for 

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, ASTM 

Book ot Standards, Part 30, pp. 1698-1608 -

(July 1973). 

a Kolrttyohann, 8. R., and Wen, J. Vf. 

•Critical Study of the APCD-MEBK Bxtrac-. 

tion System for Atomic Absorption. Anal. 

Chem. 46,1988-1989 (1973). 

9. Collaborative Study of Reference Mettidd: 

for tae Determination of Suspended S*r- ' 

tlculatea ta the Atmosphere (High Volume' -

Metehod). Obtainable firom National Tea*-... 

nloal Information service. Department of 

Commerce. Port Royal Road, Springfield, V*i-V23161. aaPBr-aOS-eoi. 

10. Referenoe Method for the Determination of Suspended Particulate* tat tba A«^ '"• 

moephere (Blga Volume Mettaod). Obea 

P*den4 Begulattona, True 40; P*r^*V pendix a pp. a-16 {Jnnji. mat.' 

•m?x±jx??±. 

:s~ '• ";r»-.'-

- ••m^y^st^y. 

; J9J- -S^£r-. 

."•••'•<• JJ$JX£yj-zm 

• .•*-i.i«*?M'->-

•'-,: -M yr^-iair-y-

^'.MlPSuS^Jy'±j&js§0-.Z$;_ • .. =-*^«.- ;-%jyw i 

•r ljJX%rJ?£k-X-:X:W'JXi?^yTM 

J- .?**^Sa!^^jfe? ;-><•>' 'St?*1 

~&&~ 
P.13 

£&%" 

notomwin • - \ 

It. Dabde. 1^ et aL The Metal content of 

l*VT. JAFC*. 18. TT-78 (1988). 

I F* "Report Na 800/4-77-084. June 

toS*jT*at Oatalyat Stody Symposium. 

* A Qo^BjdiavoVanoa Handbook for Air 

TbBnttoa W—*ieiiMi> Byafaa, Volume 1— 

PHndlftlea. KP^-eOO/9-76-006, Mama 1976. 

i a Tbompeoa, a J. et aL Analysis of Se-

" m Atmoepherto Partloulate 

Matter by Atamle Ahacrpttoa. Atomic Absorption Newsletter. 9. Hb. S. Map-Jtm* 1*70. 

16. To be publlihed. SPA, QAB, KM8L, RTP. 

N.C. 37711 

16. To be published. SPA, QAB, EMSL, RTP, 

H.O. 37711 

17. Hirschler, D. A. et aL Partloulate Lead' 

Compounds ln Automobile Erhanet Oa* X-*-

dustrlal and Engineering Chemistry, 49,1U1-

1142(1967). 

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8T*lrtF08 

TO ERA* ALTOS 

X"xrSTRIPFOR 

LEAD ANALYSES 

Flflurs2 

[ PB Doe.77-3Mfi7 PUed 13-13-77;8:48 am | 

f 

ft 

[6560-01] 

[ 4 0 CFR Put 51 ] 

[FRL 831-4* 

IMPLEMENTATION PLANS FOR LEAD 

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUAUTY 

STANDARD 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency. 

ACTION: Proposed rulemaking. 

SUMMARY: The regulations proposed 

below, together with ths current* requirements of 80 CFR Part 81, set forth 

the requirements for State* to follow In 

developing, adopting and submitting Acceptable lmplementattosi plans for the 

Lead national ambient *ir quality standards (NAAQS) proposed elsewhere hi this 

Faaasax RBOISTSK. Ths Implementation 

plans ars required under section 118 of 

the Clean Air Act. 

Amendments to the existing regulations for implementation plans are necessary because lead diff ers from other 

pollutants for which the existing regulations were designed. Th* proposed 

amendments to 481 CFR Part 81 sddress 

the following totstos: . 

Control strategy requirement*. 

Air quality surveillance. 

This preamble also discusses other issues concerning the development of lead 

implementation plans, including reporting requirements, emergency episode 

plans, and new source review. 

DATES: Comments must be received on 

or before: February 17. 1878. Comments 

submitted in triplicate will facilitate internal distribution and public availability. 

ADDRESSES: Persons may submit written comments on this proposal to: VB. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office 

of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 

Control Programs Development Division 

(MD 15), Research Triangle Park. N.C. 

27711. Attention: Mr. Joseph Sableski. 

EPA will make all comments received 

on or before February 17,1878, available 

for public inspection during normal business hours at: EPA Public Information 

Reference Unit. 401 M Street SW.. Room 

2832. Washington, D.C. 20480. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

m 

Deemltlow af pat** sourees sad control Mr. John Silvasi, US. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office of Afct Qu*iST** 

27711, ***mitiisns; Comni_ 

l*l-**eJ;l*I*W4»-s*J7. 

8TJPPLCMINTARY INFORMATION: 

1. BtATPToaT Rs«tn»B***orrs 

1.1 STATTJTOSY iMmssaonrrs aim 

BCHXBULS FOS ACTIO* 

Under section 110 of the Clean Air Act, 

States must adopt snd submit plans 88 

EPA wtihln nm* months after the promulgation of * primary or secondary national ambient ah- quality standard. Oa 

the present schedule, EPA win promulgate the lead standard in Jun* 1878, 

States must therefore submit their SLF* 

by March 1878. EPA must approve or disapprove the plan within four months after the date required for rihtintsston ef 

tiie plan. If a state fails to submit a plan 

that complies with section no, EPA mos* 

promulgate * plan for that State within 

six months after th* date required far 

submission of the plan. 

u RSQTTiRxxxirrs ro* COHTHTT or ran 

JTLS * 

Section lis) of the Clean Air Aot inquires that a SIP provide for th* 

ment of prtnusry j*nblent 

standards withm tares years , 

date on which EFA' appiovcs' 

mtugates) th i p**n, and 

theresfter. KPA can grant an 

of the attainment dat* of tn> tor 

under certain conditions. Tn 

EPA cannot approve * pl*n 

tains *' number of other 

these are detailed to section ~llf> of tsai 

set. ~v ->< 

It is Important to note that the Act requires * plan for each criteria jW»«*fe**nt. 

(I.e., one that the Administrator designates under section 108 and for which ns) 

establishes criteria and a standard under 

section 108 of the Clean Air Act) ^Therefore, the plan for lesd wOl be * separate 

plan, not a revision to an existing plan. 

Many portions of the existing plans, however, such as those portions covering leg*) 

authority, compliance schedules and 

source surveillance, may be applicable 

to the Implementation of the lead standard. The lead plan may Incorporate those 

portions of existing plans by reference. ' 

1.3 EXTSMBTOlfS 

Under section 110 of the Clean Ah* Afct,, 

the EPA Administrator m*y < 

two years the three-year period fe 

tainment of a primary standard." * 

The two-year extension to attain 

mary standards can be granted 1 

application from ths Governor < 

Detailed reqiunsnents for tne 

appear ln section UO ef the i 

part C (Extension** at 40 < 

EA is i tau Flea U'l aioai 

* W 

Refutations for 

tion. 

tion. 

taosaai safiains vaot. 

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s^0^fsy, 

**rtl 

' f^StiOmSmtA goaSkSiaerilpied 

:*i»a^.7tterepSitloTM 

•ww «H* ** & requirements outt^eajtlou Tfttof the act. discussed 

11. W*ea EPA first pubB. Stare aue only 

Partfceulate matRnXSTB*. 

I ambient afar 

.'•EPA proposes 

teSCPnsi tepwgcrlbe the Btintt that plans nrast meet 

PA stvnaal. Forttone of 4S C*R Sl 

j...areaot revfstd areata) appUeabl* 

i appropriate. 

, KPA v * eventually pro-

»nig»«* requirement* tSat acedwnt for 

theQean Air Act Amendments of 1977. 

"Rhi new requirements: that may affect 

leeSimplementotlon plana will cover the 

ZQ0s*Wll*at VB&CaK 

-related r^ovlsiaxis. 

J fO T CteMTst lHllgfatst> 

L €*T s**Bs*lflCeTjB*' t^yrtWrOTftwCIt. 

untitles at 

tttakMil aad jRtderai level. 

'.. *•)«&* fees.. on oT State atr poHntfon board*. 

tae ptfBHo no~' tinea Clou of danaeaaratrpomiUoa. 

..Protection at vtslMUty ln certain areas. 

laeig j in aananmtaemergency authority. 

'Y*t"Si .BBjWDBBlWf OP PKOPOSS*. RKfltUOMS 

|M-: vfeettena of tht* section end the pro1

 'posed rulemaking refer ta a document 

enfULed "8«pplemeKtaiy Crakdehnes far 

laear^ementettaa Stan*." which * 

now to draft form. Information on availabJBtS of that draft appear* In I iA et 

thto preamble, btiov.

 / 

S.l URRRm B 

' 8XL' Atfafffen af leaf Point Sources. 

A petal source it a facUtti that emits a. 

significant Quantity of atr poSutant emlaetone EPA la proposing that a point 

source of lead be Stsmed es a source that 

, , emits five tons per year o< leadorgreat1

 Mar^-ifcUkwt.iagaid to the area In **hlch.. 

>Jteat*i£jV*cfantnfBM^ 

t point source deSnttfcn include fhe 

mnllty Impact, of such, sources, and 

~

 v efQg) I ^thMwaul1liheat -

;* S ittTTlBlftiTj'frfffM A**"*m*ru.*Xan 

I'defhrtOaa appears fa EPA's draft 

itary OMaeBne* tor Lead Dnan'l*IiB»r,

•" ' 

Wliauant nr cuawuc Sfnuttnf. 

would *uend to* def-

•teateDC<l>»Ll(n)) 

of fuel* end fuel 

of~eJuaiiui.ii ceal. 

Act authorises States to regulate or prohibit the" use of a fuel or fuel addftfve 

for motor vehicles through the State lsaplementation plan. EPA can approve a 

State plan that contains such, a regulation only If EPA "finds tha* the State 

"control or prohibition Is necessary to 

achieve the national primary or secondary ambient ah* quality standard which 

the plan Implements." Lead ln the form 

of tetramethyl lead er tetraethyl lead 1* 

widely used as an addltrve to gasolines to 

Increase octane rating. 

On September 28, 1970, EPA promulgated regulations that control the 

amount of lead In 8«««n»« (41 FR 

4267S as 40 CFR 80L30>. These regulations require oU refiners to meet a lead 

in gaaeSne concentration of 0.8 gram per 

gallon by January 1, 1978, and OS gram 

per saltan by October l, 1979. 

Abo, the Clean Air Act Amendments 

of 1977 amended Section 311 of the Act 

to provide less stringent lead-ln-gasollne 

limitations for small refineries. 

In most urban areas without point 

sources of lead, the federal program for 

the reduction of lead m gasoline should 

sufficiently reduce lead emissions to the 

national standard for lead. There may 

be a few places, however, where the 

automobile emissions are so great that 

the federal program wiB not ensure the 

attainment of the standard. In those 

cases. States may wish to Impose their 

own standards on the concentration of 

lead In gasoline under Section 2ll of the 

Clean Air Act. EPA ls proposing to hst 

this as a possible measure tn the definition of control strategy under * 51.1 (n). 

3 . 2 PRIORITY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 

Section 51.3 currently defines a system 

for placing each air quaUty control region (AQCR) Into priority classes based 

on the magnitude of Its air poUution 

problem for several pollutants. Th* section will not apply to lead, since this 

proposal sets forth another means of 

setting priorities tn the development of 

tha control strategy. 

s.s BEEoesnre asQtmsioQtis 

The requirements tor quarterly air 

quaUty lepoittng Specified m 181.7(a) 

wfit apply to lead a* wc* as fhe other 

cialei* poUutants. 

EPA plans to modify the requirements 

of t U-1 for periodic emission reporting 

tn 1878 and wfil address the reporting of 

lead wnfmfnm at that time. The following Ata"

maUm outlines EPA's current 

thinking on this topic 

Currently J 51.7(b) requires that 

changes to the emission Inventory be 

submitted In accordance with the requirements of the National Emission 

Date System (NEDS).' Deta from manypa** sutuu&s of lead are already/ tn the 

JN SUS sj stem because the lead sources 

are else sources' of particular matter. 

To mtnimtt lead emission data ccfiBcaeaes* jciaatsus requtouBenta EPS 

wUl use TH^n* NED6 data together 

wtth emlsBlan factorsfrom EPA's HaaTraee BBxteton* System 

* te calculate and store 

lead emissions data. -The data from 

NEDS win be adequate to calculate emissions for most lead sources; HATREMS 

will also have the capability to store additional data for other sources that are 

not currently In NEDS (such as tetraethyl lead manufacturing) and to add 

nee sources as necessary. Therefore, the 

lead cmteston reporting requirements will 

be baaed on the use of both NEDS and 

HATREMS. The regulation would require reporting on only point sources 

(Le., those greater than five tons per 

year). 

tat the initial data submission, the 

States will be required (under a new 

Subpart E to 40 CFR Part 51 proposed 

below) -to submit to the EPA Regional 

Office: (1> KEDS and HATREMB point 

source fone* for aD sources emitting five 

or more ton* ot lead per year and (2) 

an updated NEDS area source form and 

a HATREMS form for each county which 

must report This submission should ensure e complete initial emission Inventory. 

3 . 4 CONTROL SXHARGT 

A control strategy In an implementation plaa fc a set ef measures developed 

to change the amount, timme, or disc 

taflntttan of emtaafcns. An implementation ptaa must demonstrate that the control strategy la adequate to attain the 

standard withm three years after EPA 

approval and malntata fhe standard 

thereafter. (State* can receive an extension of up to two years to attain a primary standard, however.) 

The regulations that EPA Is proposing 

below pertaining to lead control strategies would appear as a separate new Subpart E. 

3.4.1 Requirements lor Air Qualitv 

Maintenance Analyses and Plans. Review of new and modified ntetfamary 

sources of lead under 40 CPR 61.18 

should be adequate to ensure maintenance of the national standard for lead 

In most areas. The regulations (4ft CPB. 

Part 51. Subpart D> repairing a detailed 

emissions projection analysis far tte 

other criteria pollutants tn selected ane* 

were designed to require evaluation of 

the air quality impact of the growth of 

area sources that are not covered by fhe 

new source review provisions under 

i 51.18. The only area sources for lea* 

are nonpoint process sources (those ksa 

than five tons per year), stationary fuel 

combustion sources, and mobile sources. 

Non-point process aource* will aot 

likely Jeopardize the maintenance ef the 

lead standard. Using lead consumption 

aa an Indicator of production—aad 

hence source "fc^ " activity—between 

1971 and 1975 there was a net decrease 

In lead consumption of 9.4 percent for 

all kad products tndmttto* Most categories had decrease* tn consumption. The 

nnty categories with ki 

welSbtaaad beBastpeedeelloe U3.&] 

cens> sad stooge battery 

manufacturing (2.8 percent).* 

• Iteatattonary foal BOBBUS*!* 

emit only minor quantities of lead*.; 

4 

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• Mobile sources; parttadarly automob&es, emit significant qvanttties of lead 

as a category, bat HPA regulationa for 

redaction of lead to sssottne have not 

yet ben full* liiMdeiBsitert. After the 

mtt'Ttmnm reduction osblead in gasoline, 

growth in mobile sources will not jeopardize tbe proposed teed standard. 

Section 51.12(h) ftajonres States to 

provide for a system for acquiring information concerning growth tn emissions. 

States must assess all areas at least 

every five years to determine If the State 

needs to revise the plan for any areas. 

The tnformatlon-gatherlng mechanism 

and the periodic reassessments will uncover growth In sources too small to be 

reviewed under i 51.18. 

The proposed regulations would allow 

EPA to require an analysis period beyond the statutory attainment date In 

those few areas where growth might 

Jeopardize the national lead standard. 

3.43. Lead Bmtsstan Inventory. EPA 

will assist the States In developing their 

initial lead emissions inventory by generating Inventories based on data in 

NEDS and HATREMS described above 

under the reporting requirements. States 

will have to determine the degree of reliability of this data, however, and obtain 

additional data as warranted. The EPAgenerated Inventory can be supplemented by the State through the calculation 

of emissions using a State particulate 

matter inventory and the emission factors In "Control Techniques for Lead Air 

Emissions.'" Where the State desires 

more accurate emission data from a particular source, the State should measure 

the lead emissions directiy. EPA's recommended technique for measuring lead 

emissions appears tn Appendix A of 

"Supplementary Guidelines for Lead implementation Plan." * 

In projecting emissions to 1982—the 

year by which tbe lead standard must be 

attained (unless extended)—States will 

have to account for the effect of the federal program for the phase-down of lead 

in gasoline. EPA's "Supplementary 

Guidelines for Lead Implementation 

Plans" * provide a technique for projecting mobile source lead emissions. Detailed procedures for projecting emissions for other source categories appears 

In EPA's "Guidelines for Ah- QuaUty 

Maintenance Planning and Analysis." * 

3 . 0 Lead Air QuaUty Analysis and 

Control Strategy Development. The regulations proposed below are based on the 

following three-part approach: 

I the State would determine 

'EPA's lead-in-gasoline limitation Is sufficient to provide for attainment of the standard in areas In which 

high lead air concentrations have been 

measured, and that are affected primarily by mobile source lead emissions, 

iwoiildh*restricted to those 

VkOM ghm a Man ntr iwnwn . 

, rr. «fJavT7Z^*S***TMw 

. smee January 1. 1974. 

EPA derived this criterion from an analysis of the effects of three federal programs on reducing teed yntartona: the 

program for the redactiogCof teed In gas-

'-"' -rXy^'-XXXy'' '^:" •'4J1-,-...-,. 

(dine under 40 CPR 8QJ0, ttw requirements (40 CTR Sttl and SS.2S) that 

prohibit the use of leaded gasoline to vehicle* equipped with catalytic converters, 

and the requirements that set a lower 

limit on motor vehicle gasoline mileage 

under ttie Energy Policy and: Conservation Act of 1975. EPA's analysis indicated that the effecte of these programs are 

such that any area with 1976 lead concentrations that are caused predomlof lead source* saabTa^ 

bum waste crankcase oft thai 

The above strategy to to EPA's . 

ment adequate to quantify lead air ] 

lem* for purposes of developing 1 

ment strategies. It does not require 

most sophisticated technique* for quantifying lead air quality problems, because 

State resources are at this time severely 

limited. If EPA required the most ednantiy by mobile sources and that are f vanced techniques, few States would be, 

pot in excess of 6S a/m*. mon^'v mean lable to submit acceptable analyses Ina 

will ^faSrrr,f^ft Sf 1 a jmSttST. l^&^er.AStatottrtd^sireamor e 

mum monthly meaaL by 19M aanmtos *«£** ^"^J^"^! ^ 

no other changes in emissions. EPAjS attempt more sophisticated analyses, 

analysis appears as Appendix D to EPA's such as modeling mobile and non-major 

"Supplementary Guidelines'for Lead lin-" sources using dlspasiop model* and the-» 

plementation Plans." * The criterion oif"" generation of a lead emission inventory "~ 

4.0 fig/m' Incorporates a safety factor appUed to the results of the analysis. JSA 

estimates that about seven urbanized 

ureas would be covered under1 UU* crlSiPJ!* * tMdHRB'OE 

ie SI P analysis, the State would 

use a screening technique tn the form of 

a modified rollback model* to determine 

when the federal programs for the reduction of lead to gasoline, for the use 

of no-lead gasoline in catalyst equipped 

cars, and for minimizing gasoline consumption will result In attainment of the 

standard. If the analysis shows that the 

standard wiU not be attained until after 

the statutory attainment dates, the plan 

would have to contain whatever measures are needed to attain the standard 

butliM aMiilninentdates. 

BfiCflBaiVlthe State would then model 

the following point sources of lead regardless of measured air quaUty concentrations ln their vicinities: primary lead 

smelters, secondary lead smelters, primary copper smelters, lead gasoline additive plants, lead-acid storage battery 

manufacturing plants that produce 1,200 

or more batteries per day, and all other 

sources that emit 25 or more tons per 

year of lead. The State would have to use 

a dispersion model to estimate the Impact of these sources on lead ah* concentrations. The State would develop 

and evaluate control strategies that 

would cover such sources if necessary. 

. These four source categories were selected based upon an analysis of their 

air quaUty Impact That analysis Indicated that due to their fugitive emissions 

ln the case of the smelters and the magnitude of their stack emissions In the case 

of lead gasoline additive plants and battery manufacturing plants, these source 

categories presented the potential for the 

greatest localized stationary source 

lmgagjftUttBeJ*or each area in the vicinity of 

an air quaUty monitor that has recorded 

lead concentrations In excess of the Ind 

national standard, the State would have 

to analyze toe problem using m9dmed 

rollback. 

- m BO doing; the Stale would ssvSstrgate sources of lead entissfcmeothertbanr 

ones covered tn the first two parts above. 

Otiier sources mclude mabfle-souroaa 

smaller lead point sources, or 

based upon measured emissions. 

There may be source categories oth**--* 

than those specified Si the second past. 

' of the above approach that have the potential for causing violations of the national standard for lead. EPA hiw Identified gray Iron foundries aa one such-: 

source category, but this identification Is 

based on Umited data concemmg ' 

amount of fugitive emissions 

faculties.-EPA does not feel 

degree of confidence to this I 

justifies a requirement for States 1 . 

lyse sU gray iron foundries, of lAkfc^tjfc. 

1,000 exist And because fugitfcirijf 

sions may vary from faciUty avf *' 

depending on factors other thaai 

tian rate, ttis epBJeatt to arrive*fc*f*#*7 

off below which nb such foundry neeolM, 

analyzed. The State would, hOwevejr. I&frffc: 

to analyze those foundries located; BT*" 

areas that have measured7 lead eoij[i$h? " 

trations In excess of the propc^ standi* 

ard. Because of the potential 

from foundries and- other source*^] 

covered by that approach, States are encouraged to consider analysis of these 

sources to the extent thqt time and;**>"i 

sources permit • -'• *y$?*.\ 

For stationary sources whose per-* 

ticulate matter emissions are not normally weU controUed and for stationary 

sources that generate a substantial 

amount of large particles, a State may " 

wish to account for deposition or atmospheric faUout of large particles. States . 

may use the methods found in Chapter 

5 of "Meteorology and Atomic Ehergjr 

1968." The pertinent pages of that document are found to Appendix C of the 

"Supplementary Guidelines for Eeed*-k 

Implementation Plans."1 . ^7 ' 

3.8 FBKVZOTXOH OF HO. POIAtmOIL , » t ' -~ 

EHEBOINCY BPISODCS ..•»"* • 

Because there Is no evidence that"o?-:^4 

posure to short-term (hourly) peak leeicT^ 

levels tn the ambient air could cense a$j?^ 

verse health effects to any segment otJr; 

the general population at levels that ire 

ever likely to be experienced., *a. "emergency episode" for teed win remam undefined unless contradictory 

uncovered. For this reason. KPA < 

Intend to require State* 1 

proceduree *V _ 

•odes a* pact of 

tten Idas*.: •">.••' ;••/-." • :,^?f?*^j 

.. -y *%<;->fiX 

MOISTM. VOL 4SJ ..l«>l .te*rr*9SM*S^^ >.&%•& » 

:

:^Sl*:^SSStt» 
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srum^i&P-ztX* 

ftotBai person* jxroerto tttetf pertain 

plans can review 

however. 

wis promulgate 

_ te^fttiyiments with 

fete- lead regulations. 

i sneea**a*%P*fcMT "*** 

year tor 

* mtahlinheS. 

third year, and 

bet over a 8 month 

duitec the year. ESctt of 

i would elkrv a State to use 

one ia«*rttar far at least two Incatims. 

If vjnletirm* of NAAQS are found, permanent sites could be established. EPA 

recommend* that urbanised area* 

greater than 106,000 in population be to-. 

cliiqad to this supplemental monitoring 

4»ecTam. 

eventualtybfl as^ HUflllliUai !6r Urban area monitorbelow would. 

tor lead: to. 

Eons come presourcea. EPA 

on*sibnx from this cate-

" approximately 90 perrSattbnaI ezB&stons. Fur-

^mosi OEC these emissions occur 

the requirement 

area nfirnttortng. .. 

asflhicat monitoring program 

suSclent: on a national basis to 

to* Qaitatibn on lesStSt «MoBnaJa randan* to the atJta* rfytintenanf* of the lead 

,.qpJS xe&ttvely few monlt.^'^he nSmher require* 

f arj*^t*tajaa& me&er, axe needed in the 

ma^§jl£ijua. areaVS'ticrosa the country on 

a"8etJB^i"ljjaaa-. to. develop an air 

Jibattbriap. PerwlU be required 

a population 

.saejavq*. 

Any urbanised, area with lead eencentratlona eqvtalte or^to excess of us «g/u*. 

. iiiaiHwuiaj Se-d*y erlButtetltf mean, measured 

else* Ja»*aii V.ie**: 

These criteria were selected to ensure 

that any JWEea.wU* the potential for exceeding the lead SAAQS, or that has alreedy^tecefided tha NAAQS, would have 

UtiXveonMu/r arabtent lead ievete. An ur-

, tha* 5S0JM9 would be expected to have 

'•-- sufficient trine density to pose a poten-

. ,t^^l) ^ to the HAACSi . . 

-^yX.. iitei of areas that meet theahove exi-

«*t*rla:: are p«s«nted in Table*: 1 and 

.^J^befir^-^'^^^a ,;v ; -• y?jy -j . 

*£:''' ERA; reMimrnCTids that States also 

Turban areas oa an Into determine then* 

i to tfaeliAAQS. 8neh 

_ "Special 

fcMonitoring."toMeentog with toe 

ftt*ft8tan*9**AxrMonitor. ^jsaoiwqi; _" ' 

t aflfliiUfytag tne 

THS WrliAftBenl sites estapnaned 

d be considered "National Air Quality Trend Stations" (NAQTS), in keepIns with the terminology of the SAMWG. 

The minimum sampling frequency would 

be.one sample every six days. Each EPA' 

Regional Administrator would have the 

authority to specify more than two monitors, however. If he found that two monitors are Insufficient to determine tf the 

lead NAAQS were being attained and 

maintained. These additional monitors 

would, be considered State and Local Air 

Monitoring Stations* SLAM8) to keeping with the terminology of the SAMWQ. 

The analysis of the 24-hour sample* 

could be performed for either Individual 

samples or composites of the samples collected over a calendar month. The sample analysis will use the Federal reference method, which EPA is proposing in 

40 CFR Part 50 along with the NAAQ8. 

or equivalent methods. The proposed ref £ 

erence method consists of the coUectton 

of the ambient sample using a high volume air sampler (hi-vol), with analysis 

for lead by atomic absorption. 

Two types of monitoring sites will be 

needed as a minimum to* urban area 

ambient lead monitoring—a roadway site 

and a neighborhood site. The objective 

of both site types is to measure in areas 

where people are being exposed to maximum lead concentrations to the ambient 

air. Both site types are needed to determine exposure of receptors to lead concentrations arising pttatarly from automotive sources and te determine toe effect on an-quality of the federal program 

for the reduction of lead to gasoBne. 

The roadway site would be located near 

residences that are to the vicinity of a 

major roadway (arterial, freeway. Interstate, ete.) passing through a residential 

community or downtown center city 

••i * 

is tite i 

latemaster.al 

tofl 

taring sites if the stetson* meet the i 

crh>rteofEPA^"8«)ptementeryOBid*-

linea for Lead Imptementetlon Plena"' 

J.6J Petal Soon* Moaetortmo. -The 

regulation* weald not require aaaeicnt 

monitoring around a lead source to determine whether the teed NAAQS * beins achieved, but BPA eucouiagv* State* 

to perform such monitorteg, especially if 

the lead emission* ar* fugitive. A State 

may require point source owners and operators to monitor to the vtetotty of the* 

sources. 

EPA also encourages States to monitor 

in locations where people with high blood 

lead levels work, reside, or play. 

3.6.3 Other MemHorimp. The proposed 

regulation* would also provide for EPA to 

require monitors to areas outside tire 

areas described In f 3.S.1, above. 

a.7 REVIEW ov wa sourness AK* 

uoomcaxioiis 

The neighborhood site would be located in an area of high density traffic 

and population, but not necessarily adjacent to major roadways. The preferredlocation for this site type would be at or 

near play areas or schools because of the 

seriousness of lead exposure for smaU 

children. 

S.7J Nem Stationary Sources. *S»A 

Is not proposing modifications to the new 

source review requirement* to the action 

below. Since this portion oe* the lead kaplementation pmh requirements is part 

of a much larger taue, BPA believes tiiat 

the new soaroe review prwriasons for lead • 

plans should be handled to a forthcom- >. 

Ing separate action concerning new? 

source review. -t 

In the FXBBUL Baviara* ot December^ 

21. ivn 141 FR 5555S>, BPA gave ad- •' 

vance notice of a imposed ie*i*k*i to 

40 CFR 51 JS concerning new source re- * 

view. The notice indicated that EPA was ' 

considering the estabttshment of a system for reviewing new sources where tbe 

complexity of the review would depend 

on the size of the proposed source. Tbe 

proposed regulations for new source review would establish two stee criteria for 

new and mortified lead sources. Bellow the 

lower limit, (emission of five tons per 

year) no new source review would be 

needed. Between the tower snd higher 

limit (emissions of 25- tons per year), a 

review of the source for conformance 

with emission HmitnU«n« would be 

needed, but no air quaUty analysts wooed, 

be needed. Above tbe higher limit, an air 

quality analysis would be Beaded. . 

Lead point sources that are smaller 

than major lead sources <Le, less than 

25 tons per year) would not be mb Ject to 

public comment requirements. 

3.7.2 Indirect Sources. The Clean Atr 

Act Amendments of 1977 prohibit EPS} 

from requiring state Implementaftao 

Plans to contain a new source reviev 

program for indirect sources. Therefore, 

the proposed regulationa would not require States to review new indirect 

sources. 

3.T.3 Significant Deterioration. In tha 

regulations proposed below. EPA-has notproposed a definition o* what 1* mean*-* 

* 

i 

! •-• -

lm; WOJjJA, 

r eacn 

-Tation Plans'* * 

« requirements fc 

of the site types. 

the lead ambient air sampling 

by significant deterioration with regard-X- I 

to lead. .-.-. J 

Itoder tbe Clean A* Act Amendment* 

oL 1477. however. EPA aue* peoaaaleato. 

regulations for the prevention ef **WSITV 4 

VBt. 44, NO. 140—WEDHISOAT, DeOMMT 1*, TVT7 

:J?;"-y- :..•••&* 

i#£Kf3 

•' ;''Jriwi*; 
P.18 

-g*&Sr-, 

••^•^X^rJj-jy 

leant deterioration for any poUutant for 

• -v winch EPA promulgate* a' new national 

ambtent sir quality standard. EPA must 

promulgatethe* regutottoo* withte two 

years after iuuuiiiUf*#in of the stand-

&.-y" ard. ' -'-'sM' . ' 

s.s aoxnuncstlavnijawc* 

E P A does not proposesay changes to 

the regulations on source surveillance to 

account for th* new teed standard therefore. States must follow the same requirements set forth, therein for lead as 

for the other criteria poUutants. 

The requirements for continuous monitoring of emissions will not be appUed 

at this time to lead SIPs. however, because there are no In-stack lead monitors that measure both particulate and 

vaporous lead simultaneously. If such a 

monitor becomes available, EPA wfll 

then determine whether to require continuous In-stack lead monitors. 

3 J MBCXLLANXOTO 

In addition to the revisions discussed 

above, the proposal below wm^tw several minor revisions that are necessary 

to differentiate certain regulations that 

apply only to lead from regulations that 

apply to other criteria poUutants. -

4. ADDITIONAL GtoSARCX 

4.1 8UFPLEXBNTAKY SOTDKUNZS 

EPA ha* prepared a draft guideline, 

"Supplementary Guidelines for Lead 

Implementation Plans," * that win cover 

aspects of the SIP development process 

not covered In the revisions to the SIP 

requirements. The items covered in the 

guideline are— 

air quaUty data reporting details, 

emissions data reporting details, 

determining and accounting tor background 

concentrations, 

projecting automotive lead emissions, 

new source review techniques, 

metoode ft* stack tasting, 

determination of lead point eource definition, aad 

a discussion of deposition of .particles and 

gases. 

Comments on this draft are Invited as 

part of this rulemaking, information on 

how to obtain copies is given tn 14 JS 

below. 

The document, "Control Techniques 

for Lead Air Emissions," * also contains 

technical Information that States caa 

use In developing their analyses and control strategies. Included in tiie document 

Is Information about— ,_. 

that producelaad emissions, ~ 

Techniques applicable fbr control of lead 

emladona from both atetatpry and mobUe 

eources end their costs, _ 

Lead emission factors. 

Effect of TSP oontapls on lead missions, 

and » 

Particle size distribution of lead emissions 

from most source eaUgorka (tola information may be needed to operate dispersion 

models teat account ft* particle deposition}. 

4.3 SXAMFLB MAD CONTBOL STRATIOT 

' To assist fhe State* to developing implementation plan* fw the proposed lead 

sh? qualify swttdaroV atPA *, devetopto** 

en example teed oontrol strategy. The 

y JJexample la scheduled tor completion Sl 

March 1978 and win be made available 

through the OAQPS Guideline Sertee. 

4 S AVAttABIliTT OV IXRBJBICSS 

EPA wfll make fhe "Supplementary 

Guidelines for Lead Implementation 

Plans" available to the State and local 

air poUution control agencies through 

the EPA Regional Offices. A list of these 

offices and appropriate persons to contact are presented below. 

US. Ruth Seidman. Librarian. BPA, Region I. 

John P. Kennedy Federal Building, Boom 

3308, Boston. Mass. 03303. 

Mr. H. Luger, Librarian, BPA, Region n. Federal Offloe Bunding, 38 Federal Flaae, Hew 

Yorit, H.T. 10007. 

U«. Wiley, librarian, BPA. Region m, Curtis 

Building, 8ixth and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia. Pa. 13104. 

Ma Barbara Fields, Air and Hazardous Materials Division. BPA, Region IV, 348 Courtland. NB., Atlanta, Oa. 30808. 

Ms. Lou W. Tllley, Librarian. BPA, Region V. f 

330 South Dearborn Street, CMoago, IIL , 

60804. 

Ms. Dee Crawford, Librarian, BPA, Region VL 

' First International BuUdlng, 1301 Sim* 

Street. Dallas, Tex. 76301. •; 

Ma. Connie MnKmnrte, Librarian, KPA; Region I 

vn, 1788 Baltimore Avenue, Kansas Clty.j 

Slo. 64108. I 

Ms. Dlanne Qrah, Librarian, BPA. Regtaa' 

v m. i860 Llnooln Street. Denver, Ooto| 

80008. -^ 

Ms. Jean ClrcleUo, Ubrarlaa, BPA, Region 133 

316 Fremont Street, San Frandsoo, Calif* 

* 94108.. ,' i 

MS. Arvella J. Weir. Librarian. BPA. Region at 

1300 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Wash. 88101'. 

A copy of most reference material 

cited herein Is available for public inspection at these Regional Offices. A copy 

of all reference material cited herein I* 

available for pubUc inspection at the EPA 

PubUc Information Reference Unit, the 

address of which Is at the beginning of 

this preamble, in addition, there wiU be 

a number of additional copies of the 

draft "Supplementary Guidelines for 

Lead Implementation Plans" avaUable 

for distribution to members of the general public Persons who desire a copy 

may write or call— -

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

PubUc Information Center (PM 316) 

401 M Street, SW. 

Washington. D.O. 30480 

Telephone: 303-766-0707 

S. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT 

EPA has conducted studies of the environmental and economic impacts of 

Implementing a national ambtent air 

quaUty standard for lead. Copies, of 

EPA's draft environmental and economic 

Impact studies may be obtained from: 

Mr. Joseph Padgett, Director. 

Strategies and Air Standards Division 

UJ3. environmental Protection Agency 

Research Triangle Park, N.C. 37711 

Telephone: 919-641-8304 

s.l xmnxoraxNTAL IMPACT . 

The principal environmental impact 

of setting and Implementing the teed 

standard win be the reduction of airborne levels of toad and rovers*! 

time of the present'trend of 

tion of teed In natural eco-aystems, principally soil and sediments Reduction et 

teed < 

tion of 

and other metals st 

controL ... ^j.^;^ . 

8.3 SCOSOKXD AND flTFtAZfOB WnOtmfJ-' 

'•->•••• • y 

The Environmental Protection ftsmuj 

has determined that this document eontains a major proposal requiring preparation of an Economic Impact Analysis 

under Executive Orders 11821 snd 11P4S 

and OMB Circular A-107 and certifies 

that an Economic Impact Analysis has 

been prepared. 

Economic Impacts wUl result primarily 

from control of lead ami—fcw from primary lead and copper smelters, secondary lead smelters, gray iron foundries, 

gasoline lead additive manufacturers, 

and lead-add storage battery manufacturers!* 

.••«: — --v.*- : 

" 1. Supplementary CkddaBnea far. Lead Implementation Plans. Draft Par mfenwatlnn 

on avaOabUlty for review* see seetlea? 4A 

above. ,.M .v-' .;•.' . •••• "? Vr 

" 3. ABRoe x»ej* Manual, VOL n. va.Sa -

vtnaunentatvneatetion Agency, Onto* o# Air 

and Waste Haj^cantent, Offloe o* Air r 

Planning as* SjH*8*rdi 

Park, HA SWT*S * 4»V3-76-03t (C 

HO. la-Qgjjfe^PaeOTbar 1876, 

a l^jntotg^Ma y 1*78. *to«tfUdustry SntV^fs^^aSV^patiaiiiiiiiiil if Interior. 

Bureau ot IsTBtte,JSishington, EM). August 

'a- Omtntt-Wea^See for LaaS'sdr ***-. 

rions. PJS. BavMg^^fnai Protection Anp<7. 

rian5p|parlt.JrTj0t HOveariMTieTT. 

8. OuideUnes fbr'ASr Criioitl lttfiSinanbe 

Planning and Aaaljffts, Volume Vt Projecting county BnfBBiptC-Second BtttUoa. BPA 

480/4-74^008. VB. SMirbnineatal Pmtaotiea 

Agency, Reeeeceih Tttfcggje'Park, HXL 37711. 

January ISTaV .-.>->•.--• 

e. deHeveca. HJU.aad J. a Motrfa.; 

back Modeling—Basic and Modified: 

78-189. Presented at the Air pollution 1 

trol Association Annual mating, OhlanoV 

m. June 1978. ". XXtJJ, 'X?Jy?J' 

TABUT I.—Urbanised' areas* greater fka* 

500.000 population {1970 census •) 

AQCR No.: 

048— 

Are* " 

Hew York,. H-T.-Hartheastera 

Haw Jersey 

034— Loa Angeles-Long Beach. Calif. 

067— Chicago, . m.-HUi Ui western IB046— 

133— 

080 

ir»„. 

047 

174 

070 

197 

181 

316 

118 

318 — 

Philadelphia, Pa.-HJ. 

Detroit, Mlqh. 

San rtaecifco-Oaklaml, Calif. 

Boston; Mass. 

Washington. P,C.-Md.-Va^ 

Cleveland, Ohio 

St Loula, Mo-Hi. 

Pittsburgh, ra. 

Mlnneapolla-St. 

Houston, Texas 

Balt>mn»e.Md. 

-.•&Z-"ii' 

»As deensd te~0fe Bureatfnof fee < 

-1970 Census Basra' «****;" V4M 

Printing Ontte,..Wa«a«06^'-*>&.-< 

83). -. ••.-*' 

•UA Bureea *f 

*W* M uetsrsi. VOL 4*; asvtis wnwtiitt^v. 

u wt ** » SSjCi » r- - ^ " 
P.19 

a£Z£~J- ^ ..••: -. • • 

»£33J*^ie^'^—•••• =•••" 

wy^-T oba^i*jiUyi»*v obits 

l»^ _ Portland. Oreg. 

steL-- cewaatc. 

200»-_ OseenvKtaSjiO. 

086 Chattanooga. T« 

307 KnozvQle, Tenn. 

at* _ ODvpas Christi, 

316 Dallas, 

f«»nawm*. gy-riaa. 

gjapja^onm:.. 

pbrt vjrqrav Taxa* * 

i.;-;. -:^wwt--i''Heri5^-FBrtsmorrtn.VB. -

^e*^^tSMrAinento. Oallf. 

r«e*^M»t"I*Mdarda*»-BoUrwood, Fla. 

•>*:.- fmUa^.-.. Rochester. N.Y. 

''XypZOmOml-J^-SteSamarnftns niiiiiuiea, CaBf. 

•.-

 :

:

<^^'Las^_;•:-'^-i^^[1iWaia• rn j rai * • • 

'

,V'''^BStl—'" linfa'alsMii 

-•..H*MM Akron, Ohio 

333. 

r*reos wfflt ten! oS* *B*r 

_T Or eqwoT to £5 »fl/m*. 

moMk*; mean (1*7*7 

007— Huntsrflle, Ala. 

Qg> i v L**»tsaaaan; afca. 

ptuosnlx. Arte. 

TJBiOIB^ Ax&k--

yrseno. Calif. " 

S~ao>enta.Canf. 

Sih Bernardino, 

_Ss» Diego. Caiat. 

" SaaJntanclsco. Oalff. 

" AJoee.CaUf. 

SJj.Ter.Oola. 

"rBHdgeport, Conn. 

0*11.'. <• BCwuuu. H J. 

-Hew lack city, KT. 

049— *aTa*erbury. Conn. 

043— Springfield, yass. 

osa.-^. WAmtngaotuJpet 

046— Tsento*,**;* v. 

• ^i^aa •aa*te**^^^da^^***A-'4ajt * sJsasU^w ' SrllWeWJBajpilllS T * 

040.-.- Jsvoa^r»*mvine, 1 

Houston, TM. 

Ljnchburg, Va. 

Norfolk, Va. 

Seattle, Was*. 

334 Charleston, W. Va. 

Banana: Data from KPA'a Environmental 

Monitoring Support Laboratory. Statistical 

sad Technical Analysla Branch. 

| TKBLM 3.-—l/rlxmfeetf arena with lead air con-' 

centrations equal to or exceeding 4.9itg/m *, 

monthtf mean (1975) 

Atem 

Phoenix. Aria. 

Las Angeles, Calif. 

San Diego, Calif. 

Chicago, m. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 

San Antonio^ Tea. 

Data from EPA'S Environmental 

itorlng Support Laboratory. Statistical] 

Technical Analysis Branch. 

: December 8,1977. 

DOUOLAS COSTLE. 

Administrator. 

Ifc is proposed to amend 4S CFK Pari 

UaaloDows: 

1. Ia { Sl.l, paragraph (k) Is revised 

aad paragraph (n) I* amended by addle s subdivision ttl) as follows : 

$51. 1 Definitions. 

• • • • • 

lk> "Point source" means the foUowing: 

(1) For particulate matter, sulfur 

oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, 

and nitrogen dioxide— 

(D Any stationary source eausing 

emissions ln excess of 99.7 metric tons 

UOS ten*) per year of the poUutant in 

a region containing an area whose 1970 

place" population, as defined by 

TJJS. Bureau of the Census, was equal 

*>or greater than one miBlan; 

(H* Any stationary source causing 

<mia«*.iii« tn excess of SZ.T'metrie tons 

(JB tons) per year of the pollutant in 

e region containing an area whose 1979 

"liiliaft place** population, a* o*eSned by 

the TJ.& Buxean of the Census was teas 

lhan an* milBon; or 

(itt) Without regard to amount of 

stationary sources such es 

Usted sa Amestdix C ta tfeda part 

•••^%W; ;. -

evm 

<a> • • * 

* Section 51.13, paragraph <e> fa 

amended by adding paragraph (3) as 

follows: 

8 51.IS Control strategy: General. 

• • • • • 

(e) • • • 

(3) Th* paragraph covers oaky plans 

to attain aa* maintam the national 

standards for particulate matter, sulfur 

oxides, carbon monoxide, photochemical 

oxidants, hydroearbona aad nitrogen 

dioxide. 

3. Section 51.17 * •—twltil by ft) revising tbe beading to read "Air euaBty 

surveillance: Partaariato ••rtu . tulfwr 

oxides, carbon monoxide, pcmtocbemfc*] 

oxidants, hydroearbona. and nitrogen 

' dioxide," and CZ) adding paragraph (d) 

as follows : 

8 71.17 Air qnality surYefflanice:, Particulate matter, sulfur HTrldVat

 i ssfum 

IUOIIUAIOV, photochemical oxidants, 

tiffimmheme, ami ulhuge* dfoaJdV. 

• • • • • 

(d) Tht* section .covers only plans to 

I attain and **iaf"^p>ln the »ati««^>i stand1 ards for particulate matter, sulfur oxides, 

| carbon monoxide, photochemical oxlmta1 hydrocarbon*, snd nitrogen, 

dioxide. 

4. A new section 51.17b ia added aa follows : ^ 

§ 51.17b Air qnality surveiBaeee? Leae*. 

(a) Ihe ptau must provide for the 

establishment of at least two permanent 

lead ambient air quality monitors ta each, 

urbanized area (aa defined by the XHBBureau of the Census)—;' 

(1) That has a 1970 population greater 

than 500,000; or 

(2) Where lead air quality levels currently exceed or have exceeded 1.5 pg/tn* 

monthly arithmetic mean measured 

since January 1,1974. 

<b> The monitors must be operated on. 

a minimum sampling frequency of one 

24-hour sample every six days. 

<e) The sampling network described tn 

the plan most contain at least one roadway type monitoring site and at least one 

neighborhood site and be sited in accordance with the procedures specified fa 

EPA's "Supplementary OnMeHnes for 

Lead Trnplwufntetfam Hane.1* 

<d) Tbe two sites wfll be pert of the 

"rfations! Air Quality Trend* Stations" 

(NAQTS). 

(ei The Regional Administrator may 

specify more than two monitors If b e 

feade that ten monitors are tnsnfBctenS 

to artHUBtotj deterasme if the lea* 

steaawd * beta*; axtataed asal m«S»-

taiBed.Kamay alee spedfi msnetor* ta 

area* oritskto tbe areas mieu S avpag*-

gacSi tal of fh*..*******. Taese eaVaV.;, 

tioaal BuadtoravSS be past ef **e"S»**fc,.

: 

'•'.':•. - • ' —; ' . " •--. : -*•*.'#<•'& • 

m •1 

• • 

•^'^:?^vS:.J.-^*^';^5>^ft?>T

J

".-<j!'Vi 

yyy -«5*w> J 

J-<%i 

JJjir ??&&$& 

•it. . 

'J4. .v»i 

l

--x.4 
•\-'JT-<Xy^.' • ~ ; .x-jsqsve.m-pf&f- <?-\j- -~--

§-£ • 

Y*!'> • 

\-jy-. • 

J^~." • 

'"*«**. leoel A* Monitoring Stations" 

(f) T*i* plan *«)»* ^ 

tton of tbe proposed stpsutoc slte>. 

(gj The following elonent* of fhe 

monltortog system mm* follow 40 CFR 

Part 50: 

(1) The type of monitor. 

(2) The procedures for operating the 

monitor. 

(3) The procedures for analysis of the 

iw«pi»« collected from the monitors. 

(h) *ft«i*thig sampling sites being used 

for sampling particulate matter may be 

designated as sites for sampling lead lf 

they meet the siting Criteria of ''Supplementary Guidelines for Lead implementation Plains". 

(1) The plan must provide that all lead 

air qualify samplers win be established 

and operational as expeditiously as practicable but no later than two years after 

the date of the Administrator's approval 

of the plan. 

(J) The analysis of the 24-hour samples may be performed for either Individual samples or composites of the samples collected over a calendar month. 

5. A new subpart E Is added as follows: 

Sec. 

Subpart E Control Strategy: Lead 

61*0 Demonstration of attainment. 

81.81 Emissions data. 

61.83 Air quaUty data. 

61*3 Certain urbanized areas. 

61*4 Areas around significant point sources. 

61.88 Other areas. 

61.88 Data bases.' 

61*7 Measures. 

61.88 Data availability. 

ATJTHOBITT: Sees. 110 and 301 (a), Clean Air 

Act amended (4a TJ.S.0.7410,7*01). 

Subpart E—Control Strategy: Lead 

§ 51.80 Demonstration of attainment. 

(a) Each plan must contain a demonstration that the standard win be attained and maintained to the foUowing 

areas: 

(1) Areas to the vlctoty of the foUowing point sources of lead: 

(1) Primary lead smelters, 

(li) Secondary lead smelters. 

(Ui) Primary copper smelters, 

(lv) Lead gasoline additive plants. 

( T) Lead-acid storage battery manufacturing planta that produce 1300 or more batterlea per day. 

(vl) Any other stationary source that emits 

38 or more tons per year of lead or lead 

compounds. 

(2) Any other area that has lead air 

concentrations to excess of the national 

standard for lead, measured stoce January 1.1974. 

(h) The plan must demonstrate that 

the measures, rules, and regulations contained ta the plan are adequate to provide for the attainment of the national 

standard for lead within the time prescribed by the Act and for the maintenance of that standard for a reasonable 

. period thereafter. ^ 

(o) The plan must Include the foUowtagttij.:

yrj ' . . 

tiVAeummary of the computation, assumption*, and judgments used to dePtOPOSfl) tuus 

tannine the reduction of emission* or reduction of the growth In omtwitans that 

win result from the application of the 

control strategy. 

(2) A presentation of emission level 

expected to result from appUcation of 

each measure of the control strategy. 

(3) A presentation of the air quality 

levels expected to result from appUcation 

of the overall control strategy presented 

either to tabuler form or as an Isopleth 

map showing expected maximum concentrations. -

§ 51.81 Emissions data. 

(a) The plan must contain a summary 

of the baseline lead emission inventory 

based upon measured emissions or, where 

measured emissions are not available, 

documented emission factors. The point 

source inventory on which the summary 

is based must contain aU sources that 

emit five or more tons of lead per year. 

The Inventory must be summarized tn a 

form similar to that shown ln Appendix 

D. 

(b) The plan must contain a summary 

of projected lead emissions for— 

(1) at least three years from the date 

by which EPA must approve or disapprove the plan lf no extension under section 110(e) of the Clean Air Act is. 

granted; 

(2) at least five years from the date by 

which EPA must approve or disapprove 

the plan If an extension ls requested under section 110(e) of the Clean Air Act; 

or 

(3) any other longer period lf required 

by the Administrator. 

(c) The plan must contain a description of the method used to project emissions. 

(d) The plan must contain an Identification of the sources of the data used 

in the projection of emissions. 

§ 51.82 Air quaUty data. 

(a) The plan must contain a summary 

of all lead air quaUty date measured 

since January 1974. The plan must include an evaluation of the data for reliability, suitability for calibrating dispersion models (when such models will 

be used), and representativeness. Where 

possible, the air quality data used must be 

for the same baseline year as for the 

emission Inventory. 

(b) If additional lead air quaUty data 

are desired to determine lead air concentrations tn areas suspected of exceeding 

the lead national ambient air quality 

standard, the plan may Include data 

from any previously coUected filters from 

particulate matter high volume samplers. 

In determining the lead content of the 

filters for control strategy demonstration 

purposes, a State may use methods other 

than the reference method, such as 

X-ray fluorescence. 

(cr The plan must also contain a tabulation of, or isopleth map showing, 

maximum air quaUty concentrations 

based upon projected emissions. 

S 51.83 Certain urbanized areas. 

For urbanized ares* wit* measured 

lead concentrations in excess of 4* 

•r~:%^^'-%Sr:.. l : . 

as/m*. monthly 

January l, 1974. the plan must' , 

the modified roUbaek model tar ffo**aftr 

onstrstion of attainment as a mtotaatiBb^ 

but may use an atmospheric disperses* 

model If desired. * %'. 

5 51.84 Areas around significant point 

sources. 

(a) The pan must contain a calcula- • 

tion of the maximum lead air quaUty 

concentrations and the location of those 

concentrations resulting from the following point sources for the demonstration of attainment: 

(1) Primary lead smelters. 

(3) Secondary lead smelters. 

(3) Primary copper smelters. 

(4) Lead gasoline additive plana. 

(6) Any other stationary source that smite 

36 or more tons par year of lead or lead 

compounds. 

(b) In performing this analysis, the 

State shan use an atmospheric diaper? V 

slon model. J''.--1, 

% 51.85 Other areas. 

For each area to the vicinity of i v 

quaUty monitor that has recorded"; 

concentrations In excess of the leagj 

tional standard, the plan must 

the modified roUbaek model af a. 

man, but may use an atmo 

perslon model If desired for _ 

stratton bf attainment. ? 

§ 514 6 Data bases. 

(a) For Interstate areas, the analyst* 

from each constituent State must, wh£re 

practicable, be based upon the same re* 

glonal emission inventory and air queBtsff 

baseline. '.""' '•'-"'. 

(b) Each State shan submit to th** 

proprlate Regional Office with the XX' 

but not as part of the plaji, emission* 

data and information related to emissions as Identified by fhe fCtjtewmg: 

(1) The National EmissMnfbata System (NEDS) point source coding forms 

for aU lead point sources, and ate* 

source coding forms for aU lead sources 

that are not lead point sources. 

(2) The Hazardous and Trace Emissions System (HATREMS) point source 

coding forms for aU lead point sources, 

and area source codtog forms for aB lead 

sources that are not lead point source*. 

(c) Air quality data. Each State shaU . 

submit to fhe appropriate Regional Office with the plan, but not as part of tb* 

plan, aU lead air quaUty data 

stoce January 1, 1974, In 

with the procedures and data 

specified to chapter 3.4.0 of the "AS3I08 

User's Manual" concerning Storage ' 

and Retrieval of Aerometric Data

 v 

(SAROAD). »" "V-^XJJ •'., 

8 51.87 Measures. •• ^^^^y-y 

The lead control strategy most inejaa*' 

the following: * > * -

(a) A description of each 

measure that ts incorporated 

lead plan. '--.y^ 

(b) Copies of~or dtattcaS^es t 

f orceeble leaps end i 

ment tbe 

Plaa. 

;.'l^'3p§S§ 
P.21 

*W--- y*r. y. -T—..F. _ • 

i^-

to) St 

Jmy-.y' J' 

^^.jcrftbead&^stirattve 

of enforcement 

_.— boS not Bmlted to; 

procedures"*|6f.<'ia»ktortii« compliance 

with each o f ^selecte d control 

ores, procedure*'for hanrlBr 

and a designation of agency 

bfilty for enforcement or tmplementay y y : :•>•:•,••:.v.~:-:;-

|51* S Date availability. 

<a> The Stat e shall retain aU detailed 

data end calculations used to fhe preparation ef lead analyses sa d idea, make 

them available for pubtte inspection, and 

submit them to the Administrator at his 

request. 

(b) The detailed data and calculation* 

used In fhe preparation of the lead 

analyses and control strategies Is not 

considered a part of the teed plan. 

[FB Doc.77-36666 Filed 13-18-77:8:45 amj 

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